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Briarcliff College Briarcliff College was a women's college in Briarcliff Manor, New York. The school was founded as Mrs. Dow's School for Girls in 1903 at the Briarcliff Lodge. After Walter W. Law donated land and a building for the college, it operated at its location at 235 Elm Road in Briarcliff until 1977; closing due to low enrollment and financial problems. Pace University subsequently operated it as part of its Pleasantville campus from 1977 to 2015. In an effort to consolidate its campuses, Pace University sold the campus in 2017 to the Research Center on Natural Conservation, a host of conferences relating to global warming and conservation. History Mrs. Dow's School for Girls was founded in 1903 at the Briarcliff Lodge; two years later, Walter W. Law gave Mary Elizabeth Dow and built the Châteauesque Dow Hall (Harold Van Buren Magonigle was its architect). Dow retired in 1919 and Edith Cooper Hartmann began running the school with a two-year postgraduate course; the school became a junior college in 1933. Briarcliff remained a junior college until 1957, shortly before the presidency of Charles E. Adkins and when it began awarding four-year bachelor's degrees. The school library, which had 5,500 volumes in 1942, expanded to about 20,000 in 1960. By the time of its closing, it had about 300 students. The school prospered from 1942 to 1961 under President Clara Tead, who had a number of accomplished trustees, including Carl Carmer, Norman Cousins, Barrett Clark, Thomas K. Finletter, William Zorach, and Lyman Bryson. Tead's husband Ordway Tead served as chairman of the board of trustees. The school gradually improved its academic scope and standing, and was registered with the State Education Department and accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in 1944. In 1951, the Board of Regents authorized the college to grant Associate of Arts and Associate of Applied Science degrees. The following year, the Army Map Service selected the college as the only one in the country for professional training in cartography. In 1944, Shelton House, a building across Elm Road, was purchased as a dormitory, and a classroom and office wing was dedicated in 1951. In 1955, after Howard Deering Johnson joined the board of trustees, the dormitory Howard Johnson Hall was built. From 1963, Briarcliff College rapidly expanded, constructing two dormitories, the fine arts and humanities building, the Woodward Science Building, and a 600-seat dining hall. In 1964, the college began offering the Bachelor of Arts and of Sciences degrees. The Center for Hudson Valley Archaeology was opened in 1964. Enrollment at the college jumped from around 300 to over 500 from 1960 to 1964; by 1967, enrollment was at 623, with 240 freshmen. During the Vietnam War, students protested US involvement, and Adkins and trustees resigned; James E. Stewart became president. In 1969, twelve students, led by student president Edie Cullen, stole the college mimeograph machines and gave nine demands to the college. The next day, around 50 students participated in a 48-hour sit-in at Dow Hall. Josiah Bunting III became president in 1973 and Pace University and New York Medical College of Valhalla began leasing campus buildings. The college had 350 students in 1977, and students enjoyed half-empty dormitory buildings. With the growing popularity of coeducation in the 1970s, Briarcliff found itself struggling to survive. President Josiah Bunting III leaving for Hampden-Sydney College in spring 1977 contributed to the problems the college was having. Rather than continue to struggle, the college's trustees voted to sell the campus to Pace University, a New York City-based institution. Rather than merge Briarcliff with Pace, the trustees attempted to reach a collaboration agreement with Bennett College, a junior women's college in nearby Millbrook which was also struggling with low enrollment. The plan did not work, however, and Briarcliff College was sold to Pace in April 1977 for $5.2 million ($ in ) after both Briarcliff and Bennett entered bankruptcy. In 1988, the Hastings Center moved to Tead Hall, the school's library; the organization later moved to the town of Garrison. The original Mrs. Dow's School building remains as the co-ed residence hall Dow Hall at Pace University. Residents of Briarcliff Manor were initially pleased to have another educational institution at the site, although Pace illegally turned its 188-spot parking lot into an 800-spot one, and allowed an extensive number of cars to be parked on the neighboring streets. The village government and school eventually reached a compromise. Pace operated the site as part of its Pleasantville campus, centered on Choate House. The site currently has nine buildings with a combined , with sizes from 13,041 to 111,915 square feet. The buildings were used for offices, student housing, dining, recreation and education. The campus' also includes tennis courts and ball fields. The Pleasantville site is about away from the Briarcliff College site. In an effort to consolidate Pace University's Westchester County campuses into a single location, Pace University put the site up for sale in 2015. In October 2016, the Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society hosted an event at Dow Hall to raise awareness of the building and its history, in order to encourage its preservation. In January 2017, Pace sold the property for $17.4 million to the Research Center on Natural Conservation, a nonprofit organization that hosts conferences relating to global warming and conservation. The China-based nonprofit also owns the nearby Arden estate and the New York Military Academy. Toward the end of its ownership by Pace University, the site was used as a filming location. Its cafeteria, known as the Briarcliff Dining Center, was used for the 2012 film Inside Llewyn Davis and for the 2016 first season finale of the show The OA. Classes Around 1917 at Mrs. Dow's School, an art assistant taught classes in drawing, painting, and modeling. In addition to their daily tasks, the students prepared monthly compositions which would be critiqued by the school's art director Frank DuMond through a lecture. Art history classes included that of Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture, Western European painting, and the history of Greek sculpture, architecture, and interior decoration. Mrs. Dow's also held lessons in ear training, elementary harmony, guitar, mandolin, piano, singing, and violin. The school also held occasional informal recitals, and allowed students to attend operas and concerts in New York City. Concerts and lectures were held at the school by notable artists, including Daniel Gregory Mason, Guiomar Novaes, Leonard Borwick, Percy Grainger, Efrem Zimbalist, Emilio de Gogorza, the Flonzaley Quartet, and the Kneisel Quartet. Science classes at Mrs. Dow's around 1917 included Physiology, Botany, Chemistry, General Science, and Domestic Science. The latter class involved different curricula each term: dietaries, cookery, household administration and care, food chemistry, and (advanced) cookery. Mrs. Dow's held psychology, history of philosophy, political economy, social science, and ethics and logic classes. Mathematics classes around that time included Algebra, Plane Geometry, Solid Geometry, Trigonometry, and Arithmetic and Accounts. Other classes included Dramatic Expression, Bible (required every Sunday), and Poetry (required every Monday). Activities and clubs Sports In 1917, Mrs. Dow's required a physical examination for each student, including a doctor's certificate ensuring their heart and lung health. The school limited its student assignments to allow two hours of outdoor exercise daily. Sports included basketball, field hockey, soccer, and tennis. Lawn Tea Briarcliff College operated numerous clubs, including one honorary organization, called Lawn Tea. The organization planned social events for the college, and served as the official hostesses for visiting guests. It was the oldest club there. Members were chosen for their "social charm, capabilities, and poise". Notable people Presidents Mary Elizabeth Dow (1903–1919) Edith Cooper Hartmann (1919-) Doris Flick (-1942) Clara Tead (1942–1960) Charles E. Adkins (1960–1968) James E. Stewart (interim) Thomas E. Baker (1970–1973) Josiah Bunting III (1973–1977) Students Dorothy Burgess, a stage and motion picture actress Susan Crocker, photographer Anne Windfohr Marion, rancher and horsebreeder from Fort Worth, Texas Mary Elsie Moore, an heiress Sushma Seth, an Indian actress P. J. Soles, an actress Diana Walker, a White House photographer Teachers Frank DuMond, art director Myrtle B. McGraw, a psychologist David E. Mungello, a historian Kurt Seligmann, a painter and engraver Howard F. Bremer, a historian and author See also Pace University History of Briarcliff Manor Notes External links Pace University Briarcliff Campus Princeton University letters about the school Accounts by and accounts of the school by Janet McDonald Category:Educational institutions established in 1904 Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1977 Category:Defunct universities and colleges in New York (state) Category:Education in New York (state) Category:Pace University Category:Briarcliff Manor, New York Category:Universities and colleges in Westchester County, New York Category:Reportedly haunted locations in New York (state) Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 2015 Category:University and college campuses in New York (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Star Trek Lives! Star Trek Lives! (1975) is a reference work, co-written by Jacqueline Lichtenberg, Sondra Marshak, and Joan Winston, which explored the relationship between the Star Trek television series and the fandom that emerged following the series' cancellation. Published by Bantam Books. The book is among the earliest publications to discuss Star Trek convention culture, fan clubs, and fanzines. The ninth chapter contains an essay by Lichtenberg and Marshak on the fan fiction. Production Jacqueline Lichtenberg, a professionally published author whose Kraith fan fiction was regularly published by fanzines, explored the possibility of selling an article, or series of articles, to newspapers concerning the growing Star Trek fandom. She began research in late 1971. While building a directory on fan clubs, their activities, and the growing number of fan published newsletters, and fanzines, she realized there was more potential for a reference book on the subject than a newspaper article. Science fiction fanzines had existed prior to Star Trek, however their focus was on publishing articles, research pieces, and letters from fans. Star Trek fanzines were also publishing fan fiction, some of which Lichtenberg believed was comparable to the television series. A query package was assembled by Lichtenberg, and shared with publishers. However, the query was rejected by all, including by Frederick Pohl at Bantam Books, who were publishing a series episode novelizations by James Blish, and who had also published Blish's original Star Trek novel, Spock Must Die! (1970). Only after James Blish had failed to deliver a new Star Trek novel, did Pohl agree to buy Lichtenberg's book without having seen a draft. Lichtenberg recruited fellow fan writer Sondra Marshak, and television producer Joan Winston, to help draft and finish the book. Gene Roddenberry was commissioned to write an introduction. Myrna Culbreath also provided some input. Her character analysis on the Spock character, "The Spock Premise," was cited in the acknowledgements. According to Lichtenberg, the book took several years to write. The final draft, delivered to Pohl, had undergone significant changes from the original premise, so the authors were unable to agree on a title. The title, Star Trek Lives!, and the subtitle "Personal Notes and Anecdotes" were chosen by the publisher. Plans to include a comprehensive directory of fan clubs, fanzines, and selections of curated fan fiction were withdrawn, due to length, and publication cost. The professional publication of fan fiction idea became The New Voyages. Released in , Star Trek Lives! sold well, and was given eight printings between 1975 and 1979. Contents Foreword by Gene Roddenberry Introduction by the authors. Chapter 1: "The Discovery Effect" — An essay on the seductive draw of the new and refreshing stories presented by the television series. Chapter 2: "The Tailored Effect" — Lichtenberg studies the various "tailored" effects, such as characters, plotting, and settings, that resulted in the mass-appeal of the series. Chapter 3: "I Should Never Have Answered The Phone" — Joan Winston reminisces on the role she played during the production of the first Star Trek convention which opened on . Chapter 4: "The Spock Charisma Effect" — An essay on the popularity of the half-human, half-alien, second officer of the Enterprise. The writers argue the reason for the character's popularity is the viewers are given far more opportunities to learn about Spock's personality and personal history, than other characters, including Captain Kirk. Spock is described as having sex appeal. Chapter 5: "The Optimism Effect" — Lichtenberg and Marshak discuss "vision of a brighter future of man, and of a world characterized by hope, achievement and understanding" — They argue such a positive, forward-thinking premise resulted in viewers taking on such an image for their own personal successes. Chapter 6: "The Goal Effect" — An essay exploring the idea "that important goals are worthwhile, worth striving for and -- attainable." The attainment of co-operation between civilizations within the Star Trek universe being an allusion to the cooperation among the nations and people of Earth. Chapter 7: "Beauty May Be Only Skin Deep, But Chopped Liver Can Get You Anywhere Or Six Glorious Days On The Star Trek Set" — Winston reminisces on her visit to the Desilu Studios during the filming of "Turnabout Intruder"—the final episode of the series. Chapter 8: "What Are They Doing Now?" — Interviews with former cast members and producers of the televisions series, includes details on their future projects. Chapter 9: "Do-It-Yourself Star Trek – The Fan Fiction" — Marshak and Lichtenberg explain what fan fiction is, its place in the general fandom, and offer some advice to the reader on how to write fan fiction. One of the questions posted in the essay is "Why so many female writers of Star Trek fiction?" Reception According to Lichtenberg, the initial reaction among fans was mixed as "they were expecting a history of the fandom." One fan wrote a scathing review in a letter to The Halkan Council (1975), saying they felt cheated since "I would much rather have [read] an analysis of the fans of Star Trek … than of the show itself." Lichtenberg agreed with the reviewer's feelings that many fans felt a true anthropological study of "the fandom [was] rare and invaluable" In subsequent interviews, she admitted that "Star Trek Lives! was not perfect." Other fans reflected differently on the book. Sue Bursztynski wrote in her review of Harry, A History (2008) that Star Trek Lives! "let me know that this sort of thing was going on, and what kind of activities fans got up to." Fan fiction writer Patricia Poole said in Anne Jamison's Fic: Why Fanfiction is Taking Over The World (2014) that she was "stunned" to find things she had written "transformed into pages in a real book." Poole had corresponded with Lichtenberg on the subject of "the discovery effect," inspired by her experiences at a Detroit-area Star Trek convention. Gary McGath wrote, in an issue of the MIT student-run editorial Ergo (1975), that Star Trek was far from the perfect "romantic drama," but Star Trek Lives! "does the best job thus far of showing just what the series accomplishes." Likewise, Winston Howlett wrote in an issue of fanzine Probe that readers should not be deterred from "picking up and reading this very well-written[,] and very entertaining book." And that it belongs on every fan's shelf, "for it makes up a large, healthy chunk of the [Star Trek] saga, telling where we've been, where we are now, and where we hope to be going." The writers, Lichtenberg, Marshak and Winston, are called the "foremothers of fanfiction scholarship" by Francesca Coppa in The Fanfiction Reader (2017), because of their work on Star Trek Lives!, and the catalyzing effect the book had on fandom scholarship. Edward Gross and Mark A. Altman describe the book as "seminal" in The Fifty Year Mission (2016). J.M. Verba, in her fandom retrospective Boldly Writing (2003), credited Star Trek Lives! for increasing "fanzine recognition far beyond the wildest dreams of any editor." See also Trekkie Fanzine Fan fiction Kirk/Spock Star Trek (Bantam Books) References External links Category:Bantam Books books Category:Books about Star Trek Category:Books based on Star Trek Category:Books by Jacqueline Lichtenberg Category:Books by Sondra Marshak Category:Books by Joan Winston Category:Star Trek	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ursula Katherine Duncan Ursula Katherine Duncan (17 September 1910 – 27 January 1985) was a botanist with a special interest in mosses and lichens, and a lifelong love and knowledge of flowers. She was entirely self-educated in botany, and corresponded with numerous professional and amateur colleagues, who contributed to her scientific development. She published on bryology, lichenology and vascular plants. The University of Dundee awarded her an honorary doctorate in 1969 for her work as a plant taxonomist and soon after, she was chosen to receive the Linnaean Society’s H. H. Bloomer Award for 1973. As well as pursuing her botanical interests, she took charge of the Duncan family’s Scottish estate. Early life and family She was born on 17 September 1910 in Kensington to Dorothy Duncan née Weston and Commander John Alexander Duncan CB RN. The family, including her younger sister Frances, lived in London when the girls were little but moved to their estate at Parkhill near Arbroath when Ursula was nine. Soon after that she started to take an interest in plants, accompanying her father on expeditions to study flowers, and joining the Wild Flower Society. She had a governess for a time, but studied independently too, getting a distinction in classics when she took her School Certificate exams at 15. Later, she followed this up with independent study leading to external degrees in classics from the University of London: a BA in 1952 and MA in 1956. She was also a talented pianist with a good grasp of music theory, and qualified as LRAM. During the Second World War Duncan worked in Inverness for the Censorship Department, until her family changed suddenly in August 1943. Less than a week after her sister married and moved away, her father died. She took on overall managerial responsibility for the extensive family landholding she inherited, which included 600 acres of farmland. This generated an income which allowed her to pursue her interests. Botany Mosses In 1931 she joined the Botanical Society of the British Isles and in 1938 joined the British Bryological Society, of which she was made an Honorary Member in 1980. Sphagnum species were a particular interest, and Duncan became a leading mid-20th century British authority on these. She drew up distribution maps and contributed significantly to records of new sightings: for instance, she found mosses that had not been noted since the 19th century, like Grimmia unicolor and Bryum dixonii. Her correspondence with other bryologists helped her initially when John Bishop Duncan encouraged her studies, and then she became known as a generous, knowledgeable and conscientious correspondent with her botanical friends and acquaintances, including people who asked for help with identifying specimens. Her obituarist in the Journal of Bryology, Dr. E.V. Watson, thought the following were her most important writings on the subject. 1956 A bryophyte flora of Wigtownshire. Trans. Br. bryol. Soc. 3, 50-63. 1960 A survey of the bryophytes and lichens of 'The Burn', Kincardine, Trans. Proc. bot. Soc. Edinb. 39, 62-84. 1962 Illustrated Key to Sphagnum mosses. Trans. Proc. bot. Soc. Edinb. 39, 290-301. 1962 The bryophytes and lichens of the Loch Tay area. Rep. Scott. Fld. Stud. Ass. 1962,20-3l. 1966 The bryophytes of the Kindrogan area. Rep. Scott. Fid. Stud. Ass., 1966, 10-16. 1966 The bryophyte flora of Angus. Trans. Br. bryol. Soc. 5, 1-82. Lichens Duncan took up lichenology after Walter Watson and R.H. Burn helped introduce her to it, and found herself working in a field that was not thriving in the UK of the 1940s and 50s. She played an important role in reawakening interest in lichens, through her courses at the Kindrogan field centre and her contributions at British Lichen Society field meetings. She was a founder member of the British Lichen Society and contributed many of the Scottish records in W.Watson's Census Catalogue of British Lichens (1953). 1959 A Guide to the Study of Lichens, Arbroath: T. Buncle & Co. 1963 Lichen Illustrations. Supplement, etc., Arbroath: T. Buncle & Co. 1970 Introduction to British lichens, with P. W. James, Arbroath: T. Buncle & Co. Flowers and other vascular plants Some friends claimed Duncan loved flowers above all other plants, and she enjoyed gardening at Parkhill. She had a special interest in the floras of her home county of Angus and also of East Ross-shire and Mull. Her work in Mull helped initiate a British Museum project on the flora of Mull. 1980 Flora of East Ross-Shire, [Edinburgh] : Botanical Society of Edinburgh Legacy When she did field work with others, she encouraged beginners and shared her knowledge and enthusiasm with them as she did with experienced naturalists too. Her obituaries describe her walking vigorously over hilly ground in wild countryside seeking out interesting specimens: "tireless tramping". Outdoor work, teaching and writing were among Duncan's great strengths. She refused opportunities to join formal committees, and when she was given her doctorate she never used the title Dr. She was a Fellow of the Linnaean Society (FLS) as well as being honoured by their H.H. Bloomer award.. Shortly before her death at Arbroath on 27 January 1985 her sizeable collection of vascular plants with taxonomic significance was given to the Dundee Museum. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has her cryptogam collection including important lichen records and other material. Parents Her mother was born Beatrice Dorothy Percy Weston. Her father had a successful naval career as a senior officer. In the year Ursula Duncan was born he started a War Office job in London, from which he retired in 1919. For much of his daughter's life he was a locally prominent landowner with a specialist interest in breeding Suffolk sheep. Frances Louise was Mrs. Frances Gunner at the time of her sister's death. References Additional sources Natural History Museum Plant Collectors Biography for Duncan, Ursula Katherine (1910-1985) Mark Lawley, Ursula Katharine Duncan Note She wrote as Ursula K. Duncan. Sometimes her name is given as Ursula Katharine Duncan. Category:1910 births Category:1985 deaths Category:Scottish botanists Category:Bryologists Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London Category:Women taxonomists Category:People from Kensington Category:Women botanists Category:Members of the British Bryological Society	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kevin Munro Kevin Munro is an Australian Paralympic athlete and wheelchair basketballer. At the 1968 Tel Aviv Games, he won a gold medal in the Men's 100 m Wheelchair B event and a silver medal in the Men's 4x40 m Relay open event. Personal Munro was born in Port Pirie, South Australia on 19 May 1950 and was partly paralysed from birth. He attended Port Pirie Primary School and Nailsworth Technical High School. In 1966, cartilage was removed from his left leg and with the right leg totally incapacitated, his hopes of receiving special equipment from the US, that would enable him to be independent of the wheelchair, did not come to fruition. He lived at the Northfield Wards, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and drove his own adapted car to work each day where he was employed as a tool maker by trade. In 1971, at 20 years of age, Munro started work as a contract binder at the Royal Society for the Blind, South Australia, and was promoted to Coordinator of Packaging and Assembly, where he continues to work to this day. Career At the 1966 Border Games, the paraplegic sporting event of the year for wheelchair athletes, held in Mount Gambier South Australia, Munro became known as the fastest man in a wheelchair after he defeated defending champion Paralympian Bruno Moretti in the A Grade 50 yard (metre) dash, and the A Grade 110 yard (metre) Championships, with a time of 23 seconds. At the Australian Paraplegic Games, held in Perth in 1968, he set a new world record for the half-mile wheelchair race with a time of 3 minutes 59 seconds. At eighteen years of age, he won a gold medal and set a world record for the 100 metre wheelchair sprint (21.7 seconds), at the 1968 Tel Aviv Games. His Australian time of 20 seconds was not recognized as a world record due to the incorrect number of time watches used. A member of the 160 metre relay team, he won a silver medal at the same Games. At the South Australian's Sportsman's Association's Annual Lindy Awards,1968, Munro was recognized for his outstanding achievements in Paralympic sports and in overcoming his disability. That same year he held the Australian Paraplegic records for Club and Discus throwing, and middleweight Weightlifting. Munro was selected to represent South Australia at the First FESPIC Games, Oita, Japan in 1975. At the 1980 Arnhem Games, he participated in the Men's 100 m 4- event and in the Australia men's national wheelchair basketball team. In June 2013, Munro joined other South Australian members of the 1968 Australian Paralympics Team to relive memories as part of the Australian Paralympic Committee history project. . The 1968 Paralympic Games were the first Games where South Australian athletes had been selected to represent Australia. References Category:Paralympic athletes of Australia Category:Paralympic wheelchair basketball players of Australia Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Paralympics Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Paralympics Category:Wheelchair basketball players at the 1980 Summer Paralympics Category:Medalists at the 1968 Summer Paralympics Category:Wheelchair category Paralympic competitors Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Australia Category:Paralympic silver medalists for Australia Category:Sportsmen from South Australia Category:People from Port Pirie Category:1950 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
James E. Sharp James E. Sharp (born in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is a top criminal defense lawyer in Washington D.C., and a partner in Sharp & Associates, PLLC. He is a nationally recognized attorney with extensive litigation experience in federal courts throughout the country. He focuses his practice on white collar criminal defense, corporate and federal securities issues, as well as other complex commercial issues. His representations also include professional athletes as well as individuals with personal injury claims. Jim is widely known to his peers as an attorney who excels in and out of the court room. His legal career has spanned representation of individuals charged with major offenses from Watergate to the present time. As a lieutenant in the Navy JAG Corps following law school, Jim served with distinction as a trial attorney at courts-martial, and also in an investigative capacity respecting the massive Gulf of Tonkin fire aboard the USS Forrestal (CV-59), and later as a counsel to the Supreme Allied Commander respecting the loss of the nuclear submarine USS SCORPION in the North Atlantic. After his distinguished Naval Service, Jim served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. During this period, he was again recognized for his outstanding trial skills. Jim was consistently assigned the most difficult and challenging cases as the office senior trial attorney, including the successful prosecution of a United States Senator. For his outstanding service as an Assistant United States Attorney, he was awarded the Department of Justice Special Achievement Award. Since leaving the US Attorney's office Jim has represented numerous individuals and corporate interests as well. Among individuals represented was President George W. Bush with respect to a special-counsel matter. Other representations attracting wide exposure have included Jeb Stuart Magruder during the Watergate period; President Richard Nixon's close confidant Charles "Bebe" Rebozo; Oscar Wyatt; Clifford Irving; and on an international level, among others, Philippines General Fabian Ver. Jim's representation of professional athletes includes Alex Rodriguez, Andy Pettitte and Sammy Sosa. Jim has lectured at various bar-related training programs and to attorneys in other laws firms regarding litigation tactics and strategy. He is a Fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers and has been recognized in numerous public evaluations over the years as among the preeminent lawyers. Notwithstanding his many highly visible representations, Jim chooses to remain out of the public spotlight, consistently declining to discuss the specifics of his representations past or present with the media or otherwise. The New York Times referred to him as "a top lawyer" who has "kept out of the limelight." Similarly, Time magazine described Jim as the "best unknown lawyer in Washington." External links Biography from Sharp & Associates Law Firm Brief technical biographical summary Washington Post article New York Times article Analysis from Findlaw Category:Oklahoma lawyers Category:1940 births Category:Living people Category:University of Arizona alumni Category:University of Oklahoma alumni Category:Lawyers from Tulsa, Oklahoma	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alex Boisvert-Lacroix Alex Boisvert-Lacroix (born 8 April 1987) is a Canadian speed skater who is specialized in the sprint distances. Career Boisvert-Lacroix started his speed skating career as a short tracker and competed in his first World Cup in 2007. He switched from short track to long track speed skating in 2010. He won a bronze medal at the ISU World Cup in Calgary in November 2015 when he finished third in the 500m event. In December he won a silver medal when he finished second in the World Cup 500m event in Inzell. Boisvert-Lacroix is coached by Gregor Jelonek. 2018 Olympics After finishing in the top 5 in the 500 m event at the 2017–18 ISU Speed Skating World Cup, Boisvert-Lacroix pre-qualified for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Personal records Source: SpeedskatingResults.com References External links Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Canadian male speed skaters Category:Sportspeople from Sherbrooke Category:Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics Category:Olympic speed skaters of Canada Category:World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Edwin Stephenson Edwin Stephenson may refer to: Ned Stephenson (1832–1898), English cricketer Edwin Stephenson (organist) (1871–1922), English cathedral organist	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Plaani Plaani is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia. Between 1991–2017 (until the administrative reform of Estonian municipalities) the village was located in Haanja Parish. References External links Satellite map at Maplandia.com Category:Villages in Võru County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jake Flannery Jake Flannery (born 7 June 1999) is an Irish rugby union player, who is currently a member of the Munster academy. He plays as either a fly-half or fullback and represents Shannon in the All-Ireland League. Early life Born in Bansha, County Tipperary, Flannery first began playing rugby with Kilfeacle and District RFC, before going on to attend Rockwell College, where he helped guide the school to the semi-finals of the 2018 Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup. He achieved a maximum of 625 points in his leaving cert, which resulted in Flannery being awarded the prestigious Naughton Foundation scholarship, and he is now studying Chemical engineering at the University of Limerick. Munster Flannery made his Munster A debut in their 34–17 win against Dragons A in round 3 of the 2018–19 Celtic Cup on 21 September 2018. Following his performances for Munster A and with the Ireland under-20s, Flannery joined the Munster academy ahead of the 2019–20 season, and he made his senior competitive debut for the province as a replacement in their 2019–20 Pro14 round 12 fixture against Italian side Zebre on 21 February 2020, which Munster won 28–0. Flannery was a late call up to the bench after Shane Daly was injured during the warm-up and Darren Sweetnam was promoted to the starting XV. Ireland Selected in the Ireland under-20s squad for the 2019 Six Nations Under 20s Championship, Flannery started the wins against England, Scotland, Italy, France, and Wales, as Ireland secured their first grand slam in the tournament since 2007. He was retained in the under-20s squad for the 2019 World Rugby Under 20 Championship when it was confirmed in May 2019, playing in the pool B games against England, Australia and Italy, and the play-off games against England and New Zealand. Honours Ireland Under-20s Six Nations Under 20s Championship: Winner (1): 2019 Grand Slam: Winner (1): 2019 Triple Crown: Winner (1): 2019 References External links Munster Academy Profile U20 Six Nations Profile Pro14 Profile Category:1999 births Category:Living people Category:People educated at Rockwell College Category:Rugby union players from County Tipperary Category:Irish rugby union players Category:Shannon RFC players Category:Munster Rugby players Category:Rugby union fly-halves Category:Rugby union fullbacks	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2010 Summer Youth Olympics torch relay The 2010 Summer Youth Olympics torch relay was run from 23 July until 14 August 2010, prior to the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics held in Singapore. The torch relay was termed The Journey of the Youth Olympic Flame, or JYOF, by the Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee (SYOGOC). It began with the traditional flame lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece on 23 July 2010, and was followed by a 13-day round the world tour across five cities, namely Berlin, Germany; Dakar, Senegal; Mexico City, Mexico; Auckland, New Zealand; and Seoul, South Korea. Following the international leg, the torch arrived in host city Singapore on 6 August 2010 for the domestic leg. The torch traversed the five cities, representing the five continents of the world: Europe, Africa, Americas, Oceania and Asia, in the given order. A number of famous athletes, leaders, and media personalities were involved the torch relay. Notably, a schoolboy, Low Wei Jie, who was not part of the torch relay was given the opportunity to bear the torch after local newspaper reports of him having following the torch in the rain throughout the day earlier. The organisers felt that as the games were the inaugural Youth Olympic Games (YOG), it was significant for the spirit of Olympism to reach out to as many youth as possible across the world. The torch relay was held as "the link that connects the youth of the world to the Olympic movement". While there was active community participation in the torch relay, some were reserved about the event and the games itself. However, there were no major disruptions or protests throughout the torch relay, unlike the earlier Beijing Olympics torch relay. The torch relay was brought to an end on 13 August, when Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew lit the cauldron at Marina Bay. However, the Youth Olympic flame was to last till the closing ceremony of the games. Concept Although the IOC had scrapped any further international legs of the Olympic torch relay due to problems encountered during the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay, the Executive Board approved an exception for Singapore. The plan however was different from the traditional Olympics; the flame was to visit one city from each continent, where community celebrations would take place. The five cities, dubbed the celebration cities, selected for the torch relay were Berlin, Germany; Dakar, Senegal; Mexico City, Mexico; Auckland, New Zealand; and Seoul, Korea. These five cities each represented the five continents of the world — Europe, Africa, Americas, Oceania and Asia — respectively. The inaugural Youth Olympic Games would commence when the Youth Olympic Flame lit the Olympic cauldron at the opening ceremony on 14 August 2010, marking the commencement of the games. The opening ceremony was held at the main venue of the games, The Float@Marina Bay. Relay elements Torch Compared to the two most recent Olympic torches for the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2010 Winter Olympics, which weighed 985g and 1.6 kg respectively, the Youth Olympic torch was one of the lightest Olympic torches ever constructed, weighing in at about 560g without its canister and 740g with it. The torch measured about 60 cm in length, and had a width from 5 to 8 cm. It was designed to incorporate the elements of fire and water, and was constructed using aluminum and polymers. The reflective surface of aluminum, covering the top part of the torch body, was meant to act as a mirror, reflecting images of its surroundings as it went along the relay route. The handle was coated with non-slip material. According to the organisers, fire represented youths' passion and "burning desire to learn and excel, blazing the trail in life" (Blazing the Trial was the tagline of the games). Water represented Singapore, which is an island country surrounded entirely by water bodies and which had its origins as a seaport; it also reflected the "vibrant and dynamic nature" of the city-state. When the flame was not being carried by a torchbearer, it was kept in a safety lantern. At the beginning of each day of the torch relay, the flame from the safety lantern would be used to light the Youth Olympic torch. At the end of each day, the flame would be returned to the safety lantern. The safety lantern was also used to keep backup flames lit, allowing the main torch to be re-lit should it go out. At least three safety lanterns were kept lit throughout the duration of the relay. Cauldron The cauldron, not to be confused with the Olympic cauldron lit during the opening ceremony, was lit at each community celebration site. These were found at the last location of activities during the relay at the 5 cities visited, as well as at the end of each day during the domestic leg. Aircraft A specially chartered Gulfstream G550 (tail no. HB-JEV) was chartered to bring the flame on its journey around the world. The G550 was painted with a special livery for this purpose. Torchbearers For the domestic leg, members of the public were invited to sign up to be one of the 2400 torchbearers. A large number of torchbearers were youths, with the youngest being just 11 years old and the oldest, an ex-Olympian, being 82 years of age. Sequence of events International leg Flame lighting ceremony in Greece In Olympic tradition, the flame was lit at the ancient site of the first Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece. The ceremony was led by Greek actress Ino Menegaki before being passed to 2 Greek and 2 Singaporean youth athletes for a short relay around the ancient stadium. The flame was then handed over to the Singapore delegation at the ancient stadium itself, unlike previous Olympic games where the flame was only handed to the Organising Committee in Athens. Berlin, Germany The Youth Olympic flame made its first stop in Berlin, Germany, home of the 1936 Olympic Games, representing the continent of Europe, on 24 July 2010. The flame made a brief visit to the Siemensstadt, a famous sports club in the city, and was received by youth participating in sports there. It then made its way by boat towards the Pariser Platz on the Spree River, where is passed the Haus del Kulturen de Welt, a leading European centre for arts and culture. The city celebrations were held near the Brandenburg Gate, arguably one of Europe's most recognisable landmarks. The Celebration Cauldron in the city was lit by former gymnast Ronny Ziesmer as well as two German athletes bound for the games. Dirk Nowitzki, the 2008 Summer Olympics flagbearer for country, and André Lange, the 2010 Winter Olympics flagbearer, were present as well. The Singapore Showcase, which was to be held at the other cities as well, was presented by Singapore’s Ministry of Information, Communication and the Arts and SYOGOC to give the audience an insight into life in Singapore. There were four segments in the performance; the dance segment, the music segment, the sport segment, and a music, dance and sporty extravaganza. Singaporean singer Erick Guansing performed a local song, Bunga Sayang, during the music segment. Chairman of the SYOGOC and Vice-President of the IOC Ng Ser Miang commented on the celebrations, expressing his "thrill" in seeing "the level of enthusiasm for sports displayed by youths here in Berlin as well as Germany". Ng accompanied the flame throughout its journey across the world. Dakar, Senegal The continent of Africa was represented by Dakar, capital of Senegal. The flame made its arrival on 25 July 2010, one day after its stop in Berlin. Prime Minister of Senegal Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye, Mayor of Dakar Khalifa Sall, and President of the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa General Lassana Palenfo were onsite to receive the Singapore delegation. The Youth Olympic flame travelled around the city, transiting through various historical sites which included the city hall, the Hotel De Ville, and the presidential palace, the Palais de la Republique, of the country. It was transported through water to Goree Island, a former slave colony and a UNESCO World Heritage site, where the City Celebrations took place. Local performances by the Senegalese, as well as Singaporean performances were put up; the song Singapore Town was played there by Singaporean band Supernova. A Senegalese music group performed a local folk song in Walof about "hope and passion for the future", with SYOGOC chairman Ng commenting that Dakar had "embraced the Olympic values of Excellence, Friendship and Respect in everyday life". Mexico City, Mexico Youths from various National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the Pan American Sports Organization welcomed the Youth Olympic Flame when it arrived at the Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico City, Mexico. The city, which hosted the 1968 Summer Olympics, was the only one among the five which had celebrations spanning two days, from 27 to 28 July. Around 6,000 spectators accompanied the flame during its journey in Mexico City. The flame visited a number of places in the city, including a community center for less privileged children in Iztapalapa; the Ecoguarda Center, where Mexicans learn about the environment; and Hidalgo Garden in Coyoacan. The Youth Olympic flame also stopped by the Angel of Independence in downtown Mexico, where a hundred Mariachi musicians dressed in traditional Mexican charro suits played a traditional birthday song for the flame. It also went to the Government Palace of Mexico. The Flame then proceeded to Zocalo, the main square in the heart of the historic centre of Mexico City. The City Celebration in Mexico City took place on the night of 28 July. The Singapore Showcast involved the percussion groove of Ethnicity, an ethnic fusion pop band, as well as singing performances by Singaporean Erick Guansing as well as Singapore Idol finalist Gayle Nerva. Auckland, New Zealand The Youth Olympic flame arrived in Auckland, New Zealand on 2 August 2010, five days after the celebrations in Mexico City; time had been lost as the flame crossed the International Dateline. The city was the penultimate stop on the international leg of the torch relay. The flame was greeted by the Pōwhiri, a traditional Maori welcoming ceremony, at the Manukau Civic Centre Gallery. Following the Powhiri, the flame visited the Bucklands Beach Yacht Club. Present there were athletes Barbara Kendall and Elise Beavis, who was bound for the YOG a few days later. YOG athlete Mohammad Ali (different from boxer Muhammad Ali) and Olympic gold medallist Yvette Corlett welcomed the flame at the Pakuranga Athletics Club. The City Celebration was culmination of the flame's tour in Auckland, held at the TelstraClear Pacific Events Centre, where Sir John Walker and Beavis ignited the Celebration Cauldron with the Youth Olympic flame. The lighting of the Celebration Cauldron was witnessed by President of the New Zealand Olympic Committee Mike Stanley, Mayor of Manukau City Len Brown, Singapore’s Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, and Singapore’s High Commissioner to New Zealand M.P.H Rubin, amongst other guests. The Singapore Showcase at the celebrations involved music and theatrical performances, including a special rendition of Rasa Sayang, a Singapore folksong. Seoul, South Korea The flame arrived at Seoul, South Korea, the last stop in the international leg, on 4 August. It marked the third city the Youth Olympic Flame visited to have hosted the senior Olympic Games before, with the other two being Mexico City and Berlin. Stops were made the Cheong-Gye Square, the Olympic Park and Gwanghwamun Plaza, where the City Celebrations were held. In Seoul, the Youth Olympic flame revisited the city's Olympic Park and the Seoul Olympic Stadium, where the 1988 Summer Olympics was held. Towards the end of the day, the Flame made a stop at Cheonggye Square which was adjacent to the Cheonggyecheon, a creek that runs through downtown Seoul. The flame then headed towards Gwanghwamun Square, the site of the City Celebration, accompanied by costumed musicians playing traditional Korean music. Ethnic fusion pop band Ethnicity performed once again; so did singer Erick Guansing as well as Gayle Nervas, who sang Home, a Singaporean song, completing a medley of Singapore songs. Domestic leg The domestic leg of the torch relay covered most of Singapore's residential areas ending at Marina Bay on 13 August 2010. Due to Singapore's small size and road limitations and organisers wanting as many people to have a chance to be a torchbearer at the same time, each torchbearer carried the torch for a distance of about 100 m before handing it to the next bearer. Flame arrival celebrations, 6 August The Youth Olympic Flame was first publicly shown to the public at the National University of Singapore as part of the annual NUSSU Rag and Flag display. Celebrations started in the early evening, with the display of floats and performances by various faculty clubs, staff and alumni, before floats and displays showcasing the 6 countries involved were brought out. The flame was brought out, where the cauldron was lit by President S R Nathan, along with the Amanda Lim and Silas Abdul Razak. Day 1, 7 August The first day of the torch relay in Singapore started in the heart of Singapore, at CHIJ Toa Payoh in Toa Payoh. The relay continued through the estates of Toa Payoh, Bishan and Ang Mo Kio, before ending the day at Nanyang Polytechnic. Notable torchbearers for the day include celebrities Joanne Peh, Randall Tan, Elim Chew and Zheng Geping. Day 2, 8 August The second day saw the torch relay visit the south-eastern areas of Singapore, made up of Potong Pasir, Serangoon, Paya Lebar, Bedok, Eunos, Joo Chiat, Marine Parade and Simei before ending the day at ITE College East. Notable torchbearers for the day were adventurers David Lim, Khoo Swee Chiow and Sophia Pang. The relay then took a break on 9 August, for Singapore's National Day celebrations. However, it made a surprise visit at the National Day Parade, 2010 held at the Padang, where the nation celebrated its 45th year of independence. Day 3, 10 August The third day had the relay resume in the north-eastern part of Singapore, going through Punggol, Sengkang, Hougang, Pasir Ris and Tampines, ending the day with the torch crossing Bedok Reservoir on dragonboat to reach Temasek Polytechnic. The youngest torchbearer, Nurhidayah Rahmat, ran in the morning of the day. In the morning, Low Wei Jie, 12, followed the relay in the morning showers for more than 2 hours, catching the attention of relay official and the media. His efforts and enthusiasm did not go unappreciated, as relay officials gave him a slot on the last day of the relay. Day 4, 11 August The fourth day of the relay covered the north-western part of Singapore, visiting Bukit Timah, Holland, Bukit Panjang, Yishun, Sembawang and Woodlands before ending the day at Republic Polytechnic. Notable torchbearers for the day include members of the first Singapore's Women's Everest Team and Ajit Singh, the oldest torchbearer for the relay at 82 years of age then. In the morning, a flypast by the Singapore Youth Flying Club helped start the relay for the day. The torch also made a stop at the Singapore Zoo in the afternoon. Day 5, 12 August The industrial heartland in south-western Singapore was covered in the fifth day, covering Jurong, Boon Lay, Bukit Batok, Choa Chu Kang, West Coast, Clementi, Dover and Buona Vista, ending the day at Singapore Polytechnic. Some ASEAN YOG athletes were invited as torchbearers for that day. Day 6, 13 August The last day of the relay saw the torch going through the shopping and commercial districts of Singapore, visiting Jalan Besar, Arts District (Victoria Street, North Bridge Road), Chinatown, Tiong Bahru, Telok Blangah, Bukit Merah, Orchard, Rochor, Bras Basah, City Hall, Shenton Way and ending off at Marina Bay. This day saw the most number of notable persons as torchbearers, including Alexander Popov, Yelena Isinbayeva, JJ Lin, Sergey Bubka and Ng Ser Miang. Singapore's YOG chef de mission James Wong and Day 3 star, Low Wei Jie held the torch during the relay as well. The relay was brought to an end by Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew at Premontory@Marina Bay, after the second boat crossing of the relay from the Merlion. Complete route The tables below show the route taken by the torch during the international leg and the domestic leg. Reaction Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports Dr Vivian Balakrishnan commented that he was surprised by the amount of support given at the grassroots level during the relay. Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean felt that the turnout along the relay route reflected strong support for the games by Singapore citizens. See also 2010 Winter Olympics torch relay List of Olympic torch relays References External links About JYOF – Singapore 2010 official site JYOF Media Releases – Singapore 2010 official site Torch Relay, 2010 Summer Youth Olympics Category:Olympic torch relays Category:2010 in youth sport	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Boesingheliede Boesingheliede () is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 12 km west of Amsterdam. Boesingheliede has a population of around 140. References Category:Populated places in North Holland Category:Haarlemmermeer	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Igor Korobov Colonel general Igor Valentinovich Korobov (И́горь Валенти́нович Ко́робов, 3 August 1956 – 21 November 2018) was the Chief of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Russia's military intelligence agency previously known as the GRU. Early life Igor Korobov was born in Vyazma, a town in Russia's Smolensk Oblast, on 3 August 1956. In 1977, Korobov graduated with honors from the Stavropol Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots and Navigators, North Caucasus Military District, as an officer in the Soviet Air Forces. Career Korobov served as head of the Strategic Intelligence Directorate (Upravlenie strategicheskoi razvedky). He was appointed by president Vladimir Putin to head the military intelligence directorate (GU) following the sudden death of Igor Sergun in January 2016. On 29 December 2016, Korobov was one of the individuals sanctioned by the United States Department of the Treasury for "malicious cyber-enabled activities" threatening the national security of the United States. Nevertheless, he officially visited the U.S., along with other Russia's top security chiefs, at the end of January 2018. Korobov died on 21 November 2018, "after a long and serious illness", according to sources in the Russian defence ministry cited by official news agencies. Korobov's death was a few months after the badly bungled poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, widely attributed to Korobov's GRU. GRU defector Viktor Suvorov has no direct information, but said "my spy instinct tells me that Korobov was murdered. Everyone sitting inside GRU would understand this, 125%." Korobov would have been killed to eliminate a witness who might defect. References External links Category:1956 births Category:2018 deaths Category:GRU Chiefs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tony Johnston Tony Johnston (born 9 April 1970) is an Australian television presenter, producer and radio broadcaster. Tony began his career in 1986, as a presenter on the music video show Saturday Jukebox on the Seven Network in Australia. In 1987, he started hosting the children's program OK with the Nine Network. In 1992, Tony became a reporter with the Logie Award winning program Wonder World. Johnston also hosted Nine's children's game show My Generation. In 1996, Johnston became the host of the children's game show Time Masters on the Seven Network. In the same year, he became a presenter The Great Outdoors. In 1999, he became host of another children's game show Wipeout. Between 2002 and 2003, Johnston was the weather presenter on Seven News. Johnston also worked as a reporter for The Great South East in Queensland and hosted a talkback radio show on Brisbane radio station 4BC. From 2003, Tony was a director of a new media production company 'Tjtv Pty Ltd' and continued his radio career with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, as a presenter with ABC Radio Brisbane and Coast FM. In 2008 Johnston joined World Radio Switzerland - Switzerland's English speaking radio station. References External links http://www.tonyjohnston.tv/ Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:Children's television presenters Category:Australian game show hosts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Curia (gens) The gens Curia was a plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned at the beginning of the third century BC, when the family was rendered illustrious by Manius Curius Dentatus. Praenomina used The praenomen most closely associated with the Curii is Manius. However, other members of the gens bore the names Gaius and Quintus. It is uncertain whether the name Vibius, belonging to Vibius Curius, Caesar's general, was his praenomen, or if he was a member of the gens Vibia. Branches and cognomina The only cognomen that occurs in the gens is Dentatus, meaning "toothed." It may originally have referred to someone with large or prominent teeth, but Manius Curius Dentatus is said to have derived his cognomen from the circumstance of having been born with teeth in his mouth. Members This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation. Manius Curius, grandfather of the consul of 290. Manius Curius M'. f., father of the consul of 290. Manius Curius M'. f. M'. n. Dentatus, consul in 290 BC, he triumphed over both the Samnites and the Sabines in the same year. He was consul again in 275 and 274, and censor in 272. Manius Curius (M'. n.), tribune of the plebs in 199 BC, he and his colleague, Marcus Fulvius, opposed the candidacy of Titus Quinctius Flamininus for the consulship, as Quinctius had held no curule office above that of quaestor. Manius Curius, party to a lawsuit concerning an inheritance, shortly before 91 BC. Curius was represented by Lucius Licinius Crassus, and his opponent by Quintus Mucius Scaevola. The trial attracted great attention because of the two eminent men who conducted it. Manius Curius, a friend of Cicero, who was quaestor urbanus in 61 BC, and tribunus plebis in 58. Somewhat later he was governor of a province with the title of proconsul. Manius Curius, another intimate friend of Cicero, who had known him from childhood, and described him as one of the kindest of men. He lived for several years at Patrae, where he was a negotiator, and was recommended by Cicero to Servius Sulpicius and Auctus, two governors of Achaia. Manius Curius, appointed judex by Marcus Antonius in 44 BC, despite his notoriety as a gambler. Gaius Curius, a man of equestrian rank, and brother-in-law of Gaius Rabirius, he was a farmer of the public revenue, by which he acquired great wealth, which he then spent with great kindness and benevolence. He was once accused of embezzling public money, but was honourably acquitted. Gaius Curius C. f., afterwards Gaius Rabirius Postumus, nephew of Gaius Rabirius, by whom he was adopted. Cicero successfully defended him against a senatorial accusation. Quintus Curius, a Roman senator, who had once held the office of quaestor, and came forward as a candidate for the consulship in 64 BC. His poor reputation and notoriety as a gambler led him to lose the election and be ejected from the senate. He was a friend of Catiline and a participant in his conspiracy, but betrayed the secret to his mistress, Fulvia, through whom it became known to Cicero. It is unknown whether he perished during the suppression of the conspiracy.<ref>Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Petitione Consulatus, 3; In Toga Candida, p. 426; Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 1.</</ref> Curius, attempted to betray Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus in Bithynia, but paid with his life. Possibly the same as Quintus Curius, the former senator. Vibius Curius, a commander of the cavalry in Caesar's army, when he commenced the war against Pompeius in Italy. Several of Pompeius' generals at the time deserted to Curius. Curius Fortunatianus, said by Julius Capitolinus to have composed a history of the reigns of Maximinus Thrax and Balbinus. Curius Fortunatianus, a Roman lawyer, about the middle of the fifth century. He wrote a compendium of technical rhetoric from Greek and Latin authorities under the title, Curii Fortunatiani Consulti Artis Rhetoricae Scholicae Libri tres, once highly regarded as both comprehensive and concise. It was quoted by Cassiodorus. See also List of Roman gentes References Category:Roman gentes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rhododendron concinnum Rhododendron concinnum (秀雅杜鹃) is a rhododendron species native to Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan in China, where it grows at altitudes of 2300–3000 meters. It is a shrub that grows to 1.5–3 m in height, with leaves that are oblong, elliptic, ovate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–7.5 by 1.5–3.5 cm in size. Flowers are pale pink to deep purplish red. Synonyms Rhododendron apiculatum Rehder & E.H. Wilson Rhododendron atroviride Dunn Rhododendron benthamianum Hemsl. Rhododendron concinnum var. benthamianum (Hemsl.) Davidian Rhododendron concinnum f. laetevirens Cowan Rhododendron concinnum var. lepidanthum (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) Rehder Rhododendron concinnum var. pseudoyanthinum (Balf. f. & Hutch.) Davidian Rhododendron coombense Hemsl. Rhododendron laetevirens Rhododendron pseudoyanthinum Balf. f. & Hutch. Rhododendron subcoombense Balf.f. Rhododendron yanthinum Bureau & Franch. Rhododendron yanthinum var. lepidanthum Rehder & E.H. Wilson References "Rhododendron concinnum", Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 21. 1889. The Plant List Flora of China Hirsutum.com concinnum	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thomas Randolph, 2nd Earl of Moray Thomas Randolph, 2nd Earl of Moray (died 11 August 1332), a Scottish military commander, held his title for just 23 days. The son of Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, a companion-in-arms of King Robert the Bruce, he succeeded his father on 20 July 1332. Thomas, 2nd Earl of Moray had a chief command under the Earl of Mar ranged against the army of Edward Balliol at the Battle of Dupplin Moor, where he was killed. He died childless. References Traquair, Peter Freedom's Sword 1997 Anderson, William, The Scottish Nation, Edinburgh, 1867, vol.vii, p. 200-1. Category:1332 deaths Category:Earls of Moray Category:Scottish deaths at the Battle of Dupplin Moor Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Lords of Annandale Category:14th-century Scottish earls	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Destiny Clark Destiny Clark is an interracial American singer-songwriter, musician, actress, model, and a former beauty pageant titleholder from Gaithersburg, Maryland. Destiny was crowned Miss Maryland 2015 and competed for the Miss America 2016 title in September 2015. Currently, she is a Montessori preschool teacher and is a social media musical influencer and songwriter focused on the subjects of female empowerment and self-discovery. Biography & Career Early Life Born in the Bronx, NY and adopted as a baby, Destiny has been entertaining and performing from a young age and writing songs and plays since Kindergarten. She was especially close to and inspired by her musical father, Charles John Clark. Her father Charles was an NYPD first responder to 9/11 when Destiny was 9; he subsequently passed away from 9/11 linked lung and throat cancer in 2009, when she was 17. His loss is one of the most formative events in her life; the loss of "rock" in her father is one of the roots of her passion for bringing attention to mental illness and its effects. Beginning in Pageants Destiny, especially after her father's premature passing, is from an economically disadvantaged inner-city background; she relied largely on grassroots support and local fundraising in order to use pageants as a way to further her education, raise awareness and volunteer for the causes she believes in, and advocate for her platform of "Overcoming Adversity through Self-Discovery and Mentorship". Destiny has participated in both the Miss USA and Miss America pageant systems. In October 2014, Clark was selected as a state finalist in Maryland's Miss USA pageant system. After raising the $995 entry fee through a GoFundMe campaign, Clark competed in the 2015 Miss Maryland USA pageant held October 31–November 2, 2014, placing 3rd, losing to eventual winner Mamé Adjei. As Miss Maryland (Miss Maryland 2015) On January 11, 2015, Clark was crowned Miss Anne Arundel County 2015. She entered the Miss Maryland pageant at Hagerstown's Maryland Theater in June 2015 as one of 24 qualifiers for the state title. Clark's competition talent was singing her original composition "Everything Happens for a Reason" while playing a guitar. Her platform is "Forge Your Own Destiny: The Importance of Self-Discovery and Mentorship for Our Youth". Clark won the Miss Maryland competition on Saturday, June 27, 2015, when she received her crown from outgoing Miss Maryland titleholder Jade Kenny. She earned more than $10,000 in scholarship money from the state pageant. As Miss Maryland, her activities include public appearances across the state of Maryland. Clark was dedicated to using the Miss Maryland title as a true "year of service" to her community and causes. She assisted in raising over $3M as Miss Maryland for various charities, including Children's Miracle Network Hospitals. Miss America Contestant and "Top Talent" Award (Miss America 2016) Clark was Maryland's representative at the Miss America 2016 pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in September 2015, In the televised finale on September 13, 2015, Clark was named the "Top Talent" and was awarded an additional $1,000 scholarship award for her original vocal and guitar performance and was awarded a $3,000 scholarship prize as her state's representative. Music and Songwriting Deeply inspired by the roots of her father, Destiny has been in love with music and songwriting her entire life. Her father bought her her first guitar and his old records are some of those that first influenced her: Queen, The Beatles, Peter Gabriel, Led Zeppelin, Philip Glass, and Frank Zappa. One of her fondest memories is dancing with him to "Dancing Fool" by Frank Zappa. References External links Destiny Clark official homepage Miss Maryland official website Category:Living people Category:1990s births Category:American beauty pageant winners Category:American female singer-songwriters Category:Miss America 2016 delegates Category:People from Gaithersburg, Maryland Category:Songwriters from Maryland Category:Singers from Maryland Category:21st-century American singers Category:American beauty pageant contestants Category:21st-century American composers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chatumongol Sonakul Mom Ratchawongse Chatumongol Sonakul () is Thailand's Labour Minister and a former permanent secretary of the Ministry of Finance of Thailand, and Governor of the Bank of Thailand. Life and career Chatumongkol is a descendant of Thailand's royal family (great-grandson of King Rama IV) and belongs to the noble house of Sonakul. He was educated at Harrow School and is an honors graduate of Cambridge University in England for engineering and economics and Harvard University in John F. Kennedy School of Government. He rose up through the civil service through the Finance Ministry, initially serving as Director-General of the Tax Department. Later he rose to be the ministry's deputy permanent secretary. He was the permanent secretary (the most senior civil servant) in the Ministry of Finance from 1 October 1995 to 28 July 1997. This was during the flotation of the baht, which led to a massive devaluation, the Asian Financial Crisis, and a long period of International Monetary Fund intervention. He was dismissed by the Chavalit Yongchaiyudh government soon after the devaluation. During the Democrat-led government that followed, Chatumongkol was appointed Governor of the Bank of Thailand, Thailand's central bank. He held this position from 1998 to 30 May 2001, when he was dismissed by the newly elected Thai Rak Thai-led government. After his dismissal, Chatumongkol became a vocal critic of TRT leader Thaksin Shinawatra. He denigrated Thaksin's populist job-creating policies, claiming that "Any attempt to create petty jobs is unnecessary.... Policies should focus on providing machines and know-how." After a military junta overthrew Thaksin's government and cancelled scheduled general elections in 2006, Chatumongkol was one of its favorites for the Premiership; eventually General Surayud Chulanont was chosen by King Bhumibol. He hinted that if the Democrat Party won post-coup elections, he would enter the political arena in support of the Democrats. However, the Democrats were defeated in the elections. When the Democrat Party gained control of the government in 2008, it appointed Chatumongkol as Chairman of the Board of the Bank of Thailand. He noted that under Thaksin's populist policies, "people who got money did not think hard about how to use it. People who got motorcycles became motorcycle taxi drivers. Many got rich. But when more people became motorcycle taxi drivers, they ended up earning just 100 baht [approximately US$3] a day. I used to survey some of those drivers. Many said they would not vote for [Thaksin's] Thai Rak Thai party anymore." Personal Life His son, Mom Luang Apimongkol Sonakul, was elected to be a Democrat Party MP in Bangkok in the former seat of Charoen Kantawongs. References Category:Living people Category:Governors of the Bank of Thailand Category:Government ministers of Thailand Category:People educated at Harrow School Category:Thai bankers Category:Thai economists Category:Mom Rajawongse Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Members of the Senate of Thailand Category:1943 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Paguristes cadenati Paguristes cadenati, the red reef hermit crab or scarlet hermit crab, is a small (about across) species of hermit crab with a bright red body and yellow eyestalks that lives in the Caribbean Sea. References Category:Hermit crabs Category:Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean Category:Crustaceans described in 1954	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1992 Liberty Bowl The 1992 Liberty Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game played on December 31, 1992, in Memphis, Tennessee. The 34th edition of the Liberty Bowl featured the Ole Miss Rebels and the Air Force Falcons. Background Air Force tied for fourth place in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) while Ole Miss finished in second place in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). This was Air Force's fourth consecutive Liberty Bowl (due to the policy of the winner of Commander in Chief's Trophy having a bid into the game), and Ole Miss' first bowl game since 1991. This was the third time the two teams faced each other in a 10-year span. Game summary Dou Innocent gave the Rebels a 7-0 lead with 2:42 left in the first quarter. He finished the day with 65 yards on 17 carries. Brian Lee kicked two field goals from 24 and 29 yards out to make the final score 13-0 as Air Force was held to 185 yards of total offense. Russ Shows went 9-of-19 for 163 yards. Cassius Ware had 10 tackles and 2 sacks, in an MVP effort. Statistics Aftermath Neither team has returned to the Liberty Bowl since this game. References Liberty Bowl Category:Liberty Bowl Category:Air Force Falcons football bowl games Category:Ole Miss Rebels football bowl games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Meadowlands Meadowlands or The Meadowlands may refer to: Places United States Minnesota Meadowlands, Minnesota, a city in Minnesota Meadowlands Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota, a township in Minnesota New Jersey Meadowlands Rail Line, a New Jersey Transit rail line New Jersey Meadowlands, the name for a wetlands and its surrounding area in northeast New Jersey, United States New Jersey Meadowlands District Elsewhere Meadowlands, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa Meadowlands, Hamilton, Ontario, a neighborhood in Canada Arts, entertainment, and media Music The Meadowlands (album), a 2003 album by The Wrens "Polyushko Pole", Russian song also known as "Meadowland" Meadowlands (song), South African song about apartheid Television Meadowlands (TV series), a British television series also known as Cape Wrath "Meadowlands" (The Sopranos episode), an episode of the television series The Sopranos Other arts, entertainment, and media Meadowland (film), a 2015 American drama film Meadowlands (book), a 1997 poetry book by Louise Glück Enterprises and organizations Meadowlands Environment Center, an educational facility in Minnesota Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, named for the wetlands, which consists of: Meadowlands (NJT station) American Dream Meadowlands, a proposed retail center and entertainment complex Meadowlands Arena Meadowlands Racetrack MetLife Stadium, the new Giants and Jets Stadium that replaced the since demolished Giants Stadium New Jersey Meadowlands Commission, regulatory agency that manages the New Jersey Meadowlands Other uses Meadowlands Grand Prix, a CART series race held in New Jersey	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lameness (equine) Lameness is an abnormal gait or stance of an animal that is the result of dysfunction of the locomotor system. In the horse, it is most commonly caused by pain, but can be due to neurologic or mechanical dysfunction. Lameness is a common veterinary problem in racehorses, sport horses, and pleasure horses. It is one of the most costly health problems for the equine industry, both monetarily for the cost of diagnosis and treatment, and for the cost of time off resulting in loss-of-use. Causes of lameness Lameness is most commonly caused by pain, but may also be the result of neuromuscular disease or mechanical restriction. Lameness itself is a clinical sign, and not a diagnosis. Pain Pain is the most common cause of lameness in the horse. It is usually the result of trauma or orthopedic disease, but other causes such as metabolic dysfunction, circulatory disease, and infection can also cause pain and subsequent lameness. Orthopedic causes of lameness are very common and may be the result of damage to the hoof, bone, joints, or soft tissue. Horses are predisposed to orthopedic lameness by conformational flaws, poor hoof balance, working on poor footing, repetitive movements, poor conditioning for a given activity, and competing at a very high athletic level. Metabolic causes of lameness include hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) and polysaccharide storage myopathy, which directly affect muscular function. Circulatory causes of lameness occur when blood flow to an area is compromised. This may be due to abnormal blood clotting, as in the case of aortic-iliac thrombosis, or decreased blood flow (ischemia) to an area, such as is sometimes seen in laminitis. Infectious causes of lameness are the result of inflammation and damage to tissue. These include problems such as cellulitis, hoof abscesses, and septic arthritis. Mechanical lameness Mechanical lameness is caused by a physical abnormality, such as scar tissue, that prevents normal motion of a limb. Mechanical lameness does not cause pain. Classic examples of mechanical lameness include upward fixation of the patella and fibrotic myopathy, but any type of adhesion (often secondary to scarring during healing post-injury) or fibrosis can cause mechanical lameness. Upward fixation of the patella occurs when the normal locking mechanism of the stifle, which allows the horse to "lock" its hind legs into a fixed position so it may stand with minimal effort, engages at inappropriate times such as when the horse is walking. It results in an inability to flex the stifle, so the horse must walk with an extended hind leg. It is associated with straight hind limb conformation (post leg), poor muscling of the hind limb, stifle trauma, and genetics. Fibrotic myopathy is caused by damage to the hamstring muscles, usually from trauma or intramuscular injection. It results in the formation of scar tissue and produces a characteristic gait where the horse prematurely "slaps" the ground with its hind foot, shortening the stride length in the damaged leg. Neurological lameness Neurologic lameness may be the result of infection, trauma, toxicities, or congenital disease. Neurological evaluation of a lame horse may be warranted if the cause of the lameness is not obvious. Signs more commonly associated with a neurologic cause include unilateral muscle atrophy, paresis, paralysis, or dysmetria. Neurologic causes of lameness include: Cervical vertebral stenotic myopathy (Wobbler disease): compression of the spinal cord in the cervical (neck) region results in lameness, ataxia, and change in gait, especially in the hind legs, and neck stiffness or pain. Stringhalt: caused by damage to the long digital extensor muscle, or from eating the weed Hypochaeris radicata; it produces a gait characterized by rapid, spasmodic hyperflexion of the hind limbs. Shivers: a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle tremors, difficulty picking up the hind feet when asked to lift for farriery work, hyperflexion or hyperextension of the hind limbs, and abduction of the hind limbs. Normal athletic function is often maintained, at least initially. Cerebellar abiotrophy: a rare genetic disorder that occurs in Arabian horses, producing ataxia, a base-wide stance, proprioceptive deficits, and high-stepping gait. Damage to individual nerves will affect the muscles they innervate and subsequently alter gait. Radial nerve paralysis will cause a dropped elbow and make it difficult to extend the affected limb. Suprascapular nerve damage will lead to atrophy of the main muscles of the shoulder (sweeny). Femoral nerve paralysis causes hyperflexion of the stifles, hocks, and fetlocks and the horse usually walks on the toe of the hind foot. Infectious causes affecting the nervous system may be bacterial, viral, protozoal, or rickettsial. Those that commonly alter gait include tetanus, botulism, Lyme disease, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), rabies, West Nile virus, equine encephalitis virus, and equine herpesvirus 1. Neoplasic (cancerous) changes in the brain or around the spinal cord may also cause alterations in gait. Signs of lameness Manifestations of lameness include any alteration in gait from what is normal for the horse. In general, it is harder to detect hind limb lameness when compared to lameness in a front limb when using visual cues. Identifying a front limb lameness The classic sign of lameness in a front leg is a prominent "head bob." Viewed from the side, the horse raises its head and neck when the lame leg hits the ground, which helps to unload the lame leg. This is sometimes remembered by the adage "down on sound." A head bob is usually easy to see when one leg is lame, but can be subtle in very mild unilateral lameness, or in the case of bilateral front limb lameness. A horse may also try to reduce impact on a lame front leg by tensing of the muscles of the shoulder. In this case, it will stiffen the limb just before it hits the ground, a sign that may be noticed by an astute observer. Identifying a hind limb lameness Evaluation of hind limb lameness can be difficult. Generally, the viewer watches the hip, sacrum, gluteal muscles, or hemi-pelvis (pelvis of one side of the body) when examining lameness in the hind end. Examination should be performed both watching the horse from behind while trotting away from the examiner, and from the side as the horse passes. When watching from behind, the viewer often looks for a "hip hike" or "pelvic hike." This occurs when the horse raises the pelvis on the lame side as it is bearing weight, trying to shift weight off of the painful leg in a manner similar to raising of the head in front limb lameness. This is a sudden, short upward motion of the hemi-pelvis or gluteal muscles. The hip of the lame leg does not always rise above the level of the hip of the sound leg, which can be confusing to those looking for a "hip hike." Instead, it is an exaggerated upward movement that is watched for during weight bearing. Additionally, horses with a hind limb lameness will tend to reduce the degree of leg use. To do so, some horses will reduce the contraction time of the gluteals on the side of the lame leg, leading to a "hip roll" or "hip dip" and appearance that the hip drops a greater degree on the side of the lame leg. These apparently contradictory statements ("hip hike" vs "hip drop" on the lame leg) can be explained by when the horse perceives pain during the stride. If the pain is perceived during the early stance phase of the stride, the horse will try to unweight the leg and produce a "hip hike." If the pain is perceived during the pushoff phase of the stride, the horse does not push with as much force, subsequently reducing the height the pelvis is raised, and leading to a "dipping" motion during the swing phase of the stride as the horse brings the limb forward. In some cases, both a hip hike and a hip drop can be seen in the same horse. Some practitioners simply look for the side with the greater overall deviation, which occurs in the lame leg Another method to detecting hind limb lameness requires watching the pelvis from the side. The entire pelvis is evaluated, and its relative position vertically (relative to the ground) is compared at various points in the stride. The pelvis normally rises and falls with each step. Horses with pain during the early stance phase of the trot will not allow the pelvis to drop as much when the lame leg is weighted, trying to avoid extra weight on the painful leg. Subsequently, the pelvis will not fall as much downward when the lame leg is bearing weight as when the sound leg is bearing weight. When viewed from behind, this is seen as a "hip hike." If the horse is more painful as it is pushing off a limb, it will not push off with as much force, and the pelvis will rise less on the lame side relative to the same point of the stride when the sound leg is on the ground. This is seen as the "hip roll" when viewed from behind. Other signs that indicate hind limb lameness include "plaiting" with the hind feet, which can be seen in cases of sacro-iliac pain, carrying the hindquarters to one side or drifting in one direction, decreased impulsion, and the saddle slip to one side. Other signs of lameness Several other signs are applicable to both front and hind limb lameness. One method is to look at the relative time a leg spends in the cranial (forward) phase of the stride. For a front leg, this is when the lower leg is in front of the horse, i.e. angled forward, while the caudal phase is when the leg is underneath the horse, i.e. angled backward. For a hind leg, the cranial phase occurs when the lower leg is under the body of the horse, and the caudal phase is when the limb is out behind the body of the horse. A normal horse with have a cranial phase and a caudal phase of equal length: the horse will bring the leg as far forward as it does backward. In a lame horse, the cranial phase will be shorter when compared to the caudal phase, so it appears to spend more time with the leg backward than it does forward. A shortened cranial phase is most commonly seen in cases of bilateral lameness, lameness of the upper limb (such as shoulder or hip pain), and osteoarthritis of the hocks. Decreased fetlock drop during the stance phase of the stride may be seen in cases of lameness, with the lamer leg producing less drop than the sound leg as the horse tries to relieve weight on the painful limb. Decreased height to the stride (flight arc), or dragging of the toes, also indicates lameness, as the horse avoids bending its joints. In the front limb, decreased flight arc is usually seen in cases of shoulder, knee, or fetlock joint pain, and is often associated with reduced cranial phase and lengthened caudal phase of the stride. At times, lameness may be heard. Usually the horse has a stronger, louder sound on the beat where the sound hooves hits the ground, but a softer, less resonate sound occurring on the beat where the lame leg is hitting the ground. Again, this is because the horse is landing with less force as it tries to avoid weighting the painful leg. Lastly, behavioral changes and decreased performance may indicate pain, even if obvious clinical lameness is not evident. The lameness evaluation A lameness exam is used to try to pinpoint the cause of lameness in the horse, which subsequently guides treatment. It is the first step to evaluate decreased performance in an equine athlete, even if the horse does not appear overtly lame, to rule out any pain-associated cause. Lameness exams are also a key component of the pre-purchase examination. These examinations evaluate the horse to give the potential buyer information regarding present soundness of the horse. Veterinarians may comment on aspects that could inhibit the use of the horse for the buyer's intended activity, such as subclinical osteoarthritis or conformational defects. However, the veterinarian is not there to "pass" or "fail" a horse, but only to give their impression of the horse on that day. Therefore, pre-purchase examinations make no guarantees of the future health or soundness of the horse. The pre-purchase exam may range in scope depending on the desire of the buyer, from a simple examination with hoof and flexion tests, to multiple radiographs, ultrasound, and advanced imaging techniques including MRI. History A detailed history is the first step of a lameness exam. Age: Foals are more likely to have infectious causes of lameness (septic arthritis). Horses just starting training may be lame due to a developmental orthopedic disease, such as osteochondrosis. Older animals are more likely to experience osteoarthritis. Breed: Breed-specific diseases, such as hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), can be ruled out. Additionally, some breeds or types are more prone to certain types of lameness. Discipline: Certain lamenesses are associated with certain uses. For example, racehorses are more likely to have fatigue-related injuries such as stress fractures and injury to the flexor tendons, while western show horses are more likely to suffer from navicular syndrome and English sport horses are more likely to have osteoarthritis or injury to the suspensory ligament. Past history of lameness: An old injury may be re-injured. In the case of progressive disease, such as osteoarthritis, a horse will often experience recurrent lameness that must be managed. Shifting lameness may suggest a bilateral injury or infectious cause of lameness. Duration and progression the lameness: Acute injury is more common with soft tissue injury. Chronic, progressive disease is more common in cases such as osteoarthritis and navicular disease. Recent changes in management: such as turn-out, exercise level, diet, or shoeing. Effect of exercise on degree of lameness. Any treatment implemented, including rest. Physical examination and palpation One of the first steps of the lameness examination is to evaluate the horse at rest. A good evaluation of conformation, including overall body type, can help the practitioner determine the potential cause of lameness. Certain conformational defects can predispose a horse to injury, and knowledge of correct conformation can help narrow down possible causes of injury, especially when combined with the horse's history. The horse's stance is also evaluated. Frequently resting a particular leg, "pointing" a foot (holding a leg out in front of the body), or standing in an abnormal position can indicate compensation for an injury. Shifting of weight is normal in the hind legs, but frequent shifting of weight in the front legs, or placing both front feet in front of the body, can indicate bilateral forelimb lameness. Stifle pain sometimes causes a horse to stand with the stifles rotated out. Hip and pelvic pain can produce a toe-out, stifle out, hock-in stance and that remains present at the walk. Asymmetry of the muscular structure, due to muscle atrophy, usually occurs on the side of the lame limb. Hind limb lameness or pelvic fracture can cause unilateral atrophy of the middle gluteal or gracilis muscles. Damage to the suprascapular nerve can lead to atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder (supraspinatus and infraspinatus). Neck muscle atrophy can be seen with cervical vertebral malformation (Wobbler's disease), articular facet osteoarthritis, and neurologic causes of lameness. Asymmetry in a limb can also occur due to swelling of a joint or soft tissue. For this reason, each leg should be compared to its partner. After a visual exam, the practitioner palpates the horse, feeling for heat, swelling, and sensitivity to pressure indicating pain. Palpation is usually most thoroughly performed in the lower limb, but a comprehensive exam will include palpation of the back, pelvis, and neck. Joints should be palpated for pain, effusion of joint pouches, thickening of the joint capsule, and checked for range of motion. Major ligaments and tendons, such as the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, inferior check ligament, suspensory ligament, and distal sesamoidean ligaments, should also be palpated along their entire length. Individual bones may be palpated if injury is suspected, such as a fracture, bucked shins in racehorses (cannon bones), or splints (splint bones). Specialized manipulative tests can be used to help identify specific areas of pain: The Churchill test: pressure is applied to the plantar surface of the head of the medial splint bone. A painful horse will flex and abduct the limb, indicating hock pain. Peroneus tertius rupture: The hock is pulled into extension while the stifle is flexed. A positive test (the ability to extend the hock) indicates a ruptured peroneus tertius muscle. Patella displacement: the patella is pushed laterally and proximally, to test for upward fixation of the patella. Cruciate test: the examiner moves the tibia sharply caudally, to feel for movement away from the femur or crepitus. Excessive movement can indicate cruciate rupture. Test for stifle collateral ligament damage: the stifle is held still, while the distal limb is abducted (to test for damage to the medial collateral ligament) or adducted (to test for lateral collateral ligament damage). Excessive movement by the distal limb relative to the stifle suggests rupture of the collateral ligament. Sprain of these ligaments can be evaluated by repeating this test multiple times, before trotting the horse off an looking for lameness. Evaluation of the hoof The majority of lameness originates in the hoof. For this reason, the hoof is closely scrutinized in shape, balance, shoeing, wear pattern, and for the presence of cracks, and contracted or sheared heels. Chronic lameness will change the shape of the hoof capsule, since the lame limb is not weighted as much as its partner, making the capsule more upright, narrow, with a higher heel on the lame limb and more flattened on the sound one. Hoof or horseshoe wear can indicate breakover and if the horse is dragging its toes. Change in shape of the hoof wall is also common in horses suffering from laminitis. "Founder rings," or thickened concentric rings in the hoof wall, indicate a past episode of laminitis. Concavity of the dorsal (front) surface of the hoof can indicate chronic laminitis. The sole may become convex if the coffin bone begins to push through the bottom of the hoof. Correct hoof balance allows for even distribution of forces through the leg and hoof. Poor hoof balance, due to conformational flaws or poor trimming, can cause lameness from musculoskeletal injury, and poor hoof balance has been associated with increased risk of catastrophic injury in racehorses. Side-to-side (mediolateral) imbalance can cause sheared heals and hoof cracks. The hoof angle, or the angle of the hoof wall relative to the pastern, has been associated with health of the soft tissues of the lower leg. Long toes force the horse to pivot (break over) further forward over the toe. The toe acts as a lever arm, and its increased length makes it harder for the heels to rotate off the ground. This increases strain on the deep digital flexor tendon and the ligaments of the navicular bone. The bottom of the hoof should also be examined. The shape of the sole, size of the frog, and shape of the bars can indicate overall health of the hoof. Holes in heel bulb usually indicate a hoof abscess that has ruptured. The horse's shoeing can also provide clues to the examiner. The application of corrective shoes or pads may indicate past problems requiring special shoeing. This can be especially helpful during the pre-purchase exam, when the lameness history of the horse may not be readily available. Digital pulse evaluation is important when addressing the hoof. An increased digital pulse often indicates that the lesion is in the foot, and are usually most significantly increased in horses with laminitis. The coronary band may also be palpated. Cool swelling can indicate coffin joint effusion, swelling with an increase in temperature can indicate laminitis, firm swelling can occur with ringbone, and a localized swelling with pain can indicate an abscess. Examiners will also "hoof test" each foot by applying a metal instrument that squeezes the foot to test for deep pain. Diffuse sensitivity occurs with fracture or infection of the coffin bone, and laminitis. More localized sensitivity can be found with sole bruises, puncture wounds, hoof abscesses, and hot nails. Sensitivity over the middle third of the frog is consistent with navicular syndrome, but can also occur with sheared heels. To distinguish these two, the hoof testers may be applied over the heels, which will be sensitive in the case of any heel-related pain, such as sheared, contracted, or bruised heels. The hoof wall may also be percussed (struck with a hammer), which will produce a positive response in cases of hoof cracks that are causing the horse pain, laminitis, or a gravel (hoof abscess travelling up the hoof wall towards the coronary band). Evaluation in motion The horse is evaluated in motion, usually at the walk and trot, but occasionally also in the canter. The walk is often the best gait to evaluate foot placement. The trot is generally the best gait to localize the lameness to a particular leg, because it is a symmetrical gait where the front half of the horse and the back half move in unison. The canter may also be used for lameness evaluation. Resistance to picking up the canter or to engage the hind end can suggest pain in the sacro-iliac joint, pelvis, or hind leg. Lameness may be accentuated under certain conditions. Therefore, the moving examination is often performed both in a straight line and on a circle, and may be repeated on different footings. Hard footing tends to make joint and bone injury more apparent, while soft, deep footings tend to accentuate soft tissue injury. Circles may accentuate a lameness when the lame leg is on the inside or outside of the circle. At times, it may be helpful to evaluate the horse under saddle, since the weight of the rider can accentuate lameness. In cases of decreased performance, it can be useful to watch a horse performing certain discipline-specific movements, which may be the only time the rider notices a change in the horse's abilities. Gait is evaluated for symmetry. This includes the overall fluidity of the horse's motion, length of stride, loading of a leg, how the hoof lands on the ground (flat, toe, or heel-first), range of motion of the joints, deviations in body position, and position of the head and neck. The first evaluation of the horse is used to determine the severity of lameness and to help pinpoint which part of the body may be affected. The process of watching a horse move is repeated after each additional flexion test or nerve block to determine its effect on the animal. Grading lameness Lameness is graded on a scale. This allows the practitioner to help quantify a lameness in order to determine relative severity, assess the degree of change after flexion tests or nerve blocks, and to determine the improvement of lameness over time once treatment has been implemented. The most commonly used scale in the United States is a 1–-5 scale of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP). Other scales are more commonly used outside of the United States, including a 1–10 scale in the United Kingdom. AAEP Lameness Grading Scale Non-weight bearing lameness (grade 5) is most commonly the result of a hoof abscess. While very painful, most hoof abscesses are quite treatable and do not cause long-term lameness. However, fractures and septic synovial structures (such as an infected joint pouch or tendon sheath) can also cause non-weight bearing lameness, and require emergency evaluation and treatment by a veterinarian. Therefore, non-weight bearing lameness should be assessed by an equine professional in a timely manner, especially if it is associated with trauma, laceration, or recent joint injection. Flexion tests Flexion tests are a diagnostic tool involving the application of sustained pressure on a particular set of joints. The limb is forcibly flexed for between 30 seconds and 3 minutes, depending on the joint and practitioner preference, and the horse is immediately trotted off. An increase in lameness following a flexion test suggests that those joints or surrounding soft tissue structures may be a source of pain for the horse. Flexion tests help narrow down the source of lameness to a certain part of the leg, but they are non-specific because they almost always affect more than one joint and because they also affect the soft tissue structures around the joint, not just the joint itself. Additionally, they must be interpreted carefully due to the risk of false negatives and false positives. Regional limb anesthesia (nerve blocks) Nerve blocks involve injecting a small amount of local anesthetic around a nerve or into a synovial structure (such as a joint or tendon sheath) in order to block the perception of pain in a specific area. After the substance is injected, it is given a few minutes to take effect. The block is then tested by pushing a blunt object, such as a ballpoint pen, into the area that is supposed to be desensitized. If the horse does not react to this pressure, the area is desensitized, and the horse is trotted to see if the lameness has improved. Improvement indicates that the cause of lameness was from a structure desensitized by the nerve block. Nerve blocks are performed in a step-wise fashion, beginning at the most distal (lower) part of the limb and moving upward. This is due to the fact that blocking a nerve higher up will desensitize everything it innervates distal to the blocking location. For example, blocking the leg at the level of the fetlock will also block the entire foot, since the nerve fibers that innervate the foot are inhibited when they travel through the fetlock area. A positive result from this block will not be able to differentiate foot pain from pain in the pastern or fetlock region. More information may be gained from blocking the foot first, then the fetlock, since it allows for greater specificity in determining the cause of lameness. The duration of the anesthetic varies depending on the substance used. Lidocaine is especially short acting, and is therefore usually not used for lameness evaluations. The longer-acting anesthetic mepivacaine is most-commonly used for nerve blocks, because ideally the block should last throughout the lameness exam to avoid false positives with subsequent blocks as they are performed up the leg. Bupivicaine is very long-lasting (up to 4–6 hours), and is most commonly used for analgesia following surgery rather than for nerve blocks. Although nerve blocks are very important to the lameness examination, they are not foolproof. Multiple studies have shown that the anesthetic can migrate, especially if the horse is evaluated long after blocking or if a large amount of anesthetic is used. If the anesthetic migrates to the structure that is causing the horse pain, the horse will have a positive block, and the examiner will conclude that the lameness originates in an area that is not actually causing the horse discomfort. False results can also be secondary to practitioner error if the anesthetic is accidentally administered into a location that was unintended, such as a synovial structure rather than around a nerve. Additionally, individual horses have variation in their neural anatomy, and if atypical patterns are present, a given block may block an area unintended by the examiner, leading to false positives. Joints present additional problems. A large volume of anesthetic placed into a joint can diffuse out over time, blocking the surrounding structures. Additionally, there are some cases where joint pain can respond better to perineural blocking rather than blocking of the joint. Objective Lameness Detection and Localization There is relatively low agreement between practitioners trying to identify a lame leg when lameness is mild using subjective visual cues. Additional methods of detection and quantification of lameness can therefore be helpful. Several systems are in use and under development for this purpose, both in research and clinical practice. Among these are the Lameness Locator system based on uniaxial accelerometers, the Equigate system based on six degrees of freedom inertial measurement units, the Equinalysis system, and the motion capture based Qhorse system Diagnostic tests Radiographs and Ultrasound The most common forms of diagnostic imaging for use during a lameness exam are radiographs ("x-rays"), to evaluate bone and joint lesions, and ultrasound, to evaluate soft tissue lesions. These modalities are best applied if the general location of lameness is known from flexion tests and nerve blocks. These methods are both non-invasive and relatively cheap. Radiographs ("x-rays") are made by photons, produced by a generator, that have hit a piece of x-ray film. This film is then exposed to produce an image. The photons that hit the film are actually those that have been reflected, rather than absorbed, by the animal's body. Different tissue types absorb photons to varying degrees, leading to differing levels of darkness (radiodensity) on the x-ray film. An anatomical structure is delineated by comparing its radiodensity those tissues surrounding it. Interpretation of a radiograph therefore requires the surrounding structures to have enough of a difference in radiodensity to allow it to stand out. While this is obvious in tissue such as bone, soft tissues of the leg do not stand out well on radiographs. Therefore, radiographs are best used to evaluate boney changes rather than soft tissue damage. One exception of this rule is the use of contrast, injected into synovial structures, which allows these structures to stand out on radiographs. Common uses for radiographs are to evaluate for suspected fractures, bone chips, laminitis, and navicular changes. Ultrasound measures the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of tissues. Different tissues absorb or reflect ultrasonic waves to different degrees, which may be picked up by the machine and turned into an image. Because ultrasound does not easily cross bone or air, it is best used for the evaluation of soft-tissue structures. It is therefore a complementary imaging modality to radiographs, and is most commonly used to look for injury to ligaments and tendons, and the navicular bursa, although muscle damage and arterial blood flow have also been evaluated with ultrasound in cases of lameness. Ultrasound is especially useful for determining the size and shape of lesions within structures, allowing quantification of an injury. Ultrasound may be used after diagnosis, to monitor the progression of healing of a lesion. It is also used to guide injections of treatments (steroids, stems cells, platelet rich plasma) directly into a lesion. Nuclear Scintigraphy Nuclear scintigraphy, or the "bone scan," involves injecting a radioactive substance, often technetium-99, into the horse and then measuring uptake, which is strongest in the areas of rapid bone remodeling. The bone scan is often useful for lameness that can't be easily localized to one area, that affects multiple limbs, or lameness that is thought to originate in areas not easily imaged by other means, such as the vertebral column. Although it provides localization for lameness, it does not give a definitive diagnosis. The availability of this modality is more limited relative to radiographs and ultrasound, and usually requires referral to a secondary care facility. Additionally, the horse must stay for a short period of time until it is no longer radioactive. It is relatively non-invasive, requiring an initial injection of the radioisotope, and sedation throughout the procedure. The bone scan offers several advantages over traditional radiographs. In some cases, it may be more sensitive due to the fact that some lesions are only apparent on radiographs after they have become chronic. The bone scan allows imaging of the pelvis, vertebral column, and upper limbs, which are areas that are usually poorly imaged by radiographs on the adult horse, due to their size. It also allows some evaluation of soft tissue, which is generally not imaged well by radiographs. Computed Tomography Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging modality that produces a 3-dimensional radiograph. A series of plain radiographs are taken in a spiral around the site of interest, and the individual 2-D radiographs are converted into a 3-D image by a computer. The image may be manipulated to view in different planes, such as cross-section, making it possible to see an injury from multiple perspectives and improving diagnostic capabilities when compared to plain radiographs. Like plain radiographs, CT is not as useful for soft tissue lesions when compared to boney lesions. However, CT requires general anesthesia, and is more costly and less available than plain radiographs, limiting its use in general practice. CT provides a large amount of data with exceptional speed, taking only seconds to minutes to complete. When compared to MRI, it is not only significantly faster (MRI takes 1–2 hours to produce an image), but also less expensive. Its combination of speed and imaging capabilities makes it beneficial for use prior to orthopedic surgery, especially in the case of complicated fractures, as it allows for visualization from all sides so that the surgeon may determine the best approach and method of correction prior to cutting. Upon completion of the CT, the horse may be rolled straight into the surgery suite for immediate surgical treatment. Advances in technology now also allows for a robotic scanner to rapidly image different parts the standing horse without the need for general anesthesia. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) produces a 3-dimensional image that allows for exceptional evaluation of soft tissue structures, as well as the detection of boney change and the presence of excessive fluid accumulation associated with inflammation. Like CT, an MRI image may be viewed in various planes of orientation, improving visualization of anatomic structures and any associated pathologic change. MRI is considered the gold standard for diagnosing soft tissue injury within the foot. While it can provide a definitive diagnosis in cases where other imaging modalities have failed, it does have several limitations. Available magnet size restricts imaging to the level of the stifle or elbow, or below. MRI takes a significant amount of time acquire an image, which translates to long anesthesia times and therefore reduces the size of the area that may be imaged in a single session. The area thought to be associated with lameness must be placed in the MRI. MRI is therefore inappropriate for any lameness that can not be localized to a specific region of the limb. Additionally, MRI has limited availability and high cost compared to the other imaging modalities. Horses may undergo standing MRI, where the horse is sedated and imaged with a low-field magnet (0.27 Tesla), or it may be placed in a high-field magnet (1.5 or 3 Tesla) while under general anesthesia. Low-field magnets produce less resolution and the subtle swaying of the standing horse leads to motion artifact (blurring of the image), especially in the case of the knee or hock, leading to reduced image quality. However, standing MRI tends to be cheaper, and it eliminates the risks of general anesthesia, such as further damage to the injured area or additional injury that may occur during anesthetic recovery. Thermography Thermography, or thermal imaging, measures the heat gradient of skin by detection of infrared radiation. Because heat is a cardinal sign of inflammation, thermal imaging can be used to detect inflammation that may be the cause of lameness, and at times discover a subclinical injury. When used, horses must be placed in an area free of sunlight exposure, drafts, or other sources of outside heat, and hair length should be uniform in the area imaged. Benefits include non-invasiveness and the potential for early identification of injury, and detection of early contralateral limb injury in the case of orthopedic patients. Blood or synovial fluid testing Blood and synovial fluid may be tested for pathogens in the case of infected synovial structures. Both cytology and bacterial culture can be used to help identify the cause of infection. In adult horses, septic arthritis or tenosynovitis are most commonly seen secondary to joint injection, penetrating injury, or following surgery, and are often from Staphylococcus infection. Foals often develop septic arthritis secondary to systemic infection and hematogenous spread to the joints. Arthroscopy Arthroscopy involves placing a small camera through a hole into a joint or other synovial structure. It requires general anesthesia, but allows thorough visualization of the synovial membrane and articular cartilage. Treatment may often be performed at the same time. Arthroscopy is most commonly used for chip fractures of the knee and fetlock joints, osteochondritis dessecans lesions, and proliferative synovitis. Body-Mounted Inertial Sensor Systems Inertial Sensor Systems (ISS) generally refer to wireless inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes) transmitting precision movement data back to a computer. Asymmetry of motion can be measured using ISS attached to the horse's body. A computer application then quantifies lameness by measuring the asymmetry of movement between left and right sides of the body. Some more sophisticated computer applications are able to determine the limb or limbs involved and the point in the stride cycle that the horse is differentially unloading the limb. Treatment Appropriate treatment for lameness depends on the condition diagnosed, but at a minimum it usually includes rest or decreased activity and anti-inflammatory medications. Other treatment options, such as corrective shoeing, joint injections, and regenerative therapies, are pursued based on the cause of lameness and the financial limits of the owner. Consultation with a veterinarian is generally recommended, even for mild cases, as some types of lameness may worsen if not properly diagnosed and treated. Horseman’s terms for lameness or blemishes Various horseman's terms have evolved over the years to describe common lamenesses or blemishes (defects that do not cause lameness) in horses. Bog spavin: excessive synovial fluid in the tarsocrural joint, which leads to a large, soft, cool distention on the dorsal surface of the hock. Bone spavin: osteoarthritis of the distal hock joints, which produces lameness and is sometimes seen as a visible, hard swelling on the inside of the hock joint. Bowed tendon: tendinitis of the superficial or deep digital flexor tendons, which leads to a "bowed" appearance when the tendon is seen in profile. Considered a lameness when acute, and a blemish once healed, although the tendon is at greater risk for re-injury. Bucked shins: pain, heat, and swelling over the dorsal surface of the cannon bone most commonly seen in racehorses. This complex disease process, called "dorsal metacarpal disease," involves inflammation of the periosteum, subperiosteal hematoma, and microfractures to the cortex of the underlying bone. Capped joint: Inflammation leading to the development of a "false" or acquired bursa over the point of the elbow (capped elbow, also known as a "shoe boil"), point of the hock (capped hock), or knee (capped knee, or carpal hygroma) which causes an obvious swelling in the area. These are generally considered blemishes. Curb: a thickening or bowing on the caudal surface of the calcaneous. Classically associated with damage to the long plantar tarsal ligament of the hock, it is actually most commonly due to injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon, but may also involve the deep digital flexor tendon, or the surrounding soft tissue structures. Founder (laminitis): a very painful condition resulting from the inflammation of the laminae within the hoof, leading to rotation of the coffin bone. Navicular disease or navicular syndrome: a catch-all phrase used to describe pain in the palmar hoof which was originally attributed to damage to the navicular bone. MRI has since shown that navicular syndrome may be caused by damage to any of the structures within the hoof, including the navicular bone, the navicular bursa, the coffin joint, the deep digital flexor tendon, and various ligamentous supportive structures. Osselets: swelling on the front surface of the fetlock joints of the front legs, caused by traumatic arthritis of the fetlock joints. Ringbone: boney proliferation around the pastern. May be articular (osteoarthritis) or non-articular. The articular forms can affect the pastern or coffin joints, and can cause lameness. Shoe boil: see "capped joint" Sidebone: ossification of the collateral cartilages of the hoof secondary to chronic concussion, may be palpated on just above the coronary band on either side of the hoof. Rarely causes lameness, therefore considered a blemish. Splints: bony enlargements in the area of the splint bone, most commonly on the inside of the front leg, but sometimes on the outside of the front leg or on a hind leg. They are caused by trauma to the split bone itself or the ligament between the splint bone and cannon bone. Acutely, there may be no visible swelling but the horse will be painful on palpation, and lame. Once healed, the boney swelling is cool to the touch and considered a blemish. Stocking up: Edema (fluid) retained in the lower legs due to reduced lymphatic drainage, often because the horse is sedentary for long periods (such as when stalled) but occasionally due to pathology. It is cool to the touch, and usually decreases or resolves with exercise. It is considered a blemish. Sweeney (shoulder sweeny): a loss of muscle of the shoulder. It is due to atrophy of the supraspinatous and infraspinatus muscles, secondary to damage to the suprascapular nerve, which innervates these muscles. It is usually caused by trauma, and is relatively rare in present day. Thoroughpin: effusion in the deep digital flexor tendon sheath, producing a small fluid swelling in the depression just front of the calcaneous. It is proximal to the tarsocrural joint, which helps distinguish it from bog spavin. Windpuffs (wind galls): cool, soft effusions in the area of the fetlock joint. May be "articular windgalls," which are the result of excessive synovial fluid in the fetlock joint capsule and located on the inside and outside of the fetlock, just behind the bones of the joint. Swelling towards the back of the joint are "tendonous windgalls," and are the result of effusion in the deep digital flexor tendon sheath. Windgalls are considered blemishes. See also Equine conformation Skeletal system of the horse Equine anatomy Horse hoof Horse care Flexion test Equine prepurchase exam References External links Laminitis information Various leg ailments Category:Horse management Category:Horse anatomy Category:Horse diseases Category:Equine injury and lameness	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Burney Mountain Burney Mountain is a tall complex volcanic dome, located in northern California next to the slightly larger Crater Peak and the slightly smaller Magee Peak. It is extinct, with its last eruption having been about 230,000 BC during the Pleistocene epoch. The volcano is composed of two craters, which open to the east. References Category:Mountains of Northern California Category:Volcanoes of California Category:Extinct volcanoes Category:North American 2000 m summits	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Poříčany Poříčany is a village and municipality in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. Some scenes of the movie Hostel were filmed in this village. References This article was initially translated from the Czech Wikipedia. Category:Villages in Kolín District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Custer County Courthouse (Broken Bow, Nebraska) The Custer County Courthouse in Broken Bow, Nebraska was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Custer County and Jail in 1979. It was built in 1911. It was designed by Liechtenstein-born architect John Latenser in Classical Revival style. References External links Category:Courthouses in Nebraska Category:Jails in Nebraska Category:National Register of Historic Places in Custer County, Nebraska Category:Neoclassical architecture in Nebraska Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1911	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mike Ingham Michael Robert Ingham MBE (born 24 September 1950 in Cheshire) is an English football commentator and broadcaster. Early life He grew up in Duffield and Quarndon and attended the Belper School (then The Herbert Strutt School) in Belper. He gained a Bachelor of Law degree. Career He began his career working for BBC Radio Derby in 1973, later joining the BBC in London in 1979. For some years he regularly hosted the Saturday afternoon sports programme Sport on Two, and for five years he hosted BBC Radio's high profile Saturday teatime Sports Report. Around 1984 he also became a match commentator, working alongside Peter Jones and Bryon Butler. In 1991, he took over from Butler as the BBC's football correspondent. Five Live From 1990, Ingham worked alongside Alan Green as BBC Radio 5 Live's principal commentating pair, working on FA Cup Finals, World Cup finals, European Cup finals and virtually all the biggest matches in Britain and throughout the world, with many of his commentaries also being heard on the BBC World Service. He is noted for his measured, eloquent style, often seen as something of a throwback to earlier days of sports broadcasting. He also commentated on the BBC's coverage of Princess Diana's funeral in 1997 and co-presented from the stage at the Live Earth concert in 2007 where he, alongside Alan Green, introduced The Pussycat Dolls. In 2004, Ingham was promoted as chief football correspondent, becoming renowned with fans for "thinking aloud" when offering his opinion on the football matters of the day. After the 2014 World Cup, Ingham retired from his role as correspondent and commentator. He will continue to present football specials for BBC Radio 5 Live. Personal life Mike Ingham lives in the Chiltern district of Buckinghamshire with his wife Lorna and two sons Marshall and George Ingham. He is a keen record collector and music fan, and occasionally hosted Andy Peebles' show on Radio 1 during the early 1980s. Ingham was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours. External links Mike Ingham biography on BBC Radio website BBC World Cup 2006 Press release (PDF file, 4MB) References Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:BBC Radio 5 Live presenters Category:English association football commentators Category:English sports broadcasters Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire Category:People from Duffield Category:People from Quarndon Category:People from Chiltern District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mount Midori , also known as , is a mountain located in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group of the Ishikari Mountains, Hokkaidō, Japan. References Geographical Survey Institute Midori	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Abbas Khan-e Qareh Gol Abbas Khan-e Qareh Gol (, also Romanized as ‘Abbās Khān-e Qareh Gol; also known as ‘Abbās Khān and Chāh Tolombeh-ye A’mad-e Adabī) is a village in Bizaki Rural District, Golbajar District, Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported. References Category:Populated places in Chenaran County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Not Safe for Work (TV series) Not Safe for Work is a British comedy-drama series created and written by D. C. Moore, produced by Clerkenwell Films and broadcast by Channel 4. The series, originally called Cut, explores the shattered personal and professional lives of a group of highly dysfunctional civil servants. Despite being set in Northampton, the show was filmed 340 miles away in Glasgow. Plot The series follows civil servant Katherine (Zawe Ashton), who is forced to move from London to a satellite office in Northampton following public sector cuts. Cast Zawe Ashton as Katherine Sophie Rundle as Jenny Sacha Dhawan as Danny Tom Weston-Jones as Anthony Sian Brooke as Martine Samuel Barnett as Nathanial Anastasia Hille as Jeffries Jo Hartley as Angela References External links Category:2010s British comedy-drama television series Category:2015 British television series debuts Category:2015 British television series endings Category:2010s British television miniseries Category:Channel 4 comedy Category:English-language television programs Category:Television shows set in Northamptonshire	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Capitão Falcão The Portuguese Falcon (original title: Capitão Falcão) is a 2015 Portuguese superhero comedy film directed by João Leitão. It was released on April 23, 2015. Synopsis Captain Falcão tells the story of a Portuguese superhero serving António de Oliveira Salazar in the fight against the communist "red menace" during the 1960s, mercilessly satirizing both the anti-communist propaganda of the Estado Novo and the left-leaning politics of the Armed Forces Movement. Cast Gonçalo Waddington as Capitão Falcão David Chan as Puto Perdiz José Pinto as António de Oliveira Salazar Rui Mendes Luís Vicente as Vladimir Lenin Miguel Guilherme as General Gaivota Carla Maciel Bruno Nogueira Nuno Lopes Ricardo Carriço Production The film was shot in Santarém and Lisbon. Reception The film received critical acclaim. References External links Category:2010s action comedy films Category:2010s adventure comedy films Category:Films set in Portugal Category:Films set in the 1960s Category:Films shot in Lisbon Category:Films shot in Santarém, Portugal Category:Portuguese films Category:Portuguese action films Category:Portuguese adventure films Category:2015 films Category:2010s superhero films Category:Superhero comedy films Category:2010s action adventure films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lawrence Smith (soccer) Lawrence Smith (born March 16, 1985) is an American soccer player, who plays for GBK. References Guardian Football Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:American soccer players Category:American expatriate soccer players Category:Expatriate footballers in Finland Category:Veikkausliiga players Category:Ykkönen players Category:Vaasan Palloseura players Category:Kokkolan Palloveikot players Category:Association football forwards Category:Soccer players from South Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
UCSF Chimera UCSF Chimera (or simply Chimera) is an extensible program for interactive visualization and analysis of molecular structures and related data, including density maps, supramolecular assemblies, sequence alignments, docking results, trajectories, and conformational ensembles. High-quality images and movies can be created. Chimera includes complete documentation and can be downloaded free of charge for noncommercial use. Chimera is developed by the Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics (RBVI) at the University of California, San Francisco. Development is partially supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIGMS grant P41-GM103311). The next-generation program is UCSF ChimeraX. General structure analysis automatic identification of atom hydrogen addition and partial charge assignment high-quality hydrogen bond, contact, and clash detection measurements: distances, angles, surface area, volume calculation of centroids, axes, planes and associated measurements amino acid rotamer libraries, protein Ramachandran plot, protein contact map structure building and bond rotation molecular dynamics trajectory playback (many formats), distance and angle plots morphing between conformations of a protein or even different proteins display of attributes (B-factor, hydrophobicity, etc.) with colors, radii, "worms" easy creation of custom attributes with simple text file inputs ViewDock tool to facilitate interactive screening of docking results rich set of commands, powerful specification syntax many formats read, PDB and Mol2 written Web and fetch from Protein Data Bank, CATH or SCOP (domains), EDS (density maps), EMDB (density maps), ModBase (comparative models), CASTp (protein pocket measurements), Pub3D (small molecule structures), VIPERdb (icosahedral virus capsids), UniProt (protein sequences with feature annotations), others interfaces to PDB2PQR charge/radius assignment, APBS electrostatics calculations, AutoDock Vina single-ligand docking Presentation images and movies high-resolution images visual effects including depth-cueing, interactive shadows, silhouette edges, multicolor backgrounds standard molecular representations (sticks, spheres, ribbons, molecular surfaces) pipes-and-planks for helices and strands; nucleotide objects including lollipops and ladder rungs ellipsoids to show anisotropic B-factors nonmolecular geometric objects renderings of density maps and other volume data (see below) labeling with text, symbols, arrows, color keys different structures can be clipped differently and at any angle optional raytracing with bundled POV-Ray scene export to X3D and other formats simple graphical interface for creating movies interactively scenes can be placed as keyframes along an animation timeline alternatively, movie content and recording can be scripted; rich set of related commands movie recording is integrated with morphing and MD trajectory playback Volume data tools many formats of volume data maps (electron density, electrostatic potential, others) read, several written interactive threshold adjustment, multiple isosurfaces (mesh or solid), transparent renderings fitting of atomic coordinates to maps and maps to maps density maps can be created from atomic coordinates markers can be placed in maps and connected with smooth paths display of individual data planes or multiple orthogonal planes volume data time series playback and morphing many tools for segmenting and editing maps Gaussian smoothing, Fourier transform, other filtering and normalization measurements: surface area, surface-enclosed volume, map symmetry, others Sequence-structure tools many sequence alignment formats read, written sequence alignments can be created, edited sequences automatically associate with structures sequence-structure crosstalk: highlighting in one highlights the other protein BLAST search via Web service multiple sequence alignment via Clustal Omega and MUSCLE Web services interfaces to MODELLER for homology modeling and loop building structure superposition with or without pre-existing sequence alignment generation of structure-based sequence alignments from multiple superpositions several methods for calculating conservation and displaying values on associated structures RMSD header (histogram above the sequences) showing spatial variability of associated structures user-defined headers including histograms and colored symbols UniProt and CDD feature annotations shown as colored boxes on sequences trees in Newick format read/displayed See also List of molecular graphics systems Molecular modelling Molecular graphics Molecular dynamics Molecule editor Software for molecular mechanics modeling References External links Program download Program documentation Chimera Image Gallery and Animation Gallery Publications about Chimera Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics University of California, San Francisco UCSF ChimeraX website Category:Freeware Category:Molecular modelling software	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ostrowo, Mogilno County Ostrowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelno, within Mogilno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Strzelno, south-east of Mogilno, south-west of Toruń, and south of Bydgoszcz. The village has a population of 440. References Ostrowo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Razor (short story) "Razor" is a short story by the Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov. It was first published (as Britva) in the expatriate Russian literary magazine Rul' in 1926, but a French translation did not appear until 1991, and an English one (by Dmitri Nabokov, the writer's son) not until 1995. Plot summary Ivanov, an exiled Russian and former military officer living in Berlin, has taken up employment as a barber; an apt position, Nabokov notes, as Ivanov's sharp facial appearance had earned him the nickname "Razor" in his earlier life. On a hot day, an unnamed character dressed largely in black enters the barber's, deserted save for Ivanov, and requests a shave. Ivanov quickly realises that the customer is a fellow Russian who, the reader gathers, tortured Ivanov during Russia's period of revolutionary upheaval. With the unnamed character sitting in the chair, his face lathered with shaving cream, Ivanov reminds him of their last encounter. Ivanov then proceeds begins to shave him, recounting their previous meeting while also strongly hinting at the effect that one slip of the razor could have. The reader half expects Ivanov to exact his revenge. But having told his story, Ivanov relents and the terrified and clean-shaven Soviet flees from the barber's. Themes While only four pages long in the Penguin paperback edition (1997) of Nabokov's Collected Stories, the story touches upon many of the issues woven into Nabokov's longer works – the importance of an individual's freedom of action and thought, for instance, or the value of observing the life's particular details. These issues are merged and illuminated through the prism of an even more important theme for Nabokov, that of the destruction of his Russian homeland by the Soviet Revolution. Countless numbers of his output evince a livid bitterness not only towards the revolution, but the succeeding ideology of the Communist empire – its police control, its suppression of personal freedoms, its attempts to rein in individual thought. Any character who dares support or favour Communism receives short shrift in Nabokov's work, and while not being a Communist could never be enough to guarantee a character a saintly status, it will save him or her from his withering disdain. In "Razor" this contrast shapes Nabokov's entire characterisation. Ivanov, who made an "epic escape" from the revolution, is a positive figure, while the unnamed Soviet is viewed with immediate contempt. This contrast is most obviously developed in the plot itself. The one-time brutality of the Soviet is strongly suggested by his (past) actions. Ivanov, in contrast, refuses to descend to the methods of his former torturers. Having briefly raised the possibility of torture, enough to terrify the Soviet without inflicting lasting damage, Ivanov stops there. The razor does not slit open the Soviet's throbbing carotid. Cruelty does not beget further cruelty. Ivanov's melancholic realisation is that the pain of the past loss (not only the personal pain inflicted on him but the fact that "his vast, noble, splendid homeland had been ruined by some buffoon") will not be eradicated by revenge – Ivanov may not gain his physical retribution but he is assured of his moral superiority. Nabokov employs a number of other techniques and themes to reinforce this contrast. For example, the characters' appearances. Ivanov's face is angular, almost harsh in its perspective: "nose sharp as a draftsman's triangle; chin sturdy as an elbow". Whereas Nabokov emphasises the roundness of the Soviet: "A puffy face ... with a plump mole by the right lobe of the nose." Ivanov applies lather to "the man's cheeks, rounded chin and upper lip." His eyes are "glittering little wheels". Later the Soviet's visage descends to being described as an "eyeless, fat face". Nabokov continues to express his scorn for the Soviet, indicating how he is a figure easily manipulated by others; the inability of a character to express his free will is a considerable crime for Nabokov. So not only does the reader observe that the Soviet's every emotion at the whim of Ivanov ("when he pressed the flat surface of the razor to the man's neck, his entire body twitched") but in the final paragraph, Ivanov seems to be able to control his foe physically. Petrified by the possibility of revenge being meted out, the Soviet cannot move until Ivanov commands it of him. Having done that the Russian barber "clapped the bowler on his head, thrust the briefcase under his arm, and swivelled him toward the door." On leaving the barber's, descriptions of the Soviet further emphasise his robotic demeanour. Eyes completely shut, "he stepped like an automaton", "with the same mechanical gait" and "with an outstretched petrified hand". Each of these descriptions demonstrate the Soviet as being a non-individual, without free will, who can be manipulated and controlled by others. The political subtext of Nabokov's characterisation – communists simply follow the herd rather than think for themselves – becomes clearer. The theme of expression or rejection of individual choice Nabokov articulates in other ways. It is of course entirely deliberate that the Soviet is nameless, the name being a vital part of personal identity. Ivanov, on the other hand, has both an official name and a charismatic nickname. A more subtle but perhaps fundamental aspect to Nabokov's delineation of his characters is that while Ivanov, spiritually free, escapes the view of others, the Soviet is already trapped under the others' gaze. How their faces and appearances are revealed to others becomes a defining characteristic of their personalities. The reader is told at the very start that Razor lacks a facade, and when acquaintances tried to recall his appearance they "could only imagine him in profile". Whereas as soon as the Soviet enters the barber, "the newcomer's reflection appeared in all the mirrors at once, in profile, three-quarter-face, and shown the waxen bald spot in back". The point is more subtle but important nevertheless - the free man escapes the view of others while the man who denies that freedom is forever trapped in the gaze of other people. Use of detail and colour Detail and colour have a strong aesthetic effect in Nabokov's work, offering sharp reminders to both reader and character of the joy to be obtained from observation, however fleeting, of the world around them. Before the Soviet arrives, Ivanov observes "the glittering wheels of cars that left ribbon-like imprints on the heat-softened asphalt, resembling the ornate lacework of snakes." This and others are part of a joyous, seemingly childlike vision, in which inanimate objects are often anthropomorphised. The Soviet's reflection in the mirror showed that same "waxen bald spot ... from which the bowler hat had ascended to snag a hat hook". Once again, it is Ivanov who is rewarded with this joyous skill of observation, watching the passersby and cars, and then inside noting the "marble surfaces aglitter with green and gold scent bottles". The Soviet says and sees little in the story, another contrast that emphasises where the author's affections lie. But this is not quite aestheticism for the sake of it – they are not extraneous things but are observations that shape and determine Ivanov's world. The barber notices the glittering wheels of the cars; a few minutes later he notices the Soviet's "minuscule eyes that glittered like the tiny wheels of a watch movement". The repetition of the glittering wheels motif is not a coincidence but reflects, however lightly, Ivanov's chain of thought; just as the wheels have left their impression on the asphalt, so the Soviet snake has left his imprint on Ivanov. See also Hernando Téllez, whose work "Lather and Nothing Else" has a very similar plot to "Razor" Category:1926 short stories Category:Short stories by Vladimir Nabokov Category:Works originally published in German newspapers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Isanthrene azia Isanthrene azia is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1884. It is found in Guatemala and Mexico. References Category:Euchromiina Category:Moths described in 1884	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thomas Blount (lexicographer) Thomas Blount (1618–1679) was an English antiquarian and lexicographer. Background He was the son of Myles Blount of Orleton in Herefordshire and was born at Bordesley, Tardebigge, Worcestershire. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, but, being a zealous Roman Catholic, his religion interfered considerably with the practice of that profession at a time when Catholics were excluded from almost all areas of public life in England. Retiring to his estate at Orleton, he devoted himself to the study of the law as an amateur, and also read widely in other branches of knowledge. Thomas Blount married Anne Church of Maldon, Essex (1617–1697) in 1661 and they had one daughter, Elizabeth (1662–1724). He died on 26 December 1679, at Orleton, Herefordshire, at the age of sixty-one. Glossographia His principal works include Glossographia; or, a dictionary interpreting the hard words of whatsoever language, now used in our refined English tongue (1656), which went through several editions and remains amusing and instructive reading. It defined around 11,000 hard or unusual words, and was the largest English dictionary when it was published. His was the last, largest, and greatest of the English "hard-word" dictionaries, which aimed not to present a complete listing of English words, but to define and explain unusual terms that might be encountered in literature or the professions, thus aiding the burgeoning non-academic middle class, which was ascendant in England at the time and of which Blount was a member. Glossographia marked several "firsts" in English lexicography. It was the first dictionary that included illustrations (two woodcuts of heraldic devices) and etymologies, and the first that cited sources for definitions. It contained many unusual words that had not previously been included in dictionaries, and others not included in any later dictionary. While some of these were neologisms, Blount did not coin any words himself, but rather reported on the rather inventive culture of classically inspired coinages of the period. Unfortunately for Blount, his Glossographia was surpassed in popularity with the publication in 1658 of The New World of Words by Edward Phillips (1630–1696), whose uncle was John Milton. While Phillips' dictionary was much larger than Blount's (ca. 20,000 words) and included some common words in addition to unusual ones, it is now widely acknowledged that Phillips copied many definitions from Blount. This act of plagiarism enraged Blount, who began to denounce his rival vitriolically in print. Blount and Phillips engaged for many years in a publishing war, undertaking constant revisions of their works accompanied by denunciations of the other. In 1673, Blount published A World of Errors Discovered in the New World of Words, wherein he sought to demonstrate that where Phillips was correct, he was not often original, and that where he was original, he was not often correct. He wrote, indignantly, "Must this then be suffered? A Gentleman for his divertissement writes a Book, and this Book happens to be acceptable to the World, and sell; a Bookseller, not interested in the Copy, instantly employs some Mercenary to jumble up another like Book out of this, with some Alterations and Additions, and give it a new Title; and the first Author's out-done, and his Publisher half undone...." Phillips retorted by publishing a list of words from Blount that he contended were "barbarous and illegally compounded." The dispute was not settled prior to Blount's death, thus granting a default victory to Phillips. Regardless, Glossographia went through many editions and even more reprintings, the latest of which was in 1969. Other works In addition to his dictionary, Blount published widely on other subjects. His Boscobel (1651) was an account of Charles II's preservation after Worcester, with the addition of the king's own account dictated to Pepys; the book was edited with a bibliography by C. G. Thomas (1894). Blount remained an amateur scholar of law throughout his life, and published Nomolexicon: a law dictionary interpreting such difficult and obscure words and terms as are found either in our common or statute, ancient or modern lawes (1670; third edition, with additions by W. Nelson, 1717), to aid the profession that he was unable to practice. He was also an antiquarian of some note, and his Fragmenta Antiquitatis: Ancient Tenures of land, and jocular customs of some manners (1679; enlarged by J. Beckwith and republished, with additions by H. M. Beckwith, in 1815; again revised and enlarged by W. C. Hazlitt, 1874) is a sort of encyclopaedia of folk-customs and manorial traditions. The following bibliography is reproduced from the forward of Beckwith's edition of Fragmenta where it is part of a short biography reproduced from Anthony á Wood's Athenee. The Academy of Eloquence, containing a complete English Rhetoric Printed at London in the time of the rebellion; and several times after. Glossographia ; or, a Dictionary interpreting such hard Words, whether Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Italian, &c, that are now used in our refined English Tongue, &c. London, 1656, octavo, published several times after with additions and amendments The Lamps of the Law, and Lights of the Gospel ; or, the Titles of some late Spiritual, Polemical, and Metaphysical new Books, London, 1653, in 8vo. written in imitation of J. Birkenhead's Paul's Church-yard, and published under the name of Grass and Hay Withers. Boscobel ; or, the History of his Majesty's Escape after the Battle of Worcester, 3d September, 1651. London, 1660, in 8vo. ; there again 1680, in 8vo. third edition, translated into French and Portuguese ; the last of which was done by Peter Gifford, of White Ladies, in Staffordshire, a Roman Catholic. Vide No. 11. The Catholic Almanack, for 1661, 62, 63, &c. which selling not so well' as Joh. Booker's Almanack did, he therefore wrote, Booker rebuked ; or, Animadversions on Booker's Teiescopium Uranicum or Ephemeris, 1665, which is very erroneous, &c. London, 1665, quarto, in one sheet, which made much sport among people, having had the assistance therein of Jo. Sargeant and Jo. Austen. A Law Dictionary, interpreting such difficult and obscure Words and Terms as are found either in our Common or Statute, antient or modern Laws. London, 1671, fol. There again in 1691, with some Corrections, and the addition of above 600 Words. (This is the Νομολεζιχν.) Animadversions upon Sir Richard Baker's Chronicle and its Continuation, &c. Oxon, 1672, 8vo. A World of Errors discovered in the New World of Words, &c. London, 1673, fol, written against Edw. Philips his book, entitled, A New World of English Words. Fragmenta Antiquitatis, antient Tenures of Land, and Jocular Customs of some Manors, &c. London, 1679, 8vo. Boscobel, &c, the second part, London, 1681, 8vo, to which is added, Claustrum regale reseratum ; or, the King's Concealment at Trent, in Somersetshire'', published by Mrs. Anne Windham, of Trent. (See No. 4.) References External links The copyright-protected The Phrontistery, the latter with the permission of the author Category:English lexicographers Category:People from Bromsgrove District Category:English Roman Catholics Category:1618 births Category:1679 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kamrar, Iowa Kamrar is a city in Hamilton County, Iowa, United States. The population was 199 at the 2010 census. History Kamrar was platted in 1881. The city was named in honor of Judge J. M. Kamrar, a promenint lawyer of the vicinity, who served as an officer of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company. J. M. Kamrar resided in Blue Earth, Minnesota in his final years, where he was among the first citizens to own a car. There is a statue of memorial in the town square. A post office has been in operation in Kamrar since 1882. Geography Kamrar is located at (42.391944, -93.728715). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 199 people, 82 households, and 45 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 95 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.5% White, 2.0% Asian, and 1.5% from two or more races. There were 82 households of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.1% were non-families. 32.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.31. The median age in the city was 40.5 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.5% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 18.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.8% male and 49.2% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 229 people, 91 households, and 66 families residing in the city. The population density was 275.9 people per square mile (106.5/km²). There were 100 housing units at an average density of 120.5 per square mile (46.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.63% White, 1.31% Native American, 1.31% Asian, and 1.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population. There were 91 households out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.93. In the city, the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $37,188, and the median income for a family was $41,071. Males had a median income of $30,500 versus $21,964 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,892. About 3.0% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty five or over. References Category:Cities in Iowa Category:Cities in Hamilton County, Iowa	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chris Short (footballer) Christian Mark Short (born 9 May 1970) is a former footballer, who played as a defender for Scarborough, Notts County, Huddersfield Town, Sheffield United and Stoke City. He also played non-league football for Pickering Town and Hinckley United. Career Born in Münster, West Germany, Short grew up in Yorkshire and followed his older brother Craig from non-league Pickering Town on to Scarborough. He was loaned to Manchester United before joining his brother again at Notts County for £240,000, Scarborough's record sale. He helped Neil Warnock's side reach the top flight in his first season and he stayed there until 1995, when he joined Sheffield United. Brian Little took him to Stoke City on a free transfer in 1998 and impressed as an attacking right back. However, just a month into his Stoke career he collapsed on the edge of the pitch at Fulham on 8 September 1998 and had to be revived with oxygen. Short went on a number of checks at the hospital but they found no problems with him. He was put on a sodium diet and says that he always felt "tired and out of breath". Eventually he was diagnosed with a circulation disorder and retired from playing after ending his career with Scarborough and Hinckley United. Coaching career Short later worked as a strength and conditioning coach and sports massage therapist and has also worked as a fitness coach with Blackburn Rovers, Crystal Palace, Derby County, Leicester City and Sheffield United. Short joined Neil Warnock's coaching set-up at Leeds United as the first team fitness conditioner on 13 July 2012. Short left the club shortly after the sacking of Neil Warnock, with manager Brian McDermott bringing in his own fitness coach Jon Goodman. In November 2016 he became the fitness coach at Bradford City. He left his role with Bradford in June 2018. A month after leaving Bradford he moved to Blackpool as the new First Team Coach. Personal life His brother Craig was also a professional footballer. He and his brother now regularly row across the English channel for charity. Career statistics Source: A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Anglo-Italian Cup, Football League play-offs, Football League Trophy. References External links Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Münster Category:Footballers from North Yorkshire Category:English footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Scarborough F.C. players Category:Notts County F.C. players Category:Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Category:Sheffield United F.C. players Category:Stoke City F.C. players Category:Hinckley United F.C. players Category:English Football League players Category:Pickering Town F.C. players Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. non-playing staff Category:Crystal Palace F.C. non-playing staff Category:Derby County F.C. non-playing staff Category:Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff Category:Leeds United F.C. non-playing staff Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff Category:Footballers from Yorkshire Category:Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff Category:Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia Category:Blackpool F.C. non-playing staff Category:National League (English football) players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wells Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania Wells Township is a township in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 814 at the 2010 census. Geography Wells Township is located in the northwest corner of Bradford County, along the New York state line. It is bordered by South Creek Township to the east, Columbia Township to the south and Rutland and Jackson townships in Tioga County to the west. To the north, in Chemung County, New York, is the town of Southport. The primary settlement in the township is the unincorporated community of Mosherville, in the valley of Seeley Creek in the northwest. Children residing in the township are assigned to attend the Troy Area School District. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.30%, is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 1,278 people, 462 households, and 353 families residing in the township. The population density was 37.7 people per square mile (14.5/km²). There were 538 housing units at an average density of 15.9/sq mi (6.1/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 99.45% White, 0.16% Native American, and 0.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.23% of the population. There were 462 households, out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.4% were non-families. 18.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.08. In the township the population was spread out, with 27.4% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males. The median income for a household in the township was $36,420, and the median income for a family was $40,489. Males had a median income of $29,408 versus $21,215 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,717. About 10.0% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over. References Category:Populated places established in 1792 Category:Townships in Bradford County, Pennsylvania Category:Townships in Pennsylvania	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lahar A lahar (, from ) is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. Lahars are extremely destructive: they can flow tens of metres per second (22 mph or more), they have been known to be up to deep, and large flows tend to destroy any structures in their path. Notable lahars include those at Mount Pinatubo and Nevado del Ruiz, the latter of which covered entire towns and killed thousands of people. Etymology The word lahar is of Javanese origin. The geological term was introduced by Berend George Escher in 1922. Description A lahar is a volcanic mudflow or debris flow. Lahars have the consistency, viscosity and approximate density of wet concrete: fluid when moving, solid at rest. Lahars can be huge. The Osceola Lahar produced by Mount Rainier (Washington) some 5600 years ago resulted in a wall of mud deep in the White River canyon, which covered an area of over , for a total volume of . A lahar of sufficient size and intensity can erase virtually any structure in its path, and is capable of carving its own pathway, making the prediction of its course difficult. Conversely, a lahar quickly loses force when it leaves the channel of its flow: even frail huts may remain standing, while at the same time being buried to the roof line in mud. A lahar's viscosity decreases with time, and can be further thinned by rain, but it nevertheless solidifies quickly when coming to a stop. Lahars vary in size and speed. Small lahars less than a few metres wide and several centimetres deep may flow a few metres per second. Large lahars hundreds of metres wide and tens of metres deep can flow several tens of metres per second (22 mph or more): much too fast for people to outrun. On steep slopes, lahar speeds can exceed . With the potential to flow distances of more than , a lahar can cause catastrophic destruction in its path. Lahars from the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruption in Colombia caused the Armero tragedy, which killed an estimated 23,000 people, when the city of Armero was buried under of mud and debris. A lahar caused New Zealand's Tangiwai disaster, where 151 people died after a Christmas Eve express train fell into the Whangaehu River in 1953. Lahars have been responsible for 17% of volcano-related deaths between 1783 and 1997. Causes Lahars have several possible causes: Snow and glaciers can be melted by lava or pyroclastic surges during an eruption. Lava can erupt from open vents and mix with wet soil, mud or snow on the slope of the volcano making a very viscous, high energy lahar. The higher up the slope of the volcano, the more gravitational potential energy the flows will have. A flood caused by a glacier, lake breakout, or heavy rainfalls can generate lahars, also called glacier run or jökulhlaup Water from a crater lake, combined with volcanic material in an eruption. Heavy rainfall on unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits. Volcanic landslides mixed with water. In particular, although lahars are typically associated with the effects of volcanic activity, lahars can occur even without any current volcanic activity, as long as the conditions are right to cause the collapse and movement of mud originating from existing volcanic ash deposits. Snow and glaciers can melt during periods of mild to hot weather. Earthquakes underneath or close to the volcano can shake material loose and cause it to collapse, triggering a lahar avalanche. Rainfall can cause the still-hanging slabs of solidified mud to come rushing down the slopes at a speed of more than , causing devastating results. Places at risk Several mountains in the world, including Mount Rainier in the United States, Mount Ruapehu in New Zealand, Merapi and Galunggung in Indonesia, are considered particularly dangerous due to the risk of lahars. Several towns in the Puyallup River valley in Washington state, including Orting, are built on top of lahar deposits that are only about 500 years old. Lahars are predicted to flow through the valley every 500 to 1,000 years, so Orting, Sumner, Puyallup, Fife, and the Port of Tacoma face considerable risk. The USGS has set up lahar warning sirens in Pierce County, Washington, so that people can flee an approaching debris flow in the event of a Mount Rainier eruption. A lahar warning system has been set up at Mount Ruapehu by the New Zealand Department of Conservation and hailed as a success after it successfully alerted officials to an impending lahar on 18 March 2007. Since mid-June 1991, when violent eruptions triggered Mount Pinatubo's first lahars in 500 years, a system to monitor and warn of lahars has been in operation. Radio-telemetered rain gauges provide data on rainfall in lahar source regions, acoustic flow monitors on stream banks detect ground vibration as lahars pass, and manned watchpoints further confirm that lahars are rushing down Pinatubo's slopes. This system has enabled warnings to be sounded for most but not all major lahars at Pinatubo, saving hundreds of lives. Physical preventative measures by the Philippine government were not adequate to stop over of mud from flooding many villages around Mount Pinatubo from 1992 through 1998. Scientists and governments try to identify areas with a high risk of lahars based on historical events and computer models. Volcano scientists play a critical role in effective hazard education by informing officials and the public about realistic hazard probabilities and scenarios (including potential magnitude, timing, and impacts); by helping evaluate the effectiveness of proposed risk-reduction strategies; by helping promote acceptance of (and confidence in) hazards information through participatory engagement with officials and vulnerable communities as partners in risk reduction efforts; and by communicating with emergency managers during extreme events. An example of such a model is TITAN2D. These models are directed towards future planning: identifying low-risk regions to place community buildings, discovering how to mitigate lahars with dams, and constructing evacuation plans. Examples Nevado del Ruiz In 1985, the volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted in central Colombia. As pyroclastic flows erupted from the volcano's crater, they melted the mountain's glaciers, sending four enormous lahars down its slopes at . The lahars picked up speed in gullies and coursed into the six major rivers at the base of the volcano; they engulfed the town of Armero, killing more than 20,000 of its almost 29,000 inhabitants. Casualties in other towns, particularly Chinchiná, brought the overall death toll to 23,000. Footage and photographs of Omayra Sánchez, a young victim of the tragedy, were published around the world. Other photographs of the lahars and the impact of the disaster captured attention worldwide and led to controversy over the degree to which the Colombian government was responsible for the disaster. Mount Pinatubo The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo caused lahars: the first eruption itself killed six people, but the lahar killed more than 1500. The eye of Typhoon Yunya passed over the volcano during its eruption on June 15, 1991. The rain from the typhoon triggered the flow of volcanic ash, boulders, and water down the rivers surrounding the volcano. In Pampanga, Angeles City and neighbouring cities and towns were damaged by the volcano's lahar when Sapang Balen Creek and the Abacan River became the channels for the mudflows and carried it to the heart of the city and surrounding areas. Over of mud inundated and damaged the towns of Castillejos, San Marcelino and Botolan in Zambales, Porac and Mabalacat City in Pampanga, Tarlac City, Capas, Concepcion and Bamban in Tarlac. The lahar in the Sacobia-Bamban River scoured all structures in its path, including the bridges and dikes by the Parua River in Concepcion. The Tarlac River in Tarlac City was inundated by over of lahar, causing the river to lose the ability to hold water. On the morning of October 1, 1995, pyroclastic material which clung to the slopes of Pinatubo and surrounding mountains rushed down because of heavy rain, and turned into an lahar. This mudflow killed hundreds of people in Barangay Cabalantian in Bacolor. The Philippine government under President Fidel V. Ramos ordered the construction of the FVR Mega Dike in an attempt to protect people from further mudflows. Another typhoon-caused lahar hit the Philippines in 2006; see Typhoon Reming. See also Jökulhlaup Mudflow Pyroclastic flow Pyroclastic surge Lava References External links Schools page about lahars and pyroclastic flows USGS web page about lahars Mount Rainier, Washington USGS fact sheet – "Mount Rainier – Living Safely With a Volcano in Your Back Yard" Category:Geological hazards Category:Volcanic events Category:Volcanology Category:Landslides	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rhythmagick Rhythmagick is the debut solo album by percussionist Aïyb Dieng, it was released in 1995 by P-Vine Records. Track listing Personnel Musicians Bootsy Collins – bass guitar, guitar Carlos Cordova – batá Aïyb Dieng – bass drum, batá, chatan, congas, talking drum, producer Trilok Gurtu – drums, tabla Umar Bin Hassan – voice Bill Laswell – bass guitar, sampler, producer Daniel Ponce – batá, congas Pharoah Sanders – tenor saxophone, flute Nicky Skopelitis – six-string guitar, twelve-string guitar Bernie Worrell – Hammond organ, clavinet Technical personnel Mati Klarwein – cover art Thi-Linh Le – photography Layng Martine – assistant engineer Robert Musso – engineering Aldo Sampieri – design Release history References External links Category:1995 albums Category:Subharmonic (record label) albums Category:P-Vine Records albums Category:Albums produced by Bill Laswell	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aleksandr Vashurkin Aleksandr Vashurkin (born 3 September 1986) is a Russian sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. He competed at the 2010 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final. His personal best time is 6.66 seconds in the 60 metres (indoor), achieved at the 2010 World Indoor Championships in Doha. References Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:Russian male sprinters	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Seattle University School of Law Seattle University School of Law (formerly the University of Puget Sound School of Law) in Seattle, Washington, is a professional graduate school affiliated with Seattle University, the Northwest's largest independent university. The School is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools. Alumni of Seattle University School of Law practice in all 50 U.S. states and 18 foreign countries. The law school offers degree programs for Juris Doctor (J.D.), Master of Laws (LL.M) and Master of Studies in Law (MLS). According to Seattle University School of Law's 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 76.5% of the class of 2017 obtained bar passage-required employment nine months after graduation; 17% held positions for which a J.D. provides an advantage. Location Seattle University's campus is located in the First Hill area of Seattle. Sullivan Hall Sullivan Hall, home to the School of Law, is a five-story building housing the law school and law library on the eastern boundary of Seattle University campus. It features a street-front law clinic, media-equipped classrooms, law library, full courtroom, and activity areas. The court room is used for class, mock trials and actual court proceedings administrated by local judges. Rankings Law school rankings of Seattle University School of Law include: U.S. News & World Report 2020 - #122 overall among law schools in the United States; #2 among legal writing programs; #21 overall among part-time law school programs; #15 among clinical law programs. preLaw - "The best schools for doing good" (Fall 2018) - A+ among law schools for public interest law. History A feasibility study conducted by University of Puget Sound in 1971 revealed that Western Washington was the largest metropolitan area in the United States served by a single law school (University of Washington School of Law). Consequently, on December 20, 1971, the University of Puget Sound Board of Trustees voted to establish a school of law. Three weeks later, they announced the appointment of Joseph Sinclitico as the School of Law's first dean. Dean Sinclitico arranged to rent facilities in the new Benaroya Business Park on South Tacoma Way and hired Anita Steele to build a 50,000-volume library. He had a brochure printed up, hoping to entice 335 students to enroll for classes in the fall. Less than eight months later, on September 5, 1972, 427 students showed up for the first day of classes. Six months after the opening of classes, the law school made history when it received provisional accreditation from the American Bar Association in record time. Judge George Boldt, chairman of the school's first Board of Visitors, summed up the excitement shared by faculty and students alike: "All of us feel that creation of the school has been nothing short of a miracle." The early years In 1974, the first year with three full classes, the school had 730 students, 17 full-time faculty, five professional librarians, and 70,000 volumes in its library. In September 1974, a joint team from the Association of American Law Schools and the American Bar Association gave their final accreditation inspection. By March 1975, both the ABA and the AALS had awarded the school full accreditation. Forty-six students graduated in time to take the February 1975 bar exam. Of those, 42 passed, beating the state's overall rate of 69%. Also in the 1974-75 academic year, the student bar association was established, the first edition of the law review was published, and the first law clinic was begun. In 1976, Wallace M. Rudolph, a professor from the University of Nebraska, became the school's second dean. Dean Rudolph solved the problem of providing a permanent home for the school by proposing to locate the law school at the downtown Tacoma site of the former Rhodes Department Store. The idea snowballed into a proposal for a "law center" that would include Division II of the State Court of Appeals as well as various law offices, a proposal that would expand opportunities for Seattle University law students in clinical areas. The first permanent home In September 1980 the $9 million Norton Clapp Law Center was dedicated. The library at that time contained more than 140,000 volumes and an extensive microform collection as well as WESTLAW and LEXIS computers, a COM card catalog, and video terminals for accessing the Washington Library Network database. This new law center along with the growing reputation of the School of Law helped to draw a class of 466 students—130 more than anticipated—into the entering class of 1980. Dean Tausend Later, in January 1981, prominent Seattle attorney Fredric Tausend, who had served for some years as an adjunct professor at the law school, was named its third dean. The later Tacoma years When Dean Tausend returned to full-time law practice in 1986, James E. Bond, a Wake Forest law professor, became the school's fourth dean. Increased productivity by the faculty led to their inclusion among the nation's "Top 50" for scholarly publication in the national Law Faculty Scholarship Survey. For these and other efforts, the school was ranked among "America's Best Law Programs" in a book published by Prentice Hall, Top Law Schools: The Ultimate Guide. Move to Seattle Dean Bond resigned to return to teaching in July 1993 and was succeeded by Professor Donald M. Carmichael, a faculty member at the law school since 1978, who had also served as the school's associate dean for academic affairs from 1987 to 1993. In November 1993, Seattle University and University of Puget Sound announced an agreement to transfer sponsorship of the two-decades-old law school to Seattle University, and move all school facilities to Seattle University campus. In his annual presidential report that year, Father William Sullivan of Seattle University called the event "the most memorable day of my 20-year tenure as Seattle University's president." Just three months later, at 5 o'clock on August 19, 1994, the school officially became Seattle University School of Law. Jim Bond was invited to return to the post of law school dean in 1995. Dean Kellye Testy was appointed February 15, 2005. During her tenure at the law school she co-founded the Law School's Access to Justice Institute, the Seattle Journal for Social Justice, and the Center on Corporations, Law & Society. In 2009, Testy left Seattle University to be the new dean at University of Washington School of Law. Mark Niles, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs at American University School of Law in Washington, D.C., served as dean of the School of Law from 2010 to 2013 before returning to American University. In 2013, the School of Law welcomed its current dean, Annette Clark. Dean Clark is the first alumna of the law school to serve as its dean. She earned her J.D. in 1989 and served as a member of the faculty for many years. Her areas of expertise include civil procedure, medical liability, bioethics, and legal education. Library The Seattle University School of Law Library was founded in 1972 . Located in Sullivan Hall, the library occupies four floors with ample spaces for either individual and group study. The law library provides information resources and services to support the instructional, research and scholarship endeavors of the Law School. Juris Doctor program Admissions Admission to the law school is competitive with an acceptance rate of 59%. In admission decisions, the law school places equal emphasis on three factors: (1) LSAT performance; (2) the undergraduate academic record; and (3) personal achievements. Admission is made to either the full-time day or part-time evening program. The mean LSAT score for admitted students is 154, and the median undergraduate GPA is 3.24. Students admitted to the full-time program can choose to begin classes in June to reduce their first semester course-load in August. All part-time students begin in June. 2018 matriculating students were 63% women, 4% veterans, 32% students of color, 19% identify as LGBTQ, and average age of 27. Access Admission Program The School of Law admits a limited group of applicants annually through its Access Admission Program. This addresses cases where traditional admission criteria are inadequate predictors of success in law school and in the practice of law. This program is limited to 10% of each entering class and recognizes students from historically disadvantaged and under-represented communities. Access Admission students have demonstrated grit, intellectual curiosity, and the ability to overcome substantial obstacles. Focus areas Seattle University School of Law offers "pathways" as one way for students to decide which courses to take, though choosing a pathway is not required. These pathways demonstrate sequences within and connections across the curriculum. Current pathways include: Business law Constitutional law Commercial law Criminal Law Environmental law, natural resource, and land use Family law Health law Law and social inequality Intellectual property, innovation and technology Litigation Labor and employment law Real estate law Taxation law Employment According to the school's official 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 76.5% of the class of 2017 obtained bar passage-required employment nine months after graduation. Seattle University School of Law's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 22.8%, indicating the percentage of the class of 2017 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation. Costs and financial aid The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of full-time tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Seattle University School of Law for the academic year is $70,564. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $235,798. The law school offers more than a dozen types of scholarships. The median scholarship award is $17,000 annually. Scholars for Justice One to two students in each entering class are chosen on the basis of a separate application as Scholars for Justice. These students are given a full-tuition scholarship based on a commitment to public interest law, prior history of public service or social justice work, and academic achievement. Alaska Scholarships Alaska Scholarships are awarded to Alaskan resident law students who demonstrate exceptional aptitude for the study of law, coupled with a strong history of service and/or commitment to issues relevant to the Alaskan community. The scholarship is renewable, with conditions, for three years of legal study. The annual award amount is $6,000. The Alaska scholarships were created by George and Mary Sundborg, parents of Stephen V. Sundborg, S.J., president of Seattle University. Loan Repayment Assistance Consistent with the school's mission of preparing students who are committed to contributing to the common good by shaping an equitable legal system, Seattle University School of Law established a Loan Repayment Assistance Program. The program assists graduates who choose full-time public interest legal careers and are licensed attorneys. Employment be (a) law related and (b) public interest in spirit and content. Publications Seattle University Law Review (flagship journal) Seattle Journal for Social Justice Seattle Journal of Environmental Law The American Indian Law Journal Notable alumni Ralph R. Beistline, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the District of Alaska and lawyer (in 1974, Beistline was part of the first graduating class of the University of Puget Sound Law School, now Seattle University School of Law) Desley Brooks, former member of the Oakland City Council, former Vice Mayor of Oakland, California, and lawyer Annette Clark, Dean of Seattle University School of Law Joe Fain, member of the Washington State Senate and lawyer Tom Galligan, former college president and Dean of the Paul M. Hebert Law Center Lorena González, member of Seattle City Council Kristin Hannah, author Nick Harper, member of the Washington State Senate and lawyer Laurie Jinkins, member of the Washington House of Representatives and lawyer. Charles W. Johnson, Associate Justice, Washington Supreme Court Debora Juarez, member of the Seattle City Council and lawyer Anne Kirkpatrick, first female police chief of Oakland William Marler, food-borne illness attorney Brian T. Moran, United States Attorney for the Western District of Washington Laurel Currie Oates, author and co-founder of the Legal Writing Institute. Steve O'Ban, member of the Washington State Senate and lawyer Sean Parnell, former Governor of Alaska and lawyer Michele Radosevich, Wisconsin State Senator and lawyer Angela Rye, political commentator Charles Swift, defense counsel in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Bill Walker, former Governor of Alaska and former mayor of Valdez, Alaska Rufus Yerxa, former Deputy Director-General of the World Trade Organization and former Deputy U.S. Trade Representative References External links Category:Catholic law schools in the United States Category:Educational institutions established in 1972 Category:Law schools in Washington (state) Category:Seattle University Category:Universities and colleges in Seattle Category:1972 establishments in Washington (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gregg Marshall Michael Gregg Marshall (born February 27, 1963) is an American college basketball coach who currently leads the Wichita State team at Wichita State University. Marshall has coached his teams to appearances in the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament in twelve of his eighteen years as a head coach. He is the most successful head coach in Wichita State University history (308 wins), and is also the most successful head coach in Winthrop University history (194 wins). Early life and education Marshall was born in Greenwood, South Carolina. He went to Cave Spring High School in Roanoke, Virginia, where he graduated in 1981 and was a 6'2", 145-pound point guard on the Knights' basketball team. He graduated from Randolph–Macon College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and business in 1985. At Randolph-Macon, he became a brother of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He later received his master's degree in sport management from the University of Richmond in 1987. He is married to Lynn Munday of Bellingham. Coaching career Marshall spent two years (1985–1987) as an assistant at his alma mater, Randolph-Macon College, in Ashland, Virginia, and another year as an assistant at Belmont Abbey College during the 1987–88 season. He then spent eight years under John Kresse at the College of Charleston from 1988 to 1996, where the program received an at-large 1994 NCAA bid, and NIT invitations in 1995 and 1996. He became an assistant coach at Marshall University, serving from 1996 to 1998. Marshall became the head coach at Winthrop University in 1998, and led the Winthrop Eagles men's basketball team to seven NCAA tournament appearances and transformed a previously undistinguished program into a mid-major powerhouse. In his first season at Winthrop in 1998–99, he compiled a record of 19–8 (9–1 in Big South Conference play), coaching the Eagles to their first regular season Big South title. They went on to win the Big South Conference Tournament, earning the Eagles their first-ever bid to the NCAA Tournament. As a No. 16 seed, the team lost to the No. 1 seed Auburn Tigers in the first round, 80–41. During his nine seasons at Winthrop, Marshall coached the team to six regular season titles (1999, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007), seven Big South Tournament titles (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007), six 20-win seasons (1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007), and was named Big South Coach of the Year four times (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007). In 2006, he became the all-time most successful coach in Winthrop men's basketball history. During the 2006–07 season, Marshall became the first coach in the history of the Big South Conference to have his team go undefeated in conference play. The 2006 NCAA Tournament matched No. 15 seed Winthrop against the No. 2 seed Tennessee Volunteers, the Southeastern Conference Eastern Division champion, in the first round. Winthrop led for much of the game, only to lose 63–61 on a long jump shot with 2.9 seconds remaining. In 2007, Marshall became the first Big South coach to win an NCAA first round tournament game by defeating No. 6 seed Notre Dame. Marshall's success at the mid-major level created a lot of speculation that he could be a contender for the coaching position at North Carolina State University, which was vacated with the departure of Herb Sendek. Sidney Lowe, a former NC State player and former head coach of the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves and Memphis Grizzlies, was eventually named the head coach of the Wolfpack. Marshall accepted an offer to coach the College of Charleston in June 2006 but changed his mind after the press conference introducing him as coach and returned to Winthrop. Marshall accepted Wichita State University's offer to coach its Wichita State Shockers men's basketball team on April 14, 2007 In his fourth season at WSU, Marshall lead the Shockers to the NIT Championship, defeating Alabama in the finals. Under Marshall, Wichita State broke into the AP Top 25 poll on February 13, 2012, the first time since December 25, 2006, and only the second time since 1983. In 2012, Wichita State made its first appearance in the NCAA tournament since the 2005–06 season, receiving an at-large bid. The Shockers were matched as a No. 5 seed versus the No. 12 seed VCU Rams, but the Shockers lost 62–59. In the 2012–13 season, Marshall led the Shockers to their first Final Four since 1965, defeating the AP #1, #7, and #20 teams in the country to win the West Regional. In 2013–14, Marshall led Wichita State to arguably the greatest season in school history. The Shockers steamrolled through the regular season, becoming the second Division I team to start a regular season with 30 consecutive wins (31–0). They rose as high as second in both major polls in late February, the highest that a Shocker team has been ranked since 1981. On March 9, 2014, Wichita State finished their regular season and the Missouri Valley Conference Tournament with a record of 34–0, heading into the NCAA Tournament undefeated. This 34–0 record ties a NCAA Division I Men's basketball record, held by the University of Nevada Las Vegas, set in 1991. Wichita State later went on to win their first game of the 2014 NCAA Tournament versus Cal Poly 64–37. The Shockers were 35–0, becoming the first team in Men's Division I basketball history to start with 35 wins and zero losses. In the third round of the tournament they squared off against Kentucky. Wichita State lost the game 78–76, ending their perfect run. They finished the 2013–14 season at 35–1. Head coaching record See also List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach References External links Wichita State profile Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:American men's basketball coaches Category:Basketball coaches from Virginia Category:Basketball players from Virginia Category:Belmont Abbey Crusaders men's basketball coaches Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States Category:College of Charleston Cougars men's basketball coaches Category:Guards (basketball) Category:Marshall Thundering Herd men's basketball coaches Category:People from Greenwood, South Carolina Category:Randolph–Macon Yellow Jackets men's basketball players Category:Sportspeople from Roanoke, Virginia Category:Wichita State Shockers men's basketball coaches Category:Winthrop Eagles men's basketball coaches Category:American men's basketball players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mutare Mutare (known as Umtali until 1983) is the fourth largest city in Zimbabwe, with an urban population of approximately 188,243 and rural population of approximately 260,567. It is the capital of Manicaland province. History Although the city was founded in the late nineteenth century, the region has a long history of trading caravans passing through on the way to the Indian Ocean, from ports such as Sofala, to inland settlements, such as Great Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is also renowned for its soapstone carvings and figurines which are evidence of these trade routes, dating as far back as the late African Iron Age (c. 900 AD) right up to the colonial period. A large hoard of soapstone carvings, jewellery, weapons, sherds and other objects were found in the vicinity of Mutare by the British archaeologist E M Andrews at the beginning of the twentieth century - they were later donated by the trustees of Cecil Rhodes to the British Museum in 1905. The soapstone figures, which are both anthropomorphic and zoomorphic, might have been part of a votive offering, as they were discovered near what appeared to be an altar. Mutare was founded in 1897 as a fort, about 8 km from the border with Mozambique, and is just 290 km from the Mozambican port of Beira, earning Mutare the title of "Zimbabwe's Gateway to the Sea". It is sometimes also called "Gateway to the Eastern Highlands". Many Zimbabwean locals refer to it as 'Kumakomoyo' (place of many mountains). There is a border railway station on the railway line from Bulawayo to Beira with a railways mechanical workshop. The area was the site of Chief Mutasa's kraal. In 1890 A. R. Coquhoun was given concessionary rights and Fort Umtali (the fort later became Mutare) was established between the Tsambe and Mutare Rivers. The word mutare originates from the word 'Utare' meaning iron (or possibly meaning gold). The name was probably given to the river as a result of gold being discovered in the Penhalonga valley through which the Mutare River runs. In 1891 the location was moved to a site now known as Old Mutare, about 14 km north of the city centre. In 1896 the construction of the railway between Beira and Bulawayo led to the town being moved a third time so that it was closer to the railway line – compensation was paid by the British South Africa Company to the townspeople for the cost of moving. The town was proclaimed a municipality on 11 June 1914 and in 1971 it was granted city status. The name was officially changed from Umtali to Mutare in 1982. The white population in Mutare dropped from 9,950 in 1969 to 8,600 in June 1978. The city had a tramway from January 26, 1897 to May 23, 1921 which transported passengers from the Railway station up to the (then Umtali Club) now Mutare Club. The Tramway was at the centre of Main Street where the palm trees now stand. There were plans to set up a Stock Exchange in Umtali. The main post office was at the site where CABS centre now stands. Climate Despite its tropical location, the city has a humid subtropical climate. The average annual temperature is 19 °C, surprisingly low for its moderate altitude (about the same as Harare which is 360 metres higher.) This is due to its sheltered position against the mountain ridge of Cecil Kop which encourages cool breezes from lower altitude to the east and south. The coldest month is July (minimum 6 °C and maximum 20 °C) and the hottest month is October (minimum 16 °C and maximum 32 °C). The annual rainfall is 818 mm. Rain falls mostly in the months December to February although heavy showers are possible before and after this period. The wettest month on record was January 1926 which received 580 mm while January 1991 received only 24 mm. Location The town lies north of the Bvumba Mountains and south of the Imbeza Valley. Christmas Pass is a mountain pass that leads into the city from the west. The pass was so named by some of the colonial pioneers who camped at the foot of the pass on Christmas Day 1890. Mutare is home to Edmore Mukwindidza, the Mutare Museum, the Utopia House Museum dedicated to Kingsley Fairbridge, the National Gallery of Zimbabwe, Murahwa Hill, known for its rock paintings and Iron Age village, Cross Kopje with a memorial to Zimbabweans and Mozambicans killed in World War I and a nature reserve Cecil Kopje and Tigers Kloof. The Mutare Boys' High Chapel was constructed in honour of former Old boys who perished in World War II, situated on a hilly knoll at Mutare Boys High (then Umtali Boys High). Mutare is served by rail with daily passenger and freight links to the towns of Nyazura, Rusape and Harare. There are two small aerodromes; the smallest is at Mutare Provincial Hospital a very small light aircraft strip for emergency evacuation (now defunct) and a light plane aerodrome in Sakubva near Mutare Teachers College. There is yet a third airport which was constructed in Chiadzwa to carry diamonds for processing in Harare. Demographics In 1965, Mutare had a population of 46,000. The racial makeup was split between 36,100 black Africans, 560 Asiatics, 340 Coloureds, and 9,100 whites. The population is predominantly Shona, the majority of them speaking the Manyika dialect. Manyika people are locally known as Samanyikas. According to the 2012 census data, Mutare has a population of 260,567. This marks a rapid increase from a population of 69,621 in 1982 and 131,367 in 1992. Suburbs Mutare, like most cities in Zimbabwe, classifies residential suburbs according to the population density. The most upscale suburbs (low-density suburbs) such as Murambi, Hillside, Fairbridge Park (named after the founder of the present site of Mutare), Morningside and Tiger's Kloof are located on the north end of the city along the foothills. Low to medium density suburbs Palmerston, Darlington, Greenside, and Bordervale are east of the city center, near the border with Mozambique. In the west are the medium-density suburbs of Yeovil, Westlea and Florida (and Train Houses), as well as the high density suburb of Chikanga, which was constructed in phases (Phase 1; 2; 3) beginning in the late eighties. Further west of Chikanga lies the Garikai/Hlalani Kuhle and Hobhouse. South of the railway track lies the high-density suburb of Sakubva, which contains nearly half of the city's population despite an area of less than four square miles. Sakubva is considered to be the poorest of Mutare's suburbs, and its economy is centred around a large outdoor food and flea market-and the "Musika weHuku" (The chicken market). A few miles to the south, hidden from view from the rest of the city by a series of hills, is the high-density suburb of Dangamvura. The low-density areas of Weirmouth (Plots) and Fern valley are also on the southern outskirts of the city; in these areas residential lots exceed an acre, and market gardening is an economic activity. In fern valley there is also the new state university, Manicaland college of applied Sciences. Further to the south along the road to Masvingo and outside the city limits is the high-density town of Zimunya. Mutare's main industrial areas are south of the railway and west of Sakubva, although there is also some light industry just east of the southern part of the city centre at "Greenmarket" and surrounding areas. These are some of the suburbs of Mutare. Education Mutare is home to schools and tertiary institutions: Primary education Baring Primary School Chancellor Junior School Chikanga Primary School Cross Kopje Junior School Chirovakamwe Dangamvura Primary School Hillcrest Preparatory School (Private school) Mutanda Primary School Mutare Junior School New Dangare Primary School Rujeko Primary School Sakubva Primary School Rock of Ages Private Junior School Murahwa Hill Primary School St Joseph's Primary School Sheni Primary School Zamba Primary School Zimunya Primary School Sacred Heart Primary School Chisamba Primary School Matika Primary School Joshua Dhube Primary School Zhawari Primary School Dangare primary School Mutukwa primary School Hartzell Central Primary School Elim Primary School Penhalonga Imbeza Primary School Secondary education Hartzell High School Chikanga Secondary School Dangamvura High School Elise Gledhill High School Hillcrest College(Private School) Mutare Boys' High School Mutare Girls' High School Nyamauru High School Sakubva High School (Dangwe) Sakubva High 2 School (Rushingo) St Dominic's High School St Joseph's High School St Mary's Secondary School There are a number of private colleges around the city. Tertiary institutions Africa University, a pan-African United Methodist funded university of about 5,000 students Marymount Teachers' College Mutare Teachers College Mutare Polytechnic Magamba Training Centre Manicaland College of Applied Sciences - an outfit of Midlands State University. Economy The main activities of the area are citrus farming, mining - the city's name is derived from "metal" - and forestry. Two of the largest food producers in Zimbabwe, Cairns Foods and Tanganda Tea, operate in Mutare. Mining includes gold at Redwing Mine, Penhalonga and some smaller mines, diamonds in Marange and gravel quarries around the city. There are a number of forestry companies including The Wattle Company, Allied Timbers, formerly FCZ, Border Timbers and Timcon Investments. The main timber products include rough sawn timber, wattle bark, charcoal, various doors and frames and mouldings. The major timber produced is pine, sydney blue gum, black wattle, and some hardwoods on a smaller scale. Infrastructure The city has one of the most important railway stations on the Beira–Bulawayo railway. Notable residents Washington Arubi, professional footballer Daniel Baradza, (born c. 1973), sculptor Onismor Bhasera, professional footballer, formerly at Plymouth Argyle in England, now with SuperSport United F.C. in South Africa Herbert Chitepo (15 June 1923 – 18 March 1975), Zimbabwe's first black lawyer and Chairman of ZANU July 1963 – 18 March 1975 Genius Chidzikwe, a tennis player Stephen Courtauld, philanthropist Willard Katsande, professional footballer with Kaizer Chiefs, former Warriors captain Donal Lamont, Catholic bishop of Umtali/Mutare 1957–82, an outspoken opponent of the Ian Smith government; expelled from Rhodesia in 1977 after a high-profile trial Trevor Madondo (1976–2001), one of the first black cricket players in Zimbabwe Leon "KingWeMoyo" Sithole Rapper Blessing Makunike (24 January 1977 – 13 March 2004), professional footballer with CAPS United and Zimbabwe national team Supa Mandiwanzira, media personality and politician. He became the deputy minister in the ministry of Information, Media and Broadcasting Services on 10 September 2013. Now Minister of Information, Media and Broadcasting Services Chiwoniso Maraire, (5 March 1976 – 24 July 2013), an accomplished Mbira player, singer, songwriter, and exponent of Zimbabwean mbira music Tino Mawoyo, Zimbabwean cricketer, born and raised in Mutare. C.W. Mercer, a British author who wrote under the pen name Dornford Yates; lived near the city from 1948 until his death in 1960 Bjorn Mordt, (born 1978), cricketer Opa Muchinguri, Ministerial posts Lawrence Mudehwe, the first Executive Mayor to be elected as an independent candidate in Zimbabwe; served for two terms Arthur Mutambara, became Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe on 11 February 2009, under the September 2008 power-sharing agreement Bishop Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa is buried in Mutare Tichafa Samuel Parirenyatwa (1927–1962), Zimbabwe's first black medical doctor Douglas Rogers, a journalist and memoirist was born in the city in 1968 and raised there Edgar Tekere (1937–2011), nicknamed "2 Boy", a prominent politician Morgan Tsvangirai, Politician: Zimbabwe's ex-Prime Minister and MDC President (Opposition Leader) Farai Tumbare, Zimbabwean basketball player Twin towns – sister cities References External links City of Mutare website Mutare poem (Nhetembo in Shona) at http://nyobvo.com/2018/05/20/mutare/ Category:Populated places in Manicaland Province Category:Provincial capitals in Zimbabwe Category:Populated places in Zimbabwe Category:1897 establishments in the British Empire Category:Populated places established in 1897	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Huang Guoxiong Huang Guoxiong (born 9 October 1970) is a Chinese former swimmer who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics. References Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:Chinese male swimmers Category:Male backstroke swimmers Category:Olympic swimmers of China Category:Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Doaba Doaba also known as Bist Doab, is the region of Punjab, India that lies between the Beas River and the Sutlej River. People of this region are given the demonym "Doabia". The dialect of Punjabi spoken in Doaba is called "Doabi". The term "Doaba" or "Doab" is derived from Persian "دو آب" (do āb "two water") meaning "land of two rivers". The river Sutlej separates Doaba from the Malwa region to its south and the river Beas separates Doaba from the Majha region to its north. Scheduled castes form more than 40% of the population in Doaba. Sainis dominate in a significant number of villages in Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr & Jalandhar districts. Other castes include Jatt, Kamboh etc. This area is also called the NRI Hub of Punjab as a consequence of the migration of a significant percentage of Doabias. The Doaba region is also where historically, much of the Punjabi diaspora in western countries such as Canada (especially in the Greater Vancouver area), and the UK traces its roots. Districts of Doaba Doaba comprises the following districts: Hoshiarpur Kapurthala Jalandhar Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (formerly Nawanshahr) Una (Himachal Pradesh) Earlier tehsil Una of district Hoshiarpur which is now a district of Himachal Pradesh is also part of Doaba. It comes under Kandi belt. In a wider scope it is still considered as a part of Doaba because it lies between river Satluj and Beas. District Una is also home to Bedis, the descendants of Guru Nanak Dev. Sub-divisions Traditionally, Doaba was subdivided into Manjki, Dona, Dhak, Sirowal, Kandi and Bet areas. The boundaries between Dona, Manjki and Dhak are not well defined and this article gives an outline of the areas which fall within the sub divisions of Doaba. For instance, the division between Manjki and Dhak is the Grand Trunk Road. Even though the Manj held land to the east of this road (around Bara Pind), people generally refer to this area as Dhak for ease of reference. According to local people, each area developed a sub culture. This influenced people to arrange marriages within the local sub division. These considerations however are now not taken into account. Manjki Manjki includes a large part of Nakodar tehsil, western parts of Goraya sub tehsil, Noormahal sub tehsil and western parts of Phillaur tehsil. The villages of Jandiala and Bundala lie in Manjki. The south east of Phagwara also falls within Manjki. However, it is not clear which area is covered in the Phagwara tehsil. However, there is a reference by Ibbetson to Bara Pind and 12 villages to the south of Phagwara being held by Manj Rajputs. It is not clear if the area takes its name from the Manj tribe which once held the track around Nakodar or the name is related to the condition of the land. However, the Manj Rajputs did hold a large tract in the south west of Jallandhar district stretching between Talwan, Nakodar and Malsian (to the west of Nakodar city). On this basis, it is unlikely that the name derives from the condition of the land and is more likely to be linked to the Manj Rajputs. Traditionally, the area to the west of Grand Trunk Road is considered to be Manjki and accordingly, any references to other areas need to be investigated. The lines between the subdivisions are not clear cut but are general guides. The Manjki was one of the most developed areas of Punjab owing to its proximity to the established city of Jalandhar and its locality to the Sutlej bearing fertile soil for the relatively consistent plaine. After 1947, this region experienced large scale emigration to Northern nations such as the UK, Canada and the US and consequently has the highest NRI count in the Indian Punjab Region. As a result of these developments, there has been considerable NRI investment into this area of Punjab which has resulted in comparative economic prosperity in this region. A Muslim tribe of Arains was settled in Doaba region before 1947 especially in Jalandhar district. The Arains are the descendants of Umayyad Arab army that arrived through Sindh with Muhammad Bin Qasim in Indian Sub - Continent. They were settled in the Doaba region since the reign of Bahlol Lodhi as they were in the army of Lohdis and then they were in Mughal army. General Adina Beg Khan who also belongs to the Arain tribe had ruled Doaba region for several months in 1748 A.D. Another well known Arain name from Jalandhar is General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the sixth president of Pakistan. Sir Fazl-i-Hussain, KCSI (1877–1936) was also an Arain politician from Punjab, born in Jalandhar. Hussain was one of the founders of the old Punjab Unionist Party, and was opposed to Jinnah's vision of an Independent Pakistan. The Arains were mainly settled in Phagwara, Nakodar, Kotla Nihang, Daulatpur and Noorpur. They were landholders of big agricultural tracts in the region. After partition almost all Arain population migrated from Jalandhar to Faisalabad (formerly Lyallpur), Bahawalpur, Rawalpindi and Lahore districts of Pakistan. In the present day, Sikhism predominates as the main religion of the region. Before partition, the area had a sizeable Muslim majority, which led to the Muslim League hoping that the Jalandhar division would be allotted to Pakistan. The majority of Muslims of this area after partition moved to the Faisalabad (formerly Lyallpur) district of Pakistan, though a small minority opted instead for the urban centers of Lahore and Rawalpindi. A reasonable number of Sikhs from the Lyallpur district were relocated in the Doaba region, especially in Manjki. Dhak The area known as Dhak includes the eastern part of Phillaur tehsil and Nawanshahr district. The Grand Trunk road separates the Dhak area from the Manjki area. The middle part of Phagwara tehsil is in Dhak. The region is referred to as Dhak as there was an abundance of Dhak trees in this area in the past. A Dhak tree is also known as Palah and is classed as the Butea Monosperma tree. There are many villages in Phagwara tehsil alone which incorporate the word Dhak, such as Dhak Palahi, Dhak Dhadoli, Dhak Chachoki. Indeed, Palahi is so called as the area was covered by a Dhak forest. Although Phagwara tehsil includes the Dhak area, the type of soil has traditionally been midway between clay loan or loamy clay and therefore the traditional main crop rotations were maize-wheat, paddy-wheat, sugarcane-wheat, and fodder-wheat, cotton-wheat. However, the current crop rotations in Punjab as a whole have altered to keep up with changes in ground conditions. Dona The word ‘Dona’ means that the soil is formed of two constituents, sand and clay, with sand predominating. The area to the south of the river Beas falls within Dona. This area is formed by a part of the Kapurthala district. Due to the type of soil in Dona, the main crop rotations traditionally being followed were: groundnut-wheat, groundnut-fallow, maize-wheat, cotton-wheat, and fodder-wheat. However, as elsewhere, the crop rotations alter according to current ground conditions. Bet The portion of Doaba that lies in the area between the river tract falling between the Beas and Black Bein is called "Bet". Any area near a river is also called Bet and therefore, there are Bet areas in all area of Punjab which adjoin a river. The soil in Bet is clay loam or loamy or clay, and therefore the main crop rotations traditionally being followed were: paddy-wheat, maize-wheat, fodder-wheat, and toria-wheat. Sirowal The north eastern part of Phagwara tehsil lies in the Sirowal (also called Sirwal) region. Bhogpur and Adampur Blocks of Jalandhar district also lie in Sirowal, in fact Bhogpur was known as Bhogpur Sirwal. Hoshiarpur district blocks 1 and 2 lie in Sirowal and incorporates the village of Singriwala and the surrounding area. Sirowal also includes the sub tehsil of Mahilpur. The name Sirowal is derived from "Siraan", a Punjabi word for channels of water bursting out from the ground due to high water table and pressure, which was very true of Sirowal in the past before excessive use of tubewells brought the water table down. Sirowal possesses the characteristics of the Bet area. The numerous hill streams coming down from Hoshiarpur district keep the soil moist all the year round. Some of these streams are silt laden and at first deposit fertile soil though their later deposits are more and more sandy. Due to the existence of these drainage channels patches and stratas of hard clay are also to be found. Accordingly, the areas through which the seasonal streams flow is classed as Sirowal. Such streams are called choes in Punjabi and include the Nasrala choe which merges with the white (chitti) Bein. Kandi The area lying below the mountains is called Kandi and runs across eastern portions of Hoshiarpur, Balachaur tehsil of Nawanshahr and District Una of Himachal Pradesh. Kala Sanghian Small town in doaba on the border of Jalandhar and Kapurthala. Places Sultanpur Lodhi Sultanpur Lodhi is the town where Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent time when living with his sister (Bebe Nanaki Ji) and her family. The Ber Sahib Gurdwara marks the spot where Guru Nanak Dev Ji attained enlightenment. Phagwara Phagwara was built by Shah Jahan as a market town. Over time, some people of Phagwara started farming and Phagwara took on a rural character. Phagwara Sharki covers the original rural Phagwara, which now is only covered by the area surrounding Sukhchainiana Gurdwara (Sukhchain Nagar) where some people continue to farm the land. Phagwara is an industrial city and is popular for garment shopping. It is also home to the Lovely Professional University. Jalandhar City Jalandhar, previously known as Jullundur, is a city in Jalandhar District in the state of Punjab, India. It has an urban population of almost a million, and another million live in the rural areas outside the city. Jalandhar City is made up of Jalandhar Town and its 12 Basties and 12 Kots (also known as Mohallas. Jallandhar also had 12 gates. With the passage of time, the identity and location of the basties, kots and gates is difficult to ascertain. According to the local people, however, the known Basties are: Basti Danishmandan, originally Ibrahimpur, founded by Ansari Sheikhs from Kani Khurram in A.D.1606. Basti Sheikh Darvesh, popularly called Basti Sheikh, originally Surajabad, founded by Sheikh Darvesh and Ansari Sheikh from Kani Kuram in A.D.1614 Basti Guzan, founded in the reign of Shah Jahan by Burki Pashtuns of the Ghuz section, discipline of Sheikh Darvesh. They first settled in Jalandhar, then in Basti Sheikh. Subsequently, they purchase lands from Lodhi Afghans, Saiyads and Sheikhs, and built a bazar of their own. Basti Bawa Khel, originally called Babapur, was founded in A.D. 1620-21 by Burki Pashtuns of the Baba Khel section. Basti Pirdad is an offshoot of Basti Baba Khel. Basti Shah Kuli and Basti Shah Ibrahim are also Burki Pashtun settlements of Shah Jahan's reign. Basti Mithu Sahib appears to have been founded a little later than Basti Sheikh Darvesh by Mian Mithu Sahib, a Khalil Mattezai Pathan from the neighbourhood of Peshawar. Basti Nau, adjoining Basti Shah Kulli, was founded after the Sikh conquest of the region in 1759. The known Kots are: Kot Kishan Chand Kot Lakhpat Rai, earlier known as Kot Daulat Khan Kot Sadat Khan Kot Achhi Kot Chimbian Kot Pakshian Kot Bahadur Khan Kot Mohammad Amin now known as Shivraj Garh Kot Sadiq Kot Badal Khan Kot Fazal Karim Kot Asman Khan The original gates are: Balmiki Gate, Neela Mahal Gate, Jaura Gate, Khingran Gate, Saidan Gate, Phagwara Gate, Sheetla Gate, Khodian Gate, Dehalvi Gate, Shah Kuli Gate, Lahore Gate Over time. many of the Bastis and Kots have been developed to form Jalandhar City. After 1947, Bhargav Camp, Model Town, Model House, Central Town, Preet Nagar, Old Jawahar Nagar, Subhash Nagar, Lajpat Rai Nagar, Shakti Nagar, New Jawahar Nagar and Adarsh Nagar and several other small residential colonies were built. Chahar Bagh and Pucca Bagh existed prior to 1947 but were extensively developed after that date. Of late, new estates have been developed in neighbouring villages. Jalandhar District The Jalandhar District is home to the Phillaur fort, Gurdwara Talhan Sahib and Devi Talab Mandir. The Wonderland Theme Park is off the Jalandhar to Nakodar Road near Lambra. Nakodar Nakodar is a city with a rich history and is home of the following: Religious places Guru Ravidas gurudwara Khuralgarh Guru Ravidas Gurudwara Chak Hakima Dera Guru Ravidas Sherpur Dhakkon Baba Mall Ji Malri Nawa Nanaksar Thath, Balanda Jagdambey Dham (Devi Talab Mandir) Dera sachkhand Ballan Sri Sudarshan Mandir Malri Sahib Gurudwara Nanaksar Sahib Gurudwara Mata Jamba Jain Mandir Mata Chakarshvari Davi Jain Mandir AadiNath Jain Mandir Nanaksar Sahib, (Ballan wala) Pracheen Shivalaya Mandir 2913 Katra Missran, Nakodar Jagan Nath Mandir (Baba Charen Das) Baba Jogipeer Ji Chahal * Popular Historical Places The Tomb of Mohammed Mommin The Tomb of Haji Jamal Gugga Jahar Vir Mandir Baba Sahas Chand Boparai Kalan Kartarpur Kartarpur was founded by the fifth Sikh Guru Arjan Dev Ji during his time spent in Doaba. One of the earliest Guru Granth Granth Sahib Ji is kept in Kartarpur. The town is also home to the woodwork industry.A lot of scheduled castes population is lived there and worked in furniture industries.It's also a reserved assembly seat. Nurmahal Nurmahal was built on a place where an ancient town, called Kot Kahlur, was located which was proven by the bricks and many coins found beneath the soil of this town. It is believed that the ancient city was abandoned or destroyed around 1300 for an unknown reason. Nurmahal is named after Noor Jahan, the wife of Mughal emperor Jahangir (1605–1627) as she was brought up here, and is thought to have spent her childhood here. The town then came under the rule of Talwan Rajputs and Ranghars before the East India Company gained control. Major point of tourist interest in Nurmahal is the Mughal Serai constructed by Noor Jahan. This historical monument is looked after by the Archaeological Department. The whole structure of the sarai is in the form of quadrangle consisting of 140 cells, spread over the four sides of the structure. Phillaur The Naru Rajputs, sent by Rai Shahr, occupied this town when Shahr's son Ratan Pal left Mau and settled in Phillaur. The old serai was converted into a fort by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and is now being used as Police Training Academy (PTA). The popular Hindu hymn, Jai Jagdish Hare was composed by local scholar Shardha Ram Phillauri from Phillaur some time in the 1870s. The exact date is not known. Shardha Ram Phillauri also wrote what is generally considered to be the first novel in Hindi. There is a memorial commemorating him. Hoshiarpur Hoshiarpur is called the land of "choes", some 39 "choes", (seasonal rivulets), which bring floods in the monsoon season. The area is known for wooden and ivory handicrafts. Ivory has now been replaced by synthetic alternatives. It is situated in the Sivalik Hills, which are foothills of the Himalayas. Hoshiarpur is also known as doors to Himachal and Himalayas and is best short cut to go to Jammu & Kashmir via Hoshiarpur it saves a lot of time as well as fuel. The Takhni Rehmapur Sanctuary is situated in Hoshiarpur district. Dholbaha houses important archaeology sites. Dasuya The town is referred to in the ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata, as being the seat of king Virata. In recognition of this, Dasuya is still referred to as Virat Ki Nagri today. Kapurthala Kapurthala (Punjabi: ਕਪੂਰਥਲਾ) is a city in Punjab state of India. It is the administrative headquarters of Kapurthala District. It was the capital of the Kapurthala State, a princely state in British India. The secular and aesthetic mix of the city with its prominent buildings based on French and Indo-Saracenic architecture self-narrate its princely past. It is also known as city of Palaces & Gardens and is home to the Jagatjit Palace. Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district was carved out of Hoshiarpur and Jalandhar districts of Punjab on 7 November 1995, as the sixteenth district of Punjab State named from the headquarters town of Nawanshahr. Nawanshahr town is said to have been built by an Afghan Military Chief, Nausher Khan. Previously it was called "Nausar" but with the passage of time, the town came to be known "The Nawanshahr". Nawanshahr has been the stronghold of the Muslim Ghorewaha Rajputs allied to King Akbar via kinship ties, and numerous clans of Sainis and Jats. The district is home to Khatkar Kalan, where we can find Shaheed Bhagat Singh's museum located near Banga. Ram Baba jogipeer ji chahal. *It is religious place in village chahal khurd. The name of village Chahal Khurd because in this village most of people have the surname Chahal and as Baba jogipeer ji chahal. Music and Dance Classical Sham Chaurasia gharana is a gharana (musical heritage) in Hindustani classical music, known for the singing of vocal duets, most notably represented in modern times by the brothers Salamat Ali Khan and Nazakat Ali Khan. The gharana is centered at a village of the same name in the Hoshiarpur district of Punjab (India); variant spellings include Shamchurasi. Dance Traditional folk dance popular throughout Doaba is Giddha dance by women. Although there are no men's folk dances, since the 1947 partition, Bhangra has taken root in the region. The style of traditional folk singing by men, called "dohay" needs to be studied to determine its style and to ascertain its existence. "Dohay" in Doaba were sung by men when working on the field and was similar to bolyan. Fairs and Festivals Fairs The Basant fair in Kapurthala is held at Shalamar Bagh annually. An annual Dussehra mela is held in Lakhpur. Panchhat and Talhan hold annual Vaisakhi mela. The Baba Sodal Mela is organised to pay homage to Baba Sodal, who was an accomplished personality of Punjab. In Bhadon month, the fair is organised on the 14th day of Sukla Paksh (bright half of the lunar month) and is attended by thousands of devotees. As per the legend of Baba Sodal, he was born into Khatri Caste in Jalandhar and became a famous saint. There are various rituals associated with the Baba and people visit the pond in Jalandhar, which is the place of his Samadhi. People take a dip in the pond, especially the ladies, who pray for seeking the blessings of the baba for protecting their families and keeping them prosperous. Festivals Doabis celebrate the Punjabi festivals of Lohri, Basant Kite Festival (Punjab), Maghi, Vaisakhi, Holi, Holla Mohalla, Diwali, Raksha Bandhan, Dussehra and Teeyan. See also The Punjab Doabs Majha Malwa Poadh References Category:Regions of India Category:Regions of Punjab, India Category:Plains of India Category:Landforms of Punjab, India	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Juan Verde Juan Verde Suárez (born July 7, 1971) is a business and social entrepreneur who worked on the political campaigns of Senator Ted Kennedy, President Bill Clinton, Vice President Al Gore, Senator John Kerry, and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, besides serving as International Co-Chair for the reelection campaign of President Barack Obama in 2012. In addition to developing and directing a strategy designed to mobilize millions of American citizens residing outside of the United States, Mr. Verde served as an advisor to President Obama on international trade, the Hispanic vote as well as sustainability related issues. Mr. Verde was appointed by President Barack Obama as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Europe and Eurasia at the US Department of Commerce where he served until 2011. As Senior Partner of U.S. consultancy firm Mapa Group, Verde advises governments and corporations on market expansion, strategy and sustainability. He currently serves and/or has served on a number of corporate and advisory boards including the Government of Lithuania's International Advisory Committee and the Alumni Board of Directors at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. In the corporate world, Mr. Verde serves, or has served, among others, on the board of directors of Abengoa Bioenergy S.A., a global biotech ethanol company; Santander Bank, N.A., a U.S. subsidiary of the Spanish financial institution Grupo Santander; and Andina Energy Corp., a global diversified energy corporation. Early years and education Verde was born in Telde, Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) in July 7, 1971. He received a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and International Relations from Boston University and a master's degree in Public Administration from the Harvard Kennedy School. He has completed post-graduate business studies at Georgetown University and Tufts University. Verde is a former Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute fellow. Career Verde's career began as a Business and Legislative Aide in the Boston Mayor's Office and the Boston City Council which later lead to a position as a political and economic advisor for the Boston Mayor Ray Flynn. He then worked as an International Trade Coordinator for the U.S. Department of Commerce during the Clinton Administration. He later served as a Director for Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula for the Corporate Executive Board (CEB). He has worked also as a consultant to business and political leaders in the United States Europe and Latin America. During President Obama's administration, Juan Verde held the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Europe and Eurasia in the United States Department of Commerce. While holding this position as White House political appointee, he led department efforts to resolve the issues related to trade policy and access to markets that were being faced by United States companies. He was also responsible for developing policies and programs to foster economic and trade relations with 52 countries in the region. Other major achievements in his career include his role as founder and President of the American Chamber of Commerce in the Canary Islands, as well as the position he held during Bill Clinton's second term as International Trade Advisor for the United States Department of Commerce. On October 2011, Verde joined the reelection campaign of President Barack Obama as International Co-Chair. Promoting U.S. and Europe Commerce On May 17, 2011, Deputy Assistant Secretary Verde took part in the U.S. Government delegation that was headed by Department of State Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for South and Central Asian Affairs Geoffrey R. Pyatt in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The exhibition had over fifty American companies, with business interests in Turkmenistan, showcasing their goods and services to Turkmenistan government officials. Companies Public Administration Strategy Solutions (PASS): Founder and former President Abengoa Bioenergía: Counselor vowel in the Appointments and Remuneration Committee, and in the Commission of new technologies References External links Category:Living people Category:United States Department of Commerce officials Category:John F. Kennedy School of Government alumni Category:Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni Category:1971 births Category:American people of Canarian descent	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eugène Goüin Eugène Goüin (1818 – 1909 in Paris) was a French banker and politician. Life Son of the minister Alexandre Goüin, he was member of the municipal council of Tours from 1848 and president of the Tribunal (1856–1879) and Chamber of Commerce (1858–1879) of Tours. He was mayor of Tours (1866–1875), deputy for the department of Indre-et-Loire (1871–1875) and sénateur inamovible (1875–1909). Goüin has founder and chairman of Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (1895–1909), chairman of the Supervisory committee of Caisse des dépôts et consignations (1888–1909), vice chairman of Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée, member of the board of Caisse d'Epargne, Banque de l'Indochine, ... See also Hôtel Goüin References Further reading Category:1818 births Category:1909 deaths Category:People from Tours, France Category:Politicians from Centre-Val de Loire Category:Members of the National Assembly (1871) Category:French Life Senators Category:Mayors of places in France Category:French bankers Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Prince's Cairn The Prince's Cairn marks the traditional spot from where Prince Charles Edward Stuart embarked for France from Scotland on 20 September 1746 following the failure of the Jacobite rising of 1745. The cairn is located on the shores of Loch nan Uamh in Lochaber. It was erected in 1956 by the 1745 Association, a historical society dedicated to the study, recording and preservation of the memories of the Jacobite period. Although the cairn commemorates the final departure of the Prince before his exile to France, Loch nan Uamh is also where the Young Pretender first stepped ashore on mainland Great Britain on 25 July 1745 and from where – in April 1746 – he escaped to the Hebrides after the defeat of his forces at the Battle of Culloden. Monument On the morning of 4 October 1956, the 1745 Association held a ceremony to unveil the cairn that marked the traditional spot where Bonnie Prince Charlie departed for France. More than 200 people gathered on the small promontory by the shores of the Loch to watch the event. The new cairn, the ancient Highland symbol of remembrance, had been erected through subscription. It was draped with the cross of Saint Andrew surrounded by the banners of the clans that supported the Jacobite cause. The ceremony was led by Diana Hay, 23rd Countess of Erroll, Scotland's Lord High Constable, Sir Donald Hamish Cameron of Lochiel, 26th Chief of Clan Cameron, the laird of Inverailort, and descendants of the Cameron chieftains of Glendessary. It was noted that by coincidence the last time Scotland's hereditary Lord High Constable had been a woman it was during the Rising of 1745. As the Countess unveiled the cairn, its builder John MacKinnon of Arisaig played a piobaireachd on bagpipes in salute. He was then joined by noted piper Angus MacPherson who played a traditional lament. MacPherson was a descendant of Cluny's piper, who hid with Charles Stuart and Cluny – the Clan chief – in the "Cage" on the slopes of Ben Alder near Ben Nevis. The cairn is constructed from local stone. Its plaque has an inscription in both Gaelic and English, which reads: A reir beul-aithris is ann bho 'n tràigh so an sheòl Am Prionnsa Tearlach air ais do 'n Fhraing. This cairn marks the traditional spot from which Prince Charles Edward Stuart embarked for France. 20th September 1746. The cairn, which stands on a small promontory, is adjacent to the A830 road (sometimes known as the Road to the Isles). Parking is available nearby in a large layby. The nearest railway station is Beasdale about to the west. Historical importance Arrival in the Highlands The 16-gun privateer Du Teillay (sometimes erroneously called Doutelle) landed Prince Charles and seven companions at Eriskay on 23 July 1745. After a night spent on the island, they returned to the Du Teillay the next morning. The ship then sailed to the Loch nan Uamh. This is where Charles Stuart first stepped ashore on mainland Britain. After staying at the Clanranald farm at Borrodale on Skye, he crossed the Sound of Arisaig to Moidart on Du Teillay on 29 July. In August he raised the Jacobite standard at Glenfinnan in the Scottish Highlands beginning the Rising of '45. Flight from Culloden On the evening of 26 April 1746 – ten days after his defeat at Culloden – Charles Stuart, Colonel John William O’Sullivan, Captain Felix O’Neil, Father Allan MacDonald, Donald MacLeod (The Faithful Palinurus), Ned Burke and several boatmen set out to sea from the shore of Loch nan Uamh for the Hebrides. However the weather was terrible and the boat soon began to fill with water. Even MacLeod who knew the seas well thought all was lost. The sailors prayed for deliverance, prompting the Prince to comment that while the clergyman who was with them ought to pray, the rest would be better employed bailing out the water. Next morning they struggled into a creek at Roisinis on the north-east point of Eriskay. Exile to France On 19 September 1746, (and after five months evading the government troops of Prince William, Duke of Cumberland), Charles Edward Stuart arrived from "Cluny's Cage", a refuge on Ben Alder, accompanied by Donald Cameron of Lochiel, John Roy Stewart, and others. Moored in Loch nan Uamh, they found L'Heureux'', the French frigate that was to carry him to safety. Throughout the 19 September the Jacobites that were to accompany the Prince into exile boarded the ships. The next day the vessels weighed anchor in Loch nan Uamh and sailed from Scotland. Charles Stuart, the Young Pretender, never set foot on Scottish soil again; he died in Rome in 1788. References Category:Jacobite rising of 1745 Category:1745 in Scotland Category:Monuments and memorials in Scotland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
DB-2 The DB-2 is a West German sailboat that was designed by E. G. van de Stadt and Cees van Tongeren as an International Offshore Rule Three-Quarter Ton class racer and first built in 1981. The DB-1 design was developed into the DB-2 in 1981, with modifications that included a walk-through transom, lighter weight, more ballast and increased sail area. Production The design was built by Dehler Yachts, owned by the Dehler brothers, Willi and Heinz, in West Germany starting in 1981, but it is now out of production. Design Like the DB-1, the DB-2 is one of several variations of Stadt design 320. It is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig with running backstays, a raked stem, a reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of lead ballast. The boat has a draft of with the standard keel fitted. The boat is fitted with a Yanmar diesel engine for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds and the fresh water tank has a capacity of . The design has a head located forward and no "V"-berth, the bow area being reserved for sail storage since the boats were delivered with 11 different sails. The galley is amidships on the port side and includes a two-burner stove. No icebox is provided. Sleeping accommodation consists of two settee berths, two quarter berths and two pilot berths. A navigation station id provided on the starboard side and includes chart storage. For racing all the lines are led to the cockpit. Storage is provided under the cockpit. The design uses both standing and running backstays and has winches for the running backstays. Thee are also two winches for the genoa sheets and two winches for halyards. The mainsheet traveller is located across the cockpit. Track-mounted Barber haulers are provided for both the jib and genoa to control sail twist downwind when sheets are eased. The boom vang is a solid tube design and a Cunningham is fitted for sail adjustment. The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 129. Operational history The design came in first, second, third and fifth places in the 1984 IOR 3/4 ton cup races held in Kiel, West Germany. In a 1992 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "The db is claimed to be the fastest one-design production 3/4-tonner in the world, and she has won at Cowes, at Kiel, and in the Southern Ocean Racing Circuit. The emphasis is on racing rather than cruising." Sailboatdata notes "On the international racing circuit, the DB models proved unbeatable for a few years in 3/4 ton level racing. (1983-84)." See also List of sailing boat types Related development DB-1 Similar sailboats C&C 3/4 Ton C&C SR 33 Hobie 33 San Juan 33S Tartan Ten References Category:Keelboats Category:1980s sailboat type designs Category:Sailing yachts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Karo Haghverdian Karo Haghverdian (; ; born January 11, 1945) is a retired Iranian Armenian football player. Early life Haghverdian started playing football at the age of 13 when he joined amateur side Gohar F.C. Under the guidance of coach Areshavir Yeritsian, Haghverdian developed into a star player for the team. However, his parents - worried about how his passion for football was affecting his schooling - cautioned Haghverdian to stop playing football and to concentrate on his studies instead. Going against his parent's wishes, Haghverdian continued to play. His performances on the pitch helped his team win several local championships. Career In 1963, Haghverdian was spotted by Ararat Tehran FC coach Garnik Mehrabian. Noticing his talent, Mehrabian immediately signed Haghverdian to a contract for the remainder of the season. Haghverdian continued to play for the team for three seasons, until he was spotted by Taj S.C. manager Zdravko Rajkov. Haghverdian spent 6 seasons with Taj S.C., in where he participated in a record 17 Tehran derbys against rival Persepolis F.C. International Haghverdian received 23 caps by the Iran national football team, scoring his only goal against Pakistan in the 1970 RCD Cup. References کارو حقوردیان - جام تخت جمشید External sources Category:Living people Category:1945 births Category:People from Tehran Category:Armenian footballers Category:Iranian footballers Category:Iranian Armenian people Category:Iran international footballers Category:Ararat Tehran players Category:Esteghlal F.C. players Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Iran Category:Asian Games medalists in football Category:Footballers at the 1970 Asian Games Category:Footballers at the 1974 Asian Games Category:Association football midfielders Category:Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Petar Penchev Petar Nikolov Penchev (; born 12 August 1969) is a former Bulgarian football player in a defender role, and later manager. Playing career In the 90s Petar Penchev played for Botev Plovdiv, Spartak Plovdiv, and Levski Sofia. Throughout his career he played in more than 200 official games. Petar Penchev spent 6 seasons in Spartak Plovdiv. He was a key player for Spartak Plovdiv in season 1994-95 when the team finished on 6th place in A Grupa. In the summer of 1995 Petar Penchev was transferred to Levski Sofia. He played in 34 games and scored one goal. Penchev participated in 4 games in the European tournaments in the autumn of 1995. In 1996 Penchev returned to Botev Plovdiv and remained in the team until 2000. He is well known among Botev Plovdiv supporters for his spectacular goal in the 80th minute during the dramatic 4-3 win against Levski Sofia on 6 December 1996. Penchev also spent a season playing for PFC Hebar Pazardzhik when the team finished on 9th place of A Grupa. At the end of his careers as a professional player he represented Chernomorets Burgas for a couple years. After his retirement Petar Penchev continues to play for the veterans of Botev Plovdiv. He was part of the team that won the championship in 2013. Managing career Early career In the spring 2009 Petar Penchev was hired as a manager of Botev Plovdiv and saved the team from relegation. During his first spell as a manager the first team achieved 5 wins and 6 losses. He worked for 5 years with the youth formations of Botev Plovdiv before joining PFC Chavdar Etropole in 2011. He was manager of the Bulgaria national football team U-17 for a while and after that returned to Botev Plovdiv as a youth coach. Return to Botev Plovdiv On 4 December 2014 Petar Penchev was hired again for Botev Plovdiv manager until the end of the year. Three days later, on 7 December, he made his second debut as Botev Plovdiv manager with the 2-0 home win over PFC Haskovo. A week later his team played well but was defeated with 1-0 by the defending champions Ludogorets Razgrad. On 15 December it was announced that Petar Penchev's contract has been extended and he will remain manager of Botev Plovdiv until the end of the season. At the end of the month it was officially confirmed that Kostadin Vidolov will be assistant manager. Botev Plovdiv had an excellent start of 2015. Under Penchev's guidelines the team achieved a 3-0 home victory against Marek Dupnitsa and 0-2 away win in the derby game versus the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv. Five days later, on 15 March, under Penchev's guidelines Botev Plovdiv achieved an important 2-0 win over CSKA Sofia which qualified the team in top 6 playoffs in A Grupa. Botev Plovdiv visited Razgrad in the first round of the playoffs and the match against the defending champions Ludogorets ended in a 0-0 draw. Under Penchev's guidelines Botev Plovdiv lost 0-1 from Litex Lovech in the next round and made a 0-0 away draw with CSKA Sofia in the third round of the playoffs. In the 4th round of the playoffs Botev Plovdiv made another draw, this time 1-1 with Beroe Stara Zagora. Unexpectedly, on 2 May, Penchev did not include the captain Ivan Tsvetkov in the squad for the game against Ludogorets Razgrad although he was not injured. After a private discussion between the manager of team and the player Tsvetkov returned in the starting lineup for the next game. On 16 May, Botev Plovdiv achieved first win in the playoffs over CSKA Sofia with 3-2. In the next round, on 23 May, the team of Botev Plovdiv was defeated with 1-2 in the away game with Beroe Stara Zagora. Lazar Marin scored goals in both games because of Penchev's decision to allow him to play more attacking role. Botev Plovdiv finished season 2014-15 on 6th place in A Grupa. Botev Plovdiv started season 2015-16 under Penchev's guidelines with a 1-1 draw with Levski Sofia. A week later, on 25 July, Botev Plovdiv was defeated with the shocking result 6-0 by PFC Montana. Immediately after the game Penchev was released and it was announced that the goalkeeper Mihail Ivanov will no longer play for Botev Plovdiv. References Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:Bulgarian footballers Category:Bulgarian football managers Category:PFC Botev Plovdiv players Category:FC Hebar Pazardzhik players Category:PFC Levski Sofia players Category:First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players Category:PFC Botev Plovdiv managers Category:Association football defenders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ligature Ligature may refer to: Ligature (medicine), a piece of suture used to shut off a blood vessel or other anatomical structure Ligature (orthodontic) Ligature (music), an element of musical notation used especially in the medieval and Renaissance periods Ligature (instrument), a device used to attach a reed to the mouthpiece of a woodwind instrument Typographic ligature, a combination of two or more letters into a single symbol See also Ligature strangulation	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Philip Orsino Philip S. Orsino, (born June 21, 1954) is a Canadian businessman. He is the former president and chief executive officer of Masonite International Corporation. Born in Toronto, Ontario, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1976 from the University of Toronto's Victoria College. He became a Chartered Accountant in 1979 and later a partner in the firm of Hilborn, Ellis, Grant, Chartered Accountants. He was made a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in 1997. In 1983, he co-founded Century Wood Door Limited and became the president and CEO in 1984. In 1989, it merged with its largest competitor, Premdor. In 2001, it acquired Masonite Corporation from International Paper and changed its name in 2002 to Masonite International Corporation. Masonite International was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. in December 2004 for C$3.1 billion. He is a member of the board of directors of the Bank of Montreal and is a member of the audit committee and conduct review committee. He was also chairman of the board of trustees of University Health Network until 2009. He is the author of Successful Business Expansion: Practical Strategies for Planning Profitable Growth (1994, ). In 2011, he was appointed president of JELD-WEN, Inc., as part of a partnership with ONEX, a Canadian equity investment firm. Honours In 1992, he was named the American Marketing Association's Business-to-Business Marketer of the Year. In 1998, he was named Ontario's Entrepreneur of the Year in the Manufacturing sector. In 2002, he received the 2002 Rotman Distinguished Business Alumni Award from the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management. In 2003, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2003, he was named Canada’s Outstanding CEO of the Year Award. The Philip S. Orsino Cell Therapy Facility at Toronto's University Health Network is named in his honour. References Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Canadian accountants Category:Businesspeople from Toronto Category:Canadian chief executives Category:Canadian business writers Category:Canadian finance and investment writers Category:Directors of Bank of Montreal Category:Officers of the Order of Canada Category:University of Toronto alumni Category:Writers from Toronto	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lila Ratsifandrihamanana Lila Hanitra Ratsifandrihamanana (born 1959) is a Malagasy politician and diplomat. Ratsifandrihamanana was the Minister of Scientific Research from 1997 to 1998 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1998 to 2002. Ratsifandrihamanana resigned on February 27, 2002, amidst the political crisis that followed the December 2001 presidential election, because, according to her spokesperson, "she was personally in favour of comparing reports" regarding the electoral controversy. She then became ambassador to Senegal in 2002. In 2007 she became Permanent Representative of the African Union, Permanent Observer Mission of the African Union to the United Nations in New York. In 2009, she joined the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), as the Director of the Liaison Office with the UN in New York. Youth Lila Hanitra Ratsifandrihamanana is the sixth child of Henri Ratsifandrihamanana (1921-1982), a Pediatric Doctor and a fervent political militant of the fight against colonialism, and Clarisse Andriamampandry Ratsifandrihamanana (1926-1987), eminent writer and poet, member of the Malagasy Academia and other national and international literary organizations. Studies Lila Hanitra Ratsifandrihamanana holds a M.Sc. degree in Administrative Science, Diplomacy and International Relations from Farleigh Dickinson University, NJ, USA (2010). She also holds a degree in Mining Engineering with specialization in Geophysics and a master's degree of Sciences in Geology from the St. Petersburg Mining Institute, Russia (1985). Career Lila Hanitra Ratsifandrihamanana began her professional career in 1986 as Teacher and Researcher at the Higher Teacher Training School of the Antananarivo University, Madagascar. In 1992, she was appointed Senior Teacher in charge of the training of educationalists in Natural Sciences with the École Normale Supérieure in Antananarivo and thereafter became Head of its Centre for Studies and Research in Natural Sciences. Political career Engaged in the national political life, Lila Hanitra Ratsifandrihamanana has been the Deputy President of the Party AKFM-FANAVAOZANA and President of the affiliated Women association «FEMMES POUR LE RENOUVEAU ». She was also member of the Association of Malagasy female Ministers and parliamentarians and participated in a number of elections at national, provincial and communal levels. In February 1997, she was appointed Minister for Scientific Research, becoming at 38 the first female to hold this high ranking position. Among her achievements, is the launching of the series of National Research Events and exhibitions named «Hall de la Recherche Nationale (HARENA)». In July 1998, she was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Madagascar and held this position until February 2002. As the Chief of the Malagasy Diplomacy, Lila Hanitra Ratsifandrihamanana represented Madagascar at various High Level meetings and Conferences of the United Nations, the OAU/African Union, the International Organization of the Francophonie, The Non Aligned Movement, the Group of the 77, and the Least Developed Countries. She was actively involved in the activities of regional organizations such as IOR-ARC, COMESA, and the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) which she presided over in 2000-2001. Lila Hanitra Ratsifandrihamanana undertook a number of official visits in more than fifty countries and initiated international meetings and events in Madagascar. During her official visit in China in May 1999, she launched the idea of a Platform of exchange between China and Africa, which became thereafter the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). Between 2002 and 2006, she was Ambassador of Madagascar to Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Morocco, Cape Verde, Gambia and Côte d'Ivoire. In January 2007, she was appointed Ambassador, Permanent Representative and Permanent Observer of the African Union to the United Nations in New York. From October 2009 to September 2012, she was the Director of the Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO Liaison Office with the United Nations in New York. Social activities Lila Hanitra Ratsifandrihamanana is involved in the activities of a number of Organizations, including the NGO «TANY VAO – TERRE NOUVELLE- NEW LAND», as the founding President, the Association “ACCUEIL MADAGASCAR”. She is also member of the Board of the Association “WOMEN, SCIENCES, DEVELOPMENT » and the National Union of the Geologists in Madagascar (UNGM). References Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:Malagasy diplomats Category:Malagasy women in politics Category:Malagasy women diplomats Category:Ambassadors of Madagascar to Mali Category:Ambassadors of Madagascar to Burkina Faso Category:Ambassadors of Madagascar to Morocco Category:Ambassadors of Madagascar to Ivory Coast Category:Ambassadors of Madagascar to Cape Verde Category:Ambassadors of Madagascar to the Gambia Category:Ambassadors of Madagascar to Senegal Category:Foreign Ministers of Madagascar Category:Female foreign ministers Category:20th-century women politicians Category:Women government ministers of Madagascar	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
David Ogden (wrestler) David Ogden (born 30 March 1968) is a British wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 57 kg at the 1988 Summer Olympics. References Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:British male sport wrestlers Category:Olympic wrestlers of Great Britain Category:Wrestlers at the 1988 Summer Olympics Category:Place of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary is a title borne by politicians or government officials in certain countries, usually a junior ministers assigned to a specific Cabinet minister. Australia The rank of Assistant Secretary denotes a high level government official who is positioned in the Government of Australia. The position falls under the Australian Public Service Act 1999, and holds the level of Senior Executive Service (SES) Level Band 1. The position also holds several other titles such as: Branch Head, National Manager, Group Manager, and Executive Director. For those officials who hold diplomatic status and are positioned in Australian High Commissions or Embassies at the Assistant Secretary Level hold the following titles: Regional Director, Minister-Counsellor, and Ambassador. However, although most offshore Australian diplomatic staff at these levels are SES Band 1, some are SES Band 2. The median annual reward wage for a baseline Assistant Secretary level is $219,464 (AUD), excluding bonuses, superannuation or fringe benefits. Hong Kong An Assistant Secretary is a middle to senior official facilitating the work of the top officials, and is the subject officer for a specific policy domain among bureaux and departments. The position of Assistant Secretary belongs to the Administrative Officer Grade in the Hong Kong Civil Service originated from the colonial Administrative Service since 1862, being a cadet of multi-disciplined professional city administrators. As the top-calibre generalists in the government, they are the central policy-making and coordinating body in the Hong Kong Civil Service. The annual rate of pay for a baseline Assistant Secretary is pitched at Point 27 of the Master Pay Scale ($78,310 (USD) or $610,800 (HKD)) and will go up to Point 49 of the Master Pay Scale ($191,200 (USD) or $1,491,360 (HKD)). The grade has an established tradition of academic aristocracy. Over the 80 years between 1862, when the recruitment scheme was started, and the Japanese invasion of 1941, the majority of the cadets were educated at Oxford and Cambridge, although a substantial contingent (about 30 per cent) came from universities in Ireland and Scotland. India From 1919 to 1945, the permanent posts of Assistant Secretary were filled by officers drawn from the Imperial Secretariat Service during the British Raj. Currently, the temporary position of Assistant Secretary is occupied by the officers of the Indian Administrative Service during their training period in Ministries of Central Government, as Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions has temporarily excluded section officers from Central Secretariat Service, which is later reverted. Ireland The grade of Assistant Secretary is a position in the Irish Civil Service, which uses a nearly identical grading scheme to its British counterpart. It may now be alternatively styled, depending on the department or office. The Netherlands An Assistant Secretary (in Dutch: "staatssecretaris") assists a specific minister. He is responsible for a specific domain (i.e., one or more important issues that require special attention—he assistant secretary can thus alleviate the minister's burden) and may be held accountable for his political actions, which means that he must resign once he has lost the support of the parliament. Not every department has an assistant secretary; whether one is installed depends on the importance of the department. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the position of Assistant Secretary is a grade in the British Civil Service, now more commonly styled Divisional Manager or Deputy Director. In the grading scheme they are denoted Grade 5 (with basic salary starting at £65,422 as of August 2014). United States In the United States, the rank of Assistant Secretary denotes a high level civilian official within the United States federal government. An official of sub-Cabinet rank, Assistant Secretaries are appointed by the President of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate and are assigned to assist a specific Cabinet Secretary. Assistant Secretaries often manage major programs administered by a Cabinet Department. Assistant Secretaries are generally the lowest level "Secretarial" positions appointed directly by the President. Assistant Secretaries are generally Level IV positions within the Executive Schedule, ranking below the position of Under Secretary. Since January 2010, the annual rate of pay for Level III is $155,500. References See also Cabinet Secretary Undersecretary Deputy Assistant Secretary Category:Federal government of the United States Category:Civil service positions in the United Kingdom	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ghassem Khan Vali, Sardar Homayoun Ghassem Khan Vali (1878–1933; ), otherwise and better known by his military title of Sardar Homayoun, the son of Ali Khan Vali and grandson of was the first Imperial Iranian Army general to graduate from the prestigious Saint-Cyr Military School in France, which was founded by Napoléon in 1802. During the Overthrow of the Qajar dynasty, Sardar Homayoun was encouraged by the local politicians and moderates, backed by Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside and the British Government, to become the Shah of Persia (the fact that his lineage could be traced to the Qajar dynasty gave added incentive to have him on the throne). He mainly declined out of his loyalty to Ahmad Shah, although it was stated that it was out of his fear for his family's safety and his moral reluctance to use force against his countrymen, a measure which was inevitable for the maintenance of the monarchy. His reluctance was seen as cowardice by the British, and so the position was later given to Reza Shah Pahlavi. During Reza Shah's reign, he was appointed commander of the Cossack Division in Northern Iran. He retired soon after to his family's estate to pursue writing and farming. An aristocrat by birth, he believed in the character conferred by military education and discipline. His cousin, Doust Mohammad Khan Moayer ol-Mamalek, was the son-in-law of Nasser al-Din Shah who married his daughter Princess Esmat os-Saltaneh. He had five daughters and two sons. His sons, Ebrahim and Ali Vali, also served in the Imperial Iranian Army as army generals during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah. He was the first Mayor of Tabriz in 1908, (see list of Tabriz Mayors), and as a modern man, he was at the origin of the first electrical generator to Tabriz. He also introduced the first metallic printing press in Iran. Sardar Homayoun also was one of the first modern economists in Iran. References Black Coup Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power - by Cyrus Ghani - p.140 The Zarrinkafsch (Bahman-Qajar) Family External link Category:Iranian generals Category:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni Category:1878 births Category:1933 deaths Category:Mayors of Tabriz	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Perent River The Perent River is a river of Minnesota. See also List of rivers of Minnesota References External links Minnesota Watersheds USGS Hydrologic Unit Map - State of Minnesota (1974) Category:Rivers of Minnesota	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sai River (Gujarat) Sai River is a river in western India in Gujarat whose origin is near Reha village of Kutch. The other villages through which the river flows are Wandh, Kapadisar, Kadoli and Kotadi. Its drainage basin has a maximum length of . The total catchment area of the basin is . References Category:Rivers of Gujarat Category:Geography of Kutch district Category:Rivers of India	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Avatha noctuoides Avatha noctuoides is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Java, Singapore, Borneo, Myanmar, the Andamans, India and China (Hainan). Adults are similar to Avatha discolor, but always have an antemedial black area and smaller black flecks on the costa. The postmedial is paler. The hindwings have subtornal fasciation. The larvae feed on Allophylus, Schleichera and Lepisanthes species. Young larvae rest along the ribs and veins of the undersides of the leaves of the host plant. When they grown larger they switch to stalks and twigs. Pupation takes place is in a loose cell of leaves joined with silk. References Category:Moths described in 1852 Category:Avatha Category:Moths of Asia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eden Township, Pipestone County, Minnesota Eden Township is a township in Pipestone County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 294 at the 2000 census. Eden Township was organized in 1879, and the name, an allusion to the Garden of Eden, is descriptive. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which of it is land and of it (0.35%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 294 people, 98 households, and 79 families residing in the township. The population density was 6.9 people per square mile (2.6/km²). There were 103 housing units at an average density of 2.4/sq mi (0.9/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 98.64% White, and 1.36% from two or more races. There were 98 households out of which 41.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.5% were married couples living together, 2.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.34. In the township the population was spread out with 35.0% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $42,813, and the median income for a family was $44,063. Males had a median income of $24,063 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $13,603. About 3.5% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under the age of eighteen and 4.9% of those sixty five or over. Politics Eden Township is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Mankato educator Tim Walz, a Democrat. At the state level, Eden Township is located in Senate District 22, represented by Republican Doug Magnus, and in House District 22A, represented by Republican Joe Schomacker. References Category:Townships in Pipestone County, Minnesota Category:Townships in Minnesota	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mahmudabad, Sarband Mahmudabad (, also Romanized as Maḩmūdābād; also known as Bīāb, Maḩmūdābād-e Bīāb, and Maḩmūdābād-e Bī Āb) is a village in Hendudur Rural District, Sarband District, Shazand County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 74, in 16 families. References Category:Populated places in Shazand County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tomás Ribeiro (footballer) Tomás Aresta Branco Machado Ribeiro (born 30 April 1999) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Belenenses SAD as a defender. Football career He made his Primeira Liga debut for Belenenses SAD on 15 September 2019 in a game against Marítimo. References External links Category:1999 births Category:Living people Category:Portuguese footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Primeira Liga players Category:Belenenses SAD players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Amber Amber is fossilized tree resin, which has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects. Amber is used in jewelry. It has also been used as a healing agent in folk medicine. There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as inclusions. Amber occurring in coal seams is also called resinite, and the term ambrite is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams. Etymology The English word amber derives from Arabic (cognate with Middle Persian ambar) via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre. The word was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century as referring to what is now known as ambergris (ambre gris or "grey amber"), a solid waxy substance derived from the sperm whale. In the Romance languages, the sense of the word had come to be extended to Baltic amber (fossil resin) from as early as the late 13th century. At first called white or yellow amber (ambre jaune), this meaning was adopted in English by the early 15th century. As the use of ambergris waned, this became the main sense of the word. The two substances ("yellow amber" and "grey amber") conceivably became associated or confused because they both were found washed up on beaches. Ambergris is less dense than water and floats, whereas amber is too dense to float, though less dense than stone. The classical names for amber, Latin electrum and Ancient Greek (ēlektron), are connected to a term ἠλέκτωρ (ēlektōr) meaning "beaming Sun". According to myth, when Phaëton son of Helios (the Sun) was killed, his mourning sisters became poplar trees, and their tears became elektron, amber. The word elektron gave rise to the words electric, electricity, and their relatives because of amber's ability to bear a static electricity charge. History Theophrastus discussed amber in the 4th century BC, as did Pytheas (c. 330 BC), whose work "On the Ocean" is lost, but was referenced by Pliny the Elder (23 to 79 AD), according to whose The Natural History (in what is also the earliest known mention of the name Germania): Earlier Pliny says that Pytheas refers to a large island - three days' sail from the Scythian coast and called Balcia by Xenophon of Lampsacus (author of a fanciful travel book in Greek) - as Basilia - a name generally equated with Abalus. Given the presence of amber, the island could have been Heligoland, Zealand, the shores of Bay of Gdansk, the Sambia Peninsula or the Curonian Lagoon, which were historically the richest sources of amber in northern Europe. It is assumed that there were well-established trade routes for amber connecting the Baltic with the Mediterranean (known as the "Amber Road"). Pliny states explicitly that the Germans exported amber to Pannonia, from where the Veneti distributed it onwards. The ancient Italic peoples of southern Italy used to work amber; the National Archaeological Museum of Siritide (Museo Archeologico Nazionale della Siritide) at Policoro in the province of Matera (Basilicata) displays important surviving examples. Amber used in antiquity as at Mycenae and in the prehistory of the Mediterranean comes from deposits of Sicily. Pliny also cites the opinion of Nicias ( 470–413 BC), according to whom amber Besides the fanciful explanations according to which amber is "produced by the Sun", Pliny cites opinions that are well aware of its origin in tree resin, citing the native Latin name of succinum (sūcinum, from sucus "juice"). In Book 37, section XI of Natural History, Pliny wrote: He also states that amber is also found in Egypt and in India, and he even refers to the electrostatic properties of amber, by saying that "in Syria the women make the whorls of their spindles of this substance, and give it the name of harpax [from ἁρπάζω, "to drag"] from the circumstance that it attracts leaves towards it, chaff, and the light fringe of tissues". Pliny says that the German name of amber was glæsum, "for which reason the Romans, when Germanicus Caesar commanded the fleet in those parts, gave to one of these islands the name of Glæsaria, which by the barbarians was known as Austeravia". This is confirmed by the recorded Old High German word glas and by the Old English word glær for "amber" (compare glass). In Middle Low German, amber was known as berne-, barn-, börnstēn (with etymological roots related to "burn" and to "stone"). The Low German term became dominant also in High German by the 18th century, thus modern German Bernstein besides Dutch barnsteen. In the Baltic languages, the Lithuanian term for amber is gintaras and the Latvian dzintars. These words, and the Slavic jantar and Hungarian gyanta ('resin'), are thought to originate from Phoenician jainitar ("sea-resin"). Early in the nineteenth century, the first reports of amber found in North America came from discoveries in New Jersey along Crosswicks Creek near Trenton, at Camden, and near Woodbury. Composition and formation Amber is heterogeneous in composition, but consists of several resinous bodies more or less soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, associated with an insoluble bituminous substance. Amber is a macromolecule by free radical polymerization of several precursors in the labdane family, e.g. communic acid, cummunol, and biformene. These labdanes are diterpenes (C20H32) and trienes, equipping the organic skeleton with three alkene groups for polymerization. As amber matures over the years, more polymerization takes place as well as isomerization reactions, crosslinking and cyclization. Heated above , amber decomposes, yielding an oil of amber, and leaves a black residue which is known as "amber colophony", or "amber pitch"; when dissolved in oil of turpentine or in linseed oil this forms "amber varnish" or "amber lac". Formation Molecular polymerization, resulting from high pressures and temperatures produced by overlying sediment, transforms the resin first into copal. Sustained heat and pressure drives off terpenes and results in the formation of amber. For this to happen, the resin must be resistant to decay. Many trees produce resin, but in the majority of cases this deposit is broken down by physical and biological processes. Exposure to sunlight, rain, microorganisms (such as bacteria and fungi), and extreme temperatures tends to disintegrate the resin. For the resin to survive long enough to become amber, it must be resistant to such forces or be produced under conditions that exclude them. Botanical origin Fossil resins from Europe fall into two categories, the famous Baltic ambers and another that resembles the Agathis group. Fossil resins from the Americas and Africa are closely related to the modern genus Hymenaea, while Baltic ambers are thought to be fossil resins from family Sciadopityaceae plants that once lived in north Europe. Physical attributes Most amber has a hardness between 2.0 and 2.5 on the Mohs scale, a refractive index of 1.5–1.6, a specific gravity between 1.06 and 1.10, and a melting point of 250–300 °C. Inclusions The abnormal development of resin in living trees (succinosis) can result in the formation of amber. Impurities are quite often present, especially when the resin dropped onto the ground, so the material may be useless except for varnish-making. Such impure amber is called firniss. Such inclusion of other substances can cause amber to have an unexpected color. Pyrites may give a bluish color. Bony amber owes its cloudy opacity to numerous tiny bubbles inside the resin. However, so-called black amber is really only a kind of jet. In darkly clouded and even opaque amber, inclusions can be imaged using high-energy, high-contrast, high-resolution X-rays. Extraction and processing Distribution and mining Amber is globally distributed, mainly in rocks of Cretaceous age or younger. Historically, the Samland coast west of Königsberg in Prussia was the world's leading source of amber. The first mentions of amber deposits here date back to the 12th century. About 90% of the world's extractable amber is still located in that area, which became the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia in 1946. Pieces of amber torn from the seafloor are cast up by the waves, and collected by hand, dredging, or diving. Elsewhere, amber is mined, both in open works and underground galleries. Then nodules of blue earth have to be removed and an opaque crust must be cleaned off, which can be done in revolving barrels containing sand and water. Erosion removes this crust from sea-worn amber. Caribbean amber, especially Dominican blue amber, is mined through bell pitting, which is dangerous due to the risk of tunnel collapse. Treatment The Vienna amber factories, which use pale amber to manufacture pipes and other smoking tools, turn it on a lathe and polish it with whitening and water or with rotten stone and oil. The final luster is given by friction with flannel. When gradually heated in an oil-bath, amber becomes soft and flexible. Two pieces of amber may be united by smearing the surfaces with linseed oil, heating them, and then pressing them together while hot. Cloudy amber may be clarified in an oil-bath, as the oil fills the numerous pores to which the turbidity is due. Small fragments, formerly thrown away or used only for varnish, are now used on a large scale in the formation of "ambroid" or "pressed amber". The pieces are carefully heated with exclusion of air and then compressed into a uniform mass by intense hydraulic pressure, the softened amber being forced through holes in a metal plate. The product is extensively used for the production of cheap jewelry and articles for smoking. This pressed amber yields brilliant interference colors in polarized light. Amber has often been imitated by other resins like copal and kauri gum, as well as by celluloid and even glass. Baltic amber is sometimes colored artificially, but also called "true amber". Appearance Amber occurs in a range of different colors. As well as the usual yellow-orange-brown that is associated with the color "amber", amber itself can range from a whitish color through a pale lemon yellow, to brown and almost black. Other uncommon colors include red amber (sometimes known as "cherry amber"), green amber, and even blue amber, which is rare and highly sought after. Yellow amber is a hard fossil resin from evergreen trees, and despite the name it can be translucent, yellow, orange, or brown colored. Known to the Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba (from kah "straw" plus rubay "attract, snatch", referring to its electrical properties), which entered Arabic as kahraba' or kahraba (which later became the Arabic word for electricity, كهرباء kahrabā'), it too was called amber in Europe (Old French and Middle English ambre). Found along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea, yellow amber reached the Middle East and western Europe via trade. Its coastal acquisition may have been one reason yellow amber came to be designated by the same term as ambergris. Moreover, like ambergris, the resin could be burned as an incense. The resin's most popular use was, however, for ornamentation—easily cut and polished, it could be transformed into beautiful jewelry. Much of the most highly prized amber is transparent, in contrast to the very common cloudy amber and opaque amber. Opaque amber contains numerous minute bubbles. This kind of amber is known as "bony amber". Although all Dominican amber is fluorescent, the rarest Dominican amber is blue amber. It turns blue in natural sunlight and any other partially or wholly ultraviolet light source. In long-wave UV light it has a very strong reflection, almost white. Only about is found per year, which makes it valuable and expensive. Sometimes amber retains the form of drops and stalactites, just as it exuded from the ducts and receptacles of the injured trees. It is thought that, in addition to exuding onto the surface of the tree, amber resin also originally flowed into hollow cavities or cracks within trees, thereby leading to the development of large lumps of amber of irregular form. Classification Amber can be classified into several forms. Most fundamentally, there are two types of plant resin with the potential for fossilization. Terpenoids, produced by conifers and angiosperms, consist of ring structures formed of isoprene (C5H8) units. Phenolic resins are today only produced by angiosperms, and tend to serve functional uses. The extinct medullosans produced a third type of resin, which is often found as amber within their veins. The composition of resins is highly variable; each species produces a unique blend of chemicals which can be identified by the use of pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The overall chemical and structural composition is used to divide ambers into five classes. There is also a separate classification of amber gemstones, according to the way of production. Class I This class is by far the most abundant. It comprises labdatriene carboxylic acids such as communic or ozic acids. It is further split into three sub-classes. Classes Ia and Ib utilize regular labdanoid diterpenes (e.g. communic acid, communol, biformenes), while Ic uses enantio labdanoids (ozic acid, ozol, enantio biformenes). Ia Class Ia includes Succinite (= 'normal' Baltic amber) and Glessite. They have a communic acid base, and they also include much succinic acid. Baltic amber yields on dry distillation succinic acid, the proportion varying from about 3% to 8%, and being greatest in the pale opaque or bony varieties. The aromatic and irritating fumes emitted by burning amber are mainly due to this acid. Baltic amber is distinguished by its yield of succinic acid, hence the name succinite. Succinite has a hardness between 2 and 3, which is rather greater than that of many other fossil resins. Its specific gravity varies from 1.05 to 1.10. It can be distinguished from other ambers via IR spectroscopy due to a specific carbonyl absorption peak. IR spectroscopy can detect the relative age of an amber sample. Succinic acid may not be an original component of amber, but rather a degradation product of abietic acid. Ib Like class Ia ambers, these are based on communic acid; however, they lack succinic acid. Ic This class is mainly based on enantio-labdatrienonic acids, such as ozic and zanzibaric acids. Its most familiar representative is Dominican amber. Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being mostly transparent and often containing a higher number of fossil inclusions. This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest. Resin from the extinct species Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics. It is not "succinite" but "retinite". Class II These ambers are formed from resins with a sesquiterpenoid base, such as cadinene. Class III These ambers are polystyrenes. Class IV Class IV is something of a wastebasket; its ambers are not polymerized, but mainly consist of cedrene-based sesquiterpenoids. Class V Class V resins are considered to be produced by a pine or pine relative. They comprise a mixture of diterpinoid resins and n-alkyl compounds. Their main variety is Highgate copalite. Geological record The oldest amber recovered dates to the Upper Carboniferous period (). Its chemical composition makes it difficult to match the amber to its producers – it is most similar to the resins produced by flowering plants; however, there are no flowering plant fossils known from before the Cretaceous, and they were not common until the Late Cretaceous. Amber becomes abundant long after the Carboniferous, in the Early Cretaceous, , when it is found in association with insects. The oldest amber with arthropod inclusions comes from the Levant, from Lebanon and Jordan. This amber, roughly 125–135 million years old, is considered of high scientific value, providing evidence of some of the oldest sampled ecosystems. In Lebanon, more than 450 outcrops of Lower Cretaceous amber were discovered by Dany Azar, a Lebanese paleontologist and entomologist. Among these outcrops, 20 have yielded biological inclusions comprising the oldest representatives of several recent families of terrestrial arthropods. Even older, Jurassic amber has been found recently in Lebanon as well. Many remarkable insects and spiders were recently discovered in the amber of Jordan including the oldest zorapterans, clerid beetles, umenocoleid roaches, and achiliid planthoppers. Baltic amber or succinite (historically documented as Prussian amber) is found as irregular nodules in marine glauconitic sand, known as blue earth, occurring in the Lower Oligocene strata of Sambia in Prussia (in historical sources also referred to as Glaesaria). After 1945, this territory around Königsberg was turned into Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, where amber is now systematically mined. It appears, however, to have been partly derived from older Eocene deposits and it occurs also as a derivative phase in later formations, such as glacial drift. Relics of an abundant flora occur as inclusions trapped within the amber while the resin was yet fresh, suggesting relations with the flora of Eastern Asia and the southern part of North America. Heinrich Göppert named the common amber-yielding pine of the Baltic forests Pinites succiniter, but as the wood does not seem to differ from that of the existing genus it has been also called Pinus succinifera. It is improbable, however, that the production of amber was limited to a single species; and indeed a large number of conifers belonging to different genera are represented in the amber-flora. Paleontological significance Amber is a unique preservational mode, preserving otherwise unfossilizable parts of organisms; as such it is helpful in the reconstruction of ecosystems as well as organisms; the chemical composition of the resin, however, is of limited utility in reconstructing the phylogenetic affinity of the resin producer. Amber sometimes contains animals or plant matter that became caught in the resin as it was secreted. Insects, spiders and even their webs, annelids, frogs, crustaceans, bacteria and amoebae, marine microfossils, wood, flowers and fruit, hair, feathers and other small organisms have been recovered in Cretaceous ambers (deposited c. ). The oldest amber to bear fossils (mites) is from the Carnian (Triassic, ) of north-eastern Italy. The preservation of prehistoric organisms in amber forms a key plot point in Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and the 1993 movie adaptation by Steven Spielberg. In the story, scientists are able to extract the preserved blood of dinosaurs from prehistoric mosquitoes trapped in amber, from which they genetically clone living dinosaurs. Scientifically this is as yet impossible, since no amber with fossilized mosquitoes has ever yielded preserved blood. Amber is, however, conducive to preserving DNA, since it dehydrates and thus stabilizes organisms trapped inside. One projection in 1999 estimated that DNA trapped in amber could last up to 100 million years, far beyond most estimates of around 1 million years in the most ideal conditions, although a later 2013 study was unable to extract DNA from insects trapped in much more recent Holocene copal. Use Amber has been used since prehistory (Solutrean) in the manufacture of jewelry and ornaments, and also in folk medicine. Jewelry Amber has been used as jewelry since the Stone Age, from 13,000 years ago. Amber ornaments have been found in Mycenaean tombs and elsewhere across Europe.<ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8456512 Curt W. Beck, Anthony Harding and Helen Hughes-Brock, "Amber in the Mycenaean World" The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. 69 (November 1974), pp. 145-172. DOI:10.1017/S0068245400005505] </ref> To this day it is used in the manufacture of smoking and glassblowing mouthpieces. Amber's place in culture and tradition lends it a tourism value; Palanga Amber Museum is dedicated to the fossilized resin. Historic medicinal uses Amber has long been used in folk medicine for its purported healing properties. Amber and extracts were used from the time of Hippocrates in ancient Greece for a wide variety of treatments through the Middle Ages and up until the early twentieth century. Traditional Chinese medicine uses amber to "tranquilize the mind". With children Amber necklaces are a traditional European remedy for colic or teething pain due to the purported analgesic properties of succinic acid, although there is no evidence that this is an effective remedy or delivery method. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the FDA have warned strongly against their use, as they present both a choking and a strangulation hazard. Scent of amber and amber perfumery In ancient China, it was customary to burn amber during large festivities. If amber is heated under the right conditions, oil of amber is produced, and in past times this was combined carefully with nitric acid to create "artificial musk" – a resin with a peculiar musky odor. Although when burned, amber does give off a characteristic "pinewood" fragrance, modern products, such as perfume, do not normally use actual amber due to the fact that fossilized amber produces very little scent. In perfumery, scents referred to as "amber" are often created and patentedPerfume compositions and perfume articles containing one isomer of an octahydrotetramethyl acetonaphthone, John B. Hall, Rumson; James Milton Sanders, Eatontown , Publication Date: 30 December 1975 to emulate the opulent golden warmth of the fossil. The modern name for amber is thought to come from the Arabic word, ambar, meaning ambergris. Ambergris is the waxy aromatic substance created in the intestines of sperm whales and was used in making perfumes both in ancient times as well as modern. The scent of amber was originally derived from emulating the scent of ambergris and/or the plant resin labdanum, but due to the endangered species status of the sperm whale the scent of amber is now largely derived from labdanum. The term "amber" is loosely used to describe a scent that is warm, musky, rich and honey-like, and also somewhat earthy. It can be synthetically created or derived from natural resins. When derived from natural resins it is most often created out of labdanum. Benzoin is usually part of the recipe. Vanilla and cloves are sometimes used to enhance the aroma. "Amber" perfumes may be created using combinations of labdanum, benzoin resin, copal (itself a type of tree resin used in incense manufacture), vanilla, Dammara resin and/or synthetic materials. Imitation Imitation made in natural resins Young resins, these are used as imitations: Kauri resin from Agathis australis trees in New Zealand. The copals (subfossil resins). The African and American (Colombia) copals from Leguminosae trees family (genus Hymenaea). Amber of the Dominican or Mexican type (Class I of fossil resins). Copals from Manilia (Indonesia) and from New Zealand from trees of the genus Agathis'' (family Araucariaceae) Other fossil resins: burmite in Burma, rumenite in Romania, simetite in Sicilia. Other natural resins — cellulose or chitin, etc. Imitations made of plastics Plastics, these are used as imitations: Stained glass (inorganic material) and other ceramic materials Celluloid Cellulose nitrate (first obtained in 1833) — a product of treatment of cellulose with nitration mixture. Acetylcellulose (not in the use at present) Galalith or "artificial horn" (condensation product of casein and formaldehyde), other trade names: Alladinite, Erinoid, Lactoid. Casein — a conjugated protein forming from the casein precursor – caseinogen. Resolane (phenolic resins or phenoplasts, not in the use at present) Bakelite resine (resol, phenolic resins), product from Africa are known under the misleading name "African amber". Carbamide resins — melamine, formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resins. Epoxy novolac (phenolic resins), unofficial name "antique amber", not in the use at present Polyesters (Polish amber imitation) with styrene. Ex.: unsaturated polyester resins (polymals) are produced by Chemical Industrial Works "Organika" in Sarzyna, Poland; estomal are produced by Laminopol firm. Polybern or sticked amber is artificial resins the curled chips are obtained, whereas in the case of amber – small scraps. "African amber" (polyester, synacryl is then probably other name of the same resine) are produced by Reichhold firm; Styresol trade mark or alkid resin (used in Russia, Reichhold, Inc. patent, 1948. Polyethylene Epoxy resins Polystyrene and polystyrene-like polymers (vinyl polymers). The resins of acrylic type (vinyl polymers), especially polymethyl methacrylate PMMA (trade mark Plexiglass, metaplex). See also Amber Road Amber Room Ammolite Copal List of types of amber Pearl Poly(methyl methacrylate) Precious coral References Attribution Bibliography External links Farlang many full text historical references on Amber Theophrastus, George Frederick Kunz, and special on Baltic amber. IPS Publications on amber inclusions International Paleoentomological Society: Scientific Articles on amber and its inclusions Webmineral on Amber Physical properties and mineralogical information Mindat Amber Image and locality information on amber NY Times 40 million year old extinct bee in Dominican amber * Category:Fossil resins Category:Amorphous solids Category:Traditional medicine	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Odisha field hockey team The Odisha Hockey Team (Odia:ଓଡିଶା ହକି ଟିମ୍) represents Odisha in the national field hockey championships of Hockey India. Hockey Odisha and Hockey Gangpur Odisha are member units of Hockey India. The Odisha Hockey Team has maintained its dominance in field hockey in India being the most successful team of Hockey India Championships. Hockey Odisha has given India some of its best players including Anupa Barla, Binita Toppo, Birendra Lakra, Dilip Tirkey, Ignace Tirkey, Jyoti Sunita Kullu, Lazarus Barla, Prabodh Tirkey and Subhadra Pradhan. Turfs Tally Overall Performances at National Level 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 References Category:Sport in Odisha Category:Field hockey teams in India	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marwan Dudin FORMER MINISTER MARWAN DUDIN Born in Beersheba (Palestine) October 4th, 1936 Town of origin: Dura-Elkhalil (Hebron) Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Early life Dudin was born in Beersheba, Palestine, in 1936. He studied English and literature at Cairo University. Started his career in the field of education as a teacher of English in government high schools and junior colleges (Teachers' training) and became director of student affairs; then joined the Royal Jordanian Airlines (ALIA) then. In early 1971 at a very critical era in Jordan, he was appointed as Director General of Radio Jordan - Jordan’s Voice - under Prime Minister Wasfi Al Tal for about three years to be appointed in August 1973 to his first Ministerial post Under Prime Minister Zaid Al Rifai as Minister of Culture & Information tasked to handle the October War media coverage to the world. Afterwards he was appointed as Minister of State at the Prime Minister’s office until 1974, witnessing closely the Kissinger shuttle diplomacy . In September 1974 became the Chairman and CEO of the Jordanian Cooperative Organization, and then became ambassador to Romania in 1978.He became the Director General of the Cities & Villages Bank for few months in 1980 to become in the same year Minister of Agriculture until 1984 under Prime Minister Mudar Badran. He assumed highest positions in heading two Companies in the Public and Private Sectors. In 1986 became Minister of the Occupied Territories and in 1988 Minister of Labor under Prime Minister Zaid Al Rifai. In June 1993, he was assigned to the bilateral Jordanian Israeli Peace Negotiations as Deputy Chief Negotiator and Head of the delegation to the Multilateral Negotiations to the Refugee Working Group. In December 1st 1997 he was assigned as Chairman of the Board and President of the Aqaba Region to prepare with the World Bank for the feasibility study of establishing the Aqaba Special Economic Zone. He was appointed Senator in September 1998, he constitutionally witnessed the Accession and Coronation of king Abdullah II to the throne 7th Feb 1999. He continued serving as member of the Senate until 2012, while being honored whenever needed to join some Royal & National committees such as the Royal Constitutional Reform Committee 2011 . In October 2012, a royal decree appointed him member of the first Jordanian Constitutional Court ( Supreme Court ). Dudin is married since 1960 and has a family of five (two daughters & three sons) and a tribe of 16 grandchildren. On 18th of April 2016 Marwan Dudin passed away after a long life filled with service and love. References Category:1936 births Category:2016 deaths Category:Agriculture ministers of Jordan Category:Ambassadors of Jordan to Romania Category:Cairo University alumni Category:Culture ministers of Jordan Category:Government ministers of Jordan Category:Jordanian civil servants Category:Jordanian people of Palestinian descent Category:Members of the Senate of Jordan Category:People from Beersheba Category:Prime ministry affairs ministers of Jordan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alexandre Stassievitch Alexandre Stassievitch (born 20 September 1950) is a former football defender who played club football for RC Lens and represented France at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Club career Born in Libercourt, Stassievitch began playing football as a center forward for local side Ostricourt. In 1972, he signed for RC Lens and began playing as a defender for the second team. He made his Ligue 1 debut for Lens in 1974, making several more appearances during his time with the club. He was on the bench as Lens lost the Coupe de France 1974-75 final. Stassievitch spent the following seasons in Ligue 2, one with AS Poissy and two with ÉDS Montluçon. In 1980, Gérard Houllier recruited him for US Nœux-les-Mines. In his two seasons with the club, they entered the promotion playoffs and reached the 1/16-finals of the Coupe de France. He would spend the next five years playing amateur football for US Saint-Omer before retiring in 1987. International career Stassievitch captained France at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, where the team reached the quarterfinals. References External links Biography at Sports-reference.com Profile at Afterfoot.fr Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:French footballers Category:Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic footballers of France Category:RC Lens players Category:AS Poissy players Category:ÉDS Montluçon players Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Ligue 2 players Category:Association football defenders Category:Mediterranean Games silver medalists for France Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in football Category:Competitors at the 1975 Mediterranean Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
C2H4O2 {{DISPLAYTITLE:C2H4O2}} C2H4O2 may refer to: Compounds sharing the molecular formula: Acetic acid Dihydroxyethene isomers: 1,1-Dihydroxyethene (E)-1,2-Dihydroxyethene (Z)-1,2-Dihydroxyethene Dioxetane isomers: 1,2-Dioxetane 1,3-Dioxetane Glycolaldehyde Methyldioxirane Methyl formate Oxiranol	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Soksom Soksom (Dzongkha: སོག་སོགམ་; Wylie: sog-sogm) is a traditional Bhutanese sport. It involves throwing a javelin a distance of . References Further reading Category:Sport in Bhutan Category:Sports originating in Bhutan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2015–2017 youth suicides in Hong Kong Youth Suicide trend in Hong Kong () refers to the succession of suicide committed by Hong Kong primary, secondary and post-secondary students from 2015 to 2017. The suicide cases are not connected, but the frequency of suicides aroused public's attention to the mental health and academic pressure of Hong Kong students. General Background Statistics Since the commencement of the 2015 school year, a spate of suicides among students began to take place, over 70 suicide cases were reported from 2015 to 2017. The alarming frequency of youth suicide is very worrying as it reached a record high, raising concerns that students in Hong Kong face too much academic stress. Based on records from the Coroner's Court, there were 70 suicide incidents of youths aged 15–24 in 2015, among them 23 were full-time students. Under sensational reports by the media, suicide can be contagious and intensify copycat effect, thus leading to more deaths. The distribution of deaths is shown below: It is worth to note that the current data on primary and secondary suicide cases also reveal a significant association between gender and mental illness, with male suicide rates outnumbering its female counterparts in Hong Kong. The Final Report published by the Committee on Prevention of Student Suicides (Chinese: 防止學生自殺委員會) suggested the reason may be unwillingness amongst men to talk openly with health care professions and treat mental disorders, while females are more likely to seek help. List of suicide case the related suicide cases are listed as below： Academic year 2014-2015 Academic year 2015-2016 Academic year 2016-2017 Academic year 2017-2018 Academic year 2018-2019 Causes of Suicide There are multiple and interlocking causes of suicide suggested in the following. Education in Hong Kong In Hong Kong, the belief of "academic results determines the future" is prevailing. Schools, parents and students become oriented towards attaining good academic results, and this puts great pressure on students to pursue academic excellence. The Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) is seen as an "one-off exam". In a poll conducted by the "New Youth World", students rated their level of pressure as 7.44 out of 10 under HKDSE. The life planning support is insufficient in Hong Kong, such that students see progression as their only way out, but neglecting their own abilities and interests. Therefore, they may easily feel stressed when they are not performing well academically. Copycat suicide Suicide cluster is defined as an emulation of another suicide that the person attempting suicide knows about, either from local knowledge or due to accounts or depictions of the original suicide on Television and in other media. Imitative suicide is common in the under 25 age group. In Hong Kong, it has been suggested that due to the widespread news report of youth suicide, students are driven to imitate such suicides. Psychological Concerns In 2015–2016, 24 out of 38 suicide case involved psychological factors. 13 victims displayed suicidal ideation and 17 victims showed feeling of hopelessness. However, current psychological support from schools, teachers, social workers and parents is not enough. Existing Support The help and resources available for students divided into three levels: universal help (for students in general), selective help (for vulnerable students) and indicated help (for students with risk of suicide). Universal help consists of information, workshops and other tools to help prevent student suicide and improve mental health, as well as raise awareness of the topic. It is also possible for schools to apply for up to HKD$150,000 from the Quality Education Fund to finance activities related to student's well-being. Selective help is aimed at students with heightened risk of suicide. An example of selective help can be screening tools to find at-risk cases in time. For example, The Centre for Suicide Research provide hands-on advise on their web page to teachers, parents and friends who are worried that someone close to them may be at risk of suicide. Indicated help is aimed at students with a risk of suicide. Post-secondary institutions are advised to have a 24-hotline and easy access to psychiatric and psychological services. Schools do not always live up to this standard. There are multiple independent hotlines, as well as hotlines run by the Social Welfare Department. Examples of suicide hotlines are the Suicide prevention Services, The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong, and Youth Outreach. Response from the Education Bureau Attitude of the Bureau In a legislative council meeting on 16 March 2016, former legislative council member Wong Yuk-man raised that one of the possible causes of students suicide could be the Hong Kong's education system which places too much emphasis on competition. He suggested that parents and teachers barely have time to help students cope with emotional distress as most effort are spent on academic results of students. He questioned the Education Bureau regarding whether it will identify the causes in the current education system that can lead to enormous study pressure for students. In response to the question, former Secretary for Education Eddie Ng answered that suicide is a complex behaviour with no single cause, and that in fact students’ academic pressure has been reduced under the implementation of New Academic Structure (NAS) in 2009. For example, students under the NAS only have to sit for one public examination, and are able to choose elective subjects in accordance with their interests and abilities to develop their potential. He further raised that suicides could be prevented by better life planning. On 13 November 2016, the Education Bureau raised a similar viewpoint, restating that evidence based research indicated that the cause of suicide is complicated. Reasons behind each case are rarely the same and it cannot be proved that the education system or a particular academic environment could directly lead to suicide. Policies and Committees Healthy School Policy In February 2010, the Education Bureau circled a memorandum encouraging the implementation of the Healthy School Policy in primary and secondary schools. Each school was encouraged to formulate their own implementation plan. This policy was implemented starting in the school year of 2010–2011. Furthermore, the policy's aim is divided into four different elements: developing a management and organisation system for health matters, encourage a healthy school environment, promote a healthy lifestyle for students and improve recognition of students in need and creating a system for handling these students. The policy is foremost an anti substance abuse effort but also touches upon issues related to students’ mental health and student suicide. Prevention of Student Suicide Committee On 30 March 2016, the Educational Bureau set up the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee in response to the spate of students' suicides in the 2015–16 school year. The committee is tasked with studying student suicide in Hong Kong and to offer preemptive solutions to the problem ofyouth suicide. The committee consists 21 members ranging from teachers, parents, psychiatrists and the president of the student union at the University of Hong Kong. Professor () is the director of the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention in addition to being a chairperson in the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee. In November 2016, the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee released their final report which presents the current understanding of the student suicide problem and possible solutions. The measures suggested in the report are, including but not limited to, enhancement of the support for families, student support in schools, and promoting the acceptance of alternative career paths. In relation to the Report, the Education Bureau has formulated several practicable and follow-up actions to build a multi-layered safety net for students according to four areas, which includes Promotion of Students’ Mental Well-being and Health, Strengthening Support for Schools and Teachers, Reviewing Relevant Domains in the Education System, and Enhancement of Family Life and Parent Education. In addition, the Education Bureau proceeded with different policies and projects in response to the 2015–2016 student suicides and the following public discontent. Including but not limited to, providing education material to schools to be able to identify students with difficulties and to provide education for students on coping strategies and positive attitudes. In this case, the educational material for schools, parents and students consisted of pamphlets on the topic of "Enhancing Life Resilience". A memo was sent out on 24 June 2016 to inform the heads of different schools of this material. Committee on Home-School Co-operation The Committee on Home-School Co-operation (abbr.: CHSC), was set up after a recommendation from Education Commission, to encourage cooperation between parents and teachers. Chiefly by encouraging the set-up of Parent-Teacher Association and by organising activities made to improve home-school cooperation. A memorandum was sent out on 10 June 2016 from the Secretary for Education to inform supervisors and heads of schools. To achieve these goals the Committee on Home-School Co-operation has set up three different types of grants that schools can apply for. The first of grant, with a maximum sum of around HKD$5000 is for schools seeking to set up a Parent-Teacher Association. The second type of grant, with a maximum sum of HKD$5000, is for schools seeking to organise an activity with the purpose of encouraging home-school cooperation. Activities can, for example, be aimed at parenting training, assisting parents to support their children, or student health. The third type of grant is for joint Home-School Co-operation Projects. Other initiatives No-Suicide Contracts No suicide contracts for students have been a long debated in topic in Hong Kong. Nevertheless, they are used by mental health care professionals as a way to prevent suicides. The contract is an agreement that the student will not commit suicide or harm himself in any other way. Furthermore, the contract lists hotlines, contacts, and an emergency number that the student should call in case of suicidal thoughts. However, the No-Suicide contract is not a legal document. In March 2016 a copy of the Educational Bureaus No-Suicide Contract for students was circulated on the internet. Detecting youths at risk online The Prevention of Student Suicide Committee has, in 2017, been in talks with Facebook and Google about the possibility of using these platforms as a tool for detecting student at risk of committing suicide. Facebook and Google already have their own suicide detection and prevention systems. Criticism Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union The HKPTU criticised that the final report lack recurrent input of resources, manpower, and concrete suggestions. The Civil Alliance for Student Suicide (Chinese: 防止學生自殺民間聯席) The Alliance criticised that the Committee of Prevention of Student Suicide was shirking its responsibility and blaming the victims by stating that there is no substantial link between suicide incidents and the education system in the Final Report. Ip Kin-yuen (Legislative Councillor for Education constituency) Ip is disappointed by the Final report: by pointing out there is no direct relationship between the education system and youth suicide, the Education Bureau is in effect evading its responsibility and it missed the chance to review the education system. He further criticised that the current education system puts students under unnecessary pressure, and that the Report failed to address the root problem and he therefore request more resources from the government. Shiu Ka-chun (Social Worker, Legislative Councillor for Social Welfare Constituency, Associate director of the Center for Youth Research and Practice (Chinese: 青年研究實踐中心) at Hong Kong Baptist University) Shiu suggested that there are lots of causes behind youth suicide, including the education system, economy, societal culture and structure, amongst others. He criticised the government for ignoring the suggestion of organising a summit to address the problem and to make concrete anti-suicide policies. Althea Suen Hiu-nam (Chinese: 孫曉嵐) (Former president of the Hong Kong University Students' Union, a social work student, member of the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee) Suen is the only youth member in the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee. She suggested how Hong Kong's exam-oriented education placed undue pressure on both teacher and students, and reduce time for teachers to take care of students’ mental well-being in the meetings. Her views were however absent in the Final report, stating that there is no substantial direct link between student suicides and the education system. She questioned whether the government is genuine in including young voices and participation on advisory bodies, and accused the pro-establishment forces of the committee for disregarding her views. Suggestions In the final report, the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee divided their recommendations into universal, selective and indicated support. Furthermore, the 19 suggestions are divided into areas of improvement, as follows: student support, families, traditional and social media, multiple articulation pathways, and systematic. The 19 suggestions are: In November 2016, the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union made the following suggestions: (1) Alleviation of teachers’ pressure e.g. increasing the quota of regular teachers and increase the teacher-student ratio per class; (2) Enhancing support from social workers (e.g. ensuring there is at least one social worker and one counsellor in each school); (3) Enhancing School-based Educational Psychology Service (Chinese: 校本教育心理服務); (4) Reform of education system, e.g. abolish Territory-wide System Assessment. In 2017, the Civil Alliance for Student Suicide Prevention publicised a survey that indicated public support for capping the number of hours spent studying each day to 7 hours. Lai Pak-yin, the spokesperson from the Civil Alliance for Student Suicide Prevention argues that excessive studying can have a harmful effect on family relationships. Therefore, he suggested that the Educational Bureau should issue guidelines to help decrease the number of hours spent studying each day. Controversy Prevention of Student Suicides Page In April 2017, the Education Bureau set up the "Prevention of Student Suicides" page. They uploaded different resources and tips about how to identify and manage students with suicidal tendencies. In a Chinese-language document titled "The Package on Prevention of Student Suicide (2010)" on the Bureau's website, one of the examples suggested as a way to communicate with friends who have suicidal tendencies has attracted huge public backlash – "If you die, your boyfriend may be sad for a few days, but he will soon find a new girlfriend and live normally. It is not worth doing such a silly thing for him!". Various educators and social workers commented that the controversial example can be very dangerous for people with suicidal thoughts. According to Shiu Ka-chun, the example provided was irritating and may encourage the person at risk to think pessimistically. Suicide of Choi Yuk-lin's son On 7 September 2017, the Under-secretary for Education Christina Choi Yuk-lin's (Chinese: :zh:蔡若蓮; born 1966) 25-year-old son, Poon Hong-yan, jumped to his death from the family's flat on the 41st floor at Sorrento. It was revealed that he suffered from depression due to serious injuries from a triathlon accident. Various officials, such as the Chief Executive Carrie Lam and Secretary for Education Kevin Yeung, expressed their condolences to Choi and her family. As Choi Yuk-lin is a member of the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee, some critics linked the incident with student suicide problem, and attacked Choi's failure to consider adolescents' concerns and perspectives before her son's death. Suen Hiu-nam, head of HKU's student union, further criticized officials for only sending their condolences to Choi's son, and ignoring other students who had committed suicide. On the same day, signs bearing the slogan "Congratulations Choi Yuk-lin's son on going west" appeared on the Education University of Hong Kong Democracy Wall, on top of banners supporting freedom of expression and Hong Kong independence. The University later issued a statement condemning the signs and apologising for any hurt they may have caused. References Category:Suicides in Hong Kong Category:Youth in Hong Kong Category:2010s in Hong Kong	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tarjei Dale Tarjei Dale (born 1 April 1983) is a Norwegian professional football midfielder currently playing for Notodden. Club career Dale came to Odd Grenland as a junior player from Gjerpen IF in 2000. He got called up to their main squad in 2002 after playing several games for their reserve team. Tarjei played his first match for Odd Grenland when he played 1 minute against Moss FK in July 2002, that was his only match for the season. In 2006 Odd Grenland played relegation play-off against Bryne FK. In the first match, where Odd Grenland won 3-0 at home, Tarjei scored two goals. In the second match, where Odd Grenland won 7-1 away, Tarje scored 3 goals. In August 2008, Tarjei signed a two-year contract with Sogndal Fotball, he came to Sogndal from Odd Grenland on a free transfer. He played the fall season for Sogndal and played 11 matches and scored 5 goals. Dale joined Notodden ahead of the 2010-season. References External links Official Website Oddrane.no@ Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Skien Category:Norwegian footballers Category:Odds BK players Category:Pors Grenland players Category:Sogndal Fotball players Category:Notodden FK players Category:Eliteserien players Category:1. divisjon players Category:Association football midfielders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Secretary of Agriculture of Iowa The Secretary of Agriculture of Iowa is an elected position in government of the U.S. state of Iowa that was created in 1923 by the extra session of the 40th General Assembly. The Secretary of Agriculture heads the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, which is responsible for managing land and helping farmers in the state. Background Directly and indirectly, agriculture has always been a major component of Iowa's economy. However, the direct production and sale of raw agricultural products contributes only about 3.5% of Iowa's gross state product. The indirect role of agriculture in Iowa's economy can be measured in multiple ways, but its total impact, including agriculture-affiliated business, has been measured at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in terms of total output. This is lower than the economic impact in Iowa of non-farm manufacturing, which accounts for 22.4% of total value added and 26.5% of total output. Iowa's main agricultural outputs are hogs, corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, eggs and dairy products. Iowa is the nation's largest producer of ethanol and corn. Major Iowa agricultural product processors include Cargill, Inc., Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Monsanto Company, Ajinomoto and Hy-Vee. List of Secretaries of Agriculture of Iowa References Agriculture * Category:Agriculture in Iowa Category:1972 establishments in Iowa	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Amu Nowruz Amu Nowruz (, "Uncle Nowruz"), also known as Baba Nowruz (بابا نوروز), is a fictional figure in Iranian folklore. According to the folklore, he appears annually at the beginning of spring, together with his companion Haji Firuz, to mark the beginning of Nowruz, the Iranian New Year. On the eve of spring equinox, when the Iranian New Year is celebrated in the Iranian cultural continent from Albania in the West to the west of China in the East, Amu Nowruz brings children gifts, much like his counterpart Santa Claus. He is the husband of Nane Sarma, who shares a traditional love story with him in which they can meet each other only once a year. Amu Nowruz is characterized as an elderly silver-haired man who puts on a felt hat, and has a walking stick, a long cloak of blue canvas, a sash, a pair of thin-soled giveh, and a pair of linen trousers. He is a wise historical presence who passes the old story of Nowruz to the youth. Haji Firuz plays a tambourine, dances, and demands gifts, while Amu Nowruz is the giver. See also Sinterklaas Santa Claus Saint Nicholas Father Christmas References External links Category:Nowruz Category:Iranian folklore Category:Iranian culture Category:Holiday characters	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Copake, New York Copake is a town in Columbia County, New York, United States. The population was 3,615 at the 2010 census. The town derives its name from a lake, which was known to the natives as Cook-pake, or Ack-kook-peek, meaning "Snake Pond". Copake is on the eastern border of the county. Taconic State Park is along the eastern edge of the town. History Copake was part of the 1686 Taconic Grant to Robert Livingston for about of good land and of woodland. After it was purchased from the Indians it turned out to be , and he established the English-style Livingston Manor. The manor extended well into what is now Massachusetts. The first lease given by Livingston in Copake was for about in 1687 to Matthews Abraham Van Deusen. Because New England claimed ownership west to the Hudson River, a border dispute broke out. The Massachusetts Bay Colony laid out three townships west of the Taconic Mountains in 1755. Most of the present town of Copake was in one of the townships. New settlers were given free, and some of Livingston's tenants refused to pay rent. The border was settled in 1757 by the Lords Commissioners of Trade in London. Farmers west of the border continued to protest, however. In 1844 a rally organized by the Taconic Mutual Association took place in the center of the hamlet. After the rally the arrest of several of the leaders sparked wider protests. Eventually the Anti-Rent Party was formed in New York state, and New York instituted land reform. The Anti-Rent Party called for a Homestead Act to develop the western land. It became part of the Republican Party platform and was important in the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. The town of Copake was formed in 1824 by splitting it from the town of Granger that was renamed Taghkanic. An early industry was iron mining and smelting. In Taconic State Park adjacent to Copake Falls is the "Ore Pit", a former iron mine, now a deep swimming pond. Copake is home to a handful of summer camps for adults and children and filled with other activities to do in the summer, such as swimming, hiking, biking, and water skiing. In the winter, Copake is a great place to rent a house to stay in to go skiing at nearby ski mountains, such as Catamount. Residents of note Henry Astor had a home in West Copake. Mariah Carey had a home in Craryville in the northwest part of the town. Nancy Fuller, chef and host of Farmhouse Rules on the Food Network, has a dairy farm here with her husband, David. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.04%, is water. The largest water body is Copake Lake touching the western border of the town, but several other lakes and ponds occupy the central and southwestern parts of the town. The Roeliff Jansen Kill flows through the center of the town, and Taghkanic Creek crosses the northwest corner; both waterways lead west to the Hudson River. The town is easily accessible from New York City via the Taconic State Parkway or NYS Route 22 and is a popular destination for second-home owners escaping busy Manhattan. Metro-North Railroad is also located about 20 minutes south of the town with service to and from Grand Central Terminal. The east town line is the border of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. 16 miles from the small Massachusetts town, Great Barrington. Great Barrington has great restaurants and shopping. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 3,278 people, 1,280 households, and 869 families residing in the town. The population density was 80.0 people per square mile (30.9/km²). There were 2,185 housing units at an average density of 53.3 per square mile (20.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.55% White, 0.70% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.58% from other races, and 1.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.29% of the population. There were 1,280 households out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.89. In the town, the population was spread out with 21.4% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.5 males. The median income for a household in the town was $42,261, and the median income for a family was $46,544. Males had a median income of $32,004 versus $25,341 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,088. About 6.5% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over. Communities and locations in Copake Camphill Village – A therapeutic community for developmentally disabled adults. Copake (formerly "Copake Flats") – The hamlet of Copake is in the south part of the town. Copake Falls – A hamlet north of Copake village. Copake Iron Works – A former community in the town, now in Taconic State Park. Copake Lake – A lake on the western town line and a community (census-designated place) surrounding the lake. Craryville (formerly "Bains Corner") – A hamlet in the northwest part of the town. Taconic Shores – A community (property owners association) northwest of Copake hamlet encircling Robinson Pond. Taconic State Park – covering the Taconic Mountains along the eastern edge of the town Weedmines – A location at the south town line. West Copake (formerly "Andersons Corners") – A hamlet in the southwest part of the town and southwest of Copake village. Notable people Katharine Lente Stevenson (1853–1919), temperance reformer, missionary, editor References External links Town of Copake official website Information about Copake Taconic State Park - Copake Falls Area Historical information about Copake Roeliff Jansen Community Library Category:Towns in New York (state) Category:Towns in Columbia County, New York	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Olsok Olsok ("Olaf's Wake" or "Olaf's Vigil") is a national day of celebration in the Nordic countries of Norway and the Faroe Islands, and also in the provinces of Härjedalen in Sweden and Savonlinna in Finland. Background King Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway is remembered as Rex perpetuus Norvegiae, the Eternal King of Norway. July 29 is traditionally the date of the death of King Olaf at the Battle of Stiklestad, east of Nidaros (Trondheim), Norway, in 1030. King Olaf's martyrdom at Stiklestad appears to have contributed decisively to establishing Christianity throughout the nation of Norway. King Olaf was subsequently canonized in Nidaros on 3 August 1031 following efforts principally of Bishop Grimkell. Until the Lutheran Reformation in the 16th century, Olsok was a major church feast in the Nordic countries. The late 19th and the early 20th century saw a renewed interest in Olsok, particularly in Norway. The Roman Catholic Church in Norway recognizes Olsok as a major feast all over the country, while the Lutheran Church of Norway recognizes the day principally in Nidaros Cathedral as well as other churches. Starting with the 900th anniversary of Stiklestad in 1930, July 29 has been an official flag day (Olsokdagen) in Norway. Since 1954, The Saint Olav Drama has been performed at Stiklestad each year. In the Faroe Islands, Ólavsøka is also recognized on July 29. Ólavsøka is the biggest summer festival in the Faroe Islands and is commonly celebrated over a several day period. This tradition dates from when the islands were part of Norway during the Middle Ages. Within Sweden Olofsmässa ("Olaf's Mass") is recognized principally within the former Norwegian province of Härjedalen. Within Finland, Pyhän Olavin Päivä ("St. Olaf's Day") is celebrated principally at Savonlinna, site of Olavinlinna ("Olof's Castle"), since St. Olaf is the patron saint of the site. References Other sources DuBois, Thomas Sanctity in the North: Saints, Lives, and Cults in Medieval Scandinavia (Toronto, 2008) Lynch, Joseph The Medieval Church: A Brief History (Routledge, 1992) Myklebus, Morten Olaf Viking & Saint (Norwegian Council for Cultural Affairs, 1997) Winroth, Anders The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe (Yale University Press, 2014) External links The St Olav Festival - Trondheim The Saint Olav Festival -Stiklestad St. Olav Ways to Nidaros Related Reading Pulsiano, Phillip (ed), Kirsten Wolf (ed) (1993) Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia (Routledge,Taylor & Francis Group) Category:July observances Category:Norwegian culture Category:Faroese culture Category:Summer events in the Faroe Islands Category:Summer events in Norway	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thunderstorm (album) Thunderstorm is the debut album by the Danish speed metal/power metal band Iron Fire. The album was produced and mixed by Tommy Hansen and released in June 2000 on Noise Records. Track listing "Final Crusade" - 4:37 "When the Heroes Fall" - 4:48 "Rise of the Rainbow" - 4:21 "Metal Victory" - 4:19 "Thunderstorm" - 4:46 "Behind the Mirror" - 4:26 "Warriors of Steel" - 6:35 "Battle of Freedom" - 4:59 "Glory to the King" - 4:57 "Angel of Light" - 4:48 "Until the End" - 3:55 "Riding Free" - 4:54 "Under Jolly Roger" (Running Wild cover) - Limited edition only - 4:21 Album line-up Martin Steene - Vocals Kristian H. Martinsen- Guitars (Drums on "Under Jolly Roger") Kristian "Iver" Iversen - Guitars Jakob Lykkebo- Bass Gunnar Olsen- Drums Guest musician Tommy Hansen - Keyboards / Harmonica / Backing Vocals References Category:2000 debut albums Category:Iron Fire albums Category:Noise Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Holiya language Holiya (Golari) is a southern Dravidian language closely related to Kannada. It was spoken by about 3,614 persons in Nagpur and Bhandara districts of Maharashtra (Vidarbha) and Seoni and Balaghat districts of Madhya Pradesh as per 1901 census. References Category:Kannada language	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
McGrath Nunatak McGrath Nunatak is a ridge-like nunatak at the west end of the Blånabbane Nunataks, standing southeast of Van Hulssen Nunatak in Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for P.J. McGrath, a radio officer at Mawson Station who assisted in the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions' Framnes Mountains – Depot Peak survey during 1965. References Category:Nunataks of Mac. Robertson Land	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Prionapteryx neotropicalis Prionapteryx neotropicalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Argentina. References Category:Prionapterygini Category:Moths described in 1896	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Keith Hefner Keith Hefner is the founder and Executive Director of Youth Communication, an influential nonprofit organization publishing magazines and books by and for youth. The magazines are YCteen (formerly known as New Youth Connections), written by New York City teens, and Represent (formerly known as Foster Care Youth United or FCYU), by and for foster youth. He is also a founder of Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor, a youth rights organization in Michigan. Biography After growing up in Ann Arbor, in eleventh grade Hefner was inspired to become involved in the youth-led media field after seeing a high school principal censor the school newspaper. Soon after he started a magazine for local youth activists called FPS. From 1971–1979 Hefner ran Youth Liberation, a youth-led organization that became a national publisher for the youth rights movement. Youth Liberation Press published several of his publications, including How to Start a High School Underground Newspaper, Students and Youth Organizing, and other books about youth rights. In 1979 Hefner moved to New York City, and after gaining inspiration from a new youth-driven newspaper in Chicago, founded Youth Communication. Recognition Hefner has received a great deal of recognition for his work in the fields of youth development, foster care and youth-led media. He won a MacArthur Fellowship in 1989. In 1986 he was a Charles H. Revson Fellow on the Future of New York City at Columbia University. In 1997 he received the Luther P. Jackson Award for Educational Excellence from the New York Association of Black Journalists. See also History of Youth Rights in the United States Sonia Yaco References Category:Living people Category:Non-profit executives Category:Children's rights activists Category:Youth rights people Category:American activists Category:People from Ann Arbor, Michigan Category:History of youth Category:MacArthur Fellows Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Old Malda Municipality, Malda Old Malda Municipality is responsible for the civic administration of the Old Malda under the Malda City in Malda district, West Bengal, India. Established in 1869.It is one of the oldest Municipalities in India. Geography Old Malda Municipality is located at in Old Malda in the Malda City. Councillors Councillor of O.M.M 2015-2020 Councillor of O.M.M 2010-2015 References Category:Municipalities of West Bengal	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Giedroyć family Giedroyć (; ; Russian and ; French: Guedroitz) is the name of a Polish-Lithuanian and Russian princely family. According to the 16th century Lithuanian Chronicle, they are descendants of Prince Giedrius, a brother of Grand Duke of Lithuania Traidenis. Many family members were important figures in Lithuanian, Polish and Russian history and culture. The family's original domain was the Lithuanian town of Giedraičiai. Notable members Blessed Michał Giedroyć (1420–1485) Merkelis Giedraitis (1536–1609), Bishop of Samogitia Vera Gedroitz (1870–1932), Lithuanian princess, surgeon and amateur poet Wladimir Guedroitz (1873–1941), Chamberlain of the Imperial Court of Russia, State Councillor and President of the Chamber of Control of the Empire Jerzy Giedroyc (1906–2000), Polish writer and political activist Alexis Guedroitz (1923–1992), Professor of Russian Language and Literature Michal Giedroyc (1929–2017), was a Polish-Lithuanian-British aircraft designer Ania Guédroïtz (born 1949), Belgian actress Coky Giedroyc (born 1962), English film and television director (Sherlock) Jason Gedroic - aka Jason Gedrick, (born 1965) American actor best known for his work on the television series Murder One and Boomtown, and the motion picture Iron Eagle Mel Giedroyc (born 1968), English presenter and comedian, best known for The Great British Bake Off See also Giedroyć External links Genealogy of the Giedraitis family A bit on family by Lithuanian historian Zenonas Ivinskis Category:Lithuanian noble families	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Do Ji-han Do Ji-han (born September 24, 1991) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his supporting roles in the film The Tower (2012), which earned him a Baeksang Arts Award nomination for Best New Actor, and on the KBS2's television series Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth (2016–2017). He enlisted in the military on December 26, 2018. Personal life Do quietly enlisted for his mandatory military service as an active duty soldier on December 24, 2018. He first underwent five weeks of basic training at the Army's 12th Infantry Division in Gangwon Province. Filmography Film Television series Music videos Awards and nominations References External links Do Ji-han at Yuleum Entertainment Category:Male actors from Seoul Category:1991 births Category:Living people Category:South Korean male television actors Category:South Korean male film actors	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's high jump The men's high jump at the 1954 European Athletics Championships was held in Bern, Switzerland, at Stadion Neufeld on 27 and 29 August 1954. Medalists Results Final 29 August Qualification 27 August Participation According to an unofficial count, 18 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event. (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) (1) References High jump Category:High jump at the European Athletics Championships	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dr. Gillespie's New Assistant Dr. Gillespie's New Assistant is a 1942 feature film from MGM in their long-running Dr. Kildare series. Directed by Willis Goldbeck, it introduced two new doctors, Dr. Randall Adams (Van Johnson) and Dr. Lee Wong How (Keye Luke). Plot summary Physically challenged Dr. Leonard Gillespie at the Blair General Hospital is exhausted from extensive work hours, to the point that his friends see the need for an intervention. They force him to get an assistant. Gillespie is quite picky, and only three young doctors at the hospital can answer the hard quiz question he asks to make his selection: Dr. Lee Wong How from Brooklyn, Dr. Randall Adams from Kansas City and Dr. Dennis Lindsay from Woolloomooloo, Australia. Gillespie takes them all three as temporary assistants until he can decide which one he will make his regular. At the same time, the son of Gillespie's dear old friend, Howard Allwin Young, is at an inn with his new wife, clothes designer Claire Merton. All of a sudden Claire loses her memory, and can't tell who she is anymore. Howard brings Claire to the hospital and Gillespie and his new assistants start working to solve the case of her sudden memory loss. They find no signs of physical or emotional trauma that could have caused it, and when the night comes, Claire wants to annul the marriage instead of going home with Howard to their home. Claire gets to go home with one of the assistants, Dr. "Red" Adams, but the next day she is no closer to regaining her memory than the day before. The only explanation that seems plausible to Gillespie is that Claire is just pretending. He decides to dig deeper into the reasons to why she would do that, and they locate her personal physician to find out more about her medical history. When visiting the physician's office they discover he has enlisted in the Army. Because of the confidentiality they only get the basic personal data regarding Claire, but it states that she is a married woman with a young child. Claire faints when confronted with this information back at the hospital. She reveals that she married in Texas at the young age of sixteen. Her husband turned out to be a criminal and later died. She left her baby with her mother and left for New York, where she had success in the fashion industry. When she met Howard she was ashamed to tell him about her history. This was the reason for faking the amnesia. Claire decides to move back to Texas and her child, and asks Gillespie and Red not to tell Howard what they have found out. They agree, but don't buy the explanation Claire has given them in full. The next night Red manages to get more information from a file at Claire's former physician, after getting the receptionist drunk. The file says that she can't have any more children. Gillespie decides to intervene in the couple's affairs, and calls Howard to his office and tells him about Claire's predicament. Howard assures the doctor that he loves Claire despite her history and would welcome her child in his home. Then Gillespie opens the door to an adjoining room and Claire steps in. The couple reunite and since the other two assistants have solved another hard case while Red cracked this one, Gillespie decides to keep them all three as his permanent assistants. Cast Reception According to MGM records the film earned $435,000 in the US and Canada and $238,000 elsewhere, making a profit of $125,000. References External links Category:1942 films Category:1940s drama films Category:American films Category:American black-and-white films Category:American drama films Category:English-language films Category:Films directed by Willis Goldbeck Category:Films scored by Daniele Amfitheatrof Category:Films set in New York City Category:Hospital films Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Masanori Masanori is a masculine Japanese given name. Kanji and meaning The name Masanori is generally written with two kanji, the first read and the second read , for example: Starting with ("correct"): : second kanji means "rule" or "regulation". Also an ordinary word meaning "formal" or "legitimate". : second kanji means "rule" or "regulation". Also an ordinary word meaning "correct" or proper". : second kanji means "historical account". Also used for another masculine given name Seiki. : second kanji means "virtue" or "morality". Also a Japanese era name Shōtoku. Starting with ("to rule"): Starting with ("prosperous"): People People with the name Masanori include: Arts and entertainment , Japanese photographer , Japanese music critic and radio personality , stage name Pierre Taki, Japanese singer , Japanese actor and comedian , Japanese filmmaker Masanori Mark Christianson (born 1976), American guitarist and songwriter , Japanese manga artist Government and politics , general of the Hosokawa clan in the Ōnin War , daimyō of Hiroshima Domain , daimyō of Honjō Domain , daimyō of Tsuwano Domain , daimyō of Odawara Domain , daimyō of Mutsuura Domain , Japanese bureaucrat and politician , Japanese journalist and military commentator , governor of Ishikawa prefecture , mayor of Hakodate Science , Japanese microbiologist , Japanese zoologist, essayist, and filmmaker , Japanese mathematician , Japanese astronomer , Japanese astronomer Sport , Japanese swimmer , Japanese footballer , Japanese speed skater , Japanese sumo wrestler , Japanese baseball player , Japanese cyclist , alias of Kim Duk, Zainichi Korean wrestler , Japanese racing car driver , Japanese sumo wrestler , Japanese footballer , Japanese baseball player , Japanese footballer , Japanese footballer , stage name The Great Sasuke, Japanese professional wrestler , Japanese baseball catcher , Japanese football manager , Japanese hurdler and bobsledder , Japanese mixed martial artist , Japanese golfer , Japanese footballer , Japanese fencer , Japanese baseball pitcher , Japanese mixed martial artist , Japanese baseball pitcher , Japanese baseball pitcher , Japanese footballer References Category:Japanese masculine given names	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
K. Stade Leuven Koninklijke Stade Leuven was a Belgian football club from the city of Leuven, Vlaams Brabant that existed between 1903 and 2002. History The club was founded as Stade Louvaniste and wore the matricule n°18. It was admitted to the first season ever of the second division in 1910–11. It left the second division in 1950 to play in the first division for one season. The club was eventually relegated to the third division in 1953. It played in the second division again from 1981 to 1983 and from 1988 to 1991. In 2002 K. Stade Leuven as it was named since 1967 merged with Zwarte Duivels Oud-Heverlee (Zwarte Duivels means Black Devils) and K. Daring Club Leuven to become Oud-Heverlee Leuven with the matricule n°6142 of the "Black Devils". Belgium national team player Dries Mertens, who is from Leuven, started his career at Stade Leuven as a boy. References Belgian football clubs history RSSSF Archive – 1st and 2nd division final tables Category:Defunct football clubs in Belgium Category:Association football clubs established in 1903 Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2002 Category:1903 establishments in Belgium Category:2002 disestablishments in Belgium Category:Organisations based in Belgium with royal patronage K. Stade Leuven	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Butler (died 1572 or 1573) John Butler (1503/4? – 1572 or 1573), of Warwick, was an English politician. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Warwick in 1558 and 1563. References Category:1503 births Category:1572 deaths Category:People of the Tudor period Category:People from Warwick Category:English MPs 1558 Category:English MPs 1563–1567	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rhiannon Roberts Rhiannon Beth "Razza" Roberts (born 30 August 1990) is a Welsh footballer who plays as a defender for FA WSL club Liverpool and the Wales national team. Club career Roberts broke into the Blackburn Rovers Ladies first team towards the end of the 2008–09 season. Her first Blackburn goal came in April 2009, against Birmingham City Ladies in the FA Women's Premier League. She left Blackburn for a 15-month contract with Doncaster Rovers Belles in July 2013. International career Roberts has represented England Colleges, playing in the side's first ever fixture, against Australia schools in February 2008. In June 2010 she was called up by coach Brent Hills to the England Under–23 team for a mini tournament at the University of Warwick. The following year Roberts represented Great Britain at the 2011 Universiade in Shenzhen, China. Despite Roberts' opening goal, Britain were eliminated after a 3–2 defeat by the hosts at Bao'an Stadium. In August 2015 Roberts' good form with Doncaster Rovers Belles won her a call-up to a training camp with Jayne Ludlow's senior Wales squad. She was selected for Wales' next UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying match in Austria and started the 3–0 defeat in Sankt Pölten. Statistics to October 2009 References External links Profile at Doncaster Rovers Belles Category:Living people Category:1990 births Category:Blackburn Rovers L.F.C. players Category:Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C. players Category:Liverpool F.C. Women players Category:Sportspeople from Chester Category:FA Women's National League players Category:FA Women's Super League players Category:England women's under-23 international footballers Category:Wales women's international footballers Category:English women's footballers Category:Welsh women's footballers Category:Women's association football central defenders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ras Jebel Ras Jebel, also known as Ras el-Djebel, is a town, commune, and archaeological site on Cap Sidi in the Bizerte Governorate of Tunisia. The name of the city refers to the summit or end of the mountain, thus evoking the end of the Atlas Mountains. Geography Ras Jebel is set on a hill on Cap Sidi overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. It has an altitude of . History During the Roman Empire the town, founded in the 3rd or 4th century, was a civitas of the Roman Province of Africa and was the seat of an ancient Christian bishopric, which survives today as a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. It appears on the Peutinger Map. There is a set of ruins of the Roman era town of El Rhettas, 7km to the west. Towards the second half of the 14th century, the Andalusians expelled from Spain would have settled on the site after having benefited from agricultural concessions. The inhabitants of the town carry Ghwalbia's gentile in reference to the Arab tribe of Banou Ghalib from the Spanish region of Zaragoza, whence the majority of the first wave of refugee Moriscos that settled in Ras Jebel originated. A road linking the port of Carthage to the region of Ras Jebel is called "Qalat el-Andalus" (Citadel of the Andalusians). Demography In 1956 the population of the village was 10 thousand and in 1975 was 15 thousand people. As of 2004 the commune had a population of 25,553. Economy Historically, the region around Ras Jebel has been predominantly peasant agriculture. Irrigation from the Medjerda has led to benefits in yields. Ras Jebel is one of the villages with Andalusian traditions where intensive farming dates back to the distant past. Agriculture has become progressively market-oriented and uses increasingly intensive techniques (market gardening and fruit-growing irrigation as well as intensive livestock farming). 75% of Ras Jebel farms have an area of less than five hectares. Over the last decades, a textile industry has been established in the outskirts of the city. The first plants to be established are those of Lee Cooper. This industry employs a large number of young workers from Ras Jebel and neighboring villages. Several brands have already produced jeans in Ras Jebel such as Pepe Jeans, Joseph, Le temps des cerises. Gallery See also List of cities in Tunisia References Category:Catholic titular sees in Africa Category:Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Africa Category:Roman towns and cities in Tunisia Category:Populated places in Bizerte Governorate Category:Communes of Tunisia Category:Tunisia geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Woodblock printing on textiles Woodblock printing on textiles is the process of printing patterns on textiles, usually of linen, cotton or silk, by means of incised wooden blocks. It is the earliest, simplest and slowest of all methods of textile printing. Block printing by hand is a slow process. It is, however, capable of yielding highly artistic results, some of which are unobtainable by any other method. History Origins Printing patterns on textiles is so closely related in its ornamental effects to other different methods of similar intention, such as by painting and by processes of dyeing and weaving, that it is almost impossible to determine from the picturesque indications afforded by ancient records and writings of pre-Christian, classical or even medieval times, how far, if at all, allusion is being made in them to this particular process. Hence its original invention must probably remain a matter of inference only. As a process, the employment of which has been immensely developed and modified in Europe in the nineteenth century by machinery anti the adoption of stereotypes and engraved metal plates, it is doubtless traceable to a primeval use of blocks of stone, wood, etc., so cut or carved as to make impressions on surfaces of any material; and where the existence of these can be traced in ancient civilizations, e.g. of China, Egypt and Assyria, there is a probability that printing ornament upon textiles may have been practiced at a very early period. Nevertheless, highly skilled as the Chinese are, and for ages have been, in ornamental weaving and other branches of textile art, there seem to be no direct evidences of their having resorted so extensively to printing for the decoration of textiles as peoples in the East Indies, those, for instance, of the Punjab and Bombay, from whose posterity 16th-century European and especially Dutch merchants bought goods for Occidental trade in Indiennes or printed and painted calicoes. Ancient world As in, the case of weaving and embroideries, specimens of printed stuffs have of recent years been obtained from disused cemeteries in Upper Egypt (Akhmim and elsewhere) and tell us of Egypto-Roman use of such things. Some few of them are now lodged in European museums. For indications that earlier Egyptians, Greeks and Romans were likely to have been acquainted with the process, one has to rely upon less certain evidence. Of textiles painted by Egyptians there are many actual examples. Apart from these there are wall paintings, e.g., those of Beni Hasan (c. 2200-1800 BC) which depict Egyptian people wearing costumes irregularly patterned with spots, stripes and zigzags, which may have been more easily stamped than embroidered or woven. A rather more complicated and orderly pattern well suited to stamping occurs in a painting about 1320 BC, of Hathor and King Meneptha I. Herodotus, referring to the garments of inhabitants of the Caucasus, says that representations of various animals were dyed into them so as to be irremovable by washing. When Alexander invaded India in 327 BC, there were reportedly block-printed textiles produced there. Pliny the Elder describes a very remarkable process employed in Egypt for the colouring of cloth. After pressing the material, which is white at first, they saturate it, not with colours, but with mordants that are calculated to absorb colour. He does not explain how this saturation is done. But as it is clearly for the purpose of obtaining a decorative effect, stamping or brushing the mordants into the material may be inferred. When this was finished the cloth was plunged into a cauldron of boiling dye and removed the next moment fully coloured. It is a singular fact, too, that although the dye in the pan is of one uniform colour, the material when taken out of it is of various colours according to the nature of the mordants that have been respectively applied to it. Egypto-Roman bits of printed textiles from Akhmim exhibit the use, some three hundred years later than the time of Pliny, of boldly cut blocks for stamping figure-subjects and patterns onto textiles. Almost concurrent with their discovery was that of a fragment of printed cotton at Arles in the grave of St Caesarius, who was bishop there about AD 542. Equal in archaeological value are similar fragments found in an ancient tomb at Quedlinburg. These, however, are of comparatively simple patterns. Medieval Europe Museum specimens establish the fact that more important pattern printing on textiles had become a developed industry in parts of Europe towards the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century. According to Forrer (Die Kunst des Zeugdrucks, 1898) medieval Rhenish monasteries were the cradles of the artistic craft of ornamental stamp or block cutting, although it is now recognised that some of the examples he relied on are modern forgeries. In rare monastic manuscripts earlier in date than the 13th century, initial letters (especially those that recurred frequently) were sometimes stamped from hand-cut blocks; and German deeds of the 14th century bear names of block cutters and textile stampers as those of witnesses. Amongst the more ancient relics of Rhenish printed textiles are some of thin silken stuff, impressed with patterns in gold and silver foil. Of these, and of a considerable number of later variously dyed stout linens with patterns printed in dark tones or in black, specimens have been collected from reliquaries, tombs and old churches. The first written reference to printed textiles in Europe is found in Florentine trade regulations from the fifteenth century. In 1437, Cennino Cennini published a treatise describing the technique. Early modern Europe Augsburg, famous in the 17th century for its printing on linens, etc., supplied Alsace and Switzerland with many craftsmen in this process. After the revocation of the edict of Nantes, French refugees took part in starting manufactories of both painted and printed cloths in Holland, England and Switzerland; some few of the refugees were allowed back into France to do the same in Normandy: manufactories were also set up in Paris, Marseilles, Nantes and Angers; but there was still greater activity at Geneva, Neuchtel, Zurich, St Gall and Basel. The first textile printing works in Great Britain are said to have been begun towards the end of the 17th century by a Frenchman on the banks of the Thames near Richmond, and soon afterwards a more considerable factory was established at Bromley Hall in Essex; many others were opened in Surrey early in the 18th century. At Muihouse the enterprise of Koechlin, Schmatzer and Dollfus in 1746, as well as that of Oberkampf at Jouy, led to a still wider spread of the industry in Alsace. In almost every place in Europe where it was taken up and followed, it was met by local and national prohibitions or trade protective regulations and acts, which, however, were gradually overcome. Technique Preparing the block Woodblocks for textile printing may be made of box, lime, holly, sycamore, plane or pear wood, the latter three being most generally employed. They vary in size considerably, but must always be between two and three inches thick, otherwise they are liable to warping, which is additionally guarded against by backing the wood chosen with two or more pieces of cheaper wood, such as deal or pine. The several pieces or blocks are tongued and grooved to fit each other, and are then securely glued together, under pressure, into one solid block with the grain of each alternate piece running in a different direction. The block, being planed quite smooth and perfectly flat, next has the design drawn upon, or transferred to it. This latter is effected by rubbing off, upon its flat surface, a tracing in lampblack and oil, of the outlines of the masses of the design. The portions to be left in relief are then tinted, between their outlines, an ammoniacal carmine or magenta, for the purpose of distinguishing them from those portions that have to be cut away. As a separate block is required for each distinct colour in the design, a separate tracing must be made of each and transferred (or put on as it a termed) to its own special block. Having thus received a tracing of the pattern the block is thoroughly damped and kept in this condition by being covered with wet cloths during the whole process of cutting. The blockcutter commences by carving out the wood around the heavier masses first, leaving the finer and more delicate work until the last so as to avoid any risk of injuring it during the cutting of the coarser parts. When large masses of colour occur in a pattern, the corresponding parts on the block are usually cut in outline, the object being filled in between the outlines with felt, which not only absorbs the colour better, but gives a much more even impression than it is possible to obtain with a large surface of wood. When finished, the block presents the appearance of flat relief carving, the design standing out like letterpress type. Fine details are very difficult to cut in wood, and, even when successfully cut, wear down very rapidly or break off in printing. They are therefore almost invariably built up in strips of brass or copper, bent to shape and driven edgewise into the flat surface of the block. This method is known as coppering, and by its means many delicate little forms, such as stars, rosettes and fine spots can be printed, which would otherwise be quite impossible to produce by hand or machine block printing. Frequently, too, the process of coppering is used for the purpose of making a mold, from which an entire block can be made and duplicated as often as desired, by casting. In this case the metal strips are driven to a predetermined depth into the face of a piece of lime-wood cut across the grain, and, when the whole design is completed in this way, the block is placed, metal face downwards in a tray of molten type-metal or solder, which transmits sufficient heat to the inserted portions of the strips of copper to enable them to carbonize the wood immediately in contact with them and, at the same time, firmly attaches itself to the outstanding portions. When cold a slight tap with a hammer on the back of the limewood block easily detaches the cake of the type-metal or alloy and along with it, of course, the strips of copper to which it is firmly soldered, leaving a matrix, or mold, in wood of the original design. The casting is made in an alloy of low melting-point, anti, after cooling, is filed or ground until all its projections are of the same height and perfectly smooth, after which it is screwed onto a wooden support and is ready for printing. Similar molds are also made by burning out the lines of the pattern with a red-hot steel punch, capable of being raised or lowered at will, and under which the block is moved about by hand along the lines of the pattern. Other tools In addition to the engraved block, a printing table and colour sieve are required. The table consists of a stout framework of wood or iron supporting a thick slab of stone varying in size according to the width of cloth to be printed. Over the stone table top a thick piece of woolen printers blanket is tightly stretched to supply the elasticity necessary to give the block every chance of making a good impression on the cloth. At one end, the table is provided with a couple of iron brackets to carry the roll of cloth to be printed and, at the other, a series of guide rollers, extending to the ceiling, are arranged for the purpose of suspending and drying the newly printed goods. The colour sieve consists of a tub (known as the swimming tub) half filled with starch paste, On the surface of which floats a frame covered at the bottom with a tightly stretched piece Of mackintosh or oiled calico. On this the colour sieve proper, a frame similar to, the last but covered with fine woolen cloth, is placed, and forms when in position a sort of elastic colour trough over the bottom of which the colour is spread evenly with a brush. Printing process The printer commences by drawing a length of cloth, from the roll, over the table, and marks it with a piece of coloured chalk and a ruler to indicate where the first impression of the block is to be applied. She then applies the block in two different directions to the colour on the sieve and finally presses it firmly and steadily on the cloth, ensuring a good impression by striking it smartly on the back with a wooden mallet. The second impression is made in the same way, the printer taking care to see that it fits exactly to the first, a point which he can make sure of by means of the pins with which the blocks are provided at each corner and which are arranged in such a way that when those at the right side or at the top of the block fall upon those at the left side or the bottom of the previous impression the two printings join up exactly and continue the pattern without a break. Each succeeding impression is made in precisely the same manner until the length of cloth on the table is fully printed. When this is done it is wound over the drying rollers, thus bringing forward a fresh length to be treated similarly. If the pattern contains several colours the cloth is usually first printed throughout with one, then dried, re-wound and printed with the second, the same operations being repeated until all the colours are printed. Many modifications of block printing have been tried from time to time, but of these only two tobying and rainbowing are of any practical value. The object of tobey printing is to print the several colours of a multicolour pattern at one operation and for this purpose a block with the whole of the pattern cut upon it, and a specially constructed colour sieve are employed. The sieve consists of a thick block of wood, on one side of which a series of compartments are hollowed out, corresponding roughly in shape, size and position to the various objects cut on the block. The tops of the dividing walls of these compartments are then coated with melted pitch, and a piece of fine woolen cloth is stretched over the whole and pressed well down on the pitch so as to adhere firmly to the top of each wall; finally a piece of string soaked in pitch is cemented over the woolen cloth along the lines of the dividing walls, and after boring a hole through the bottom of each compartment the sieve is ready for use. In operation each compartment is filled with its special colour through a pipe connecting it with a colour box situated at the side of the sieve and a little above it, so as to exert just sufficient pressure on the colour to force it gently through the woolen cloth, but not enough to cause it to overflow its proper limits, formed by the pitch-soaked string boundary lines. The block is then carefully pressed on the sieve, and, as the different parts of its pattern fall on different parts of the sieve, each takes up a certain colour that it transfers to the cloth in the usual way. By this method of tobying from two to six colours may be printed at one operation, but it is only applicable to patterns where the different coloured objects are placed at some small distance apart, and that, therefore, it is of but limited application. See also Bagh Prints Rogan printing Textile printing Woodblock printing References Woodblock printing Category:Relief printing sv:Blocktryck	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aciagrion steeleae Aciagrion steeleae is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, and possibly Tanzania. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes. References Category:Coenagrionidae Category:Insects described in 1955 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yesspeak Live: The Director's Cut Yesspeak Live: The Director's Cut is a two-disc DVD concert film from the progressive rock band Yes. It was recorded live on their 2003 European tour. The set features two concerts recorded in Birmingham, England, and the Glastonbury Festival, respectively. The concerts also feature interviews with band members and commentary. Excerpts of these concerts were used throughout the 2004 documentary Yesspeak. Track Listing Disc one "Siberian Khatru" "Magnification" "Don't Kill The Whale" "In The Presence Of" "We Have Heaven" "South Side Of The Sky" "And You and I" "To Be Over" "Clap" "Show Me" "Catherine of Aragon/Celtic Jig/Jane Seymour" "Heart Of The Sunrise" "Long Distance Runaround" "The Fish (Schindleria Praematurus)" Disc two "Awaken" "I've Seen All Good People" "Roundabout" Glastonbury Festival "Siberian Khatru" "Magnification" "Don't Kill the Whale" "We Have Heaven" "South Side of the Sky" "And You and I" "Heart of the Sunrise" "Awaken" "I've Seen All Good People" "Roundabout" Personnel Jon Anderson: Lead Vocals, MIDI Guitar, Harp, and Acoustic Guitar Chris Squire: Bass Guitars, Vocals Steve Howe: Acoustic & Electric Guitars, Pedal Steel Guitar, Mandolin, and Vocals Rick Wakeman: Keyboards Alan White: Drums, Percussion Category:Yes (band) video albums Category:Concert films Category:2004 live albums Category:Live video albums Category:2004 video albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Catholic churches in Bolivia This is a list of Catholic churches in Bolivia. Cathedrals See: List of cathedrals in Bolivia Sucre Cathedral Basilicas Basilica of Our Lady of Copacabana Other churches See also List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Bolivia Bolivia, Catholic Bolivia Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures in Bolivia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Barbara C. Pringle Barbara Carroll Pringle (née Terlesky; 1939) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives. She initially won a term in 1982, and went on to serve until 2000, when she was term limited. She is best remembered for being a key player in the DeRolph education funding debates in the 1990s. External links Profile on the Ohio Ladies' Gallery website References Category:Living people Category:Members of the Ohio House of Representatives Category:Ohio Democrats Category:Women state legislators in Ohio Category:1939 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Recreational drug tourism Recreational drug tourism is travel for the purpose of obtaining or using drugs for recreational use that are unavailable, illegal or very expensive in one's home jurisdiction. A drug tourist may cross a national border to obtain a drug that is not sold in one's home country, or to obtain an illegal drug that is more available in the visited destination. A drug tourist may also cross a sub-national border (from one province/county/state to another) in order to purchase alcohol or tobacco more easily, or at a lower price due to tax laws or other regulations. Empirical studies show that drug tourism is heterogeneous and might involve either the pursuit of mere pleasure and escapism or a quest for profound and meaningful experiences through the consumption of drugs. Drug tourism has many legal implications, and persons engaging in it sometimes risk prosecution for drug smuggling or other drug-related charges in their home jurisdictions or in the jurisdictions they are visiting, especially if they bring their purchases home rather than using them abroad. The act of traveling for the purpose of buying or using drugs is itself a criminal offense in some jurisdictions. By country/region Asia/Middle East Malana, India is famous for its production of Indian hashish or so called Malana Cream, attracting foreign tourists. Indian pharmacies also sell many generic drugs at prices far lower than in the US. Europe In Europe, the Netherlands, and especially the Dutch capital, Amsterdam, is a popular destination for drug tourists, due to the liberal attitude of the Dutch toward cannabis use and possession. Drug tourism thrives because legislation controlling the sale, possession, and use of drugs varies dramatically from one jurisdiction to another. In May 2011 the Dutch government announced that tourists would to be banned from Dutch coffeeshops, starting in the southern provinces at the end of 2011, and the rest of the country by 2012, though this was never made into law and thus coffeeshops throughout the Netherlands continue remain open to tourists as of May 2016. On 25 November 2014 two British tourists aged 20 and 21 died in a hotel room in Amsterdam, after snorting white heroin that was sold as cocaine by a street dealer. The bodies were found less than a month after another British tourist died in similar circumstances. At least 17 other people have had medical treatment after taking the white heroin. North America Drug tourism from the United States occurs in many contexts. Americans between the ages of 18 and 21 may cross the border into Canada or Mexico to purchase alcohol. Conversely, many Canadians travel to the United States to purchase alcohol at lower prices due to high taxes levied on alcohol in Canada. Americans living in dry counties also frequently cross county or state lines to purchase alcohol. Due to the fact that cannabis is now legal in Canada, Americans may cross the border to purchase it legally. Many Americans cross state lines to purchase cigarettes, crossing from a jurisdiction with very high cigarette taxes to a jurisdiction (such as another state or an Indian nation) with lower cigarette taxes. This occurs particularly in the Northeastern United States, where states levy among the highest tobacco taxes in the nation. Canada - As of October 2018, Cannabis consumption and possession in limited amounts is legal in Canada. United States Since the legalization of Cannabis in Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, Washington state and Washington D.C, many drug tourists from states and countries where cannabis is illegal travel to these states to purchase cannabis and cannabis products. Mexico The sale and possession of psilocin and psilocybin are prohibited under the federal health law of 1984. However, this prohibition is mostly unenforced against indigenous users of psilocybin mushrooms. As a result, the towns of Huautla de Jiménez and San José del Pacífico (both in the southern state of Oaxaca) have gained notoriety for their association with magic mushrooms, and constitute a safe haven even for non-indigenous users. South America In South America, some tourists are attracted to Amazon basin villages to try a local religious sacrament called ayahuasca, which is a mixture of psychedelic plants that is used in traditional ceremonies. Similarly, tourists in Peru try hallucinogenic cactus called San Pedro which originally has been used by local tribes. Colombia Colombia’s reputation as the cocaine capital of the world has attracted tourists, to the dismay of locals. In Medellín, a small industry has grown around sites related to Pablo Escobar. Drug dealers are cashing in too, selling cocaine to visitors at prices much cheaper than their homelands. There are also “make your own cocaine” tours in parts of the country; however they are highly illegal. Oceania In Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and South Australia have a more liberal approach to cannabis use, promoting interstate drug tourism, particularly from Victoria and New South Wales. In addition, some areas of northern New South Wales have a liberal recreational drug culture, particularly areas around Nimbin where the annual MardiGrass festival is held. Discrete Local Guides may also be a source of plants See also Drug policy of the Netherlands Recreational drug use Route 36 (bar), the world's first cocaine bar References Belhassen, Y., Santos, C.A., & Uriely, N. (2007). “Cannabis Use in Tourism: A Sociological Perspective.” Leisure Studies, 26(3), 303–19. Bellis, M. A., Hale, G., Bennett, A., Chaudry, M. & Kilfoyle, M. (2000). "Ibiza Uncovered: Changes in Substanceuse and Sexual Behaviour amongst Young People Visiting an International Night-Life Resort." International Journal of Drug Policy, 11(3), 235–44. de Rios, M. (1994). "Drug Tourism in the Amazon: Why Westerners are Desperate to Find the Vanishing Primate." Omni 16, 6–9. Josiam, M. B, J. S. P. Hobson, U. C. Dietrich, & G. Smeaton (1998). “An Analysis of the Sexual, Alcohol and Drug Related Behavioral Patterns of Students on Spring Break.” Tourism Management, 19 (6), 501–13. Sellars, A. (1998). “The Influence of Dance Music on the UK Youth Tourism Market.” Tourism Management, 19 (6), 611–15. Uriely, N. & Belhassen, Y. (2005). “Drugs and Tourists’ Experiences.” Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 238–46. Uriely, N. & Belhassen, Y. (2006) “Drugs and Risk Taking in Tourism.” Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 339–59. Valdez, A., & Sifaneck, S. (1997). "Drug Tourists and Drug Policy on the U.S.-Mexican Border: An Ethnographic Investigation." Journal of Drug Issues, 27, 879–98. References https://web.archive.org/web/20111029072110/http://nugmag.com/2011/09/tourist-coffee-shop-ban-not-in-amsterdam/ October 27, 2011 http://drnights.com/ September 20, 2012 Category:Drug culture Category:Types of tourism	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome Post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS) is a chronic and sometimes debilitating genital pain condition that may develop immediately or several years after vasectomy. Because this condition is a syndrome, there is no single treatment method, therefore efforts focus on mitigating/relieving the individual patient's specific pain. When pain in the epididymides is the primary symptom, post-vasectomy pain syndrome is often described as congestive epididymitis. Symptoms Persistent pain in the genitalia and/or genital area(s). Groin pain upon physical exertion. Pain when achieving an erection and/or engaging in sexual intercourse. Pain upon ejaculation. Loss of erectile function Any of the aforementioned pain conditions/syndromes can persist for years after vasectomy and affect as many as one in three vasectomized men. The range of PVPS pain can be mild/annoying to the less-likely extreme debilitating pain experienced by a smaller number of sufferers in this group. There is a continuum of pain severity between these two extremes. Pain is thought to be caused by any of the following, either singularly or in combination: testicular backpressure, overfull epididymides, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, sperm granulomas, and nerve entrapment. Pain can be present continuously in the form of orchialgia and/or congestive epididymitis or it can be situational, such as pain during intercourse, ejaculation or physical exertion. Mechanisms of pain There is a noticeable enlargement of the epididymides in vasectomized men. This is probably due to increased backpressure within the vas deferens on the testicular side following its blockage by vasectomy. The efferent ducts and seminiferous tubules of the testes are also affected by backpressure, leading to an increase in area and thickness. Backpressure from blockage of the vas deferens causes a rupture in the epididymis, called an "epididymal blowout", in 50% of vasectomy patients. Sperm sometimes leak from the vas deferens of vasectomized men, forming lesions in the scrotum known as sperm granulomas. Some sperm granulomas can be painful. The presence of a sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site prevents epididymal pressure build-up, perforation, and the formation of an epididymal sperm granuloma. It thus lessens the likelihood of epididymal discomfort. As part of the reaction of the body to the surgical wounds of vasectomy, the body produces hard scar-like tissue. Clamping the vas deferens can produce muscle disruption and fibrosis. As the diameter of the vas lumen is less than the thickness of the wall, the thick muscle layers can easily become disrupted, leading to sperm accumulation and extravasation. Cysts often form from the fluid that spreads between the muscle layers. Nerves can become trapped in the fibrous tissue caused by vasectomy. This pain is often heightened during sexual intercourse and ejaculation because, with arousal and ejaculation, muscles elevate the testis. There are several nerves that run parallel to the vas deferens that may be cut or damaged during vasectomy. One study found that the vas deferens exhibits two periodic forms of electrical activity on an electrovasogram, slow pacesetter potentials and fast action potentials. In vasectomized men, the pacesetter potentials on the testicular side exhibit an irregular rhythm. One study using ultrasound found that the epididymides of patients suffering from post-vasectomy pain syndrome were enlarged and full of cystic growths. Treatment Treatment depends on the proximate cause. In one study, it was reported that 9 of 13 men who underwent vasectomy reversal in an attempt to relieve post-vasectomy pain syndrome became pain-free, though the followup was only one month in some cases. Another study found that 24 of 32 men had relief after vasectomy reversal. Nerve entrapment is treated with surgery to free the nerve from the scar tissue, or to cut the nerve. One study reported that denervation of the spermatic cord provided complete relief at the first follow-up visit in 13 of 17 cases, and that the other four patients reported improvement. As nerves may regrow, long-term studies are needed. One study found that epididymectomy provided relief for 50% of patients with post-vasectomy pain syndrome. Orchiectomy is recommended usually only after other surgeries have failed. Incidence A retrospective postal survey of 396 men found that 4% had significant genital pain for more than one year that required surgical intervention. Another study contacted 470 vasectomy patients and received 182 responses, finding that 18.7% of respondents experienced chronic genital pain with 2.2% of respondents experiencing pain that adversely affected quality of life. The most robust study of post-vasectomy pain, according to the American Urology Association's Vasectomy Guidelines 2012 (amended 2015) found a rate of 14.7% reported new-onset scrotal pain at 7 months after vasectomy with 0.9% describing the pain as "quite severe and noticeably affecting their quality of life". References Category:Pain Category:Syndromes Category:Chronic pain syndromes Category:Sterilization	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Isaac Fletcher Isaac Fletcher (November 22, 1784 – October 19, 1842) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative from Vermont and as Adjutant General of the Vermont Militia. Biography Fletcher was born in Dunstable, Massachusetts to Joseph Fletcher and Molly Cummings Fletcher. He pursued classical studies, and graduated with honors from Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire in 1808. He taught at the academy at Chesterfield, New Hampshire while in college, and after graduating he studied law with the firm of Prescott & Dunbar in Keene, New Hampshire. He was admitted to the bar in Keene and in Newfane, Vermont in December 1811, and moved to Lyndon, Vermont to start a practice. Among the prospective attorneys who studied under Fletcher were Thomas J. D. Fuller and Thomas Bartlett Jr. He was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives for several terms between 1819 and 1825, and served as Speaker from 1824 to 1825. Fletcher was Caledonia County State's Attorney from 1820 until 1828, and a member of the state constitutional convention in 1822. Fletcher received a master's degree from the University of Vermont in 1823. He was military aide to Governor Richard Skinner, and served as Adjutant General of the State Militia from 1824 until 1833. He was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1837 until March 3, 1841. While in Congress, he was the Chairman of the Committee on Patents. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1840 to the Twenty-seventh Congress. Personal life Fletcher married Abigail Stone on February 4, 1812. They had one son, Charles B. Fletcher. Death Fletcher's health declined rapidly during his final term in Congress, which was attributed by doctors to overwork. He died in Lyndon on October 19, 1842 and is interred at the Lyndon Town Cemetery in Lyndon. References Further reading "A history of the town of Dunstable, Massachusetts, from its earliest settlement to the year of Our Lord 1873" by Elias Nason and George Bailey Loring, published by A. Mudge, 1877. External links Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Govtrack.us The Political Graveyard Category:1784 births Category:1842 deaths Category:Dartmouth College alumni Category:University of Vermont alumni Category:Members of the Vermont House of Representatives Category:Speakers of the Vermont House of Representatives Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont Category:People from Dunstable, Massachusetts Category:People from Caledonia County, Vermont Category:Vermont lawyers Category:Vermont Democrats Category:American militia generals Category:Burials in Vermont Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Category:19th-century American politicians Category:State's attorneys in Vermont	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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