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Today is the first day of the new era, the day that dawned when on the morning after all the cycles as shown in one of the Mayan calendars ended. Each of these cycles had a different starting point but they all ended on the same day, October 28, 2011. They all ended yesterday.
What ended and what began? The eras that ended were preordained in many ways. Each of us had free will and could exercise that free will in any number of ways; but collectively we were bound to a common experience, and that experience had many preordained features. That experience was an experience of duality, of love and fear, of peace and war, of freedom and enslavement, of positive and negative. Duality is expressed in so many ways, all stemming from the illusion that we can be separate from Source, that we can exist as a free standing entity outside of the rest of creation.
The era of duality is ended officially but duality still exists; duality is all around us. The systems that supported duality continue as before and the people most invested in duality are still in power. There are other ways to enter into a transition; for example, those in power could have stepped down years ago and we could have collectively worked together to end duality by this date and entered the new era ready to enjoy the fruits of the new era. However, that did not happen and so we will see all of this shift after the end of the era, we will see all of this shift in the transition time that is now upon us.
Source foresaw the possibility of ending the era with much of the momentum of the old era still in place and designed a transition time into the overall plan. We are now in that transition time and the preordained era does not officially end until the winter solstice of 2012, about fourteen months and exactly 418 days from today. As I currently understand it, a major shift in consciousness will take place on this planet, led by Gaia and participated in by that portion of humanity who chooses to take part on the winter solstice of 2012. Free will and individual sovereignty is being honoured for this momentous event and alternatives are being provided for those not choosing to participate.
For those who do participate, a new earth is being created capable of supporting life in a higher dimension, a dimension commonly called the fifth dimension, replacing the third dimension in which we currently live. Life in the fifth dimension has a very different set of rules to those we currently live by in the third dimension. Scarcity and aging will be things of the past and self interest will no longer be supported. Over the coming months we will all get more information as truth emerges in a wide and dizzying array and we each will understand more about the choice in front of us.
I was guided to visit my favourite tree here in Calgary on the last day of the old era and arrived in late evening just before dusk. The tree is called Ashram and is a 156 year old Douglas Fir near the top of the embankment overlooking the Bow River and north-western Calgary. As I arrived and was greeting the tree before sitting down on a park bench nearby, a flock of about fifteen geese flew over in perfect V formation fifty or a hundred feet above the treetops. At my angle, the geese flew directly over the crown of Ashram as a kind of salute to the new era. Later as I sat communing with the tree, six songbirds of a species I did not know flew down in ones and twos from the crown of Ashram into some scrub poplars behind me. I watched and thanked them and they were still hanging around when I left a few minutes later.
As I sat with Ashram I apologized for humanity’s excesses over the past few hundred years and promised a bright new future and better treatment for Ashram’s kin and for the natural world. I promised to be part the shift toward a far more kind and loving form of humanity.
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0.999948 |
Is it possible to train a neural network to accurately detect the features of a human voice such as age, accent, and gender? If so, the answer could provide opportunities in fields such as biometrics, market research, security in identification, and Human-Computer Interaction. Recent developments in widely used technologies such as Google Home and Amazon’s Alexa use voice recognition to receive commands from their users. All of these technologies utilize various neural networks to detect voice commands. Being able to distinguish different voices could allow them to utilize a new layer of security in preventing unauthorized users to control the devices. It could also be used to collect data on users which the neural networks can detect. We believe that determining gender may not be as accurate due to the diversity in voice ranges; however height may be easier to determine. We can’t predict your future, but this trained computer will identify your age, accent, and gender solely from your voice. An interactive poster and computer combination awaits your experience at Voice Analysis. Participate in training the computer by inputting your own voice through a microphone! Come see the trained neural network work its magic towards human voice identification.
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0.99895 |
I am looking to exit using helium and wondered whether a tank with 96 percent purity would be reliable, as I cannot find 100 percent pure tanks. I read that 6 to 8 percent oxygen is enough to cause death in 8 minutes, and 6 to 4 percent sufficient to cause it even quicker. So, is 96 percent enough?
The 96 percent of pure helium is lethal.
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0.999979 |
What are natural remedies for root canals?
Unfortunately we don’t have any natural remedies for root canals. We would suggest visiting a holistic dentist who uses ozone and can completely kill the infection in the root after he does the procedure.
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0.999993 |
There are five steps to successfully organizing your problem solving activities.
Step 1 helps you understand the general principles of problem solving.
Steps 2 - 5 will help you organize the different parts of your problem.
Please take 2 minutes to familiarize yourself with the general principles of problem solving.
Start organizing the structure of your problem by taking a look at its component parts. These components can tell you a lot about the structure of your problem.
Next, see how the different parts of your problem are inter-related.
Now, begin to sort the parts of your problem into groups.
Finally, define the major categories of your problem and put the parts of your problem into those categories.
Go to the next section - 'Know Your Problem'.
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0.999633 |
Negotiate with the purchaser. Say “No”, or counter offer with something in between. You agent is the best person to give you a sense of what might happen, but many buyers do not do what the agent thought. When you counter-offer, you are rejecting the offer and making a new offer back to them. If the negotiation fails, you will have to find another buyer.
Accept the offer and wait for the removal of other contingencies so the transaction can close. If you choose this option, it will be far better for you to give the buyer the additional money required to fix the repairs out of the closing proceeds. By negotiating this method into the transaction, you do not need cash before the end, and if the buyer does the repairs on their own, it eliminates them coming back afterward claiming your repairs were unacceptable.
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0.996727 |
Does my competition have the same prices in their physical shop as their online shop?
This is a frequent question asked by the ecommerce manager of major retailers; are the physical and online prices identical? A priori, we could think that they are, as it is disappointing for the consumer to find different prices in the physical shop than what they had already seen online, but in reality this is the case on many occasions.
On a cost level; costs for an online shop are very different to a physical shop, so for an equal margin, the final price would be different.
In the online world the prices change continuously and this is not something that we are used to in physical shops.
Frequent change of prices in a physical shop implicates the update of each product label, which is a tedious and expensive job if the display is not digital.
Physical shops compete firstly with the rest of the shops that are located in the same place, and because of this they would need to adjust the prices based on location of the nearest competitors.
In some sectors, for example alimentation, each shop may have different providers for their products, and so different cost prices, therefore modifying the final price.
As well as these reasons, there are many others that make it difficult to unify the price strategy; however we should point out that a trend towards the Omni channel will slowly change to favour the interests of the consumer over the companies.
Until this happens, the Ecommerce manager should decide together with the rest of the pricing team from the physical shops what price strategy they will follow in each channel, on many occasions taking note of how their competition is doing this. For this it is necessary to have the online and offline channel pricing information, so to be able to unitarily compare product to product to obtain the average price difference for each product, category and brand. This is a job of great difficulty due to the large amount of data processing needed; tens of thousands of products to be compared to many dozens of establishments.
Minderest has the potential to process both online and offline price checks, allowing this comparative to be done within seconds; obtaining the final margins that each competitor works with in the market. As you can guess, this information is of great value to a retailer when defining the global price strategy, not forgetting that now a day, the main reason for buying is still down to the price.
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0.993883 |
According to the report, 'the challenge is clearly to encourage Newbies’ embryonic interest in wine and develop them into more confident, regular wine consumers'. This is likely to be viewed by some as in conflict to public health goals around alcohol. Wine now makes up a larger than ever proportion of alcohol consumption as the UK's most popular alcoholic drink and is regularly consumed by 60% of adults. Indeed the 'democratisation' of wine, particularly amongst women, has been the key driver for rising consumption in the decades leading to peak booze in around 2004. Whilst significant declines in consumption by younger people has since pushed overall consumption down, there has been increasing concern over older adults drinking more and falls in alcohol-related hospital admissions are yet to materialise.
Indeed the wine report acknowledges many of these changes, describing a 'gradual social shift that sees consumers growing increasingly mindful of their alcohol consumption' with 'a general trend towards moderation in both frequency and quantity, driven by concerns over health, cost and personal image'. A fifth of UK adults are identified as teetotal, rising by 0.2% a year, according to the report, which highlights the importance of the growth in low and no alcohol wine markets alongside the potential for sales of new lower alcohol products or smaller bottle sizes. Tesco have since launched more smaller sized wine bottles with other supermarkets expected to follow suit, reported in The Independent as 'inspired by health conscious millennials'.
Wider factors influencing consumer behaviours are also mentioned, with references to the significance of price and value for many consumers. The report notes Scotland's minimum unit pricing, which came into effect this month, and the continued financial pressure on most households. Tax on a 75cl bottle of wine is now £2.16, and the report highlights a new high for the average price of a bottle of wine at £5.50 - though this is mainly due to the impact of Brexit. However, it remains the case that few outside the UK are likely to see it as a nation of wine aficionados, with Britain previously described as 'a great market if you want to get rid of bin ends' or a market dominated by 'cheap, crappy wine'.
Eight types of wine drinker - shaping demand?
Based on a survey of 8,000 people, the report provides details eight 'segments' of wine drinkers. The largest segment - 'Newbies' – who make up nearly a quarter of all wine drinkers (though their net spend is amongst the lowest in market value) – are 77% female, mostly younger, and prefer white wine. In contrast, 'Experts' make up just 4% of wine drinkers but are one of the 'most valuable' segments, accounting for 23% of the off-trade's value.
The report suggests the goal should be to seek to convert Newbies into other segments such as 'the more high-spending Strong Prospects, Routiners, Engaged Explorers, Confident Enthusiasts and Experts'.
'Routiners' are a category, from a health perspective, whose behaviours may be of particular interest. For them, 'wine is a staple', though it is not regarded 'with any great reverence' and they target low-cost products. For off-trade consumers, the report suggests 'an enormous opportunity' exists through the ‘food for tonight’ shopping mission, through which 'shoppers can be persuaded to buy a bottle of wine as they choose their ingredients for the evening meal'. It states 'by placing favourite brands by the ready meals and promoting food matching, there is a good opportunity to catch shoppers with tonight’s meal and relaxation in mind'.
Seeking to 'pinpoint the most effective sales strategy for each wine-drinking occasion', the report defines eight drinking 'occasions, motivations and missions'. For those in the 'drink at the end of the day' group, relaxation and winding down are key motives, with the hot drinks category identified as competition. To target this group, the report suggests retailers should 'position wines near ready meals' and display ‘signage to catch shoppers just before they enter the store.' For other occasions, 'top tips' include to 'promote deals at front of store' and 'on aisle ends', whilst when considering the role of wine for gift purchasing, 'prestigious and trusted recommendations count for a lot, but promotions will still sway the final choice'.
This close attention to product positioning, marketing and pricing will come as no surprise to those familiar with alcohol policy or consumer behaviour. University of Cambridge research found end of aisle displays increased sales of wine by 34%, whilst Alcohol Concern have previously called for supermarkets and off-licenses to confine displays of alcohol to a single area of their premises, claiming the widespread promotion of alcohol helped fuel a harmful drinking culture. During the former Responsibility Deal, Asda pulled its pledge to stop promoting alcohol in its foyers after other supermarkets had not followed suit, whilst labelling pledges were also a subject of controversy.
Most health advocates favour policy levers to both limit the wider influences on consumption and individual level interventions to help at-risk drinkers recognise and change their drinking. Indeed many examples of 'segmentation' have been seen in the alcohol field, including former national 'social marketing' programmes built on the principles of understanding consumer insights as developed by business marketeers. However in 2014 Public Health England (PHE) stated alcohol health risk communications were a low priority due to budget limitations and recognition of the limited evidence base for alcohol campaigns in changing behaviour. Health-risk communication though has been a much higher profile topic since the revision to the recommended guidelines, with further calls for action on labelling and more nuanced messaging.
Recent segmentation reports have included the industry-funded Charity Drinkaware's Monitor reports and campaigns, which have recognised home drinking as accounting for the most common drinking situations amongst all ages, broadly consistent with Sheffield University research on drinking cultures. Monitor highlights the main self-reported motivations for drinking as social reasons and mood enhancement (having fun and liking the feeling), but with coping reasons such as de-stressing or feeling better also important.
Where next for 'wine nation'?
The wine report states 'the job is to democratise wine, helping young consumers to find what they like quickly and easily and to ease them towards choosing wine more frequently as their knowledge and interest grow'. The extent to which doing so may impact on public health goals on alcohol harms raises some interesting questions. Certainly, wine looks set to continue to be a major part of the UK's drinking culture, which is indeed made up by many varied and shifting groups of 'moderate' and 'heavy' drinkers. The University of Sheffield has recently announced a new study into changes in the British drinking culture using market research data, likely to reveal more into how wine was 'democratised', how the possible impacts of Brexit play out, and indeed the potential implications for the UK's health.
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0.997926 |
Fill a large pot with water. Add 2 tablespoons of salt to each quart of water.
A good rule of thumb is to allow 2 1/2 quarts of water per lobster. Bring water to a hard boil and place lobster in boiling water and cover.
Once the water returns to a boil, time 1- 1 1/2 lb hard shelled lobster for 15 minutes and over 1 1/2 lbs for 18-20 minutes. Reduce the time for new or soft shelled lobsters by approximately 3 minutes.
Generally, if the antennae pulls out easily then the lobster is done.
Drizzle oil into a large pot of boiling salted water. Add the pasta and cook according to package directions. Drain well.
Meanwhile, heat the milk in a small saucepan, but do not boil it. In a large pot, melt 6 tablespoons of butter* and add the flour. Cook over low heat for 2 minutes, stirring with a whisk. Still whisking, add the hot milk and cook for a minute or two more, until thickened and smooth. Off the heat add the Gruyere or Swiss, Cheddar, the pepper, and nutmeg.
Add the cooked macaroni and lobster and stir well. Place the mixture in 6 to 8 individual gratin dishes.
Melt the remaining 2 tablespoons of butter, combine them with the fresh bread crumbs, and sprinkle on the top. Bake for 30-35 minutes, or until the sauce is bubbly and the macaroni is browned on top.
Notes: * at this point I add some shallots and garlic to the butter and cook until shallots are translucent, then add the flour.
This step is totally optional.
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0.999951 |
Describe an event that made you happy.
and explain why this event made you happy.
I live in a nuclear family with my parents and two siblings in Malaysia. A few days ago, I was happy for the success of my elder brother who succeeded in getting admission to a university after several attempts. I was very happy with the matter.
Getting admission in a public university is difficult indeed for anyone and my elder brother got the chance to get admitted at the University of Malaya which is mostly known for its academic excellence in the country. Before the admission, he had to undergo different tests and preparations. Since his higher secondary result not up to the local standard for admission at any university, he was worried about his future. Moreover, my dad told him that he would not be liable for him anymore if he fails to get admitted to any public university. Thereby, the worries attacked him. But instead of being panicked, he struggled hard to get his desired admission. His hard efforts allowed him to get admitted at the University of Malaya and I am happy too much. In fact, I am proud of my brother.
My elder brother passed his secondary in the early of 2015 and repeatedly tried to get admitted to a university, especially the public university. So, immediately after appearing at the higher secondary level exam, my brother started preparing for the university admission. The boy always wanted to be with his friends and never stayed home at the daytimes, but when he started university admission preparation, he turned into a cool personality. He never went out of the home, without extreme needs, and even kept his mobile phone switched off so that nobody could reach him. He started reading the preparatory texts from the early morning and started following a boring daily routine. Often I could not understand how a man like him got changed in this manner suddenly. Later, I realised that it was his urge to get admitted in the university had brought the change in him.
I, in fact, could not do something special for him. But as a higher secondary level student, I helped him to continue his university preparation. I helped him in getting prepared with the relevant subjects which were supposed to be important for the exam and also suggested him for reading some other materials. The questions were supposed to be made from the texts of the previous level and thus the teachers also emphasised on the former subject for the university admission preparation. Since I am not his superior, I did not dare suggest him something else and instead, I always was with him if he needs some sort of support from me. I helped him in remembering the texts and answering questions from the suggestions. Besides, I took his other cares like preparing coffee for him, brought his food etc. Often he fell asleep amid his books, and I had to organise the books in order. This is actually an interesting task and being his younger sister, I happily performed everything.
I was highly happy for my brother’s success as it was a turning point of life for him. If he failed to get the desired admission, the situations would have been unimaginable. My dad was too serious about the issue. He warned my elder brother to be serious in his studies but the boy did not pay any heed to the suggestions of dad. He was always involved with his friends and mates. Even it was quite natural for him to come home late at night. When he appeared in the exam, he could not take the right preparation and in the end, the result was unexpected. He has passed all the courses with scoring a minimum grade. Finally, it appeared that he owns only the required score to appear for the university examination and if he fails, dad would take strong punitive measures against him. So, when he occupied a seat in his desired subject, chemistry, every one of my family was happy with him. I also was happy as I had some small contributions to his success.
I had been longing for a brand new mobile phone and I got it last month. It was the event that made me too happy. This is a wonderful question for me. Thank you for the nice question.
One of my maternal uncles presented me with a nice mobile phone set. It was an iPhone 6S. the present came marking my 19th birthday. I was so happy with the phone set. In fact, I had long been waiting to arrange money to have such a mobile phone. But it was not possible for me to arrange such a huge amount of money alone. Thereby, the present was a blessing to me.
I turned 19 years old yesterday. My parents had organised a family party centring the day. Almost all of the family members were invited to the event. All of them were intimate with my family. As we never miss an invitation from them, they also did not miss it. But I was really happy with the presents that they bought for me. In fact, I got some of the remarkable gifts on my birthday. The mobile phone was the best among them. I unpacked the mobile phone at the end of the event and was greatly surprised seeing the mobile phone.
This was not a formal event. So, I enjoyed some freedom. I talked with my relatives and cousins. I also spent some time by watching a horror movie with the cousins of my age. It was a nice experience to enjoy a movie together. Moreover, I also helped my mother in serving the foods. I forgot to say that I also took part in preparing the foods. In fact, most of the foods were prepared by me and they were delicious too. Everyone enjoyed their meal. I also greeted the guests when they took leave of us. To make the long story short – I was the centre of attraction on the day, and thus had to manage almost all the things.
This event made me happy for several reasons. First of all, it was my birthday. I became older one year. I also got some more freedom in my family. Besides, the invited guests also blessed me and wished a bright future for me. The other happy event was receiving the mobile phone. To be honest, it was the most important thing that made me happy on this day. I do not know how my dream came true on this day. At first, I did not realise that it was a mobile phone. When I opened the wrap, I was extremely surprised with the iPhone. It was golden in colour and its specifications were standard as I desired. So, this event made me really happy.
"Describe an event that made you happy."
Happiness is an abstract concept. But its presence is visible and people become happy when they get something desirable, travel to someplace exciting, get some good news and celebrate joyful events. The cue card wants to know about an event that made you happy. Here some more clues for the candidates to start answering this type of cue card topics.
1. My brother got a scholarship to a German university for his post-graduation course. He has completed his graduation from a local university in Punjab and now planning to move to Germany. I was happy about this event. In fact, I love my brother more than anything and everything and his happiness means a lot to me.
2. Completing my professional degree appeared troublesome to me. Situations became harder as I could not manage time to attend my classes. Finally, I have completed the course by spending two years whereas other people had completed it in one year. However, I was happy to complete the course at last.
3. Driving a car is something I feel happy about and I learned it when I was in college. The day I received my driving license was the best day of my life and I was exhilarated. In fact, before getting the driver’s license, I could not drive the car in the streets; rather, I used some narrow lanes to drive where police and other law enforcers might not notice me.
4. The day my twin babies were born was the happiest day in my life. I became the proud mother of the twins and luckily they were a boy and a girl. My husband was also thrilled with this event. As a matter of fact, every one of my family became content for this event. I expected a normal delivery but the doctor did not allow considering complicacy for the twins.
5. I had been seeking a suitable job for me and it was a happy event when I got a job. I am now a sales executive for a local wristwatch manufacturing company in Indonesia. It is fun to work here and I am learning different things every day. I feel lucky to have the job and the day I was informed about it was a wonderful day in my life.
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0.999259 |
Team members prepare a checklist for a business continuity plan.
Creating a business continuity plan (BCP) checklist helps ensure that businesses survive a potential disaster. There are two basic checklists; a business continuity plan checklist that contains the actions necessary to establish the plan, and the critical personnel checklist that identifies specific staff positions. A practical approach to a BCP would consider worst-case scenarios, such as loss of key personnel, according to the Texas Department of Information Resources.
The first step in establishing a business continuity plan consists of creating the plan initiation. This contains items such as forming the project team and establishing the BCP project schedule. In addition, the plan should include items that provide needed resources, such as acquiring personal computers and BCP software, according to The AnyKeyNow Group.
The business impact analysis indicates items necessary to review potential business disruptions in various disaster scenarios. For example, conduct employee interviews to determine critical computer applications. This allows you to focus on potential disruptions, such as a power failure to the computer systems supporting these applications. This helps determine the BCP project scope.
To provide senior management with options, include items in the disaster readiness strategies checklist that define business continuity alternatives. Also include any necessary costs for developing and implementing the plan. In addition, add items such as reporting alternatives to management, securing strategy approval, and obtaining project funding, according to The AnyKeyNow Group.
According to The AnyKeyNow Group, create a checklist of items required to develop and implement the BCP. At the top of this checklist, include topics such as defining the scope of the BCP project and identifying tasks for team members. Other items on this checklist might include conducting meetings and developing a proposal request.
In this step of establishing a BCP, develop the testing and maintenance checklist. Attach items such as creating a test plan, preparing and executing tests, establishing training requirements, and developing BCP maintenance procedures, according to The AnyKeyNow Group. Testing might reveal weak areas in the BCP that you need to update.
As part of the BCP, create a critical personnel checklist that assigns tasks to each key company position in a disaster scenario. Furthermore, identify two backup positions for each key position. According to the Texas Department of Information Resources, each manager is responsible for identifying critical personnel within his department.
Anderson, Jerry. "What Is a Business Continuity Plan Checklist?" Small Business - Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-continuity-plan-checklist-769.html. Accessed 18 April 2019.
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0.996873 |
Although it seems counterintuitive, running backward has health benefits.
It's been a grueling race, but you're nearing the finish line, and all your training is about to pay off. This may be your first marathon, but you already know it won't be your last. For the past 20 miles, you've kept a steady pace, each step eating up the distance you have yet to go. But just as you're about to give yourself a mental pat on the back, you hit the proverbial wall. Your legs feel like they're dragging concrete blocks. Your lungs burn. If you weren't so exhausted, you'd even cry as you plod toward the finish line.
Now, imagine running the same course backward. Is that even possible? Yes! In fact, it's been done in record-breaking fashion. In 2004, Xu Zhenjun of Beijing ran 26.2 miles backward in 3 hours, 43 minutes and 39 seconds. And in 2013, a 32-year-old ran Illinois' Quad-Cities Marathon backward — while juggling — in 5 hours and 51 minutes [sources: Guinness World Records, Savedge].
Besides earning your place in a record book (or at least in the annals of absurdity), is there any good reason for running backward? As a matter of fact, there are some real physical benefits to the activity. Researchers at the University of Milan have discovered that running in reverse as a training method can improve runners' forward-facing performance. During the study, sensors and cameras captured the runners' backward movements, marking the moments their feet touched down near the toes and pushed off from the heels, a process nearly opposite the motion used in forward running.
Researchers discovered that when runners run backward during training, their joints suffered less impact than when they run forward. In addition, the runners expended 30 percent more energy running backward over the same distance as facing forward, which could benefit runners building endurance for forward-facing runs. What's more, another study showed that backward running was easier on the knees in general. By running in reverse, the study's participants put less strain on the front of the knee [sources: Cavagna et al, Roos].
Of course, there are some drawbacks to running in reverse, including the simple fact that you can't see where you're going. Some backward runners mitigate this problem by wearing a bicycle helmet with a rearview mirror, while others simply pair up with a forward-facing running partner. Also, when you run backward, you probably can't go as fast — at least, not when you begin. Practice enough, aiming modestly for a half marathon, and you can aspire to beat the current record-holder, Achim Aretz of Germany, who ran the 13.1-mile distance in 1:40:29 [source: Guinness World Records].
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0.950715 |
Why would flying type be supereffective to fightings?
I think somebody on the site once asked "Ever tried punching a bird." The Game Freak logic may very well be that it is very difficult to punch a bird.
Another theory is that the people at Game Freak are Hitchcock fans.
I think it's because of the fact that 'Fighting' is mostly directed at human-like Pokemon, and 'Flying' is referring to birds.
How my theory works is that humans cannot kill birds when they are up in the air, really really high up in the air.
answered Jun 30, 2013 by !'•-Indigo-•'!
commented Jun 30, 2013 by !'•-Indigo-•'!
Relating to this, throughout human evolution, birds of prey consistently predated our young or even adults, even up until 1000 years ago when giant eagles threatened the people of New Zealand. I guess you could call these birds' attacks "supereffective"
To begin I must say that I am a mythology freak and see mythology in everything.
Zeus as the flying type seems clear to me. First of all he is the god of the sky. A cunning, decisive, agile, sly, wise, powerful god (trait of flying types). Comparable to birds Zeus knew when to strike at the right moment. His attacks were not always powerful but because he could easily hit weak points (abilities that come to mind: Big Pecks, Keen eye, Super luck,...) they where always critical. Often turning into an eagle when he needed to outsmart an aggressive or warlusting situation.
You have to make your own logic really. some do make sense and others you have to give your own reasons. Kinda like psychic-bug where I figured bug means bugging psychics and throwing off their concentration.Only Gamefreak can really confirm why.
these are all very good answers. in addition, i'd like to add my own, though i appologise if it doesn't make much sense. i think that since these games were mady by japan... or was it china? excuse my ignorance, i'm not very good at that. anyway, because of this, i think they based most weaknesses on either their cultural beliefs or the stregnths and or weaknesses of the animals, plants and bugs that live there. i haven't researched the weakness logic, but a lot of what i've seen from the pokemon games seems very similar to it.
What Pokemon can learn Ground ,Flying, Fighting and Electric type moves Besides smeargle?
How do I get HP Fighting?
If gravity makes flying able to be hit by ground would flying take ground hits as normal damage?
Is Noivern confirmed to be Flying /Dragon type?
How can Gyarados be Water-Flying if it can still learn Dragon type moves?
Why is Gyrados a Flying Type?
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0.999997 |
Pacific Beach San Diego is one of the most popular beaches of San Diego, running from Crystal Pier south for about two miles before it becomes Mission Beach.
If you want to be where the action it, Pacific Beach or just P.B. as it is called by the locals, is the place to be. Stay at one of the nearby hotels in Pacific Beach to have a great time.
The long, narrow cement Pacific Beach boardwalk lines the beach and is full of skateboarders, rollerbladers, runners and bike riders. The boardwalk extends for three miles down to Mission Beach. This is a favorite place for college students from UCSD and SDSU, and young adults to exercise and have fun.
There are many interesting shops, restaurants, taco stands, and beach rental stores, especially at the northern end close to Grand Avenue, to enjoy on your Pacific Beach San Diego vacation.
Parking: Limited 4-hour free parking at end of Grand Avenue. In general, parking is scarce, look for other small parking lots and street parking as available.
Getting There: Short walk to the beach from parking areas. Also the long Pacific Beach boardwalk stretches from Mission Beach to Pacific Beach and offers great access by bicycling, roller blading, and jogging.
Things to Do: Walking, jogging, roller blading, sunbathing, swimming, bodyboarding, surfing, fishing, beach fires in firepits, shopping, partying at local bars.
Things to See: Young people at the beach, sunset over the Pacific Ocean, Crystal Pier.
Facilities: Restrooms (at Pacific Beach Drive and at Grand Avenue), showers, changing rooms, trash cans, concrete Pacific Beach boardwalk along the beach.
Lifeguard: Lifeguards during summer at multiple locations, and main station at Grand Ave. during winter.
Things NOT to Do: No alcohol (also includes no drinking on the nearby boardwalk, parks, or parking lots), no glass containers, no smoking, no littering, no disturbing noise, no overnight sleeping, camping or parking.
Hazards: Rip currents, noisy parties at hotels and bars just off the beach and boardwalk.
North Pacific Beach lies north of Crystal Pier and stretches up to Tourmaline Beach. It is a quieter section of SD beach, more popular with families.
Looking for some Pacific Beach hotels? San Diego offers many beach front rentals, hotels, and vacation rentals in the area of Pacific Beach California, ranging from quaint bungalows to upscale modern hotels.
If you are looking for a condo or vacation rental in Pacific Beach Calif., there are many local vacation rentals. A rental a few blocks away from the popular hotels will be a quieter choice.
If you are looking for the San Diego beach experience with a young and energetic crowd, a hotel on or near the beach in Pacific Beach or PB is the place to be. Here are some suggested hotels in Pacific Beach.
Tower 23 Hotel San Diego in Pacific Beach San Diego, is a contemporary designed hotel that offers room types shows the essence of the hotel: spirit, sky, surf, sanctuary and sweet. Try the in-room couple massage, or sit on the Tower23 deck and listen to the ocean breeze, watch the surfers or enjoy the sunset. The Tower 23 hotel is a great romantic San Diego hotel with a spectacular view of the Pacific Ocean and Crystal Pier. No swimming pool, but you are right on the beach. Lots of places to walk to and many local restaurants and bars, such as Kono’, 710 Beach Club Cass St. Bar and Grill for beer. This is a modern Pacific Beach hotel in San Diego and a great place to stay for a perfect Pacific Beach vacation.
Best Western Blue Sea Lodge is one of the hotels in Pacific Beach, San Diego, CA that makes a great beach getaway. With an oceanfront pool, great sunset views, Pacific Beach boardwalk, nearby restaurants and nightclubs, you have everything you need for some family fun in San Diego, or some exciting nightlife in PB. This is a great hotel in Pacific Beach San Diego.
Ocean Park Inn at Pacific Beach is one of the many Pacific Beach hotels in San Diego. It is right on the beach and has a swimming pool, spa, massage therapy and continental breakfast. You can rent bicycles and enjoy the boardwalk, and of course enjoy the wonderful Pacific Beach and San Diego beaches. You can walk to the nearby restaurants and bars in PB. Non-smoking. No pets.
Driving Directions to Pacific Beach San Diego: From Interstate 5 go west on Grand Avenue toward the Pacific Ocean. There is a small parking lot at the end of the street with 4 hour parking, or several 15 minute unloading zones. Additional parking is available on the side streets north and south from that location.
Directions to Pacific Beach from Mission Beach: From Mission Beach, you can walk, roller blade, skateboard or bike ride along the cement boardwalk that goes from Mission Beach to Pacific Beach.
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These days more fathers stay at home and take care of their children while mothers go out to work. What could be the reasons for this? Is it a positive or negative development?
The traditional belief that men are breadwinners while women should take care of chores and up bring children is no longer true in the modern era. In many places, this convention has gone to a reverse way and an increasing number of women work outside and men stay at home. There are several reasons for this and I personally think that it is a positive trend.
With the changes in social belief, more parents send their daughters for higher studies instead of preparing them for getting married and this enhances the capable and educated women workforce. In many fields, for example, telemarketing, teaching, fashion design, and banking, women are doing better than men and this has created a demand for female employees in the job market. The equal right movement has had a great impact on empowering women and this has become quite normal for mothers to work at offices while the fathers decide to stay at home to take care of their children. This decision is often based on mutual understanding of the couples and the one who has the higher earning potential decides to work to support the increasing expenses of the family. This has been socially accepted in most of the developed countries though some developing countries in Asia are yet to completely accept this trend.
In my opinion, this trend has more positive outcomes and should be treated as a progress. If both genders do not work for hand in hand and do not get the equal opportunity, the real progress would be impossible. This ensures that we live in an era when both men and women have an equal opportunity and someone is not deprived of a great career or a big opportunity only because of her gender. It is a great chance that allows the parents to decide who to earn money for the family and who to take care of the family, not based on social and traditional belief.
In conclusion, the changing roles in a family have been possible due to the great changes in social belief, advancement of women, especially in education and this is a very positive trend that eliminates the gender discrimination and advocates the equal rights.
With the socio-economic development, breadwinner fathers and stay-at-home mothers are on a decline. There are many causes behind this trend and in my opinion, this is could be considered as a positive change rather than negative.
It is undeniable that the global economy is going down. Many men workers have been sacked, and as a consequence, they stay at home, do household chores and take care of children. At the same time, women are more encouraged to work, by the government policies such as maternity leave, high salaries, and shortened the working hours. Another reason why husband role has been changed in recent years is the acceptance of the society for them to become nannies instead of going to work and support the family.
Personally, I think this change in father’s and mother’s traditional role could have many benefits. Firstly, in many cases mothers have a better qualification and job opportunities than their partners, then it seems more sensible them going out to work. Secondly, if fathers stay at home and look after children, it would become an important contribution in their children's upbringing, which could play a vital role in children’s future when they become teenagers and face problems that would be hard for mothers to handle. For example, it is rare to find boys or girls who have a close relationship with their fathers and making troubles or unsuccessful in their lives.
In conclusion, there are different reasons why fathers are becoming more responsible for taking care of children while mothers are busy with the financial support of the family. And I believe this could be useful for the whole family.
It has been seen for decades that male has always been a dominating figure in the society. Today's world offers equal opportunities to both men and women. Therefore, it is common to see nowadays that more fathers are staying at home and raising children while mothers have become the bread earners. Whatever may be the reasons, I am completely against this trend and to me, it brings more of negativity than positivity.
To start with, one of the causes could be that females today are equally educated and demanding as males. Females have the potential to be independent and walk along with the men in every field. Companies today, seek to hire more females for jobs that are less physically demanding, thereby leaving fewer options for men. Secondly, in some Middle Eastern countries like UAE and Qatar, females are preferred over males, because these countries look for woman empowerment. Finally, in cases where wife holds a higher qualification, she, with mutual understanding and discussion with the husband works so that they can earn more and have a better life.
However, according to me, this brings negative development to the society. Children in their growing age need more love and care, which they can get from by mothers. Females have that natural instinct to provide comfort and care. Fathers, how much ever they try, cannot put the values that a mother can incorporate into a child. Hence, this affects the upbringing of children. Furthermore, fathers cannot cope up with both household tasks and look after the kids. On the other hand, females are said to be multitaskers.
To summarise, I do not want to say that females should not work at all, but of course, not at the cost of nurturing their children. There are women who do part time jobs and look after the family as well. Nevertheless, in my view, this trend should not be continued as it has more drawbacks and brings negativity.
In modern times the traditional gender roles are changing rapidly, resulting in more fathers staying at home looking after their offspring and mothers becoming the main breadwinners in the family. There are numerous causes for this and I think it’s a step in the right direction.
In the past few decades, there have been numerous women’s movements, as a result of which conventional gender roles have gone through a paradigm shift. Although this equality was only acquired after long hard battles fought by women’s right groups against the misogynist practices that existed a few decades ago. Furthermore, in past few decades, we also had a fair share of men’s movements whose main aim was to make men get in touch with their feminine side rather than feel ashamed and disgusted with it.
Nonetheless in many parts of the world and in fact in the minds of many people across the globe, such a family system is considered to be an insult to a man’s masculinity but I beg to differ with this school of thought. In my view, it is a blessing to be living in a time in history where both males and females can choose to take on whatever role they decree. And since it has been proven beyond a shadow of a doubt that women can do most jobs just as good, if not better than their male counterparts there’s nothing wrong with mothers taking on roles that are traditionally thought to be men-oriented.
All in all, due to successful women’s and men’s movements deep into the last millennia, genders roles are getting swapped and I am of strong opinion that these changes are a blessing.
Nowadays it is common in many families where mothers are breadwinners for the family, while their role is played by the father of upbringing children. A number of factors have led to this situation, I regard it as a positive trend.
On the one hand, in today's society, parents have had to adapt to several changes. Firstly, owing to the advancement of equal rights movements, 21st century's ladies have greater access to educational and professional opportunities which in turn create a situation where women can lead to gain qualifications and pursue a career. Secondly, On the basis of their personalities, to certain kinds of professions such as human resource management, nursing and teaching which are primarily driven by women. For example, in a hospital, more female nurses are recruited due to the fact women tend to more patience and caring to look after patients. Finally, the rising of living which means both marriage partners need to have a job to support the family, therefore, it may depend on the personal preference of each partner, who will take the role of breadwinner and who will take on the role of upbringing children, or based on which partner earns the most money.
On the other hand, in my opinion, this trend could create a profound influence not only in the societies but among the families as well. Having househusband, men can realise the arduous job of his wife that make him more respectable toward her. In addition, it could make harmony and understand between spouses which positively effects on the children as well. Last but not least, there is always a chance to get back to the traditional professions of men and women if they feel bored as seeking a change.
In conclusion, the changing of gender roles are beneficial to the family as well as society and this trend is greatly acceptable.
It is clear that the role of mothers to maintain their children has been replaced by fathers in many areas. There are plenty of reasons why this can be and I am pretty sure that it is a good evolution.
For me, mother’s choice to leave her baby to her husband can happen due to various reasons. Firstly, the man might have wider knowledge about how to maintain the baby correctly and effectively than his life partner has. Hence, it is likely to be a wise idea if he obtains the full responsibility to take care of their children. Furthermore, the agreement created before entering marriage life also can be a cause. My sister as an example, before she and her future husband decided to get marriage, they made an appointment that the husband will look after their children as my sister earned much more money than he did. Looking at this example, it seems that economy factor indirectly is one of the reasons. The traditionally settled marriage is declining while people are choosing their life partners. This lead to a phenomenon that women are no longer bound to take care of their children and do household works. If they have better potentials, they do the office jobs or run a business and that leaves the father to stay at home.
In my opinion, it is a positive evolution if the female works and the male stay at home to maintain their children. This is mainly because it is likely to be a distinct proof showing that the position of both genders is same. In addition, it can destroy a traditional assumption revealing that the husband who should earn money for the family and the wife should be a full-time housewife. This issue also reveals that the each couple seemly has different rules in order to create their finest family.
In a nutshell, the knowledge and arrangement might be the factors why mothers leave their kids to the father and it seems to me that it is a good trend.
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Do you value excellence in business? One definition of NLP (Neuro Linguistic Programming) is the study and replication of excellence. As such, it has many applications in the business arena.
NLP was originally developed in the 1970s by linguist John Grinder and programmer Richard Bandler. They created a language for decoding the communication skills of masters like Milton Erickson, the father of modern hypnotherapy. Bandler and Grinder created a syntax to make the formerly mysterious abilities teachable. They and other early leaders of NLP also modeled peak performers in sports, business, therapy, and science to develop codified patterns of high performance that became NLP. The power and applications of what they created run deep and wide.
Great communicators develop rapport before they attempt to persuade. NLP defines rapport on several levels. Matching and pacing another's physical movements and speech give the feeling "this person is like me." If it is just subtle enough, it can be very effective at creating comfort while going unnoticed on a conscious level. This can be as simple as holding the same posture while speaking in the same loudness and with the same rhythm as your counterpart.
A deeper level of rapport is "criterial rapport." You create this by feeding back another's desired outcome with precision. Find out his or her intended result and feed it back to get agreement and the sense of being aligned towards a common goal.
Wouldn't it be nice to be able to call upon your highest level of motivation and focus it exactly where you want it? NLP has processes for eliciting any positive state of mind you have experienced and putting it wherever you find helpful. For example, in NLP sales training, measurable improvements in phone sales have been gained by anchoring the expectation of success in answering the phone.
In Systems Thinking, brought to a wider audience by Peter Senge's book The Fifth Discipline, "mental models" are often levers for making positive changes in companies. "Mental Models" is another name for "Belief Systems," or the assumptions we make that underpin our decisions. These are usually unconscious. Being able to uncover, examine, then change a belief system underlying an underperforming business system can be extremely powerful. An example might be finding a belief that "you should always purchase the lowest bid" is at the root of an unreliable product and can be changed to the more appropriate belief (mental model) that "it's better to choose vendors that add the most value to the end customer". NLP is rich in systems to discover and change disempowering beliefs.
In NLP, we talk about first, second, and third positions as three different ways to perceive a situation. For example, the "first position" might be described as seeing things from the eyes of a service representative assisting a customer. The "second position," conversely, would be seeing things from the customer's point of view in the same situation (as well as hearing things from directly the customer's mouth). Things can feel quite a bit different from there! Feeling what a customer feels leads to more empathy: a key principle in customer-oriented businesses. The "third position" is observing the situation as an uninvolved third party, watching from the distance . Different information is gathered from the third position, where the interplay can be better observed with detachment.
Being able to see things from the customer's point of view as well as from the detached observer perspective brings new information that helps gain rapport and understanding. Switching positions is a also a useful skill for negotiation and resolving conflict.
The ability to put a new frame around a situation can add motivational "juice" and put problems in a new perspective. An example of a reframe that changed an entire industry is when certain restaurateurs realized they were in the entertainment business and not simply in the nourishment business. Personal Fitness Training flourished as more people saw helping people get fit through the frame of a coach rather than that of a teacher. Nearly any business situation can be reframed to gather new information from seeing it in a different context.
NLP has proven to be a powerful tool in sales and business leadership, enabling and creating more aligned teams with higher motivation, uncovering the source of and solving business problems, and shedding light on new, innovative perspectives.
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Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě Ril Edward Wilkins.
Ril Edward Wilkins je pohřben(a) na hřbitově Saint Tudor Church v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
Ril Edward Wilkins was 4 years old when Great Depression: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President Herbert Hoover proposes a $150 million (equivalent to $2,197,000,000 in 2017) public works program to help generate jobs and stimulate the economy. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline.
Ril Edward Wilkins was 14 years old when The Holocaust: The first prisoners arrive at a new concentration camp at Auschwitz. The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945. Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event involving the persecution and murder of other groups, including in particular the Roma and "incurably sick", as well as ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet citizens, Soviet prisoners of war, political opponents, gay men and Jehovah's Witnesses, resulting in up to 17 million deaths overall.
Ril Edward Wilkins was 27 years old when Jonas Salk announced the successful test of his polio vaccine on a small group of adults and children (vaccination pictured). Jonas Edward Salk was an American medical researcher and virologist. He discovered and developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. Born in New York City, he attended New York University School of Medicine, later choosing to do medical research instead of becoming a practicing physician. In 1939, after earning his medical degree, Salk began an internship as a physician scientist at Mount Sinai Hospital. Two years later he was granted a fellowship at the University of Michigan, where he would study flu viruses with his mentor Thomas Francis, Jr.
Ril Edward Wilkins was 37 years old when John F. Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas; hours later, Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One as the 36th President of the United States. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. As a member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented the state of Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate prior to becoming president.
Ril Edward Wilkins was 52 years old when Jim Jones led more than 900 members of the Peoples Temple to mass murder/suicide in Jonestown, Guyana, hours after some of its members assassinated U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan (pictured). James Warren Jones was an American religious cult leader who initiated and was responsible for a mass suicide and mass murder in Jonestown, Guyana. He considered Jesus Christ as being in compliance with an overarching belief in socialism as the correct social order. Jones was ordained as a Disciples of Christ pastor, and he achieved notoriety as the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple cult.
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Infamous crusade which became side-tracked into a disastrous involvement with Byzantine politics. The crusade was planned to travel on Venetian ships to Egypt, in return for 85,000 marks and half of their conquests. However, the plan was changed to intervene in Constantinople. The Emperor Isaac II Angelus of Byzantium had been deposed in 1195 after ten years of rule by his brother Alexius III, under whose rule the Empire began to collapse. Alexius, son of Isaac II was probably involved in the decision to travel to Constantinople. In 1202, the crusaders arrived at Venice, but without the money to pay for passage. After some negotiations, the crusaders agreed to capture Zara, once Venetian, now Hungarian, in return for passage. This infuriated the Pope, who excommunicated the entire crusade. Over the winter of 1202-3, Alexius managed to persuade the crusaders to move against Constantinople, in return for 200,000 marks, and the reunification of the Greek church with the church of Rome. On 23 June the crusaders reached Constantinople, where they soon established a base, from where they launched a determined attack on 17 July, which inspired in part by the example of the 95 year old Doge Enrico Dandolo of Venice, managed to capture part of the city. Overnight Alexius III fled, and Isaac II was freed from prison and restored, to rule jointly with his son, now Alexius IV. If the money had been paid, this would not have been a significant disaster, but the money was not available, and in January 1204 the Byzantine nobility overthrew Isaac, who was returned to prison, and Alexius IV, who was executed, and replaced him with the brother in law of Alexius III, who ruled as Alexius V. The crusaders decided to attack the city, and between 11-13 April 1204 launched the first successful attack on Constantinople. After the fall of the city, it was looted for three days, before a short lived Latin Byzantine empire was created. Even after Greek control of Byzantium was re-established, the empire never recovered the strength it had had even in 1200, and the sole effect of the fourth crusade was to weaken Europe's chief protection against the Turks.
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When you are unhappy, you find yourself prone to feelings of envy and jealousy. When your own life seems worthless, you often look at someone else's life and want it for yourself. But remember, however much you might want his car, career, lover, or even good looks or intelligence, you would never, given the chance, choose to be that person. You would never choose to exchange souls, because your ego is fiercely bound to your defects and failings no matter how appalling they may be. Once you realize this -- once you realize that no matter how worthless your life is, it's still the only one you would ever choose to have -- you can begin to see yourself with new eyes.
Note on the meaning of "true" in the above subject: I'm usually just vaguely to very dissatisfied with my life, rather than thinking it's worthless, but I still think the quote is amazingly true.
And this one....OK, it's true, but I'm not ready yet. I think I'll be a soft-hearted dilettante for a little longer.
... I seem to have started doing that sometime in the past decade, although I wouldn't use the same imagery he does. But making choices and letting the unchosen options really, truly go, yes. For me, it's a matter of personal energy conservation.
And yes, you probably aren't ready yet - it's not time for you to take that approach yet. I think you'll know when it is, and you may be surprised to discover that it turns out not to be a sad thing after all.
I agree that it's depressing to say to yourself, "this dream that you really want is impossible, so you must give it up."
I think it can be useful to say to yourself, "You can't possibly do justice to all the activities you want to do, and if you are indecisive, you'll end up doing none of them, and you might rather do some of them than none."
"Change is inevitable" figures in to the second statement as follows: "circumstances might change tomorrow and take away some of your choices, so if you don't want that, then it might be better to start now."
I think that it's the idea of _killing_ the other choices that disturbs me. I agree that I can't do everything and have to prioritize what I want to do. However, at some part of my brain I feel that it's possible to go in that alternate direction--even if I don't, or haven't yet. I hate the idea that that alternate not only won't exist when I look for it again (it might not) but that I should kill it as an effort to mentally streamline my life.
Since I root my dreams in what I'm doing, there is very little that I see as impossible. And I've had it brought home to me recently that an alternative path that I could not follow with one set of circumstances becomes possible with another set. Had I killed that alternative path so that it would not distract me, it would not be an alternative now. I prefer to set aside my alternatives--just in case.
Wow. This guy is brilliant. Rather depressing in spots, but brilliant. I actually resonated strongly with the second quote you put up there. I, too, am a soft-hearted dilettante, and I suspect that part of my problem is being unable to shoot the other possibilities in the head.
I have the same problem when I go to get rid of stuff - I feel sorry for it and end up keeping it.
Hmm. Interesting. I don't feel sorry for stuff, but I get overwhelmed with the choices, and I worry that I'm making the wrong decision (what if I need this suddenly one day? what if I can't ever find it again to replace it if I decide I need it after all? What if Allegra wants it some day? etc etc). Results in the same thing--total lockup.
That happens to me too. The part I refer to as "feeling sorry for" is that I feel obligated to find a good new home for the stuff I want to get rid of, and sometimes "a good home" is something other than "the local Goodwill truck," so it gets complicated, and I end up keeping a lot of stuff 'cos I don't have the bandwidth to find it a good home.
Ah, yes. I have that problem, too. But usually the Goodwill truck is OK, though I wince when they toss the stuff into the truck willy nilly on top of boxes of glassware with no packing. I have to avert my eyes at that point.
You will not be surprised to see me say that I, too, have a problem with closing out possibilities that lure me. I'm polyamorous in my love life, but promiscuous in my career and hobbies! I sometimes have to remind myself of an expression I got from Bob Shea, "The good is the enemy of the best." Killing your other interests may also be seen as weeding a garden--not everything can grow in that same space with those same resources, and if you don't choose, you will likely end up with crabgrass instead of flowers.
But I do find that it's easier to focus as I get older. I *could* have been equally good at this, and that--but now I have two decades in learning about writing, English, teaching, literature, &c., and know a lot about those that not everyone else does. So it makes sense to go with that, when another area would mean starting over. It's still a pretty huge area of "expertise," though. For me, the biggest commitment issue is writing a book (instead of articles in books).
Funny. I've always heard "better is the enemy of good." But I suppose the reverse would also be true.
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Many people have heard of the famous Rorschach inkblot test in which respondents are asked to look at ambiguous inkblot images and then describe what they see. The test often appears in popular culture and is frequently portrayed as a way of revealing a person’s unconscious thoughts, motives, or desires.
One game created in 1896 even involved creating inkblot monsters to use then as prompts for stories or verse. Alfred Binet had also experimented with the idea of using inkblots as a way to test creativity and originally planned to include inkblots in his intelligence tests.
Inspired perhaps by both his childhood hobbies and his studies of Sigmund Freud's dream symbolism, Rorschach began to develop a systematic approach to using inkblots as an assessment tool.
How Did Rorschach Create the Inkblot Test?
Rorschach developed his approach after studying more than 400 subjects, including over 300 mental patients and 100 control subjects. His 1921 book Psychodiagnostik presented ten inkblots that he selected as having high diagnostic value. The book also detailed his approach to scoring responses to the test. His intention when creating the test was not to develop a general use projective personality test. Instead, his goal was to create a test that could be used in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Rorschach's book found little success, and he died suddenly at age 37 just one year after the text's publication. Following the publication of the book, however, a wide variety of scoring systems emerged. The test has grown to be one of the most popularly used psychological tests.
In order to understand how the inkblot tests work, it is important to understand how what it consists of and how it is administered.
The Rorschach test consists of 10 inkblot images, some of which are black, white, or gray and some of which are color.
A psychologist or psychiatrist who has been trained in the use, scoring, and interpretation of the test shows each of the ten cards to the respondent. During the test, the subject is provided with each of the ten cards, one by one.
The subject is then asked to describe what he or she thinks the card looks like.
Test-takers are allowed to hold the cards in any position they may want, whether it is upside down or sideways.
The respondents are free to interpret the ambiguous image however they want.
They may also respond in any way that they want. They may say that they see one thing, several different things, or even nothing at all.
Test-takers can focus on the image as a whole, on certain aspects of the image, or even on the white space that surrounds the image.
Once the subject has provided a response, the psychologist will then ask additional questions to get the subject to further elaborate on his or her initial impressions.
The psychologist also rates the reactions on a large number of variables such as whether the subject looked at the whole image. These observations are then interpreted and compiled into a profile of the individual.
How respondents describe the image. Certain responses are common on each card, so scorers include a code that identifies such responses.
How long they take to respond. Taking a very long time before offering a response might indicate that the respondent is "shocked" by what they see.
Factors known as determinants, which can include location, form, color, and shading, that generate a response.
Extra or unrelated comments. Any additional comments that are made that are no part of the main response.
The popularity or originality of the responses given. Some responses are quite common, while others may be much more unique. Highly atypical responses are notable since they might indicate disturbances in thought patterns.
The first card in the Rorschach test is a black and white symmetrical image that respondents frequently describe as a bat, butterfly, or moth. Seeing animal or human shapes is a common response to each of the 10 cards.
The third inkblot, for example, is often described as being two human figures engaged in some type of interaction. Responses to this card are thought to provide information about how the individual interacts with other people. A relatively fast response might indicate being at ease with others and comfortable with social relationships. A delayed response, however, might reveal that the individual struggles with social interactions.
Certain inkblots contain the color red, which is sometimes perceived as blood. Responses to such cards can be an indication of how people cope with threats of harm or how they deal with anger. Sexual imagery is also often seen in many of the cards.
Research suggests that certain responses to the inkblots might be indicative of schizophrenia and possibly bipolar disorder and schizotypal personality disorder. However, studies suggest that responses to the inkblot do not appear related to posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, major depressive disorder, dependent personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, conduct disorder, or antisocial personality disorder.
Despite the popularity of the Rorschach test, it has remained the subject of considerable controversy. Many of the criticisms center on how the test is scored and whether the results have any diagnostic value.
The test was criticized extensively during the 1950s and 1960s for its lack of standardized procedures, scoring methods, and norms.
Before 1970, there were as many as five scoring systems that differed so dramatically that they essentially represented five different versions of the test. In 1973, John Exner published a comprehensive new scoring system that combined the strongest elements of the earlier systems. The Exner scoring system is now the standard approach used in the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test.
In addition to early criticism of the inconsistent scoring systems, detractors note that the test's poor validity means that it is unable to accurately identify most psychological disorders. As you can imagine, scoring the test can be a highly subjective process.
Another key criticism of the Rorschach is that it lacks reliability. In other words, two clinicians might arrive at very different conclusions even when looking at the same subject's responses.
The test has shown some effectiveness in the diagnosis of illnesses characterized by distorted thinking such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Some experts caution, however, that since the Exner scoring system contains errors, clinicians might be prone to over-diagnosing psychotic disorders if they rely heavily on Exner's system.
The test is primarily used in psychotherapy and counseling, and those who use it regularly often do so as a way of obtaining a great deal of qualitative information about how a person is feeling and functioning. The therapist and client can then further explore some of these issues during therapy.
Despite the controversies and criticisms over its use, the Rorschach test remains widely used today in a variety of situations such as in schools, hospitals and courtrooms.
Some skeptics have been more critical, suggesting that the Rorschach is nothing more than pseudoscience. In 1999, some psychologists called for a complete moratorium on the use of the Rorschach inkblot for clinical purposes until researchers could better determine which scores are valid and which are invalid.
A later report had more mixed finding about the usefulness of the inkblot test. The researchers concluded that while the test possessed problems, it did have established value in identifying thought disorders. "Its value as a measure of thought disorder in schizophrenia research is well accepted," the researchers suggested. "It is also used regularly in research on dependency, and, less often, in studies on hostility and anxiety. Furthermore, substantial evidence justifies the use of the Rorschach as a clinical measure of intelligence and thought disorder."
Today, some psychologists dismiss the Rorschach as merely a relic of psychology's past, a pseudoscience on par with phrenology and parapsychology. Some experts suggest that while the Rorschach is certainly worthy of criticism, it is not without merit. The test's use in the identification of thought disorders had been well established and the available research does suggest that the test's validity is greater than that of chance. While the inkblot test may not be a perfect tool, it can play a useful role in identifying certain psychiatric conditions as well as a psychotherapeutic assessment.
Lee, L. (1999). The Name's Familiar: Mr. Leotard, Barbie, and Chef Boy-Ar-Dee. Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4556-0918-5.
Lilienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. M., & Garb, H. N. (2001, May). What's Wrong With This Picture? Scientific American, pp. 81-87.
McGraw-Hill Publishers. (2001). Hermann Rorschach, M.D. Test Developer Profiles.
O'Roark, A.M. (2013). History and Directory: Society for Personality Assessment Fiftieth Anniversary. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Watkins, C.E., et al. (1995). Contemporary practice of psychological assessment by clinical psychologists. Professional Pscyhology: Research and Practice, 26(1), pages 54–60.
Wood, J. M., Nezworski, M.T., & Garb, H.N. (2003). "What's Right with the Rorschach?"The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 2(2).
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The Colombian Flag consists of 3 horizontal bands of yellow, blue, and red. The yellow band covers half of the flag and the blue and red band cover a quarter of the flag each. The Colombian flag and the colors on it are seen as having two different meanings. The first interpretation is that the yellow color symbolizes gold, the wealth of the country's soil, and agriculture, whilst other sources consider the yellow to represent the harmony and justice of the country, as well as the sun. The blue color, according to some sources, represents the oceans and the sky, whereas others claim that it represents loyalty and attention paid to the country from the people of Colombia. The red color signifies the blood that was shed and the fight for the country's independence and in other cases is said to signify the determination and dedication of the people.
The Colombian flag, which was created by Francisco de Mirandoshares and adopted on November 26th, 1861 shares the same colors with the flags of Venezuela and Ecuador. Today, it is known to be one of the world's oldest flags.
Colombia is located in South America and is the 4th largest South American country. Its name was derived from the explorer, Christopher Columbus. It shares borders with Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Panama. The capital city of Colombia is called Bogota. Bogota is the second largest capital city in South America. Colombia is also referred to as the "getaway to South America," because of its location which connects South America to Central and North America.
In 1499, the Spanish arrived in the country and it eventually became a Spanish colony, known as "New Granada." Colombia was under Spanish rule for 250 years. In 1808, when the French invaded Spain, it was an opportunity to try and seek independence. During the first attempts for independence, they were defeated and in 1819, following the collapse of the Spanish Empire, the Colombian forces (led by Venezuelan general Simon Bolivar) claimed victory against the Spanish and Colombia. Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama declared independence and the country "Gran Colombia" was formed. In 1830, Venezuela and Ecuador separated, leaving Colombia and Panama together until 1835, when Colombia became a separate nation.
Colombia is thought to be the 2nd most "biodiverse country in the world" and is home to the largest amount of species in the world.
There are many beautiful sights to visit and the main tourist attraction in Colombia is the "Salt Cathedral of Zipaquira," which is located in Bogoto. Bogoto is a city that is full of street artists. The city is unique in that street art and graffiti are permitted and encouraged by the government. Another popular sight to visit is the "Cano Cristales," which is known as the "River of Five Colors," or the "Liquid Rainbow," as the river and beds change color between yellow, red, green, blue, and black. Visitors to Colombia also have the opportunity to see the tallest palm trees in the world, with some measuring at 60m high.
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Did [some horrific event in Africa] really happen? Yeah, it's still happening in [some sub-Saharan African nation]. Wow. That's amazing. That's terrible. Yeah, I know. [...long pause...] So, what do we do? [...long pause...] I don't know.
It made me want to promise all the charitable, capable, well-intentioned but un-obsessed people of the world that I will never prick at their sleeping social consciences, never pay stirring tribute to their power and influence, never paint mental murals of the world as it could be with them on their metaphorical feet without actually giving them something to DO.
It made me worry that some of our most valiant and passionate efforts to bring the crises of the world into the heart and mind of the average American may inadvertently perpetuate the "they'll say, 'oh, that's awful'--and go back to eating their dinner" response that was one of the most gut-wrenching scenes in "Hotel Rwanda." Truthfully, what other option do they have? It seems unreasonable to me to leave an audience cheering, and crying, on its feet and then expect them to somehow dig up, search out, or invent the means to make a difference. It seems unfair to generate that kind of energy without providing an actionable channel for it.
Until we have in place mechanisms for action and support accessible to the public we are trying to mobilize, passing notice [perhaps intense, but seldom lasting] is all we can reasonably expect. And I suppose that's fine if all we're going for is awareness, but I--for one--want change.
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James of Viterbo (c. 1255–1308) is one of a number of highly significant theologians who were active in the last quarter of the thirteenth century, alongside Godfrey of Fontaines, Henry of Ghent and Giles of Rome, three authors whose views he constantly discusses and with whom he often disagrees. Though decidedly influenced by the work and outlook of St. Augustine, James was very much an independent thinker, whose originality was fuelled by his attentive reading of the Greek and Arab commentators on Aristotle. On several issues, such as cognition, the love of self over God, the relation between the spiritual and temporal powers, James held strikingly original and often controversial positions.
James was born in Viterbo around 1255. Nothing is known about the early years of his life. It is presumed that he joined the order of the Hermits of St. Augustine somewhere around 1272. He is first mentioned in 1283 in the capitular acts of the Roman province of his order as a recently appointed lecturer (lector) in the Augustinian Convent of Viterbo. This means that he must have spent the previous five years (i.e., 1278–83) in Paris, as the Augustinian order required its lecturers to be trained in theology in that city for a period not exceeding five years. James returned to Paris not long after his appointment in Viterbo, for he is mentioned again in the capitular acts in 1288, this time as baccalaureus parisiensis, i.e., as holding a bachelor of theology degree from the University of Paris. After completing his course of studies, James was appointed Master of Theology in 1292 (Wippel 1974) or 1293 (Ypma 1974), teaching in Paris for the next seven years. His output during that time was considerable. All of his works in speculative theology and metaphysics date from the Parisian period. In 1299–1300, he was named definitor (i.e., member of the governing council) of the Roman province by the general chapter of his order, and in May of 1300 he became regent master of the order's studium generale in Naples. These would be the last two years of his academic career, however, for in September 1302 he was named Archbishop of Benevento by Pope Boniface VIII, possibly in gratitude for the support James had shown for the papal cause in his great treatise, De regimine christiano (On Christian Rulership). In December of the same year, at the request of the Angevin King, Charles II, he was transferred to the Archbishopric of Naples. He remained in Naples until his death, in 1307 or 1308.
James wrote the bulk of his philosophically relevant work while in Paris. Nothing remains of his early production in that city. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences has been lost, although still extant is an Abbreviatio in I Sententiarum Aegidii Romani (Summary of the First Book of the Sentences of Giles of Rome) probably a very early work (Ypma 1975 and 1980; but see Gutiérrez 1939 and Giustiniani 1979) written while he was still a lecturer in Viterbo. Also lost are a treatise on the animation of the heavens (De animatione caeli), as well as a commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics (Expositio primae philosophiae), which Ypma surmises must have been written when James was a baccalaureus formatus, i.e., between 1288 and 1292 (Ypma 1975).
Soon after his inception as regent master, James held a series of seven Quaestiones disputatae de verbo (Disputed Questions on the Divine Word), only one of which has been edited so far (Scanzillo 1972). He then held a series of four quodlibetal questions as well as thirty-four disputed questions on the categories as they pertain to divine matters (Quaestiones de praedicamentis in divinis), although five of them have actually nothing to do with theology or the categories, as they deal with the human will and the habits (see Ypma 1975 for a possible explanation regarding their inclusion in the Quaestiones). These two works constitute the most important sources for our knowledge of James' philosophical thought.
In Naples, James wrote the work for which he is arguably best known (Gutiérrez 1939: 61–2), the De regimine christiano, a work of great importance in the history of late medieval political thought, and the only philosophical work written by James in the last eight or so years of his life.
Like many of his contemporaries, James devotes serious attention to determining the status of theology as a science and to specifying its object, or rather, as the scholastics say, its subject. In Quodlibet III, q. 1, he asks whether theology is principally a practical or a speculative science. Unsurprisingly, perhaps, for an Augustinian, James responds that the end of theology resides principally not in knowledge but in the love of God. The love of God, informed by grace, is what distinguishes the way in which Christians worship God from the way in which pagans worship their deities. For philosophers—James has Cicero in mind—religion is a species of justice; worship is owed to God as a sign of submission. For the Christian, by contrast, there can be no worship without an internal affection of the soul, i.e., without love. James allows that there is some recognition of this fact in Book X of the Nicomachean Ethics, for the happy man would not be “most beloved of God,” as Aristotle claims he is, if he did not love God by making him the object of his theorizing. In this sense, it can be said that philosophy as well sees its end as the love of God as its principal subject. But there is a difference, James contends, in the way in which a science based on natural reason aims for the love of God and the way in which sacred science does so: sacred science tends to the love of God in a more perfect way. One way in which James illustrates the difference between both approaches is by contrasting the ways in which God is the “highest” object for metaphysics and for theology. The proper subject of metaphysics is being, not God, although God is the highest being. Theology, on the other hand, views God as its subject and considers being in relation to God. Thus, James concludes, “theology is called divine or of God in a much more excellent and principal way than metaphysics, for metaphysics considers God only in relation to common being, whereas theology considers common being in relation to God” (Quodl. III, q. 1, p. 20, 370–374). Another way in which James illustrates the difference between natural theology and sacred science is by using St. Anselm's distinction between the love of desire (amor concupiscientiae) and the love of friendship (amor amicitiae). The love of desire is the love by which we desire an end; the love of friendship is the love by which we wish someone well. The love of God philosophers have in mind, James contends, is the love of desire; it cannot, by the philosophers' own admission, be the love of friendship, for according to Aristotle, at least in the Magna Moralia, friendship involves a form of community or sharing between the friends that cannot possibly obtain between mere mortals and the gods. Now although James concedes that a “community of life” between God and man cannot be achieved by natural means, it is possible through the gift of grace. The particular friendship grace affords is called charity and it is to the conferring of charity that sacred scripture is principally ordered.
Like all scholastics since the early thirteenth century, James subscribes to the distinction between God's ordained power, according to which “he can only do what he preordained he would do according to wisdom and will” (Quodl. I, q. 2, p. 17, 35–37) and his absolute power, according to which he can do whatever is “doable,” i.e., whatever does not imply a contradiction. Problems concerning what God can or cannot do arise only in the latter case. James considers several questions: can God add an infinite number of created species to the species already in existence (Quodl. I, q. 2)? Can he make matter exist without form (Quodl. IV, q. 1)? Can he make an accident subsist without a substrate (Quodl. II, q. 1)? Can he create the seminal reason of a rational soul in matter (Quodl. III, q. 10)? In response to the first question, James explains, following Giles of Rome but against the opinion of Godfrey of Fontaines and Henry of Ghent, that God can by his absolute power add an infinite number of created species ad superius, in the ascending order of perfection, if not in actuality, then at least in potency. God cannot, however, add even one additional species of reality ad inferius, between prime matter and pure nothingness, not because this exceeds his power but because prime matter is contiguous to nothingness and leaves, so to speak, no room for God to exercise his power (Côté 2009). James is more hesitant about the second question. He is sympathetic both to the arguments of those who deny that God can make matter subsist independently of form and to the arguments of those who claim he can. Both positions can reasonably be held, because each argues from a different (and valid) perspective. Proponents of the first position argue from the point of view of reason: because they rightly believe that God cannot make what implies a contradiction, and because they believe (rightly or wrongly) that making matter exist without form does involve a contradiction, they conclude that God cannot make matter exist without form. Proponents of the second group argue from the perspective of God's omnipotence which transcends human reason: because they rightly assume that God's power exceeds human comprehension, they conclude (rightly or wrongly) that making matter exist without form is among those things exceeding human comprehension that God can make come to pass.
Another question James considers is whether God can make an accident subsist without a subject or substrate. The question arises only with respect to what he calls “absolute accidents,” namely quantity and quality, as opposed to relational accidents—the remaining categories of accident. God clearly cannot make relational accidents exist without a subject in which they inhere, for this would entail a contradiction. This is so because relations for James, as we will see in section 3.3 below, are modes, not things. What about absolute accidents? As a Catholic theologian, James is committed to the view that some quantities and qualities can subsist without a subject, for instance extension and color, a view for which he attempts to provide a philosophical justification. His position, in a nutshell, is that accidents are capable of existing independently if they are thing-like (dicunt rem). Numbers, place (locus), and time are not thing-like and are thus not capable of independent existence; extension, however, is and so can be made to exist without a subject. The same reasoning applies to quality. This is somewhat surprising, for according to the traditional account of the Eucharist, whereas extension may exist without a subject, the qualities, color, odor, texture, necessarily cannot; they inhere in the extension. James, however, holds that just as God can make thing-like quantities to exist without a subject, so too must he be able to make a thing-like quality exist without the subject in which it inheres. Just which qualities are capable of existing without a subject is determined by whether or not they are “modes of being,” i.e., by whether or not they are relational. This seems to be the case with health and shape: health is a proportion of the humors, and so, relational; likewise, shape is related to parts of quantity, without which, therefore, it cannot exist. Colors and weight, by contrast, are non-relational, according to James, and are thus in principle capable of being made to exist without a subject.
The fourth question James considers in relation to God's omnipotence raises the interesting problem of whether the rational soul can come from matter. James proceeds carefully, claiming not to provide a definitive solution but merely to investigate the issue (non determinando sed investigando). The upshot of the investigation is that although there are many good reasons (the soul's immortality, its spirituality and its per se existence) to say that God cannot produce the seminal reason of the rational soul in matter, in the end, James decides, with the help of Augustine, that such a possibility must be open to God. Thus, it is true that in the order which God has de facto instituted, the soul's incorruptibility is repugnant to matter, but this is not so in absolute terms: if God can miraculously cause something to come to existence through generation and confer immortality upon it (James is presumably thinking of the birth of Christ), then he can make it come to pass that souls are produced through generation without being subject to corruption. Likewise, although it appears inconceivable that something material could generate something endowed with per se existence, it is not impossible absolutely speaking: if God can confer separate existence upon an accident—despite the fact that accidents naturally inhere in their substrates—then, in like manner, he can confer separate existence upon a soul, although it has a seminal reason in matter.
Scholastics held that because God is the creative cause of all natural beings, he must possess the ideas corresponding to each of his creatures. But because God is eternal and is not subject to change, the ideas must be eternally present in him, although creatures exist for only a finite period of time. This doctrine of course raised many difficulties, which each author addressed with varying degrees of success. One difficulty had to do with reconciling the multiplicity of ideas with God's unity: since there are many species of being, there must be a corresponding number of ideas; but God is one and, hence, cannot contain any multiplicity. Another, directly related, difficulty had to do with the ontological status of ideas: do ideas have any reality apart from God? If one denied them any kind of reality, it was hard to see how they could function as exemplar causes of things; but to attribute full-blown essential reality to them was to run the risk of introducing multiplicity in God.
One influential solution to these difficulties was provided by Thomas Aquinas, who argued that divine ideas are nothing else but the diverse ways in which God's essence is capable of being imitated, so that God knows the ideas of things by knowing his essence. Ideas are not distinct from God's essence, though they are distinct from the essences of the things God creates (De veritate, q. 2, a. 3).
One can discern two answers to the problem of divine ideas in the works of James of Viterbo. At an early stage of his career, in the Abbreviatio in Sententiarum Aegidii Romani—assuming one accepts, as seems reasonable, the early dating suggested by Ypma (1975)—James defends a position that is almost identical to that of Thomas Aquinas (Giustiniani 1979). In his Quodlibeta, however, he moves to a position closer to that of Henry of Ghent. In the following I will sketch James' position in the Quodlibeta as it provides the most mature statement of his views.
Although James agreed with the notion that ideas are to be viewed as the differing ways in which God can be imitated, he did not think that one could make sense of the claim that God knows other things by cognizing his own essence unless one supposed that the essences of those things preexist in some way (aliquo modo) in God. James' solution is to distinguish two ways in which ideas are in God's intellect. They are in God's intellect, firstly, as identical with it, and, secondly, as distinct from it. The first mode of being is necessary as a means of acknowledging God's unity; but the second mode of being is just as necessary, for, as James puts it (Quodl. I, q. 5, p. 64, 65–67), “if God knows creatures before they exist, even insofar as they are other than him and distinct (from him), that which he knows is a cognized object, which must needs be something; for that which nowise exists and is absolutely nothing cannot be understood.” But James also thinks that the necessity of positing distinct ideas in God follows from a consideration of God's essence. God enjoys the highest degree of nobility and goodness. His mode of knowledge must be commensurate with his nature. But according to Proclus, an author James is quite fond of quoting, the highest form of knowledge is knowledge through a thing's cause. That means that God knows things through his own essence. However, he does so by knowing his essence as a cause, and that is possible only by knowing “something (aliquid) through a cause, not merely by knowing that which is the cause (i.e., God)”.
Although James' insistence on the distinctness of ideas with respect to God's essence is reminiscent of Henry of Ghent's teaching, it is important to note, as has been stressed by M. Gossiaux (2007), that James does not conceive of this distinctness as Henry does. For Henry, ideas possess esse essentiae; James, by contrast, while referring to divine ideas as things (res), is careful to add that they are not things “in the absolute sense but only determinately,” viz., as cognized objects (Quodl. I, q. 5, p. 63, 60). Thus, divine ideas for James possess a lesser degree of distinction from God's essence than do Henry of Ghent's. Nevertheless, because James did consider ideas to be distinct in some sense from God, his position would be viewed by some later authors—e.g., William of Alnwick—as compromising divine unity.
The concept of being, all the medievals agreed, is common. What was debated was the nature of the commonness. According to James of Viterbo, all commonness is founded on some agreement, and this agreement can be either merely nominal or grounded in reality. Agreement is nominal when the same name is predicated of wholly different things, without there being any objective basis for the application of the common name; such is the case of equivocal names. Agreement is real in the following two cases: (1) if it is based on some essential resemblance between the many things to which a particular concept applies, in which case the concept applies to these many things by virtue of the self same ratio and is said of them univocally; or (2) if that concept is truly common to the many things of which it is said, although it is not said of them relative to the same nature (ratio), but as prior to one and posterior to the others, insofar as these are related in a certain way to the first. A concept that is predicated of things in this way is said to be analogous, and the agreement displayed by the things to which it applies is said to be an agreement of attribution (convenientia attributionis). James believes that it is according to this sense of analogy that being is said of God and creatures, and of substance and accident (Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis I, q. 1, p. 25, 674–80). For being is said in a prior sense of God and in a posterior sense of creatures by virtue of a certain relation between the two; likewise, being is said first of substance and secondarily of accidents, on account of the relation of posteriority accidents have to substance. The reason why being is said in a prior sense of God and in a secondary sense of creatures and, hence, the reason why the ‘ratio’ or nature of being is different in the two cases is that being, in God, is “the very thing which God is” (Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis, q. 1, p. 16, 412), whereas created being is only being through something added to it. From this first difference follows a second, namely, that created being is being by virtue of being related to an agent, whereas uncreated being has no relation. These two differences can be summarized by saying that divine being is being through itself (per se), whereas created being is being through another (per aliud) (Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis, q. 1, p. 16, 425–6). In sum, being is said of God and creature, but according to a different ratio: it is said of God according to the proper and perfect nature of being, but of creatures in a derivative or secondary way.
James' most detailed discussion of the distinction between being and essence occurs in the context of a question that asks if creation could be saved if being (esse) and essence were not different (Quodl. I, q. 4). His answer is that although he finds it difficult to see how one could account for creation if being and essence were not really different, he does not believe it is necessary to conceive of the real distinction in the way in which “certain Doctors” do. Which Doctors does he have in mind? In Quodl. I, q. 4, he summarizes the views of three authors: Godfrey of Fontaines, according to whom the distinction is only conceptual (secundum rationem); Henry of Ghent, for whom esse is only intentionally different from essence, a distinction that is less than a real distinction but greater than a rational distinction; and finally, Giles of Rome, for whom esse is one thing (res), and essence another. Thus, James agrees with Giles, and disagrees with Henry and Godfrey, that the distinction between being and essence is real; however, he disagrees with Giles about the proper way of understanding the real distinction.
The starting point of his analysis is Anselm's statement in the Monologion that the substantive lux (light), the infinitive lucere (to emit light), and the present participle lucens (emitting light) are related to each other in the same way as essentia (essence), esse (to be), and ens (being). The relation of lucere to lux, he tells us, is the relation of a concrete term to an abstract one. To-emit-light denotes light as an act, just as to-be (esse) denotes essence from the point of view of an act. Now, a concrete term signifies more things than the corresponding abstract term, e.g., esse signifies more things than essence, for essence signifies only the form, whereas esse signifies the form principally and the subject secondarily. By ‘subject’ James means the actually existing thing, which he also calls the aggregate or supposit (Wippel 1981). Esse and essence thus signify the same thing principally, but differ in terms of what they signify secondarily. Although this difference is only conceptual in the case of God, it is real in the case of creatures. It is this difference that explains why one does not predicate to-emit-light (lucere) of light itself (lux) or being of essence: what properly exists is that which has essence, viz., the supposit. Esse denotes essence as existing in a supposit.
The kernel of James' solution, then, lies in the distinction between what terms signify primarily and secondarily. To his mind, this is what makes his solution closer in spirit to Giles of Rome than to either Godfrey or Henry, without committing him to a conception of the distinction as rigid as that of Giles. The distinction is real for James, but in a qualified way (Gossiaux 1999). Because identity or difference between things is determined to a greater degree by primary rather than by secondary signification, it follows that essence and existence are primarily and absolutely the same (idem) and conditionally or secondarily distinct. Yet, although the distinction is conditional or secondary, it is nonetheless necessary and points to a real composition in creatures.
James devotes five of his Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis (qq. 11–15), representing some 270 pages of edited text, to the question of relations. It is with a view to providing a proper account of divine relations, he explains, that it is “necessary to examine the nature of relation with such diligence” (Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis, q. 11, p. 12, 300–301). But before turning to Trinitarian relations, James devotes the whole of q.11 to the status of relations in general. The following account focuses exclusively on q. 11. James in essence adopts Henry of Ghent's “modalist” solution, which was to exercise considerable influence among late thirteenth-century thinkers (Henninger 1989), although he disagrees with Henry about the proper way of understanding what a mode is.
But good reasons can also be found in support of the opposing view. For one, Aristotle clearly considers relations to be real, as they constitute one of the ten categories that apply to things outside the soul. Furthermore, according to a view commonly held by the scholastics, the perfection of the universe cannot consist solely of the perfection of the individual things of which it is made; it is also determined by the relations those things have to each other; hence, those relations must be real.
The correct solution to the question of whether relations are real or not, James contends, depends on assigning to a given relation no more but no less reality than is fitting to it. Those who rely on arguments such as the first two above to infer that relations are entirely devoid of reality are guilty of assigning relations too little reality; those who appeal to arguments such as the last two, showing that relations are distinct from their subjects in the way in which things are distinct from each other, assign too great a degree of reality to relations. The correct view must lie somewhere in between: relations are real, but are not distinct from their subjects in the way one thing is distinct from another.
That they must be real is sufficiently shown by the first Simplician arguments mentioned above, to which James adds some others of his own. However, showing that they are not things is slightly more complicated. James' position, in fact, is that relations are not things “properly and absolutely speaking,” but only “in a certain way according to a less proper way of speaking.” A relation is not a thing in an absolute sense because of the “meekness” of its being, for which reason “it is like a middle point between being and non-being” (Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis, q. 11, p. 30, 668–9). The reasoning behind this last statement is as follows: the more intrinsic some principle is to a thing, the more that thing is said to be through it; what is maximally intrinsic to a thing is its substance; a thing is therefore maximally said to be on account of its substance. Now a thing's being related to another is, in the constellation of accidents that qualify that thing, what is minimally intrinsic to it and thus farthest from its being, and so closest to non-being. But if relations are not things, at least in the absolute sense, what are they? James answers that they are modes of being of their foundations. “The mode of being of a thing does not differ from the thing in such a way as to constitute another essence or thing. The relation, therefore, is not different from its foundation” (Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis, q. 11, p. 33, 745–7). Speaking of relations as modes allows us to acknowledge their reality, as attested by experience, without hypostasizing them. A certain number's being equal to another is clearly something distinct from the number itself. The number and its being equal are two “somethings” (aliqua), says James; they are not, however, two things; they are two in the sense that one is a thing (the number) and the other is a mode of being of the number.
In making relations modes of being of the foundation, James was clearly taking his cue from Henry of Ghent, who has been called “the chief representative of the modalist theory of relation” (Henninger 1989). For Henry and James, relations are real in the sense that they are distinct from their foundations and belong to extra mental reality. However, James' understanding of the way in which a relation is a mode differs from Henry's. For Henry, a thing's mode is the same thing as its ratio or nature; it is the particular type of being that thing has, what “specifies” it. But according to James' understanding of the term, a mode lies beyond the ratio of a thing, like an accident of that thing (Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis, p. 34, 767–8). In conclusion, one could say that in his discussion of relations, James was guided by the same motivation as many of his contemporaries, namely securing the objectivity of relations without conferring full-blooded existence upon them. Relations do exhibit some form of being, James believed, but it is a most faint one (debilissimum), the existence of a mode qua accident.
James discusses individuation in two places: Quodl. I, q. 21 and Quodl. II, q. 1. I will focus on the first treatment, because it is the lengthier of the two and because the tenor of James' brief remarks on individuation in Quodl. II, q. 1, despite certain similarities with his earlier discussion (Wippel 1994), make it hard to see how they fit into an overall theory of individuation.
The question James faces in Quodl. I, q. 21 is a markedly theological one, namely whether, if the soul were to take on other ashes at resurrection, a man would be numerically the same as he was before. In order to answer that question, James tells us, it is first necessary to determine what the cause of numerical unity is in the case of composite beings. There have been numerous answers to that question and James provides a short account of each. Some philosophers have appealed to quantity as the principle of numerical unity; others to matter; others yet to matter as subtending indeterminate dimensions; finally, others have turned to form as the cause of individuation. According to James, each of these answers is part of the correct explanation though it is insufficient if taken on its own. The correct view, according to him, is that form and matter taken together are the principal causes of numerical identity in the composite, with quantity contributing something “in a certain manner.” Form and matter, however, are principal causes in different ways; more precisely, each accounts for a different kind of numerical unity. For by ‘singularity’ we can really mean two distinct things: we can mean the mere fact of something's being singular, or we can point to a thing qua “something complete and perfect within a certain species” (Quodl. I, 21, 227, 134–35). It is matter that accounts for the first kind of singularity, and form for the second. Put otherwise, the kind of unity that accrues to a thing on account of its being a mere singular, results from the concurrence of the “substantial” unity provided by matter and the “accidental” unity provided by quantity. By contrast, the unity that characterizes a thing by virtue of the perfection or completeness it displays is conferred to it by the form, which is the principle of perfection and actuality in composites.
Although James thinks he can quite legitimately enlist the support of such prestigious authorities as Aristotle and Averroes in favor of the view that matter and form together are constitutive of a thing's numerical unity, his solution has struck commentators as a somewhat contrived and ad hoc attempt to reach a compromise solution at all costs (Pickavé 2007; Wippel 1994). James, it has been suggested, “seems to be driven by the desire to offer a compromise position with which everyone can to some extent agree” (Pickavé 2007: 55). Such a suggestion does accord with what we know about James' temperament, namely, his dislike of controversy and his tendency, on the whole, to prefer solutions that present a “middle way” (Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis, q. 11, p. 23, 513; Quodl. II, q. 7, p. 108, 118; De regimine christiano, 210; see also Quodl. II, q. 5, p. 65, 208–209). However, James' professions of moderation must sometimes be taken with a grain of salt, as there are some positions he wants to pass off as moderate that are quite far from being so, as we will see in Section 7 below.
The belief that matter contains the ‘seeds’ of all the forms that can possibly accrue to it is one of the hallmarks of James of Viterbo's thought, as is the belief that the soul pre-contains, in the shape of “propensities” (idoneitates), all the sensitive, intellective, and volitional forms it is able to take on. We will look at James' doctrine of propensities in the intellect in Section 5, and his doctrine of propensities in the will in Section 6. In this section, we present James' arguments in favor of seminal reasons.
One important reason for subscribing to the existence of seminal reasons is that the doctrine enjoys the support of Augustine. Although James is sometimes quite critical of his Augustinian contemporaries, including his predecessor Giles of Rome, he is an unreserved follower of Augustine, especially when it comes to the greater philosophical issues, such as knowledge and natural causation. However, what is particularly interesting about James is the way in which he enlists such decidedly un-Augustinian sources as Aristotle, Averroes, and especially Simplicius in the service of his Augustinian convictions (Côté 2009).
James offers a thorough discussion of seminal reasons in Quodl. II, q. 5. The question he raises there is not so much whether there are seminal reasons, for this is “admitted by all Catholic doctors” (Quodl. II, q. 5, p. 59, 16), but rather, how one is to properly conceive of them. A seminal reason, according to James, has two characteristics: it is (1) an inchoate state of the form to be, and (2) an active principle. Most of the discussion in Quodl. II, q. 5 is devoted to establishing the first point. James thinks that the thesis that forms are present in potency in matter is consonant with the teaching of Aristotle, who, he claims, follows a “middle way” on the issue of generation, eschewing both the position that forms are created, and also Anaxagoras' “hidden-forms hypothesis,” according to which all forms are contained in act in everything. Now to say that forms are present in matter inchoately or in potency, according to James, entails that the potency of matter is something distinct from matter itself. One argument in favor of this thesis is that matter is not corrupted by the taking on of a form: it remains in potency towards other forms. Also, potency is relational, whereas matter is absolute. When James states that matter is distinct from potency he does not mean to say that they are entirely distinct or unconnected, quite the contrary: potency is the potency of matter. However, potency adds three characteristics to the concept of matter. First, it adds the idea of a relation to a form (matter is in potency towards a form); second, it adds the idea that the form to which it is related is a form it lacks; finally, it implies that the form which matter lacks is a form it has the capacity to acquire, for as James explains, one does not say that a stone is in potency toward the power of sight merely because it lacks sight. In order for something to be in potency toward a particular form it must both lack that form and also possess an aptitude to take it on. James neatly summarizes his views in the following passage: “[the potency of matter] denotes a respect of the matter toward the form, attendant upon its lacking that form and having the aptitude to take it on, so that four properties are included in the concept of potency, namely matter, lack of form, aptitude toward the form and a respect toward the form insofar as it is educible by an agent and motor cause” (Quodl. II, q. 5, p. 69, 359 – p. 70, 363).
The originality of James' position lies in the way in which he conceives matter's aptitudes. The term “aptitude” has a precise technical meaning, which he fleshes out with the help of Simplicius' commentary on the Categories. It denotes a certain incipient or inchoative state of the form in matter. Potency and act, James tells us, are two states or modes of the same thing, not two distinct things. What exists in the mode of actuality must preexist in the mode of potency, but in an inchoate way. James is aware of the several objections that may be leveled against his conception of aptitudes or propensities. The most serious of these is perhaps the charge that their existence makes generation, i.e., the production of new beings, impossible or useless. James replies by suggesting that those who argue in this fashion misconstrue Aristotle's doctrine of change. For change, according to Averroes' understanding of Aristotle (see Quodl. III, q. 14), does not result from an agent's implanting a form in a receiving subject, for this would imply that forms “migrate” from subject to subject; it results rather from an agent's making that which is in potency to be in act. For this to occur, however, more is required than the mere passive potency of matter: the seminal reason must also be viewed as an active principle. The activity of potency manifests itself in the shape of a natural inclination or tendency to attain its completion. Generation thus requires two things (besides God's general operative causality): the “transmutative” agency of an extrinsic cause and the intrinsic agency of the formae inchoativum which inclines the potency to attain its completion.
James' doctrine of seminal reasons would elicit considerable criticism in the early fourteenth century and beyond (Phelps 1980). The initial reaction came from Dominicans, e.g., Bernard of Auvergne, the author of a series of Impugnationes (i.e., attacks) contra Jacobum de Viterbio, and John of Naples who argued against James' distinction between the potency of matter and potency. But James' theory would also encounter resistance from within the Augustinian Order, e.g., from Alphonsus Vargas of Toledo.
James' doctrine of cognition must also be understood in the context of his thoroughgoing Augustinianism and against the backdrop of the late thirteenth-century arguments against Thomistic abstraction theories. According to Thomas Aquinas' theory of knowledge, the agent intellect abstracts a thing's form or essential information from the image or representation of that thing. The outcome of this process was what Aquinas called the intelligible species, which was then taken to “move” the possible intellect to conceptual understanding. However, as thinkers such as Vital du Four and Richard of Middleton were to point out (see the articles by Robert and Noone), the information coming in through the senses is related to a thing's accidental properties, not to its substance. How, then, could abstraction from the senses produce an intelligible species relating to the thing's essence?
Although James of Viterbo agreed by and large with the spirit of this objection and believed that the replies by proponents of abstractionism were unsuccessful, he had another reason for rejecting the theory. This was because it implied a view of the intellect which he thought to be profoundly mistaken, namely, the view that there is a real distinction between the agent intellect (which abstracts the species) and the possible intellect (which receives it). If it were truly the case, he reasoned, that one needed to posit a distinct agent intellect because phantasms are only potentially intelligible, then, by the same token, one would have to posit an “agent sense”, because sensibles “are only sensed in potency” (Quodl. I, q. 12, p. 164, 234). But given that no proponent of abstraction admits an agent sense, one should not allow them an agent intellect. Furthermore, if there were an agent intellect distinct from the possible intellect, it would be a natural power of the soul and so would be required for the cognition of all intelligibles, not just a certain class of them. Similarly, qua natural power, its use would be required not only in the present life but also in the afterlife. But of course that would be absurd, as the agent intellect, ex hypothesi, is only necessary to abstract form from matter, something the mind does only when it is joined to a corruptible body.
James was well aware that by denying the distinction between the two intellects, he was opposing the consensus view of Aristotle commentators. Indeed, his views seem to run counter to the De anima itself, though, as he would mischievously point out, it was difficult to determine just what Aristotle's doctrine was, so obscure was its formulation (Quodl. I, q. 12, p. 169, 426—170, 439). He replied that what he was denying was not the existence of a “difference” in the soul, but merely that the existence of a difference implied a distinction of powers (Quodl. I, q. 12, p. 170, 440–45). The intellect, he held, was both in act and in potency, active and passive, but one could account for its having these contrary properties without resorting to the two intellect model. This is because intellection is not a transient action (like hitting a ball), requiring an active subject distinct from a passive recipient; rather, it is an immanent action (like shining). James' solution, in other words, was to conceive of the intellect (as indeed the will) as essentially dynamic, as an “incomplete actuality”, its own formal cause, spontaneously tending toward its completion, much in the way seminal reasons tend toward their completing forms—indeed both discussions drew their inspiration from the same source: Simplicius' commentary on Aristotle's analysis of the second species of quality. The intellect was described as a general (innate) propensity made up of a series of more specific (equally innate) propensities, the number of which was a function of the number of different things the intellect is able to know: “The intellective power is a general propensity with respect to all intelligibles, that is, with respect to the actual conforming to all intelligibles. On this general propensity are founded other specific ones, which follow the diversity of intelligibles” (Quodl. VII, q. 7, p. 93, 453–55). Of course, as James readily acknowledged, although the intellect is its own formal cause, it cannot issue forth an act of intellection without some input from the senses. However, the type of causality the senses were viewed as exercising was deemed to be purely “excitatory” or “inclinatory” (Quodl. I, q. 12, p. 175, 613–16), making the senses not the principal but rather an instrumental cause of intellection. In all, three causes account for the operation of the intellect, according to James: 1) God as efficient cause; 2) the soul and its propensities as formal cause, and 3) the object presented by the senses as “excitatory” cause.
Although, as we have just seen, James rejected the distinction between the agent and possible intellects, there was another, equally widely-held distinction in the area of psychology that he did maintain, namely the distinction between the soul and its powers.
For the purposes of this article, it will suffice to think of the debate regarding the relation of the soul to its powers as being motivated at least in part by the need to provide a coherent understanding of the soul's structure and operations in view of two inconsistent but equally authoritative accounts of the soul's relation to its powers. One was that of Augustine, who had asserted that memory, intelligence, and will (i.e., three powers) were one in substance (De trinitate X, 11), and so believed that the soul was identical with its powers; the other was Aristotle's, who clearly believed in a certain distinction, and whose remarks about natural capacities (dunameis) as belonging to the second species of quality, in Categories c. 8,14–27, and hence to the category of accident, making them distinct from the soul's essence, were commonly applied by the scholastics to the soul's powers. Each view, of course, had its supporters; and, naturally, as was so often the case, attempts were made to find a middle way that would accommodate both positions. During James' tenure as Master at the University of Paris, the majority view was very much that there was a real distinction. It was the view held by many of the scholastics whose teachings he studied most carefully, namely Aquinas, Giles of Rome, and Godfrey of Fontaines. There was, however, a commonly discussed minority position, one that eschewed both real distinction and identity: that of Henry of Ghent. Henry believed that the powers of the soul were “intentionally”, not really, distinct from its essence. James, however, sided with Thomas, Giles, and Godfrey, against Henry (Quodl. II, q. 14, p. 160, 70–71; Quodl. III, q. 5, p. 83, 56—84, 63). His reasoning was as follows. Given that everyone agreed that there was a real distinction between the soul and one of its powers in act (between the soul and, e.g., an occurrent act of willing), then if one denied that there was a real distinction between the soul and its powers, as Henry had, one would be committed to the existence of a real distinction between the power in act (e.g., an occurrent act of willing) and that same power in potency (that is, the will, qua power, as able to produce that act), since the power in act is really the same as the soul. But as we saw in the preceding section, something in potency is not really distinct from that same thing in act. This followed from James' reading of Simplicius' account of qualities in the latter's commentary on Aristotle's Categories. For instance, seminal reasons are not really distinct from the fully-fledged forms that proceed from them, nor are intellective “propensities” really distinct from the fully actualized cognized forms. Hence, James concluded, the powers must be really distinct from the soul's essence.
The question of the will's freedom was of paramount importance to the scholastics. Unlike modern thinkers, for whom establishing that the will is free is tantamount to showing that its act falls outside the natural nexus of cause and effect, showing that the will is free, for medieval thinkers, usually involved showing that its act is independent of the apprehension and judgment of the intellect. Although the scholastics generally granted that a voluntary act results from the interplay between will and intellect, most of them preferred to single out one of the two faculties as the principal determinant of free choice. Thus, for Henry of Ghent, the will is the sole cause of its free act (Quodl. I, q. 17), so much so that he tends to relegate the intellect's role to that of a sine qua non cause. For Godfrey of Fontaines, by contrast, it is the intellect that exercises the decisive motion (Quodl. III, q. 16). Although James of Viterbo sometimes claims to want to steer a middle course between Henry and Godfrey (Quodl. II, q. 7), his preferences clearly lie with a position like that of Henry's, as can be gathered from his most detailed treatment of the question in Quodl. I, q. 7.
James' thesis in Quodl. I, q. 7 is that the will is a self-mover and that the object grasped by the intellect moves the will only metaphorically. His main challenge is to show is that this position is compatible with the Aristotelian principle that whatever is moved is moved by another.
As we saw in the previous section, James believes that the soul is made up of what he calls “aptitudes” or “propensities” (idoneitates), which are the similitudes of all things knowable and desirable, “before [the soul] actually knows or desires them” (Quodl. I, q. 7, p. 91, 407 – p. 92, 408). The pre-existence of such aptitudes implies that the soul is neither a purely passive potency nor made up of fully actualized forms, but rather an “incomplete actuality” or, perhaps more correctly, a set of “incomplete actualities,” which James describes as being “naturally inserted in [the soul], and thus, remaining in it permanently, though sometimes in an imperfect state, sometimes in a state perfected by the act” (Quodl. I, q. 7, p. 92, 419–24).
In order to show how this view of the soul is compatible with Aristotle's postulate that every motion requires a mover distinct from the thing moved, James introduces a distinction between two sorts of motion: efficient and formal. Efficient motion occurs when motion is caused by a thing that possesses the complete form of the particular motion caused; formal motion occurs when the moving thing has the incomplete form of the thing moved. Heating is given as an example of the first kind of motion; “gravity” or rather heaviness, i.e., the tendency of heavy bodies to fall, is cited as an example of the second kind of motion. Aristotle's principle applies only to the first kind of motion, James asserts, not the second. Things which possess an incomplete form naturally—i.e., in and of themselves without an external mover—tend to their completion and are prevented from reaching it only by the presence of an external obstacle. For instance, a heavy object naturally tends to move downward and will do so unless it is hindered. Such, mutatis mutandis, is the case of the soul and especially of the will: the will as an incomplete actuality naturally tends to its completion; in that sense, that is, formally but not efficiently, it is self-moved. The difference between it and the heavy object is that whereas the object moves upon the removal of an obstacle, the will requires the presence of an object; it requires, in other words, the intervention of the intellect in order to direct it to a particular object. However, once again, the intellect's action is viewed by James as being merely metaphorical, that is, extrinsic to the will's proper operation.
Like Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas, James of Viterbo holds that the moral virtues, considered as habits, i.e., virtuous dispositions or acts, are connected. In other words, he believes that one cannot have one of the virtues without having the others as well. The virtues he has in mind are what he calls the “purely” moral virtues, that is, courage, justice, and temperance, which he distinguishes from prudence, which is a partly moral, partly intellectual virtue. In his discussion in Quodl. II, q. 17 James begins by granting that the question is difficult and proceeds to expound Aristotle's solution, which he will ultimately adopt. As James sees it, Aristotle proves in Nicomachean Ethics VI the connection of the purely moral virtues by showing their necessary relation to prudence, and this is to show that just as moral virtue cannot be had without prudence, prudence cannot be had without moral virtue. The connection of the purely moral virtues follows from this: they are necessarily connected because (1) each is connected to prudence and (2) prudence is connected to the virtues (Quodl. II, q. 17, p. 187, 436 – p. 188, 441).
Since the time of Augustine, theologians had agreed that man needs the gift of grace in order to love God more than himself, and that he cannot do so by natural means. However, in the early thirteenth century, theologians raised the question of whether, at least in his pre-lapsarian state, man did not love God more than himself. That this was in fact the case was the belief of Philip the Chancellor as well as Thomas Aquinas. Other authors, such as Godfrey of Fontaines and Giles of Rome, argued further that to deny man the natural capacity to love God more than himself, while allowing this to happen as a result of grace, was to imply that the operations of grace went counter to the those of nature, which was contrary to the universally accepted axiom that grace perfects nature and does not destroy it. By contrast, James of Viterbo famously argues in Quodl. II, q. 2, against the overwhelming consensus of theologians, that man naturally loves himself more than God. He has two arguments to show this (see Osborne 1999 and 2005 for a detailed commentary). The first is based on the principle that the mode of natural love is commensurate with the mode of being and, hence, of the mode of being one. Now a thing is one with itself by virtue of numerical identity, but it is one with something else by virtue of a certain conformity. For instance Socrates is one with himself by virtue of his being Socrates, but he is one with Plato by virtue of the fact that both share the same form. But the being something has by virtue of numerical identity is “greater” than the being it has by reason of something it shares with another. And given that the species of natural love follows the mode of being, it follows that it is more perfect to love oneself than to love another (Quodl. II, q. 20, p. 206, 148 – p. 149, 165). The second argument attempts to infer the desired thesis from the universally accepted premise that “the love of charity elevates nature” (Quodl. II, q. 20, p. 207, 166–67). This is true both of the love of desire and the love of friendship. In the case of love of desire, grace elevates by acting on the character of love: by natural love of desire we love God as the universal good. Through grace God is loved as the beatifying good. Regarding love of friendship, James explains that God's charity can only elevate nature with respect to its “mode,” that is, with respect to the object loved, by making God, not the self, the object of love. In other words, James is telling us that if we are to take seriously the claim that grace elevates nature, there is only one way in which this can occur, namely by making God, not the self, the object of greatest love, which implies that in his natural state man loves himself more than God.
James' opposition to the consensus position on the issue of the love of self vs. the love of God would not go unnoticed. In the years following his death, such authors as Durand of Saint-Pourçain and John of Naples criticized him vigorously and attempted to refute his position (Jeschke 2009).
Although James touches briefly on political issues in Quodl. I, q. 17 (see Côté, 2012), his most extensive discussions occur in his celebrated De regimine christiano (On Christian Government), written in 1302 during the bitter conflict pitting Boniface VIII against the king of France Philip IV (the Fair). De regimine christiano is often compared in aim and content with Giles of Rome's De ecclesiastica potestate (On Ecclesiastical Power), which offers one of the most extreme statements of pontifical supremacy in the thirteenth century; indeed, in the words of De regimine's editor, James' goal is “to formulate a theory of papal monarchy that is every bit as imposing and ambitious as that of [Giles]” (De regimine christiano: xxxiv). However, as scholars have also recognized, James shows a greater sensitivity to the distinction between nature and grace than Giles (Arquillière 1926).
De regimine christiano is divided into two parts. The first, dealing with the theory of the Church, is of little philosophical interest, save for James' enlisting of Aristotle to show that all human communities, including the Church, are rooted in the “natural inclination of mankind.” The second and longest part is devoted to defining the nature and extent of Christ's and the pope's power. One of James' most characteristic doctrines is found in Book II, chapter 7, where he turns to the question of whether temporal power must be “instituted” by spiritual power, in other words, whether it derives its legitimacy from the spiritual, or possesses a legitimacy of its own. James states outright that spiritual power does institute temporal power, but notes that there have been two views in this regard. Some, e. g., the proponents of the so-called “dualist” position such as John Quidort of Paris, hold that the temporal power derives directly from God and thus in no way needs to be instituted by the spiritual, while others, such as Giles of Rome in De ecclesiastica potestate, contend that the temporal derives wholly from the spiritual and is devoid of any legitimacy whatsoever “unless it is united with spiritual power in the same person or instituted by the spiritual power” (De regimine christiano: 211).
James is dissatisfied with both positions and, as he so often does, endeavors to find a “middle way” between them. His solution is to say that the “being” of the temporal power's institution comes both from God—by way of man's natural inclination—in “a material and incomplete sense,” and from the spiritual power by which it is “perfected and formed.” This is a very clever solution. On the one hand, by rooting the temporal power in man's natural inclination, albeit in the imperfect sense just mentioned, James was acknowledging the legitimacy of temporal rule independently of its connection to the spiritual, thus “avoid[ing] the extreme and implausible view of [Giles of Rome]” (Dyson 2009: xxix). On the other hand, making the natural origins of temporal power merely the incomplete matter of its being was a way of stressing its subordination and inferiority to the spiritual order, in keeping with his papalist convictions. Still, James' very choice of analogies to illustrate the relationship between the spiritual and temporal realms showed that his solution lay much closer to the theocratic position espoused by Giles of Rome than his efforts to find a “middle way” would have us believe. Thus, comparing the spiritual power's relation to the temporal in terms of the relation of light to color, he explains that although “color has something of the nature of light, (…) it has such a feeble light that, unless there is present a more excellent light by which it may be formed, not in its own nature but in its power, it cannot move the vision” (De regimine christiano: 211). In other words, James is telling us that although temporal power does originate in man's natural inclinations, it is ineffectual qua power unless it is informed by the spiritual.
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Mahoney, E. P., 1973, “Themistius and the Agent Intellect in James of Viterbo and other Thirteenth Century Philosophers (Saint Thomas, Siger of Brabant and Henry Bate),” Augustiniana, 23: 422–467.
–––, 1980, “Metaphysical Foundations of the Hierarchy of Being according to Some Late Medieval Philosophers,” in Philosophies of Existence: Ancient and Medieval, P. Morewedge (ed.), New York: Fordham University Press, pp. 165–257.
–––, 1995, “Duns Scotus and Medieval Discussions of Metaphysical Hierarchy: the Background of Scotus' ‘Essential Order’ in Henry of Ghent, Godfrey of Fontaines and James of Viterbo,” in Via Scoti. Methodologica ad mentem Joannis Duns Scoti. Atti del Congresso scotistico internazionale, Roma, 9–11 marzo 1993, vol. I, L. Sileo (ed.), Rome: PAA-Edizioni Antonianum, pp. 359-374.
Noone, T., 2011, “The Problem of the Knowability of Substance: The Discussion from Eustachius of Arras to Vital du Four,” in Philosophy and Theology in the Long Middle Ages: A tribute to S. F. Brown, K. Emery, R. L. Friedman, and A. Speer (eds.), Leiden: Brill.
Osborne, T. M., 1999, “James of Viterbo's Rejection of Giles of Rome's Arguments for the Natural Love of God over Self,” Augustiniana, 49: 235–249.
–––, 2005, Love of Self and Love of God in Thirteenth-Century Ethics, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Phelps, M., 1980, “The Theory of Seminal Reasons in James of Viterbo,” Augustiniana, 30: 271–283.
Pickavé, M., 2007, “The Controversy over the Principle of Individuation in Quodlibeta (1277-ca. 1320): A Forest Map,” in Theological Quodlibeta in the Middle Ages. The Fourteenth Century, C. Schabel (ed.) Leiden: Brill, pp. 17–79.
Rigobert, M., 1947, Un traité de l'Église au Moyen–Âge. Étude historique et doctrinale du “De regimine christiano”, Albi.
Robert, A., 2008, “Scepticisme ou renoncement au dogme? Interpréter l'eucharistie aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles,” χώρα • REAM, 6: 251–288.
Ruello, F., 1970, “L'analogie de l'être selon Jacques de Viterbe, Quodlibet I, Quaestio I,” Augustiniana, 20: 145–180.
–––, 1974–5, “Les fondements de la liberté humaine selon Jacques de Viterbe, Disputatio prima de Quolibet, q. VII (1293),” Augustiniana, 24: 283–347; 25: 114–142.
Rüssmann, H., 1938, Zur Ideenlehre der Hochscholastik, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Heinrich von Gent, Gottfried von Fontaines un Jakob von Viterbo, Freiburg: Herder.
Scanzillo, C., 1972, “Jacobus de Viterbio OSA: La ‘Prima quaestio disputata de Verbo’ del codice A. 971 delle Biblioteca dell'Archiginnasio di Bologna. Edizione e note,” Asprenas, 19: 25–61.
Schönberger, R., 1986, Die Transformation des klassischen Seinsverständnisses. Studien zur Vorgeschichte des neuzeitlichen Seinsbegriffs im Mittelalter, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Philosophie, 21, Berlin-New York, De Gruyter.
–––, 1994, Relation als Vergleich. Die Relationstheorie des Johannes Buridan im Kontext seines Denkens und der Scholastik, Leiden: Brill, pp. 132–142.
Wéber, E., 1981, “Eckhart et l'ontothéologisme : histoire et conditions d'une rupture,” in Maître Eckhart à Paris. Une critique médiévale de l'ontothéologie. Les Questions parisiennes n° 1 et n° 2 d'Eckhart, Z. Kaluza, A. de Libera, P. Vignaux, E. Wéber, E. Zum Brunn (eds.), Paris: Presses universitaires de France, pp. 21–54.
Wippel, J. F., 1974, “The Dating of James of Viterbo's Quodlibet I and Godfrey of Fontaine's Quodlibet VIII,” Augustiniana, 24: 348–386.
–––, 1981, “James of Viterbo on the Essence-Existence Relationship (Quodlibet 1, Q. 4), and Godfrey of Fontaines on the Relationship between Nature and Supposit (Quodlibet 7, Q. 5),” in Sprache und Kenntnis im Mittelalter, Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 13, Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 777–787.
–––, 1994, “James of Viterbo (b. ca. 1255; d. 1308),” in Individuation in Scholasticism: The Later Middle Ages and the Counter-Reformation, 1150-1650, J.J.E. Gracia (ed.), Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 257–269.
Ypma, E., 1974, “Recherches sur la carrière scolaire de Jacques de Viterbe,” Augustiniana, 24: 247–282.
–––, 1975, “Recherches sur la productivité littéraire de Jacques de Viterbe jusqu'à 1300,” Augustiniana, 25: 223–282.
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–––, 1980, “A propos d'un exposé sur Jacques de Viterbe,” Augustiniana, 30 : 43–45.
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Zumkeller, A., 1951, “De doctrina sociali scholae Augustininae aevi medii,” Analecta Augustiniana, 22: 57–84.
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Enough Wealth: How much will going back to uni cost me?
While I'm waiting to find out if I'll even be offered a place in the JCU Master of Astronomy course for next year, I tried to work out how much I should budget for the course costs. The MoA consists of 6 subjects each worth 0.25 "EFTSL" (equivalent full-time study load). You can either do the course in 1.5 years full-time, or 3 years part-time (either way the course is delivered via the Internet as "Distant Education"). The course has "some" commonwealth-funded places available, but I couldn't find out how many funded places are available, or how many students were enrolled in the MoA in 2009. If I have to enrol as a fee-paying student it will cost $2,500 per subject, but I think there is a chance that I'll end up only having to pay the government-subsidised HECS-HELP rate of fees. The subjects for this course are offered by the JCU school of Engineering and Science, and for HECS purposes the subjects appear to be classified in the "engineering" band (2), which determines how much the government pays JCU (and the maximum fee the uni can charge the students). This is based on the course cost being quoted as $11,350 by JCU, which corresponds to the Band 2 maximum fee rate. I guess the MoA subjects have been classified by JCU as engineering rather than as science so JCU can get a higher payment per subject from the federal government. From my point of view it would be better if the subjects were deemed to be "science", as that is one of the current "national priority" categories where the commonwealth subsidy is higher (and hence the student fee is lower).
I'll be choosing to pay any HECS-HELP fees "up front" as my "repayment income" would be so high that the full amount would fall due with each tax return anyhow. By paying "up front" I'll get a 20% discount on the HECS-HELP fee amount, so the total cost for the MoA course (based on 2010 HECS-HELP fee rates) will be $9,080 (plus textbooks etc.), rather than the $15,000 as a fee-paying student. If I get a HECS placement the commonwealth government will pay $22,734 in subsidy to JCU (I'm not sure if the 20% "up front" HECS-HELP discount is also paid by the government to JCU). Overall, it looks like I'd end up paying around 26.6% of the "full cost" ($34,084) of the MoA course if I get offered a HECS-HELP place.
Based on the $2,500 "full fee" rate per subject, it would appear that JCU makes a "profit" of at least $19,000 for every HECS-HELP place (ie. the $22,734 amount of government HECS contribution to JCU plus the student's HECS fee payments, minus the $15,000 of notional "full fee" payments). I assume that the $2,500 per subject charged to domestic fee-paying students is more than the actual cost of delivery for each subject. With the course being delivery via the Internet, the incremental cost to JCU for each student must be fairly low (just the cost of some admin overheads, plus marking of the exam and assignment work).
Doing the MoA will consume 1.5 of my remaining HECS-HELP SLE (Student Learning Entitlement). Fortunately the uni study I had done prior to 2005 didn't affect my initial standard entitlement to 7 years worth of full-time study assistance. To date my SLE balance has only been reduced by 0.625 for the subjects I attempted for the GradDipEd course I dropped last year, so I currently have 6.375 SLE remaining. In additional, it appears that if you're over 27 years old there will be an extra 0.25 SLE added each years from 2012 onwards, aimed at encouraging "lifelong study".
Aside from HECS fees, the MoA will probably cost me another $1,000 or so for textbooks, and a small amount for miscellaneous items. There may also be unexpected costs for software (eg. Hearne's "Origin" app for data analysis and graphing would be nice, but it's not worth the $1,000 cost) and there will probably also be some additional expenses associated with the literature review and research subjects.
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What are the movies with apples in the title? . Adam's Apple: Kakagat ka ba . you get limewire or frostwire or something you download it to your computer after .
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The Greek island of Mykonos is known as a party capital and is a vacation hot spot for millionaires and billionaires.
More than any place I've visited in recent memory, the island feels like two completely different places depending on how much you are willing to spend.
That perception was driven home by the differences between my stay at a $130/night guesthouse and a $1,000/night room at one of the island's ritziest resorts.
To find the best places to visit in September 2018, Business Insider looked at climate data, cultural calendars, and peak travel times.
September is shoulder season for many top tourism destinations, and savvy travelers are already planning their trips.
The best places to visit in September include American natural wonders like the Grand Canyon and New Hampshire's White Mountains, as well as the romantic Indian city of Udaipur and metropolises like London and Melbourne.
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For other uses, see Dwarf.
Two dwarfs as depicted in a 19th-century edition of the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá (1895) by Lorenz Frølich.
In Germanic mythology, a dwarf is a small humanoid that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is variously associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting. Dwarfs are often also described as short and ugly, although some scholars have questioned whether this is a later development stemming from comical portrayals of the beings. The concept of the dwarf has had influence in modern popular culture and appears in a variety of media.
The modern English noun dwarf descends from the Old English dweorg. It has a variety of cognates in other Germanic languages, including Old Norse dvergr and Old High German twerg. According to Vladimir Orel, the English noun and its cognates ultimately descend from Proto-Germanic *đwerȝaz.
Beyond the Proto-Germanic reconstruction, the etymology of the word dwarf is highly contested. Scholars have proposed theories about the origins of the being by way of historical linguistics and comparative mythology, including that dwarfs may have originated as nature spirits, as beings associated with death, or as a mixture of concepts. Competing etymologies include a basis in the Indo-European root *dheur- (meaning 'damage'), the Indo-European root *dhreugh (whence, for example, modern English dream and German Trug 'deception'), and comparisons have been made with Sanskrit dhvaras (a type of "demonic being").
Modern English has two plurals for the word dwarf: dwarfs and dwarves. Dwarfs remains the most commonly employed plural. The minority plural dwarves was recorded as early as 1818, but it was popularized by the fiction of philologist and author J. R. R. Tolkien, originating as a mistake (hypercorrection) and employed by Tolkien since some time before 1917 (for Tolkien's beings, see Dwarf (Middle-earth)). Regarding the plural, Tolkien wrote in 1937, "I am afraid it is just a piece of private bad grammar, rather shocking in a philologist; but I shall have to go with it".
Norse mythology provides different mythical origins for the beings, as recorded in the Poetic Edda (compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources) and the Prose Edda (written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century). The Poetic Edda poem Völuspá details that the dwarfs were the product of the primordial blood of the being Brimir and the bones of Bláinn (generally considered to be different names for the primordial being Ymir). The Prose Edda, however, describes dwarfs as beings similar to maggots that festered in the flesh of Ymir before being gifted with reason by the gods. The Poetic Edda and Prose Edda contain over 100 dwarf names, while the Prose Edda gives the four dwarfs Norðri, Suðri, Austri and Vestri (Old Norse 'North, South, East, and West') a cosmological role: they hold up the sky. In addition, scholars have noted that the Svartálfar (Old Norse 'black elves') appear to be the same beings as dwarfs, given that both are described in the Prose Edda as the denizens of Svartálfaheimr.
Very few beings explicitly identifiable as dwarfs appear in the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda and have quite diverse roles: murderous creators who create the mead of poetry, 'reluctant donors' of important artifacts with magical qualities, or sexual predators who lust after goddesses. They are primarily associated with metalsmithing, and also with death, as in the story of King Sveigðir in Ynglinga saga, the first segment of the Heimskringla — the doorways in the mountains that they guard may be regarded as doors between worlds. One dwarf named Alvíss claimed the hand of Thor's daughter Þrúðr in marriage, but he was kept talking until daybreak and turned to stone, much like some accounts of trolls.
After the Christianization of the Germanic peoples, tales of dwarfs continued to be told in the folklore of areas of Europe where Germanic languages were (and are) spoken. In the late legendary sagas, dwarfs demonstrate skill in healing as well as in smithing. In the early Norse sources, there is no mention of their being short; in the legendary sagas, however, they are "small and usually ugly". Anatoly Liberman suggests that dwarfs may have originally been thought of as lesser supernatural beings, which became literal smallness after Christianization. Old Norse dwarf names include Fullangr ('tall enough') and Hár ('high'), whereas Anglo-Saxon glosses use dweorg to render Latin terms such as nanus and pygmaeus ('pygmy').
Dwarfs in folklore are usually described as old men with long beards. Female dwarfs are hardly ever mentioned. Dvalinn the dwarf has daughters, and the 14th-century romantic saga Þjalar Jóns saga gives the feminine form of Old Norse dyrgja, but the few folklore examples cited by Grimm in Teutonic Mythology may be identified as other beings. However, in the Swedish ballad "Herr Peder och Dvärgens Dotter" (Swedish 'Sir Peder and the Dwarf's Daughter'), the role of supernatural temptress is played by a dwarf's daughter.
The Anglo-Saxon charm Wið Dweorh (Against a Dwarf) appears to relate to sleep disturbances. This may indicate that the dwarf antagonist is similar to the oppressive supernatural figure the mare which is the etymological source of the word "nightmare", or possibly that the word had come to be used to mean "fever". In the Old English Herbal, it translates Latin verrucas, warts.
Lotte Motz theorized that the Germanic dwarfs, particularly as smiths and gatekeepers, constituted a reminiscence of the Megalithic culture in Northern Europe.
John Lindow noted that stanza 10 of the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá can be read as describing the creation of human forms from the earth and follows a catalog of dwarf names; he suggests that the poem may present Ask and Embla as having been created by dwarfs, with the three gods then giving them life.
The famous sequence where the seven dwarfs sing "Heigh-Ho" in the 1937 film.
There were seven dwarfs in the Brothers Grimm's fairy tale Snow White. The Walt Disney Company's 1937 film based on the story, the first feature-length animated film, is the best known adaptation today.
Dwarves also appear in many fantasy MMORPGs as a playable race.
In the Prose Edda, the dwarfs are equated with the svartálfar and dökkálfar ("dark elves"). In J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, the dwarves (Tolkien's spelling) and the Elves of Darkness or Moriquendi are distinct. They are also present in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles Of Narnia, in both the books and the film adaptations.
Most modern fantasy media have continued this distinction, beginning with TSR's Dungeons and Dragons. Dungeons and Dragons calls the dwarfs "dwarves" and the dark elves drow, which is derived from the Scottish word trow, according to Gary Gygax.
1 2 3 4 Simek (2007:67–68).
1 2 Gillver, Marshall, & Weiner (2009:104-108).
↑ Simek (2007:305), Orchard (1997:35), and Hafstein (2002:111).
↑ Motz (1983:90–91, 105–06); Gundarsson (2007:81, 83).
1 2 3 Griffiths (1996:54).
Gilliver, Peter. Mashall, Jeremy. Weiner, Edmund (2009). The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199568369.
Jakobsson, Ármann (2005): "The Hole: Problems in Medieval Dwarfology," Arv 61 (2005), 53–76.
Schäfke, Werner (2015): Dwarves, Trolls, Ogres, and Giants. In Albrecht Classen (Ed.): Handbook of medieval culture. Fundamental aspects and conditions of the European middle ages, vol. 1. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 347–383.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dwarves in Germanic mythology.
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The last month has seen Xiaomi introduce some new and very interesting smartphones, one of which was the Xiaomi Mi Note 2. As the name suggests, this is the next in line smartphone from the Mi Note range and one which looks to offer consumers a larger-sized device, while also packing in all the right specs, in all the right places. In addition to being on point with the specs, this is also a smartphone which adopts a premium design and build, as it is a smartphone which makes use of a curved OLED display, as well as a 3D curved glass back panel.
In terms of the specs, the Xiaomi Mi Note 2 comes equipped with a 5.7-inch display which makes use of a 1920 x 1080 resolution. Inside, the Xiaomi Mi Note 2 comes loaded with 6GB RAM, 128GB internal storage and is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 821 processor (clocked at 2.35 GHz). Cameras on offer include a 22.56-megapixel rear camera, which is coupled with an 8-megapixel front-facing camera. Additional features on offer include NFC, a 4,070 mAh battery, Quick Charge 3.0 support and LTE support. In terms of network connectivity, the Xiaomi Mi Note 2 is listed to work with 2G: GSM B2/B3/B5/B8, CDMA: CDMA: BC0, 3G: WCDMA B1/B2/B5/B8, TD-SCDMA: TD-SCDMA B34/B39, 4G: FDD-LTE B1/B3/B5/B7 and TDD/TD-LTE: TD-LTE B38/B39/B40/41.
Which does mean that this is a fairly good smartphone. In fact, many of the specs and features on offer with the Mi Note 2 are what you will find on most of the current flagship smartphones from most of the current flagship smartphone manufacturers, making the Mi Note 2 an ideal contender for those looking for a best-in-class smartphone. If that is you, then it is worth also knowing the that Xiaomi Mi Note 2 is now available to pre-order from GearBest and is currently priced at only $597.99. While that might be considered a high price for a smartphone from Xiaomi, it is worth keeping in mind that this is one of the newest and best smartphones to come through from Xiaomi yet. You can find out more about the Xiaomi Mi Note 2 or order one for only $597.99 by heading through the link below.
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Can I still do sit-ups and crunches now that I'm pregnant?
Q: Can I still do sit-ups and crunches now that I'm pregnant?
A: During your first trimester, it's usually fine to continue working out your abs -- although between the morning sickness and fatigue you may be feeling now, it's natural that you may be less than motivated these days. However, once you're in the second trimester, these exercises are off-limits, since lying flat on your back can cause your blood pressure to drop, disrupting your baby's blood supply. And chances are, you won't be able to do them anyway once your belly starts to really pop. If you do crunches early in pregnancy, it's best to try a modified version that keeps your knees elevated. Compared to standard crunches or sit-ups, this position reduces your risk of developing diastasis, a condition where your abdominal muscles separate too much as your uterus expands into them. It also helps tone the muscles in your pelvic floor, which prevents back pain by providing extra support to your spine.
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The word off-side derives from the military term "off the strength of his side". When a soldier is "off the strength", he is no longer entitled to any pay, rations or privileges. He cannot again receive these unless, and until he is placed back "on the strength of his unit" by someone other than himself.
In football, if a player is off-side, he is said to be "out of play" and thereby not entitled to play the ball, nor prevent the opponent from playing the ball, nor interfere with play. He has no privileges and cannot place himself "on-side". He can only regain his privileges by the action of another player, or if the ball goes out of play.
The origins of the off-side law began in the various late 18th and early 19th century "football" type games played in English public schools, and descended from the same sporting roots found in the game of Rugby. A player was "off his side" if he was standing in front of the ball (between the ball and the opponents' goal). In these early days, players were not allowed to make a forward pass. They had to play "behind" the ball, and made progress towards the oppositions' goal by dribbling with the ball or advancing in a scrum-like formation. It did not take long to realise, that to allow the game to flow freely, it was essential to permit the forward pass, thus raising the need for a properly structured off-side law.
It was up to the individual clubs (or the association to which they belonged) to decide which set of numerous Laws to adopt. The Cambridge (1848), Sheffield (1857), Uppingham (1862) and the then newly formed Football Association of 1863, all had slightly different laws (or rules as they were better known in those days).
No player may stop between the ball and his adversaries' goal so as to get it when his own side kicks it there. If he is unavoidably in such a position and the ball be kicked towards him, he may not kick it himself nor try to prevent the opposite side from having a fair kick at it. A ball kicked in transgression of this rule cannot obtain a goal. There is, however, this exception; when a player kicks off from his goal line, the forwards of his side may stop near the adversaries' goal in order to get the ball, and prevent them from returning it. (Winchester).
A player off-side is to consider himself out of the game, and is not to touch the ball in any case whatever nor in anyway interrupt the play or obstruct any player. A player is on-side when the ball has been kicked or touched by any player on the opposite side. (Rugby).
No off-side play is allowed. If the umpire shall see a player touch the ball when he is off-side, he shall be out 'off-side', upon which the player must immediately leave the ball alone, or, if he be on the ground, wait until an opponent comes up. Anyone infringing this rule, after being warned, will be turned out of the game (Cheltenham).
When the ball is kicked, anyone on the same side but nearer to the opposite goal is said to be 'behind' or off-side unless at least one of the opponents be between him and the party who kicked the ball. Anyone who is thus off-side as considered as being virtually out of the game, and he must wait until the ball has been touched by one of the opposite side, nor must he interfere with any opponent or in anyway prevent or obstruct him getting the ball (Harrow).
These various rules remained basically the same for a number of years. A player was deemed to be off-side simply by being "nearer to the line of the opponent's base (goal line) than the kicker". The only way to advance the ball up the field of play was to dribble it. A similar tactic to that used in Rugby was to form a line of players VERTICALLY or DIAGONALLY down the field of play, dribble the ball forwards and then pass the ball BACKWARDS along the line from player to player (similar to today's Rugby passing). It was like dribbling the ball two steps forwards and then passing the ball one step backwards!
A player is considered 'sneaking' when only three or less than three of the opposite side are before him and the ball behind him, and in such a case, he may not kick the ball.
This was the first off-side rule to resemble the modern law, and now allowed players to receive a FORWARD pass if MORE THAN THREE opponents were between them and the opponents' goal line. This early term for "off-side" was known as "sneaking".
1848 The Cambridge rules: Following the evolution of the various rules used in the English public schools, the next stage of the development of the Laws belongs to Universities, particularly the Cambridge University, where young men were already versed in the particular football traditions of their own previous schools. There became a need to avoid confusion by amalgamating all the principles embodied in the various school rules. A meeting was held in Trinity College, Cambridge, in October, where a mutually agreed set of rules was formed.
1856: Sadly, a copy of the original 1848 Cambridge Rules has not survived. But an 1856 version entitled 'Laws of the University Foot Ball Club', was discovered over a hundred years later in the Library of Shrewsbury School, and it may be taken as practicably a copy of the original 1848 version.
The Cambridge off-side Rule No.9 stated.
1855 The Sheffield Rules: The first "football club" (as distinct from a university or a public school team) was the Sheffield Foot Ball Club, formed in 1855, mainly by some Old Boys from Harrow. There were no off-side rules in the original Sheffield Club Rules of 1856. They did not adopted the 'MORE THAN THREE' opponents philosophy. Players known as "kick throughs" were positioned permanently near the opponents goal. There was no limit on team size, and whatever size or shape of ball that happened to be handy was used. Referees were unnecessary, as the two captains would settle any dispute.
1862: Uppingham School Rules: The Master at Uppingham School, the Rev. J.C. Thring (who was at Cambridge when the 1846 University Club was formed), issued a more specific set of rules entitled 'The Simplest Game'.
A player is 'out of play' immediately he is in front of the ball and must return behind the ball as soon as possible. If the ball is kicked by one of his own side past a player who is "out of play, he may not touch it, kick it or advance it, until one of the other side has first kicked it or one of his own side, having followed it up, has been able, when in front of him to kick it.
The Uppingham rules of 1862 remained strictly against the forward pass.
The definitions of "how can a player who is off-side can return to an 'on-side' position" came from these early off-side definitions.
(1) The player is not in front of the ball when it is next played by one of his team.
position when the ball is next played by one of his team.
(3) An opponent intentionally plays or gains possession of the ball.
(4) The ball goes out of play.
The off-side player cannot put himself on-side until someone else, plays the ball - or the ball goes out of play.
1863: There was only one game known as football, but it continued to be played under a variety of rules.
The Football Association (FA) was formed in 1863, consisting of eleven member clubs. The first FA meeting was held at the Freemasons Tavern, Great Queen Street in London.
When a player has kicked the ball, any one of the same side who is nearer to the opponents' goal line is out of play and may not touch the ball himself nor in anyway whatsoever prevent any other player from doing so.
The first set of 14 Football Association rules where agreed on 1 Dec 1863 .
When a player has kicked the ball any one of the same side who is nearer to the opponents' goal-line is out of play and may not touch the ball himself nor in any way whatever prevent any other player from doing so until the ball has been played, but no player is out of play when the ball is kicked from behind the goal-line.
1866: The Football Association adopt the previous 1848/56 Cambridge off-side ruling of three players, and this remained the same until 1925. Sheffield (who had no off-side rules) eventually came into line with The Football Association's (three player) off-side version.
The first player to be caught off-side in an official Football Association game was Charles W Alcock on 31 March 1866 during a match between the FA and Sheffield. Alcock joined the FA committee and became the founder of the FA Cup, captain of the Wanderers team, and organised the first ever international match - as well as becoming a football umpire. Goal kicks became exempt from off-side in 1866.
The Sheffield Foot Ball Club, offered to play a representative side from the Football Association, and because of the differing sets of rules used by both parties, basic conditions were laid down.
Off-side: Any player between an opponents' goal and goalkeeper (unless he has followed the ball there) is off-side and out of play. The goalkeeper is that player on the defending side, who, for the time being, is nearest to his goal.
This is the first time that the term "off-side" is incorporated in a Law, and the idea of a player designated "goalkeeper" is introduced. Another important landmark here in Law 12, is the first introduction into the Laws, of the Referee.
Each Umpire shall be Referee in that half of the field nearest the goal defended by the party nominating him.
To effect a code of rules that shall unite all the various differences under one recognized head may emphatically be described as the ruling principle of those who, under its management, seek a healthy reform of what maybe regarded as football abuses.
1877: The Football Association and the Sheffield Association agree on one uniform code of The Laws of the Game.
1873: The concept of penalising off-side only at "the moment of kicking" (i.e. the moment the ball is played) was introduced.
1878: It was the eventual official merger of the rules of the Sheffield and The Football Association in 1878 that provided the standard platform for the growth of the game worldwide.
1880: Goal kicks had been exempt from the rule from the beginning, but an added clause specified "last played by an opponent". The Referee is written into FA rules.
1881-82: Corner kicks become exempt from off-side.
1882: A conference was held in Manchester on December 6th, where certain alterations to the existing Laws were agreed by representatives of the four British Associations (England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales). There were no changes made to the off-side Law.
1885: The Manchester Conference of 1882, led to the creation of the "International Football Association Board" who became the single Law authority. To begin with, the International Board consisted of two representatives from each of the four United Kingdom Associations, England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. Today, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) consists of the four UK associations, and FIFA. Each shall be entitled to be represented by four delegates. Because the first Laws were historically promulgated in England, the authentic text is written in English and then translated into other languages.
The FA issues a code of rules, in the very first attempt to provide instruction and advice to match officials. It was1896 before the second edition appeared.
1891: Umpires were abolished to the touchline as linesmen, and the Referee is introduced - operating for the first time on the field of play.
1893: W. Pickford along with some devoted helpers, forms The Referees' Association, on the initiative of the future FA Secretary F. J. Wall assisted by A. Roston Burke.
1896: The first "Referees Chart" (now known as the Laws of Association Football) was issued by the FA and are kept at the FA headquarters in London. The Chart has been issued almost annually since that date.
1898: The Laws reached 17 in number, and has remained 17 until the present day.
1903: "It is not a breach of Law for a player simply to be in an off-side position, but only when in that position, he causes the play to be affected". (Council of the Football Association Dec. 14th).
1907: Off-side is now limited to the opponent's half of the half of field of play only.
1910: "Some Referees award a free kick when a player is simply in an off-side position. This must not be done". (Council of the Football Association Dec. 10th).
1920: The following is introduced onto the Off-side Law 6.
Play should not be stopped and a player given off-side under Law 6 because the player is in an off-side position. A breach of the Law is only committed when a player who is in an offside position interferes with an opponent or with the play. ".
(Council of the Football Association 8th March).
1921: Throw-ins become exempted from off-side.
When standing off-side you have no right to impede an opponent nor to station yourself so near to the goalkeeper or any other opponent as to hamper his movements or obstruct his sight of the ball.
If a player who is in an off-side position advances towards an opponent or the ball and, in so doing, causes the play to be affected, he should be penalised for "interfering with play.
To be penalised, players now had to be in a close physical relationship to the ball or to an opponent who is in a position to play or attempt to play the ball.
1925-26: This was an important phase in the history and development of the off-side Law. The "three-opponent" rule had remained basically unchanged until now. Following a proposal by the Scottish FA, the International Board, meeting in Paris on 13 June 1925, decided that the simple answer to the problem, was to reduce from three to two the number of defenders who could place an attacker off-side. The law was promptly altered for season 1925-1926 so that a player could not be off-side if two (instead of three) opponents were nearer to their own goal line when the ball was played. The 1925 rule remained in force until after World Cup, Italy in 1990. Under the old rule that had been in force since 1867, defending players would play further up the field. By keeping in a diagonal line, the defenders easily caught attacking players off-side as they advanced past the foremost defender. And should an attacking player run through after a long ball, he still had the other defending player to beat and the goalkeeper.
Defending players had this law worked to such a fine art, that in the early 1920's the full-backs had developed an almost fool-proof tactic to catch attacking players off-side. They would position themselves almost up to the halfway line, one staggered slightly behind the other, enabling them to catch attacking players off-side with such success, that the game had so many stoppages for off-side offences, it became monotonous. Credit for exposing and exploiting the old rule is usually given to a full-back who played for Newcastle, Billy McCracken, who with this full-back partner would advance to as near the halfway line as possible (a player cannot be off-side in his own half), moving up quickly and timing their runs, so as they would often catch two or three forwards off-side. Opponents could find no way to master this tactic, which very quickly caught on with other teams.
The alteration from three to two dramatically decreased the off-side offences. In the season 1925-26, goals scored in the Football League were a third up at 6,373 compared to the old off-side law era 1924-25 season's tally of 4,700. Although crowds relished the glut of goals, perceptive observers saw a sudden decline in the quality of the game. The law change also meant that the defending players were forced to play squarer to each other and much nearer to their goal - but not too near as to allow the attacker to shoot without first beating them to the ball. Attacking players began to use the long ball played between the two defenders, and made more use of their wingers who (with only 2 full-backs being employed) had ample space to ply their trade.
In 1925, Yorkshireman, Herbert Chapman (a modest player with half a dozen clubs, and later a manager with Huddersfield) eventually became manager of Arsenal. Chapman (on advice from the veteran inside-forward Arsenal player Charlie Buchan) changed the role of the all-purpose midfield player, and evolved and refined a new extra defensive position called the 'centre-half', whose job it became to block off the 'through ball', and to cover the wingers if they beat the other two defenders. The 'stopper' had arrived; and other teams soon followed this idea. The standard 2-3-5 formation (two full-backs, three half-backs and five forwards), became 3-3-4. Deep-lying inside forwards began to adopt pincer-movement goal-raiding tactics known as the 'W' plan. Having a centre-half in the team, meant one less player concentrating on attacking, thus enforcing an initial negative type of defensive play that has taken many years to develop into the more offensive and exiting counter-attacking style that we enjoy today.
1937-38: The off-side Law was remodelled along with the rest of the Laws in 1938 by the Secretary of the FA Mr Stanley F. Rous (as he then was), and was accepted by the IFAB in June 1938. The present Laws are based on this 1938 version. Off-side becomes Law XI (Now know as Law 11).
1. Off-side shall not be judged at the moment the player in question receives the ball, but at the moment when the ball is passed to him by one of his own side. A player who is not in an off-side position when one of his colleagues passes the ball to him or takes a free-kick, does not therefore become off-side if he goes forward during the flight of the ball.
It is interesting to note in the last sentence above, that "stepping off the field of play" to indicate non-involvement in active play, has been around for many years, and is not a modern invention!
1974: On July 9, 1974, the Football Association of Wales, introduced a proposal at the annual meeting of the International Football Association Board (IFAB), to change the off-side paragraph (c) wording describing when a player was NOT off-side.
The proposal was to replace the following existing text "The ball last touched an opponent or was last played by him" with; "The ball was last played by an opponent".
ball accidentally touches an opponent is contrary to the spirit of the Law. The Referee should have sole discretion as to whether or not a player intentionally plays the ball."
The proposal included changing the off-side Diagrams 10 and No. 7 from a Not-Off-side to Off-side verdicts. The 1974-1975 diagrams which had been in the Laws for a number of years, showed two scenarios of a goal being allowed after a ball by an attacker was: "returned by a defending goalkeeper to an offside attacker (Diagram 7)". And "deflected off a defender to another attacking player who was in an off-side position (Diagram 10)". The Football Association of Wales proposed that the off-side attacking player who scored the goals in both scenarios, should be penalised for (effectively, now known in the modern game as) "gaining an advantage by being in that position" and PLAYING A BALL that rebounds off an opponent having been in an off-side position. Although the proposal by the Football Association of Wales was withdrawn, it eventually led to a subsequent change of the wording in the off-side Law in 1978-1979, and the removal of Diagrams 7 and 10.
1978-1979: The off-side Law XI was rewritten: Preceded by the 1974 proposal by FA of Wales to International Board - removed any reference to ball touching or being played by an opponent. Penalising off-side is now to be judged at the moment that the ball is played by a team-mate. In the previous 1977-1978 Law XI, a player was not penalised if: "The ball last touched an opponent or was last played by him". The 1978-79 amendment below, introduces the important phrase: "at the moment the ball touches, or is played by, one of his team". Mere deflection of the ball by a defender no longer places an off-side opponent in an on-side position.
(b) there are at least two of his opponents nearer their own goal-line than he is.
(b) seeking to gain an advantage by being in that position.
(b) if he receives the ball, direct, from a goal-kick, a corner-kick, a throw-in, or when it has been dropped by the Referee.
(4) If a player is declared off-side, the Referee shall award an indirect free-kick, which shall be taken by a player of the opposing team from the place where the infringement occurred, unless the offence is committed by a player in his opponents' goal area, in which case, the free-kick shall be taken from a point anywhere within that half of the goal area in which the offence occurred.
(b) he is not nearer to his opponents' goal-line than at least two of his opponents.
2. A player who is level with the second last opponent or with the last two opponents is not in an off-side position.
It is not an offence in itself to be in an off-side position.
A player shall only be penalised for being in an off-side position if, at the moment the ball touches, or is played by one of his team, he is in the opinion of the referee, involved in active play.
This clarified the understanding that it is not an offence for a player to be in an off-side position. The Referee can refrain from penalising if in the opinion of the Referee, the player concerned is not interfering with play, nor interfering with an opponent, nor seeking to gain an advantage. This clearly distinguishes between the off-side position and the infringement of being actively involved in play while in that position.
It is interesting to note also in 1995-1996, that the previous Law X1 Off-side phrase "seeking to gain an advantage by being in that position" was subtly changed to "gaining an advantage by being in that position".
The difference being, that a player only had to make a move (seeking) towards the ball to be penalised, whereas, the new phrase implies that an advantage has to be gained before a player is penalised.
1997-1998: The International Football Association Board (IFAB) radically simplified and updated the wording and completely rewrote all of the Laws of the Game in a simplified version. There was no specific change to Law 11, but the wording became slightly shorter, and the International Board Decisions 1 and 2 were taken out. Interestingly, this is also when the actual word off-side had its hyphen removed and became offside. And the previously used Roman numerals (for example Law XI Off-side) became Law 11 - Offside.
We would like to inform you about a decision passed at the Annual Business Meeting of the International Football Association Board on 16 September 2003, in order to achieve uniform interpretation of Law 11 "Offside", based on the following principles.
This is not a change to the Laws of the Game as it adheres entirely to the original wording of the Law.
The aim of this interpretation is to respect the Laws of the Game and to project attacking play intended to result in a goal, which is the ultimate objective in football.
gaining an advantage by being in that position."
How should we interpret "interfering with play"?
PLAYING OR TOUCHING a ball passed or touched by a team-mate.
How should we interpret "interfering with an opponent" ?
PREVENTING an opponent from playing or being able to play the ball. For example, by clearly obstructing the goalkeeper’s line of vision or movements.
Making a gesture or movement while standing in the path of the ball to DECEIVE OR DISTRACT AN OPPONENT.
Note: The following is an addition from UEFA Referees' and Assistant Referees' seminar held in Nyon in September 2003: "A player in an offside position, by his manner and direction of movement, near the path of the ball, in the opinion of the Referee, interferes with an opponent (e.g. getting closer to the path of the ball."
This is more in line with the old phrase "seeking to gain an advantage" in the Offside Laws previous to 1995-1996.
How should we interpret "gaining an advantage by being in that position" ?
PLAYING A BALL that rebounds off a post or the crossbar having been in an offside position.
PLAYING A BALL that rebounds off an opponent having been in an offside position.
We are aware that there will always be controversial incidents, but as stipulated in the Laws of the Game, the referee's decision is final. We also believe, however, that with clearer instructions, referees will be in a better position to make informed decisions based on uniform criteria.
2003: At the UEFA’s Referees' Committee held on Saturday 20 December 2003, the following general conclusions and recommendations were made.
Attention is drawn to the following decisions made at the third UEFA seminar for international Assistant Referees for the benefit of international football in Europe by adopting a standard approach in the performances of Assistant Referees.
1. It was noted again that there had been no changes in the offside law for the season 2003/04, nor any extra IFAB or FIFA directives.
2. If an assistant referee is not totally sure about an offside offence the flag should not be raised (i.e. in case of doubt benefit must be given to the attacking team).
3. In deciding whether an attacking payer is nearer to the opponent’s goal line than the second last defender, consideration should be given to the position of the attacker’s feet and body in respect to that of the second last defender.
("Air space" or similar misleading phrases should not be used by instructors, but instructors should emphasise that assistant referees must be sure that the attacker is nearer to the goal line than the second last defender).
- A player in an offside position , and also in the opinion of the referee, on the path of the ball, interferes with play or his opponents.
- A player in an offside position, by his manner and direction of movement, near the path of the ball, in the opinion of the referee, interferes with an opponent (e.g. getting closer to the path of the ball).
- A player in an offside position and clearly in the goalkeeper’s line of vision (between him and the kicker ), in the opinion of the referee, interferes with the goalkeeper (distraction).
In connection with interpreting and applying the Offside Law concerning "gaining an advantage by being in that position", assistant referees were reminded of their responsibilities to be alert in situations where, for example, the ball rebounds from a goal post or cross bar or goalkeeper, to a player who was in an offside position when the ball was last played by his team-mate.
6. In connection with assistant referees making judgements concerning offside, they were reminded that it is better to be slightly late and correct, than to be too quick and wrong.
7. If a flag signal for offside is given and is not seen immediately by the referee; the assistant referee must keep signalling until it has been recognised or the ball is clearly in control of the defending team (the electronic beep signal is used to alert the referee to the flag signal).
8. For very tight judgements where an assistant referee decides "not offside" a discreet hand signal may give valuable support to the referee when the referee makes eye-contact.
2005: At its annual meeting on 26 February 2005, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) agreed on the inclusion into Law 11 Offside, a definition of which parts of the body should be used when calculating offside. The three FIFA active play interpretations issued via FIFA Circular No. 874 on 22 October 2003 were also added into Law 11. These new changes were promulgated via FIFA Circular No. 968 dated 17 May 05, and the changes came into effect on 1 July 2005. The Law 11 amendments were as follows.
In the definition of offside position, “nearer to his opponents’ goal line means that any part of his head, body or feet is nearer to his opponents’ goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent. The arms are not included in this definition.
Football is played with the head, body and feet. If these are nearer the opponents’ goal line, there is a potential advantage. There is no advantage to be gained if only the arms are in advance of the opponent.
These definitions have been tried out over two seasons and modified following the approval of the original interpretation by the IFAB business meeting in September. This IFAB decision gives the appropriate recognition to the Laws of the Game booklet.
Up to now (and for the last 200 years!), Referees and Assistant Referees were not required to wait until the ball was touched, but flagged when the offside player showed an interest in playing the ball. The confusion resulted in a further IFAB Circular No. 987 dated 17 August 2005 being issued to members of FIFA. The Circular explained that players may be penalised before playing or touching the ball.
We write with reference to the Laws of the Game 2005, which came into force on 1 July 2005. As you are aware, two new decisions relating to Law 11 – Offside were taken by the International Football Association Board (IFAB) during its meeting in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, on 26 February 2005.
These two decisions did not alter the text or wording of Law 11 – Offside, but rather clarified the text with the aim of benefiting the game and attacking play.
“A player in an offside position may be penalised before playing or touching the ball if, in the opinion of the referee, no other team-mate in an onside position has the opportunity to play the ball.
We thank you for communicating these instructions to the referees and assistant referees in your Association. We would also like to take this opportunity to remind you of Art. 2 and 6 of the FIFA Statutes. Paragraph 1 of the latter clearly states: “Each member of FIFA shall play Association Football in compliance with the Laws of the Game issued by IFAB. Only IFAB may lay down and alter the Laws of the Game”.
We hope that this clarification will put an end to any debates in this connection and that the decisions of the IFAB and the Statutes of FIFA will be respected in their entirety.
Association Football: A H Fabian & Geoffrey Green Published by Caxton 1960.
International Football Association Board (IFAB) Archive DVD FIFA 2004, containing agendas and minutes of al the IFAB meetings 1886-2004.
Notes of attendance at the 2005 IFAB meeting in Cardiff by Julian Carosi (Editor of the Referees' Association magazine 'Refereeing Today' and John Baker FA Head of Refereeing.
FIFA Circular Letters and Media Releases - various.
The Laws of the Game, and The Referees' Chart - various.
A History of the Laws of Association Football by Sir Stanley Rous and Donald Ford FIFA publication 1974.
The History of the Football Association Naldrett Press, by Geoffrey Green 1953.
100 Years of Football The FIFA Centennial Book 2004.
FIFA Questions & Answers 2000, 2004 & 2005.
Football History Laws of the Game Referees. FIFA publication by Gunther Furrer, Paulo C Godoy, and Joseph S Blatter 1986.
The End of the Offside History page.
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Integrated Security Solutions The integrated security solutions are as follows: Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Configuration Guide 6-2 OL-21524-02 Chapter 6 Configuring Security Solutions Configuring RADIUS • Cisco UWN solution operating system security is built around a 802.1X AAA (authorization, authentication and accounting) engine, which allows users to rapidly configure and enforce a variety of security policies across the Cisco UWN solution.• The controllers and lightweight access points are equipped with system-wide authentication and authorization protocols across all ports and interfaces, maximizing system security.The bad client video can be demoted for better effort Qo S or subject to denial.Step 39 In the Maximum Retry Percent (0-100%) field, enter the percentage of maximum retries that are allowed. If it exceeds 80, either the video will not start or client may be classified as a bad client.Step 40 Select the Multicast Direct Enable check box to enable the Multicast Direct Enable field. Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Configuration Guide OL-21524-02 5-7 Chapter 5 Configuring Video Stream Configuring Video Stream Step 41 From the Max Streams per Radio drop-down list, choose the maximum number of streams allowed per radio from the range 0 to 20. If you choose auto, there is no limit set for the number of client subscriptions.Step 42 From the Max Streams per Client drop-down list, choose the maximum number of streams allowed per client from the range 0 to 20. If you choose auto, there is no limit set for the number of client subscriptions. Using the CLI to Configure the Video Stream to the Controller To configure the Video Stream to the controller using the controller GUI, follow these steps: Step 1 Configure multicast-direct feature on WLANs media stream by entering this command: config wlan media-stream multicast-direct Step 2 Enable or disable the multicast feature by entering this command: config media-stream multicast-direct Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Configuration Guide 5-8 OL-21524-02 Chapter 5 Configuring Video Stream Configuring Video Stream Step 3 Configure various message configuration parameters by entering this command: config media-stream message Step 4 Save your changes by entering this command: save config Step 5 Configure various global media-stream configurations by entering this commands: config media-stream add multicast-direct stream-name media_stream_name start_IP end_IP [template | detail video video priority Note • The Resource Reservation Control (RRC) parameters are assigned with the predefined values based on the values assigned to the template.A newer problem is the availability of low-cost access points, which can be connected to the enterprise network and used to mount man-in-the-middle and denial-of-service attacks.Layer 1 Solutions The Cisco UWN security solution ensures that all clients gain access within a user-set number of attempts.
This authentication is best suited to small to medium client groups.If a client fails to gain access within that limit, it is automatically excluded (blocked from access) until the user-set timer expires.The operating system can also disable SSID broadcasts on a per-WLAN basis.Upload by: Stephanie Toole.» 2018 New Hollywood Action ADVENTURE Movies - LATEST Adventure Movie Free Download, Download 2018 New Hollywood Action ADVENTURE Movies - LATEST Adventure Movie In Mp3 Mp4 3Gp File Format.
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A research team from Washington State University has used 3D printing in a one-step process to print structures made of two different materials.
Until now 3D printing has been limited to using mostly one material at a time. This advance could possibly help manufacturers reduce their production steps and use single machine to make complex products with multiple parts in just one operation. They will also be able to better control properties like heat conduction, corrosion protection, as well as environmental adaptation in their materials.
The research team, led by Amit Bandyopadhyay, Herman and Brita Lindholm Endowed Chair Professor in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, used 3D printing technology to print out ceramic and metal structures, and also a bimetallic tube that is nonmagnetic in one end and magnetic in the other.
Moreover, with adoption of multimaterial 3D printing, manufacturers will no longer need to use the joint connections or adhesives that are currently used for producing multimaterial products.
The reseachers have used the technique to print out a nickel-chromium and copper structure. Usually the nickel-chromium alloy Inconel 718 is used for sheet metal components for airplane engines and in liquid-fueled rockets. While this material is able to withstand high temperatures, it cools very slowly.
To understand processing ability and measure resultant interfacial and thermal properties of Inconel 718 and copper alloy, reseachers fabricated bimetallic structures using laser engineering net shaping (LENS™), a commercially available additive manufacturing technique which is developed for fabricating metal parts directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) solid model by using a metal powder injected into a molten pool created by a focused, high-powered laser beam. LENS is similar to selective laser sintering, but the metal powder is applied only where material is being added to the part at that moment.
It was hypothesized that additively combining the two aerospace alloys would form a unique bimetallic structure with improved thermophysical properties compared to the Inconel 718 alloy. Researchers have used two approaches: the direct deposition of GRCop-84 on Inconel 718 and the compositional gradation of the two alloys. They found when the copper were added in the 3D printing process, the part could be cooled 250% faster which can ultimately translate to higher fuel efficiency and a longer life for airplane engines. Such structures with designed compositional gradation and tailored thermal properties opens up the possibilities of multi-material metal additive manufacturing for next generation of aerospace structures.
How is this a new process again? It says in the article that the process is "commercially available" which means that it isn't new. I know for a fact that FGM or multi material printing metals is at least 8 years old and inconel FGM at least 5 years old. I think this is just a title issue and not a research issue.
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Pros: Clearly, the ease-of-use and seamless integration between our CRM and their service. And quite literally the cost versus the benefit is clear, worthwhile, and actually beneficial.
Cons: That I didn't find them sooner. :-) But With maybe a tiny tweaks here and there, the overall output is rather consistently good.
Overall: When I think about leaving review, it has more significant now that I'm at a business owner my reviews are getting an off a lot of traction, so much so that hey Review can seem to say 1000 words more than a photo ever could.
With any service based business, gathering reviews is paramount. NiceJob has fit that need for us and have become an essential aspect of our business growth and development.
Pros: *Integrates seamlessly with our scheduling system - HouseCall Pro.
Cons: The only con, is it doesn't integrate with Yelp for our customers to leave a review, but that is simply because Yelp has a strict policy.
Overall: The executive has helped us build our website, he knows what he's doing, super knowledgeable, professional, kind, and FAST! If there's a question you have or something you'd like to change on your website - they make it happen quick! We're used to waiting days - weeks for website changes to happen.
OVERALL AMAZING STAFF AND INCREDIBLE SERVICE.
5 STARS ALL THE WAY! THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR HELP.
Pros: The software guides our clients thorough what some feel is the arduous task of leaving a positive review. It helps remind them if they wanted to leave a review and then shows then the review sites that they already use.
Cons: Someones the AI doesn't detect that a review had been left by a particular client and it continues to nudge them, much to their annoyance. These are few and far between, though.
Overall: It has changed our SEM, SEO and reputation for the better. We're getting client and prospect engagement on social media through the automated posts and regularly get compliments on our high level of communication.
Pros: It's easy to use and integrates with my CRM (Jobber). Once the job is closed, the review invite gets sent out up to 4 times.
Cons: Sometimes if the customer doesn't use their real name the system has no way to know that the customer I sent the invite to actually already left a review so they keep getting email until the end of the campaign.
Overall: Awesome. It's so much easier to close jobs when your reputation is glowing online. When we have 161 google reviews or more than 50 Facebook reviews and our competition (whom we still love) only has a handful, it makes the decision pretty easy for the customer.
Pros: I love the ease of use of the software. It's extremely simple to use and after they help you set it up it does everything for you. Incredible.
Overall: I researched many automated review generators and nice job were the only ones not extremely pushy to get me to buy it. The gentleman was extremely friendly. After my research nice job seemed the most reasonable. The service is amazing I ask my customers for reviews every stop but lack the convenience of having it in front of you so I believe they don't for that reason. Nice job puts it right in front of them with a text, super easy. I love it I recommend it to any friend so have who own their own companies because it has been so great for us. Reviews make business or break business these days and if you have a 5 star business it's crucial to have an easy way for your customers to let everyone k ow that you are in fact a 5 star business.
Thanks for the great feedback, we really appreciate that you took the time to write this. Amazing customer service is so important to us, so hearing experiences like yours means a lot.
Pros: I haven't worked with a better software company, they say will they will do them over deliver.
Pros: I can not begin to say enough about this company! Fabulous customer service and the value of this product is amazing! The time saved in the review process alone more than pays for the product!
Cons: There is nothing that I dislike about this product!
Overall: Our most expensive cost is time and NiceJob solves this 100%!
Pros: We use Nice Job for the reviews and they designed our website. They do everything that they claim to: send out review requests to our customers, post them on social media, the website looks great and is easy to make changes to.
Cons: Nothing, everything has been top notch.
Overall: We have seen a 59% increase in the number of positive reviews since signing up with Nice Job. Our website was outdated and they made us a website that looks great and is easy for our customers to navigate. If I ever need to make any changes to the website, I email Chloe and I get a response almost immediately that the changes have been made. I've never worked with a company that is as competent as Nice Job.Thank you for all that you do.
Pros: Amazing review management software. Easy to use, very customizable, their convert website product brings results.
Cons: Their Zapier integrations can have faults.
Great SEO and company display!
Pros: Display and easy to add new projects. We are getting great SEO and ranking is great.
Cons: Accessing videos and uploading could be better.
Overall: We have used Hatch for the last few years to show off our cleaning company to potential customers. We have had nothing but success in attracting a steady flow of new business. Also sharing our latest projects on social media is easy with Hatchs features. We really do feel we are getting full value for our investment with Hatch.
Thanks Shawn! Great feedback, and we'll work on making the videos and uploading easier...love to get your next review up to all 5 stars!
Pros: Ease of use, price, and RESULTS! Nicejob delivers the results they promise.
Cons: Nothing really. It has helped our online reputation tremendously.
Overall: We met company representative the ICE Expo and signed up for the free trial of NiceJob. We gained so many new reviews from the trial that it was a no brainer for us to continue using the software.
Love hearing about those results Jeremiah! That makes our day, and keep up the great customer service, your reviews are awesome!
Pros: This is by far the best money I spend each month. I went from 2 google reviews that I had to beg for to 50 in about 6 weeks. As a result my SEO has naturally ranked much higher and my phone rings nonstop all day. Plus my customers trust us before they even call us because all of the reviews have been so positive.
Cons: My only complaint is that they do not make it easy to call them. You have to communicate with them through a web portal. That can be annoying.
Overall: Great to work with.
Thanks for the great review Colby! Going from 2 to 50 in 6 weeks is pretty awesome, well done! Improving our phone support response times is something we're working on as well, we're implementing a cloud call center to help us handle that better. We're looking forward to getting you from 50 to 500 now!
Probably one of the easiest programs I've set up for business and that actually works.
Pros: The fact that this actually works and works well is huge. With so many tech companies out there, it's hard to choose. With NiceJob I've received about 10 reviews within a few days! This was only during the free trial. The paid version integrates with my dispatch software and will automatically work once jobs are complete! Saves time and makes money all at the same time! Excellent ROI!
Thanks for the great review Doug! Love hearing feedback from our customers, and if you love how effective NIceJob is now, wait till you see what we have coming!
Pros: NiceJob is synced with my CRM and makes asking for reviews a breeze! Being able to access everything via iPhone app is a plus as well.
Cons: This is only the second day using NiceJob. I did set up a test on myself and noticed the message that was text to my phone did not highlight my google link for easy 1 touch redirect to leave a review. I feel like this needs to be addressed to make it simple for my customers to leave a review.
Thanks Phillip, thanks for the great review and excited to be working with you! We've also reached out to you via our support channel to get details on the Google experience you mentioned. NiceJob automatically detects if your customer is logged into Google, and if they are directs them straight there, essentially a 0 touch redirect!
Pros: NiceJob has made the process of acquiring reviews a breeze. We perform the same high quality work as always but now our customer's have an easy portal to tell the world!
Cons: I haven't found any flaws in the system. It just works and well.
Overall: Reviews are better than paid advertising and we have spent years slowly acquiring a stellar 5 Star reputation. Even the most spectacular results and promises from our most enthusiastic cheerleaders, do not always guarantee the follow through to an actual review. NiceJob makes this process painless and quick, resulting in a year's worth of reviews in less than a month!
Thanks Wayne! We love to hear that it's been that easy, thats our goal, to make this whole process as easy as possible, while getting you a ton of reviews!
Cons: We are not getting as many reviews as we would have liked.
Overall: Pretty good for the money.
Thanks for taking the time to review NiceJob! We'd love to help you get more reviews, reach out to our customer success team via the in app chat bubble or our 1800 line and we'll make sure you're getting the most out of NiceJob!
Comments: My old website cost nearly $ and then a monthly fee to have SEO and it did not look as good as my NiceJob site and barely produced any inbound customer requests. I've had the NiceJob marketing platform for about 2 years now and from day one it blew the doors off my old site as far as customer leads, it looks 10 times more professional and it also makes staying on top of social media almost effortless. To say that I am Super Impressed would be an understatement. I highly recommend the NiceJob marketing platform.
Thanks Arie for the awesome review! Love hearing feedback like that, and can't wait to keep working with you to grow your company even more!
Great experience! Great work! Great customer service!
Pros: Blown away by the website that was created for me. Looked into these guys years back when we first started and didn't pull the trigger because of the price and just did my own work on an alternative site builder... THAT WAS NOT SMART!!! I'm certain I lost WAY MORE in missed business than the LOW monthly cost. Guess you live and learn. They were super quick and responsive with building the site and in answering any questions that I had. Thinking about the move...STOP RIGHT NOW and JUST DO IT!
Cons: UX could be improved to decrease hunting for what I need. Could use some more videos to explain the software, but I may have just missed those.
We received more Google reviews in 7 days than we've received in the last three years.
Pros: Easy to setup and to use. The "Collect Leads" and "Trust Badge" widgets displays and work well with our current website. It's nice to show reviews collected from Google and other sources on our website.
Cons: We are new to NiceJob and because of this we haven't come across a true con for us. We do wish the stories widget was more customizable, right now the stories show as one big "page" that users can scroll through. It would be nice to have a rotating widget with a fixed size which may help for mobile pages.
Thanks Marvin! Great feedback, and the team is working on a really cool type of rotating review widget I think your going to love!
Pros: The ease of use, it does everything automatically.
Cons: That we didn't do it sooner! We have had great success using this product.
Thanks for the great NiceJob review! Love hearing how NiceJob is helping companies get more reviews, and we've got some huge new features in store for you soon!
Pros: Automated and so easy to use for my employees which makes my job better. I want my employees to use it more often.
Thanks John! Love working with you!
Pros: How easy it is to use. The results are of the charts with the convert website and the ability of nicejob to get reviews.
I am a marketing director for a tree care company, & I used NiceJob to outsource our website build.
Pros: Excellent response time and service level by the NiceJob team. Tremendous value for the cost, and ROI is easy to prove. Quality of final product, and ease of functionality/use.
Cons: Honestly, I have been working with them for over a month, and I have nothing negative to report. I initially contacted BirdEye for help with review generation on behalf of the owners of the tree service that I work for. I received a response a month later, and never even got pricing. That was far different than my experience with the NiceJob team.
Overall: User friendly review management process, well built website, complete outsource solution.
A website that pays for itself!
Pros: Ease of use, simple to fetch customer reviews, integrates well with online tools, outstanding customer support and service.
Overall: Representatives and the rest of the Hatch crew are amazing. They made the transition from our old site as smooth as possible. It's so simple to add photos to the site that will instantly get shared to your social networking site. Getting reviews from customers can be a hassle, but with the Nice Work feature it's now easy.
I directed someone in a hurry for a bid to our site the first day it launched. Within minutes I was notified via text from Hatch that same person received a quote, and booked an appointment. My only regret was not converting sooner!
Pros: It's worked. We've gotten 10% reviews since we started and I backlogged the previous 90 days. We've even booked a couple of jobs in response to a review email.
Cons: I wish we could add a specific picture to the auto request. I know we can individually, but not on the auto.
Overall: It's a great way to auto ask for reviews. The personal email has even gotten other type responses because the client thinks I've sent it out. I think it's a great systematic way to grow your reviews. I like how it shares it on fb too.
Thanks for sharing those great results Benjamin! We're looking forward to helping you keep growing your company!
These folks have their game together!
Pros: We shopped around to find the most effective and cost-efficient program out there. We quickly learned the fine folks at NiceJob have their game together. We did our research and asked current customers. They praised NiceJob for helping grow their business. An integration with HouseCall Pro is a huge plus.
Cons: It's not free! Just kidding, it works well.
Overall: Integration with Housecall was a plus. Smooth and seamless signup.
Thanks Patrick! Really appreciate you taking the time to review us, and were super excited to help you grow your business!
Pros: Best customer service and my website ranks #1 in the window cleaning category. Getting reviews is extremely simple.
Thanks Szymon! Love hearing great feedback like that!
I would recommend this service to all who are looking. The experience has been outstanding for me.
Cons: Considering I don't have to continually send out email to clients for reviews and the fact that this software does all that I'm happy. If I have a problem I can get assistance from tech support who is always there is a plus. I have not experienced any cons from this software.
Overall: The ease of completing a project and the software sending out the emails for reviews saves a lot of time and aggravation. This software is a huge benefit to running a business.
We love hearing feedback like this Terrell! Thanks so much for taking the time to leave your review of NiceJob, we really appreciate it!
Comments: I have been nothing but impressed with the quality of service and professionalism we have received from the Hatch team!
They make difficult technical issues easy to understand and are very responsive to our needs. They have made a science of what they do. When we pose questions about why things are cared for in any particular manner, they almost always have an insightful answer. If, on a rare occasion, they don't have an answer, they humbly acknowledge it and work to identify the best solution. I don't think I have ever needed to ask the same question twice. They get it the first time!
I wish all companies were as easy to work with as they are!
Thanks Ivan, really appreciated! And we've got some upgrades coming this month that will make it even easier to build your companies reputation online, stay tuned!
Pros: Easy to use once set up. It just runs on autopilot and if your team does a great job the reviews just pour in like never before.
Cons: Just a little learning curb getting things going.
Overall: Overall it's the best advertising decision I've made this year.
Hi Mike! Thanks so much for taking the time to leave us that great review! We love hearing about results like yours, and behind the scenes were working every day to make NiceJob even better!
Comments: I cannot say anything but good about my experience with Hatch! Their customer service is top notch, response to questions and requests is immediate, and their understanding of the online marketing world is unbeatable. I know little to nothing about online marketing, so I was a bit nervous about getting a website built. Thanks to Hatch, I didn't have to know anything. They take care of everything! If I want to make a change or adjustment in my site, all it takes is an email to customer support, and then it "magically" appears on my site. If I do want to do something myself, but don't understand how to, they walk me through it step by step. My site began paying for itself from day one, and it continues to generate TONS of business for me. Go with Hatch....You will not be disappointed!!!
Very affordable. Great customer service and support! Overall great value!
Pros: Review_feed widget that can be added to a website and presumably boost SEO (too soon to tell in my case since I just got NiceJob). Also, the automation that can be employed to increase the amount of reviews I get for my business. I do the best I can to incentivise my employees to ask for reviews, but this system ensures reviews get asked for after every single job we do.
Pros: Increases reviews and customer conversions. Soo Glad, I could find a software that is budget friendly and works.
Cons: I have not found anything that could possibly be a Con at this time. This software is great and the customer service is exceptional.
It's been great working with you as well Robert! Really looking forward to helping you be the top rated professional in your area!
Great review platform. I love that they send multiple requests for reviews via text and email.
Pros: Nice Job integrates perfectly with my scheduling software so it makes receiving reviews very easy! Customer Service is top notch!
Cons: Although Nice Job has several review sites for my clients to choose to leave a review with, there are some other sites I would like to see added such as Angie's List.
Thanks for the great review Travis!
Great value and ROI, would definitely recommend.
Pros: Easy to use, wish I knew of this earlier. Nicejob makes it easy to stay on top of things to get reviews. Business is up and the increase in leads is more than expected.
Overall: More business, more leads, more time to run the business.
Thanks David, really appreciate the great review! Reach out anytime if theres anything at all we can help with!
Comments: My SEO work paid off the moment I signed on with NiceJob. I had spent a good amount of time with both on site and external SEO. I had built my site using Wordpress. But I finally decided it was time to be more professional so I had NiceJob build a site for me. Within 1 week of taking the new site live I went from #9 ranking on Google to #2! On top of that they are easy to work with and the work continues to pour in with the ease of posting pictures and the resulting social media buzz generated by reviews. Good Stuff!
Pros: I've tried other software for getting reviews. At first I wasn't happy with nice job ,but they've gotten much better since my first attempt .
Cons: Can't yet detect whether some one has left a review already, but I'm not sure if this is still a problem.
Comments: We are very happy with the quality of our website. We feel confident sending prospective clients to view it. The customer service and support is very personable and accommodating, answering all our questions.
Thanks Brandi for the great review! Really look forward to keeping on working with you to grow your company!
Best value out there! Top Notch customer service!
Pros: Simple, easy to use and EFFECTIVE! I can't begin to talk enough about this product. Definitely made with the small businessman in mind.
Overall: Automated follow up for asking for reviews. Our reviews have tripled in 3 months!
Awesome results, great to hear!
Pros: Great product to help grow your business. The customer service is unmatched. I really appreciate the automatic emails and simplicity.
Cons: I cannot really report on any negatives thus far.
Good customer service support from people.
Pros: It puts reviews online which helps my company. The customer support people help a lot. If they did not help me in a timely fashion I would discontinue my business and hire another company.
Cons: I upload my email list, and it sometimes doesn't load for me. Maybe it's an error on my end but still not as user friendly as I would like.
Thanks Joe for, really appreciate the review! We take alot of pride in providing the best customer support possible. We'll reach out and see how we can help make the CSV upload smoother for you. Thanks again for working with us, have a great day!
Thanks Sergio! Really appreciate the great review! Sorry about that exchange rate, it does hit Canadian companies, we'll make sure it's worth your while though!
Comments: i am very impressed with the initial induction process that nice job had. We were very reluctant to go through the pain stakes process of a new website. Nice job did an "Excellent Job" the upload jobs, reviews and report all in one functionality is Excellent! Thank you to the team at Nice Job for your support!
Thanks Terry! Really appreciate the review and feedback, looking forward to working with you to keep growing your company!
Pros: The automated messages are preformatted, loaded and ready.
The UI is simple too. Thanks for that.
Cons: When I import multiple clients to send an invitation to, I have to click them all manually to start the invitation series.
Overall: More and better reviews brings us more and better business, allows us to build trust with people we have not met, and sets us apart from the other competitors in town. Nice job is a clean and simple way , and user friendly way, for us to do that.
Comments: I have had so many customers tell me they love our website. When I get an email and text message that we received a new lead I am able to respond very quickly. This has helped us convert prospects to customers quicker.
Thanks for the great review Cameron! And please let us know if there's anything we can do to improve your experience with NiceJob, we're always here to help!
Pros: NiceJob is easy to use out of the box. It's great for businesses that are starting out and getting their feet wet at collecting and managing reviews.
Cons: NiceJob integrates with very few sites for leaving reviews. It does not integrate with sites for specialty businesses (e.g., legal, financial, real estate, etc.). Thus, it is limited for use by general, small businesses.
Thanks for the review, we really appreciate feedback, and love hearing that you found it easy to use! We're integrating with several new specialty review channels in the medical and legal fields in the coming months, and just released an integration with Zillow! Please let us know if there are any specific sites that you'd love to see integrated and we'll do our best to have them added to our roadmap.
NiceJob really does an AwesomeJob!
Pros: Their code is very clean for their websites and they actually set up amazing tracking on Google Analytics for everything. I have never seen a developer that does such great work on the front end, back end, AND on Google Analytics. Usually I only see one of those 3 things.
Thanks Zeke! Really appreciate the commendation. We're a bit obsessed about the details over here, it's the little things that make a truly great product!
Comments: Hatch makes it easy for me to ask for reviews and for my customers to post reviews Reviews are like money in the bank. Definitely use these guys.
Thanks Jim! And your rocking your company reviews, looks like your up 525% so far since joining NiceJob, great work!
No brainer! THE very best company to manage and build your online reputation!
Pros: It's extremely user friendly. They've thought of everything needed for reputation management. Great dashboard to help me keep an eye on reviews.
Cons: There's really nothing I can think of that I don't like.
Overall: The people at NiceJob have thought of everything. On top of the fact that they are passionate about helping small business owners to succeed, their system is super user friendly. They are not only accessible right there within the software, but also do a great job at following up and pursuing clients to make sure all their questions are answered. What a load off!
Thanks Christianne! We're so exited to be working with you as well, you're reviews show what a great company you have built and we're going to do everything we can to make sure your reputation keeps growing and spreading!
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0.884951 |
Find a Day trip that explores Mexico. There are 12 tours to choose from, that range in length from 1 days up to 2 days. The most popular month for these tours is April, which has the most tour departures.
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0.96998 |
Design a beard for Santa and attach it to the hat. I like to use white fleece for my trims and beard just due to the fact it's simpler to handle. Fur has a a lot more realistic seem, but can shred when you reduce it. White fleece has a delicate texture, and a heat, concluded appearance. If you select white fleece for Santa's beard, use a double layer and incorporate a several vertical seam strains to create a reasonable look. Then, sew it to the hat so that "it fits just suitable" when you slip the hat onto your Ken doll's head.On the day of the race, get to the BMX racing bikes monitor early. You will need to have to have a appear at the race region, sign-up and get your quantity. You will be indentified by this amount by way of the entire race. If this is your very first race, take it slow, view how the other individuals do it, how the velocity up, slow down, get corners and bounce. It can take time and exercise, so do not be unhappy if you don't gain your initial race.Before acquiring shorts, make certain that you look for for various brands of various dimensions. It is crucial to do so mainly because the fitting and size of just about every brand might vary a lot from the other just one. Attempt people on before getting. This will support you come to a decision which design of shorts is the most comfortable for you.As for every most current assessment carried out, this sort of a fashionable technologies contributes instead a great deal in combating the distress alongside one another with enabling simple getting rid of of toxic compounds aloof from human body. In situation of of coaching, bio-ceramic compression clothes has confirmed a excellent option. Still, this could be taken into utilization later on as effectively. Briefly, they are appropriate to be worn for the remainder period of time of time for swift and impressive restoration. 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0.999957 |
(CNN) - The trumpet sounds, clear and exultant, and is greeted by a crescendo of boos.
This was the scene at repeated Hong Kong football matches, as fans in the semi-autonomous Chinese city expressed their disdain at being represented by the national anthem of the People's Republic of China.
Such disrespect of the "March of the Volunteers" will soon be illegal, as Hong Kong moves to adopt a hugely controversial national anthem law which critics say could undermine its constitutional protections for free speech.
Lawmakers Wednesday began discussing the legislation which sets standards for playing and singing "March," and makes it a crime punishable by up to three years in prison "to insult the national anthem."
Schoolchildren, including those at international schools, would also be legally required to learn the anthem, which opens with the line, "Arise, we who refuse to be slaves!"
The national anthem law was introduced in mainland China in 2017, amid widespread outrage north of the border at the disrespect shown by some Hongkongers -- mainly a tiny subset of football fans -- for the song.
Following its passage, China's legislature known as the National People's Congress added the law to Annex III of the Basic Law, Hong Kong's de facto constitution. That meant the city's government was legally required to introduce equivalent legislation, regardless of concerns about whether the law contradicted free speech guarantees also enshrined in the Basic Law.
"The legislative principle of the Bill is to fully reflect the purpose and intent of the National Anthem Law, which is to preserve the dignity of the national anthem and promote respect for the national anthem; and at the same time to give due regard to the common law system practised in Hong Kong, as well as the actual circumstances in Hong Kong," the city's government said earlier this month.
Speaking ahead of a debate by lawmakers, the city's Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs, Patrick Nip, said his "key performance indicator would not be measured by how many people are prosecuted for insulting the anthem."
"While the bill aims to ensure those who do insult the song have a price to pay, the last thing I want is to have cases for prosecution. I really hope there will be no such case after the law comes into effect," Nip said.
Speaking outside the legislature Wednesday, pro-Beijing lawmaker Priscilla Leung said the national anthem law was about protecting the country's "dignity."
"I believe that all Hong Kong people oppose open and intentional insults against the national anthem," she said.
Fears have also been raised over increased self-censorship by the media and other bodies. Last year, a news editor from the Financial Times was denied a visa to remain in Hong Kong after he hosted a pro-independence figure at the Foreign Correspondent's Club.
The vagueness of the national anthem law will only lead to more self-censorship in future, said Kevin Carrico, a senior lecturer in Chinese studies at Australia's Monash University.
"Beyond the threat to free speech, the imprecise nature of the offence of 'insult' presents an unprecedented challenge to rule of law in Hong Kong, one of the city's great strengths relative to China," Carrico wrote this week.
"The bill thus poses a threat not only to Hong Kong's basic freedoms but indeed to its entire legal system. Ironically, Beijing and its allies are using Hong Kong's well-established rule of law, one of Hong Kong's main political and economic strengths, to effectively legislate away rule of law."
"What the National Anthem law says is to require respect (towards the anthem) through legislation. But respect cannot be won via legislation," pro-democracy lawmaker and government critic Claudia Mo told CNN.
"Respect has to be won by oneself. You cannot threaten and force others to respect you unwillingly."
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While India is accusing Pakistan for unprovoked firing that killed two Indian soldiers, two Indian newspapers have suggested the army may have provoked recent fatal clashes in the disputed Kashmir region, says BBC News Asia.
The reports say commanders breached a ceasefire accord by ordering new observation posts on the dividing Line of Control (LoC) after a 70-year-old woman crossed it unhindered last year.
Although Indian government blames Pakistan for the aggression, But in a rare case of contradicting the army line, two Indian newspapers say the sudden spike in violence may instead have been provoked by its recent actions - and a grandmother deciding to join her family in Pakistani-administered Kashmir.
According to The Hindu newspaper, after the 70 year-old woman managed to cross the LoC unhindered last September, alarmed Indian commanders responded by ordering new observation posts in the area - construction work that is barred under a 10-year-old ceasefire agreement between the two rivals.
Pakistan reportedly made its displeasure known, at first via a tannoy system across the relatively small gap between the two sides, and then by firing.
On 6 January, an Indian commander known for his "very aggressive track record", according to Daily News and Analysis (DNA), decided to counter-attack resulting in a Pakistani soldier being killed.
Islamabad alleges that Indian troops also crossed the LoC in that attack - something Delhi denies.
The Pakistanis then hit back with a raid across another border area on Tuesday morning, with India condemning their actions as "barbaric" and "inhuman" following reports the bodies of the two Indian soldiers who died had been mutilated.
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Essay of life and success by zoilo galang?
Philippine literature in English results from efforts of the American forces, begun at the end of the 19th century, to pacify the people of the Philippines and to instill in them the American ideals.During the early 20th century, Philippine literature in English flourished. During the 1920s and 1930s, several significant works were published. Amongst the most distinguished were those written by historian, novelist and essayist Zoilo Galang."Life and Success," by Zoilo Galang (1921), is the first volume of essays in English written by a Filipino. His "A Child of Sorrow" (1921) is the first novel written in English by a Filipino. For many years, "A Child of Sorrow" was the best selling novel in English written by a Filipino. He also wrote "Box of Ashes and Other Stories" (1925), the first collection of stories in book form written in English by a Filipino. Additionally, he is often called "the Filipino Encyclopediist" for his first Philippine encyclopedia (10 volumes in 1934). He died before he could complete a 20 volume expansion titled "Encylopedia of the Philippines."
Philippine Literature in English has its roots in the efforts of the American forces at the turn of the century to pacify the Filipino people and instill in them the American ideals of “universality, practicality, and democracy.” By 1901, public education was institutionalized, with English serving as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators who arrived in that year aboard the S.S. Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The people learned the language quickly, helped no doubt by the many support systems, e.g., books, magazines, newspapers, etc., outside of the academe.
The founding of Philippine Normal School in 1901 and the University of the Philippines in 1908, as well as of English newspapers like the Daily Bulletin (1900), TheCablenews (1902), and the Philippines Free Press (1905), helped boost the spread of English. The first ten years of the century already saw the verse and prose efforts of the Filipinos in such student publications as The FilipinoStudents’ Magazine (first issue, 1905), which was a short-lived quarterly published in Berkeley, California, by Filipino pensionados (or government scholars); the UP College Folio (first issue, 1910); The Coconut of the Manila High School (first issue, 1912); and The Torch of the PNS (first issue, 1913). But it was not until the ‘30s and ‘40s that Filipino writers in English emerged into their own.
Newspapers and magazines were founded—like the Philippines Herald in 1920, the Philippine Education Magazine in 1924 (renamed Philippine Magazine in 1928), and later the Manila Tribune , the Graphic, theWoman’s Outlook, and the Woman’s Home Journal—that helped introduce to the reading public the works of Paz Marquez Benitez, Jose Garcia Villa, Loreto Paras, and Casiano Calalang among others. Cash incentives were given to writers in 1921 when the Free Press started to pay for published contributions and awarded P1,000 for the best stories. The organization in 1925 of the Philippine Writers Association and in 1927 of the U.P. Writers Club, which put out the Literary Apprentice, also helped encourage literary production. In 1939, the Philippine Writers League was put up by politically conscious writers, intensifying their debate with those in the “art for art’s sake” school of Villa.
Among the significant publications of this fertile period were: Filipino Poetry (1924) by Rodolfo Dato;English-German Anthology of Filipino Poets (1934) by Pablo Laslo; Jose Garcia Villa’s Many Voices (1939) andPoems of Doveglion (1941); Poems (1940) by Angela Manalang Gloria; Chorus for America: Six Philippine Poets(1942) by Carlos Bulosan; Zoilo Galang’s A Child of Sorrow (1921), the first Filipino novel in English, and Box of Ashes and Other Stories (1925), the first collection of stories in book form; Villa’s Footnote to Youth: Tales of the Philippines and Others(1933); The Wound and the Scar (1937) by Arturo Rotor, a collection of stories; Winds of April (1940) by NVM Gonzalez; His Native Soil (1941) by Juan C. Laya; Manuel Arguilla’s How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Stories ( 1941); Galangs’s Life and Success (1921), the first volume of essays in English; and the influential Literature and Society (1940) by Salvador P. Lopez. Dramatic writing took a backseat due to the popularity of vaudeville and Tagalog movies, although it was kept alive by the playwright Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero.
In 1940, the first Commonwealth Literary Awards were given by Pres. Manuel Quezon to the following winners: Salvador P. Lopez for Literature and Society (essay); Manuel Arguilla for How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Stories (short story); R. Zulueta da Costa for Like the Molave (poetry); and Juan C. Laya for His Native Soil (novel).
During the Japanese Occupation when Tagalog was favored by the Japanese military authority, English writing was consigned to limbo. After the war however, it picked up anew and claimed the fervor and drive for excellence that continue to this day. Stevan Javellana’s Without Seeing the Dawn (1947), the first postwar novel in English, was published in the USA. In 1946, the Barangay Writers Project was founded to help publish books in English.
Against a background marked by political unrest and government battles with Hukbalahap guerrillas, writers in English in the postwar period honed their sense of craft and techniques. Among the writers who came to their own during this time were: Nick Joaquin, NVM Gonzalez, Francisco Arcellana, Carlos Bulosan, F. Sionil Jose, Ricaredo Demetillo, Kerima Polotan Tuvera, Carlos Angeles, Edilberto Tiempo, Amador Daguio, Estrella Alfon, Alejandrino Hufana, Gregorio Brillantes, Bienvenido Santos, Dominador Ilio, T.D. Agcaoili, Alejandro Roces, Sinai C. Hamada, Linda Ty-Casper, Virginia Moreno, Luis Dato, Gilda Cordero Fernando, Abelardo and Tarrosa Subido, Manuel A. Viray, Vicente Rivera Jr., and Oscar de Zuniga, among many others.
Fresh from studies in American universities, usually as Fulbright or Rockefeller scholars, a number of these writers introduced New Criticism to the country and applied its tenets in literature classes and writing workshops. In this way were born the Silliman Writers Summer Workshop (started in 1962 by Edilberto and Edith Tiempo) and the U.P. Writers Summer Workshop (started in 1965 by the Department of English at the U.P.).To this day, these workshops help discover writing talents and develop them in their craft.
The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in Literature were instituted in 1950 and became synonymous with quality literature and the new writer’s rite of passage to fame. It gave awards in the various genres in English and Pilipino, and more recently, expanded its range to include categories for regional writings. Government recognition of literary merit took a turn for the better through the Republic Cultural Heritage Awards (1960), the Pro Patria Awards for Literature (1961), and the National Artist Awards (1973). Only the last survives today, and such honor and privilege had been given only to the following creative writers: Amado V. Hernandez and Jose Garcia Villa (1973), Nick Joaquin (1976), Carlos P. Romulo (1982), Francisco Arcellana (1990), NVM Gonzalez, and Rolando Tinio (1997) (Ed’s note: Edith Tiempo was named National Artist in 2000). The prestigious international Magsaysay Award has also been given to just three Filipinos for their literary achievements: F. Sionil Jose, Nick Joaquin, and Bienvenido Lumbera. To this day, yearly awards are handed out by the Philippines Free Press and Graphic magazines for the best poetry and fiction published in their pages.
Like the Veronicans in the thirties, writers continued to form groups, the better to compete with and advance one another’s writings. Notable of these literary barkadas are the Ravens in the fifties (with Adrian Cristobal, Virginia Moreno, Alejandrino Hufana, Andres Cristobal Cruz, and Hilario Francia Jr., among others), the Bagay poets of Ateneo in the sixties (Rolando Tinio, Bienvenido Lumbera, Jose Lacaba, and Edgar Alegre), and the Philippine Literary Arts Council in the eighties ( Gemino H. Abad, Cirilo Bautista, Ricardo de Ungria, Alfrredo Navarro Salanga, and Alfred Yuson).
In spite of a lack of a critical tradition, poetry and fiction in English continue to thrive and be written with depth, sophistication, and insight. Among the important and still active fictionists of recent years are: F.Sionil Jose, Erwin Castillo, Ninotchka Rosca, Antonio Enriquez, Resil Mojares, Renato Madrid, Wilfredo Nolledo, Alfred Yuson, Amadis Ma. Guerrero, Jose Dalisay Jr., Jaime An Lim, Eric Gamalinda, and Charlson Ong. And among the poets: Emmanuel Torres, Cirilo Bautista, Gemino Abad, Federico Licsi Espino Jr., Ophelia Alcantara Dimalanta, Emmanuel Lacaba, Marjorie Evasco, Simeon Dumdum Jr., Ma. Luisa Aguilar Carino, Anthony Tan, Elsa Coscoluella, Ramon Sunico, Ricardo de Ungria, and Marne Kilates.
Dramatic writing never really took off after Guerrero and Joaquin, due perhaps to the awareness by the writers, especially in the seventies, of the implausibility and severe limitations of using English on stage. Nevertheless, theater in English continues to be presented through Broadway adaptations and the like by Repertory Philippines and other small drama groups.
Not yet a hundred years old, Philippine writing in English has already established a tradition for itself and continues to help define—together with the literatures in the regions—the self and soul of the Filipino.
Ricardo de Ungria is a founding member of the Philippine Literary Arts Council and Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas (UMPIL). His poetry collection “Cages” won first prize in the CCP Literary Contest (1976) while “Decimal Places” received the National Book Award for poetry from the Manila Critics Circle in 1992. He chairs UP Manila’s Department of Arts and Communications.
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Projectors have the capacity to transform and enhance the way you watch or present different types of media. It can be confusing to figure out what projector is best for your situation, especially when trying to decipher the technological jargon involved. When investing in a projector, it is smart to compare and contrast the various features in order to get the most out of your purchase.
Home Theater: Home theater projectors highlight image quality, with a great emphasis on color vibrancy and contrast. These types of projectors work best in dark areas, and make you feel as if you are in your own movie theater. Because of their large image size (often up to 36 times larger than a regular-sized TV), sufficient wall space is suggested, and can be great for watching movies, playing video games, or having a slideshow for a big group of people. You can connect to the source via an HDMI cord, and it may also have a USB port as well as audio outputs to connect to a sound system.
Business: Recommended for meetings and presentations, business projectors work well in areas with bright lighting. This type is projector is designed for the main purpose of static media, such as graphs and slides. They are easy to set up and are small enough to transport hassle-free. Many of these connect to the media source by use of a VGA or USB cord. Some may be compatible with DVI or HDMI cords as well, and some even feature wireless capabilities.
Pico: Pico models are even smaller than business projectors, and fit in your pocket. Even though the projector is small, sharp and vivid images can be displayed, though it will be most effective for a small group of people. The pico projector is convenient for both business and home use, especially for those who travel around.
Aspect Ratio: This term refers to the rectangular shape of the video image. Most projectors have ratios of 4:3, 16:10, or 16:9, meaning that the chip inside the projector is shaped in that specific dimension.
Resolution: This is referencing the sharpness and clarity of the picture being shown, and it is based on the number of pixels. A greater pixel count means higher resolution, but also requires a heftier investment. Lower resolutions are more cost-effective and can produce images that can hold their hold. Resolutions include 1280x720, 1280x800, 1920x1080, or for the very best quality, 4K or Ultra HD. You will get the best image quality by matching your projector resolution to the resolution of the video source you plan to use.
Throw Ratio: This is important and takes two things into consideration—how far the projector is from the screen (the throw distance) and how wide the screen is.
Lumens: The brightness of a projector is measured in lumens. The range for most projectors is from 800-3,000 lumens, with 800 lumens being at the cheaper end of the scale. The amount of lumens necessary depends on where the projector will be placed and how bright the viewing area will be.
Displays: Most models produce images with either DLP (digital light processing) or LCD (liquid crystal display) technology. How do you know which one to choose? Each type has different advantages.
The quality of the image projected is a feature that people took into heavy consideration. If you are going to invest in a nice projector, go all out in terms of image quality.
How loud the projector speakers are also should be taken into consideration, as well as how much noise the projector itself makes. You should be able to hear without having to strain your ears.
Brightness is vital. If you are going to be using the projector in an area with high light, the bulbs need to be capable of producing high luminosity.
If the screen size isn’t known, opt for a projector that has the ability to zoom or has a shorter throw.
Motion smoothing refers to the adding of extra frames so that the motions of the images do not appear jerky or shaky when being transferred to your screen.
It is good to make a list of all the things that are necessary to give you the best experience, and then compare prices as well as features.
Check the warranty of the product in consideration to be sure you can receive help should your projector be faulty.
Optoma: Has received many awards for its numerous models of projectors, the most recent being for the HD91+. This model contains cutting-edge technology that allows for higher efficiency and more flexibility for your needs.
Epson: Produces quality products for affordable prices, and even offers rates for students. Epson was developed in 1942, and has been a prominent company that many people have relied on since.
Digital Galaxy: A manufacturing company in China that sells projectors all around the world. Its newest innovation, called the i-Interactor, is used as an interactive electronic white board. This can be great for homes, for your kids to play with, or in the office to better explain ideas and figures.
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Barack Obama doubled down on his vile comments comparing the GOP to the hardliners in Iran. He would never use that language against the Ayatollah who really is our enemy – he treats the GOP like the enemy. In a surprise move, Chuck Schumer and Eliot Engel have said they will not vote for the Nuclear deal but at the same time, they will not attempt to sway votes. Is he like an Iran hardliner also?
A summary of his impressive press release can be found at the end of the article.
Barack Obama has diplomats from China and Russia – our arch enemies – lobbying Congress to pass the Iran deal. Foreign Policy Magazine reported that they came to allay fears and answer questions but they are obviously assuming the role of lobbyists.
Top diplomats from Russia and China joined a rare meeting of world powers’ envoys on Capitol Hill this week with roughly 30 Senate Democrats to tamp down concerns over the nuclear agreement.
These people are our enemies. Perhaps that’s why it’s being kept quiet. Where’s the media?
The Democrats don’t care what Republicans have to say but they will listen to Sergey Kislyak who attended the meeting.
Chuck Schumer, the third-ranking Democrat in the Senate, has announced that he will vote against the Iran deal.
Listen to Barack Obama tell us what he thinks of GOP who vote against the Iran deal. Obviously Schumer isn’t presenting any leadership and must be like the hardliners in Iran.
It’s a surprise move by Schumer but the word is out that he won’t attempt to sway anyone’s opinion. The other New York senator, Kirsten Gillibrand, has said she will vote for it, perhaps that was part of a deal.
House Foreign Affairs Committee Ranking Member Eliot Engel is also voting against it. He’s like the hardliners in Iran also.
Schumer can’t vote for the deal and risk the wrath of many New York Jews who really don’t like it. A rally against the deal in New York City at the end of July drew more than 12,000.
Schumer issued a press release listing his reasons.
Schumer wrote about the deal as if it was a close call and bloviated about the great achievement of Barack Obama and Secretary Kerry, but he did detail real problems with the deal.
“He found three things that caused him to reach his decision: nuclear restrictions on Iran in the first ten years, nuclear restrictions on Iran after ten years, and non-nuclear components and consequences of a deal,” Schumer wrote.
“More troubling” is the fact the U.S. cannot demand inspections unilaterally, Schumer continued.
Getting the votes to inspect will be near-impossible.
Secondly, Schumer noticed that at the end of the deal, Iran will be “as close” or “closer” to possessing a nuclear deal with far more financial resources.
Finally, the “freed-up funds” can be used to “build an ICBM.
Schumer might pay a price. The far, far, far left group MoveOn is planning to withhold $10 million in campaign funds from Democrats who don’t vote for the deal.
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For Americans, what is the O with a slash called and how does one pronounce it? Accents, umlauts and tildes show up from time to time but not too many Northern European special characters.
Æ: The æ-sound is similar to the 'a' in the english words "bad" and "sad".
Ø: The ø-sound is similar to the 'u' in "burn" and "sun".
Å: The å-sound is similar to the 'o' in "born" and "horns".
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Below is a summary of opinion polls querying the American public on the viability of the official government narrative for 9/11. Polls have been conducted by such pollsters as Zogby, Scripps Howard, Reuters and Angus Reid and cable news channels such as CNN and MSNBC. Apparently, the official conspiracy theory isn't doing very well. In fact, the numbers are scaring the bejesus out of some of the pollsters, who are left looking for ways to trivialize such large numbers of their fellow citizens as "fringe elements". Tactics include suggesting the respondents are misguided because of ethnocentric bias, inability to cope with events of large magnitude, lack of intelligence, factual ignorance, one-sidedness, the internet or deeply embedded distrust of government. The last suggestion appears to have a chicken-or-egg problem.
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A heat pump is an air conditioner that can also work in reverse. In other words, in the summer it pulls heat out of your home making it cooler. In the winter it reverses and pulls heat from outside and puts it in your home. With a heat pump there is no furnace, just an air handler inside your home. They have efficiency ratings, typically called SEER ratings, ranging from 13SEER to 19SEER.
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rate: 75I'm not sure I'm tall.
rate: 100I was well received in a week.
rate: 100I'd like it to be a good calcium nutrient.
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Webster dictionary was developed by Noah Webster in the beginning of 19th century. On this website, you can find definition for oaten from the 1913 edition of Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Define oaten using one of the most comprehensive free online dictionaries on the web.
1. Consisting of an oat straw or stem; as, an oaten pipe.
2. Made of oatmeal; as, oaten cakes.
" A pretty way of travelling, to be sure, it will be," continued she, " to go bumping behind a dirty chaise- driver; but better to be shook to a jelly altogether than stay amongst such a set of Oaten- toads." - "Marriage", Susan Edmonstone Ferrier.
Before the end of the 17th century the squeak of the oaten pipe had become a burden, and the only piece of the kind which it is easy to read without some impatience is Milton's wonderful Lycidas. - "Brief History of English and American Literature", Henry A. Beers.
The sun had far descended, and I still sat on the shore, satisfying my appetite, which had become ravenous, with an oaten cake, when I saw a fishing- boat land close to me, and one of the men brought me a packet; it contained letters from Geneva, and one from Clerval entreating me to join him. - "Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus", Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley.
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Joseph (Joe) Thompson (1838-1909), bookmaker, was born on 6 March 1838 in London, son of Samuel Solomon, tobacco manufacturer, and his wife Jessie, née Levi. He used the surname Thompson when he shipped before the mast in 1854 bound for Australia. At Sandridge, Victoria, he deserted ship by hiding in an off-loaded water-cask; he went to the diggings but after a year at Ballarat went back to the sea. On returning to England he found that his parents had gone to America and he worked his way to Sydney. By 1857 he was back on the Victorian goldfields, first at Ballarat and then at Ararat and Pleasant Creek.
Thompson claimed in 1903 that he had first started to make a book at Ararat in 1857; other sources make it 1861 when he went to Beechworth races. He made a handsome profit on doubles and bought a 'flash crimean, knee boots, spanking new cabbage tree [hat], and a crimson sash around the waist with tassels hanging on each side'. After winning and losing large sums at New South Wales country meetings and in Sydney, he returned to Melbourne and at the 1862 spring meeting operated on the Flemington hill. Despite heavy losses on The Barb and Tim Whiffler in the 1860s, his shrewdness and adaptability soon made him a leader of the ring; with the encouragement of F. C. Standish he gained official acceptance. After winning £17,000 on Lapdog in 1870 he began to work at country meetings, always coming to town for the principal races. He also owned and had interests in horses, including King of the Ring, which was his name for himself although he was better known as 'the Leviathan'; Argus Scandal, named after the newspaper that had criticized him; Don Juan, winner of the Melbourne Cup in 1873; Romula, St Albans and Mentor. Out of his winnings on Don Juan he built Don Juan House in Albert Street, East Melbourne—its 'furniture and adjuncts came to something fabulous'—and he entertained there lavishly.
In 1884 he visited England and was 'treated like a prince'; in 1889 he decided to work there. He left Melbourne in the Arcadia on 8 March and the Australasian wrote that 'though his thatch is more snow-like than it was a few years ago, he is still possessed of wonderful energy, and has the additional advantage of more than £100,000 behind him. His mellifluous voice will be missed'. In January-February 1903 he returned to Australia aboard the Ophir and was much fêted among old racing friends. In several long interviews to the press he described his rise on the English turf: he fielded five days a week in England, went to Paris for the Sunday races and returned to London for settling on Monday. Stories about him featured huge wagers, hampers of delectable food, unlimited champagne and practical jokes.
Thompson's other sporting interests included sculling and boxing which he shared with his brother Jack, who had joined him in Australia about 1869 from the American ring. In 1879 the Thompson brothers promoted the Foley-Hicken fight; they also successfully lobbied the Victorian government to pass legislation enforcing glove fighting according to Queensberry Rules. Another brother Barnett (Barney) worked closely with Joseph from the late 1860s and accompanied him on both trips to England in the 1880s.
On 3 March 1909, when returning from a health trip to South Africa, Thompson died at Funchal, Madeira, leaving his wife Rose Maria, née Barnett, whom he had married at Fitzroy on 12 February 1868, three daughters and a son John. He had invested in Melbourne city property and left an estate in Victoria sworn at a gross value of £23,450.
Clive Turnbull, 'Thompson, Joseph (Joe) (1838–1909)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/thompson-joseph-joe-4713/text7815, published first in hardcopy 1976, accessed online 23 April 2019.
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Establishing and describing state of the art is not an isolated task, but is central to the entire clinical evaluation. Defining the current, accepted best treatment options, and describing the risks and benefits of these options, provides essential information for multiple aspects of the clinical evaluation. Thus, establishing state of the art yields information that is essential for determining if the safety and performance of a device is compatible with current standards (in comparison to available treatment options). In other words, state of the art establishes a reference standard that is used throughout the clinical evaluation.
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NOTHING can be more uniform and undiversified than the life of the Typees; one tranquil day of ease and happiness follows another in quiet succession; and with these unsophisicated savages the history of a day is the history of a life. I will, therefore, as briefly as I can, describe one of our days in the valley.
To begin with the morning. We were not very early risers--the sun would be shooting his golden spikes above the Happar mountain, ere I threw aside my tappa robe, and girding my long tunic about my waist, sallied out with Fayaway and Kory-Kory, and the rest of the household, and bent my steps towards the stream. Here we found congregated all those who dwelt in our section of the valley; and here we bathed with them. The fresh morning air and the cool flowing waters put both soul and body in a glow, and after a half-hour employed in this recreation, we sauntered back to the house--Tinor and Marheyo gathering dry sticks by the way for fire-wood; some of the young men laying the cocoanut trees under contribution as they passed beneath them; while Kory-Kory played his outlandish pranks for my particular diversion, and Fayaway and I, not arm in arm to be sure, but sometimes hand in hand, strolled along, with feelings of perfect charity for all the world, and especial good-will towards each other.
Our morning meal was soon prepared. The islanders are somewhat abstemious at this repast; reserving the more powerful efforts of their appetite to a later period of the day. For my own part, with the assistance of my valet, who, as I have before stated, always officiated as spoon on these occasions, I ate sparingly from one of Tinor's trenchers, of poee-poee; which was devoted exclusively for my own use, being mixed with the milky meat of ripe cocoanut. A section of a roasted bread-fruit, a small cake of 'Amar', or a mess of 'Cokoo,' two or three bananas, or a mammee-apple; an annuee, or some other agreeable and nutritious fruit served from day to day to diversify the meal, which was finished by tossing off the liquid contents of a young cocoanut or two.
While partaking of this simple repast, the inmates of Marheyo's house, after the style of the ancient Romans, reclined in sociable groups upon the divan of mats, and digestion was promoted by cheerful conversation.
After the morning meal was concluded, pipes were lighted; and among them my own especial pipe, a present from the noble Mehevi.
The islanders, who only smoke a whiff or two at a time, and at long intervals, and who keep their pipes going from hand to hand continually, regarded my systematic smoking of four or five pipefuls of tobacco in succession, as something quite wonderful. When two or three pipes had circulated freely, the company gradually broke up. Marheyo went to the little hut he was forever building. Tinor began to inspect her rolls of tappa, or employed her busy fingers in plaiting grass-mats. The girls anointed themselves with their fragrant oils, dressed their hair, or looked over their curious finery, and compared together their ivory trinkets, fashioned out of boar's tusks or whale's teeth. The young men and warriors produced their spears, paddles, canoe-gear, battle-clubs, and war-conchs, and occupied themselves in carving, all sorts of figures upon them with pointed bits of shell or flint, and adorning them, especially the war-conchs, with tassels of braided bark and tufts of human hair. Some, immediately after eating, threw themselves once more upon the inviting mats, and resumed the employment of the previous night, sleeping as soundly as if they had not closed their eyes for a week. Others sallied out into the groves, for the purpose of gathering fruit or fibres of bark and leaves; the last two being in constant requisition, and applied to a hundred uses. A few, perhaps, among the girls, would slip into the woods after flowers, or repair to the stream will; small calabashes and cocoanut shells, in order to polish them by friction with a smooth stone in the water. In truth these innocent people seemed to be at no loss for something to occupy their time; and it would be no light task to enumerate all their employments, or rather pleasures.
My own mornings I spent in a variety of ways. Sometimes I rambled about from house to house, sure of receiving a cordial welcome wherever I went; or from grove to grove, and from one shady place to another, in company with Kory-Kory and Fayaway, and a rabble rout of merry young idlers. Sometimes I was too indolent for exercise, and accepting one of the many invitations I was continually receiving, stretched myself out on the mats of some hospitable dwelling, and occupied myself pleasantly either in watching the proceedings of those around me or taking part in them myself. Whenever I chose to do the latter, the delight of the islanders was boundless; and there was always a throng of competitors for the honour of instructing me in any particular craft. I soon became quite an accomplished hand at making tappa--could braid a grass sling as well as the best of them--and once, with my knife, carved the handle of a javelin so exquisitely, that I have no doubt, to this day, Karnoonoo, its owner, preserves it as a surprising specimen of my skill. As noon approached, all those who had wandered forth from our habitation, began to return; and when midday was fairly come scarcely a sound was to be heard in the valley: a deep sleep fell upon all. The luxurious siesta was hardly ever omitted, except by old Marheyo, who was so eccentric a character, that he seemed to be governed by no fixed principles whatever; but acting just according to the humour of the moment, slept, eat, or tinkered away at his little hut, without regard to the proprieties of time or place. Frequently he might have been seen taking a nap in the sun at noon-day, or a bath in the stream of mid-night. Once I beheld him perched eighty feet from the ground, in the tuft of a cocoanut tree, smoking; and often I saw him standing up to the waist in water, engaged in plucking out the stray hairs of his beard, using a piece of muscle-shell for tweezers.
The noon-tide slumber lasted generally an hour and a half: very often longer; and after the sleepers had arisen from their mats they again had recourse to their pipes, and then made preparations for the most important meal of the day.
I, however, like those gentlemen of leisure who breakfast at home and dine at their club, almost invariably, during my intervals of health, enjoyed the afternoon repast with the bachelor chiefs of the Ti, who were always rejoiced to see me, and lavishly spread before me all the good things which their larder afforded. Mehevi generally introduced among other dainties a baked pig, an article which I have every reason to suppose was provided for my sole gratification.
The Ti was a right jovial place. It did my heart, as well as my body, good to visit it. Secure from female intrusion, there was no restraint upon the hilarity of the warriors, who, like the gentlemen of Europe after the cloth is drawn and the ladies retire, freely indulged their mirth.
After spending a considerable portion of the afternoon at the Ti, I usually found myself, as the cool of the evening came on, either sailing on the little lake with Fayaway, or bathing in the waters of the stream with a number of the savages, who, at this hour, always repaired thither. As the shadows of night approached Marheyo's household were once more assembled under his roof: tapers were lit, long curious chants were raised, interminable stories were told (for which one present was little the wiser), and all sorts of social festivities served to while away the time.
The young girls very often danced by moonlight in front of their dwellings. There are a great variety of these dances, in which, however, I never saw the men take part. They all consist of active, romping, mischievous evolutions, in which every limb is brought into requisition. Indeed, the Marquesan girls dance all over, as it were; not only do their feet dance, but their arms, hands, fingers, ay, their very eyes, seem to dance in their heads.
The damsels wear nothing but flowers and their compendious gala tunics; and when they plume themselves for the dance, they look like a band of olive-coloured Sylphides on the point of taking wing. In good sooth, they so sway their floating forms, arch their necks, toss aloft their naked arms, and glide, and swim, and whirl, that it was almost too much for a quiet, sober-minded, modest young man like myself.
Unless some particular festivity was going forward, the inmates of Marheyo's house retired to their mats rather early in the evening; but not for the night, since, after slumbering lightly for a while, they rose again, relit their tapers, partook of the third and last meal of the day, at which poee-poee alone was eaten, and then, after inhaling a narcotic whiff from a pipe of tobacco, disposed themselves for the great business of night, sleep. With the Marquesans it might almost most be styled the great business of life, for they pass a large portion of their time in the arms of Somnus. The native strength of their constitution is no way shown more emphatically than in the quantity of sleep they can endure. To many of them, indeed, life is little else than an often interrupted and luxurious nap.
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Harriet Hosmer was born on October 9, 1830 at Watertown, Massachusetts, and completed a course of study at Sedgewick School in Lenox, Massachusetts. Her mother and three siblings died during her childhood. She was a delicate child, and was encouraged by her father, physician Hiram Hosmer, to pursue a course of physical training by which she became expert in rowing, skating, and riding. He also encouraged her artistic passion. She traveled alone in the wilderness of the western United States, and visited the Dakota Indians.
She showed an early aptitude for modeling, and studied anatomy with her father. Through the influence of family friend Wayman Crow she attended the anatomical instruction of Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell at the Missouri Medical College (then the medical department of the state university). She then studied in Boston and practiced modeling at home until November 1852, when, with her father and her friend Charlotte Cushman, she went to Rome, where from 1853 to 1860 she was the pupil of the Welsh sculptor John Gibson, and she was finally allowed to study live models.
While living in Rome, she associated with a colony of artists and writers that included Nathaniel Hawthorne, Bertel Thorvaldsen, William Makepeace Thackeray, and the two female Georges, Eliot and Sand. When in Florence, she was frequently the guest of Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning at Casa Guidi.
The artists included Anne Whitney, Emma Stebbins, Edmonia Lewis, Louisa Lander, Margaret Foley, Florence Freeman, and Vinnie Ream. Hawthorne was clearly describing these in his novel The Marble Faun, and Henry James called them a "sisterhood of American ‘lady sculptors'." As Hosmer is now considered the most famous female sculptor of her time in America, she is credited with having 'led the flock' of other female sculptors.
The Sleeping Faun was created in 1865 in Rome, and was one of Hosmer's most celebrated works.
Hosmer was drawn to the Neoclassical style, which was easy to study given her presence in Rome. She enjoyed studying mythology, and she created various representations of mythological icons, such as the sculpture of The Sleeping Faun, which includes intricate details of elements such as his hair, the grapes, and the cloth draped over him.
She also designed and constructed machinery, and devised new processes, especially in connection with sculpture, such as a method of converting the ordinary limestone of Italy into marble, and a process of modeling in which the rough shape of a statue is first made in plaster, on which a coating of wax is laid for working out the finer forms.
Hosmer later lived in Chicago and Terre Haute, Indiana.
Hosmer exhibited her sculpture of Queen Isabella, commissioned by the Queen Isabella Association, in the California State Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. The statue was exhibited again in 1894 at the California Midwinter International Exposition.
For 25 years she was romantically involved with Louisa, Lady Ashburton, widow of Bingham Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton (died 1864).
In the 19th century women did not usually have careers, especially careers as sculptors. Women were not allowed to have the same art education as men, they were not trained in the making "great" art such as large history paintings, mythological and biblical scenes, modeling of figure. Women usually produced artwork that could be done in their home, such as still lives, portraits, landscapes, and small scale carvings, although even Queen Victoria allowed her daughter, the Princess Louise, to study sculpture.
Hosmer was not allowed to attend art classes because working from a live model was forbidden for women, but she took classes in anatomy to learn the human form and paid for private sculpture lessons. The biggest career move she made was moving to Rome to study art. Hosmer owned her own studio and ran her own business. She became a well-known artist in Rome, and received several commissions.
Hosmer commented on her break from tradition by saying "I honor every woman who has strength enough to step outside the beaten path when she feels that her walk lies in another; strength enough to stand up and be laughed at, if necessary."
Mount Hosmer, near Lansing, Iowa is named after Hosmer; she won a footrace to the summit of the hill during a steamboat layover during the 1850s.
During World War II the Liberty ship SS Harriet Hosmer was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in her honor.
A book of poetry, Waking Stone: Inventions on the Life Of Harriet Hosmer, by Carole Simmons Oles, was published in 2006.
Her sculpture, Puck and Owl, is featured on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.
The Hosmer School in Watertown, Massachusetts is a public elementary school named in her honor.
Hosmer made both large and small scale works and also produced work to specific order. Her smaller works were frequently issued in multiples to accommodate demand. Among her most popular were 'Beatrice Cenci', which exists in several versions.
Hosmer's Medusa, captured in the midst of her transformation into the woman, covered with snakes, who is capable of turning men into stone.
A Sleeping Faun (1865) is now being displayed at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Another version is in Iveagh House, Dublin, see Homan Potterton, 'An American Sculpture at the Dublin Exhibition of 1865: Hariet Hosmer's Sleeping Faun', The Arts in Ireland Autumn 1973.
A Waking Faun; a bronze statue of Thomas H. Benton (1866 - 1867) for Lafayette Park, St. Louis. It was created as a companion to "The Sleeping Faun".
Bronze gates for the Earl of Brownlow's art gallery at Ashridge Hall.
Statues of the queen of Naples as the heroine of Gaeta, and of Queen Isabella of Spain for the Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893.
^ Frank, Priscilla (29 May 2015). "The 19th Century American Women Artists You Don't Know, But Should". Retrieved 7 July 2017 – via Huff Post.
^ The Theatre. Wyman & Sons. 1890.
^ "History". Lenox, MA. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "Harriet Hosmer – Civil War Women". www.civilwarwomenblog.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1892). "Hosmer, Harriet" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
^ MacLean, Maggie. "Harriet Hosmer: One of the First Women Artists in the United States". CIvil War Women. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ Hosmer, Harriet Goodhue (1912). Harriet Hosmer letters and memories. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company. p. 8.
^ Wittmann, Otto (Spring 1952). "The Italian Experience (American Artists in Italy 1830-1875)". American Quarterly.
^ Williams, Carla (2002). "Whitney, Anne". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
^ James, Henry (1903). William Wetmore Story and his friends: from letters, diaries and recollections. London: William Blackwood. p. 257.
^ Cronin, Patricia. Harriet Hosmer • Lost and Found.
^ a b c "Sleeping Faun". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 2017-02-06. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
^ "Harriet Hosmer, Pioneering Woman Artist". New England Historical Society. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
^ Nichols, K. L. "Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893". Retrieved 30 January 2019.
^ Sherwood, Dolly. Harriet Hosmer, University of Missouri Press, pp.102-3; 270-3.
^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 22189-22190). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
^ "Harriet Goodhue Hosmer | National Museum of Women in the Arts". nmwa.org. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
^ "Beatrice Cenci, (1857) by Harriet Hosmer :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW". nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
^ "Puck on a toadstool, (circa 1856) by Harriet Hosmer :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW". nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
^ "Beatrice Cenci". Art Gallery of New South Wales: Collection. Art Gallery of New South Wales.
^ Williams, Janette (March 6, 2008). "Gift helps Huntington acquire American art". Pasadena Star-News.
^ Cronin, Patricia. Harriet Hosmer - Lost and Found.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hosmer, Harriet Goodhue" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Culkin, Kate. Harriet Hosmer: A Cultural Biography. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010.
Maclean, Maggie. "Harriet Hosmer: One of the First Women Artists in the United States". Civil War Women. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Harriet Goodhue Hosmer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
"Harriet Hosmer and the Triumph over Captivity". Radford University. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Cronin, Patricia; preface by Maura Reilly and an essay by William H. Gerdts. (2009). Harriet Hosmer: Lost and Found, A Catalogue Raisonné. Milan: Edizioni Charta. ISBN 9788881587322.
Culkin, Kate. Harriet Hosmer: A Cultural Biography. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harriet Goodhue Hosmer.
The Winterthur Library Overview of an archival collection on Harriet Hosmer.
Hosmer, Harriet; Carr, Cornelia. Harriet Hosmer letters and memories (1913) (Internet Archives).
Papers, 1834-1959. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
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Имате въпрос към Novotel Pune Nagar Pune - An AccorHotels Brand?
Novotel Pune Nagar Pune - An AccorHotels Brand е перфектен избор за пътуващи, които желаят да почувстват духа на Пуна. Разположен на 7.3 km от най-вълнуващите части на града, този 5-звезден хотел притежава отлично местоположение и осигурява лесен достъп до най-големите забележителности. С удобното си местоположение хотелът предлага лесен достъп до всички градски забележителности, които задължително трябва да се видят.
Novotel Pune Nagar Pune - An AccorHotels Brand също така предлага много съоръжения за обогатяване на Вашия престой в Пуна. Подбор на съоръжения от най-висока класа като безплатен WiFi достъп във всички стаи, 24-часова рецепция, съоръжения за инвалиди, експресно настаняване/напускане, съхраняване на багаж, са на разположение за Вас в хотела.
Всички стаи се отличават с грижливо замислени удобства, което гарантира неповторимо усещане за комфорт. Хотелските съоръжения като фитнес зала, открит басейн, детски клуб са идеално място за почивка след тежък и уморителен ден. Открийте интригуващата комбинация от професионално обслужване и широка гама удобства в Novotel Pune Nagar Pune - An AccorHotels Brand.
i stayed in novotel for 4 nights on a business trip... had a rocky start due to one single inconsideration however after i complained the hotel staff was quick to reapond and everything from there went towards a class stay and care. i am very pleased with the restaurant staff, the cleaners and the reception staff as well. they were all very friendly, helpful and courteous. i would love to be here again and i left a ThankYou note for the staff at my desk...hope they get that.
very close to the airport food room design everything was great compared to the price. u can even find a steam iron. I strongly recommend this hotel to business travellers.
No ethics to talk on the phone when we call the reception for an enquiry., The lady at the front desk a multitasker is too busy with wedding bookings taken than to speak on a call with a self made booking.. No courtesy and just hang up., A request made on the Agoda site was a Room side by side as we were 4 Girls Travelling was also not given.. A request for an early check in at 1:00 noon instead of 2:00 noon was also turned down and we were asked to read the rules.. Being a Business Hotel the hotel does not have a desktop or laptop to use and only 1 was available in the lobby which was in Chinese and no 1 including the staff was able to change the language.. The lighting in the rooms was very Dim and was very difficult to get ready with very small mirrors., even the TV has mostly Hindi Channels., A sad state of the reception/ front office staff is a major putt off.. Either hire professionals or fire the people running the job to standardise quality aspects..
Like my room layout. Staffs are helpful and friendly. Available of open space for business discussion. Only bad point is the ventilation in dining restaurant need to improve as it link to lobby and eventually everywhere become very smelly.
What a lovely, reasonably priced hotel! The staff is extraordinarily friendly and helpful. The rooms are nicely appointed and comfortable. It is so handy to have the two Mac computers available since my tablet wasn't connecting to wifi. The breakfasts are delicious. It is within walking distance of a great mall.
Overall, this hotel was good. Only the point i was not satisfied is the staff took a long time to arrange the hotel car.
Отседнахме 14 вечер/и в февруари 2016 г.
I stayed for 2 weeks in this hotel and was not bored during that time. The 2 restaurants are good, and the breakfast buffet was extensive. If you get bored you can walk across the road and try any of the hotels in the Hyatt. Or walk 10 mins to the Phoenix mall for shopping and eating. The room was very comfortable and well equipped with kettle, fridge, TV room safe and iron. The bathroom had a shower. The concierge was able to organise a car to my office quickly each morning, although occasionally got a shared car with people going to different locations which was quite annoying. The laundry service spoilt the trousers for a hand-made suit with their dry cleaning - but this is a risk anywhere in India (indeed anywhere). Overall I'd recommend this hotel if you are working in this area of the city. It is close to the airport but not disconnected from the city - and indeed is quite near the Aga Khan's palace as a tourist destination.
Отседнахме 10 вечер/и в август 2015 г.
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Priyanka Chopra posed for the cover of magazine 'Conde Nast Traveler' with a T-shirt that created controversy for 'insulting' the refugees. Priyanka Chopra has apologized publicly and says she has been misunderstood. "I'm really sorry for the feelings I've been able to hurt. I've always been against the labels". Indian actress Priyanka has staged a controversy following her appearance on the cover of 'Conde Nast Traveler' magazine posing with a T-shirt in which the words "migration", "refugee" and "outsider" are crossed out, leaving the word "traveler" ( traveler ) not crossed out.
Both the magazine and Priyanka Chopra have publicly apologized to the uproar of their followers. The publication confirmed to the BBC that its actual intention was "to show how to label people". Meanwhile, Priyanka has stated that she is "really sorry for the feelings that She has been able to hurt, I have always been against the labels, I am very affected and I feel terrible." However, she argues that "the message has been misunderstood." The model published the cover of the magazine, when it went on sale in its account of Twitter and the rain of negative comments soon arrived.
Internet users interpreted the T-shirt as an offense to the migrants, in addition to being timely due to the refugee crisis that exists today. They also reminded both parties that being a refugee is not an option. Priyanka, 34, became world famous when she became Miss World in 2000.
She later began her career as an actress and in 2003 made her Bollywood debut. Currently, she is one of the best paid on American television and triumphs with the series Quantico.
Fashion star Priyanka has played Alex Paris in the American TV series 'Quantico' and she is in the role of Victoria Leeds in the Hollywood movie 'BayWatch'. When asked if the personality is influenced by the characters on the screen, she told a news agency INNS in a testimony, "I do this all the time.
Imagine, during the first session of 'Quantico' I was shooting 'Bajirao Mastani' but I think in another way, at that time, Priyanka's personality had an impact on Alex". She then said, "There were some such days here, maybe when I said Alex's dialogue in the Indian style and only then my coach came out and reminded me that Alex is an American. You know that whenever I am emotional or angry, then I become 'Desi' and my native style comes out".
The Padma Shri award-winning actress believes that she is going anywhere in the world, it does not matter, but the truth is that she is an Indian by heart.
Priyanka, who has lived in New York for the past few months, has recently come to India and she has won the National Film Awards party for her Bollywood friends and Marathi film 'Ventilator' made under her production house. Her film 'Ventilator' has received three National Film Awards.
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To keep a territory contested, can a country just move one infantry unit in each turn, since the other country would have to defeat the lone unit to take control and be able to progress? You can't move after attacking so the defending player could just move one unit in each turn and waste the other country's turn.
When you move units into a hostile or neutral territory, you are required to attack. As a result, the lone infantry would have to survive the battle in order to have the effect you describe.
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This article is about president of Chile. For the economist, see Aníbal Pinto Santa Cruz.
Aníbal Pinto Garmendia (March 15, 1825 – June 9, 1884) was a Chilean political figure. He served as the president of Chile between 1876 and 1881.
He was born in Santiago de Chile, the son of former Chilean president General Francisco Antonio Pinto and of Luisa Garmendia Aldurralde. He completed his studies at the Colegio Argentino de Santiago and the Instituto Nacional. At the age of 20, he joined the foreign service, and was posted as under-secretary to the Chilean Legation to the Holy See. He returned to Chile two years later, in 1850. Two years later, he was elected to the lower house of congress, and was reelected several times. Later, he became a Senator and, in 1861, was named Intendant of Concepción, position that he held for 10 years. There he married Delfina de la Cruz Zañartu, daughter of General José María de la Cruz Prieto and Josefa Zañartu Trujillo.
In 1871, President Errázuriz named him minister of war and navy, and, from that position, became one of the contenders for the presidential nomination. He first defeated Miguel Luis Amunátegui in the liberal primaries, and later Benjamín Vicuña in the presidential elections.
His government started under the weight of the worst Chilean economic crisis of the 19th century. This was made worse by the floods of 1876, that laid waste to the nascent infrastructure. An earthquake on May 9, 1877, completed the destruction. At this juncture, he declared the non-convertibility of the currency, a measure that prevented a run on the banks and saved the public credit, but caused him the enmity of the opposition.
Nonetheless, the principal crisis of his administration was the outbreak of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia. He managed to successfully face the first onslaught, at the same time, achieving the all-important Argentinian neutrality. On July 23, 1881, he signed a treaty with Argentina recognising Argentine sovereignty on eastern Patagonia and Eastern Tierra del Fuego but keeping the Strait of Magellan and western Tierra del Fuego under Chilean control.
He also managed to obtain the capture of Antofagasta and Tarapacá and used these territories as new sources of revenue to finance the rest of the war.
After his retirement from politics, a debt that he had personally guaranteed forced him to sell all his property, having to move to a very modest house near Victoria square, in Valparaíso. Though he was offered the position of senator or different embassies in Europe, he decided to make do working as a translator for the railroad companies. He died in Valparaíso in 1884.
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Angel Investing vs. Crowdfunding: How to Raise Money for Your Startup?
The typical angel investor is a high-net-worth individual who has an interest in helping new companies expand. These accredited investors provide startups with seed money in exchange for an equity stake in the company. The idea here is that once the company becomes profitable, the angel investor can sell their shares for a profit.
Angel funding is not a loan. Taking out a small business loan is another way to fund a startup, but it creates a legal obligation to repay what's borrowed. Angel investors, on the other hand, don't expect the money to be repaid. Instead, they're banking on the company increasing in value over time.
Angel investors can provide more than just money. Angel investors are often established business owners themselves and they have years of experience working with startups. In addition to providing the financial backing you need to get your venture up and running, angel investors will often share their expertise, which can be invaluable to the business's long-term success.
Angel investors are risk-takers. An unfortunate truth is that the vast majority of startups will fail to become sustainable and from an investor perspective, they're extremely risky. Without a solid track record, obtaining a bank loan or getting funding through a venture capitalist can be all but impossible. Angel investors, on the other hand, understand the implied risks, and they're willing to put their own money on the line to support a startup's growth.
There may be more pressure to succeed. While the desire to help new businesses succeed plays a part in angel investors' decisions, it's not the only motivator at work. They also want to see their investment pay off in a tangible way. That can turn up the heat on startups to churn out a solid rate of return.
Angel investors aren't hands-off. As mentioned earlier, angel investors receive a certain amount of equity in exchange for providing funding to a startup. Not only are you handing over a set percentage of the business's future profits but you're also sacrificing a certain amount of control concerning decision-making. That can be problematic if conflicts arise surrounding the angel investor's role in business operations.
Attracting investors may be easier. Bringing angel investors on board can be a time-consuming process because it typically involves pitching your startup's concept multiple times. Crowdfunding platforms, on the other hand, streamline the process by allowing startups to post their pitch in one spot where it can be viewed by a broad range of investors.
Crowdfunding can increase visibility. Marketing can eat up a large part of any startup's budget but using a crowdfunding platform to raise funds is a low-cost way to spread the word. When a crowdfunding campaign is funded relatively quickly, it sends the message that the startup is one to watch. That can increase the brand's visibility and help to attract additional investors for subsequent funding rounds.
Fees can be expensive. Crowdfunding platforms are focused on connecting investors with startups, but they're also in business to make money. Startups who use these platforms can expect to pay anywhere from 5% to 10% in fees to raise the money they need, which can detract from the amount of capital they have available.
Angel investing is a good option for startups to raise large amounts of capital without being constrained by the requirements that go along with taking out a loan. The main disadvantage, however, is the fact that it requires trading off a certain amount of ownership in the company. While rewards-based crowdfunding offers a work-around to that dilemma, the fees can quickly add up. Weighing the loss of equity against cost can make it easier for startups to decide which option is best.
Choose The Best Way To Fund Your Startup: Are Loans Or Equity Right For You?
Does Your Startup Need Venture Capital Money?
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How to assigne a user defined attribute for all the MUs in one batch?
I tried to assign a Batch number for each batch. So when this batch is in production, I know this is Batch No.24 ( for example) and next Batch will be No.25. We have two part models -- 50T and 675T, we run one batch then switch to the other model batch. If we run 50T first, then all the batches for 50T are odd numbers (1,3,5,7 ....), and the batches for 675T are even numbers(2,4,6,....).
I used Assembly machine, and container to pull a batch. Then use DismantleStation to deliver MUs to the conveyor.
What is the best way to put Batch Sequence number on each MU?
Betreff: How to assigne a user defined attribute for all the MUs in one batch?
add an attribute 'BatchNumber' of type integer to your class object of your MUs. At the assembly station you also add a variable of type inter as global batch number. Assign the global batch number to the batch you crreated on the assembly station. As soon as the container leaves the Assembly, increment the global batch number.
I attached a small model. I still couldn't make it happen. The problem is how to assign the Global Variable: Batch_var, to the MU's attribue BatchN at the dismentalstation. Please help.
1. you have differnt userdefined attributes e.g.
This method was triggered at the Entrance or Exit under Controls. But I got an error message: Unknown: Unidentifier BatchN.
Well, you didn't follow, what I posted you to do.
Only the mus you dismantled from the main MU , which are leaving to the line.
Therefore the method was placed as line entry method.
Now, it's working. I put th e Global Variable: Batch_var:=Batch_var+1 in the DismentalStation, as a user defined method. I followed your direction to put @.BatchN:=Batch_var at the Line method and triggered at the Exit. It works.
Attached is the model. It works. Each MU got its batch number.
Since the two models will mix each other after the Cold Test due to the re-routs. I can use this batch number to re-sequence after Cold Test stations and make the down stream operation easier.
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Christie lashes GOP for blocking Sandy relief: Could he still lead the party?
New Jersey Governor Chris Christie has once again clashed with GOP hardliners. Will his bipartisan line prevent him from becoming GOP leader?
Background article: Christie lashes GOP over Sandy relief: Could he still lead the party?
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Official site: http://tehran2017.fide.com/. See also Wikipedia article: Women's World Chess Championship 2017.
The 2017 FIDE Women's World Championship, held from February 11 to March 3 in Tehran, Iran, featured 64 (1) players in a series of knockout matches. The early rounds had two games each, plus a tiebreak if necessary. The final was a match of four games and two tiebreak games, with the winner declared Women's World Champion. The prize fund was USD $450,000 with the winner taking home $60,000.
The reigning champion Yifan Hou, winner of the Muzychuk - Hou Women's World Championship Match (2016), boycotted the qualification system and did not participate. Other absentees were Koneru Humpy and Irina Krush, as well as US Women's Champion Nazi Paikidze, and former (2015�16) Women's World Champion Mariya Muzychuk, who boycotted the event over the choice of the Iranian venue.
Tan Zhongyi thus became the 16th Women's World Champion. To be challenged by Ju Wenjun, the winner of the Grand Prix series 2015-2016 (see FIDE Women's Grand Prix Khanty-Mansiysk (2016)), in the Tan - Ju Women's World Championship Match (2018).
(1) The event started with only 63 players due to the passing away of qualifier Cristina-Adela Foisor. Her intended first-round opponent Olga Girya was seeded directly into the second round.
Example: Common saying "When in Rome, do as Romans do."
Now, this thing, can be said to be religion based, or modesty based, (In the old days, where European or American women wear head scarf, is to prevent hair from being wind blown and messed up, mostly).
Again, I don't understand why members of CG.com continue to BANG THEIR HEAD on this issue???????
Tournament is over, protestors said their say, female players who accepted the invitation and the stipulation(s) had their say. What is the point of the/this discussion?
When it's no longer (really) chess related/relevant.
The point is, should the chess world criticize FIDE and take measures to avoid such kind of controversy in future world title events?
But if not interested, skip this page. I don't think there will be much further discussion here about the actual chess.
Should Olympics committee award future sites to China, or Russia that have no democracy and/or human rights abuse, when they are the only country or city to submit a bid?
My comment/opinion, if there is a (bidding) process and only Iran submitted a bid, or in the case of Olympics, Western countries pulled out because of cost, and only China or Russia bids, what you gonna do?
Winter Olympics in China... With man-made snow. Definitely looking forward to that one.
tamar: <Wannabe> No one knew that Iran would be awarded the Women's Championship when they won the right to compete for it.
Suppose they went further and said you can't play chess in our country if you don't wear that covering. Would it be as easy to laugh and say sure?
So, do you agree that players should be allowed to play in chess tournaments barefoot? There must be lots of tournament sites in the US that won't allow that.
But if you choose to visit or move to a country, there's a far greater onus on you to respect their laws because you've promised to abide by them in return for admittance. So for most chess tournaments, having to wear the local dress code isn't much of an issue.
But a world championship is different, because people can be judged not world champion for failing to attend, so there's a degree of compulsion. This means the world championship should ideally happen somewhere with no dress laws. But if a country has dress restrictions which almost nobody strongly objects to following, then it's not worth making an issue over.
But many people strongly object to wearing headscarves under compulsion.
Mar-31-17 nok: Except it is no world championship but a woman only event, which is far harsher discrimination.
tamar: <beatgiant> there have been restrictions based on modesty and health, but the hijab is associated with Islamic state religion, and is only required of women.
Many went and had no problem. It is also a reasonable choice to boycott such impositions of religion.
Agreed, but the real question is, should FIDE have rejected the bid on these grounds, given no other bid for the event?
To me, the key question is whether indeed it is a religious thing. Based on the fact that it predates Islam and has been widespread in non-Islamic societies in living memory, I'm inclined to say not.
beatgiant: To be even more specific: I think the core principle is, <every player should be allowed to participate regardless of politics or religion>.
For example, if someone was not able to participate because their own religion had a conflicting dress code, then the tournament sponsors would have had to come up with an accommodation.
I would be inclined to say nuts if some govt told me I could play only with a bucket on my head because it is their tradition.
I've traveled abroad a lot and had to go out of my comfort zone many times, same as foreign visitors do when visiting my country.
I think some Westerners have a real blind spot about the shoe thing. In a traditional match at go/weiqi/baduk in China, Japan and Korea, it's a good bet that bare feet were mandatory and anything else would be considered highly offensive.
The sanitary argument for indoor shoe is pretty weak, according to the source I cited above. I think the reality is that a culture that wears shoes indoors has conquered the world, so we all think it's normal without much real thought.
In short: "They're making us wear Christian foot coverings to play in a chess tournament!"
It is about having unwanted room refreshing.
beatgiant: <john barleycorn> <It is about having unwanted room refreshing.> That's myth #6 on the barefooters.org top ten list.
Only #6? I mean it is the smell for sure but also the burning eyes.
beatgiant: <john barleycorn> New FIDE regulation for mandatory dark glasses?
haha. dark glasses only when wearing black socks.
Mar-31-17 nok: <I think the reality is that a culture that wears shoes indoors has conquered the world> What about neckties? Now that's ideological clothing.
Reportedly the players didn�t get any money at all. FIDE hadn't secured the prize fund in advance, as they usually do (bank guaranty or advance payment), so after the tournament, Iran, the organizer, says something about they couldn�t pay because "money was blocked in some account bla bla".
FIDE is now really close to bankruptcy. I think this money scandal, and the fact that the upcoming FIDE Grand Prix in Moscow might get cancelled, fuelled the mutiny within FIDE organization, and the ultimate reason why Kirsan got kicked out of office recently.
May-01-17 JimNorCal: Kirsan is (finally) kicked out of office?
Tabanus: Jeez. I'll try to update the bio later. It does not even say who won. Fun while it lasted, I suppose, and more fun next year.
After seeing this I can't understand why not the winner of a Tan Zhongyi - Ju Wenjun match could be the challenger for Yifan for the WWC.
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Around a woman who is pregnant, do not mention the pregnancy or congratulate her on her pregnancy. I am told (by a German) that unlike in American culture, Germans do not make a big deal of pregnancy itself, such as by having baby showers, etc., as we do in the States. If I heard her correctly, it is almost considered rude to draw attention to the pregnancy or to give baby-related gifts or cards before the birth. Others can correct me if I am wrong but I am just reporting what a German told me.
Also, I am told that Germans consider it rude -- quite unlike in the States -- for one to have one's free hand (i.e. the hand not holding the fork) underneath the table as one eats. Germans keep both hands visible and above the table as they eat, is what I have been told. Again, others can correct me if this is wrong.
I can't explain it but I completely relate to all of these. As I say often, America is largely a Germanic country and maybe it influenced me. And maybe you too.
Maybe the Germans picked up the one about not mentioning pregnancy from the German Jews, as this is certainly the case in Jewish frum culture, although not at all the case in non-frum American culture.
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This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs; the patronymic is Maximilianovich and the family name is Malenkov.
Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov[a] (8 January 1902 [O.S. 26 December 1901] – 14 January 1988) was a Soviet politician who briefly succeeded Joseph Stalin as the leader of the Soviet Union. However, at the insistence of the rest of the Presidium, he relinquished control over the party in exchange for remaining first among equals as the country's Premier. Subsequently, Malenkov became embroiled in a power struggle ultimately culminating in his removal from the premiership in 1955 and the Presidium in 1957.
Throughout his political career, Georgy Malenkov's personal connections with Vladimir Lenin significantly facilitated his ascent within the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union. By 1925, he was entrusted with overseeing the party's records. This brought him into contact with Stalin who had by then successfully consolidated power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to become the de facto leader of the Soviet Union. As a result of this association, Malenkov became heavily involved in Stalin's purges before later being given sole responsibility over the Soviet missile program during World War II. From 1946 to 1947, he chaired the Council of Ministers Special Committee on rocket technology [ru]. In order to secure his position as Stalin's favorite, he successfully discredited Marshal Georgy Zhukov and suppressed all glory associated with Leningrad during World War II so that Moscow maintained its image as the Soviet Union's sole cultural and political capital.
Following Stalin's death on 5 March 1953, Malenkov temporarily emerged as the Soviet dictator's undisputed successor by replacing him as both Chairman of the Council of Ministers (or Premier) and the highest-ranking member of the party's Secretariat. However, only nine days later, the Politburo (then known as the Presidium) forced him to give up his membership in the party apparatus while allowing him to retain the premiership. Henceforth, Malenkov presided over a collective leadership until being removed as Premier in 1955 by the party’s First Secretary, Nikita Khrushchev. After later organizing a failed coup against Khrushchev in 1957, he was expelled from the Presidium and exiled to Kazakhstan in 1957, before ultimately being expelled from the Party altogether in November 1961. He officially retired from politics shortly afterwards. After a short sojourn in Kazakhstan, he returned to Moscow and kept a low profile for the remainder of his life.
Malenkov was born at Orenburg in the Russian Empire. His paternal ancestors were from the area of Ohrid in the Ottoman Vilayet of Manastir, (present day North Macedonia). Some of them served as officers in the Russian Imperial Army. His father was a wealthy farmer in Orenburg province. Young Malenkov occasionally helped his father to do business selling the harvest. His mother was the daughter of a blacksmith and the granddaughter of an Orthodox priest.
In 1920, in Turkestan, Malenkov started living together with Valeria Golubtsova, daughter of Aleksei Golubtsov, former State Councilor of the Russian Empire in Nizhny Novgorod and dean of the Imperial Cadet School. Golubtsova and Malenkov never officially registered their union and remained unregistered partners for the rest of their lives. Golubtsova joined the Soviet Communist Party in 1920; her personal views were described as anti-semitic by her co-workers. She had a direct connection to Vladimir Lenin through her mother — one of the "Nevzorov sisters" who were apprentices of Lenin and studied together with him for years, long before the Revolution. This connection helped both Golubtsova and Malenkov in their communist career. Later Golubtsova was the director of the Moscow Energy Institute, a center for nuclear power research in USSR.
Malenkov was in charge of keeping records on the members of the Soviet communist party – two million files were made under his supervision during the next ten years. In this work Malenkov became closely associated with Stalin and was later heavily involved in the treason trials during the purging of the party. In 1938, he was one of the key figures in bringing about the downfall of Yezhov, the head of the NKVD. In 1939, Malenkov became the head of the Communist party's Cadres Directorate, which gave him control over personnel matters of party bureaucracy. During the same year, he also became a member and a Secretary of the Central Committee and rose from his previous staff position to full member of the Orgburo. In February 1941, Malenkov became a candidate member of the Politburo.
After the German invasion of June 1941, Malenkov was promoted to the State Defense Committee (SDC), along with NKVD chief Beria, Voroshilov and Molotov with Stalin as the committee's head. This small group held total control over all political and economic life in the country and Malenkov's membership thus made him one of the top five most powerful men in the Soviet Union during World War II. Between 1941 and 1943, Malenkov's primary responsibility in the GKO was supervising military aircraft production as well as supervising the development of nuclear weapons. In 1943, he also became chairman of a committee that oversaw the post-war economic rehabilitation of some liberated areas with the exception of Leningrad.
"Zhdanovshchina" was the emphasis on purified communist ideology developed during the Second World War by Andrei Zhdanov. It emerged from Zhdanov's debates inside the party hierarchy opposing Malenkov's pragmatist faction. Malenkov stressed the universal values of science and engineering, and proposed to promote the technological experts to the highest positions in the Soviet administrative elite. Zhdanov's faction said proper ideology trumped science and called for prioritizing political education and ideological purity. However the technocrats had proven amazingly successful during the war in terms of engineering, industrial production, and the development of advanced munitions. Zhdanov's sought to use the ideological purification of the party as a vehicle to restore the Kremlin's political control over the provinces and the technocrats. He worried that that the provincial party bosses and the heads of the economic ministries had achieved too a high degree of autonomy during the war, when the top leadership realized the urgent need for maximum mobilization of human and material resources. The highest priority in the postwar era was physical reconstruction after the massive wartime destruction. The same argument that strengthened the technocrats continue to operate, and the united opposition of Malenkov, the technocrats, the provincial party bosses, and the key ministries doomed Zhdanov's proposals. He therefore pivoted to devote Zhdanovshchina to purification of the arts and culture.
Georgy Zhukov was the most prominent Soviet military commander during World War II, winning several critical battles, such as the Siege of Leningrad, the Battle of Stalingrad, and Battle of Berlin. Stalin, Beria and Malenkov grew suspicious of Zhukov, worrying he possessed capitalistic tendencies, because Zhukov established a friendship with General Dwight D. Eisenhower, invited the future American president to Leningrad and Moscow, and endorsed collaboration between the United States and the Soviet Union. At the conclusion of World War II and shortly thereafter, Malenkov sided against several who were considered Soviet war heroes, among them Zhukov, Rokossovsky and several other popular generals. Malenkov's accusations against Zhukov were mostly based upon allegations of counter-revolutionary behavior and selfish "Bonapartism." Soon Zhukov was demoted in rank and moved to a lower position in Odessa where his only foes were local Party forces. Zhukov had his first heart attack not long after, and Malenkov's concerns of him had largely faded.
After the ruthless attack on Zhukov, Malenkov gained strength and became closer with Stalin and several other top communists. In 1946 Malenkov was named a candidate member of the Politburo. Although Malenkov was temporarily trailing behind his rivals Andrei Zhdanov and Lavrentiy Beria, he soon came back into Joseph Stalin's favour, especially after Zhdanov's mysterious death in 1948. That same year, Malenkov became a Secretary of the Central Committee.
During the late 1940s and early 1950s Malenkov gained more favor with Stalin than any other top Soviet communist. Malenkov's main competition were the leaders of Leningrad whose glory had been earned in resistance to Hitler's attacks during World War II. After the Siege of Leningrad the Mayor Kuznetsov and his deputies earned much fame and support all over the USSR. Malenkov followed Stalin's policy of suppressing that glory in order to maintain Moscow's image as the USSR's only center of power. In 1949, Malenkov personally came to Leningrad leading a regiment of armed men from Moscow MGB special forces and swiftly removed and arrested the city leaders. After a series of secret trials, 23 men, including the Mayor and deputies, were executed and buried in unmarked pit on the outskirts of the city. At the same time, over two thousand top managers and intellectuals were uprooted and exiled from Leningrad to Siberia, their property was confiscated, and their positions were filled by communists loyal to Stalin.
During the same years, Malenkov also exterminated the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. Many members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee were killed in the Night of the Murdered Poets. On August 12, 1952, thirteen Jewish writers were executed by gunshots in the basement of Lubyanka Prison. The antisemitic pogrom was approved by Stalin and supervised by Malenkov.
Malenkov's loyalty to Stalin was proven by executions of political competition and the Leningrad affair and catapulted Malenkov to become the only successor of Stalin.
Malenkov was forced to resign in February 1955 after he came under attack for abuse of power and his close connection to Beria (who had been executed as a traitor in December 1953). He was held responsible for the slow pace of reforms, particularly when it came to rehabilitating political prisoners.
However, in 1957, Malenkov organized an attempt at a coup against Khrushchev. In a dramatic standoff in the Kremlin, Malenkov was turned on by both Khrushchev and Zhukov, who had the support of the Soviet armed forces. Malenkov's attempt failed and he, together with co-conspirators Vyacheslav Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, who were characterised by Khrushchev at an extraordinary session of the Party Central Committee as the 'Anti-Party Group', were swiftly fired from the Politburo. In 1961, Malenkov was expelled from the Communist Party and exiled to a remote province of the Soviet Union. He became a manager of a hydroelectric plant in Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan.
After his exile from the Party, Malenkov fell into obscurity and suffered from depression due to loss of power and the quality of life in a poor province. However, some researchers say that later Malenkov found this demotion and exile a relief from the pressures of the Kremlin power struggle. Malenkov in his later years converted to Russian Orthodoxy, as did his daughter, who has since spent part of her personal wealth building two churches in rural locations. Orthodox Church publications at the time of Malenkov's death said he had been a reader (the lowest level of Russian Orthodox clergy) and a choir singer in his final years. He died on 14 January 1988 at age 86.
In 1920, Malenkov married a famous soviet scientist Valeriya A. Golubtsova (15 May 1901 – 1 October 1987) and had two sons and one daughter, Volya Shamberg (9 September 1924 – 2010), Andrei (born 29 May 1937) and Georgiy (born 20 October 1938).
The 1952 Time magazine cover shows Malenkov embraced by Stalin. Time magazine illustrates that Malenkov was Stalin's apprentice and successor. In 1954, a delegation of the British Labour Party (including former Prime Minister Clement Attlee and former Secretary of State for Health Aneurin Bevan) was in Moscow. Sir William Goodenough Hayter, British Ambassador to the Soviet Union, asked for a meeting with Nikita Khrushchev, then General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Much to Hayter's surprise, not only did Khrushchev accept the proposal, but he decided to attend in the company of Vyacheslav Molotov, Anastas Mikoyan, Andrey Vyshinsky, Nikolay Shvernik, and Malenkov. Such was the interest aroused in British political circles by this event that Sir Winston Churchill subsequently invited Sir William Hayter down to Chartwell so as to provide a full account of what had transpired at the meeting. Malenkov seemed "easily the most intelligent and quickest to grasp what was being said" and said "no more than he wanted to say". He was considered an "extremely agreeable neighbour at the table" and was thought to have had a "pleasant, musical voice and spoke well-educated Russian". Malenkov even recommended, quietly, that British diplomatic translator Cecil Parrott should read the novels of Leonid Andreyev, an author whose literature was at that time labelled as decadent in the USSR. Nikita Khrushchev, by contrast, struck Hayter as being "rumbustious, impetuous, loquacious, free-wheeling, and alarmingly ignorant of foreign affairs". Hayter observed that he "spoke in short sentences, in an emphatic voice and with great conviction.....grinning good-naturedly", that he often "stumbled in his choice of words" and "said the wrong thing." Hayter thought that Khrushchev seemed "incapable of grasping Bevan's line of thought", and that Malenkov had to explain matters to him in "words of one syllable". Given to "interrupting," he (Khrushchev) seemed more eager to talk than to listen and to understand. He was "quick, but not intelligent". Convinced that Malenkov was in charge, nobody in the British delegation felt much inclined to expend effort with Khrushchev. Malenkov "spoke the best Russian of any Soviet leader I have heard", his "speeches were well constructed and logical in their development", and he seemed "a man with a more Western-oriented mind."
Jeffrey Tambor played Malenkov in the 2017 satirical film The Death of Stalin .in which Malenkov is portrayed as naive and slow - contrary to reports mentioned herein of British diplomats.
^ Frankel, Benjamin (6 March 1992). "The Cold War, 1945-1991: Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World". Gale Research – via Google Books.
^ a b c "BBC - History - World Wars: Stalin and the Betrayal of Leningrad". www.bbc.co.uk.
^ Мікалай Аляксандравіч Зяньковіч; Николай Зенькович (2005). Самые секретные родственники. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-5-94850-408-7.
^ Jonathan Haslam (2011). Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall. Yale University Press. pp. 136–. ISBN 978-0-300-15997-4.
^ a b V.M. Zubok and K. Pleshakov (1996) Inside the Kremlin's cold war: from Stalin to Khrushchev, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674455320, p. 140: "His ancestors were czarist military officers of Macedonian extraction."
^ "Kusnetsova, Raisa. Stranitsy is "Povesti zhizni." Moscow, 1994" (PDF).
^ Bazhanov, Boris (1980). Stalin's secretary memoirs. Paris, 1980.
^ Nikolaevsky, Boris, Felshtinsky, Yuri (1995). Malenkov's biography from "Secret pages of history." Moscow.
^ a b c d e f g h Paxton, J. (2004) Leaders of Russia and the Soviet Union: from the Romanov dynasty to Vladimir Putin, CRC Press, ISBN 1579581323, pp. 113–114.
^ Daniel Stotland, "A More Perfect Union." Soviet & Post-Soviet Review (2014) 41#2 pp 121-145.
^ Talya Zax (12 August 2017). "65 Years Ago, The USSR Murdered Its Greatest Jewish Poets. What's Left Of Their Legacy?". The Forward. Retrieved 12 August 2017. ...they...were executed in the [Lubyanka Prison]'s basement.
^ Time magazine 1952, 1953 cover and editorials.
^ "Soviet Union - History, Leaders, Map, & Facts".
^ Johanna Granville (1995) "Soviet Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October – 4 November 1956", Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, pp. 22–23, 29–34.
^ RUSSIA: The Quick & the Dead. TIME (22 July 1957). Retrieved on 22 April 2011.
^ a b c OBITUARIES Sir William Hayter – People, News. The Independent. 30 March 1999.
^ "The Death of Stalin".
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I bought two starter kits, can they work together?
It is not possible to control both bridges as one, however you can set up each starter kit independently within the Hue app and swap between the bridges to control the lights connected to each one. Go to 'Settings' > 'Hue bridges' and select the bridge which you want to control.
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What is an alcohol rehabilitation program?
An alcohol rehabilitation program is a service that provides treatment and recovery services to someone who abuses or has become addicted to alcohol. Alcohol rehabilitation programs can be inpatient or outpatient. They provide detox services, psychological treatment and counseling. Aftercare programs or referral to aftercare services round up alcohol rehabilitation treatment.
One of the first and most important goals of alcohol rehabilitation is to end alcohol abuse. This goal will be achieved by making personal, interpersonal, and psychological changes in order to remain abstinent from alcohol use.
The next goal is to improve overall health. In addition to the benefits of sobriety, alcohol rehab programs also aim to reduce future health risks, which often present themselves when someone has been abusing alcohol for a significant period of time.
Another alcohol rehabilitation goal is to treat psychiatric disorders and psychological problems. Often, when alcohol has been abused for a significant amount of time, a person experiences underlying psychological trauma or psychiatric disorders that have stemmed from abuse or previous events. When you quit drinking and enter a rehabilitation program, these issues will typically surface and cause you to want to drink or exit the program. Alcohol rehabilitation programs aim to treat these psychological problems in order to secure a chance at remaining sober in the future.
The last goal of alcohol rehabilitation programs are to help you integrate back into society. It is important that former alcoholics meet employment and educational needs, resolve legal problems, and improve their own personal circumstances. These goals aim to give the patient a positive future and set them up for success outside of the program.
What happens during an alcohol rehabilitation program?
1. Alcohol assessment – Upon entering any alcohol rehabilitation program, the staff at the facility usually assess your personal situation and create a program that is unique to you. This will likely include a drug test, a psychological screening and an assessment of both medical and personal circumstances. The aim here is to understand the extent of alcohol abuse and to create a program that will allow you to succeed.
2. Detox from alcohol – The alcohol detox process will begin 3-5 hours after the last drink, but will oftentimes not require anything more than medical supervision. In extreme cases, medication may be necessary. However, in most cases medical staff will only need to monitor you to ensure safety as you clear alcohol from your system. Some rehab programs provide detox services in-house, while others will refer you to inpatient clinics.
3. Psychotherapy/Psychological Alcoholism Treatment – This is one of the most important phases of rehabilitation, as psychological treatments give you a base for future sobriety. This phase of alcohol rehabilitation helps you to analyze and assess your mental and emotional condition in order to make positive changes and prevent relapse.
4. Phamacotherapy – Currently, pharmacotherapy or medications for alcohol dependence are assessed on an individual basis and will be implemented along with psychosocial treatment. Medications to deter drinking such as Antabuse (disulfiram) can be helpful. Additionally, acamprosate and naltrexone have been used to help reduce cravings and acute alcohol withdrawal symptoms. While these medications can support sobriety, you should have a true desire to change beliefs, behaviors, and patterns for the medications to be most effective.
5. Alcohol abuse education – Education is important during alcohol rehabilitation, as it aims to give you information about alcoholism and alcohol abuse. You will understand more about HOW alcohol affects the brain and central nervous system and WHY physical or psyhological dependence occurs. Theories for addiction and alcoholism can help you make more rational choices to avoid alcohol in the future.
6. Supportive services – This is the final step of alcohol rehabilitation, and support services aim to empower a former alcoholic to seek services outside of treatment in order to maintain abstinence from alcohol. Rehab programs can connect you with halfway houses, social assistance, or medical help. A good alcohol rehab program will help you begin to create a network of supportive people to influence your life once you graduate from the treatment program.
What happens after an alcohol rehabilitation program?
After alcohol rehabilitation, it is important to continue to seek help from your local community. The most important thing to consider after an alcohol rehabilitation program is having an aftercare program that allows you continued treatment and a safe environment to maintain sobriety.
Often, alcohol counseling is recommended for at least one year (once weekly) after alcohol rehab program attendance. Participation in groups like Alcoholics Anonymous, SMART recovery or another community or church group that you can be a part of positive support. There are also services, like sober living houses, that can give you a safe environment to live in while entering back in to the normal realm of every day life.
Do you still have questions about the process of rehab? Please ask us your questions here. We’ll try to get back to you personally and promptly, or refer you to outside help.
Drug Treatment Rehab Centers: Who Should Go?
Here, we’ll review who is best served by rehab and what you can expect during a typical stay. Then, we invite your questions about drug rehab centers at the end. In fact, we try to respond to all questions personally and promptly.
Who needs drug treatment rehab centers?
Physical dependence on a drug can also signal need for drug treatment. This occurs when a person’s brain and body become accustomed to functioning with the drug. When a physically dependent person stops taking the drug, they will typically experience withdrawal symptoms that can be relived by using the drug again.
Who else can benefit from a drug treatment rehab center?
The goal of drug rehab treatment is to ultimately live a drug-free life. An effective treatment program will help you understand addiction and give you the skills you need to resist the temptation to use again. For many, going to rehab centers is much less intimidating when you know what to expect from a drug rehab program. So what happens in a drug rehab treatment center?
When you first start drug rehab, you will undergo an intake assessment. This is used to determine the severity of the addiction, and will ultimately be used to create an addiction treatment plan. Assessments usually include interviews, urine/blood tests, and a medical exam. During intake, you will be assigned a lead counselor (usually a certified psychologist) who will be your main contact throughout treatment. Additionally, you will be shown the facilities and be introduced to patients currently enrolled in rehab. This begins your stay at a drug rehab treatment center.
Your addiction treatment plan will include several psychological treatments, including therapy and counseling. Medications are also sometimes used to treat certain drug addictions. In fact, a combination of pharmacological and behavioral interventions often shows greater success than either used alone.
If you choose an inpatient drug rehab treatment center, you will be required to reside in the treatment facility. This intensive drug rehab treatment can last anywhere from a month to a year and is organized around a strict daily routine. Expect to be present and accounted for multiple times throughout the day for individual sessions, group sessions, educational sessions, exercise, and meal time.
In comparison, outpatient drug rehab often requires 1-3 hours of attendance per day or multiple sessions per week. While less rigorous in terms of time requirements, outpatient drug treatment rehab is often most successive when it is intensive in nature, 9+ or more hours per week.
An addict as well as everyone around him or her is affected by drug addiction. After using drugs for a period of time, a person’s health will often start to decline. Drug abuse can also cause a number of financial, family, and social problems for an addict.
An addict’s family is also strongly affected by drug addiction. They will often feel helpless and frustrated in the face of addiction. In many cases, a drug addiction can cause family members to lose trust in and respect for their loved ones.
Drug rehab centers truly help addicts as well as their loved ones. After overcoming their addictions, addicts can live much healthier lives. They can also work toward reconciling with their family and friends that they hurt while they were doing drugs.
How do we – the people in long term recovery from addiction – sabotage ourselves? A review of our common mistakes (and how to avoid them). More here, with a section at the end for you to share with us your experience, strength, and hope.
Living In The “Real World”After getting sober a few 24-hours ago, I realized that I had absolutely no idea how to live in the “real world”. Turning the tables, working the steps and staying out of trouble gave me a life better than I could have ever imagined. That’s still true today.
I did not start learning about how to manage other parts of my life – aside from staying sober – until I had several years in addiction recovery. Am I a late bloomer? Likely. The fact is that learning how to maximize our second chance at life takes work, much like staying clean.
I do not believe in luck. I do not believe in handouts. I don’t think anything worth doing happens overnight. To achieve big results, we must put forth big efforts.
One thing many recovering people have in common is self-sabotage. We unknowingly attempt to fix that which cannot be fixed, plan what cannot be planned and worrying incessantly about everything that does not matter.
I know this certainly described me in early recovery. If I’m not careful to constantly make recovery and self-improvement my top priorities, I could easily fall back into a pit of self-pity.
Do you want to fail at everything you try? Here are 5 surefire ways to do just that.
1. Always expect immediate results without putting in the work.
Sound familiar? I know it does to me. Remember that addiction is a disease of instant gratification. Why else did we use? We wanted to feel better, right now.
I’ve got news for you. Getting results with anything in life that will be worthwhile, results that will last, and results that you can be proud of will take time. Getting good results at anything in life will require a sacrifice of time, energy and commitment.
For example, a body builder may train for years before ever entering a competition. I go to the gym about 4 days per week. I’m not a body builder, nor do I possess super human strength. My only goal is to take care of my body and stay as healthy as I can. That’s it.
There are some people who are at the gym every day, sweating, muscles flexing and giving it 110% effort. Many of these people are friends of mine. I know how committed and driven they are: Counting every calorie, never missing a workout, taking supplements and staying away from junk food. These men and women are hitting the weights when most of us are still counting sheep.
They know that results ain’t cheap, results don’t come easy and results never come quickly.
I always see a new round of folks at the gym on January 2nd each year. They come in with the best of intentions, likely following a New Year’s Resolution to finally get into shape. Most of these folks stop showing up after a month or so. I always wonder why. My best guess is that they lack the desire and commitment to making a lasting change, so they take the easy way out.
REMEMBER THIS: Your success in life and in recovery is directly proportionate to your level of commitment. DO NOT GIVE UP! Just keep showing up.
2. You focus only on problems and not solutions.
When I read about this concept in a certain recovery book, I was blown away. The first time I really considered what this simple statement meant was about 10 years ago, and my life has not been the same since.
As addicted people, we are wired to focus on what is not working. Drugs and alcohol took away the sting of our problems and allowed us to temporarily escape reality. Instead, have hope in addiction recovery!
I don’t know about you, but recovery helps me to face reality and look it in the eye. Not only is facing reality the purest form of living, it is the only form of living I want anything to do with.
REMEMBER THIS: Instead of complaining and worrying about what is wrong in your life, make the decision to look at is right and build on that. The answers will come when we become solution focused.
3. Being obsessed with the future.
Pretty simple, and I know you have heard this before. How easy it is to forget!
Though we must plan for the future, it is important to remain focused on the here and now. What can you do right now to inch towards your goals? What could you do today to make tomorrow just a little bit better?
Think hard about this. One of the great lessons I’ve ever learned is that life is happening now. I can’t live tomorrow today, nor can I go back and erase yesterday. It’s done. Life is what happens when you’re planning for the future. The future will come, or it won’t. You are alive and reading this right now.
REMEMBER THIS: Do something today to improve yourself. You will go to bed satisfied, accomplished, and wanting to do it all over again.
4. You are a walking, talking excuse.
THIS IS PURE INSANITY and SELF-SABOTAGE.
Anything after the word “BUT” is B.S. Stop making excuses and get busy. Don’t wait until the time is perfect. It never will be (see item #3). Right now is the perfect time. Manage your time or it will manage you.
REMEMBER THIS: Eliminate the B.S. excuses you’ve been making and get busy! These addiction recovery ideas can help you stay on track.
5. You are constantly comparing yourself to others.
This is a great way to fail at everything.
We usually compare our worst attributes to the best attributes of others. If someone is thinner, richer, prettier, or seems to have it all together, I can assure you they do not. They struggle too, but you do not see it. All we get to see is the wrapper – the external – or what others present to the world. When we compare ourselves to others, we are usually doing so by comparing external variables: What kind of car they drive, how they look, where they live, etc.
REMEMBER THIS: Remember that everyone struggles with something. Don’t gauge your progress in life against anyone but yourself. Set goals to make yourself feel good.
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How long do I have to file a lawsuit against an amusement park?
A trip to the amusement park is supposed to be all about fun and excitement, but suffering an accident or injury at the amusement park is a surefire way to ruin your day. Should the injury be severe, you might be considering filing an injury lawsuit against the park. If this is the case, it’s imperative that you know about the statute of limitations and how it affects your ability to file a lawsuit.
Generally speaking, there are two types of personal injury lawsuits that can be brought against an amusement park. The most common type of personal injury claim is one of negligence, which involves proving that the accident was caused by a hazardous situation that the park’s employees should have known about or other carelessness on the part of the park or its employees.
Although they happen more rarely, amusement park accidents can also be caused a flawed ride or defective component, in which case it is necessary to file a product liability claim instead of a negligent injury claim. Unfortunately, proving product liability cases is often far more difficult than proving negligence. The amusement park will generally be uncooperative and may try to cover their own tracks, which is why you’ll want to ensure you have a strong, experienced lawyer on your side.
Injuries that occur as a result of an accident at an amusement park are generally treated the same as any other type of personal injury. This means that they are governed by the same statute of limitations as all other general personal injuries. Each state sets its own statute of limitations, and the time you have to file a case will be determined by the local laws of the state where the amusement park is located.
In New York, the statute of limitations for negligent personal injury cases is three years, which means that you have exactly three years from the date of the accident to file a formal lawsuit against the amusement park. Should you end up delaying and file your suit even one day late, the court will reject your lawsuit and you will lose your legal right to compensation for your injuries. For this reason, you’ll want to contact a personal injury law firm as soon as you realize you are injured in order to ensure that you preserve your right to seek legal compensation.
If the injury occurred in a different state, the statute of limitations could be up to six years or as short as only one year depending on the local laws. For this reason, it is again a good idea to contact an experienced personal injury attorney as soon as you get back home. A local attorney can help you understand the local laws where the accident occurred and can also be a great help in gathering evidence to prove that the injury was the result of negligence on the part of the amusement park or its employees.
As with negligent injury cases, New York also has a three year statute of limitations on product liability cases. However, the fact that you will need to provide conclusive evidence of the fault, defect or design flaw means it is essential that you immediately seek legal help since this process can take quite some time.
Suing an amusement park for injuries sustained as a result of a ride can be much more difficult that suing for injuries that resulted from negligence. In this case, the amusement park has the doctrine of ‘Primary Assumption of Risk’ on its side. This basically means that amusement park can claim that a person should have reasonably assumed that going on the ride came with at least some small risk of injury. Still, the courts don’t always recognize this claim when it’s applied to amusement park rides, as the park has an obligation to warn riders of the risk and ensure that the ride meets all relevant safety regulations.
Suing an amusement park for injuries isn’t always a straightforward task. There is no doubt that the amusement park will hire high-powered lawyers to defend its interests, which means you could be facing an uphill battle to prove your case. Therefore, it is essential that you have an experienced personal injury attorney in your corner to improve your chances of successfully receiving a settlement.
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What kinds of free bet bonuses are available to Americans?
One of the most popular types of online gambling promotions, if not the most popular, is the free bet bonus. These websites offer many different types of betting options, including sports betting, roulette, poker, slots, and more. But while players love these different types of games, what actually gets them to register and try the site are the free bet bonuses. There are several different types of these no deposit bonuses, but the reason why they're so popular is the same: they let players play for free.
Gambling online isn't the same as gambling in person. It may take players, even seasoned gamblers, a few games before they become comfortable with how the online games work. They don't want to bet a lot of money on these first few games in case they lose due to not understanding how the software works. To help alleviate these concerns, most online casinos give players a few free spins or some free upfront money for them to play with.
These signup offers come in a few different options. Some sites give players a free credit to make bets risk-free. This means that players get a small amount of money--usually $50 or less--to play with at first. They don't have to deposit any of their own money, and they get to use whatever they win to continue playing.
Another popular promotion that are more specific to American online casinos than sports betting sites are free play or free spin bonuses. These are pretty self-explanatory: new players get to play a set number of games or a specific number of spins for free. Sometimes the games reward them with more free games or spins, but more often than not, players have to purchase more once they've used up their free spins and games.
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Realize your potential with a world leader.
When you work at ABB, you have the opportunity to build a legacy and create a better world. To join the company, you need intelligence, integrity, a global mindset and the desire to make a difference.
Whatever your role at ABB, you can be sure you are helping to create a better world. From building sustainable power plants in remote corners of the world, or improving safety for workers in automotive factories, to developing new technologies to combat pollution, the work ABB does touches the lives of millions.
The level of support, career development and opportunities that ABB's employees enjoy is among the best in the business world. The company strives to make sure that employees get everything they need to realize their full potential, relying on a mix of structured talent management and learning offerings.
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According to some Christian sources, Maryam (a) died in about 35 at the age of 51.
Maryam bt. 'Imrān (Arabic: مریم بنت عمران), or Mary (a) was the mother of Jesus (a), whose pregnancy occurred in a miraculous way. The story of her life, from her birth to the birth of her son, Jesus (a), is narrated in Sura Maryam of the Qur'an. In Shiite and Sunni hadiths, Maryam (a) is considered as one of the "four superior women" in the Heaven along with Fatima al-Zahra (a), Khadija bt. Khuwaylid (a), and Asiya (a).
There is no mention of Maryam's (a) life in the Gospel, but other Christian sources as well as the Qur'an and Islamic hadiths have provided information about Maryam's (a) life.
In Christian sources, her father's name is said to be "Joachim", and in the Qur'an and Islamic hadiths, he is mentioned as "'Imran". According to a hadith from Imam al-Baqir (a), 'Imran was an Israelite prophet. According to Ibn Ishaq's report, his lineage goes back to David (a) the prophet. 'Imran died before the birth of Maryam (a). Her mother is said to be Anne, which is transformed in Arabic as "Hanna" (Arabic: حنة) the daughter of Faqud.
In Christian texts, Maryam (a) has been referred to by numerous titles, such as the New Eve, Virgin Mary, Mother of God, the Intercessor, Mother of Divine Providence, the Seat of Wisdom, the Spiritual Vessel, the Mystic Rose, the Ark of the Covenant, the Queen of Angels, and Our Lady of Sorrows. She is also referred to in Islamic texts as "al-'Adhra'" (Chaste) and "al-Batul" which means she was detached from men or because she did not have menstruation.
Maryam (a) is said to be born 20 years before the birth of Jesus (a). However, there is no information about where she was born.
According to sources, Hanna, the mother of Maryam (a), was sterile. She could not give birth to any children until the age of 30. She prayed to God and asked Him to give her a child. Her prayer was answered and she became pregnant with Maryam (a). Hanna vowed to God that her child will serve Bayt al-Maqdis. Verses 35 to 37 of Sura Al 'Imran refer to Hanna's vow and its acceptance by God.
After Maryam's (a) birth, her mother took her to the temple and left her with the priests there. They disagreed about who should be in charge of her. They drew lots for selecting the person who could take care of Maryam (a), and Zechariah (a) (Zakariyya) the prophet won the lottery. He was, according to some sources, the husband of Maryam's maternal aunt. The Qur'an has pointed to the story of the lottery. According to al-Maqdisi's report, Zechariah provided her with milk and training, and when she grew up, he selected a place for her in the temple where she worshiped God and served the temple when it was her turn. She worshiped so much that she came to be known among the Israelites as an exemplary worshiper.
There are different accounts of how long Maryam (a) was pregnant from a few hours to several months. According to Tafsir al-Qummi, Maryam (a) delivered the baby near a dead palm and then she shook the tree. The tree miraculously turned green and bore fruits. Maryam (a) ate a date which had just fallen from the tree. She was ordered by God to be silent when seeing people. When Maryam (a) took Jesus (a) to her people and they began reproaching her, Jesus (a) started to talk, informing them of his prophethood.
There is a disagreement among Christian denominations over whether Maryam married Saint Joseph, the carpenter, who is referred to as Maryam's fiancé, or she remained a virgin forever. Moreover, there is a disagreement over whether she had children other than Jesus as well. In the Gospels of Luke and Mathew , there are verses seemingly about Jesus's brothers and sisters. The Gospel of Mark has even mentioned the names of Jesus's brothers and pointed to his sisters.. However, some Christians have rejected the claim that Jesus had any siblings. The Church has officially announced since the 5th century that Maryam (a) always remained a virgin and that she never married Joseph. For Catholic and Orthodox Churches, the Biblical reference to Jesus's (a) siblings is a metaphorical way of referring to his kin.
According to some scholars, Islamic sources also deny the story of Maryam's (a) marriage because she was a permanent servant of the temple, and never left the temple except for urgencies, including giving birth to Jesus (a).
The belief that Maryam (a) was physically ascended by God to the Heaven was always held by Christians. It turned into a public belief, and in the 20th century, it was considered as an essential belief of the Catholic Church. The doctrine was also accepted by the Orthodox Church, but it is rejected by the Protestant Church.
According to some Christian sources, Maryam (a) died in about 35 at the age of 51. Her burial place is not known.
A hadith in al-Kafi implies that Maryam (a) died when Jesus (a) was still alive and her corpse was washed by Jesus (a).
Maryam (a) is of particular significance in both Islam and Christianity.
According to exegetes of the Qur'an, God provided summers fruits for Maryam (a) during winters and winter fruits during summers.
In Shiite and Sunni hadiths, Maryam (a) is mentioned as one of the four superior women of the Heaven along with Fatima al-Zahra (a), Khadija bt. Khuwaylid (a), and Asiya (a).
Maryam (a) has a crucial role in the Christian Theology. In fact, there is a branch of theology under "Mariology" which is concerned with the character and role of Maryam (a). Her role began to be appreciated since the Middle Ages. She was considered to have a position lower than divinity and higher and more sacred than angels and saints. It was publicly believed at the time that angels and saints were servants of Maryam (a).
Moreover, in some communities, such as the Christians of the Arabian Peninsula, people believed in Trinity and worshiped Maryam (a) along with God and Jesus (a). It is said that the Virgin Mary was worshiped until the 16th century in some cities of Europe. The belief has been condemned in the Qur'an.
What is more, the infallibility of Maryam (a) was discussed in the Middle Ages, and eventually, in 1854, the belief has been announced by the Catholic Church as an infallible doctrine. However, the Orthodox Church denied Maryam's infallibility.
The Persian Movie, Maryam-i Muqaddas: the movie was directed by Shahriar Bahrani in 2000. The movie portrays the life of Maryam (a) from her own birth to the birth of Jesus the Christ. It also portrays Maryam's relationship with the prophet Zechariah (a). Over 90 actors and actresses played in this movie. Maryam (a) was played by the actress, Shabnam Gholikhani. Later, the movie was also presented as a TV series in 11 episodes. In the series, religious and social circumstances of the Jews were portrayed along with Maryam's life.
Maryam (a) in Persian poems: in many Persian poems, the story of Maryam's miraculous pregnancy as well as her chastity are narrated. The third part (daftar) of Rumi's Mathnawi, the story of the appearance of the Holy Spirit to Maryam (a) in the form of a human being is narrated. There are verses in Diwan-i Shams in which Maryam (a) is referred to.
Poets such as Nizami Ganjavi, 'Attar, Sana'i Ghaznavi, and other Persian poets have referred to Maryam (a) in their poems.
The material for this article is mainly taken from مریم دختر عمران in Farsi WikiShia.
This page was last edited on 17 December 2018, at 10:05.
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Gabriel Precourt was the son of Gabriel Precourt and Josephte Pellerin who were married on Oct 20 1820 at Trois - Rivieres Quebec .
Gabriel adopted the surname of Varnum .
In 1850 this family was at Bakersfield Franklin County Vermont .
In 1860 they are at nearby Fairfax Vermont .
In 1865 this family is in Centerville Warwick Rhode Island .
In 1880 this family is in Centerville Warwick RI but Gabriel is also at Westboro MA .
Finally this family settled at Westborough Massachusetts where the widowed Emily is found in 1900 .
1. GABRIEL7 PRECOURT-VARNUM (GABRIEL6 PRECOURT, JEAN ANTOINE5, MICHEL4, FRANCOIS3 VANASSE-PRECOURT, FRANCOIS NOEL2 VANASSE, PAUL1) was born about 1820 in Trois Rivieres Quebec, and died 23 Aug 1886 in Worcester MA. He married EMELIE LANOUE about 1845. She was born 1829 in Acadie Quebec, and died 18 Nov 1909 in Westboro Massachusetts.
i. JULIE8 VARNUM, b. about 1846, Vermont; m. AMBROISE MOREL, 06 Sep 1869, Mapleville RI.
2. ii. HENRY HERRICK VARNUM, b. 21 Apr 1848, Highgate VT; d. 26 Jul 1930, Westborough MA.
iii. NAPOLEON PRECOURT, b. about 1849, VT. This person is most likely the Paul Varnum who follows next .
3. iv. PAUL VARNUM, b. Jul 1849, Bakersfield VT; d. 1921, Westborough MA.
v. LAURA VARNUM, b. 11 Feb 1851, Fairfield VT; d. 29 May 1920, Westborough MA.
vi. GEORGE VARNUM, b. 25 Apr 1853, Belvedere VT; d. 08 Dec 1931; m. IONA WHITE, 16 Sep 1882, Southboro MA.
vii. ISRAEL VARNUM, b. Abt. 1857, Vt.
viii. EMILY VARNUM, b. Abt. 1859, VT.
ix. JOHN VARNUM, b. Sep 1864, Rhode Island; d. 15 Jan 1923, Westborough MA.
2. HENRY HERRICK8 VARNUM (GABRIEL7 PRECOURT-VARNUM, GABRIEL6 PRECOURT, JEAN ANTOINE5, MICHEL4, FRANCOIS3 VANASSE-PRECOURT, FRANCOIS NOEL2 VANASSE, PAUL1) was born 21 Apr 1848 in Highgate VT, and died 26 Jul 1930 in Westborough MA. He married LIZZIE JEAN BARBER about 1880. She was born 25 Nov 1864 in West Medway Massachusetts, and died 08 Sep 1940.
4. i. WILLIAM E9 VARNUM, b. Aug 1881, Massachusetts; d. 1964.
ii. IRWIN H VARNUM, b. Sep 1883, Massachusetts; d. 1938.
iii. HARRY L VARNUM, b. May 1887, Massachusetts.
5. iv. ELMER RAYMOND VARNUM, b. Feb 1889, Massachusetts; d. 1966.
v. ROY C VARNUM, b. Feb 1891, Manchester NH; d. 1969.
vi. EDITH B VARNUM, b. Aug 1896, Massachusetts; d. 1976; m. ELMER LEWIS.
vii. MABEL V VARNUM, b. Dec 1898, Massachusetts; m. BEN JOHNSON.
6. viii. WALTER SEWELL VARNUM, b. Abt. 1902, Massachusetts; d. 14 Dec 1968.
7. ix. CLARENCE CURTICE VARNUM, b. 21 Jul 1903, Massachusetts; d. Jun 1971.
x. JOHN E VARNUM, b. about 1907, Massachusetts.
3. PAUL8 VARNUM (GABRIEL7 PRECOURT-VARNUM, GABRIEL6 PRECOURT, JEAN ANTOINE5, MICHEL4, FRANCOIS3 VANASSE-PRECOURT, FRANCOIS NOEL2 VANASSE, PAUL1) was born Jul 1849 in Bakersfield VT, and died 1921 in Westborough MA. He married GRACE ANGELINA BRUCE 02 Dec 1881 in Worcester MA. She was born Feb 1857 in Massachusetts.
8. i. HERBERT P9 VARNUM, b. Oct 1882, Massachusetts.
9. ii. CARROLL F VARNUM, b. May 1888, Massachusetts.
iii. GERTRUDE G VARNUM, b. Feb 1893, Massachusetts; m. ? TULLY.
iv. MYRA G VARNUM, b. Feb 1893, Massachusetts.
v. COREY B VARNUM, b. Feb 1893, Massachusetts.
vi. MELISSA W VARNUM, b. Aug 1897, Massachusetts.
4. WILLIAM E9 VARNUM (HENRY HERRICK8, GABRIEL7 PRECOURT-VARNUM, GABRIEL6 PRECOURT, JEAN ANTOINE5, MICHEL4, FRANCOIS3 VANASSE-PRECOURT, FRANCOIS NOEL2 VANASSE, PAUL1) was born Aug 1881 in Massachusetts, and died 1964. He married (1) ?. He married (2) PHILOMENA ?.
i. JACK10 VARNUM, b. 16 Oct 1906.
5. ELMER RAYMOND9 VARNUM (HENRY HERRICK8, GABRIEL7 PRECOURT-VARNUM, GABRIEL6 PRECOURT, JEAN ANTOINE5, MICHEL4, FRANCOIS3 VANASSE-PRECOURT, FRANCOIS NOEL2 VANASSE, PAUL1) was born Feb 1889 in Massachusetts, and died 1966. He married LIZZIE MAY SMITH 02 Mar 1910 in No Brookfield MA.
6. WALTER SEWELL9 VARNUM (HENRY HERRICK8, GABRIEL7 PRECOURT-VARNUM, GABRIEL6 PRECOURT, JEAN ANTOINE5, MICHEL4, FRANCOIS3 VANASSE-PRECOURT, FRANCOIS NOEL2 VANASSE, PAUL1) was born about 1902 in Massachusetts, and died 14 Dec 1968. He married OLIVE PEARL JEAN 1919. She was born 10 Dec 1903 in New Germany Nova Scotia, and died May 1973.
7. CLARENCE CURTICE9 VARNUM (HENRY HERRICK8, GABRIEL7 PRECOURT-VARNUM, GABRIEL6 PRECOURT, JEAN ANTOINE5, MICHEL4, FRANCOIS3 VANASSE-PRECOURT, FRANCOIS NOEL2 VANASSE, PAUL1) was born 21 Jul 1903 in Massachusetts, and died Jun 1971. He married GLADYS ?.
iv. STANLEY VARNUM, b. 12 Apr 1934; d. 01 Feb 1990, Oenaville Bell Texas.
8. HERBERT P9 VARNUM (PAUL8, GABRIEL7 PRECOURT-VARNUM, GABRIEL6 PRECOURT, JEAN ANTOINE5, MICHEL4, FRANCOIS3 VANASSE-PRECOURT, FRANCOIS NOEL2 VANASSE, PAUL1) was born Oct 1882 in Massachusetts. He married MABEL ? about . 1907.
i. HAZEL10 VARNUM, b. about 1913, Massachusetts.
9. CARROLL F9 VARNUM (PAUL8, GABRIEL7 PRECOURT-VARNUM, GABRIEL6 PRECOURT, JEAN ANTOINE5, MICHEL4, FRANCOIS3 VANASSE-PRECOURT, FRANCOIS NOEL2 VANASSE, PAUL1) was born May 1888 in Massachusetts. He married SARAH WHITE. She was born about. 1888.
i. LEOLA10 VARNUM, b. about 1923.
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0.998951 |
How does a lump-sum subsidy affect a firm's level of output?
A lump-sum subsidy has NO EFFECT on a firm's level of output because a lump-sum subsidy does not change marginal costs. It reduces the firm's fixed costs and therefore shifts the average total cost down. This will increase a firm's economic profits, but not change output. If you see lump-sum subsidy or tax, DON'T CHANGE OUTPUT!
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0.996421 |
What are common types of mattresses?
Innerspring mattresses have a spring coils as a mattress support core. Usually full size mattress will contain minimum 300 coils, queen size 375, and king size 450, but quality product will typically consist 15% - 20% more. The gauge of spring wire is a factor of determination how firm or soft the mattress is. 12.5 gauge of wire is the firm option, but the mattress with coils made of 18 gauge wire springs much softer.
Number of turns within one spring will affect the coil life and the more rotations each mattress springs have the mattress will last. Typically each spring will have 6 – 7 turns.
- synthetic – fully synthetic product.
Dunlop and Talalay are two processes how latex is made. It is similar transformation of liquid latex to foam latex, but Talay is more innovation process and after latex is molded it is vacuumed and frozen to stabilize the cell structure.
ILD (Indentation Load Deflection) is a coefficient of firmness rating. The numbers usually range from 16 (extra soft) to 46 (extra firm or hard).
Originally developed by NASA, visco elastic foam became very popular for mattress production. Memory foam mattress consist few layers of foam different in thickness and with its unique properties. Usually foam density will vary from 2 to 7 lb/ft³. Typically only top 3 – 6 inches thick layer is higher density foam. Similar to latex foam IFD (Indentation Force Deflection) coefficient will identify how firm or soft the memory foam mattress is. IFD typically range from 10 to 15. Polyurethane foam consist air-filled temperature sensitive cells which have ability to decompressed under the pressure and getting back to its original shape after pressure released.
Air mattresses have air pressure inside rubber or vinyl mattress core air chamber as a mattress support. Electric pump connected to each chamber will supply air to the air-filled core. The main advantage of air beds is that the softness or firmness easily adjustable by controlling an air pressure inside the air chamber. Also air mattress can be folded to very small dimensions and easy to transport.
- Free flow – water is not stabilized inside the mattress chamber, and human body feels all water waves’ movements inside the PVC film.
- Hydraulic water mattresses have vinyl coils filled with water what makes the mattress not shakable and more stable. The more coils mattress has the more firm it is.
- Fiber fill or waveless mattress – different grades of stability achieved by filling the mattress core with a fiber allowing 95% or more motion reduction.
Water inside the mattress is heated by special heating element allowing water temperature keep at a certain temperature level.
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0.999695 |
Make a habit of making habits with these helpful tracking apps.
You're probably sick of hearing the same old clichés about getting a handle back on life. Well, I'm not here to give you that rah-rah speech. Whether you get back on the saddle is ultimately up to you, but I can help you on a journey by suggesting a few apps that are effective at helping implement healthier habits into your daily life.
Whether your goal for the year is to simply text your friends more often or to get into shape, here are a few Android apps worth trying out for yourself.
If the standard check-it-off list of things to doesn't work for you, try to gamify your goals with Habitica. This app turns your everyday tasks and weekly goals into a riveting role-playing game. You can sign up with your Google or Facebook account and then create an avatar that looks like you. Every task, habit, and to-do that you cross off rewards you money and experience points that you can redeem for items and upgrades.
Be forewarned that there are quite a few nuances to Habitica. If you're serious about truly turning your daily life into a game, you'll have to stick with the program. There are penalties for not completing daily tasks. If you need help staying on track, you can join a guild with several others to ensure that your character is leveled up with completed tasks before the next boss fight.
Having trouble getting the day-to-day in order? Todoist can be a particularly effective aid in managing those daily, weekly, and monthly tasks, whether it's at work or in your personal life. The app is built using the standard Material Design layout, complete with a hamburger menu and floating action buttons. It's also cross-platform, so you can use it on your smartphone, computer, or smartwatch. You can also add tasks with Google Home or by forwarding an email.
Be aware that you'll have to pay an annual membership fee — around $30 a year — to unlock Todoist's full set of features, which also includes themes, push notifications, and the ability to sync up with Dropbox or Google Drive.
Loop Habit Tracker is merely a "simple" tracking app because it isn't bogged down by all the extra elements that tracking apps typically require of you. There are no due dates or sprint goals, nor do you have to log in to have others hold you accountable. All you have to do is press and hold when you've completely a task and move on with your day.
As you get through completing tasks, Loop Habit Tracker will aggregate all of that data for you into an easy-to-read detailed graph. The app lets you backup that data to take it with you, and it supports imports from other applications, including the popular app Habitbull, which did not make this roundup because of its confusing multi-tier payment options.
If you have trouble remembering to complete the minutiae of the day-to-day, Nomie might be your answer for getting it done. You can use Nomie to track anything. If you can assign it an icon and a name, you can track it. For every item you create, you can choose whether ticking the items has a positive or negative impact on your overall score. Best of all, Nomie is completely private. You don't need an account to keep track of your data. When you're ready to switch smartphones, simply carry over that data by exporting and backing it up to Dropbox.
Trying to implement a new habit this year? Found an app that you like? Share it in the comments!
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0.999124 |
Custom Cores with Xilinx ISE 14.4?
I believe that for a Papilio One with Spartan 3E FPGA, you need to use Webpack ISE 14.3 as Xilinx has removed support for the Spartan 3E IP cores from ISE 14.4. It suspect this is probably the root of your problem.
The ISE 14.3 download is still available from Xilinx.
I suppose that is possible. I was unable to use the core builder until I added this environment variable: XIL_CG_LOAD_ALL_FAMILIES = TRUE. Then the IP cores were usable. I have continued my debug and now I seem to be able to run HDL code in the chip as long as I have no C loaded into the Arduino and I can run C, but doing so seems to shut off my functionality to the port A pins. I'm guessing at this point that there is something buried in the Arduino C libraries that is causing the problem but I have no idea what to look for.
A similar thing happened to me. Following Mikes Hamster tutorial book, and onto the chapter about generating RAM & ROM, I couldn't gain access to any of the cores in the core generator for my Papilio 500K. I mean none.
After a bit of delving I found a post on this site about the problem.
I Uninstalled 14.4 and installed 14.3.
A bit of a pain but the cores are all there now.
After installing the update, I no longer have problems any problems using 14.4 with Spartan 3E (Yay).
Now I am not so sure this is related to your problem, but you may want to install the "device pack" anyways (unlikely to hurt).
Thank you, that helped a great deal. Now the output file from ISE works. I am apparently fighting two problems though as the Arduino generated uploads still don't work. If I synthesize again with the updated ROM image the ISE generated file works. I compared the papilio_avr8.bit != the out.bit file in the Arduino build directory. Are you using Jack's Arduino IDE0018g?
Victory! Well, mostly. I updated the Arduino software and then had to make a change to the script file to update the custom.bit directory as they moved. At least now when I hit upload in Arduino both my HDL and my C code are working.
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0.999966 |
The fact that the temperature of our planet is increasing signals a thermal imbalance, because if the amounts of energy received and energy lost were equal then its temperature would remain constant.
What happens when the equilibrium between the heat received and the heat lost by a system is broken?
If a system receives more heat than it emits, its temperature increases until its losses equal its gains.
Therefore if the planet receives more energy (from outside or from inside) than it emits, its temperature can only increase, which leads to an increase of its losses, until a new equilibrium is found at a higher temperature.
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0.945059 |
Flyball is one of the more exciting sports for dogs and their owners. Not only is it fast paced, making it perfect for high-energy breeds like the Australian Shepherd, but because it is a team sport it also allows for the opportunity to socialize with other dog owners. For these reasons, and as the thrill of competition increases, it is becoming one of the most popular sports worldwide.
The idea for the sport first came about in Southern California during the late 60's and early 70's. The basic principle was simple: combining scent hurdle racing with ball retrieving. Eventually a gentleman by the name of Herbert Wagner created a tennis-ball launching apparatus that could be triggered by the dogs themselves and this added to the thrill of the race. The craze soon took off and in 1983 the first tournament was held in the United States.
Since that time, flyball has become a global phenomenon with professional associations and tournaments now being held in Australia, Canada and South Africa, as well as across Europe. The European championships are now the largest international competition. They have been held in many locations including the UK, the Czech Republic, Belgium, Germany and France.
So what exactly is this sport all about? It's not very complicated. The course is run as a team in relay style, with one dog running at a time. The course consists of four hurdles placed 10 feet apart with the first hurdle placed six feet from the starting line and the flyball box 15 feet from the final hurdle. Each dog runs the course as quickly as possible, jumping the hurdles, then hits the box to release a tennis ball. The dog then catches the ball and runs back through the course to the starting line.
Once one dog has returned to the starting line, the next dog can go. This continues until all four members of the team have run the course. The first team to have all four dogs complete the course without errors wins the heat. Errors occur when the ball is dropped or when the next dog enters the course too quickly. Dogs earn points toward flyball titles based on the teams' time.
Because it is one of the easier sports for a dog to learn and because the hurdles can be adjusted according to the height of the shortest dog, it is a sport that appeals to many breeds and is actually one of the few sports open to mixed breeds. That being said, it is particularly appealing to herding breeds such as the Australian Shepherd, which currently dominate the world standings.
Though the herding breeds have such a stronghold, other breeds have also had quite a bit of success at the sport, including smaller breeds like the Patterdale Terrier and Jack Russell Terrier. In fact, because the hurdles are set based on the shoulder height of the smallest dog, these smaller competitors, called 'height dogs' are actually prized. They may need to step on the flyball box full force to eject the ball but that doesn't hinder them from competing with the bigger breeds.
If you are looking for a fun way to get some exercise for you and your dog while also meeting and working with other dog owners, then this may be just the sport for you. For more information you can check out the website of the North American Flyball Association (NAFA), and United Flyball League International (U-FLI), or any of the other organizations worldwide.
Because it combines the skill sets of dog, handler and coach, it has quickly become one of the more popular sports. It enables handler and dog to develop a deeper bond as they work to improve their communication skills. Coaches bring sets of dogs and handlers together to form a cohesive team, with competitors who complement each other in order to form a strong unit. In competition, prizes are awarded for the speed in which the course is completed and teams compete in divisions with other teams of similar speed.
If you and your dog excel at other dog sports, like agility training, and want to try your hand at something a little different, then the exciting world of flyball may just be for you. Check your area and see if there are any local clubs that you might be able to join. From there you can move on to competition where you can put your time to the test against the very best in the sport.
Why not give it a try and find out what flyball is all about?
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0.999998 |
Velocity of sound in a given medium is constant. Explain.
Velocity of sound in a given medium mainly depends on two properties—elasticity and density of the medium. These two quantities are always constant for a given medium. Thus, the velocity of sound for a given medium is always constant.
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0.999973 |
Was Joseph Smith the prophet of God?
If we consider the possibility that Joseph Smith was a prophet of God, of course the Mormons themselves believe in it. They may regard him as the most important man on Earth after Jesus.
Deceased spirits. Firstly, we should note that Smith was repeatedly dealing with spirits that pretended to be deceased, such as John the Baptist, Jacob, John, Moses, and Elijah. He was given the priesthood of Aaron and Melchizedek and other revelations by them.
- (Lev 19:31) Regard not them that have familiar spirits, neither seek after wizards, to be defiled by them: I am the LORD your God.
- (Deut 18:10-12) There shall not be found among you any one that makes his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that uses divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch.
12 For all that do these things are an abomination to the LORD: and because of these abominations the LORD your God does drive them out from before you.
- (Gal 1:8-9) But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel to you than that which we have preached to you, let him be accursed.
9 As we said before, so say I now again, if any man preach any other gospel to you than that you have received, let him be accursed.
- (2 Peter 2:1) But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privately shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring on themselves swift destruction.
- (1 John 4:1) Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world.
The life of Smith. When studying the life of Joseph Smith, we cannot understand how he could have in any way been an example for others. For example, he shot two men during the latter part of his life and had a very bad reputation that resulted in 1834 in 62 residents of the town signing an petition in which they complained about immoral behavior of his family and stated that they should no longer enjoy the appreciation of society anywhere.
I have more reasons to boast than anyone ever. I am the only man who has ever been able to keep the whole church together since the times of Adam. Most have stood by my side. Neither Paul, John, Peter, nor Jesus were able to do it. I boast that nobody has ever done such great work as I have done. The successors of Jesus left him, but the Latter-day Saints have never left me. (Joseph Smith, History of the Church, part VI. p.408-409). Translated from the Finnish text.
According to what standards can Joseph Smith be tested?
The first one is this: Were his prophecies fulfilled?
We have seen that this usually was not the case.
Smith declared that the Mormon saints could get a region called Indepence in Jackson County, Missouri, "for everlasting inheritance" (the Doctrine and Covenants 57:5) . However, they only got to be there for a few years. Smith predicted that wars would appear that would start in South Carolina and be shed over all nations (the Doctrine and Covenants 87:1-4). This prophecy did not come true. The civil war, caused by the question of slavery started indeed thirty years later, but the outcome differed a great deal from the prophecy of Joseph Smith.
Smith prophesied in 1833 that Zion (in Missouri) will not shake in its grounds even though its members will be scattered by harassment of its enemies, and that those who remain – the ones pure at heart – will return and build the ruins of Zion (the Doctrine and Covenants 101:17 ). This never happened but "Zion" was forced to be moved elsewhere.
In 1834, Smith predicted that the Mormons would immediately start gaining a victory over their enemies and that the scattered would return to their land of inheritance and build the ruins of Zion (the Doctrine and Covenants 103:5 13). This never took place. The Mormons lost and were forced to leave the land of "Zion".
Smith announced in 1836 that Moses appeared to him and Cowdery, and left them the keys for the gathering of Israel from four parts of the world and for the leading of ten tribes from the Northern country (the Doctrine and Covenants 110:11). Cowdery was expelled from the Mormon Church and Smith lost his life without having anything to do with the gathering of Israel. This took place much later, without any help from the Mormons.
The same year, Smith announced that the Lord will give the town of Salem into the hands of the Mormons and that there will be treasures of gold and silver in ample measure for them (the Doctrine and Covenants 111). Nothing of the kind took place.
Smith received a revelation in Nauvoo in 1841 that in a house that will be built there will be a place for him and his descendants from generation to generation forever and ever (the Doctrine and Covenants 124:55 60). Partnerships were also promised to some others in the same house, "from generation to generation". However, they were only allowed to be there for a few years, Smith himself only a very short period.
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0.952333 |
What are the best punching bag workouts and punching workouts and punching combos to get ripped?
The good thing about a heavy bag is its weight. This allows you to work muscles and increase strength. Getting into the bag will work your lungs and heart.
Follow this training to meet the requirements.
Hit the bag with a strong blow, alternate hands after each blow.
10 knees, no rest between them.
Hold the bag and insert your knee into the bag, do one leg at a time.
Hit the bag with hooks, alternate hands after each hook. Release the hooks as fast as possible with good form.
Hit the bag with high blows around the abdomen and head area. Come back and hydrate.
Continuously uppercut the bag. This is why i suggest getting the century wavemaster xxl punching bag because it can be used for this type of boxing training.
Hit the bag with low blows, shots in the lower part of the body - this is what you should strive for.
Training with bags is much more interesting than hitting the cardio machine. Do you think wrestlers get in shape with ease? They work their entire body and all their muscles by pushing a heavy bag. You can force your body to burn more fat this way. So, buy a hanging heavy bag or free standing bag and start sweating.
The reason that these workouts burn more fat than regular workouts is that it’s a high-intensity workout and there’s some resistance. The combination of these two models provides a high interval, intense training. These types of exercises increase your metabolism and cause your body to burn more calories during the day.
Bags come in different sizes, ( the wavemaster xxl comes in 3 different colors and 1 size) and for children, there are even custom-made handbags. The cover comes in different types, but most modern varieties have a durable synthetic shell, such as vinyl. In addition to a stronger surface, synthetic coatings resist abrasions and are less prone to mold growth. I keep mine in the garage which can be wet in winter, and mold can be a problem on some surfaces.
High-speed bags are those air-filled bags which are filled with air, usually mounted on top of a rebound platform parallel to the ground.
Rotating balls, sometimes called floor-to-ceiling balls, are almost the same as balls of speed with the main difference being the shape and material of the bag. The security cable is different in that it’s attached to the roof and a clip is on the floor. When you hit the ball, it reacts, turning to you at full speed. They are great for learning to deflect, strike, dodge, and develop their reactions and coordination. The faster and faster a person hits, the more the ball bounces off and reacts from different angles which gives a realistic simulation of a real battle.
Conventional workouts only burn calories during exercise. It’s for this reason that wrestlers have much more conditions and are much thinner than other athletes.
Liane - I am a boxing and mixed martial arts instructor who performs and teaches in the United States as well as in the U.K.
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0.993895 |
India is experiencing a heat wave that is extreme enough to affect the economy.
In parts of India, temperatures are reaching 50 C. The biggest impact is on people who work outside: farmers, laborers, etc. The poor, the people least likely to have access to air conditioning, are the ones most affected. Cities, outside the buildings, can be worse because cities are heat islands, places where the temperature is typically 5C higher because of the buildings. Climate is affecting economies, and widening inequalities. When it gets hot, poorer people have little choice other than to try to work through it, though inefficiently, while office workers can maintain efficiency and income if the business is rich enough to afford air conditioning. The effect is not limited to India. As global temperatures increase and as urban islands grow, more people will suffer in terms of health and wealth.
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0.999131 |
The Lion is Roaring: It is Your Time to Arise!
For now, My eyes are upon them [providentially protecting them]."
As I read this verse, I saw in a vision a picture of one who was like a disfigured lion with no teeth, chasing the daughters of God in relentless pursuit. I saw the King's daughters being chased by this mangled and toothless lion into a desert wasteland. He was seeking to devour them and they were running in fear of him, though he had no ability to bite. They had been running a long time, and were exhausted and weary as they dragged their feet across the hot desert sands. Tired and with no fight left in them, they were seeking shelter in hidden caves.
I could see that there were vast numbers of the King's daughters in this desert, but they had been separated and isolated, each to their own cave, shivering in corners and huddled up in fetal positions. They looked battle-weary with mud and blood covering their faces from their long pursuit. I saw again the one who appeared like a disfigured lion. He was now pacing back and forth at the front of their caves, roaring fiercely as he patrolled the entrances where they hid. I saw the King's daughters cowering in intimidation as they peered outside their caves in fear of this enemy. Within the vision, I became indignantly angry; a righteous anger arose within me while I watched this unjust scene unfolding. I cried out, "GOD ARISE! LET HIS ENEMIES BE SCATTERED!"
At that moment, a mighty, rushing wind picked up from within the desert; and there, within the wind, I saw the TRUE Lion emerge. His eyes were blazing, like hot coals of fire. His very presence commanded a shift in the atmosphere with unspoken authority. He began to walk toward the caves where His daughters were hiding, and as each powerful paw hit the ground, a quaking could be felt across the desert sands. I watched the one like a disfigured lion begin to grow nervous as the true Lion approached. The wind continued to surround the true Lion and it began to spread to every cave where the daughters were dwelling. Within the wind, a voice came to each daughter in hiding, "THIS IS NOT WHO YOU ARE. ARISE."
At that moment, the true Lion lifted up His head and released a mighty, thunderous roar that split the air in two. I saw the sky itself split into two, and suddenly, it was as though the daughters' eyes were opened. Before, where they could only see a mutilated, but intimidating, lion chasing and surrounding them, the roar of the true Lion now revealed the scene for what it really was. When the sky split, the enemy's identity was revealed as a defeated and cowering foe. They could now see clearly that he was toothless and much smaller than he at first appeared.
The daughters arose as the wind rushed over them, releasing within them a renewed strength and fight. One by one, they began to emerge from their caves, looking upon the horizon where their King-Lion stood. With His glorious mane flowing majestically in the wind, He called out to them, "Come, daughters, ARISE. Take the swords before you and defeat this notorious, counterfeit lion, for today I have given you the victory." As the King's daughters looked down, they realized at the foot of their caves lay swords. They picked up the swords and began to shout in triumph as they ran out of their caves in vast numbers, pursuing the enemy until he could no longer be seen.
"Rejoice greatly, O Daughter of Zion!
Upon a colt, the foal of a donkey.
And the bow of war will be cut off.
And from the River [Euphrates] to the ends of the earth.
I have freed your prisoners from the waterless pit.
Even today I am declaring that I will restore double [your former prosperity] to you [as firstborn among nations].
I will fit the bow with Ephraim [as My arrow].
And will make you [Israel] like the sword of a warrior."
"AWAKE AWAKE, O DAUGHTER of ZION. ARISE! Come out of hiding. Shake off the ashes. Look around and see that I have made you VICTORIOUS, O beautiful one! REJOICE greatly. SHOUT ALOUD! For I am here. I am your victory. I have called you as a reformer. I have made you like the sword of a warrior. You are My mighty WEAPON."
He is your providential protection, He is the Lord strong and mighty in battle, and He has given you this day victory over your enemy. Now, PURSUE what has pursued you. Take back the captive children who have been enslaved by the enemy's tyrant rule. I see multitudes of daughters awakening as they read this word, and I see them running in relentless pursuit of what has tried to consume them. I see that the Father has given them KEYS and STRATEGIES to disarm and dismantle the enemies' oppression. I see long-withstanding strongholds breaking as they strike the enemy with the brutal force of their God-given authority.
I see the King's daughters marching into a fresh and new governmental authority in this specific moment in time. Where their voices have been silenced or oppressed for generations, they will be instrumental in ushering in this long-awaited, mighty move of God that is beginning to sweep across the earth. They will march hand in hand with their men, and together, they will see cities restored.
God is raising up His daughters in strength and in unequaled numbers in this hour, for the enemy has once again blinded the daughters of the earth in a new-found oppression of feminism. However, God's daughters will move in unrivaled, supernatural power, marching to Heaven's beat of justice and purity; daughters of the Cross, consumed with the love of their King. They will together see giants fall and nations surrender to the glory of Jesus.
I see the Lion of Judah both smiling and roaring in fierceness behind you today, beloved daughters. You are called, purposed and equipped to slay demonic principalities, restoring His righteousness to the land. He is with you. Now is the time, now is your hour. Daughters, arise!
Forwarding:You are more than welcome to forward these messages on to friends, family and other mail lists. All we ask is that you include the entire contents of the message along with all contact information provided.
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0.953456 |
The first type of material that a prospective buyer needs to know is wood siding. This is the highest of maintenance siding because it requires painting and caulking so that it can remain looking good and functional. Whether you paint it, stain it, or finish it, wood will always require the most maintenance to look and work well. Furthermore, wood is easily damaged by insects, rot, splitting and warping.
The second most common material is aluminum siding which requires lesser maintenance. It has a metallic finish, and is priced moderately. On the downside, it produces more noise than most other siding materials during the rain or gusty winds. Replacing the aluminum siding is a rather simple task if it is just a single panel or two, but is generally more expensive than wood siding, unless the wood is finished or stained. Lastly, if it is painted it will be relatively easy to match the colors exactly.
The most popular type of siding is vinyl siding. It is the most popular due to the extensive benefits such as durability against the elements such as wind, rain, and degradation. Unlike wood it does not decay or get attacked by termites. It also does not require painting such as the one wood and aluminum require for it is generally cleaned when it rains. Furthermore, it is easier to replace even though it might be challenging to exactly match the repaired sections.
requires low maintenance and it is made using recyclable materials. This is important especially when it comes to maintaining the environment. Additionally, it does not rot or get attacked by insects. But you can expect to pay about 5% to 14% more in material and installation costs when doing complex installation configurations and patterns.
In the event that your siding becomes damaged, a panel or two may need to be replaced or repaired before the rest of the home. Depending on what type material and the color or finish of the material will determine the extend of repairing costs. Wood repairs are by far the most difficult to color and appearance match, whereas the vinyl siding is the easiest as it is commonly replaced and mass produced. The majority of window or siding contractors will install and replace the building papers such as Tyvak when repairing or replacing the siding.
When installing or replacing siding, many homeowners try to keep an extra slab or two of whatever material is used to finish their home. If you have the remaining siding from the original installation you can use them for replacement. These will almost exactly match the color an appearance minus whatever UV degradation may have occurred (usually minimal).
costs. In conclusion, save any matching material from original or additional installation. And make sure you understand a complete breakdown of the costs associated with the full installation job.
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0.964104 |
Mary Elizabeth Braddon (4 October 1835 – 4 February 1915) was an English popular novelist of the Victorian era. She is best known for her 1862 sensation novel Lady Audley's Secret. Born in London, Mary Elizabeth Braddon was privately educated. Her mother Fanny separated from her father Henry in 1840, when Mary was five. When Mary was ten years old, her brother Edward Braddon left for India and later Australia, where he became Premier of Tasmania. Mary worked as an actress for three years in order to support herself and her mother. In 1860, Mary met John Maxwell (1824–1895), a publisher of periodicals. She started living with him in 1861 owever, Maxwell was already married with five children, and his wife was living in an asylum in Ireland. Mary acted as stepmother to his children until 1874, when Maxwell's wife died and they were able to get married. She had six children by him, including the novelist William Babington Maxwell. Braddon was a prolific writer, producing more than 80 novels with inventive plots. The most famous is Lady Audley's Secret (1862), which won her recognition, and a fortune as a bestseller. It has remained in print since its publication and been dramatised and filmed several times. R. D. Blackmore's anonymous sensation novel Clara Vaughan (1864) was wrongly attributed to her by some critics. Braddon wrote several works of supernatural fiction, including the pact with the devil story Gerald, or the World, the Flesh and the Devil (1891), and the ghost stories "The Cold Embrace", "Eveline's Visitant" and "At Chrighton Abbey". From the 1930s onwards, these stories were often anthologised in collections such as Montague Summers's The Supernatural Omnibus (1931) and Fifty Years of Ghost Stories (1935). Braddon's legacy is tied to the sensation fiction of the 1860s. Braddon also founded Belgravia magazine (1866), which presented readers with serialised sensation novels, poems, travel narratives and biographies, as well as essays on fashion, history and science. The magazine was accompanied by lavish illustrations and offered readers a source of literature at an affordable cost. She also edited Temple Bar magazine. She died on 4 February 1915 in Richmond, then in Surrey and now in London, and is interred in Richmond Cemetery. Her home had been Lichfield House in the centre of then town, which was replaced by a block of flats in 1936, Lichfield Court, now listed. She has a plaque in Richmond parish church which calls her simply 'Miss Braddon'. A number of streets in the area are named after characters in her novels – her husband was a property developer in the area. There is a critical essay on Braddon's work in Michael Sadleir's book Things Past (1944). In 2014 the Mary Elizabeth Braddon Association was founded to pay tribute to Braddon's life and work.
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0.99552 |
Religious freedom is about fairness. No one’s religion should be used to harm others.
Religion is often used as an excuse to discriminate against LGBTQ people, women, religious minorities, non-believers and others. Some want to use their religious beliefs as an excuse to deny health care, refuse to provide goods and services, and disobey laws protecting Americans from discrimination.
Americans United is fighting for equality, fairness and religious freedom and we are standing up to those who would harm others in the name of religion.
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0.968872 |
- The story begins in the kingdom of Wakanda, a beautiful and peaceful kingdom deep in the Sahara separated from the human race.
- Although deep in the desert, but where is a fertile soil, fertile because of the strength of a gem called "witch stone".
- A stormy day, a dark force has stolen them from the Vatican - where the stone was stored for hundreds of years.
- They use stones to scatter death to the entire planet. - They captured all the inhabitants of the kingdom of Wakanda as slaves to their looting and expansion.
- Those who did not follow them, were imprisoned in cages, savagely tortured and used stones to turn them into ugly "devils".
- The beautiful kingdom of wakanda has now become a dead cemetery. The grass gradually wilted because of the lack of power from the witch stone.
- Mage soon realized that Warrior and Tiny Dwarf Warrior recovered the witch hunt to save the innocent people turned into "evil" and restore the life of the kingdom of Wakanda.
- To be able to do that, three heroes have to look to the dark kingdom - the shelter of the dark forces to regain "the witch stone"
- The kingdom of Wakanda is a separate kingdom, so in order to be able to move through the lands, they need to find the portal and activate them with "space rock". Each port of movement will have a certain amount of rock space. Get enough space rock, move the portal to be opened, and 3 heroes can continue their journey.
Robin Hood Adventures has been installed between 10,000+ times by users and has an average rating of 4.2 in Google apps store.
Robin Hood Adventures game size 48M and can be installed on any Android device running version 4.1 and up.
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0.955823 |
What is the process for website development or web development steps.
Various steps need to be taken to develop a website. Sometimes, they overlap; sometimes, one step is fundamental to reach the next one. Every project is unique in its way, but these are, broadly, the steps to be followed.
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0.93731 |
DO I call my insurance?
My car was not running and I needed to run errands.
My neighbor let me drive her car with her in the car. As i was backing up, there was a blind spot and I hit the side of her house with the car, causing damage to her bumper.
DO I call me insurance or pay out of pocket?
Well, unfortunately the primary insurance coverage for an accident like this is the insurance company that insures that car. In other words, her insurance company would pay for it (assuming she has full coverage).
If you don't want that, your insurance company will not cover unless the primary insurance company does not provide coverage but they will have to be notified.
If you want to avoid her rates going up, you will have to pay yourself.
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0.999509 |
Debunking the most common myths about employer-sponsored health programs.
In the last few years, there have been numerous health articles and research studies published which share the significant impact that poor employee health and wellness can have on a company’s bottom line. For instance, there is scientific evidence which shows that a correlation exists between an individual’s unhealthy lifestyle and personal injury, disability and certain chronic illnesses, such as heart disease, hypertension, stroke and premature mortality.
However, while unhealthy behavior and lifestyle can greatly affect an individual’s health, it can also directly impact their employer’s workers’ compensation and health care costs. For instance, there are many indirect costs that are associated with an employee’s unhealthy lifestyle. Some of these include increased absenteeism, decreased productivity, work related injuries and excessive sick leave.
Luckily, the recognition of this has lead to an increase in corporate wellness programs in order to help facilitate a healthier lifestyle for employees and, in turn, improve a company’s bottom line. Especially in employer-sponsored programs which are focused on prevention and intervention, implementing a corporate wellness program into the workplace can result in long-term savings for the employer and a better quality of life for staff members.
However, like with any program that is relatively new to the corporate world, there has been a lot of misperceptions and myths that surround the topic of corporate health and wellness. Today, we will be debunking some of the most common myths about employer-sponsored health programs once and for all.
MYTH: Illness will occur among employees whether or not they work out.
While it is true that some illness, such as a cold or flu bug, can overtake even the healthiest of individuals, the majority of illnesses are a result of lifestyle choices. For instance, with the exception of automobile accidents, six of the top seven causes of death in the United States are lifestyle diseases. However, by becoming involved in an employer-sponsored wellness program, employees can begin to improve their overall health and wellness, decrease their stress and experience multiple health improvements.
MYTH: An employee’s health is not any of my company’s business.
One of the biggest arguments against corporate wellness programs is the defense that what an employee does on his or her own time should have no impact on the workplace. However, the truth of the matter is, when it comes to health insurance, benefits, workers compensation costs and productivity, it is definitely your company’s business. Plus, because many workers are now being asked to pay more out of pocket in order to cover the costs of rising health care benefits, employees are more sensitive than ever to their need to participate in beneficial wellness efforts.
MYTH: A corporate wellness program is too expensive for my company.
Corporate wellness programs can be surprisingly inexpensive and have been proven to be very cost-effective for both large and small companies. This is because successful employee wellness programs, such as the ones implemented by Walkingspree, can generate cost savings for your company in terms of both expenses due to employee absenteeism and employee health care costs simply by introducing your staff to a healthier lifestyle.
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0.96847 |
In what may be the WEIRDEST news story of 2015, a handful of classmates at a local technical college met at a park. One of them was an Army veteran who suffers from psychotic episodes.
On May 4 a group of classmates were having a party at Golden Gardens Park in Seattle. A second group of classmates joined them and one of them tackled another from behind and began choking him. Apparently the attacker was known to put random people in choke holds as well as anger management issues.
When the group broke up the choking the social proceeded, until the victim demanded an explanation from the assailant. That led to a fight and the original group began brawling with the second group. During that fight the assailant gouged out the eyes of the victim and shoved sand in the sockets!
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0.994284 |
Are there 2 bicep and 2 tricep exercises I can do to hit both heads of the bicep and all 3 of the tricep?
I rely on my chest and back exercises to do the bulk of bi/tris indirectly. Don’t want to get too crazy with 1,000 variations that would make an “arm day”. Just a couple each to help supplement.
If you do a curl movement where your arm begins stretched behind you (such as standing and doing a one-armed low pulley curl while you face away from the pulley, or sitting on an incline bench for curls) and you additionally do a curl movement where your shoulder is flexed a bit and you get the peak contraction at the end portion of the movement (such as a high pulley curl where you lean forward slightly or a spider curl), you'll pretty much maximize the biceps development from a theoretical perspective (not considering hammer or reverse curl movements).
For triceps, you can do a triceps overhead extension with a high pulley where you lean forward some to get a good stretch at the top (you could also do a lying tricep extension with a bar of some sort or dumbbells and ensure when you straighten your arms the dumbbells are behind your head). You could then also do a tricep pushdown movement with single handles such that you can extend the weight behind your body for a peak contraction. That will hit the full range of your triceps well.
Only isolations I do right now is concentration dumbbell curls for bicep and overhead dumbbell extensions for triceps.
I believe dips hit all three tricep heads, and drag curls hit both bicep heads.
I like to combine complimentary movements like having a workout that is dumbbell bench followed by dumbbell row, and another workout later that week that is pullups/chinups followed by dips. Feels like it works the complete upper body including the bis and tris.
For direct arm isolation, I like to do dumbbell curl, dumbbell hammer curl, tricep cable pushdowns (either one hand or two hand, various attachments for variety). I do this to supplement my compound exercises because my chest and lats tend to grow a lot stronger from compound movements to the detriment of my arms, so I do some direct arm work. I also recommend close grip bench press.
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0.999706 |
Bing Ads has updated its conversion tracking and will now count conversions based on the time of the ad click.
In a related update, Bing Ads will now report on Assists based on the time of the ad click that contributed to a conversion.
Bing says it’s implementing these changes after listening to feedback from advertisers.
As a result, advertisers can expect improvements to the performance of ad schedule bid modifiers. They will now align better to the time of the click, rather than the time of the conversion.
Bing offers an example to illustrate how advertisers will notice the effects of these changes in day-to-day reporting.
I’ll paraphrase Bing’s example in the points below.
Day 1: A user clicks on an ad for ‘keyword 1’ and looks through the website but doesn’t make a purchase.
Day 2: The same user clicks on another ad from the same business, but for a different keyword (keyword 2). The searcher adds a product to their cart.
Day 3: The user manually visits the website once more and buys the product they added to their cart on day 2.
With respect to the example above, Bing Ads will report on the conversion event and assist event based on the time of the related ad click.
While this change rolls out, websites that typically have longer conversion windows may see some fluctuations in their reporting as the new data stabilizes.
Websites that typically lead to conversions shortly after the click will likely not see much change in reporting as a result of this update.
Bing Ads will continue to use a last-click attribution model for conversion tracking.
Advertisers utilizing auto-bidding will not need to take any action on their own, as the algorithm optimizes using historical data.
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0.998931 |
Planning for a fun and adventurous trip? Pack your bags and visit the best amusement park Universal Studios Japan.
Universal Studios Japan is a theme park with a collection of world class entertainment for all ages to enjoy. It features shows, rides and restaurants based on famous movie themes, like Jaws, Back to the Future and Terminator.
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0.919661 |
The Bermuda Triangle Mystery of the Yacht Named "Witchcraft"
The Bermuda Triangle mystery of the yacht named "Witchcraft" started on the 22nd day in December in the year of 1967.
An avid yachtsman by the name of Dan Burack and Father Patrick Horgan decided to set sail in the 23 foot luxury yacht. It was a trip where the two would enjoy the magnificent holiday lights off the coast of Miami. The goal was to navigate just a short distance and then observe the spectacular lighting up around the city. Unfortunately, by the time the yacht reached the buoy identified as "7", the yacht named "Witchcraft" had already experienced some difficulty. This was just less than one mile total from the marina that the water vessel had set sail from.
Dan Burack had come in contact with something below the water. He did not discover any immediate threat, but seemed to realize that the rudder of the yacht, or possibly the propeller system had been damaged in the hit. However, it appeared that the actual hull was preserved. Burack made a call to the RCC in Miami and explained that he would need manually assistance to the marina that he left from. He also indicated that the "Witchcraft" was not experiencing an emergency. Individuals that received his call recalled that he was calm and composed. They did not feel, based on the sound of his voice, that there was immediate concern, though they dispatched assistance as soon as possible. The call was made at 9:00PM.
At this point, dispatchers did not consider this to be another Bermuda Triangle mystery. It was not until their arrival, just nineteen minutes after the call was received from Burack called in, did they find the situation a bit particular. Many in the area knew that the "Witchcraft" was designed with a specially built floatation device. The luxury yacht was considered to be "unsinkable". However, when help arrived - the "Witchcraft" was nowhere in sight. As a matter of fact, there was no evidence that the yacht had experienced a struggle, and no appearance that a yacht had ever even been present! It was at this point that the "Witchcraft" became the next Bermuda Triangle mystery.
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0.999793 |
When preparing to travel, you may ask yourself: Do I need a passport or visa to enter Somalia? The short answer to that question is, “Yes.” A visa and passport are required in order to visit Somalia. When preparing to travel to Somalia, double check the expiration date of your current passport if you have one. It must remain valid for at least for the duration of stay. If it will expire within that time, or come close, it’s best to get it renewed. Occasionally there’s a need for additional stamps in your passport. So ensure you have at least one blank page remaining for use. Yellow fever vaccinations are currently required in order to enter Somalia. Your medical professional can help you with these, and any other vaccinations you may need.
Somalia is located in Eastern Africa. The country, which struggles with recurring droughts, has a total land area of 637,657 sq km. It shares borders with Djibouti and Ethiopia. Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, may be a city to consider seeing. When planning other site seeing adventures keep in mind that timezones may change. Make sure to adjust your watch, or phone to Somalia’s timezone, use UTC+3. The country’s main agricultural products are sugar and tobacco. The primary industry contributing to their economy is light industries. Manufactures is Somalia's main import. The country’s airports currently include 6 paved runways, with 55 unpaved. Internet availability exists throughout Somalia for its 187,000 users, so finding WIFI while there shouldn't be difficult.
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0.999999 |
What is the greatest recovered artifact of all time?
In 1922, one of archaeology’s most cherished finds occurred in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings. When Howard Carter uncovered the entrance to the tomb of King Tutankhamun, known colloquially as King Tut, he had no idea what he would find on the other side. Massive gilded statues, including a piece in the likeness of Anubis, were among the various treasures discovered with the mummified pharaoh. The most startling find of all, however, was on Tutankhamun’s body: an ornate and gilded death mask, formed with a royal beard, an alert stare, and elaborate headdress. Upon its recovery, the mask became an international sensation, spurring the public’s fascination with Egypt and its lavish past. To this day, much of the travel to Egypt’s tombs and pyramids is derived from the findings within the pharaoh’s tombs, including the death mask that has forever immortalized the 19-year-old ruler.
Description: An ornate funerary mask formed with gold, semiprecious stones, and a variety of glass paneling, intended to be used as the mask covering the mummified body.
Historical Significance: Rekindled international interest in Egypt and the Ancient Egyptian rulers, illustrated the death rituals of the culture.
Much like the Rosetta Stone, these famous scrolls are among archaeology’s greatest legends. Discovered in a series of caves over a decade, they provide some of the first tangible vindication for the Hebrew Bible’s verses, since they contain handwritten text which fits the Hebrew canon and scripture. Some of the scrolls did not provide a direct link to the Hebrew Bible, but instead focused on secular issues, providing anthropologists and archaeologists with more insight into the lifestyle and tactical planning efforts of the Hebrew people. Due to the sensitive location of the discovery and the religious connotations, multiple nations have claimed ownership of the scrolls, including Palestine and Jordan. Currently, the scrolls are housed throughout the world in various museums and exhibits, and continue to exist as living legends for their historical and religious value.
Description: Over 980 original versions of Hebrew Bible entries, largely written in Hebrew and Aramaic.
Historical Significance: Cemented the validity of contemporary passages, as well as possessing significant religious value.
Statues have often been known to guard the mausoleums of many famous rulers, and in some cases, groups of statues stand watch over sacred sites. The Terracotta soldiers discovered in China, however, take the concept to a breathtaking extreme. This model army was found in a collection of pits, and after careful excavation, the scope and craftsmanship of the display finally came to light. Filled with thousands of soldiers, chariots, and horses, the army is believed to be a product of the long-standing Qin Dynasty, constructed to protect the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Interestingly enough, the army’s designers were also careful enough to include some essential non-combat personnel in the ranks, including entertainers and ruling officials. Even more fascinating is the condition of the sharpened weapons found throughout the pits, which are often discovered rust-free due to a coating of chromium dioxide.
Description: A massive collection of terracotta warrior statues (including chariots and cavalry) gathered in pits, with sizes varying according to military rank.
Historical Significance: Offered insight into the Qin burial rituals, as well as the technology and craftsmanship of the dynasty.
Anybody who has attempted to learn a language has probably heard of Rosetta Stone, though the linguistics company’s link to the real stone is only symbolic. The Rosetta Stone, a piece commissioned by King Ptolemy V and recovered in Egypt after a landmark discovery, paved the way to understanding and translating the previously unintelligible Egyptian hieroglyphs. Because the stone contained three juxtaposed languages – hieroglyphs, Demotic script, and Ancient Greek – it offered experts the first real opportunity to begin assembling a translation protocol. Much like puzzle pieces, the languages on the slab fit together to create one of the world’s first decryption keys. Today, the Rosetta Stone is housed at the famous British Museum, and seems destined to stay there in spite of Egypt’s requests to claim the artifact.
Description: A granodiorite slab covered in three distinct languages, reportedly commissioned by King Ptolemy V.
Historical Significance: Supplied the first functional method of translating and comprehending Egyptian hieroglyphs.
In pop culture, the Anglo-Saxons are often remembered as the distant cousins of the Scandinavian Vikings. While there were significant differences between the two groups, the emphasis on warfare and post-mortem honoring was a shared fabric between societies. The Sutton Hoo burial ship, named after its location along the River Deben, is an Anglo-Saxon grave site which housed an eclectic mixture of funerary items: spearheads, purses, and expensive textiles, among other things. One of the most memorable and substantial finds, however, was a decorative helmet which resembled Swedish designs. In addition to forging a possible link between the two cultures, the Sutton Hoo helmet also represents a stunning find, since helmets are rarely discovered at Anglo-Saxon burial sites. Today, the helmet has become the de facto “face” of the Anglo-Saxons, and embodies the warrior spirit of Britain’s conquerors.
Description: An elaborate and decorative helmet worked in tinned bronze, complete with stylized brows, a set of cheek and neck guards, and flanking panels over the ears.
Historical Significance: Provided a better understanding of Anglo-Saxon warrior culture and burial traditions, made links to similar Swedish customs from the same era.
While some artifacts provide a greater sense of clarity regarding ancient cultures, others only create more questions. Such is the case with the infamous Antikythera mechanism, which was recovered by divers off the coast of Greece in 1900. Aside from this puzzling piece of machinery, a variety of statues, coins, and other artifacts were discovered among the wreckage. The Antikythera mechanism, according to the most recent interpretations, was the Ancient Greek model of an analog computer. Its construction suggests a high degree of mathematical and astronomical knowledge on the part of its designers, and its mere existence confirms many scholars’ beliefs in an advanced and well-educated caste of Ancient Greek society. Because of extensive decay and damage, the exact function of the mechanism may never be fully understood by archaeologists. Nevertheless, the world’s most ancient computer commands a certain degree of respect.
Description: A clockwork mechanism composed of interlocking bronze cogs, apparently intended to predict astronomical events.
Historical Significance: Demonstrated a profound and advanced understandings of mathematics and astronomy in the Ancient Greek world.
While modern perceptions of ancient civilizations may involve some element of barbarism or limited intelligence, recent archaeological finds have suggested that most cultures preserved advanced knowledge in one form or another. The Nebra Sky Disk, originally uncovered in Germany and sold in a black market deal, represents an enormous amount of astronomical knowledge and eclipse observance from its source culture, the Unetice people. Dating procedures were able to conclude that the disk was gradually shaped over time, with additional holes and celestial symbols being added as the Unetice followed the night sky’s patterns. Because of its significance as one of the world’s earliest recorded models of the cosmos, UNESCO eventually added it to the prestigious Memory of the World Register and helped to ensure its exhibition in Halle, Germany.
Description: A bronze disk measuring nearly a foot in diameter, decorated with inlaid gold and astronomical symbols such as a sun and moon.
Historical Significance: Hinted toward a Bronze Age understanding of astronomy, as well as a connection between eclipses, astronomical monitoring, and religion.
Despite the sense of wonder attached to this Mycenaean death mask’s owner, its name is actually a misnomer, since it has been debunked as belonging to the legendary Mycenaean king. Despite this, the gold-forged funerary mask is one of the most intact and significant finds to emerge from Mycenae’s past, since many other traces of the civilization have been destroyed or lost. Through this mask, which was discovered in a burial pit, researchers were able to form a more complete picture of Mycenae’s death rituals. How a culture deals with its deceased members, of course, is one of the most important details in historical anthropology. In spite of its misleading title, the mask is among the most valuable artifacts from Agamemnon’s people.
Description: A gold funeral mask existing as one piece of a five-part set, rumored to have crafted for the legendary Greek hero Agamemnon.
Historical Significance: Although the mask predates Agamemnon or his mention in Greek stories, the mask offers a fascinating look at the customs and artwork of Mycenae.
When an object comes attached with a long-standing debate about its authenticity, there’s something worth investigating. The Phaistos Disc, discovered in a Minoan palace after thousands of years of neglect, is one of archaeology’s more troublesome mysteries. Its clay surface is adorned with dozens of symbols, none of which have ever been truly decoded by experts and researchers, and its purpose is equally unclear. Several of its designs have been translated into other hieroglyphs from surrounding civilizations, but none of the symbols have ever been combined in a comprehensive manner, and more interpretations of the disc continue to emerge as time goes on. Regardless of what the Phaistos Disc is or was intended to be, its meaning may very well have been buried with the ruins of the Minoans themselves.
Description: A disk formed from fired claying and stamped with a variety of symbols and insignias, but lacking clarity regarding its intended use.
Historical Significance: Sparked a large debate and speculation regarding the disc's use or symbolism, which still continues to this day.
Despite their name, the Folkton Drums are not drums in the practical or literal sense. Instead, they’re chalk recreations of the instrument, carved during the Neolithic period and intended to be used as toys or models for a child. Many artifacts are known for their luxurious nature or demonstration of wealth, but others are more subtle, and convey deep meaning about the nature and lifestyle of a people. These chalk carvings are covered in images of faces and various designs, and were found in the graves of a presumably noble child, since there have been no other finds of a similar type or value in northern England. While these tiny drums may not be gilded blades or the armor of a warlord, they are an expression of innocence and creativity in a long-lost era.
Description: A set of intricately-carved model drums created using chalk, found within a child's grave.
Historical Significance: Helped to create a more rounded perception of settlers from this era, demonstrated the importance of music or leisure in everyday life.
The Vikings are typically associated with beards, heavy drinking, and longships, but an important aspect of their society was ritual mourning. Throughout Europe, one can visit carved runestones, which were erected to honor the memory of fallen kin or comrades. In fact, runestones were so vital to their society that a profession solely devoted to carving the slabs existed. In Uppland, Sweden, four runestones – termed the Hagby Runestones – honor the memory of fallen Norsemen, including several warriors of the foreign mercenaries known as the Varangian Guard. In addition to demonstrating more of the Viking death rituals, the runestones also represent a significant source of information about the Varangian guardsmen, who are often described in literature stemming from their “working place” in Constantinople. While the bodies of the Norsemen may no longer be intact, these stones are sure to remain through the ages.
Description: Four runestones carved in memory of lost warriors or family members, with three of the stones honoring Varangian warriors.
Historical Significance: Aided researchers in understanding the nature of runestones and the spread of Norse settlers, shed light on Varangian warriors.
It’s impossible to have a discussion about archaeology without bringing up the legacy of King Tut’s tomb. While the discovery produced a wealth of new information about Egypt’s ancient past and provided a staggering amount of treasures for museum displays, the most memorable and iconic image to emerge from Carter’s expedition was the Death Mask of Tutankhamun. The mask succeeded in carrying on the ostentatious appearance of the pyramids, while also commanding respect with its powerful gaze and royal decorations. This death mask is the epitome of tomb findings, and has inspired tourists, historians, and archaeologists for decades, calling the masses to the sands of Egypt and beyond to find the next great artifact. Although King Tutankhamun died before his 20th birthday, his legacy endures in the form of ever-curious researchers and his worldly possessions, including this spectacular funerary mask. The mask was able to evoke a sense of royalty and power at the time of its creation as well as exhibition, and because of this, it’s undoubtedly the greatest recovered artifact of all time.
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When Should You Provide an Exclusive Territory to a Franchisee?
I was given a recent dilemma from a new franchisor whose management could not agree on whether or not to provide exclusive territories.
Generally when you have a product or service that the franchisee's customers will be drawn only from local areas around physical location, then exclusive territories make the most sense, because your franchisee believes he has no way to "keep the competition" from taking his customers, and that there is no way to draw replacement potential customers from afar.
This is generally WHY franchises buy a franchise, because of the perceived benefit from competition the exclusive territory gives. I say "perceived" because honestly the success of a particular franchisee really depends on his business acumen and marketing efforts, not on the fact he has an exclusive territory.
But the franchisee perceives he has an advantage, so he is willing to buy the franchise that gives the exclusive territory, over the competing franchise he is looking at that does NOT give an exclusive territory. (If all franchises in a particular industry do not give an exclusive territory then there is no issue).
But if your competitors all have exclusive territories, you will want to offer the same OR some other more attractive benefit that your franchisor competitors do not offer, such as better pricing or lower fees or different services your competitors charge for, etc.
Having said that clearly there are problems with having territories, such as encroachment claims (which some states entertain even when the encroachment is outside the actual territory lines). If you have no territories, you have no encroachment claims. Period.
(Of course there is always unfair business practices claims, which is what we call it in Calif, when someone does something you don't like!).
Another negative about giving territories, is that, generally in new systems, the first set of franchisees are given territories, that are later are clearly recognized to be, way to large.
The problem then becomes that the franchisee simply does nothing to develop the client base when he becomes satisfied at some lower than expected level of customers, knowing there can never be any competition from a neighboring franchisee.
This results in low market penetration for your product/service, and there is nothing you can do about it since you are locked into the territory. (Hint about what to put in your FDDs and franchise agreements to avoid this problem--either minimum sales quote to maintain territory, OR minimum royalty amount).
Can you sell franchises, some with territories, some without? Well, if everything is the same, no. If you have a way to differentiate why one franchisee would receive an exclusive territory and one would not, perfect!
For example, in the printing franchise world where I came from, franchisees would not receive territories when their location was in a high density metropolitan area such as Washington D.C., since their potential customers (small businesses) were all bunched up in a very tight geographic configuration, as opposed to the the more rural or suburban less metropolitan areas, where the franchisees did receive territories.
That was a legitimate distinction which did not promote discourse among those franchise owners...and of course this was clearly disclosed in the FDD.
Another approach is to offer two separate and distinct franchises with a few differentiating features; one with an exclusive territory higher priced, and the other with less features, no exclusive territory, lower priced. Both versions can even be identified in the same FDD offering, so as not to double the registration costs.
Another approach, is make small contiguous territories, selling only one, yet giving a franchisee the right of first refusal to purchase perhaps at a discount any number of contiguous territories based on some level of penetration (sales level) within his existing territory, or within a certain time-frame, some other parameter.
This way the franchisee does receive both a small, but exclusive territory AND the right to expand his exclusive territory if he is working the system well; and, you as Franchisor receive both a benefit in keeping a contiguous territory "open" for purchase and development by a new franchisee, while at the same time, if you have a very good existing franchisee who wants the continuous territory, you receive another franchise fee plus the expanded development from a good player.
Remember the goal is market penetration of your product/service, and the larger the territory, the less incentive for the franchisee to quickly develop the entire territory, and the less system wide sales you will achieve, from which you are to receive royalties and other payments.
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Add another contender to the alternative aviation fuel race: Swift Enterprises. The company, which is based in Indiana, has developed a renewable jet fuel made from landfill waste, sorghum, algae, woodchips, and other feedstocks.
Swift’s biofuel currently costs $60 per gallon to produce, but the company believes that the cost will drop to $1.80 once they begin full-scale production.
And while other companies are also working on alternative fuels for planes, Swift believes that it has the most promising solution.
According to a spokesman for the company, Swift’s fuel has been the only successful challenger to outperform petroleum as a high-octane aviation fuel.
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This article is about the music chart. For the music genre, see Alternative rock.
Alternative Songs (also called Alternative and formerly known as Modern Rock Tracks and Hot Modern Rock Tracks) is a music chart in the United States that has appeared in Billboard magazine since September 10, 1988. It lists the 40 most-played songs on alternative and modern rock radio stations. The chart was introduced as a companion to the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and its creation was prompted by the explosion of alternative music on American radio in the late 1980s. During the first several years of the chart, it regularly featured music that did not receive commercial radio airplay anywhere but on a few modern rock and college rock radio stations. This included many electronic and post-punk artists. Gradually, as alternative rock became more "mainstream" (particularly spearheaded by the grunge explosion in the early 1990s), the Alternative Songs and Mainstream Rock Songs charts began featuring more of the same songs. However, the formats would differentiate themselves by the late 2000s. Today, the Alternative Songs chart favors more indie rock, indie pop, and synth-pop bands while the Mainstream Rock Songs chart favors more alternative rock, hard rock, and heavy metal music.
The chart is based solely on radio airplay. As of 2012, approximately 80 radio stations are electronically monitored 24 hours a day, seven days a week by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems. Songs are ranked by a calculation of the total number of spins per week with its "audience impression", which is based upon exact times of airplay and each station's Arbitron listener data. The chart had 30 positions when it was introduced in September 1988, and was expanded to 40 positions on September 10, 1994.
The chart was renamed Alternative Songs beginning with the June 20, 2009 issue after Billboard fully absorbed Radio & Records, whose similar chart was called "Alternative" instead of "Modern Rock".
The Red Hot Chili Peppers hold the record for most number-one songs at 13, a record they have held since 2016.
Foo Fighters are the chart's top act and "Uprising" by Muse is the Alternative Songs chart's all-time No. 1 song.
The first number-one song on the Alternative Songs chart was "Peek-a-Boo" by Siouxsie and the Banshees. The current number-one song for the chart dated April 20, 2019, is "Ready to Let Go" by Cage the Elephant.
The first Alternative Songs chart appeared in the September 10, 1988 edition of Billboard magazine, then known as "Modern Rock Tracks". The first song to reach the chart's No. 1 position was Siouxsie and the Banshees' "Peek-a-Boo", which topped the charts for two weeks. In the chart's early years, the chart was closely associated with college rock, new wave, post-punk and electronic genres with a large presence of British, Irish and Australian artists, as only 24 of the chart's first 82 number-one hits were by American acts. Bands including Depeche Mode, Pixies, The Cure, New Order and R.E.M. were amongst the most popular acts on Alternative radio in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Many rock artists do not release commercial singles in the United States. Several popular songs which were not released as commercial singles did not qualify for the Hot 100 before December 1998, but performed very well on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.
In 1991, with the release of "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Nirvana (which reached No. 1 on November 23, 1991), grunge became a new form of alternative rock to chart. However, grunge did not have a dominating presence on the chart in its heyday; over time, grunge would grow into popularity as a representation of alternative rock in the mainstream. Iconic grunge songs fared decently on the Alternative Songs chart but better on the Mainstream Rock Songs. For example, "Black" by Pearl Jam peaked only at No. 20 on the former but No. 3 on the latter. This was because the college rock and new wave of the 1980s remained the dominant styles of the format, while grunge became an alternative rock style that was popular on the Mainstream Rock format.
In the mid-1990s, alternative rock songs began to crossover to Pop radio, with acts such as Green Day, The Offspring and Alanis Morissette being played on Pop stations after establishing hits on the Alternative chart. Dominant genres included pop punk and softer alternative rock, as grunge acts such as Soundgarden and Stone Temple Pilots did not reach No. 1, while Britpop, a form of alternative rock from the UK, was represented only by Oasis. By the late-1990s, the Alternative Songs chart was ruled by relatively lighter alternative rock bands such as Third Eye Blind, Matchbox Twenty and Sugar Ray and a plethora of one-hit wonders.
At the turn of the century, alternative radio embraced nu-metal/rap rock with bands including Korn, Limp Bizkit and most famously, Linkin Park. Chris Molanphy of Pitchfork stated that "possibly the most loathed period for music of the last half-century, the rap-rock years-- when looked through the prism of the Modern Rock chart’s evolution-- are a logical endpoint to a decade when alt-culture steadily de-wussified itself." Garage rock from the likes of The White Stripes and The Strokes also became hits in the early-2000s as a counter to the over-aggression of rap rock.
In the mid-2000s, the Alternative charts were ruled at the top by its most dominant members. From 2003 to 2008, the No. 1 song was by either Foo Fighters, Green Day, Incubus, Linkin Park or Red Hot Chili Peppers 49% of the time - 152 out of 313 weeks. During this time, classic '90s alternative groups such as Nine Inch Nails and Weezer enjoyed their biggest success, while emo (Jimmy Eat World), indie rock (Modest Mouse) and pop punk (Fall Out Boy) also were popular. In 2007, "The Kill" by Thirty Seconds to Mars set a record for the longest-running hit in the history of the US alternative chart when it remained on the national chart for 52 weeks. Rise Against's "Savior" later broke the record by spending 65 weeks, followed around the same time by "1901" from Phoenix at 57. In 2009, Billboard renamed the chart to "Alternative Songs".
In the 2010s, the Alternative charts were led by softer indie pop and folk, and crossed over new acts to pop radio for the first time since the late-'90s; these acts being Foster the People, Imagine Dragons, fun., and Gotye. The chart also began to diverge from the Mainstream Rock chart, as only 10 of 40 songs were shared between the two in November 2012, compared to 23 of 40 in November 2002. For the chart's 25th anniversary in 2013, Billboard published a list of the 100 biggest hits in the history of the Alternative chart. "Uprising" by Muse was listed at No. 1, having spent 17 weeks on the top of the chart and 53 weeks in total. "Savior" by Rise Against was listed at No. 2, peaking at #3 but staying on the chart for a record-breaking 65 weeks.
In 2018, Billboard released its Greatest of All Time Alternative Songs 30th-anniversary recap. The Foo Fighters continued its reign as the chart's No. 1 act over the list's first 30 years, after leading the 25th-anniversary recap. Muse's "Uprising" retained its standing as the all-time No. 1 song. Rise Against's " Savior" again ranked at No. 2, while Portugal. The Man's "Feel It Still" entered at No. 3, the highest debut on the 30th anniversary songs list, following its record 20-week reign in 2017. Only six bands have charted in all four decades of the chart's existence - Nine Inch Nails, Depeche Mode, Jane's Addiction, Red Hot Chili Peppers, U2 and Beastie Boys.
The following songs have charted for more than 52 weeks.
The songs with 16 or more weeks at number one.
The song that has taken the longest time to reach number one is "Out of My League" by Fitz and The Tantrums (33 weeks) in 2013, followed by "Animal" by Neon Trees in 2010 and "Mountain at My Gates" by Foals in 2016 (both 32 weeks), "1901" by Phoenix (31 weeks) in 2010, "Feel Good Drag" by Anberlin (29 weeks) in 2009, "Wasteland" by 10 Years (27 weeks) in 2006, and "No Roots" by Alice Merton (26 weeks) in 2018.
Beck has had the longest time between number-ones (12 years, 8 months and 2 weeks), with "E-Pro" (2005) and "Up All Night" (2017).
Eighteen songs released on an independent record label have reached number one on this chart: "Come Out and Play" by The Offspring, "What It's Like" by Everlast, "Panic Switch" by Silversun Pickups, "1901" by Phoenix, "Lay Me Down" by The Dirty Heads featuring Rome Ramirez, "Little Lion Man" by Mumford & Sons, "Ho Hey" by The Lumineers, "I Will Wait" by Mumford & Sons, "Do I Wanna Know?" by Arctic Monkeys, "Hollow Moon (Bad Wolf)" by Awolnation, "The Sound of Winter" by Bush, "First" by Cold War Kids, "Ophelia" by The Lumineers, "Bored to Death" by Blink-182, "Take It All Back" by Judah & the Lion, "Cleopatra" by The Lumineers, "No Roots" by Alice Merton, and "Sober Up" by AJR featuring Rivers Cuomo.
Although Soundgarden's "Black Hole Sun" did not hit number one on the chart where it only peaked at number two on July 2, 1994, it actually became the Modern Rock Tracks year-end number one single of 1994, the only song to do so without ever being number one on the weekly chart.
In August 2013, Lorde became the first woman to top the Alternative Songs chart since Tracy Bonham in 1996 when her song "Royals" reached the top of the chart in August 2013; the next woman to top the chart was Elle King with her song "Ex's & Oh's" which hit the top spot in September 2015. In September 2013, Lorde surpassed Alanis Morissette to become the woman with the longest-running single at number one on the Alternative Songs chart when "Royals" spent its sixth week at number one.
^ "The charts" (fee required). The Sun Herald. 2005-08-25. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ "Alternative Songs: Top Alternative Songs Chart: September 10, 1994". Billboard.
^ a b Gary Trust (2009-06-10). "Chart Beat: Pink, Black Eyed Peas, Shinedown". Billboard. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Dark Necessities' Only 4th Song to Top Mainstream Rock, Alternative & Adult Alternative Charts". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
^ "Foo Fighters Top Act, Muse's 'Uprising' No. 1 Song in Alternative Songs Chart's 30th Anniversary Recaps". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
^ "2019 Archive: Alternative Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
^ "Alternative Chart 25th Anniversary: Top 50 Artists, Most Top 10s, Most No. 1s & More". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
^ "Siouxsie & The Banshees". www.popradiotop20.com. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Radio-Friendly Unit Shifters | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
^ "Nirvana - Chart history | Billboard". www.billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
^ "Pearl Jam - Chart history | Billboard". www.billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
^ Hyden, Steven (2013-10-01). "Indie Rock's Tuneful Death Rattle". Grantland. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
^ Roth, Kaj (February 2, 2007). "30 Seconds to Mars Breaks Modern Rock Record". Melodic. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
^ Trust, Gary (October 2, 2010). "Extended Stays". Billboard. 122 (39): 42. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
^ "Jangle All The Way: New Acts Soften Alternative Airwaves". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
^ "Alternative Chart 25th Anniversary: Top 100 Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
^ "Foo Fighters Top Act, Muse's 'Uprising' No. 1 Song in Alternative Songs Chart's 30th Anniversary Recaps". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
^ "Nine Inch Nails Extend Alternative Songs Streak With 'Less Than'". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
^ Rutherford, Kevin (January 24, 2017). "Green Day Lands 11th No. 1 on Alternative Songs With 'Still Breathing'". Billboard. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
^ a b Rutherford, Kevin (December 7, 2017). "Beck Scores Record-Breaking No. 1 on Alternative Songs with 'Up All Night'". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ a b c d e Rutherford, Kevin (6 June 2018). "Muse Returns to No. 1 on Alternative Songs Chart With 'Thought Contagion'". billboard.com. Billboard Music. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
^ "Alternative Songs: Top Alternative Songs Chart September 24, 1994". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ "Alternative Songs: Top Alternative Songs Chart April 22, 2006". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ "Alternative Songs: Top Alternative Songs Chart April 21, 2007". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ a b c "U2's 'You're the Best Thing About Me' Debuts on Rock Charts". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
^ "Pearl Jam - Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
^ "Foo Fighters - Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
^ "Alternative Songs Chart the Week of April 20, 2019". billboard.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h "lovelytheband's 'Broken' Breaks Alternative Songs Longevity Record". Billboard. 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
^ a b c d e f g Rutherford, Kevin (28 November 2017). "Portugal. The Man's 'Feel It Still' Breaks Record for Most Weeks at No. 1 on Alternative Songs Chart". billboard.com. Billboard Music. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
^ "High Hopes Alternative Songs Chart History". billboard.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ Rutherford, Kevin (13 March 2018). "Imagine Dragons' 'Evolve' Is First Album With 3 Alternative Songs No. 1s This Decade". billboard.com. Billboard Music. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
^ Trust, Gary (September 30, 2013). "Chart Highlights: Rihanna Returns, Fitz And The Tantrums Rule Rock, Yandel Leads Latin Airplay". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ Trust, Gray. "Kenny Chesney Scores A Perfect 10". Billboard. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
^ Bush Back Atop Alternative Songs With Self-Released 'The Sound of Winter'. Billboard. Retrieved on 2013-08-25.
^ "Modern Rock Tracks". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. 106 (27): 102. July 2, 1994. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
^ Macdonald, Patrick (December 23, 1994). "Music Notes". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
^ "Lorde First Woman in 17 Years to Top Alternative with 'Royals'". Billboard. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
^ White, Emily (September 8, 2015). "Elle King Is Just Second Woman to Top Alternative Songs Chart in Two Decades". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
^ "Lorde Links Longest Alternative Songs Reign By A Woman With 'Royals'". Billboard. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
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This article is about the band. For the album, see Inspiral Carpets (album).
Inspiral Carpets are an English rock band formed in Oldham in 1983. The band's most successful lineup featured frontman Tom Hingley, drummer Craig Gill, guitarist Graham Lambert, bassist Martyn Walsh and keyboardist Clint Boon.
Formed by guitarist Graham Lambert and singer Stephen Holt, who departed the band before they signed with Mute Records, the band's sound was characterised by the use of organ playing and distorted guitars. The band was part of the late 1980s and early 1990s Madchester movement.
In 2011, Tom Hingley, who featured on all of the band's studio albums during their original run, departed the band. Hingley and Boon gave conflicting accounts of his departure, with Hingley stating that he had been sacked and Boon stating that he had chosen to leave. The band continued, re-uniting with Stephen Holt who sang on the band's early material. On 22 November 2016, the band announced that Gill had died.
Graham Lambert and Stephen Holt had a friendship from their school days. They formed Inspiral Carpets in 1983, originally as a garage rock and punk inspired band, with keyboardist Glenn Chesworth and bassist Tony Feeley. The musicians recruited drummer Craig Gill in 1986, when Gill was 14 years old. In 1987, following the departures of Chesworth and Feeley, the line-up included first Mark Hughes, then Dave Swift on bass and organist Clint Boon (whose Ashton-under-Lyne studio the band had been using for rehearsals). The band released two albums worth of demos in the 1980s, Waiting for Ours and Songs of Shallow Intensity, including songs that would later be re-recorded.
They came to prominence, alongside bands like The Stone Roses and Happy Mondays, in the Madchester scene of the late 1980s. After a flexi-disc featuring "Garage Full of Flowers" given free with Manchester's Debris magazine in 1987, followed by the Cow cassette, their first release proper, the 1988 Planecrash EP on the Playtime label received much airplay from Radio 1 DJ John Peel, who asked the band to record a session for his show. The band reworked their single "Find Out Why" as the theme tune to the 8:15 from Manchester.
As their popularity grew, Playtime's distributor Red Rhino Records went bankrupt, leading the band to form their own label, Cow Records in March 1989, the label's first release being the Trainsurfing EP. But with half of the first album, Life, written, Holt and Swift departed and formed The Rainkings, so the band recruited Too Much Texas singer Tom Hingley and Martin "Bungle" Walsh of The Next Step to replace them. Martyn Walsh became the band's thirteenth bass player. After a handful of singles on their own label, the last of which, "Move", came close to the UK top 40, they signed a deal with Mute Records, and immediately had their first top 40 chart success in the UK with "This Is How It Feels". The single reached No. 14 in the singles chart, and debut album Life reached No. 2 in the albums chart, both in 1990.
The following year's The Beast Inside was less well received by critics, but still achieved a top 5 album chart placing. The "Caravan" and "Please be Cruel" singles only reached No. 30 and No. 50 respectively, and an attempt to crack the American market largely failed. The band did, however, gain a strong following in Portugal, Germany, and Argentina, with the band's 1992 album Revenge of the Goldfish becoming their most successful in those countries. The album peaked at number 17 in the UK, and spawned four UK hit singles. The next album, Devil Hopping (1994) reached number 10 in the album chart, with "Saturn 5" and "I Want You" giving them top 20 hits, from that album (the latter's single version featured Mark E. Smith). The next single "Uniform" stalled at No. 51 and in 1995, after the release of a Singles collection, the band were dropped by Mute, and split up soon after.
Hingley formed a new band, The Lovers, along with Jerry Kelly of The Lotus Eaters (the band later featured Steve and Paul Hanley of The Fall), while Boon formed The Clint Boon Experience, releasing a string of singles on the Artful label. Gill also formed a new band, Hustler, who eventually changed their name to Proud Mary, naming themselves after a song by Creedence Clearwater Revival. Proud Mary signed to Noel Gallagher's Big Brother label some years later, while Walsh moved into production, largely working on techno-dance music. Two of the band's roadies enjoyed musical success themselves; van driver Mark Collins joined The Charlatans in 1991, while guitar technician Noel Gallagher joined Oasis.
In 1999, Strange Fruit Records released a compilation of tracks recorded for BBC Radio 1 sessions.
They re-formed in 2003, releasing a new single "Come Back Tomorrow" (recorded in 1995), a couple of sold-out tours and a number of new compilation records, most notably the Cool As box set. They have toured sporadically since, reuniting yet again in 2007 to tour in support of an iTunes only compilation of their b-sides and rarities. They played a tour in 2008 under the banner "Return of the Cow", announcing that their own Cow Records label was to be revived.
In February 2011 it was revealed that Tom Hingley was no longer part of the band; with the circumstances of his departure unclear. Members of the band indicated that Hingley had left of his own accord, with Clint Boon contradicting Hingley's suggestion that the band had split up; whilst Hingley himself later claimed that he had been fired by the band at a meeting.
In August 2011 the band announced a reunion with their original singer Stephen Holt. Their website indicated that "Inspirals will be recording their first material in 15 years coupled with concerts in South America & Greece". The band recorded "You're So Good For Me"/"Head for the Sun" for Record Store Day which was released, sold and deleted on 7" single on Saturday 21 April 2012. The accompanying video for the main track was shot at a live concert in Buenos Aires in November 2011. In support of the single the band toured the UK in March 2012 for the first time with Holt for 24 years. In May the band were special guests on the Happy Mondays tour which was their first tour together with their original line up for 24 years.
Throughout 2012 the band continued to play live at several festivals over the summer culminating with a live performance at Old Trafford cricket ground on Monday 10 September during the England versus South Africa T/20 cricket match.
In April 2014 in conjunction with Record Store Day 2014 Dung 4, a previous cassette only collection of demos from 1987, was issued on vinyl and CD with an earlier tape Cow Demo added as a free 7-inch with the vinyl version. Uncut said of the album: "the whole package is a fine summation of the Inspirals enduring appeal".
In October 2014 the band released Inspiral Carpets on Cherry Red Records. Their first album in 20 years, Inspiral Carpets contained two of their past three singles "You're So Good For Me" and "Spitfire" plus 10 new tracks. The album also included "Let You Down", co-written and featuring punk poet John Cooper Clarke. Interviewed in Record Collector keyboard player Clint Boon described the album as "Diverse. A couple (of the songs) have an REM flavor, one nod to the 50s, two to Joy Division, several the Doors, one Northern soul, two The Beach Boys." After several dates in Europe over the summer the band played 12 UK dates in December 2014 in support of the album's release.
On 20 November 2016, drummer Craig Gill committed suicide at the age of 44. His suicide was said to be a result of tinnitus which had caused 20 years of insomnia and anxiety. Memorial services were attended by music industry friends, including Inspiral Carpets bandmembers, Oasis singer Liam Gallagher, Stone Roses bassist Mani and Happy Mondays singer Rowetta.
Immediately after his death, friends of Gill began a social media campaign to help get the Inspiral Carpets 1994 UK hit "Saturn 5" to number 1 at Christmas in 2016. This was noted by the Official UK Chart Company in their 'Contenders of The Year' article. Ultimately, the song charted at number 48.
* "Commercial Rain" did not appear on the UK release of Life. "This is How it Feels" was released in 1991 in the US.
^ Inspiral Carpets drummer Craig Gill dies at 44. BBC News (2016-11-22).
^ "YouTube video showing how the band recorded the theme tune to 8:15 from Manchester". YouTube. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ "Twitter". Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ Walters, Sarah (28 August 2012). "Inspiral Carpets pulled the rug from under me claims ex-frontman Tom Hingley in new autobiography". Manchestereveningnews.co.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ "Inspiral Carpets garage band". Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ "Inspiral Carpets drummer Craig Gill dies at 44". BBC News. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^ "Inspiral Carpets drummer killed himself after 20 years of 'unbearable' tinnitus". The Guardian. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ "Music world mourns Craig - Chronicle Online". www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
^ "Christmas Number 1 2016: The contenders revealed". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 269–270. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Inspiral Carpets Biography. Mute Records. (Accessed 4 December 2005).
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As land that has been under "the caliphate" is retaken, more and more of the fighters will try to go to the civilized world and conduct attacks.
ISIS vowed that the Manchester attack is a harbinger of what's to come as Islamic State territory falls in Iraq and Syria and the terror group continues to "shift its focus towards carrying out attacks on Crusader soil."
The terror group didn't publish any new attack tactic tips in today's new issue of their Rumiyah magazine, but teased to a special forthcoming publication about how their followers should observe the last 10 days of Ramadan, which ends the evening of June 24.
"Just one week before the blessed month of Ramadan, the world’s attention was focused on the British city of Manchester. A soldier of the Khilafah had carried out a Just Terror operation, striking Manchester Arena at the conclusion of a concert by an American singer," said the foreword of the magazine, which was distributed in several languages online; "Just Terror" is the ISIS name for lone jihadist operations.
"The explosion rocked the city and filled its residents with terror as many of them scrambled to try to contact their loved ones and ensure that they were safe. Then, the casualty figures started emerging: More than 20 had been killed and dozens more had been wounded. The total would later climb to nearly 100 dead and wounded," the article continued. "In the wake of the bombing, the panic-ridden friends and relatives took to social media to enlist the help of strangers in the search for their loved ones, local pubs began offering free booze to emergency personnel in need of clearing their minds of the traumatic scenes they had witnessed, British 'Muslims' came out and offered their token denunciations out of fear of retaliation, massive numbers of police and military personnel were deployed on the streets, the UK threat level was raised to 'Critical,' politicians brought their campaigning for the upcoming general elections to a halt, the distraught and 'broken' American singer placed her European tour on hold and went home, and the Chelsea FC football team cancelled their victory parade in London."
"The enemies of Islam did their best to put on a brave and defiant face, but their efforts were a complete failure. They were clearly suffering."
ISIS asserted that the Manchester attack "seemed to confirm what so many analysts had been asserting for some time now: that with the loss of territory in Iraq and Sham, the Islamic State would shift its focus towards carrying out attacks on Crusader soil."
This last paragraph is important. Yes, they're coming. Good and decent people everywhere need to stop them. If you can, carry a concealed weapon where legal.
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Advantages of Selling Your House for Cash Selling your property to a cash buyer can appear to be too good to be true, but the reality is that there are really buyers nowadays that engage in cash only transactions. The first question you might ask is: is this completely legal? Besides, not everybody has the ready cash to buy a real estate property outright. Remember however that cash-only buyers are typically a group of people with the common objective of purchasing properties fast and hassle-free for profit, explaining the instant cash. So the question is, why would you want to sell your house to these people? The following are some really great reasons: Fast Closing The 10 Best Resources For Sales There is no doubt that cash-based sales are faster to complete. As soon as you and the buyer have an agreement, it is all a matter of paperwork and moving the payment. A cash-basis sale is usually closed in as little as 1 or 2 weeks, depending on the terms that should be smoothed out. In a traditional purchase where buyers have yet to secure a loan, the process can take much longer. Valuable Lessons I've Learned About Sales Assurance Though interested buyers may act like they will actually purchase the property, some difficulties can still occur over the course of the transaction. For example, their loan may disapproved or something may happen and make them change their plans. This can be awfully frustrating for a seller like you. With cash buyers, a deal is done as soon as an interest has been expressed. Rental Option What's great about cash buyers is that when they purchase a particular property, they usually plan to sell it or profit from it through some other method. For some sellers, this can mean getting the option to rent their old property, hence not having to move out or find another home. Preventing Foreclosure If you need money quick, a cash buyer can clearly offer you the funds you need for any purpose. This is specifically true for failure to pay off your mortgage, raising the chance that your house will end up foreclosed. With a cash transaction, you can receive the money quickly, beat deadlines and begin on a clean slate. Accurate Valuations People tend to think there's a catch when it comes to cash purchases, but this isn't the case all the time. Buyers typically initiate valuations to ensure fairness for both parties. This means you'll be receiving your fair portion of the property without worries about the possibility of selling the property at a higher price to another buyer. Expediency Cash buyers are mostly well-rounded when it comes to the process of buying property, having all the essential qualifications to seal the sale as quickly as possible. This keeps you from having to pass through an extensive process, skipping some of the most common problems related to this type of transaction.
Many people have often locked themselves out of their own cars and find themselves stranded no knowing what to do. Hiring a locksmith can be a tough task if you do not put some things into consideration. Without keys to your car, you cannot move from one place to another, and it becomes hard to make it on time for appointments. If the locksmith is near you then it makes it easy to reach them and show them your location.
The locksmith can replace your car keys the same day so that you can carry on your daily activities. Due to the nature of their job, most locksmith companies offer their services 24/7. The locksmith is supposed to come to the site and have the necessary equipment to make the keys within a few minutes. Sometimes drivers use too much force when staring the ignition causing the keys to breaking. The locksmith will carefully remove the broken parts without tampering with your ignition.
The driver can request the locksmith to remove the whole ignition and then replace it. Some drivers might think that breaking their window is a quick solution, but it only adds more expenses. You can visit various locksmith websites to see if they offer reliable and affordable services. The locksmith can come to your current location saving you time and money that would have been used to transport the car to a mechanic. The locksmith can also provide specialized services like finding out if the lock has been tampered with or not.
Locksmiths can also be hired by the government as part of the investigative crew. Find out which area you are stuck in and the road signs so that the locksmith can locate and help you. It is impossible to perform a perfect job without proper training. The training will teach the locksmith how to communicate with their clients and how they can solve problems on time.
The company should receive authorization from the government to run their business. The locksmith will fix the problem within an hour, and you will be free to go about your business. There is minimal room for errors while at work since time is of the essence.
You can ask your friends and family for referrals in case you are torn on which company to hire. Some companies have websites which contain details about the type of services they offer and how you can reach them.
Why medical imaging is benefiting everybody The medical world has evolved over time, and people are now getting all the required medical attention that you need. It was difficult for people to access proper health facilities in the past.Hospitals are now growing to advance their equipment which is beneficial for many patients who have cancers, tumors and other advanced diseases. You can access some of these machines in government hospitals or private hospitals. The benefit of advanced medical technology Diseases can now be detected in early stages by the doctors. Doctors have seen great improvement in the health of patients after they found out the problem. Medical imaging has been ranked among the top developments in different states. The technology is the best technology that can be used by both doctors and patients. Physicians find the complications that are in the patient and know what step to take next. The procedure are simple and totally safe for the patients, they areal also not painful when being conducted. Many patients have survived diseases due to this procedure. Doctors can now observe different parts of the body like muscles, tendons and vessels through the use of ultrasounds. Pregnant women are the ones who normally have ultrasounds done at different stages of their pregnancy. Ultrasounds help people know how the baby develops in the womb so that the safety of the mother is guaranteed. The files of patients can be shared by different medical facilities through cloud software, so the patient does not have to carry the documents around all the time. Your doctors will not have to expose you to radiation frequently if the images are available in the hospital software.The patients can heal in faster because they are given proper medication. Surgeons can now monitor the condition of the patient while they are undergoing surgery. The surgeons used advanced machines that offer high resolution X-ray images so that they can see the tissues during surgery. The procedures are now more safe and sure to show improvements in the health of the patient. Cancer patients get the procedure done so that they can know which stage they are in during the ailment. Medical graduates can now get an opportunity to cater for their daily needs through employment to hospitals.The machines need specialized people who know how to operate them and maintain the machines.The technology has increased the life expectancy most countries. There are different facilities that have these equipment which you can visit and consult with the professionals. You can look at the website of different hospitals to find out what machines they have and the cost of accessing these services. You should consult with your doctor before jumping into conclusions so that they can properly diagnose you. Doctors cannot determine a disease without doing a series of tests first. 6 Lessons Learned: Medications What Has Changed Recently With News?
Points to Consider When Opening a Pork Food Production Industry.
Pork meat is one source of proteins. Proteins are required in body mechanisms. The source of the meat plays a bigger part for the industry. The supply depends with the demand market. If the demand market for the pork meat is low hence the little supply and vice versa. When you need little supply then the near society can be able to produce that. The farm rearing the livestock can be able to produce a large number of supplies using a contract to the industries. The quantity of livestock to be delivered and also the number of times per week is contained in the deal form. The contract is an agreed signed document between the pig owner and the owner of the business.
The industry runs depending on the rate of the demand of the meat. Every business has target audience. The industry proprietor should do a well research of the market and the demand before setting up the business. When the market has been analyzed it shows how well it will contribute to the industry. There is local and exportation marketplace thus each business operator decides what works on them.
The next factor that can challenge any business is religious beliefs. A particular creed may rein over a determined place. Some faiths don't consume the pork. Hence it is not good to situate a business at those parts since you might make loss and forced to close down the business. In modern world most schools have been sponsored by churches for example the schools sponsored by Catholic worldwide. This affects the business since if the owner targeted the schools then according to the faith of the religion at that school it will order the meat or decline.
Every enterprise that handles the raw materials it should be able to handle them safely for consumption. The equipment and the structures should be hygienic in the manufacturing. Employees should be presentable as hygienic. Accordingly the pork is considered consumption ally safe. People tend to buy the raw meat from the clean industries hence demand raises. If you want your industry to grow then you have no choice but to maintain cleanliness of the highest order.
A company that is ready to grow it should have the name, emblem, phone numbers and the address. The information helps the farms who want to supply the industry with pigs and the customers who may request for a supply of raw meat. The packaging of the meat such as a tin and a container should be neat.
Transport means should be reliable. Transport means is a two way mechanism, from the supplier and to the customer. Two different vehicles should serve the different transportation.
Over the years, there have been quite a number of cases of cardiac arrest in America, to an estimate of about 250,000 to about 400,000 deaths in America alone and about 10,000 of which occurred at work, as per the OSHA or Occupational Safety and Health Administration stats. Generally speaking, this has been a cause of a number of alarms throughout, which made the development AED or Automated External Defibrillators a revolutionary equipment that reduced the numbers of death every year.
This has basically lead to seeing the equipment as a necessity in terms of alleviating and catering to various cardiac arrests. Make sure that you want to be on point with regards to the things that really matter because of the fact that there are just so many things that needed considered in order for you to secure and get the right one according to your very specifics and needs. By checking the things we have along, it should then be possible for you to increase the odds of a worthy investment.
To be certain about making the right investment, it is important that you need to be specific and on point about being able to check your state regulations. What makes this ideal and important is the fact that these things vary and range greatly from one state to the other. Being able to specifically look into the right things is something that you need to carefully look into and this is because of the fact that there are states you could find that will require a prescription from a licensed physician before you are allowed to purchase such type of equipment.
When purchasing an AED, it is imperative that you need to also consider the program. Always be reminded that most of these things will not be required by the OSHA. So at the end of the day, regardless if the state requires such program to be as per the OSHA standards, still, it will definitely benefit and help if you are to have it to work as the OSHA standards.
Should you be looking forward to get the best AEDs, it also is ideal and important for you to make sure you are to check the maintenance and the inspection. Always remember that you want to be specific and on point about getting the right one, especially since these things vary from one manufacturer to another but nonetheless, it should require an in-depth function test and a visual inspection at least once a month, or once a week in some cases.
Just before cameras were invented, a lot of people seek alternatives of recording how people look. It doesn't matter if the person on the painting is a beloved family member or community leader, because in the end, an artist will probably be hired to paint it in a portrait. In this contemporary time, more and more pet owners actually prefer to purchase custom pet portrait featuring the pet or animal they like most as the subject.
As a matter of fact, it doesn't matter that much whether you want a dog or a cat in the painting since there are plenty of artists who are willing to do pet portraits which has the talent to turn photos into real painting. This work of art will never go out of style besides, it comes with various reasons why it is a good idea to buy such.
Reason number 1. An elegant accent piece for your house - well odds are, as you move in a new apartment or house, you want to see all types of decoration details in it. Hanging pictures as well as paintings on the walls is what this often includes. And as what expected, you can go to local stores and pick up all types of pictures that pique your interest.
Now let us say that you prefer something that is not like any other, something that is uniquely you, then it can bring more value to buy custom pet portraits. Not only the fact that you can have quick access to authentic oil painting, this instantly creates a special value to the painting, given the fact that your pet is what used as the subject.
Reason number 2. Instantly create a family heirloom - for wealthy families, it is fairly common tradition for them to have oil paintings or portraits of the previous generations' family members. You might have not met these people but still, you put a special place in your heart on those paintings. In the same way when you hire custom pet portraits, they can be a family heirloom too. If for example that you have a child and it was what used in the painting, then it can leave a mark on their lives.
Reason number 3. Custom commissioned work of art - there's no denying to the fact that both video recorders as well as cameras make it simpler to make almost any pictures you desire for your pet. But when it comes to matching a custom designed photo which has remarkable quality and workmanship, nothing can simply match it. So as an example, even if you have access to quality printers, don't expect the image to be as close to real oil painting. After describing how you view your pet to the artist, you'll how they come to life after the painting is done.
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A man’s health is a very important aspect of his life.
To say that “health is wealth” is not only to utter an old, used up mantra, but to mean that for most human beings, staying fit and healthy is parallel to being wealthy, for a person’s everyday life is influenced mainly by the state of his mind and body, especially by the presence and absence of certain diseases.
Many people go through various efforts to stay fit, maintain good health, and ensure their longevity.
Examples of these practices include engaging in rigorous physical fitness training, eating a balanced and healthy diet, maintaining ideal weight, and employing an effective stress management procedure. It is also important to stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake, and avoid the use of prohibited substances.
Poor health can be caused by a host of different factors, such as poor eating habits, lack of exercise, stress, and excessive smoking and alcohol intake.
Unbalanced intake of nutrients, for one, may cause excessive or deficient nutrient intake, which will definitely affect the body’s normal functions.
These nutrients are necessary for a person’s growth, metabolism, and other functions. There are about six nutrients, which are needed by the human body in different amounts to perform its various processes.
These are: fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, or nutrients that are known to provide energy to the body; and minerals, vitamins, and water, or those nutrients that support the body’s metabolism.
Water, the last nutrient in the list, is sometimes called the forgotten nutrient, but it is considered as the most important.
Water is necessary for the body’s growth and metabolic processes. It runs through the blood and lymphatic system, carries oxygen and distributes nutrients to the cells, and rids the body of toxins and wastes in the form of urine and sweat. If water and its other liquid substitutes are not present in the human diet, food digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste excretion would be impossible.
The human body is made up of two-thirds water. It needs eight to ten glasses of water or caffeine- and alcohol-free liquids to replace the water it loses during the day.
The body’s need for water is satisfied by the intake of other drinking liquids free from caffeine and alcohol, such as juices; fruits and vegetables, which are made of 80 to 95% water; meat products, which are made of 50% water; and cereals like rice and oats, which can contain as much as 35% water.
Fruit juices, on the other hand, have been scientifically proven to give certain health benefits, provided that they are taken in moderation.
Nutritionists also suggest that fruit juices should be taken in their pure state, and people should only drink 100% fruit juice.
Cranberry juice is believed to prevent urinary tract infections; grape juice is believed to lower the chances of blood clots in the heart; and orange juice is believed to prevent stroke and reduce the risk of heart attacks.
Other fruit juices that are rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and anthocyanins (water soluble pigments found in plants that act as antioxidants) include grape juice (purple), pomegranate juice, and cranberry juice.
It is believed that juices that are made from fruits with rich colors such as grapes, cranberries, pomegranates, and blueberries are rich in vitamins and antioxidants.
Recent scientific studies have also claimed that the antioxidants found in most fruits and vegetable juices can help lower a person’s risks of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
Antioxidants are naturally occurring substances found in most plants and have the potential to help combat heart diseases and fight cancer.
Freshly squeezed juices from vegetables and fruits are excellent sources of minerals and vitamins which catalyze chemical reactions occurring in the body.
These enzymes also produce the energy needed for digestion, absorption and conversion of food into body tissues. An increased intake of fruit and vegetable juices ensures that the body will efficiently absorb more vitamins and minerals.
Another helpful benefit of fruits and fruit juices is their ability to promote detoxification in the human body. While these fruits promote cleansing, they still provide the body with a high boost of Vitamin C!
diet, eating healthy, fruit juice, health, health information, healthy, nutrition, vegetable juice. Bookmark.
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I take three envelopes and put $5 in the first, $10 in the second and $20 in the third. The average value in the envelopes is $11.66. I mix up the envelopes and pick two at random. I give you a choice of the two envelopes; you pick one and look inside to see $10. I then give you the option of swapping to one of the other envelopes. How much would you get on average by swapping your choice of envelopes?
On average you would win $12.50 instead of $10 because the expectation, E(x)=0.5x$5+0.5x$20=$12.50.
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Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.
How much freedom a child should be given and what sort of punishment could be used to control them is a matter of great concern. Undeniably, too much freedom and lack of necessary control often lead youngsters to go astray while too much punishment makes them dull and less creative. I personally believe that punishment is meant to help children learn lessons and that is why certain punishments that do not involve beating the children is useful.
To begin with, early childhood experience and lessons have lasting impacts on someone’s life and that is why parents and teachers should try their best to teach morality and good qualities to children. Children are curious and sometimes less mature to understand certain harmful effects of doing something while every father and mother want the offspring to become an ideal and exemplary person in life. They often need to use certain punishment to teach a valuable lesson to a youngster and the sole purpose of this punishment should be teaching a morality, should not be driven by any sort of personal anger or frustration. Physically beating a boy or a girl is in no way should be used as there are far better ways of punishing a child to teach him something.
While physical punishment is no longer used in most of the developed countries, it could still be found in underdeveloped countries. This form of punishment, in my opinion, should not be used. More effective penalties could be not talking to the child for a misconduct or not taking him to the playground for a day or two. Similarly, parents could refrain from awarding the child with chocolate or toys and reminding the child why he does not deserve those. If parents have a friendly relationship with the children and simply expressing their frustration for an act of the child, that would work like the magic. From my personal experience, I can say that I took matters more seriously when my father stopped talking to me for a certain period for something he disliked about me and I vowed many times to myself not to do that again.
To conclude, punishment is necessary to teach children morality and help them learn to distinguish good things from bad ones. However, this punishment should not be physical, rather psychological and practical.
Education is likely to be the most important thing to be learnt by every child and that education is not restricted in academic lessons only but also in behaviour field as well. Most people think that young children should be taught about attitude at an early age and a punishment is required in some cases to complete this education. I certainly believe that some punishment for the betterment of the children should be allowed which I will brief in the following paragraphs.
First and foremost, it seems that teaching good behaviour and virtues, when children are still in young ages, will be easier both by parents and teachers. Moreover, if this lesson is followed by an appropriate penalty, they will fear and think twice before breaking the applied rules. Research carried out by Statistics Center in Semarang shows that the plenty of youngsters are easier to have a good manner if they got this lesson before they reach their maturity. In addition, if the youngsters know that they will be rebuked and punished if they commit bad actions, they will usually stay away from committing mischievous acts. This research makes clear that a lesson followed by convenience punishments at an early age is likely to be a wise idea to create the youngest being a good member of the society.
However, the punishment should always bet to teach a lesson not to intimidate a child. The teachers and parents should always think about alternative ways before imposing any punishment to a child. If the child commits the same abominable act several times, then a minor punishment to teach a lesson should be given. A severe punishment by a teacher or parents could psychologically damage a child and the teachers and parents should always be careful about their way of punishment. Sometimes taking away a favourite toy from a child can be an effective punishment where no physical punishment is required. The teacher and parents should keep in mind that the main purpose of the punishment if to teach the child a lesson not to hurt him physically.
After hashing out the issue, it can be concluded that a lesson to have good manner should be taught as early as possible and the effective punishment like rebuking or taking away favourite toys.
Children are at such age of their life when they merely distinguish between the right and the wrong. It is very necessary for parents and teachers to teach them the same, first, by suggestion or advice followed by punishment as many times their inexperienced mind tempt them to do mistakes. Punishment should not affect a child negatively; rather it must be constructive for them.
Nowadays children are most vulnerable to get affected by surroundings and electronic media as they easily get exposed to such media. It is impossible to protect them getting exposed to the external environment. Hence it is mandatory for parents or teachers to make them aware of morality and injustice at this age and sometimes punishment is necessary to protect them. At an early age, a child possesses boundless curiosity as he is just exposed to an outside world or society. Thus they imitate what they see and that turns out to be disastrous at times. To avoid that minor punishment is the best way as fear of punishment makes them stay away from many wrong doings. To prove that, the Stanford University had done many surveys on children and the results show that 80% children who had already been punished for their particular mistakes had not repeated the same, on a flip side only 40% who are just advised.
On the other hand, punishments should always be associated with some lessons for children. Punishment must be fruitful and it must not be physically or mentally harmful. For example, world's nursery in Japan asks children to plant trees as a punishment. Many schools in India punish children by asking them to run few kilometres. Such punishments are constructive for children's health and society as well.
To conclude, I believe that children have to learn about positives and negatives at this age and punishment is one of the effective ways to guide them learn this distinction. However, parents and teachers must use constructive and positive punishments to show them the right path.
My IELTS test is on 5th January. Please give your valuable comments on this essay.
Topic: Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.
Undoubtedly, lessons learned at an early age remains for a lifetime and that is why teaching children the right from wrong is one of the essential lessons teachers can teach them. Although some people assert that punishment is necessary in order to help children to be more morally competent, as far as I am concerned, measures like this would probably increase the chance of stubbornness in children. To some extent, I believe that punishment is not the only way to teach children morality.
Generally, a child learns how to behave form the family, classmates, playmates and teachers. Therefore, it is necessary for parents to behave nicely in front of their offsprings. Likewise, a teacher should create a friendly environment among the students, avoid physical and psychological punishments, and talk with the youngsters who show bad manner rather than punishing them. Moreover, parents should organize family dinners or get together parties to make their children more sociable. Along with it, in case of any mishap, they should teach them nicely rather than strictness and punishment. It will create a trusting bond between parents and a child. A friendly and healthy environment in a family impacts the psychological growth of a child and has a positive influence on a child's behaviour.
Moreover, strict punishments sometimes influence negatively. Children, for example, could become headstrong and could also lose their confidence if they are punished for mistakes. Many psychologists argue that strictness and punishment make children more lonely and they could suffer from low self-steam from that. Consequently, it could deteriorate their personalities and mental growth. Thus, it is necessary for parents to avoid tough punishments in most of the cases. Acts affect more than words and this is why parents and teachers should act to teach them, not rebuke or set punishments.
In conclusion, to teach children differences between good and bad, it is necessary for both parents and teachers to become a role model for a child so that they follow their acts.
IELTS Essay topic: It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.
To what extent do your agree or disagree with this opinion?
Sample Answer: While the modern era children are being bombarded with a variety of viewpoints and perspectives, which may drive them confused about recognising what is right or wrong, having them learned to distinguish positive and negative ethical lessons as early as possible is crucial for their moral development. In doing this, I completely agree that carefully selected punishments should be applied to let the youth seriously improve their behaviours.
The sooner a child can sort out the right from wrong, the better their subconscious mindset is naturally built forwards ethics. Thoughts gradually create human behaviours accordingly. If we do not teach a 3 year's old to say thank you whenever receiving something, he will grow without deep thankfulness when being helped. It is the fact that kids are exposed to violent media very soon without many helpful outdoor activities. As a result, they lack skills to recognise the should and shouldn’t. So cutting off media time among children to just about 30 minutes per day is recommended. Instead, parents use time with simple moral lessons from saying “hello”, “sorry” to “ thank-you” to help their loved angels toward goodness.
Punishment, once intentionally used, is one of the effective methods to teach children to easily memorise moral lessons. Reducing their game playing duration is quite popular among parents. If they forget to say “thanks” when needed each time, they are not allowed to turn on any media in the day. Cancelling the weekend trips demonstrates its good outcome with my kid, too.
To sum, I believe that teaching children ethical matters should be done as early as possible and applying appropriate punishments are significant to let them cognitively develop. Any kinds of punishment or penalty must be thoughtfully chosen in a constructive approach to avoid both mental and physical injury among our kids.
What band score would the following essays fall into?
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