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{ "id": [ 8766034 ], "name": [ "Chongkian" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Putra Bridge** () is the main bridge in [Putrajaya](/wiki/Putrajaya \"Putrajaya\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"). It is analogous to [Khaju Bridge](/wiki/Khaju_Bridge \"Khaju Bridge\") in [Esfahan](/wiki/Isfahan_%28city%29 \"Isfahan (city)\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). With a span of 435 metres, this bridge connects the Government Precinct to the Mixed Development Precinct and links [Putra Square](/wiki/Putra_Square \"Putra Square\") with the Boulevard. It was constructed in 1997\\.\n\nThe upper level of the bridge forms part of the Boulevard. This huge three\\-deck bridge provides vehicle, [monorail](/wiki/Putrajaya_Monorail \"Putrajaya Monorail\") and pedestrian access. Besides providing the link between Precinct 1 and Precinct 2 on the Core Island, it has been designed to be a special feature of Putrajaya. The piers also accommodate fine dining restaurants within its main pillar supports.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Tourism Malaysia \\- Putra Bridge](https://web.archive.org/web/20140525201404/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/putrajaya/putra-bridge?page=%2F2)\n\n[Category:Bridges in Putrajaya](/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_Putrajaya \"Bridges in Putrajaya\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 30827633 ], "name": [ "Matt Campbell" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Winners and nominees", "[[Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award]]", "Film", "Television", "In Memoriam", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **12th Annual [Screen Actors Guild Awards](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards \"Screen Actors Guild Awards\")** ceremony, honoring the best in film and television acting achievement for the year 2005, took place on January 29, 2006, at the Los Angeles Shrine Exposition Center, in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). It was the 10th consecutive year the ceremony was held at the center. The nominees were announced on January 5, 2006, and the event was televised live by both [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 \"TNT (American TV network)\") and [TBS](/wiki/TBS_%28American_TV_channel%29 \"TBS (American TV channel)\"). It was the first ever year TBS televised the ceremony, while it was the 9th consecutive year that TNT had aired it.\n\nAmong the contenders for the film awards *[Brokeback Mountain](/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain \"Brokeback Mountain\")* received the highest number of nominations with four. *[Capote](/wiki/Capote_%28film%29 \"Capote (film)\")* and *[Crash](/wiki/Crash_%282004_film%29 \"Crash (2004 film)\")* received the second highest number with three each. No film however received more than one award. In the television categories the mini\\-series *[Empire Falls](/wiki/Empire_Falls_%28miniseries%29 \"Empire Falls (miniseries)\")* and the spin\\-off series *[Boston Legal](/wiki/Boston_Legal \"Boston Legal\")* led the nominees with four nominations each. *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")* was the only series which won more than one award, two in total.\n\nThe [Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Life_Achievement_Award \"Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award\") was presented to the former child actress [Shirley Temple Black](/wiki/Shirley_Temple \"Shirley Temple\").\n\n", "Winners and nominees\n--------------------\n\nWinners are listed first and highlighted in **boldface**.\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Philip Seymour Hoffman](/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman \"Philip Seymour Hoffman\"), Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role winner](/wiki/File:Philip_Seymour_Hoffman_2011.jpg \"Philip Seymour Hoffman 2011.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Reese Witherspoon](/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon \"Reese Witherspoon\"), Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role winner](/wiki/File:Reese_Witherspoon_at_TIFF_2014.jpg \"Reese Witherspoon at TIFF 2014.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Paul Giamatti](/wiki/Paul_Giamatti \"Paul Giamatti\"), Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role winner](/wiki/File:Paul_Giamatti_2010_TIFF.jpg \"Paul Giamatti 2010 TIFF.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Rachel Weisz](/wiki/Rachel_Weisz \"Rachel Weisz\"), Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role winner](/wiki/File:Rachel_Weisz_Cannes_2015.jpg \"Rachel Weisz Cannes 2015.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Paul Newman](/wiki/Paul_Newman \"Paul Newman\"), Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie winner](/wiki/File:Paul_Newman_-_1963.jpg \"Paul Newman - 1963.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[S. Epatha Merkerson](/wiki/S._Epatha_Merkerson \"S. Epatha Merkerson\"), Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie winner](/wiki/File:Epatha.jpg \"Epatha.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Kiefer Sutherland](/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland \"Kiefer Sutherland\"), Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series winner](/wiki/File:Kiefer_Sutherland_2_SDCC_2014.jpg \"Kiefer Sutherland 2 SDCC 2014.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Sandra Oh](/wiki/Sandra_Oh \"Sandra Oh\"), Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series winner](/wiki/File:Sandra_Oh_2016.jpg \"Sandra Oh 2016.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Sean Hayes](/wiki/Sean_Hayes_%28actor%29 \"Sean Hayes (actor)\"), Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series winner](/wiki/File:Sean_Hayes_%28portrait%29.jpg \"Sean Hayes (portrait).jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|[Felicity Huffman](/wiki/Felicity_Huffman \"Felicity Huffman\"), Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series winner](/wiki/File:Finale_Walk_at_The_Heart_Truths_Red_Dress_Collection_2010_cropped.jpg \"Finale Walk at The Heart Truths Red Dress Collection 2010 cropped.jpg\")\n\n### [Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Life_Achievement_Award \"Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award\")\n\n* [Shirley Temple Black](/wiki/Shirley_Temple \"Shirley Temple\")\n\n### Film\n\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role\") |\n| --- | --- |\n| **[Philip Seymour Hoffman](/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman \"Philip Seymour Hoffman\") – *[Capote](/wiki/Capote_%28film%29 \"Capote (film)\")* as [Truman Capote](/wiki/Truman_Capote \"Truman Capote\")** [Russell Crowe](/wiki/Russell_Crowe \"Russell Crowe\") – *[Cinderella Man](/wiki/Cinderella_Man \"Cinderella Man\")* as [James Braddock](/wiki/James_J._Braddock \"James J. Braddock\") [Heath Ledger](/wiki/Heath_Ledger \"Heath Ledger\") – *[Brokeback Mountain](/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain \"Brokeback Mountain\")* as [Ennis Del Mar](/wiki/Ennis_Del_Mar \"Ennis Del Mar\") [Joaquin Phoenix](/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix \"Joaquin Phoenix\") – *[Walk the Line](/wiki/Walk_the_Line \"Walk the Line\")* as [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash \"Johnny Cash\") [David Strathairn](/wiki/David_Strathairn \"David Strathairn\") – *[Good Night, and Good Luck](/wiki/Good_Night%2C_and_Good_Luck \"Good Night, and Good Luck\")* as [Edward R. Murrow](/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow \"Edward R. Murrow\") | **[Reese Witherspoon](/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon \"Reese Witherspoon\") – *Walk the Line* as [June Carter Cash](/wiki/June_Carter_Cash \"June Carter Cash\")** [Judi Dench](/wiki/Judi_Dench \"Judi Dench\") – *[Mrs Henderson Presents](/wiki/Mrs_Henderson_Presents \"Mrs Henderson Presents\")* as [Laura Henderson](/wiki/Laura_Henderson \"Laura Henderson\") [Felicity Huffman](/wiki/Felicity_Huffman \"Felicity Huffman\") – *[Transamerica](/wiki/Transamerica_%28film%29 \"Transamerica (film)\")* as Sabrina \"Bree\" Osbourne [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron \"Charlize Theron\") – *[North Country](/wiki/North_Country_%28film%29 \"North Country (film)\")* as Josey Aimes [Zhang Ziyi](/wiki/Zhang_Ziyi \"Zhang Ziyi\") – *[Memoirs of a Geisha](/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Geisha_%28film%29 \"Memoirs of a Geisha (film)\")* as Chiyo Sakamoto |\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role\") |\n| **[Paul Giamatti](/wiki/Paul_Giamatti \"Paul Giamatti\") – *Cinderella Man* as [Joe Gould](/wiki/Joe_Gould_%28boxing%29 \"Joe Gould (boxing)\")** [Don Cheadle](/wiki/Don_Cheadle \"Don Cheadle\") – *[Crash](/wiki/Crash_%282004_film%29 \"Crash (2004 film)\")* as Graham Walters [George Clooney](/wiki/George_Clooney \"George Clooney\") – *[Syriana](/wiki/Syriana \"Syriana\")* as Bob Barnes [Matt Dillon](/wiki/Matt_Dillon \"Matt Dillon\") – *Crash* as John Ryan [Jake Gyllenhaal](/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal \"Jake Gyllenhaal\") – *Brokeback Mountain* as [Jack Twist](/wiki/Jack_Twist \"Jack Twist\") | **[Rachel Weisz](/wiki/Rachel_Weisz \"Rachel Weisz\") – *[The Constant Gardener](/wiki/The_Constant_Gardener_%28film%29 \"The Constant Gardener (film)\")* as Tessa Quayle** [Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams \"Amy Adams\") – *[Junebug](/wiki/Junebug_%28film%29 \"Junebug (film)\")* as Ashley Johnsten [Catherine Keener](/wiki/Catherine_Keener \"Catherine Keener\") – *Capote* as [Harper Lee](/wiki/Harper_Lee \"Harper Lee\") [Frances McDormand](/wiki/Frances_McDormand \"Frances McDormand\") – *North Country* as Glory Dodge [Michelle Williams](/wiki/Michelle_Williams_%28actress%29 \"Michelle Williams (actress)\") – *Brokeback Mountain* as Alma Beers Del Mar |\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture\") | |\n| ***Crash* – [Chris \"Ludacris\" Bridges](/wiki/Ludacris \"Ludacris\"), [Sandra Bullock](/wiki/Sandra_Bullock \"Sandra Bullock\"), Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, [Jennifer Esposito](/wiki/Jennifer_Esposito \"Jennifer Esposito\"), [William Fichtner](/wiki/William_Fichtner \"William Fichtner\"), [Brendan Fraser](/wiki/Brendan_Fraser \"Brendan Fraser\"), [Terrence Howard](/wiki/Terrence_Howard \"Terrence Howard\"), [Thandie Newton](/wiki/Thandie_Newton \"Thandie Newton\"), [Ryan Phillippe](/wiki/Ryan_Phillippe \"Ryan Phillippe\"), and [Larenz Tate](/wiki/Larenz_Tate \"Larenz Tate\")** *Brokeback Mountain* – [Linda Cardellini](/wiki/Linda_Cardellini \"Linda Cardellini\"), [Anna Faris](/wiki/Anna_Faris \"Anna Faris\"), Jake Gyllenhaal, [Anne Hathaway](/wiki/Anne_Hathaway \"Anne Hathaway\"), Heath Ledger, [Randy Quaid](/wiki/Randy_Quaid \"Randy Quaid\"), and Michelle Williams *Capote* – [Bob Balaban](/wiki/Bob_Balaban \"Bob Balaban\"), [Marshall Bell](/wiki/Marshall_Bell \"Marshall Bell\"), [Clifton Collins Jr.](/wiki/Clifton_Collins_Jr. \"Clifton Collins Jr.\"), [Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper \"Chris Cooper\"), [Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood \"Bruce Greenwood\"), Philip Seymour Hoffman, Catherine Keener, and [Mark Pellegrino](/wiki/Mark_Pellegrino \"Mark Pellegrino\") *Good Night, and Good Luck* – [Rose Abdoo](/wiki/Rose_Abdoo \"Rose Abdoo\"), [Alex Borstein](/wiki/Alex_Borstein \"Alex Borstein\"), [Robert John Burke](/wiki/Robert_John_Burke \"Robert John Burke\"), [Patricia Clarkson](/wiki/Patricia_Clarkson \"Patricia Clarkson\"), George Clooney, [Jeff Daniels](/wiki/Jeff_Daniels \"Jeff Daniels\"), [Reed Diamond](/wiki/Reed_Diamond \"Reed Diamond\"), [Tate Donovan](/wiki/Tate_Donovan \"Tate Donovan\"), [Robert Downey Jr.](/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr. \"Robert Downey Jr.\"), [Grant Heslov](/wiki/Grant_Heslov \"Grant Heslov\"), [Peter Jacobson](/wiki/Peter_Jacobson \"Peter Jacobson\"), [Frank Langella](/wiki/Frank_Langella \"Frank Langella\"), [Tom McCarthy](/wiki/Tom_McCarthy_%28director%29 \"Tom McCarthy (director)\"), [Dianne Reeves](/wiki/Dianne_Reeves \"Dianne Reeves\"), [Matt Ross](/wiki/Matt_Ross_%28actor%29 \"Matt Ross (actor)\"), David Strathairn, and [Ray Wise](/wiki/Ray_Wise \"Ray Wise\") *[Hustle \\& Flow](/wiki/Hustle_%26_Flow \"Hustle & Flow\")* – [Anthony Anderson](/wiki/Anthony_Anderson \"Anthony Anderson\"), Chris \"Ludacris\" Bridges, [Isaac Hayes](/wiki/Isaac_Hayes \"Isaac Hayes\"), [Taraji P. Henson](/wiki/Taraji_P._Henson \"Taraji P. Henson\"), Terrence Howard, [Taryn Manning](/wiki/Taryn_Manning \"Taryn Manning\"), [Elise Neal](/wiki/Elise_Neal \"Elise Neal\"), [Paula Jai Parker](/wiki/Paula_Jai_Parker \"Paula Jai Parker\"), and [DJ Qualls](/wiki/DJ_Qualls \"DJ Qualls\") | |\n\n### Television\n\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_Television_Movie \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_Television_Movie \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie\") |\n| --- | --- |\n| **[Paul Newman](/wiki/Paul_Newman \"Paul Newman\") – *[Empire Falls](/wiki/Empire_Falls_%28miniseries%29 \"Empire Falls (miniseries)\")* ([HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\")) as Max Roby** [Kenneth Branagh](/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh \"Kenneth Branagh\") – *[Warm Springs](/wiki/Warm_Springs_%28film%29 \"Warm Springs (film)\")* (HBO) as [Franklin Delano Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt \"Franklin Delano Roosevelt\") [Ted Danson](/wiki/Ted_Danson \"Ted Danson\") – *[Knights of the South Bronx](/wiki/Knights_of_the_South_Bronx \"Knights of the South Bronx\")* ([A\\&E](/wiki/A%26E_%28TV_network%29 \"A&E (TV network)\")) as Richard Mason [Ed Harris](/wiki/Ed_Harris \"Ed Harris\") – *Empire Falls* (HBO) as Miles Roby [Christopher Plummer](/wiki/Christopher_Plummer \"Christopher Plummer\") – *[Our Fathers](/wiki/Our_Fathers_%28film%29 \"Our Fathers (film)\")* ([Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 \"Showtime (TV network)\")) as Cardinal [Bernard Law](/wiki/Bernard_Francis_Law \"Bernard Francis Law\") | **[S. Epatha Merkerson](/wiki/S._Epatha_Merkerson \"S. Epatha Merkerson\") – *[Lackawanna Blues](/wiki/Lackawanna_Blues_%28film%29 \"Lackawanna Blues (film)\")* (HBO) as Rachel \"Nanny\" Crosby** [Tonantzin Carmelo](/wiki/Tonantzin_Carmelo \"Tonantzin Carmelo\") – *[Into the West](/wiki/Into_the_West_%28miniseries%29 \"Into the West (miniseries)\")* ([TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 \"TNT (American TV network)\")) as Thunder Heart Woman [Cynthia Nixon](/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon \"Cynthia Nixon\") – *Warm Springs* (HBO) as [Eleanor Roosevelt](/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt \"Eleanor Roosevelt\") [Joanne Woodward](/wiki/Joanne_Woodward \"Joanne Woodward\") – *Empire Falls* (HBO) as Francine Whiting [Robin Wright](/wiki/Robin_Wright \"Robin Wright\") – *Empire Falls* (HBO) as Grace Roby |\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series\") |\n| **[Kiefer Sutherland](/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland \"Kiefer Sutherland\") – *[24](/wiki/24_%28TV_series%29 \"24 (TV series)\")* ([Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\")) as [Jack Bauer](/wiki/Jack_Bauer \"Jack Bauer\")** [Alan Alda](/wiki/Alan_Alda \"Alan Alda\") – *[The West Wing](/wiki/The_West_Wing \"The West Wing\")* ([NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")) as Sen. [Arnold Vinick](/wiki/Arnold_Vinick \"Arnold Vinick\") [Patrick Dempsey](/wiki/Patrick_Dempsey \"Patrick Dempsey\") – *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy \"Grey's Anatomy\")* ([ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\")) as Dr. [Derek Shepherd](/wiki/Derek_Shepherd \"Derek Shepherd\") [Hugh Laurie](/wiki/Hugh_Laurie \"Hugh Laurie\") – *[House](/wiki/House_%28TV_series%29 \"House (TV series)\")* (Fox) as Dr. [Gregory House](/wiki/Gregory_House \"Gregory House\") [Ian McShane](/wiki/Ian_McShane \"Ian McShane\") – *[Deadwood](/wiki/Deadwood_%28TV_series%29 \"Deadwood (TV series)\")* (HBO) as [Al Swearengen](/wiki/Al_Swearengen \"Al Swearengen\") | **[Sandra Oh](/wiki/Sandra_Oh \"Sandra Oh\") – *Grey's Anatomy* (ABC) as [Cristina Yang](/wiki/Cristina_Yang \"Cristina Yang\")** [Patricia Arquette](/wiki/Patricia_Arquette \"Patricia Arquette\") – *[Medium](/wiki/Medium_%28TV_series%29 \"Medium (TV series)\")* (NBC) as [Allison DuBois](/wiki/Allison_DuBois \"Allison DuBois\") [Geena Davis](/wiki/Geena_Davis \"Geena Davis\") – *[Commander In Chief](/wiki/Commander_In_Chief \"Commander In Chief\")* (ABC) as Mackenzie Allen [Mariska Hargitay](/wiki/Mariska_Hargitay \"Mariska Hargitay\") – *[Law \\& Order: Special Victims Unit](/wiki/Law_%26_Order:Special_Victims_Unit \"Special Victims Unit\")* (NBC) as Det. [Olivia Benson](/wiki/Olivia_Benson \"Olivia Benson\") [Kyra Sedgwick](/wiki/Kyra_Sedgwick \"Kyra Sedgwick\") – *[The Closer](/wiki/The_Closer \"The Closer\")* (TNT) as Det. [Brenda Leigh Johnson](/wiki/Brenda_Leigh_Johnson \"Brenda Leigh Johnson\") |\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series\") |\n| **[Sean Hayes](/wiki/Sean_Hayes_%28actor%29 \"Sean Hayes (actor)\") – *[Will \\& Grace](/wiki/Will_%26_Grace \"Will & Grace\")* (NBC) as [Jack McFarland](/wiki/Jack_McFarland \"Jack McFarland\")** [Larry David](/wiki/Larry_David \"Larry David\") – *[Curb Your Enthusiasm](/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\")* (HBO) as himself [Jason Lee](/wiki/Jason_Lee_%28actor%29 \"Jason Lee (actor)\") – *[My Name Is Earl](/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl \"My Name Is Earl\")* (NBC) as Earl J. Hickey [William Shatner](/wiki/William_Shatner \"William Shatner\") – *[Boston Legal](/wiki/Boston_Legal \"Boston Legal\")* (ABC) as Denny Crane [James Spader](/wiki/James_Spader \"James Spader\") – *Boston Legal* (ABC) as Alan Shore | **[Felicity Huffman](/wiki/Felicity_Huffman \"Felicity Huffman\") – *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")* (ABC) as [Lynette Scavo](/wiki/Lynette_Scavo \"Lynette Scavo\")** [Candice Bergen](/wiki/Candice_Bergen \"Candice Bergen\") – *Boston Legal* (ABC) as Shirley Schmidt [Patricia Heaton](/wiki/Patricia_Heaton \"Patricia Heaton\") – *[Everybody Loves Raymond](/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Raymond \"Everybody Loves Raymond\")* ([CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\")) as Debra Barone [Megan Mullally](/wiki/Megan_Mullally \"Megan Mullally\") – *Will \\& Grace* (NBC) as [Karen Walker](/wiki/Karen_Walker_%28Will_%26_Grace%29 \"Karen Walker (Will & Grace)\") [Mary\\-Louise Parker](/wiki/Mary-Louise_Parker \"Mary-Louise Parker\") – *[Weeds](/wiki/Weeds_%28TV_series%29 \"Weeds (TV series)\")* (Showtime) as Nancy Botwin |\n| [Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Drama_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series\") | |\n| ***[Lost](/wiki/Lost_%282004_TV_series%29 \"Lost (2004 TV series)\")* (ABC) – [Adewale Akinnuoye\\-Agbaje](/wiki/Adewale_Akinnuoye-Agbaje \"Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje\"), [Naveen Andrews](/wiki/Naveen_Andrews \"Naveen Andrews\"), [Emilie de Ravin](/wiki/Emilie_de_Ravin \"Emilie de Ravin\"), [Matthew Fox](/wiki/Matthew_Fox \"Matthew Fox\"), [Jorge Garcia](/wiki/Jorge_Garcia \"Jorge Garcia\"), [Maggie Grace](/wiki/Maggie_Grace \"Maggie Grace\"), [Josh Holloway](/wiki/Josh_Holloway \"Josh Holloway\"), [Malcolm David Kelley](/wiki/Malcolm_David_Kelley \"Malcolm David Kelley\"), [Daniel Dae Kim](/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim \"Daniel Dae Kim\"), [Yunjin Kim](/wiki/Yunjin_Kim \"Yunjin Kim\"), [Evangeline Lilly](/wiki/Evangeline_Lilly \"Evangeline Lilly\"), [Dominic Monaghan](/wiki/Dominic_Monaghan \"Dominic Monaghan\"), [Terry O'Quinn](/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn \"Terry O'Quinn\"), [Harold Perrineau](/wiki/Harold_Perrineau \"Harold Perrineau\"), [Michelle Rodriguez](/wiki/Michelle_Rodriguez \"Michelle Rodriguez\"), [Ian Somerhalder](/wiki/Ian_Somerhalder \"Ian Somerhalder\"), and [Cynthia Watros](/wiki/Cynthia_Watros \"Cynthia Watros\")** *The Closer* (TNT) – [G. W. Bailey](/wiki/G._W._Bailey \"G. W. Bailey\"), [Michael Paul Chan](/wiki/Michael_Paul_Chan \"Michael Paul Chan\"), [Raymond Cruz](/wiki/Raymond_Cruz \"Raymond Cruz\"), [Tony Denison](/wiki/Tony_Denison \"Tony Denison\"), [Robert Gossett](/wiki/Robert_Gossett \"Robert Gossett\"), [Gina Ravera](/wiki/Gina_Ravera \"Gina Ravera\"), [Corey Reynolds](/wiki/Corey_Reynolds \"Corey Reynolds\"), Kyra Sedgwick, [J. K. Simmons](/wiki/J._K._Simmons \"J. K. Simmons\"), and [Jon Tenney](/wiki/Jon_Tenney \"Jon Tenney\") *Grey's Anatomy* (ABC) – [Justin Chambers](/wiki/Justin_Chambers \"Justin Chambers\"), [Patrick Dempsey](/wiki/Patrick_Dempsey \"Patrick Dempsey\"), [Katherine Heigl](/wiki/Katherine_Heigl \"Katherine Heigl\"), [T. R. Knight](/wiki/T._R._Knight \"T. R. Knight\"), Sandra Oh, [James Pickens Jr.](/wiki/James_Pickens_Jr. \"James Pickens Jr.\"), [Ellen Pompeo](/wiki/Ellen_Pompeo \"Ellen Pompeo\"), [Kate Walsh](/wiki/Kate_Walsh_%28actress%29 \"Kate Walsh (actress)\"), [Isaiah Washington](/wiki/Isaiah_Washington \"Isaiah Washington\"), and [Chandra Wilson](/wiki/Chandra_Wilson \"Chandra Wilson\") *[Six Feet Under](/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_%28TV_series%29 \"Six Feet Under (TV series)\")* (HBO) – [Lauren Ambrose](/wiki/Lauren_Ambrose \"Lauren Ambrose\"), [Joanna Cassidy](/wiki/Joanna_Cassidy \"Joanna Cassidy\"), [Frances Conroy](/wiki/Frances_Conroy \"Frances Conroy\"), [James Cromwell](/wiki/James_Cromwell \"James Cromwell\"), [Rachel Griffiths](/wiki/Rachel_Griffiths \"Rachel Griffiths\"), [Michael C. Hall](/wiki/Michael_C._Hall \"Michael C. Hall\"), [Tina Holmes](/wiki/Tina_Holmes \"Tina Holmes\"), [Peter Krause](/wiki/Peter_Krause \"Peter Krause\"), [Justina Machado](/wiki/Justina_Machado \"Justina Machado\"), [Freddy Rodriguez](/wiki/Freddy_Rodriguez_%28actor%29 \"Freddy Rodriguez (actor)\"), [Jeremy Sisto](/wiki/Jeremy_Sisto \"Jeremy Sisto\"), and [Mathew St. Patrick](/wiki/Mathew_St._Patrick \"Mathew St. Patrick\") *The West Wing* (NBC) – Alan Alda, [Kristin Chenoweth](/wiki/Kristin_Chenoweth \"Kristin Chenoweth\"), [Janeane Garofalo](/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo \"Janeane Garofalo\"), [Dulé Hill](/wiki/Dul%C3%A9_Hill \"Dulé Hill\"), [Allison Janney](/wiki/Allison_Janney \"Allison Janney\"), [Joshua Malina](/wiki/Joshua_Malina \"Joshua Malina\"), [Mary McCormack](/wiki/Mary_McCormack \"Mary McCormack\"), [Janel Moloney](/wiki/Janel_Moloney \"Janel Moloney\"), [Teri Polo](/wiki/Teri_Polo \"Teri Polo\"), [Richard Schiff](/wiki/Richard_Schiff \"Richard Schiff\"), [Martin Sheen](/wiki/Martin_Sheen \"Martin Sheen\"), [Jimmy Smits](/wiki/Jimmy_Smits \"Jimmy Smits\"), [John Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer_%28actor%29 \"John Spencer (actor)\"), and [Bradley Whitford](/wiki/Bradley_Whitford \"Bradley Whitford\") | |\n| [Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Comedy_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series\") | |\n| ***Desperate Housewives* (ABC) – [Roger Bart](/wiki/Roger_Bart \"Roger Bart\"), [Andrea Bowen](/wiki/Andrea_Bowen \"Andrea Bowen\"), [Mehcad Brooks](/wiki/Mehcad_Brooks \"Mehcad Brooks\"), [Ricardo Antonio Chavira](/wiki/Ricardo_Antonio_Chavira \"Ricardo Antonio Chavira\"), [Marcia Cross](/wiki/Marcia_Cross \"Marcia Cross\"), [Steven Culp](/wiki/Steven_Culp \"Steven Culp\"), [James Denton](/wiki/James_Denton_%28actor%29 \"James Denton (actor)\"), [Teri Hatcher](/wiki/Teri_Hatcher \"Teri Hatcher\"), Felicity Huffman, [Brent Kinsman](/wiki/Brent_Kinsman \"Brent Kinsman\"), [Shane Kinsman](/wiki/Shane_Kinsman \"Shane Kinsman\"), [Eva Longoria](/wiki/Eva_Longoria \"Eva Longoria\"), [Mark Moses](/wiki/Mark_Moses \"Mark Moses\"), [Doug Savant](/wiki/Doug_Savant \"Doug Savant\"), [Nicollette Sheridan](/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan \"Nicollette Sheridan\"), [Brenda Strong](/wiki/Brenda_Strong \"Brenda Strong\"), and [Alfre Woodard](/wiki/Alfre_Woodard \"Alfre Woodard\")** *[Arrested Development](/wiki/Arrested_Development_%28TV_series%29 \"Arrested Development (TV series)\")* (Fox) – [Will Arnett](/wiki/Will_Arnett \"Will Arnett\"), [Jason Bateman](/wiki/Jason_Bateman \"Jason Bateman\"), [Michael Cera](/wiki/Michael_Cera \"Michael Cera\"), [David Cross](/wiki/David_Cross \"David Cross\"), [Portia de Rossi](/wiki/Portia_de_Rossi \"Portia de Rossi\"), [Tony Hale](/wiki/Tony_Hale \"Tony Hale\"), [Alia Shawkat](/wiki/Alia_Shawkat \"Alia Shawkat\"), [Jeffrey Tambor](/wiki/Jeffrey_Tambor \"Jeffrey Tambor\"), and [Jessica Walter](/wiki/Jessica_Walter \"Jessica Walter\") *Boston Legal* (ABC) – [Rene Auberjonois](/wiki/Rene_Auberjonois \"Rene Auberjonois\"), [Ryan Michelle Bathe](/wiki/Ryan_Michelle_Bathe \"Ryan Michelle Bathe\"), [Candice Bergen](/wiki/Candice_Bergen \"Candice Bergen\"), [Julie Bowen](/wiki/Julie_Bowen \"Julie Bowen\"), [Justin Mentell](/wiki/Justin_Mentell \"Justin Mentell\"), [Rhona Mitra](/wiki/Rhona_Mitra \"Rhona Mitra\"), [Monica Potter](/wiki/Monica_Potter \"Monica Potter\"), William Shatner, James Spader, and [Mark Valley](/wiki/Mark_Valley \"Mark Valley\") *Curb Your Enthusiasm* (HBO) – [Shelley Berman](/wiki/Shelley_Berman \"Shelley Berman\"), Larry David, [Susie Essman](/wiki/Susie_Essman \"Susie Essman\"), [Jeff Garlin](/wiki/Jeff_Garlin \"Jeff Garlin\"), [Cheryl Hines](/wiki/Cheryl_Hines \"Cheryl Hines\"), and [Richard Lewis](/wiki/Richard_Lewis_%28comedian%29 \"Richard Lewis (comedian)\") *Everybody Loves Raymond* (CBS) – [Peter Boyle](/wiki/Peter_Boyle \"Peter Boyle\"), [Brad Garrett](/wiki/Brad_Garrett \"Brad Garrett\"), Patricia Heaton, [Monica Horan](/wiki/Monica_Horan \"Monica Horan\"), [Doris Roberts](/wiki/Doris_Roberts \"Doris Roberts\"), [Ray Romano](/wiki/Ray_Romano \"Ray Romano\"), and [Madylin Sweeten](/wiki/Madylin_Sweeten \"Madylin Sweeten\") *My Name Is Earl* (NBC) – Jason Lee, [Jaime Pressly](/wiki/Jaime_Pressly \"Jaime Pressly\"), [Eddie Steeples](/wiki/Eddie_Steeples \"Eddie Steeples\"), [Ethan Suplee](/wiki/Ethan_Suplee \"Ethan Suplee\"), and [Nadine Velazquez](/wiki/Nadine_Velazquez \"Nadine Velazquez\") | |\n\n", "### [Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Life_Achievement_Award \"Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award\")\n\n* [Shirley Temple Black](/wiki/Shirley_Temple \"Shirley Temple\")\n", "### Film\n\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role\") |\n| --- | --- |\n| **[Philip Seymour Hoffman](/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman \"Philip Seymour Hoffman\") – *[Capote](/wiki/Capote_%28film%29 \"Capote (film)\")* as [Truman Capote](/wiki/Truman_Capote \"Truman Capote\")** [Russell Crowe](/wiki/Russell_Crowe \"Russell Crowe\") – *[Cinderella Man](/wiki/Cinderella_Man \"Cinderella Man\")* as [James Braddock](/wiki/James_J._Braddock \"James J. Braddock\") [Heath Ledger](/wiki/Heath_Ledger \"Heath Ledger\") – *[Brokeback Mountain](/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain \"Brokeback Mountain\")* as [Ennis Del Mar](/wiki/Ennis_Del_Mar \"Ennis Del Mar\") [Joaquin Phoenix](/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix \"Joaquin Phoenix\") – *[Walk the Line](/wiki/Walk_the_Line \"Walk the Line\")* as [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash \"Johnny Cash\") [David Strathairn](/wiki/David_Strathairn \"David Strathairn\") – *[Good Night, and Good Luck](/wiki/Good_Night%2C_and_Good_Luck \"Good Night, and Good Luck\")* as [Edward R. Murrow](/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow \"Edward R. Murrow\") | **[Reese Witherspoon](/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon \"Reese Witherspoon\") – *Walk the Line* as [June Carter Cash](/wiki/June_Carter_Cash \"June Carter Cash\")** [Judi Dench](/wiki/Judi_Dench \"Judi Dench\") – *[Mrs Henderson Presents](/wiki/Mrs_Henderson_Presents \"Mrs Henderson Presents\")* as [Laura Henderson](/wiki/Laura_Henderson \"Laura Henderson\") [Felicity Huffman](/wiki/Felicity_Huffman \"Felicity Huffman\") – *[Transamerica](/wiki/Transamerica_%28film%29 \"Transamerica (film)\")* as Sabrina \"Bree\" Osbourne [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron \"Charlize Theron\") – *[North Country](/wiki/North_Country_%28film%29 \"North Country (film)\")* as Josey Aimes [Zhang Ziyi](/wiki/Zhang_Ziyi \"Zhang Ziyi\") – *[Memoirs of a Geisha](/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Geisha_%28film%29 \"Memoirs of a Geisha (film)\")* as Chiyo Sakamoto |\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role\") |\n| **[Paul Giamatti](/wiki/Paul_Giamatti \"Paul Giamatti\") – *Cinderella Man* as [Joe Gould](/wiki/Joe_Gould_%28boxing%29 \"Joe Gould (boxing)\")** [Don Cheadle](/wiki/Don_Cheadle \"Don Cheadle\") – *[Crash](/wiki/Crash_%282004_film%29 \"Crash (2004 film)\")* as Graham Walters [George Clooney](/wiki/George_Clooney \"George Clooney\") – *[Syriana](/wiki/Syriana \"Syriana\")* as Bob Barnes [Matt Dillon](/wiki/Matt_Dillon \"Matt Dillon\") – *Crash* as John Ryan [Jake Gyllenhaal](/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal \"Jake Gyllenhaal\") – *Brokeback Mountain* as [Jack Twist](/wiki/Jack_Twist \"Jack Twist\") | **[Rachel Weisz](/wiki/Rachel_Weisz \"Rachel Weisz\") – *[The Constant Gardener](/wiki/The_Constant_Gardener_%28film%29 \"The Constant Gardener (film)\")* as Tessa Quayle** [Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams \"Amy Adams\") – *[Junebug](/wiki/Junebug_%28film%29 \"Junebug (film)\")* as Ashley Johnsten [Catherine Keener](/wiki/Catherine_Keener \"Catherine Keener\") – *Capote* as [Harper Lee](/wiki/Harper_Lee \"Harper Lee\") [Frances McDormand](/wiki/Frances_McDormand \"Frances McDormand\") – *North Country* as Glory Dodge [Michelle Williams](/wiki/Michelle_Williams_%28actress%29 \"Michelle Williams (actress)\") – *Brokeback Mountain* as Alma Beers Del Mar |\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture\") | |\n| ***Crash* – [Chris \"Ludacris\" Bridges](/wiki/Ludacris \"Ludacris\"), [Sandra Bullock](/wiki/Sandra_Bullock \"Sandra Bullock\"), Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, [Jennifer Esposito](/wiki/Jennifer_Esposito \"Jennifer Esposito\"), [William Fichtner](/wiki/William_Fichtner \"William Fichtner\"), [Brendan Fraser](/wiki/Brendan_Fraser \"Brendan Fraser\"), [Terrence Howard](/wiki/Terrence_Howard \"Terrence Howard\"), [Thandie Newton](/wiki/Thandie_Newton \"Thandie Newton\"), [Ryan Phillippe](/wiki/Ryan_Phillippe \"Ryan Phillippe\"), and [Larenz Tate](/wiki/Larenz_Tate \"Larenz Tate\")** *Brokeback Mountain* – [Linda Cardellini](/wiki/Linda_Cardellini \"Linda Cardellini\"), [Anna Faris](/wiki/Anna_Faris \"Anna Faris\"), Jake Gyllenhaal, [Anne Hathaway](/wiki/Anne_Hathaway \"Anne Hathaway\"), Heath Ledger, [Randy Quaid](/wiki/Randy_Quaid \"Randy Quaid\"), and Michelle Williams *Capote* – [Bob Balaban](/wiki/Bob_Balaban \"Bob Balaban\"), [Marshall Bell](/wiki/Marshall_Bell \"Marshall Bell\"), [Clifton Collins Jr.](/wiki/Clifton_Collins_Jr. \"Clifton Collins Jr.\"), [Chris Cooper](/wiki/Chris_Cooper \"Chris Cooper\"), [Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood \"Bruce Greenwood\"), Philip Seymour Hoffman, Catherine Keener, and [Mark Pellegrino](/wiki/Mark_Pellegrino \"Mark Pellegrino\") *Good Night, and Good Luck* – [Rose Abdoo](/wiki/Rose_Abdoo \"Rose Abdoo\"), [Alex Borstein](/wiki/Alex_Borstein \"Alex Borstein\"), [Robert John Burke](/wiki/Robert_John_Burke \"Robert John Burke\"), [Patricia Clarkson](/wiki/Patricia_Clarkson \"Patricia Clarkson\"), George Clooney, [Jeff Daniels](/wiki/Jeff_Daniels \"Jeff Daniels\"), [Reed Diamond](/wiki/Reed_Diamond \"Reed Diamond\"), [Tate Donovan](/wiki/Tate_Donovan \"Tate Donovan\"), [Robert Downey Jr.](/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr. \"Robert Downey Jr.\"), [Grant Heslov](/wiki/Grant_Heslov \"Grant Heslov\"), [Peter Jacobson](/wiki/Peter_Jacobson \"Peter Jacobson\"), [Frank Langella](/wiki/Frank_Langella \"Frank Langella\"), [Tom McCarthy](/wiki/Tom_McCarthy_%28director%29 \"Tom McCarthy (director)\"), [Dianne Reeves](/wiki/Dianne_Reeves \"Dianne Reeves\"), [Matt Ross](/wiki/Matt_Ross_%28actor%29 \"Matt Ross (actor)\"), David Strathairn, and [Ray Wise](/wiki/Ray_Wise \"Ray Wise\") *[Hustle \\& Flow](/wiki/Hustle_%26_Flow \"Hustle & Flow\")* – [Anthony Anderson](/wiki/Anthony_Anderson \"Anthony Anderson\"), Chris \"Ludacris\" Bridges, [Isaac Hayes](/wiki/Isaac_Hayes \"Isaac Hayes\"), [Taraji P. Henson](/wiki/Taraji_P._Henson \"Taraji P. Henson\"), Terrence Howard, [Taryn Manning](/wiki/Taryn_Manning \"Taryn Manning\"), [Elise Neal](/wiki/Elise_Neal \"Elise Neal\"), [Paula Jai Parker](/wiki/Paula_Jai_Parker \"Paula Jai Parker\"), and [DJ Qualls](/wiki/DJ_Qualls \"DJ Qualls\") | |\n\n", "### Television\n\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_Television_Movie \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_Television_Movie \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie\") |\n| --- | --- |\n| **[Paul Newman](/wiki/Paul_Newman \"Paul Newman\") – *[Empire Falls](/wiki/Empire_Falls_%28miniseries%29 \"Empire Falls (miniseries)\")* ([HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\")) as Max Roby** [Kenneth Branagh](/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh \"Kenneth Branagh\") – *[Warm Springs](/wiki/Warm_Springs_%28film%29 \"Warm Springs (film)\")* (HBO) as [Franklin Delano Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt \"Franklin Delano Roosevelt\") [Ted Danson](/wiki/Ted_Danson \"Ted Danson\") – *[Knights of the South Bronx](/wiki/Knights_of_the_South_Bronx \"Knights of the South Bronx\")* ([A\\&E](/wiki/A%26E_%28TV_network%29 \"A&E (TV network)\")) as Richard Mason [Ed Harris](/wiki/Ed_Harris \"Ed Harris\") – *Empire Falls* (HBO) as Miles Roby [Christopher Plummer](/wiki/Christopher_Plummer \"Christopher Plummer\") – *[Our Fathers](/wiki/Our_Fathers_%28film%29 \"Our Fathers (film)\")* ([Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 \"Showtime (TV network)\")) as Cardinal [Bernard Law](/wiki/Bernard_Francis_Law \"Bernard Francis Law\") | **[S. Epatha Merkerson](/wiki/S._Epatha_Merkerson \"S. Epatha Merkerson\") – *[Lackawanna Blues](/wiki/Lackawanna_Blues_%28film%29 \"Lackawanna Blues (film)\")* (HBO) as Rachel \"Nanny\" Crosby** [Tonantzin Carmelo](/wiki/Tonantzin_Carmelo \"Tonantzin Carmelo\") – *[Into the West](/wiki/Into_the_West_%28miniseries%29 \"Into the West (miniseries)\")* ([TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 \"TNT (American TV network)\")) as Thunder Heart Woman [Cynthia Nixon](/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon \"Cynthia Nixon\") – *Warm Springs* (HBO) as [Eleanor Roosevelt](/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt \"Eleanor Roosevelt\") [Joanne Woodward](/wiki/Joanne_Woodward \"Joanne Woodward\") – *Empire Falls* (HBO) as Francine Whiting [Robin Wright](/wiki/Robin_Wright \"Robin Wright\") – *Empire Falls* (HBO) as Grace Roby |\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series\") |\n| **[Kiefer Sutherland](/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland \"Kiefer Sutherland\") – *[24](/wiki/24_%28TV_series%29 \"24 (TV series)\")* ([Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\")) as [Jack Bauer](/wiki/Jack_Bauer \"Jack Bauer\")** [Alan Alda](/wiki/Alan_Alda \"Alan Alda\") – *[The West Wing](/wiki/The_West_Wing \"The West Wing\")* ([NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")) as Sen. [Arnold Vinick](/wiki/Arnold_Vinick \"Arnold Vinick\") [Patrick Dempsey](/wiki/Patrick_Dempsey \"Patrick Dempsey\") – *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy \"Grey's Anatomy\")* ([ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\")) as Dr. [Derek Shepherd](/wiki/Derek_Shepherd \"Derek Shepherd\") [Hugh Laurie](/wiki/Hugh_Laurie \"Hugh Laurie\") – *[House](/wiki/House_%28TV_series%29 \"House (TV series)\")* (Fox) as Dr. [Gregory House](/wiki/Gregory_House \"Gregory House\") [Ian McShane](/wiki/Ian_McShane \"Ian McShane\") – *[Deadwood](/wiki/Deadwood_%28TV_series%29 \"Deadwood (TV series)\")* (HBO) as [Al Swearengen](/wiki/Al_Swearengen \"Al Swearengen\") | **[Sandra Oh](/wiki/Sandra_Oh \"Sandra Oh\") – *Grey's Anatomy* (ABC) as [Cristina Yang](/wiki/Cristina_Yang \"Cristina Yang\")** [Patricia Arquette](/wiki/Patricia_Arquette \"Patricia Arquette\") – *[Medium](/wiki/Medium_%28TV_series%29 \"Medium (TV series)\")* (NBC) as [Allison DuBois](/wiki/Allison_DuBois \"Allison DuBois\") [Geena Davis](/wiki/Geena_Davis \"Geena Davis\") – *[Commander In Chief](/wiki/Commander_In_Chief \"Commander In Chief\")* (ABC) as Mackenzie Allen [Mariska Hargitay](/wiki/Mariska_Hargitay \"Mariska Hargitay\") – *[Law \\& Order: Special Victims Unit](/wiki/Law_%26_Order:Special_Victims_Unit \"Special Victims Unit\")* (NBC) as Det. [Olivia Benson](/wiki/Olivia_Benson \"Olivia Benson\") [Kyra Sedgwick](/wiki/Kyra_Sedgwick \"Kyra Sedgwick\") – *[The Closer](/wiki/The_Closer \"The Closer\")* (TNT) as Det. [Brenda Leigh Johnson](/wiki/Brenda_Leigh_Johnson \"Brenda Leigh Johnson\") |\n| [Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series\") | [Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series\") |\n| **[Sean Hayes](/wiki/Sean_Hayes_%28actor%29 \"Sean Hayes (actor)\") – *[Will \\& Grace](/wiki/Will_%26_Grace \"Will & Grace\")* (NBC) as [Jack McFarland](/wiki/Jack_McFarland \"Jack McFarland\")** [Larry David](/wiki/Larry_David \"Larry David\") – *[Curb Your Enthusiasm](/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\")* (HBO) as himself [Jason Lee](/wiki/Jason_Lee_%28actor%29 \"Jason Lee (actor)\") – *[My Name Is Earl](/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl \"My Name Is Earl\")* (NBC) as Earl J. Hickey [William Shatner](/wiki/William_Shatner \"William Shatner\") – *[Boston Legal](/wiki/Boston_Legal \"Boston Legal\")* (ABC) as Denny Crane [James Spader](/wiki/James_Spader \"James Spader\") – *Boston Legal* (ABC) as Alan Shore | **[Felicity Huffman](/wiki/Felicity_Huffman \"Felicity Huffman\") – *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")* (ABC) as [Lynette Scavo](/wiki/Lynette_Scavo \"Lynette Scavo\")** [Candice Bergen](/wiki/Candice_Bergen \"Candice Bergen\") – *Boston Legal* (ABC) as Shirley Schmidt [Patricia Heaton](/wiki/Patricia_Heaton \"Patricia Heaton\") – *[Everybody Loves Raymond](/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Raymond \"Everybody Loves Raymond\")* ([CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\")) as Debra Barone [Megan Mullally](/wiki/Megan_Mullally \"Megan Mullally\") – *Will \\& Grace* (NBC) as [Karen Walker](/wiki/Karen_Walker_%28Will_%26_Grace%29 \"Karen Walker (Will & Grace)\") [Mary\\-Louise Parker](/wiki/Mary-Louise_Parker \"Mary-Louise Parker\") – *[Weeds](/wiki/Weeds_%28TV_series%29 \"Weeds (TV series)\")* (Showtime) as Nancy Botwin |\n| [Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Drama_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series\") | |\n| ***[Lost](/wiki/Lost_%282004_TV_series%29 \"Lost (2004 TV series)\")* (ABC) – [Adewale Akinnuoye\\-Agbaje](/wiki/Adewale_Akinnuoye-Agbaje \"Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje\"), [Naveen Andrews](/wiki/Naveen_Andrews \"Naveen Andrews\"), [Emilie de Ravin](/wiki/Emilie_de_Ravin \"Emilie de Ravin\"), [Matthew Fox](/wiki/Matthew_Fox \"Matthew Fox\"), [Jorge Garcia](/wiki/Jorge_Garcia \"Jorge Garcia\"), [Maggie Grace](/wiki/Maggie_Grace \"Maggie Grace\"), [Josh Holloway](/wiki/Josh_Holloway \"Josh Holloway\"), [Malcolm David Kelley](/wiki/Malcolm_David_Kelley \"Malcolm David Kelley\"), [Daniel Dae Kim](/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim \"Daniel Dae Kim\"), [Yunjin Kim](/wiki/Yunjin_Kim \"Yunjin Kim\"), [Evangeline Lilly](/wiki/Evangeline_Lilly \"Evangeline Lilly\"), [Dominic Monaghan](/wiki/Dominic_Monaghan \"Dominic Monaghan\"), [Terry O'Quinn](/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn \"Terry O'Quinn\"), [Harold Perrineau](/wiki/Harold_Perrineau \"Harold Perrineau\"), [Michelle Rodriguez](/wiki/Michelle_Rodriguez \"Michelle Rodriguez\"), [Ian Somerhalder](/wiki/Ian_Somerhalder \"Ian Somerhalder\"), and [Cynthia Watros](/wiki/Cynthia_Watros \"Cynthia Watros\")** *The Closer* (TNT) – [G. W. Bailey](/wiki/G._W._Bailey \"G. W. Bailey\"), [Michael Paul Chan](/wiki/Michael_Paul_Chan \"Michael Paul Chan\"), [Raymond Cruz](/wiki/Raymond_Cruz \"Raymond Cruz\"), [Tony Denison](/wiki/Tony_Denison \"Tony Denison\"), [Robert Gossett](/wiki/Robert_Gossett \"Robert Gossett\"), [Gina Ravera](/wiki/Gina_Ravera \"Gina Ravera\"), [Corey Reynolds](/wiki/Corey_Reynolds \"Corey Reynolds\"), Kyra Sedgwick, [J. K. Simmons](/wiki/J._K._Simmons \"J. K. Simmons\"), and [Jon Tenney](/wiki/Jon_Tenney \"Jon Tenney\") *Grey's Anatomy* (ABC) – [Justin Chambers](/wiki/Justin_Chambers \"Justin Chambers\"), [Patrick Dempsey](/wiki/Patrick_Dempsey \"Patrick Dempsey\"), [Katherine Heigl](/wiki/Katherine_Heigl \"Katherine Heigl\"), [T. R. Knight](/wiki/T._R._Knight \"T. R. Knight\"), Sandra Oh, [James Pickens Jr.](/wiki/James_Pickens_Jr. \"James Pickens Jr.\"), [Ellen Pompeo](/wiki/Ellen_Pompeo \"Ellen Pompeo\"), [Kate Walsh](/wiki/Kate_Walsh_%28actress%29 \"Kate Walsh (actress)\"), [Isaiah Washington](/wiki/Isaiah_Washington \"Isaiah Washington\"), and [Chandra Wilson](/wiki/Chandra_Wilson \"Chandra Wilson\") *[Six Feet Under](/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_%28TV_series%29 \"Six Feet Under (TV series)\")* (HBO) – [Lauren Ambrose](/wiki/Lauren_Ambrose \"Lauren Ambrose\"), [Joanna Cassidy](/wiki/Joanna_Cassidy \"Joanna Cassidy\"), [Frances Conroy](/wiki/Frances_Conroy \"Frances Conroy\"), [James Cromwell](/wiki/James_Cromwell \"James Cromwell\"), [Rachel Griffiths](/wiki/Rachel_Griffiths \"Rachel Griffiths\"), [Michael C. Hall](/wiki/Michael_C._Hall \"Michael C. Hall\"), [Tina Holmes](/wiki/Tina_Holmes \"Tina Holmes\"), [Peter Krause](/wiki/Peter_Krause \"Peter Krause\"), [Justina Machado](/wiki/Justina_Machado \"Justina Machado\"), [Freddy Rodriguez](/wiki/Freddy_Rodriguez_%28actor%29 \"Freddy Rodriguez (actor)\"), [Jeremy Sisto](/wiki/Jeremy_Sisto \"Jeremy Sisto\"), and [Mathew St. Patrick](/wiki/Mathew_St._Patrick \"Mathew St. Patrick\") *The West Wing* (NBC) – Alan Alda, [Kristin Chenoweth](/wiki/Kristin_Chenoweth \"Kristin Chenoweth\"), [Janeane Garofalo](/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo \"Janeane Garofalo\"), [Dulé Hill](/wiki/Dul%C3%A9_Hill \"Dulé Hill\"), [Allison Janney](/wiki/Allison_Janney \"Allison Janney\"), [Joshua Malina](/wiki/Joshua_Malina \"Joshua Malina\"), [Mary McCormack](/wiki/Mary_McCormack \"Mary McCormack\"), [Janel Moloney](/wiki/Janel_Moloney \"Janel Moloney\"), [Teri Polo](/wiki/Teri_Polo \"Teri Polo\"), [Richard Schiff](/wiki/Richard_Schiff \"Richard Schiff\"), [Martin Sheen](/wiki/Martin_Sheen \"Martin Sheen\"), [Jimmy Smits](/wiki/Jimmy_Smits \"Jimmy Smits\"), [John Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer_%28actor%29 \"John Spencer (actor)\"), and [Bradley Whitford](/wiki/Bradley_Whitford \"Bradley Whitford\") | |\n| [Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series](/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Comedy_Series \"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series\") | |\n| ***Desperate Housewives* (ABC) – [Roger Bart](/wiki/Roger_Bart \"Roger Bart\"), [Andrea Bowen](/wiki/Andrea_Bowen \"Andrea Bowen\"), [Mehcad Brooks](/wiki/Mehcad_Brooks \"Mehcad Brooks\"), [Ricardo Antonio Chavira](/wiki/Ricardo_Antonio_Chavira \"Ricardo Antonio Chavira\"), [Marcia Cross](/wiki/Marcia_Cross \"Marcia Cross\"), [Steven Culp](/wiki/Steven_Culp \"Steven Culp\"), [James Denton](/wiki/James_Denton_%28actor%29 \"James Denton (actor)\"), [Teri Hatcher](/wiki/Teri_Hatcher \"Teri Hatcher\"), Felicity Huffman, [Brent Kinsman](/wiki/Brent_Kinsman \"Brent Kinsman\"), [Shane Kinsman](/wiki/Shane_Kinsman \"Shane Kinsman\"), [Eva Longoria](/wiki/Eva_Longoria \"Eva Longoria\"), [Mark Moses](/wiki/Mark_Moses \"Mark Moses\"), [Doug Savant](/wiki/Doug_Savant \"Doug Savant\"), [Nicollette Sheridan](/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan \"Nicollette Sheridan\"), [Brenda Strong](/wiki/Brenda_Strong \"Brenda Strong\"), and [Alfre Woodard](/wiki/Alfre_Woodard \"Alfre Woodard\")** *[Arrested Development](/wiki/Arrested_Development_%28TV_series%29 \"Arrested Development (TV series)\")* (Fox) – [Will Arnett](/wiki/Will_Arnett \"Will Arnett\"), [Jason Bateman](/wiki/Jason_Bateman \"Jason Bateman\"), [Michael Cera](/wiki/Michael_Cera \"Michael Cera\"), [David Cross](/wiki/David_Cross \"David Cross\"), [Portia de Rossi](/wiki/Portia_de_Rossi \"Portia de Rossi\"), [Tony Hale](/wiki/Tony_Hale \"Tony Hale\"), [Alia Shawkat](/wiki/Alia_Shawkat \"Alia Shawkat\"), [Jeffrey Tambor](/wiki/Jeffrey_Tambor \"Jeffrey Tambor\"), and [Jessica Walter](/wiki/Jessica_Walter \"Jessica Walter\") *Boston Legal* (ABC) – [Rene Auberjonois](/wiki/Rene_Auberjonois \"Rene Auberjonois\"), [Ryan Michelle Bathe](/wiki/Ryan_Michelle_Bathe \"Ryan Michelle Bathe\"), [Candice Bergen](/wiki/Candice_Bergen \"Candice Bergen\"), [Julie Bowen](/wiki/Julie_Bowen \"Julie Bowen\"), [Justin Mentell](/wiki/Justin_Mentell \"Justin Mentell\"), [Rhona Mitra](/wiki/Rhona_Mitra \"Rhona Mitra\"), [Monica Potter](/wiki/Monica_Potter \"Monica Potter\"), William Shatner, James Spader, and [Mark Valley](/wiki/Mark_Valley \"Mark Valley\") *Curb Your Enthusiasm* (HBO) – [Shelley Berman](/wiki/Shelley_Berman \"Shelley Berman\"), Larry David, [Susie Essman](/wiki/Susie_Essman \"Susie Essman\"), [Jeff Garlin](/wiki/Jeff_Garlin \"Jeff Garlin\"), [Cheryl Hines](/wiki/Cheryl_Hines \"Cheryl Hines\"), and [Richard Lewis](/wiki/Richard_Lewis_%28comedian%29 \"Richard Lewis (comedian)\") *Everybody Loves Raymond* (CBS) – [Peter Boyle](/wiki/Peter_Boyle \"Peter Boyle\"), [Brad Garrett](/wiki/Brad_Garrett \"Brad Garrett\"), Patricia Heaton, [Monica Horan](/wiki/Monica_Horan \"Monica Horan\"), [Doris Roberts](/wiki/Doris_Roberts \"Doris Roberts\"), [Ray Romano](/wiki/Ray_Romano \"Ray Romano\"), and [Madylin Sweeten](/wiki/Madylin_Sweeten \"Madylin Sweeten\") *My Name Is Earl* (NBC) – Jason Lee, [Jaime Pressly](/wiki/Jaime_Pressly \"Jaime Pressly\"), [Eddie Steeples](/wiki/Eddie_Steeples \"Eddie Steeples\"), [Ethan Suplee](/wiki/Ethan_Suplee \"Ethan Suplee\"), and [Nadine Velazquez](/wiki/Nadine_Velazquez \"Nadine Velazquez\") | |\n\n", "In Memoriam\n-----------\n\n[Samuel L. Jackson](/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson \"Samuel L. Jackson\") presented a visual salute to the members of the guild who died in 2005:\n\n* [Sandra Dee](/wiki/Sandra_Dee \"Sandra Dee\")\n* [Eddie Albert](/wiki/Eddie_Albert \"Eddie Albert\")\n* [Barbara Bel Geddes](/wiki/Barbara_Bel_Geddes \"Barbara Bel Geddes\")\n* [Bob Denver](/wiki/Bob_Denver \"Bob Denver\")\n* [James Doohan](/wiki/James_Doohan \"James Doohan\")\n* [Dana Elcar](/wiki/Dana_Elcar \"Dana Elcar\")\n* [Wendie Jo Sperber](/wiki/Wendie_Jo_Sperber \"Wendie Jo Sperber\")\n* [J. D. Cannon](/wiki/J._D._Cannon \"J. D. Cannon\")\n* [Harold J. Stone](/wiki/Harold_J._Stone \"Harold J. Stone\")\n* [Sheree North](/wiki/Sheree_North \"Sheree North\")\n* [Don Adams](/wiki/Don_Adams \"Don Adams\")\n* [Teresa Wright](/wiki/Teresa_Wright \"Teresa Wright\")\n* [Lloyd Bochner](/wiki/Lloyd_Bochner \"Lloyd Bochner\")\n* [Mason Adams](/wiki/Mason_Adams \"Mason Adams\")\n* [Lane Smith](/wiki/Lane_Smith \"Lane Smith\")\n* [Thurl Ravenscroft](/wiki/Thurl_Ravenscroft \"Thurl Ravenscroft\")\n* [John Raitt](/wiki/John_Raitt \"John Raitt\")\n* [Lou Rawls](/wiki/Lou_Rawls \"Lou Rawls\")\n* [John Vernon](/wiki/John_Vernon \"John Vernon\")\n* [Len Dressler](/wiki/Elmer_Dresslar_Jr. \"Elmer Dresslar Jr.\")\n* [John Fiedler](/wiki/John_Fiedler \"John Fiedler\")\n* [Barney Martin](/wiki/Barney_Martin \"Barney Martin\")\n* [Ruth Hussey](/wiki/Ruth_Hussey \"Ruth Hussey\")\n* [Ford Rainey](/wiki/Ford_Rainey \"Ford Rainey\")\n* [Brock Peters](/wiki/Brock_Peters \"Brock Peters\")\n* [John Mills](/wiki/John_Mills \"John Mills\")\n* [Frances Langford](/wiki/Frances_Langford \"Frances Langford\")\n* [June Haver](/wiki/June_Haver \"June Haver\")\n* [Dan O'Herlihy](/wiki/Dan_O%27Herlihy \"Dan O'Herlihy\")\n* [Geraldine Fitzgerald](/wiki/Geraldine_Fitzgerald \"Geraldine Fitzgerald\")\n* [Anthony Franciosa](/wiki/Anthony_Franciosa \"Anthony Franciosa\")\n* [Stephen Elliot](/wiki/Stephen_Elliott_%28actor%29 \"Stephen Elliott (actor)\")\n* [Paul Winchell](/wiki/Paul_Winchell \"Paul Winchell\")\n* [Frank Gorshin](/wiki/Frank_Gorshin \"Frank Gorshin\")\n* [Shelley Winters](/wiki/Shelley_Winters \"Shelley Winters\")\n* [Anne Bancroft](/wiki/Anne_Bancroft \"Anne Bancroft\")\n* [Louis Nye](/wiki/Louis_Nye \"Louis Nye\")\n* [Vincent Schiavelli](/wiki/Vincent_Schiavelli \"Vincent Schiavelli\")\n* [John Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer_%28actor%29 \"John Spencer (actor)\")\n* [Pat Morita](/wiki/Pat_Morita \"Pat Morita\")\n* [Richard Pryor](/wiki/Richard_Pryor \"Richard Pryor\")\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [SAG Awards official site](http://www.sagawards.com) \n* [DigitalHit.com 12th Annual SAG Awards Photos](http://www.digitalhit.com/sag/12/photos)\n\n[\\*2005](/wiki/Category:Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards \"Screen Actors Guild Awards\")\n[Category:2005 film awards](/wiki/Category:2005_film_awards \"2005 film awards\")\n[Category:2005 television awards](/wiki/Category:2005_television_awards \"2005 television awards\")\n[Category:2005 guild awards](/wiki/Category:2005_guild_awards \"2005 guild awards\")\n[Category:2005 in American television](/wiki/Category:2005_in_American_television \"2005 in American television\")\n[Category:2005 in California](/wiki/Category:2005_in_California \"2005 in California\")\n[Category:2005 in American cinema](/wiki/Category:2005_in_American_cinema \"2005 in American cinema\")\n[Category:January 2006 events in the United States](/wiki/Category:January_2006_events_in_the_United_States \"January 2006 events in the United States\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Life", "Family", "Legacy", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Stan VanDerBeek in front of his Movie Drome theater at Stony Point, New York](/wiki/File:Stan_VanDerBeek.jpg \"Stan VanDerBeek.jpg\")\n**Stan VanDerBeek** (January 6, 1927 – September 19, 1984\\) was an American [independent animator](/wiki/Independent_animation \"Independent animation\"), [experimental filmmaker](/wiki/Experimental_film \"Experimental film\"), and [art theoretician](/wiki/Art_theory \"Art theory\") known for his [collage works](/wiki/Collage_film \"Collage film\")[Underground Film Journal](https://www.undergroundfilmjournal.com/tag/stan-vanderbeek/) and his early use the digital computer as a creative medium. His **Movie Drome** theater was a [grain silo](/wiki/Grain_silo \"Grain silo\") [dome](/wiki/Dome \"Dome\") or [geodesic dome](/wiki/Geodesic_dome \"Geodesic dome\") where he showed 16mm films mixed with 35mm slides, video and [digital animations](/wiki/Digital_animation \"Digital animation\").[https://www.artnews.com/art\\-in\\-america/features/from\\-the\\-archives\\-stan\\-vanderbeek\\-computer\\-new\\-talent\\-1234666966/](https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/from-the-archives-stan-vanderbeek-computer-new-talent-1234666966/)Stan VanDerBeek in [Art in America](/wiki/Art_in_America \"Art in America\")\n\n", "Life\n----\n\nVanDerBeek studied [art](/wiki/Art \"Art\") and [architecture](/wiki/Architecture \"Architecture\") at [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\")'s [Cooper Union](/wiki/Cooper_Union \"Cooper Union\") before transferring to [Black Mountain College](/wiki/Black_Mountain_College \"Black Mountain College\") in [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), where he met polymath [Buckminster Fuller](/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller \"Buckminster Fuller\"), composer [John Cage](/wiki/John_Cage \"John Cage\"), and choreographer [Merce Cunningham](/wiki/Merce_Cunningham \"Merce Cunningham\"). Beginning in 1949, he took two terms of photography courses from [Hazel Larsen Archer](/wiki/Hazel_Larsen_Archer \"Hazel Larsen Archer\") at the institution.\n\nIn the 1950s, he directed independent art films while learning animation techniques and painting scenery and set designs for *[Winky Dink and You](/wiki/Winky_Dink_and_You \"Winky Dink and You\")*. His earliest films, made between 1955 and 1965, mostly consist of animated paintings and [collage films](/wiki/Collage_film \"Collage film\"), combined in a form of organic development (including his 1959 short *Science Friction*).\n\nVanDerBeek's ironic compositions were created very much in the spirit of the surreal and [Dadaist](/wiki/Dadaist \"Dadaist\") collages of [Max Ernst](/wiki/Max_Ernst \"Max Ernst\"), but with a wild, rough informality more akin to the expressionism of the [Beat Generation](/wiki/Beat_Generation \"Beat Generation\"). \n\nIn the 1960s, VanDerBeek began working with the likes of [Claes Oldenburg](/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg \"Claes Oldenburg\") and [Jim Dine](/wiki/Jim_Dine \"Jim Dine\"), as well as representatives of modern dance and expanded cinema, such as [Merce Cunningham](/wiki/Merce_Cunningham \"Merce Cunningham\") and [Elaine Summers](/wiki/Elaine_Summers \"Elaine Summers\"). Contemporaneously, he designed shows using multiple projectors at his Movie Drome theater at [Stony Point, New York](/wiki/Stony_Point%2C_New_York \"Stony Point, New York\"). The Movie Drome was a grain silo dome which he turned into his \"infinite projection screen.\" Visitors entered the dome through a trap\\-door in the floor, and were encouraged after entering to spread out over the floor and lie with their feet pointing towards the center. Once inside, the audience experienced a dynamic inter\\-dispersal of movies and images around them, created by over a dozen slide and film projectors filling the concave surface with a dense collage of moving imagery. These presentations contained a very great number of random image sequences and continuities, with the result that none of the performances were alike.\n\nHis desire for the utopian led him to collaborate with [Ken Knowlton](/wiki/Ken_Knowlton \"Ken Knowlton\") at [Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs \"Bell Labs\"), where dozens of computer\\-animated films and [holographic](/wiki/Holograph \"Holograph\") experiments were created by the end of the 1960s. These included *[Poem Field](/wiki/Poem_Field \"Poem Field\")* (1964\\-1968\\), a series of eight [computer animations](/wiki/Computer_animation \"Computer animation\").\n\nDuring the same period, he taught at many universities, researching new methods of representation, from the steam projections at the [Guggenheim Museum](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum \"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum\") to the [interactive](/wiki/Interactive \"Interactive\") television transmissions of his *Violence Sonata*, broadcast on several channels in 1970\\. He directed the [University of Maryland, Baltimore County](/wiki/University_of_Maryland%2C_Baltimore_County \"University of Maryland, Baltimore County\") visual arts program until his death.\n\n", "Family\n------\n\nHe had two children (August, Maximus) from his marriage to Johanna Vanderbeek. Three additional children from his second marriage to Louise VanDerBeek are Julia VanDerBeek and artists [Sara VanDerBeek](/wiki/Sara_VanDerBeek \"Sara VanDerBeek\") and [Johannes VanDerBeek](/wiki/Johannes_Vanderbeek \"Johannes Vanderbeek\")\n\n", "Legacy\n------\n\nHis movie *Breathdeath* (1963\\) [Breathdeath\\-Stan Vanderbeek\\|Underground Film Journel](http://www.undergroundfilmjournal.com/breathdeath-by-stan-vanderbeek/)[Intermedia Art: A La Mode, Science Friction, Breath Death, Poemfield \\# 2](http://www2.tate.org.uk/intermediaart/StanVanDerBeek.shtm), tate.org. Accessed January 25, 2023\\. was a huge influence on [Terry Gilliam](/wiki/Terry_Gilliam \"Terry Gilliam\") (who, nonetheless, once mistakenly referred to it as *Death Breath*).[\"Terry Gilliam picks the 10 best animated films of all time\"](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/apr/27/culture.features1), theguardian.com. Accessed January 25, 2023\\.\n\nVanDerBeek's work and legacy has been the focus of several retrospective exhibitions, including the following:\n* *Amazement Park: Stan, Sara and Johannes VanDerBeek* (2009\\) at The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at [Skidmore College](/wiki/Skidmore_College \"Skidmore College\"), Saratoga Springs, NY\n* *Stan VanDerBeek – The Cultural Intercom* (2011\\) at [MIT List Visual Arts Center](/wiki/List_Visual_Arts_Center \"List Visual Arts Center\"), Cambridge, MA (traveled to Museum of Contemporary Art, Houston, TX)\n* *Jon Rafman / Stan VanDerBeek* (2017\\) at [Sprüth Magers](/wiki/Spr%C3%BCth_Magers \"Sprüth Magers\"), Los Angeles, CA, curated by Johannes Fricke Waldthausen\n* *VanDerBeek \\+ VanDerBeek* (2019\\) at [Black Mountain College Museum \\+ Arts Center](/wiki/Black_Mountain_College_Museum_%2B_Arts_Center \"Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center\"), co\\-curated by Sara VanDerBeek and Chelsea Spengemann, Director of the Stan VanDerBeek Archive.\n\nThe **VanDerBeek Archive** is represented by the New York City gallery Magenta Plains.[https://magentaplains.com/exhibitions/stan\\-vanderbeek](https://magentaplains.com/exhibitions/stan-vanderbeek) Stan VanDerBeek Archive at Magenta Plains\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Cutout animation](/wiki/Cutout_animation \"Cutout animation\")\n* [Computer animation](/wiki/Computer_animation \"Computer animation\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Stan Vanderbeek](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0066388/?ref_=tt_ov_dr) on [IMDb](/wiki/IMDb \"IMDb\")\n* [Stan VanDerBeek Estate](http://stanvanderbeek.com/)\n* [Stan Vanderbeek](http://www.ubu.com/film/vanderbeek.html) on [UbuWeb](/wiki/UbuWeb \"UbuWeb\")\n\n[Category:1927 births](/wiki/Category:1927_births \"1927 births\")\n[Category:1984 deaths](/wiki/Category:1984_deaths \"1984 deaths\")\n[Category:American experimental filmmakers](/wiki/Category:American_experimental_filmmakers \"American experimental filmmakers\")\n[Category:American animators](/wiki/Category:American_animators \"American animators\")\n[Category:Artists from Baltimore](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Baltimore \"Artists from Baltimore\")\n[Category:Cooper Union alumni](/wiki/Category:Cooper_Union_alumni \"Cooper Union alumni\")\n[Category:American video artists](/wiki/Category:American_video_artists \"American video artists\")\n[Category:American new media artists](/wiki/Category:American_new_media_artists \"American new media artists\")\n[Category:Black Mountain College alumni](/wiki/Category:Black_Mountain_College_alumni \"Black Mountain College alumni\")\n[Category:Film directors from Maryland](/wiki/Category:Film_directors_from_Maryland \"Film directors from Maryland\")\n[Category:University of Maryland, Baltimore County faculty](/wiki/Category:University_of_Maryland%2C_Baltimore_County_faculty \"University of Maryland, Baltimore County faculty\")\n[Category:Collage filmmakers](/wiki/Category:Collage_filmmakers \"Collage filmmakers\")\n[Category:Deaths from cancer in Maryland](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_cancer_in_Maryland \"Deaths from cancer in Maryland\")\n[Category:Burials at Green River Cemetery](/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Green_River_Cemetery \"Burials at Green River Cemetery\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 12051049 ], "name": [ "Shuipzv3" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Gallery", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n[thumb\\|Map showing Japan's “snow country”. Red indicates prefectures completely inside it; yellow, prefectures partially in it.](/wiki/File:%E8%B1%AA%E9%9B%AA%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%AF%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%9B%B3.png \"豪雪地帯位置図.png\")\n refers to areas in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") characterized by heavy, long\\-lasting snowfalls.\n\nThe rather poetic can refer to any place with heavy or deep snows and is generally understood as a reference to the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan \"Sea of Japan\") side of [Honshū](/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB \"Honshū\") (Japan's main island) and the area encompassed by the [Japanese Alps](/wiki/Japanese_Alps \"Japanese Alps\"), a series of mountain ranges that make up the island's backbone. In its broadest meaning, *snow country* means the belt along the Sea of Japan from [Yamaguchi](/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture \"Yamaguchi Prefecture\") (in particular, [Shimane](/wiki/Shimane_Prefecture \"Shimane Prefecture\")) in the south to Honshū's northern tip, as well as [Sado Island](/wiki/Sado_Island \"Sado Island\") and [Hokkaidō](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D \"Hokkaidō\"). More narrowly defined, it is used to indicate the area from [Fukui](/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture \"Fukui Prefecture\") to [Akita Prefecture](/wiki/Akita_Prefecture \"Akita Prefecture\"), but it is most closely associated with part of Fukui and all of [Toyama](/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture \"Toyama Prefecture\") and [Niigata](/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture \"Niigata Prefecture\") Prefectures.\n\n\"Heavy Snowfall Zones\" refers to places where snowfall and snow cover are severe enough to be a hindrance to the livelihood of inhabitants or the development of local industry. In all, more than half of Japan's land area carries the designation—ten complete prefectures and portions of fourteen others out of Japan's 47 [prefectures](/wiki/Prefecture%23Japanese_sense_of_prefecture \"Prefecture#Japanese sense of prefecture\"). Heavy snow areas are eligible for [subsidies](/wiki/Subsidy \"Subsidy\") and other special consideration from the central government to help them cope with the snow (such as for [snow removal](/wiki/Snow_removal \"Snow removal\")) and otherwise bring stability to local livelihoods and economies.\n\nThe heavy snowfalls of Japan's snow country are caused by moisture\\-laden clouds bumping up against the mountains along the backbone of Honshū and releasing their moisture under the influence of [westerly winds](/wiki/Westerlies \"Westerlies\") blowing off the continent or down from Siberia. As a result, the region includes some of the world's snowiest spots at the same latitudes, many localities are also frequently visited by [avalanches](/wiki/Avalanches \"Avalanches\").\n\nFrequently [snow](/wiki/Snow \"Snow\") is so deep in some places that buildings have a special entrance on their second story; people must remove snow from their roofs to prevent its weight from crushing their homes, and special care is taken to protect trees from the snow's weight. In some towns, people used to tunnel paths to one another's homes, and streets were lined with covered sidewalks to ensure that people could get around. Today in areas where temperatures are high enough to make it practical, many roads are equipped with sprinklers using warm ground water to keep them passable by melting the snow.\n\nThe most recent record snows were brought by the blizzards of December 2005–February 2006, when well over 3 m (4\\.5 m in one part of [Aomori Prefecture](/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture \"Aomori Prefecture\")) of snow accumulated in many rural areas, and anywhere from 46 cm ([Tottori](/wiki/Tottori%2C_Tottori \"Tottori, Tottori\")) to nearly 1\\.5 m ([Aomori](/wiki/Aomori%2C_Aomori \"Aomori, Aomori\")) piled up even in several major cities.\n\nOne striking feature of Japan's snow country are the on . Strong winds over the nearby lake fling water droplets which freeze against the trees and their branches, until near\\-horizontal icicles begin to form. Falling snow settles on the ice formations, and the result is a grotesque figure of a tree. The effect of a full forest of such trees gives visitors a ghostly impression.\n\n", "Gallery\n-------\n\nFile:Snow Mountains Japan 2006 001\\.jpg\\|A ''yukiguni'' landscape in the \\[\\[Niigata Prefecture]]\nFile:国立公園立山 雪の大谷.jpg\\|A snow wall on the \\[\\[Tateyama, Toyama\\|Tateyama]] Kurobe Alpine Route (\\[\\[Toyama Prefecture\\|Toyama]])\nFile:Tokamachi City Hall 2006 winter 001\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Tōkamachi]] (Niigata) city hall in January 2006\nFile:Route 405 2006 Winter 005\\.jpg\\|Electronic sign warns of avalanche danger near \\[\\[Tsunan]], Niigata\nFile:Zao snow monsters.jpg\\|Snow monsters in \\[\\[Mount Zaō]]\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Mount Zaō](/wiki/Mount_Za%C5%8D \"Mount Zaō\")\n* *[Snow Country](/wiki/Snow_Country \"Snow Country\")*, a novel set in the Niigata Prefecture\n* [1998 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics \"1998 Winter Olympics\"), which took place in the Snow Country, in particular [Nagano](/wiki/Nagano_%28city%29 \"Nagano (city)\")\n* [Matagi](/wiki/Matagi \"Matagi\")\n* [Snow in Brazil](/wiki/Snow_in_Brazil \"Snow in Brazil\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Japan's Snow Country Faces Test of Time](http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=2901) (Seoul Times)\n* [Culture \\- YUKIGUNI (Snow Country)](https://yukigunijapan.com/category/snowjourney/culture/) (official website)\n\n[Category:Regions of Japan](/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Japan \"Regions of Japan\")\n\n[Category:Geography of Japan](/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Japan \"Geography of Japan\")\n[Category:Winter](/wiki/Category:Winter \"Winter\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 17482101 ], "name": [ "Fork99" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Collection", "Building design", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia** is an [art gallery](/wiki/Art_museum \"Art museum\") that houses the [Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") part of the art collection of the [National Gallery of Victoria](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria \"National Gallery of Victoria\") (NGV).\n\nThe Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia is located at [Federation Square](/wiki/Federation_Square \"Federation Square\") in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\"); while the gallery's international works are displayed at the NGV International on [St Kilda Road](/wiki/St_Kilda_Road \"St Kilda Road\").\n\n", "Collection\n----------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|[The pioneer](/wiki/The_pioneer_%28painting%29 \"The pioneer (painting)\")](/wiki/File:Frederick_McCubbin_-_The_pioneer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg \"Frederick McCubbin - The pioneer - Google Art Project.jpg\")\nThere are over 20,000 Australian artworks, including paintings, sculpture, prints, photography, fashion and textiles, and the collection is one of the oldest and most well known in the country.\n\nThe Ian Potter Centre is a legacy of the businessman and philanthropist [Sir Ian Potter](/wiki/Ian_Potter \"Ian Potter\"). Well\\-known works at the Ian Potter Centre include [Frederick McCubbin](/wiki/Frederick_McCubbin \"Frederick McCubbin\")'s *[The pioneer](/wiki/The_pioneer_%28painting%29 \"The pioneer (painting)\")* (1904\\) and [Tom Roberts](/wiki/Tom_Roberts \"Tom Roberts\")' *[Shearing the Rams](/wiki/Shearing_the_Rams \"Shearing the Rams\")* (1890\\). Also featured are works from [Sidney Nolan](/wiki/Sidney_Nolan \"Sidney Nolan\"), [Arthur Boyd](/wiki/Arthur_Boyd \"Arthur Boyd\"), [Albert Tucker](/wiki/Albert_Tucker_%28artist%29 \"Albert Tucker (artist)\"), [Arthur Streeton](/wiki/Arthur_Streeton \"Arthur Streeton\"), [John Perceval](/wiki/John_Perceval \"John Perceval\"), [Margaret Preston](/wiki/Margaret_Preston \"Margaret Preston\"), [Bill Henson](/wiki/Bill_Henson \"Bill Henson\"), [Howard Arkley](/wiki/Howard_Arkley \"Howard Arkley\") and [Fred Williams](/wiki/Fred_Williams_%28artist%29 \"Fred Williams (artist)\").\n\nIndigenous art includes works by William [Barak](/wiki/Barak%2C_aborigine \"Barak, aborigine\") and Emily Kngwarreye.\n\n", "Building design\n---------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Interior of one of the gallery spaces inside the Ian Potter Centre](/wiki/File:NGV_Australia_Federation_Square.jpg \"NGV Australia Federation Square.jpg\")\nThe design of the Ian Potter Centre was commissioned to [Lab Architecture Studio](/wiki/Lab_Architecture_Studio \"Lab Architecture Studio\") in association with [Bates Smart](/wiki/Bates_Smart \"Bates Smart\") of Melbourne, headed by Peter Davidson and Donald Bates. Their work has since earned them The RAIA National Award for Interior Architecture as well as the Marion Mahony Interior Architecture Award. According to the [Australian Institute of Architects](/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects \"Australian Institute of Architects\"):\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [List of museums in Melbourne](/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Melbourne \"List of museums in Melbourne\")\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [National Gallery of Victoria](http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/)\n* [NGV Collection: Australian Art](https://web.archive.org/web/20130313042658/http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/whats-on/exhibitions/exhibitions/ngv-collection2)\n* [The Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia](https://web.archive.org/web/20140305004435/http://www.fedsquare.com/culture/the-ian-potter-centre-ngv-australia/) at FedSquare\n\n[Category:Art museums and galleries in Melbourne](/wiki/Category:Art_museums_and_galleries_in_Melbourne \"Art museums and galleries in Melbourne\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Melbourne City Centre](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Melbourne_City_Centre \"Buildings and structures in Melbourne City Centre\")\n\n[fr:National Gallery of Victoria\\#Ian Potter Centre et NGV International](/wiki/fr:National_Gallery_of_Victoria%23Ian_Potter_Centre_et_NGV_International \"National Gallery of Victoria#Ian Potter Centre et NGV International\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 27823944 ], "name": [ "GreenC bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life and education", "Writing career", "Personal life", "List of works", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Leonard John Kensell Setright** (10 August 1931 – 7 September 2005\\) was an English [motoring journalist](/wiki/Journalist \"Journalist\") and author.\n\n", "Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nSetright was born in London to Australian parents; his father, Henry Roy Setright, was an engineer who invented the [Setright ticket machine](/wiki/Setright_Machine \"Setright Machine\") used on buses and trams. He died when Setright was 11 years old. Setright attended [Palmers Green](/wiki/Palmers_Green \"Palmers Green\") Grammar school before studying law at the [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London \"University of London\") which he practised for a time but hated the profession. His [National Service](/wiki/National_Service \"National Service\") was served in the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") as an [air traffic controller](/wiki/Air_traffic_controller \"Air traffic controller\").\n\n", "Writing career\n--------------\n\nAfter writing for the engineering magazine *Machine Age* in the early 1960s, Setright became a motoring journalist and author, contributing to *[Car Magazine](/wiki/Car_Magazine \"Car Magazine\")* for more than 30 years and writing several books on cars and automotive engineering.\n \nSetright's writing style polarised readers as some considered it to be pompous and excessively esoteric, while others found his erudite style and engineering knowledge a welcome change from the usual lightweight and largely non\\-technical journalistic style. He had a strong enthusiasm for [Bristol Cars](/wiki/Bristol_Cars \"Bristol Cars\") and for Japanese engineering, in particular [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\").\n\nSetright also wrote about music, motorcycles and [high\\-fidelity](/wiki/High-fidelity \"High-fidelity\") sound systems, and contributed to, among others, *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29 \"Punch (magazine)\")*, *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")*, *[Bike](/wiki/Bike_%28magazine%29 \"Bike (magazine)\")*, *Cycle Guide/USA*, *Motorcycle Sport* under the initials LJKS, *[Back Street Heroes](/wiki/Back_Street_Heroes \"Back Street Heroes\")* and *[Car and Driver](/wiki/Car_and_Driver \"Car and Driver\")*.\n\n", "Personal life\n-------------\n\nSetright was also known for his love of smoking tobacco, in particular [Sobranie Black Russian](/wiki/Sobranie_Black_Russian \"Sobranie Black Russian\") cigarettes, and for his elegant sartorial style. He was described as resembling \"a gaunt Old Testament prophet in Savile Row clothes\". He was an accomplished [clarinet](/wiki/Clarinet \"Clarinet\") player.\n\nSetright was a practising [Jew](/wiki/Jew \"Jew\") and a scholar of Judaism. He was married twice; his first wife, Christina, committed suicide in 1980\\. After this he spent some time in a [Lubavitch](/wiki/Lubavitch \"Lubavitch\") community in [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"), later returning to the UK, and he settled in [Surbiton](/wiki/Surbiton \"Surbiton\"), near London, where he died of cancer in 2005\\.\n\n", "List of works\n-------------\n\n Author\n Coauthor\n Editor\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:1931 births](/wiki/Category:1931_births \"1931 births\")\n[Category:2005 deaths](/wiki/Category:2005_deaths \"2005 deaths\")\n[Category:People educated at Southgate School](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Southgate_School \"People educated at Southgate School\")\n[Category:Alumni of University College London](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_University_College_London \"Alumni of University College London\")\n[Category:People from Surbiton](/wiki/Category:People_from_Surbiton \"People from Surbiton\")\n[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in England](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_lung_cancer_in_England \"Deaths from lung cancer in England\")\n[Category:English Jews](/wiki/Category:English_Jews \"English Jews\")\n[Category:British motoring journalists](/wiki/Category:British_motoring_journalists \"British motoring journalists\")\n[Category:Motorcycling writers](/wiki/Category:Motorcycling_writers \"Motorcycling writers\")\n[Category:Historians of motorsport](/wiki/Category:Historians_of_motorsport \"Historians of motorsport\")\n[Category:Air traffic controllers](/wiki/Category:Air_traffic_controllers \"Air traffic controllers\")\n\n \n\n[Category:Alumni of the UCL Faculty of Laws](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_UCL_Faculty_of_Laws \"Alumni of the UCL Faculty of Laws\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 27823944 ], "name": [ "GreenC bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Cities and towns listed separately", "Other cities and towns", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Map of Massachusetts highlighting Bristol County](/wiki/File:Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Bristol_County.svg \"Map of Massachusetts highlighting Bristol County.svg\")\nList of [Registered Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in [Bristol County, Massachusetts](/wiki/Bristol_County%2C_Massachusetts \"Bristol County, Massachusetts\"):\n\\_\\_NOTOC\\_\\_\n\n", "Cities and towns listed separately\n----------------------------------\n\nDue to their large number of listings, some community listings are in separate articles, listed in this table.\n\n| **Area** | **Image** | **First Date listed** | **Last Date listed** | **Count** |\n\n| [Fall River](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fall_River%2C_Massachusetts \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River, Massachusetts\") | [100px](/wiki/Image:USS_Massachusetts.jpg \"USS Massachusetts.jpg\") | | | 108 |\n| [New Bedford](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Bedford%2C_Massachusetts \"National Register of Historic Places listings in New Bedford, Massachusetts\") | [100px](/wiki/Image:Downtown_New_Bedford_MA.jpg \"Downtown New Bedford MA.jpg\") | | | 42 |\n| [Taunton](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Taunton%2C_Massachusetts \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Taunton, Massachusetts\") | [100px](/wiki/Image:Riverbend_Taunton.jpg \"Riverbend Taunton.jpg\") | | | 96 |\n\n", "Other cities and towns\n----------------------\n\n\\|}\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts](/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Massachusetts \"List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts\")\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:History of Bristol County, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:History_of_Bristol_County%2C_Massachusetts \"History of Bristol County, Massachusetts\")\n[Bristol](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Massachusetts_by_county \"Lists of National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts by county\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Bristol County, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Bristol_County%2C_Massachusetts \"Buildings and structures in Bristol County, Massachusetts\")\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Bristol_County%2C_Massachusetts \"National Register of Historic Places in Bristol County, Massachusetts\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 36449898 ], "name": [ "Waxworker" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Gameplay", "Plot", "Development", "Reception", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n***Zarlor Mercenary*** is a [vertically scrolling shooter](/wiki/Vertically_scrolling_shooter \"Vertically scrolling shooter\") for the [Atari Lynx](/wiki/Atari_Lynx \"Atari Lynx\") handheld console, developed by [Epyx](/wiki/Epyx \"Epyx\") and published by [Atari Corporation](/wiki/Atari_Corporation \"Atari Corporation\").\n\n", "Gameplay\n--------\n\n*Zarlor Mercenary* is a vertically scrolling [shoot 'em up](/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up \"Shoot 'em up\") in which the player controls a spacecraft destroying enemy spaceships and buildings in order to earn money which can be used to buy upgrades between levels. At the end of each level there is a boss ship or landing craft that needs to be destroyed. Up to four players can play simultaneously using the Comlynx. Noted in the game manual you don't start with life but a fleet of ships. In single\\-player you start off with four ships, in two player mode you start off with three ships each. With three and four players you only start the game with two ships each.\n\nThere are seven different pilot mercenaries to choose from, each having their own permanent unique weapon or skill. When playing in multiplayer mode, each player has a unique colour, you can either work together or towards completing the game. However one can purchase the weapon attachment *backstabber* that can kill another pilot causing him to loose money. Ship health is displayed on the right as a vertical green bar, this will deplete to yellow and flash red when near destruction. Ships left in the fleet are displayed as blue dots, while the mega bomb is displayed as a red dot.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Merchant of Venus shop](/wiki/File:Zarlor_Mercenary_shop.png \"Zarlor Mercenary shop.png\")\n\nAfter each mission there is a shop run by the Merchant of Venus. Here you can purchase and sell extra items. These include extra ships, which is like buying extra lives. *Speed Up, Wing Cannons, Super Shield (regenerating shielding), Power Shots, Laser, Auto Fire, Mega Bomb, Back Shooter and Side Shooter.* There are also two items for use in multiplayer mode. *Invisibility* so you can hide from other players and *Back stabber* which will attack your allied friends and not the enemy as well as protecting your loot so you don't lose it in that life.\n\n### Plot\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Gameplay screenshot](/wiki/File:Zarlor_Mercenary_screentshot.png \"Zarlor Mercenary screentshot.png\")\nThe war had been going on for years between the Mendicant and the Zarlor races. It wasn't going anywhere so the Zarlors decided to hire outside help. There are six key installations on the Mendicant's home planet of Yorith. The first mission is the Cadmar Desert where you are to locate and destroy a super weapon. The second mission Mesort Swamp holds a secret base. Third mission is in the Docrit Sea where you have to destroy the Mendicant Navy. Fourth mission titled Sedimor Domes is to attack a moon in the sector. Mardic Ice is the fifth mission where you fly to the ice caps of Mardi Koldavia, these ice caps are described as radioactive and here the Mendicants have built nuclear reactors, power plants and weapons factories. The sixth and final mission is Cedmite City the only city on the Mendicant planet, the Zarlors have asked for everything to be destroyed, all to be cleared out for colonisation.\n\n", "### Plot\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Gameplay screenshot](/wiki/File:Zarlor_Mercenary_screentshot.png \"Zarlor Mercenary screentshot.png\")\nThe war had been going on for years between the Mendicant and the Zarlor races. It wasn't going anywhere so the Zarlors decided to hire outside help. There are six key installations on the Mendicant's home planet of Yorith. The first mission is the Cadmar Desert where you are to locate and destroy a super weapon. The second mission Mesort Swamp holds a secret base. Third mission is in the Docrit Sea where you have to destroy the Mendicant Navy. Fourth mission titled Sedimor Domes is to attack a moon in the sector. Mardic Ice is the fifth mission where you fly to the ice caps of Mardi Koldavia, these ice caps are described as radioactive and here the Mendicants have built nuclear reactors, power plants and weapons factories. The sixth and final mission is Cedmite City the only city on the Mendicant planet, the Zarlors have asked for everything to be destroyed, all to be cleared out for colonisation.\n\n", "Development\n-----------\n\nPeter Engelbrite at Epyx who was known for including easter eggs and mini\\-games in Atari Lynx games also included a version of the [cellular automata](/wiki/Cellular_automaton \"Cellular automaton\"), [Conway's Game of Life](/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life \"Conway's Game of Life\") in Zarlor Mercenary.\n\n", "Reception\n---------\n\nIn *[Computer and Video Games](/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games \"Computer and Video Games\")*, Paul Glancey called *Zarlor Mercenary* \"a decent\\-looking shoot 'em up, but quite difficult and not overly exciting to play.\" [Clayton Walnum](/wiki/Clayton_Walnum \"Clayton Walnum\") wrote in *[STart](/wiki/STart_%28magazine%29 \"STart (magazine)\")*, \"As you struggle to destroy the attacking aliens and blast the ground targets, you'll begin to understand what people mean by the term 'control pad ache'. This blastathon will please all players with a thirst for destruction.\"\n\nIn a 1999 retrospective review, Robert Jung of *[IGN](/wiki/IGN \"IGN\")* stated \"A great no\\-nonsense action game, perfect for people who love the 'shoot it if it exists' philosophy. The game itself is not easy, and the addition of four\\-player teamups and cash payments/transfers/power\\-ups ensure quite a bit of variety to the game. Though there are only six levels, they are quite varied, and should offer many challenging hours to the average player.\" Kyle Knight of *[AllGame](/wiki/AllGame \"AllGame\")* praised the graphics but stated that \"*Zarlor Mercenary* moves sluggishly\". In July 2013 *[GamesRadar](/wiki/GamesRadar \"GamesRadar\")*s Jeff Dunn wrote that *Zarlor Mercenary* along with *[Blue Lightning](/wiki/Blue_Lightning_%281989_video_game%29 \"Blue Lightning (1989 video game)\")* were the \"obscure but excellent games\" for the Lynx.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* *[Zarlor Mercenary](http://www.gamespot.com/lynx/action/zarlormercenary/index.html)* on [GameSpot](/wiki/GameSpot \"GameSpot\")\n* *[Zarlor Mercenary](http://www.atariage.com/software_page.html?SoftwareID=2419)* on [AtariAge](/wiki/AtariAge \"AtariAge\")\n[Category:1990 video games](/wiki/Category:1990_video_games \"1990 video games\")\n[Category:Atari Lynx games](/wiki/Category:Atari_Lynx_games \"Atari Lynx games\")\n[Category:Cellular automata in video games](/wiki/Category:Cellular_automata_in_video_games \"Cellular automata in video games\")\n[Category:Epyx games](/wiki/Category:Epyx_games \"Epyx games\")\n[Category:Multiplayer and single\\-player video games](/wiki/Category:Multiplayer_and_single-player_video_games \"Multiplayer and single-player video games\")\n[Category:Vertically scrolling shooters](/wiki/Category:Vertically_scrolling_shooters \"Vertically scrolling shooters\")\n[Category:Video games developed in the United States](/wiki/Category:Video_games_developed_in_the_United_States \"Video games developed in the United States\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 432843 ], "name": [ "True Pagan Warrior" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Definition", "Properties", "See also" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nA **projective cone** (or just **cone**) in [projective geometry](/wiki/Projective_geometry \"Projective geometry\") is the union of all lines that intersect a projective subspace *R* (the apex of the cone) and an arbitrary subset *A* (the basis) of some other subspace *S*, disjoint from *R*. \n\nIn the special case that *R* is a single point, *S* is a plane, and *A* is a [conic section](/wiki/Conic_section \"Conic section\") on *S*, the projective cone is a [conical surface](/wiki/Conical_surface \"Conical surface\"); hence the name.\n\n", "Definition\n----------\n\nLet *X* be a projective space over some field *K*, and *R*, *S* be disjoint subspaces of *X*. Let *A* be an arbitrary subset of *S*. Then we define *RA*, the cone with top *R* and basis *A*, as follows :\n* When *A* is empty, *RA* \\= *A*.\n* When *A* is not empty, *RA* consists of all those [points](/wiki/Point_%28geometry%29 \"Point (geometry)\") on a line connecting a point on *R* and a point on *A*.\n\n", "Properties\n----------\n\n* As *R* and *S* are disjoint, one may deduce from [linear algebra](/wiki/Linear_algebra \"Linear algebra\") and the definition of a projective space that every point on *RA* not in *R* or *A* is on exactly one line connecting a point in *R* and a point in *A*.\n* (*RA*) \\\\cap *S* \\= *A*\n* When *K* is the [finite field](/wiki/Finite_field \"Finite field\") of order *q*, then \\|R A\\| \\= q^{r\\+1}\\|A\\| \\+ \\\\frac{q^{r\\+1}\\-1}{q\\-1}, where *r* \\= dim(*R*).\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Cone (geometry)](/wiki/Cone_%28geometry%29 \"Cone (geometry)\")\n* [Cone (algebraic geometry)](/wiki/Cone_%28algebraic_geometry%29 \"Cone (algebraic geometry)\")\n* [Cone (topology)](/wiki/Cone_%28topology%29 \"Cone (topology)\")\n* [Cone (linear algebra)](/wiki/Cone_%28linear_algebra%29 \"Cone (linear algebra)\")\n* [Conic section](/wiki/Conic_section \"Conic section\")\n* [Ruled surface](/wiki/Ruled_surface \"Ruled surface\")\n* [Hyperboloid](/wiki/Hyperboloid \"Hyperboloid\")\n\n[Category:Projective geometry](/wiki/Category:Projective_geometry \"Projective geometry\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 19267325 ], "name": [ "Dominus Moravian" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Band history", "Band members", "Discography", "Albums", "EPs", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Pitchfork** was an American [post\\-hardcore](/wiki/Post-hardcore \"Post-hardcore\") band formed in 1986 in [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\") and disbanded in 1990\\. They are most well known as the first \"real\" band (after high school effort Conservative Itch/Coitus Interruptus) of guitarist [John Reis](/wiki/John_Reis \"John Reis\"), who would later gain fame as the frontman in [Rocket from the Crypt](/wiki/Rocket_from_the_Crypt \"Rocket from the Crypt\"), and as the first collaboration between Reis and singer [Rick Froberg](/wiki/Rick_Froberg \"Rick Froberg\") (the two would later form [Drive Like Jehu](/wiki/Drive_Like_Jehu \"Drive Like Jehu\") and [Hot Snakes](/wiki/Hot_Snakes \"Hot Snakes\")). As an aspiring visual artist and illustrator, Froberg provided most of the band's artwork while Reis developed his studio skills by acting as producer on their records.\n\n", "Band history\n------------\n\nPitchfork formed in 1986 in San Diego. The initial lineup consisted of John Reis on [guitar](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\") and [piano](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\"), Don Ankrom on [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") and Joey Piro on [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\"). Rick Froberg (who would sometimes use the stage name Rick Farr or Rick Fork) soon joined on vocals. Their musical influences included [Mission of Burma](/wiki/Mission_of_Burma \"Mission of Burma\"), [Sonic Youth](/wiki/Sonic_Youth \"Sonic Youth\") and others. In 1988 they recorded their first and only vinyl 7\", *[Saturn Outhouse](/wiki/Saturn_Outhouse \"Saturn Outhouse\")*, consisting of three songs and released the following year.\n\nIn 1989 Ankrom left the band and was replaced by Nick Frederick. They entered [Radio Tokyo](/wiki/Radio_Tokyo \"Radio Tokyo\") studios and recorded their only album, *[Eucalyptus](/wiki/Eucalyptus_%28Pitchfork_album%29 \"Eucalyptus (Pitchfork album)\")*, which was released the following year on local label [Nemesis Records](/wiki/Nemesis_Records \"Nemesis Records\"). Froberg provided artwork for the album while Reis acted as producer. The band broke up shortly thereafter.\n\nFollowing the breakup of Pitchfork Reis and Froberg formed [Drive Like Jehu](/wiki/Drive_Like_Jehu \"Drive Like Jehu\"), in which they performed until 1995\\. Reis simultaneously formed [Rocket from the Crypt](/wiki/Rocket_from_the_Crypt \"Rocket from the Crypt\"), which he performed in until 2005\\. During the 1990s he also released a solo effort under the name [Back Off Cupids](/wiki/Back_Off_Cupids \"Back Off Cupids\"), and from 2000\\-2007 performed in the [Sultans](/wiki/Sultans_%28band%29 \"Sultans (band)\"). From 1999\\-2005 Reis and Froberg again reunited as the [Hot Snakes](/wiki/Hot_Snakes \"Hot Snakes\"). \n\nIn 2003 Reis re\\-released *Eucalyptus* and *Saturn Outhouse* as a single [CD](/wiki/CD \"CD\") through his record label [Swami Records](/wiki/Swami_Records \"Swami Records\"). \n\nAfter Froberg joined [Obits](/wiki/Obits \"Obits\") from 2006 to 2015, Reis formed [The Night Marchers](/wiki/The_Night_Marchers \"The Night Marchers\") in 2007\\. The Hot Snakes now continue after a 2011 reunion.\n\n", "Band members\n------------\n\n* [Rick Froberg](/wiki/Rick_Froberg \"Rick Froberg\") (aka Rick Farr, Rick Fork) – vocals\n* [John Reis](/wiki/John_Reis \"John Reis\") – [guitar](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\"), [piano](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\")\n* Don Ankrom – [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") (1986–1989\\)\n* Nick Frederick – [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") (1989–1990\\)\n* Joey Piro – [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\")\n", "Discography\n-----------\n\n### Albums\n\n| Year | Title | Label | Other information |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1990 | *[Eucalyptus](/wiki/Eucalyptus_%28Pitchfork_album%29 \"Eucalyptus (Pitchfork album)\")* | [Nemesis](/wiki/Nemesis_Records \"Nemesis Records\") | The band's only full\\-length album. The Nemesis release is out of print. In 2003 the album was re\\-released by [Swami Records](/wiki/Swami_Records \"Swami Records\") as a [CD](/wiki/CD \"CD\") with the songs from *Saturn Outhouse* as bonus tracks. This version is sometimes labeled *Eucalyptus \\+ Saturn Outhouse*. |\n|\n\n### EPs\n\n| Year | Title | Label | Other information |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1989 | *[Saturn Outhouse](/wiki/Saturn_Outhouse \"Saturn Outhouse\")* | Nemesis | Out of print. 3 songs, all re\\-released on Swami Records CD version of *Eucalyptus*. |\n|\n\n", "### Albums\n\n| Year | Title | Label | Other information |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1990 | *[Eucalyptus](/wiki/Eucalyptus_%28Pitchfork_album%29 \"Eucalyptus (Pitchfork album)\")* | [Nemesis](/wiki/Nemesis_Records \"Nemesis Records\") | The band's only full\\-length album. The Nemesis release is out of print. In 2003 the album was re\\-released by [Swami Records](/wiki/Swami_Records \"Swami Records\") as a [CD](/wiki/CD \"CD\") with the songs from *Saturn Outhouse* as bonus tracks. This version is sometimes labeled *Eucalyptus \\+ Saturn Outhouse*. |\n|\n\n", "### EPs\n\n| Year | Title | Label | Other information |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1989 | *[Saturn Outhouse](/wiki/Saturn_Outhouse \"Saturn Outhouse\")* | Nemesis | Out of print. 3 songs, all re\\-released on Swami Records CD version of *Eucalyptus*. |\n|\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Pitchfork band page at Swami Records](http://www.swamirecords.com/pitchfork.html)\n* [Swami Records](http://www.swamirecords.com/news.html)\n\n[Category:American post\\-hardcore musical groups](/wiki/Category:American_post-hardcore_musical_groups \"American post-hardcore musical groups\")\n[Category:Musical groups from San Diego](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_from_San_Diego \"Musical groups from San Diego\")\n[Category:Swami Records artists](/wiki/Category:Swami_Records_artists \"Swami Records artists\")\n[Category:Musical groups established in 1986](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_established_in_1986 \"Musical groups established in 1986\")\n[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1990](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_disestablished_in_1990 \"Musical groups disestablished in 1990\")\n[Category:1986 establishments in California](/wiki/Category:1986_establishments_in_California \"1986 establishments in California\")\n[Category:1990 disestablishments in California](/wiki/Category:1990_disestablishments_in_California \"1990 disestablishments in California\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 45987633 ], "name": [ "Denys Sokolov" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Format", "Service indicator codes", "Check-digit calculation", "Python code for check-digit calculation", "JavaScript code for check-digit calculation", "Haskell code for check-digit calculation", "See also", "Notes", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n[thumb\\|The 13\\-character identifier for a package. It starts with the service indicator for [registered mail](/wiki/Registered_mail \"Registered mail\") (\"RR\"), followed by an 8\\-digit serial number (28704377\\), the check\\-digit (5\\) and the two\\-letter ISO country code for the issuing country, [India](/wiki/India \"India\") (\"IN\")](/wiki/File:RegisteredMailBarcode_%28cropped%29.jpg \"RegisteredMailBarcode (cropped).jpg\") \nThe [UPU](/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union \"Universal Postal Union\") **S10** standard defines a system for assigning 13\\-character identifiers to international postal items for the purpose of tracking and tracing them during [shipping](/wiki/Shipping \"Shipping\").\n\nWith increased [liberalization](/wiki/Liberalization \"Liberalization\") and the possibility of multiple postal services operating in the same country, the use of country codes to designate the **postal service** is a problem. To solve this, each country has a designated postal service that controls all S10 identifiers from that country; any competing postal services will have to cooperate with the designated owner. The organization assigned by the UPU member country shall manage the issue and use of S10 identifiers, among all the operators under the authority of that UPU member country, in such a way as to ensure that no S10 identifier is reused within a period of 12 calendar months. A period of 24 calendar months, or longer, is recommended.\n\n", "Format\n------\n\nThe identifiers consist of a two\\-letter service indicator code, an eight\\-digit serial number (in the range 00000000 to 99999999\\), a single check\\-digit, and a [two\\-letter ISO country code](/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 \"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2\") identifying the issuing [postal administration](/wiki/Postal_administration \"Postal administration\")'s country.\n\n|S10 format\n\n| |\n| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n|AA\n\n00000000\n\n9\n\nBB\n\n|\n Service indicator code (see below)\n Serial number\n Check\\-digit (see below)\n [ISO 3166\\-1 alpha\\-2](/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 \"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2\") country code\n\n### Service indicator codes\n\n1. 1. 1. 1. Service codes are generally assigned and administered within each issuing country, but certain types of service and code ranges are used for all countries as listed here.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t| Code | Interpretation |\n\t\t\t| --- | --- |\n\t\t\t| AA–AU | |\n\t\t\t| AV–AZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n\t\t\t| BA–BZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n\t\t\t| CA–CZ | [Parcel post](/wiki/Parcel_post \"Parcel post\") The use of CV is recommended (though not required) for insured parcels The use of CZ requires bilateral agreement |\n\t\t\t| DA–DZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n\t\t\t| EA–EZ | [EMS](/wiki/Express_mail \"Express mail\") The use of EX–EZ requires bilateral agreement |\n\t\t\t| FA–FZ | |\n\t\t\t| GA | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n\t\t\t| GB–GC | |\n\t\t\t| GD | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n\t\t\t| GE–GZ | |\n\t\t\t| HA–HZ | E\\-commerce parcels The use of HX–HY requires multilateral agreement The use of HZ requires bilateral agreement |\n\t\t\t| IA–IZ | |\n\t\t\t| JA–JZ | |\n\t\t\t| KA–KZ | |\n\t\t\t| LA–LZ | Letter post tracked The use of LZ requires bilateral agreement |\n\t\t\t| MA–MZ | Letter post [M bags](/wiki/Mail_bag \"Mail bag\") |\n\t\t\t| NA–NZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n\t\t\t| OA–OZ | |\n\t\t\t| PA–PZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n\t\t\t| QA–QM | [International Business Reply Service](/wiki/Freepost \"Freepost\") |\n\t\t\t| QN–QZ | |\n\t\t\t| RA–RZ | [Letter post registered](/wiki/Registered_mail \"Registered mail\") The use of RZ requires bilateral agreement. |\n\t\t\t| SA–SZ | |\n\t\t\t| TA–TZ | |\n\t\t\t| UA–UZ | Letter post items (when L, M, Q, R and V codes don't apply) The use of UZ requires bilateral agreement |\n\t\t\t| VA–VZ | Letter post insured The use of VZ requires bilateral agreement |\n\t\t\t| WA–WZ | |\n\t\t\t| XA–XZ | |\n\t\t\t| YA–YZ | |\n\t\t\t| ZA–ZZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n\n### Check\\-digit calculation\n\n* + - * + - * + - 1. Ignore the service indicator code and country code.\n1. Assign the weights 8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7 to the 8 digits, from left to right.\n2. Calculate *S*, the sum of each digit multiplied by its weight.\n\t* For example, for the number 47312482: *S* \\= 4×8 \\+ 7×6 \\+ 3×4 \\+ 1×2 \\+ 2×3 \\+ 4×5 \\+ 8×9 \\+ 2×7 \\= 200\\.\n3. Calculate the check digit *C* \\= 11 − (*S* mod 11\\).\n\t* If *C* \\= 10, change to *C* \\= 0\\.\n\t* If *C* \\= 11, change to *C* \\= 5\\.\n\t* For the example 47312482, *C* \\= 11 − (200 mod 11\\) \\= 11 − 2 \\= 9\\.\n\n#### Python code for check\\-digit calculation\n\nFor Python 3\\.6 or later:\n\ndef get\\_check\\_digit(num: int) \\-\\> int:\n\n```\n \"\"\"Get S10 check digit.\"\"\"\n weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7]\n sum = 0\n for i, digit in enumerate(f\"{num:08}\"):\n sum += weights[i] * int(digit)\n sum = 11 - (sum % 11)\n if sum == 10:\n sum = 0\n elif sum == 11:\n sum = 5\n return sum\n\n```\n\n#### JavaScript code for check\\-digit calculation\n\nfunction getCheckDigit(num) {\n\n```\n const weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7];\n const numArr = Array.from(String(num), Number);\n let sum = 0;\n numArr.forEach((n, i) => sum = sum + (n * weights[i]));\n sum = 11 - (sum % 11);\n if (sum == 10) sum = 0;\n else if (sum == 11) sum = 5;\n return sum;\n\n```\n}\n\n#### Haskell code for check\\-digit calculation\n\ncheckDigit :: \\[Int] \\-\\> Int\ncheckDigit ns\n\n```\n | c == 11 = 5\n | c == 10 = 0\n | otherwise = c\n where weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7]\n s = sum $ zipWith (*) weights ns\n c = 11 - (s `mod` 11)\n\n```\n\n", "### Service indicator codes\n\nService codes are generally assigned and administered within each issuing country, but certain types of service and code ranges are used for all countries as listed here.\n\n| Code | Interpretation |\n| --- | --- |\n| AA–AU | |\n| AV–AZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n| BA–BZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n| CA–CZ | [Parcel post](/wiki/Parcel_post \"Parcel post\") The use of CV is recommended (though not required) for insured parcels The use of CZ requires bilateral agreement |\n| DA–DZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n| EA–EZ | [EMS](/wiki/Express_mail \"Express mail\") The use of EX–EZ requires bilateral agreement |\n| FA–FZ | |\n| GA | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n| GB–GC | |\n| GD | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n| GE–GZ | |\n| HA–HZ | E\\-commerce parcels The use of HX–HY requires multilateral agreement The use of HZ requires bilateral agreement |\n| IA–IZ | |\n| JA–JZ | |\n| KA–KZ | |\n| LA–LZ | Letter post tracked The use of LZ requires bilateral agreement |\n| MA–MZ | Letter post [M bags](/wiki/Mail_bag \"Mail bag\") |\n| NA–NZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n| OA–OZ | |\n| PA–PZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n| QA–QM | [International Business Reply Service](/wiki/Freepost \"Freepost\") |\n| QN–QZ | |\n| RA–RZ | [Letter post registered](/wiki/Registered_mail \"Registered mail\") The use of RZ requires bilateral agreement. |\n| SA–SZ | |\n| TA–TZ | |\n| UA–UZ | Letter post items (when L, M, Q, R and V codes don't apply) The use of UZ requires bilateral agreement |\n| VA–VZ | Letter post insured The use of VZ requires bilateral agreement |\n| WA–WZ | |\n| XA–XZ | |\n| YA–YZ | |\n| ZA–ZZ | Domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only |\n\n", "### Check\\-digit calculation\n\n1. Ignore the service indicator code and country code.\n2. Assign the weights 8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7 to the 8 digits, from left to right.\n3. Calculate *S*, the sum of each digit multiplied by its weight.\n\t* For example, for the number 47312482: *S* \\= 4×8 \\+ 7×6 \\+ 3×4 \\+ 1×2 \\+ 2×3 \\+ 4×5 \\+ 8×9 \\+ 2×7 \\= 200\\.\n4. Calculate the check digit *C* \\= 11 − (*S* mod 11\\).\n\t* If *C* \\= 10, change to *C* \\= 0\\.\n\t* If *C* \\= 11, change to *C* \\= 5\\.\n\t* For the example 47312482, *C* \\= 11 − (200 mod 11\\) \\= 11 − 2 \\= 9\\.\n\n#### Python code for check\\-digit calculation\n\nFor Python 3\\.6 or later:\n\ndef get\\_check\\_digit(num: int) \\-\\> int:\n\n```\n \"\"\"Get S10 check digit.\"\"\"\n weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7]\n sum = 0\n for i, digit in enumerate(f\"{num:08}\"):\n sum += weights[i] * int(digit)\n sum = 11 - (sum % 11)\n if sum == 10:\n sum = 0\n elif sum == 11:\n sum = 5\n return sum\n\n```\n\n#### JavaScript code for check\\-digit calculation\n\nfunction getCheckDigit(num) {\n\n```\n const weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7];\n const numArr = Array.from(String(num), Number);\n let sum = 0;\n numArr.forEach((n, i) => sum = sum + (n * weights[i]));\n sum = 11 - (sum % 11);\n if (sum == 10) sum = 0;\n else if (sum == 11) sum = 5;\n return sum;\n\n```\n}\n\n#### Haskell code for check\\-digit calculation\n\ncheckDigit :: \\[Int] \\-\\> Int\ncheckDigit ns\n\n```\n | c == 11 = 5\n | c == 10 = 0\n | otherwise = c\n where weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7]\n s = sum $ zipWith (*) weights ns\n c = 11 - (s `mod` 11)\n\n```\n\n", "#### Python code for check\\-digit calculation\n\nFor Python 3\\.6 or later:\n\ndef get\\_check\\_digit(num: int) \\-\\> int:\n\n```\n \"\"\"Get S10 check digit.\"\"\"\n weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7]\n sum = 0\n for i, digit in enumerate(f\"{num:08}\"):\n sum += weights[i] * int(digit)\n sum = 11 - (sum % 11)\n if sum == 10:\n sum = 0\n elif sum == 11:\n sum = 5\n return sum\n\n```\n\n", "#### JavaScript code for check\\-digit calculation\n\nfunction getCheckDigit(num) {\n\n```\n const weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7];\n const numArr = Array.from(String(num), Number);\n let sum = 0;\n numArr.forEach((n, i) => sum = sum + (n * weights[i]));\n sum = 11 - (sum % 11);\n if (sum == 10) sum = 0;\n else if (sum == 11) sum = 5;\n return sum;\n\n```\n}\n\n", "#### Haskell code for check\\-digit calculation\n\ncheckDigit :: \\[Int] \\-\\> Int\ncheckDigit ns\n\n```\n | c == 11 = 5\n | c == 10 = 0\n | otherwise = c\n where weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7]\n s = sum $ zipWith (*) weights ns\n c = 11 - (s `mod` 11)\n\n```\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Serial Shipping Container Code](/wiki/Serial_Shipping_Container_Code \"Serial Shipping Container Code\"), a related standard.\n", "Notes\n-----\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* Draft of S10:\n\t+ [Part A: Identifier structures and encoding principles](https://web.archive.org/web/20070716182334/http://www.upu.int/document/2003/an/cep_gan_ep_3-4/src/d012_ad00_an01_p00_r00.doc)\n\t+ [Part B: EMS items](https://web.archive.org/web/20070716182317/http://www.upu.int/document/2003/an/cep_gan_ep_3-4/src/d012_ad00_an02_p00_r00.doc)\n\t+ [Part C: Special letter products](https://web.archive.org/web/20070716220158/http://www.upu.int/document/2005/an/cep_gn_ep_3-1/src/d006_ad00_an05_p00_r00.doc)\n\t+ [Part D: Parcels](https://web.archive.org/web/20070716182407/http://www.upu.int/document/2003/an/cep_gan_ep_3-4/src/d012_ad00_an04_p00_r00.doc)\n\t+ [Part E: Domestic / bilateral use](https://web.archive.org/web/20070716220349/http://www.upu.int/document/2005/an/cep_gn_ep_3-1/src/d006_ad00_an07_p00_r00.doc)\n* [The UPU service indicator code list, list 124](https://web.archive.org/web/20100420102947/http://www.upu.int/standards/124.txt)\n* [Online validator for S10 tracking numbers](https://s10.avl.la/)\n* [Validation of postal tracking numbers](https://tracktrace.delivery/validation-tracking-numbers/)\n\n[Category:Identifiers](/wiki/Category:Identifiers \"Identifiers\")\n[Category:Universal Postal Union](/wiki/Category:Universal_Postal_Union \"Universal Postal Union\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "2804:EBC:B24D:2300:9D61:1F06:4787:A427" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Overview", "Track listing", "Personnel", "Charts", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n is the second studio album by Japanese rock band [High and Mighty Color](/wiki/High_and_Mighty_Color \"High and Mighty Color\"). The album was released on April 5, 2006 through [Sony Music Entertainment Japan](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan \"Sony Music Entertainment Japan\"), less than seven months after their debut *[G∞ver](/wiki/Goover \"Goover\")*.\n\n", "Overview\n--------\n\nThe album was announced after only two singles having been released for it, half of what was released for their original album *[G∞ver](/wiki/Goover \"Goover\")*. This album focused more on [rock music](/wiki/Rock_music \"Rock music\") and less on [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\"), which their first album focused heavily on. Unlike their first album, almost all titles for the various songs are written in Japanese as opposed to English used in the band's first album.\n\n", "Track listing\n-------------\n\n", "Personnel\n---------\n\n* Mākii – [vocals](/wiki/Singing \"Singing\")\n* Yuusuke – [vocals](/wiki/Singing \"Singing\")\n* Meg – [guitars](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\")\n* Kazuto – [guitars](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\")\n* Sassy – [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\")\n* Mackaz – [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\")\n", "Charts\n------\n\n**Album** \\- Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)\n\n| Release | Chart | Peak position | Sales total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 5 April 2006 | Oricon Daily Albums Chart | 6 | |\n| 5 April 2006 | Oricon Weekly Albums Chart | 7 | 41,000\\+ |\n| 5 April 2006 | Oricon Yearly Albums Chart | 316 | |\n|\n\n**Singles** \\- Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)\n\n| Release | Single | Chart | Peak position |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 9 November 2005 | \"Style \\~Get Glory in This Hand\\~\" | Oricon Daily Singles Chart | |\n| 9 November 2005 | \"Style \\~Get Glory in This Hand\\~\" | Oricon Weekly Singles Chart | 19 |\n| 11 January 2006 | \"Ichirin no Hana\" | Oricon Daily Singles Chart | 2 |\n| 11 January 2006 | \"Ichirin no Hana\" | Oricon Weekly Singles Chart | 2 |\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:High and Mighty Color albums](/wiki/Category:High_and_Mighty_Color_albums \"High and Mighty Color albums\")\n[Category:2006 albums](/wiki/Category:2006_albums \"2006 albums\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Facilities", "Passenger volume", "Services", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Dalmally railway station** is a [railway station](/wiki/Railway_station \"Railway station\") serving the village of [Dalmally](/wiki/Dalmally \"Dalmally\"), near [Loch Awe](/wiki/Loch_Awe \"Loch Awe\") in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"). This station is on the [Oban](/wiki/Oban \"Oban\") branch of the [West Highland Line](/wiki/West_Highland_Line \"West Highland Line\"), originally part of the [Callander and Oban Railway](/wiki/Callander_and_Oban_Railway \"Callander and Oban Railway\"). It is sited from [Callander](/wiki/Callander_railway_station \"Callander railway station\") via [Glen Ogle](/wiki/Glen_Ogle \"Glen Ogle\"), between [Tyndrum Lower](/wiki/Tyndrum_Lower_railway_station \"Tyndrum Lower railway station\") and [Loch Awe](/wiki/Loch_Awe_railway_station \"Loch Awe railway station\"). [ScotRail](/wiki/ScotRail \"ScotRail\") manage the station and operate all services.\n\n", "History\n-------\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|The station seen from platform 2](/wiki/File:Dalmally_Station%2C_1994_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2715262.jpg \"Dalmally Station, 1994 - geograph.org.uk - 2715262.jpg\")\nThis station opened on 1 April 1877\\. For a while, it was the western extremity of the Callander and Oban Railway, until the line finally reached its ultimate destination, Oban, on 1 July 1880\\. The station building was destroyed by fire on 16 November 1898\\.Thomas (1990\\), page 194\n\nThe red [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") building and signal box are a [Category C listed building](/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Scotland \"Listed buildings in Scotland\") as being a 'well detailed example of a small through station in the area'.\n\n", "Facilities\n----------\n\nFacilities at the station are very basic, comprising just benches on both platforms, a help point and a small car park. There is step\\-free access to the station, but the only access to platform 2 is via a Barrow Crossing. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train.\n\n", "Passenger volume\n----------------\n\n| \\+Passenger Volume at Dalmally | | 2002–03 | 2004–05 | 2005–06 | 2006–07 | 2007–08 | 2008–09 | 2009–10 | 2010–11 | 2011–12 | 2012–13 | 2013–14 | 2014–15 | 2015–16 | 2016–17 | 2017–18 | 2018–19 | 2019–20 | 2020–21 | 2021–22 | 2022–23 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Entries and exits | 2,330 | 3,947 | 4,283 | 3,909 | 3,652 | 4,128 | 4,046 | 4,696 | 3,604 | 4,534 | 4,632 | 8,338 | 6,802 | 5,618 | 7,470 | 6,588 | 6,524 | 12,996 | 13,132 | 13,632 |\n\nThe statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.\n\n", "Services\n--------\n\nThere are six departures in each direction Mondays to Saturdays, eastbound to and westbound to . On weekdays only, an additional train to Oban operates in the late afternoon. On Sundays, there are three departures each way throughout the year, plus a fourth in the summer months only. The additional service runs to and from [Edinburgh Waverley](/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley \"Edinburgh Waverley\"), rather than Glasgow.eNRT May 2022 Edition, Table 218eNRT December 2021 Edition, Table 218\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "Bibliography\n------------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Railway stations in Argyll and Bute](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Argyll_and_Bute \"Railway stations in Argyll and Bute\")\n[Category:Former Caledonian Railway stations](/wiki/Category:Former_Caledonian_Railway_stations \"Former Caledonian Railway stations\")\n[Category:Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1877](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Great_Britain_opened_in_1877 \"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1877\")\n[Category:Railway stations served by ScotRail](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_served_by_ScotRail \"Railway stations served by ScotRail\")\n[Category:Listed railway stations in Scotland](/wiki/Category:Listed_railway_stations_in_Scotland \"Listed railway stations in Scotland\")\n[Category:Category C listed buildings in Argyll and Bute](/wiki/Category:Category_C_listed_buildings_in_Argyll_and_Bute \"Category C listed buildings in Argyll and Bute\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 1722754 ], "name": [ "Volcanoguy" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Kluskoil Lake Provincial Park** is a [provincial park](/wiki/Provincial_park \"Provincial park\") in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), located on the [West Road River](/wiki/West_Road_River \"West Road River\") (Blackwater River) downstream from the [Euchiniko Lakes](/wiki/Euchiniko_Lakes \"Euchiniko Lakes\").\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:Geography of the Chilcotin](/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Chilcotin \"Geography of the Chilcotin\")\n[Category:Provincial parks of British Columbia](/wiki/Category:Provincial_parks_of_British_Columbia \"Provincial parks of British Columbia\")\n[Category:1995 establishments in British Columbia](/wiki/Category:1995_establishments_in_British_Columbia \"1995 establishments in British Columbia\")\n[Category:Protected areas established in 1995](/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_established_in_1995 \"Protected areas established in 1995\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 45293124 ], "name": [ "Ernsanchez00" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Filmography", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Beverly Polcyn** (September 13, 1927 – September 7, 2018\\) was an American actress.\n\nShe appeared in \"Mama's Girls\", a 1988 episode of the TV series *[Mama's Family](/wiki/Mama%27s_Family \"Mama's Family\")*, as one of senior tap dancing ladies.\n\nPoclyn's first film appearance was in the 1991 horror film *[Speak of the Devil](/wiki/Speak_of_the_Devil_%281989%29 \"Speak of the Devil (1989)\")* where she played Ettie Glittens. She is mainly recognized for her appearance in *[Not Another Teen Movie](/wiki/Not_Another_Teen_Movie \"Not Another Teen Movie\"),* which resulted in a 2002 [MTV Movie Awards](/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards \"MTV Movie Awards\") \"Best Kiss\" nomination, along with [Mia Kirshner](/wiki/Mia_Kirshner \"Mia Kirshner\"). Additional roles include *[Date Movie](/wiki/Date_Movie \"Date Movie\")* where she plays the Old Cat Woman. In 2006, Polcyn appeared in an episode of *[Scrubs](/wiki/Scrubs_%28TV_series%29 \"Scrubs (TV series)\")* playing the part of a dyslexic woman.\n\n", "Filmography\n-----------\n\n* *[Speak of the Devil](/wiki/Speak_of_the_Devil_%281989%29 \"Speak of the Devil (1989)\")*\n* *[Hook](/wiki/Hook_%28film%29 \"Hook (film)\")*\n* *[The Beverly Hillbillies](/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies_%28film%29 \"The Beverly Hillbillies (film)\")*\n* *[Out to Sea](/wiki/Out_to_Sea \"Out to Sea\")*\n* *[Not Another Teen Movie](/wiki/Not_Another_Teen_Movie \"Not Another Teen Movie\")*\n* *[The Sweetest Thing](/wiki/The_Sweetest_Thing \"The Sweetest Thing\")*\n* *[Malcolm in the Middle](/wiki/Malcolm_in_the_Middle \"Malcolm in the Middle\")*\n* *[Monk](/wiki/Monk_%28TV_series%29 \"Monk (TV series)\")*\n* *[Scrubs](/wiki/Scrubs_%28TV_series%29 \"Scrubs (TV series)\")*\n* *[Date Movie](/wiki/Date_Movie \"Date Movie\")*\n* *[Boppin' at the Glue Factory](/wiki/Boppin%27_at_the_Glue_Factory \"Boppin' at the Glue Factory\")*\n* *[National Lampoon](/wiki/National_Lampoon%2C_Incorporated \"National Lampoon, Incorporated\")'s Totally Baked: A Potumentary*\n* *[Austin \\& Ally](/wiki/Austin_%26_Ally \"Austin & Ally\")*\n* *[Walk of Fame](/wiki/Walk_of_Fame_%28film%29 \"Walk of Fame (film)\")*\n* *[Bucky Larson: Born to Be a Star](/wiki/Bucky_Larson:Born_to_Be_a_Star \"Born to Be a Star\")*\n* *[Airplane Mode](/wiki/Airplane_Mode_%282019_film%29 \"Airplane Mode (2019 film)\")*\n* *[Fred 3: Camp Fred](/wiki/Fred_3:Camp_Fred \"Camp Fred\")*\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [The 2002 MTV Awards summary](http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aamtvawardsa.htm) \n\n[Category:Actresses from Los Angeles](/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Los_Angeles \"Actresses from Los Angeles\")\n[Category:American film actresses](/wiki/Category:American_film_actresses \"American film actresses\")\n[Category:2018 deaths](/wiki/Category:2018_deaths \"2018 deaths\")\n[Category:1927 births](/wiki/Category:1927_births \"1927 births\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American women](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women \"21st-century American women\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 196446 ], "name": [ "BD2412" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life", "Professional life", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan** [OBE](/wiki/OBE \"OBE\") () (1906 — 1995\\) was a senior police officer from the [Khyber\\-Pakhtunkhwa](/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa \"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa\") province and cabinet minister in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\").\n\n", "Early life\n----------\n\nBorn in [Dera Ismail Khan](/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan \"Dera Ismail Khan\"), Sardar Rashid was educated at [Islamia College](/wiki/Islamia_College_%28Peshawar%29 \"Islamia College (Peshawar)\") Peshawar.\n\n", "Professional life\n-----------------\n\nHe then joined the [Indian Police Service](/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police \"Indian Imperial Police\") (IP) and was serving as the Deputy Superintendent of Police in [Peshawar](/wiki/Peshawar \"Peshawar\") City when Pakistan became an independent country on 14 August 1947\\. He was one of the senior most police officers in the newly\\-emergent country.\n\nSardar Rashid rose to become the [Inspector General](/wiki/Inspector_General \"Inspector General\") of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police, but resigned from the police service on April 23, 1953, when he was appointed as the 8th [Chief Minister](/wiki/Chief_Minister \"Chief Minister\") of [Khyber\\-Pakhtunkhwa](/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa \"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa\"). His nomination was controversial in that he was handpicked by his predecessor [Abdul Qayyum Khan](/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan \"Abdul Qayyum Khan\"). However, he proved to be a popular choice, and in November 1953, he was elected as the provincial president of the [Muslim League](/wiki/Muslim_League_%28Pakistan%29 \"Muslim League (Pakistan)\") despite the efforts of [Abdul Qayyum Khan](/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan \"Abdul Qayyum Khan\") to retain the post for himself following his elevation to the Central Government.\n\nHe remained Chief Minister until 18 July 1955, when he was forced to resign because of his opposition to the \"\"One Unit Scheme\"\". He was succeeded by [Sardar Bahadur Khan](/wiki/Sardar_Bahadur_Khan \"Sardar Bahadur Khan\") (older brother of General [Ayub Khan](/wiki/Ayub_Khan_%28Field_Marshal%29 \"Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)\")) who secured approval from the provincial assembly for the controversial scheme.\n\nSardar Rashid joined the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28Pakistan%29 \"Republican Party (Pakistan)\") and was elected as a Member of the West Pakistan Assembly when the \"\"One Unit Scheme\"\" came into effect, and served in the cabinet of [Dr Khan Sahib](/wiki/Dr_Khan_Sahib \"Dr Khan Sahib\") initially as Minister for Health and later as Minister for Finance and Information.\n\nOn the resignation of Dr Khan Sahib in July 1957, Sardar Rashid was elected as the second [Chief Minister](/wiki/Chief_Minister \"Chief Minister\") of [West Pakistan](/wiki/West_Pakistan \"West Pakistan\"). He resigned from this position on 18 March 1958, and was succeeded by [Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash](/wiki/Nawab_Muzaffar_Ali_Khan_Qizilbash \"Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash\").\n\nSardar Rashid ([Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28Pakistan%29 \"Republican Party (Pakistan)\")) served as Minister for Commerce and Industries in the cabinet of [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan \"Prime Minister of Pakistan\") [Sir Feroz Khan Noon](/wiki/Sir_Feroz_Khan_Noon \"Sir Feroz Khan Noon\") ([Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28Pakistan%29 \"Republican Party (Pakistan)\")) from 29 March 1958 \\- 7 October 1958, when the cabinet was dismissed on the declaration of Martial Law by [President](/wiki/President_of_Pakistan \"President of Pakistan\") [Iskander Mirza](/wiki/Iskander_Mirza \"Iskander Mirza\").\n\nAfter the fall of the [Ayub Khan](/wiki/Ayub_Khan_%28Field_Marshal%29 \"Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)\") government, Sardar Abdur Rashid served as Minister for Home Affairs (Interior), Kashmir Affairs, States, and Frontier Regions in the presidential cabinet of [President](/wiki/President_of_Pakistan \"President of Pakistan\") and Chief Martial Law Administrator General [Yahya Khan](/wiki/Yahya_Khan \"Yahya Khan\") from 4 August 1969 \\- 22 February 1971\\.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:1906 births](/wiki/Category:1906_births \"1906 births\")\n[Category:1995 deaths](/wiki/Category:1995_deaths \"1995 deaths\")\n[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1955–1958](/wiki/Category:Pakistani_MNAs_1955%E2%80%931958 \"Pakistani MNAs 1955–1958\")\n[Category:Chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa](/wiki/Category:Chief_ministers_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa \"Chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa\")\n[Category:Interior ministers of Pakistan](/wiki/Category:Interior_ministers_of_Pakistan \"Interior ministers of Pakistan\")\n[Category:Pakistani police officers](/wiki/Category:Pakistani_police_officers \"Pakistani police officers\")\n[Category:Pakistani republicans](/wiki/Category:Pakistani_republicans \"Pakistani republicans\")\n[Category:Pashtun police officers](/wiki/Category:Pashtun_police_officers \"Pashtun police officers\")\n[Category:Chief ministers of West Pakistan](/wiki/Category:Chief_ministers_of_West_Pakistan \"Chief ministers of West Pakistan\")\n[Category:Pashtun politicians](/wiki/Category:Pashtun_politicians \"Pashtun politicians\")\n[Category:Islamia College University alumni](/wiki/Category:Islamia_College_University_alumni \"Islamia College University alumni\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 751903 ], "name": [ "Swatjester" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **National Education Information System**, or **NEIS**, is a computer network maintained by South Korea's [Ministry of Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28South_Korea%29 \"Ministry of Education (South Korea)\"). It contains records on every teacher and student in South Korea, and is built on a [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\")\\-style platform.\n\nThe implementation of the NEIS in 2003 nearly touched off a nationwide teacher's strike by the [Korean Teachers' Union](/wiki/Korean_Teachers%27_Union \"Korean Teachers' Union\"), which continues to advocate passive resistance to the system. The NEIS has been managed by Korea Education and Research Information Service (KERIS) since its opening.\n\nThe NEIS website can be accessed only from authorized computers.\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [National Education Information System](http://neis.go.kr)\n* [Korea Education and Research Information Service](http://www.keris.or.kr)\n* [KCTU explanation of NEIS](http://www.kctu.org/maybbs/view.php?db=kctuinfo2&code=eng_docu&n=2&page=1)\n\n[Category:Education in South Korea](/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Korea \"Education in South Korea\")\n[Category:Government of South Korea](/wiki/Category:Government_of_South_Korea \"Government of South Korea\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 17216044 ], "name": [ "RMCD bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Match", "Repercussions", "Pay-per-view cancellation", "''Inside Edition'' interview", "Legal action", "Later events", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n[thumb\\|220px\\|[New Jack](/wiki/New_Jack \"New Jack\"), photographed here in 1998](/wiki/Image:New_Jack_in_the_ECW%2C_1998.jpg \"New Jack in the ECW, 1998.jpg\")\nThe **Mass Transit incident** was a [professional wrestling](/wiki/Professional_wrestling \"Professional wrestling\") controversy that took place during an [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling \"Extreme Championship Wrestling\") (ECW) [house show](/wiki/House_show \"House show\") on November 23, 1996, at the Wonderland Ballroom in [Revere](/wiki/Revere%2C_Massachusetts \"Revere, Massachusetts\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"), United States. 17\\-year\\-old Erich Kulas, an aspiring professional wrestler who used the ring name \"Mass Transit\", was seriously injured in a [tag team](/wiki/Tag_team \"Tag team\") match against [The Gangstas](/wiki/The_Gangstas \"The Gangstas\"); the most severe injury occurred when Kulas was [bladed](/wiki/Blading_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Blading (professional wrestling)\") too deeply by [Jerome \"New Jack\" Young](/wiki/New_Jack \"New Jack\"), severing two of his [arteries](/wiki/Artery \"Artery\"). Further controversy arose when it came to light that Kulas had lied to ECW owner and booker [Paul Heyman](/wiki/Paul_Heyman \"Paul Heyman\") about his age and professional wrestling training.\n\nThe incident led to the temporary cancellation of the inaugural ECW [pay\\-per\\-view](/wiki/Pay-per-view \"Pay-per-view\") *[Barely Legal](/wiki/ECW_Barely_Legal \"ECW Barely Legal\")* and legal action against Young. Due to Kulas' deception, however, *Barely Legal* was reinstated and the legal action ended in Young's favor.\n\n", "Match\n-----\n\n[Axl Rotten](/wiki/Axl_Rotten \"Axl Rotten\") had been scheduled to work a [tag team](/wiki/Tag_team \"Tag team\") match with [D\\-Von Dudley](/wiki/D-Von_Dudley \"D-Von Dudley\") against [The Gangstas](/wiki/The_Gangstas \"The Gangstas\") ([New Jack](/wiki/New_Jack \"New Jack\") and [Mustafa Saed](/wiki/Mustafa_Saed \"Mustafa Saed\")), but could not make the show due to a family emergency. The show was also scheduled to feature dwarf wrestlers [Tiny the Terrible](/wiki/Tiny_the_Terrible \"Tiny the Terrible\") and Half Nelson against 17\\-year\\-old Erich Kulas, who performed as Mass Transit, a [Ralph Kramden](/wiki/The_Honeymooners%23Ralph_Kramden \"The Honeymooners#Ralph Kramden\")\\-esque [bus driver](/wiki/Bus_driver \"Bus driver\"). Kulas convinced [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling \"Extreme Championship Wrestling\") (ECW) owner and [booker](/wiki/Booker_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Booker (professional wrestling)\") [Paul Heyman](/wiki/Paul_Heyman \"Paul Heyman\") to have him fill in for Rotten by claiming he was 19 and had wrestled for [Killer Kowalski](/wiki/Killer_Kowalski \"Killer Kowalski\"), a retired star wrestler who ran a notable wrestling school in the [Boston area](/wiki/Boston_metropolitan_area \"Boston metropolitan area\"). Heyman said later he did not know Kulas' age. \n\nNew Jack later claimed that he had attempted to dissuade Kulas from going through with the match. Instead, Kulas asked New Jack to [blade](/wiki/Blading_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Blading (professional wrestling)\") him since he never had done it himself, to which New Jack agreed. During the match, Dudley and New Jack brawled outside the ring, while Saed and Transit fought inside the ring. The match was booked as a [squash](/wiki/Squash_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Squash (professional wrestling)\"), with Dudley quickly isolated outside the ring and told not to return by the Gangstas. The Gangstas then double\\-teamed Kulas inside the ring, with New Jack pummeling him with [crutches](/wiki/Crutch \"Crutch\"), [toasters](/wiki/Toaster \"Toaster\") and various other objects in the [hardcore style](/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling \"Hardcore wrestling\") ECW was known for. At the end of the match, New Jack bladed Kulas with a surgical [scalpel](/wiki/Scalpel \"Scalpel\"), as the two had agreed, but cut too deeply and severed two arteries in Kulas' forehead. He screamed in pain, then lost consciousness as blood poured from his head.\n\nThe event was a [house show](/wiki/House_show \"House show\") and thus not televised, but fan [camcorders](/wiki/Camcorder \"Camcorder\") caught footage which was eventually used as evidence in legal proceedings. The video showed New Jack quietly asking Kulas, after the blading, \"You all right?\" Which Kulas replies \"Yeah, I'm fine.\" Next, The Gangstas proceeded to work Kulas over even more with elbow drops and various objects, prompting Kulas' father to scream, \"Ring the fucking bell! He's 17!\" As medics rushed into the ring to aid Kulas, New Jack grabbed the house microphone and, in an attempt to garner [heat](/wiki/Heat_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Heat (professional wrestling)\"), shouted, \"I don't care if the motherfucker dies! He's white! I don't like white people! I don't like people from [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\")! I'm the wrong nigga to fuck with!\"\n\n", "Repercussions\n-------------\n\n### Pay\\-per\\-view cancellation\n\nThe incident led to the cancellation of ECW's first ever [pay\\-per\\-view](/wiki/Pay-per-view \"Pay-per-view\") (PPV) event, *[Barely Legal](/wiki/ECW_Barely_Legal \"ECW Barely Legal\")*, by pay\\-per\\-view provider [Request TV](/wiki/Request_TV \"Request TV\") on [Christmas Eve](/wiki/Christmas_Eve \"Christmas Eve\") 1996\\. Heyman, by his own admission in *[The Rise and Fall of ECW](/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_ECW \"The Rise and Fall of ECW\")*, \"begged and pleaded\" with Request and finally convinced the company that ECW had been misled about Kulas' age. The PPV event was placed back on the schedule on Sunday, April 13, 1997, at 9:00 pm.\n\n### *Inside Edition* interview\n\nKulas and his family later gave an interview to the syndicated tabloid program *[Inside Edition](/wiki/Inside_Edition \"Inside Edition\")*, which featured footage from the incident. The segment depicted Kulas as an innocent, unprepared victim while vilifying ECW, even going as far as showing that Heyman had not asked for any state identification. The story was completed before the Kulases launched their lawsuit, so the key details of how Kulas actually got himself into the match had not been made public at that point.\n\n### Legal action\n\nThree years after the incident, New Jack was tried on charges of [assault](/wiki/Assault \"Assault\") and [battery](/wiki/Battery_%28crime%29 \"Battery (crime)\") with a dangerous weapon, and was later sued by the Kulas family. After hearing Kulas asked to be cut, a jury [acquitted](/wiki/Acquittal \"Acquittal\") New Jack, and he was later found not liable in [civil court](/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29 \"Civil law (common law)\").\n\nWrestlers testified that Kulas was extremely arrogant and demanding backstage prior to the match and, when told that he would have to bleed as part of the match, Kulas had asked New Jack to blade him, since he had never done it. The book *The Rise and Fall of ECW* also states that as the medic crew carried Kulas out, he was escorted by [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer \"Tommy Dreamer\"), who held his hand to comfort him. Passing by the audience, Kulas began giving them [the finger](/wiki/Finger_%28gesture%29 \"Finger (gesture)\") in an attempt to continue \"playing the [bad guy](/wiki/Heel_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Heel (professional wrestling)\")\".\n\nAuthorities later determined that Kulas had lied to Heyman about his age and experience; Kulas claimed to be 21 years of age, but he was actually 17 years old. He also claimed to have been trained by Killer Kowalski, and his father vouched for him, but Kulas was never trained to wrestle. In *The Rise and Fall of ECW,* Heyman says Kulas' dubious credentials as a student of Kowalski were endorsed by Tiny the Terrible.\n\n", "### Pay\\-per\\-view cancellation\n\nThe incident led to the cancellation of ECW's first ever [pay\\-per\\-view](/wiki/Pay-per-view \"Pay-per-view\") (PPV) event, *[Barely Legal](/wiki/ECW_Barely_Legal \"ECW Barely Legal\")*, by pay\\-per\\-view provider [Request TV](/wiki/Request_TV \"Request TV\") on [Christmas Eve](/wiki/Christmas_Eve \"Christmas Eve\") 1996\\. Heyman, by his own admission in *[The Rise and Fall of ECW](/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_ECW \"The Rise and Fall of ECW\")*, \"begged and pleaded\" with Request and finally convinced the company that ECW had been misled about Kulas' age. The PPV event was placed back on the schedule on Sunday, April 13, 1997, at 9:00 pm.\n\n", "### *Inside Edition* interview\n\nKulas and his family later gave an interview to the syndicated tabloid program *[Inside Edition](/wiki/Inside_Edition \"Inside Edition\")*, which featured footage from the incident. The segment depicted Kulas as an innocent, unprepared victim while vilifying ECW, even going as far as showing that Heyman had not asked for any state identification. The story was completed before the Kulases launched their lawsuit, so the key details of how Kulas actually got himself into the match had not been made public at that point.\n\n", "### Legal action\n\nThree years after the incident, New Jack was tried on charges of [assault](/wiki/Assault \"Assault\") and [battery](/wiki/Battery_%28crime%29 \"Battery (crime)\") with a dangerous weapon, and was later sued by the Kulas family. After hearing Kulas asked to be cut, a jury [acquitted](/wiki/Acquittal \"Acquittal\") New Jack, and he was later found not liable in [civil court](/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29 \"Civil law (common law)\").\n\nWrestlers testified that Kulas was extremely arrogant and demanding backstage prior to the match and, when told that he would have to bleed as part of the match, Kulas had asked New Jack to blade him, since he had never done it. The book *The Rise and Fall of ECW* also states that as the medic crew carried Kulas out, he was escorted by [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer \"Tommy Dreamer\"), who held his hand to comfort him. Passing by the audience, Kulas began giving them [the finger](/wiki/Finger_%28gesture%29 \"Finger (gesture)\") in an attempt to continue \"playing the [bad guy](/wiki/Heel_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Heel (professional wrestling)\")\".\n\nAuthorities later determined that Kulas had lied to Heyman about his age and experience; Kulas claimed to be 21 years of age, but he was actually 17 years old. He also claimed to have been trained by Killer Kowalski, and his father vouched for him, but Kulas was never trained to wrestle. In *The Rise and Fall of ECW,* Heyman says Kulas' dubious credentials as a student of Kowalski were endorsed by Tiny the Terrible.\n\n", "Later events\n------------\n\nErich Kulas died on May 12, 2002, at the age of 22, due to complications from [gastric bypass surgery](/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery \"Gastric bypass surgery\").\n\nThe incident was featured in a 2020 episode of *[Dark Side of the Ring](/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Ring \"Dark Side of the Ring\")* centered on New Jack. Kulas' family declined to participate in the episode.\n\nUp to his own death in May 2021, New Jack did not express remorse for the incident; his final tweet on his [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") account reiterated Kulas requested the blading.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Chuck Austin](/wiki/Chuck_Austin \"Chuck Austin\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [2004 interview with wrestler New Jack](http://gumgod.com/derek_shoot_newjack3.htm)\n\n[Category:Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Category:Extreme_Championship_Wrestling \"Extreme Championship Wrestling\")\n[Category:Revere, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Revere%2C_Massachusetts \"Revere, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Events in Suffolk County, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Events_in_Suffolk_County%2C_Massachusetts \"Events in Suffolk County, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:1996 in professional wrestling](/wiki/Category:1996_in_professional_wrestling \"1996 in professional wrestling\")\n[Category:Professional wrestling controversies](/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_controversies \"Professional wrestling controversies\")\n[Category:1996 in Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:1996_in_Massachusetts \"1996 in Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Professional wrestling matches](/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_matches \"Professional wrestling matches\")\n[Category:Professional wrestling shows in Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_shows_in_Massachusetts \"Professional wrestling shows in Massachusetts\")\n[Category:November 1996 events in the United States](/wiki/Category:November_1996_events_in_the_United_States \"November 1996 events in the United States\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 35936988 ], "name": [ "JJMC89 bot III" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Breaking into comedy, Hollywood", "Film", "Television and internet", "Writer", "Painter", "Personal life", "Death", "Filmography", "Film", "Video games", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Brad Stephen** \"**Taylor**\" **Negron** (August 1, 1957 – January 10, 2015\\) was an American actor, comedian, writer and artist. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Albert in *[Punchline](/wiki/Punchline_%28film%29 \"Punchline (film)\")* (1988\\) and as Milo in the 1991 action comedy *[The Last Boy Scout](/wiki/The_Last_Boy_Scout \"The Last Boy Scout\")*.\n\n", "Early life\n----------\n\nNegron was born in [Glendale, California](/wiki/Glendale%2C_California \"Glendale, California\"), the son of [Puerto Rican](/wiki/Puerto_Ricans \"Puerto Ricans\") couple Lucy (*née* Rosario) and Conrad Negron, Sr. His cousin is singer and musician [Chuck Negron](/wiki/Chuck_Negron \"Chuck Negron\"), of [Three Dog Night](/wiki/Three_Dog_Night \"Three Dog Night\") fame. He grew up in [La Cañada Flintridge, California](/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_Flintridge%2C_California \"La Cañada Flintridge, California\"), and graduated from the [University of California Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California_Los_Angeles \"University of California Los Angeles\").[Profile](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BN&p_theme=bn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB195B7D713825B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM), The Buffalo News. Retrieved January 13, 2015\\.\n\n", "Career\n------\n\n### Breaking into comedy, Hollywood\n\nNegron's career in comedy began while he was still in high school, with a stand\\-up performance at the [Comedy Store](/wiki/Comedy_Store \"Comedy Store\") in [West Hollywood](/wiki/West_Hollywood \"West Hollywood\"). After this appearance, Negron ventured into being a Hollywood extra, as well as a repeat contestant on [Chuck Barris](/wiki/Chuck_Barris \"Chuck Barris\")' [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") daytime show *[The Dating Game](/wiki/The_Dating_Game \"The Dating Game\")*.\n\nBefore his film career began, Negron worked for dramatic and comedic legends [Lee Strasberg](/wiki/Lee_Strasberg \"Lee Strasberg\") and [Lucille Ball](/wiki/Lucille_Ball \"Lucille Ball\"). In a work\\-study program at the [Actors Studio](/wiki/Actors_Studio \"Actors Studio\"), Negron worked as Strasberg's assistant. At Sherwood Oaks Experimental College in 1977, Negron served as Ball's intern while she was a guest teacher at the school.\n\n### Film\n\nNegron's motion picture appearances included *[Angels in the Outfield](/wiki/Angels_in_the_Outfield_%281994_film%29 \"Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)\"),* *[The Aristocrats](/wiki/The_Aristocrats_%28film%29 \"The Aristocrats (film)\")*, *[Better Off Dead](/wiki/Better_Off_Dead_%28film%29 \"Better Off Dead (film)\"),* *[Call Me Claus](/wiki/Call_Me_Claus \"Call Me Claus\"),* *[Easy Money](/wiki/Easy_Money_%281983_film%29 \"Easy Money (1983 film)\")* as the tenacious son\\-in\\-law of [Rodney Dangerfield](/wiki/Rodney_Dangerfield \"Rodney Dangerfield\")'s character, *[Fast Times at Ridgemont High](/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High\"),* *[River's Edge](/wiki/River%27s_Edge \"River's Edge\"),* *[The Last Boy Scout](/wiki/The_Last_Boy_Scout \"The Last Boy Scout\")*, *[Nothing but Trouble](/wiki/Nothing_but_Trouble_%281991_film%29 \"Nothing but Trouble (1991 film)\"),* *[Punchline](/wiki/Punchline_%28film%29 \"Punchline (film)\")*, *[The Stoned Age](/wiki/The_Stoned_Age \"The Stoned Age\"),* *[Stuart Little](/wiki/Stuart_Little_%28film%29 \"Stuart Little (film)\"),* *[Young Doctors in Love](/wiki/Young_Doctors_in_Love \"Young Doctors in Love\"),* *[Funky Monkey](/wiki/Funky_Monkey_%28film%29 \"Funky Monkey (film)\")*, *[Bio\\-Dome](/wiki/Bio-Dome \"Bio-Dome\")* with Pauly Shore, *[How I Got into College](/wiki/How_I_Got_into_College \"How I Got into College\")*, and *[Vamps](/wiki/Vamps_%28film%29 \"Vamps (film)\")*, in which he reprised his *Fast Times at Ridgemont High* pizza delivery scene.\n\n### Television and internet\n\nAmong Negron's television appearances are guest star roles on *[Hill Street Blues](/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues \"Hill Street Blues\")*, *[That's So Raven](/wiki/That%27s_So_Raven \"That's So Raven\")*, *[So Little Time](/wiki/So_Little_Time \"So Little Time\")*, *[The Fresh Prince of Bel\\-Air](/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\")*, *[The Ben Stiller Show](/wiki/The_Ben_Stiller_Show \"The Ben Stiller Show\")*, *[Curb Your Enthusiasm](/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\")*, *[Reno 911!](/wiki/Reno_911%21 \"Reno 911!\")*, *[Friends](/wiki/Friends \"Friends\")*, *[My Wife and Kids](/wiki/My_Wife_and_Kids \"My Wife and Kids\")*, *[Seinfeld](/wiki/Seinfeld \"Seinfeld\")*, *[ER](/wiki/ER_%28TV_series%29 \"ER (TV series)\")*, *[Party of Five](/wiki/Party_of_Five \"Party of Five\")*, and *[Falcon Crest](/wiki/Falcon_Crest \"Falcon Crest\")*. In addition to being a semiregular guest on *[Off Beat Cinema](/wiki/Off_Beat_Cinema \"Off Beat Cinema\")*, he co\\-starred in *[Smart Guy](/wiki/Smart_Guy \"Smart Guy\")* and *[Wizards of Waverly Place](/wiki/Wizards_of_Waverly_Place \"Wizards of Waverly Place\")*. He appeared in Comedy Central's *[UnCabaret](/wiki/Un-Cabaret \"Un-Cabaret\")* special as well as its Amazon episodes. He appeared as [Melinda Hill](/wiki/Melinda_Hill \"Melinda Hill\")'s date in one episode of the 2013 web series *Romantic Encounters*. His last television role was the part of an acting coach in Season 1, Episode 5 of *[The Comedians](/wiki/The_Comedians_%282015_TV_series%29 \"The Comedians (2015 TV series)\")* starring [Billy Crystal](/wiki/Billy_Crystal \"Billy Crystal\") and [Josh Gad](/wiki/Josh_Gad \"Josh Gad\"). He also appeared on an episode of *The Dating Game* on March 16, 1970\\.\n\n### Writer\n\nIn 2008, he wrote *The Unbearable Lightness of Being Taylor Negron – A Fusion of Story and Song*, directed by opera director [David Schweitzer](/wiki/David_Schweitzer \"David Schweitzer\") and co\\-starring singer/songwriter Logan Heftel. The show debuted to critical acclaim in the Green Room at the [Edinburgh Comedy Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_Comedy_Festival \"Edinburgh Comedy Festival\"). It also ran in the 2009 Best of New York Solo Festival at the SoHo Playhouse and at the Barrow Street Theater. Kate Copstick of *[The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman \"The Scotsman\")* wrote of it, \"The underlying theme of this spellbinding hour seems to be [Nietzschean](/wiki/Nietzsche \"Nietzsche\") – 'that which does not destroy me makes me strong'. And if that doesn't sound like out\\-and\\-out comedy, then that is good. Because the show is not out\\-and\\-out comedy. It is a mix of music, storytelling, and comedy.\" His comedy essays have been published in the anthology *Dirty Laundry* (Phoenix Books) and *Love West Hollywood: Reflections of Los Angeles* (Alyson Books).\n\nDirector Justin Tanner revived Negron's play *Gangster Planet*, a four\\-character domestic comedy set during the [1992 Los Angeles riots](/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots \"1992 Los Angeles riots\"), which was chosen by the *Los Angeles Times* as a Critic's Choice. Another play, *Downward Facing Bitch*, a suspense comedy, was developed with director [Kiff Scholl](/wiki/Kiff_Scholl \"Kiff Scholl\"). Negron was a regular contributor to Wendy Hammer's Tasty Words, Jill Solloway's \"Sit and Spin\", and Hilary Carlip's online magazine *Fresh Yarns*, as well as the *[Huffington Post](/wiki/Huffington_Post \"Huffington Post\")*. He performed regularly across the United States and was one of the original members of the UnCabaret, dubbed \"The Mother Show of Alternative Comedy\" by the *[LA Weekly](/wiki/LA_Weekly \"LA Weekly\")*, where Negron fused standup, dada poetry, and stream of consciousness storytelling.\n\n### Painter\n\nNegron was an accomplished painter whose artwork has been featured in solo exhibitions at venues such as Los Angeles' Laemmle Royal Theater and the Hotel de Ville Lifestyle. Although he left his initial art school education when he was 19 years old, Negron later received training at the Academy of Fine Arts in San Francisco and the Art Students League in New York City. His work was influenced by [Henri Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse \"Henri Matisse\"), [Jean\\-Édouard Vuillard](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard \"Édouard Vuillard\"), [Don Bachardy](/wiki/Don_Bachardy \"Don Bachardy\"), and [David Hockney](/wiki/David_Hockney \"David Hockney\").\n\n", "### Breaking into comedy, Hollywood\n\nNegron's career in comedy began while he was still in high school, with a stand\\-up performance at the [Comedy Store](/wiki/Comedy_Store \"Comedy Store\") in [West Hollywood](/wiki/West_Hollywood \"West Hollywood\"). After this appearance, Negron ventured into being a Hollywood extra, as well as a repeat contestant on [Chuck Barris](/wiki/Chuck_Barris \"Chuck Barris\")' [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") daytime show *[The Dating Game](/wiki/The_Dating_Game \"The Dating Game\")*.\n\nBefore his film career began, Negron worked for dramatic and comedic legends [Lee Strasberg](/wiki/Lee_Strasberg \"Lee Strasberg\") and [Lucille Ball](/wiki/Lucille_Ball \"Lucille Ball\"). In a work\\-study program at the [Actors Studio](/wiki/Actors_Studio \"Actors Studio\"), Negron worked as Strasberg's assistant. At Sherwood Oaks Experimental College in 1977, Negron served as Ball's intern while she was a guest teacher at the school.\n\n", "### Film\n\nNegron's motion picture appearances included *[Angels in the Outfield](/wiki/Angels_in_the_Outfield_%281994_film%29 \"Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)\"),* *[The Aristocrats](/wiki/The_Aristocrats_%28film%29 \"The Aristocrats (film)\")*, *[Better Off Dead](/wiki/Better_Off_Dead_%28film%29 \"Better Off Dead (film)\"),* *[Call Me Claus](/wiki/Call_Me_Claus \"Call Me Claus\"),* *[Easy Money](/wiki/Easy_Money_%281983_film%29 \"Easy Money (1983 film)\")* as the tenacious son\\-in\\-law of [Rodney Dangerfield](/wiki/Rodney_Dangerfield \"Rodney Dangerfield\")'s character, *[Fast Times at Ridgemont High](/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High\"),* *[River's Edge](/wiki/River%27s_Edge \"River's Edge\"),* *[The Last Boy Scout](/wiki/The_Last_Boy_Scout \"The Last Boy Scout\")*, *[Nothing but Trouble](/wiki/Nothing_but_Trouble_%281991_film%29 \"Nothing but Trouble (1991 film)\"),* *[Punchline](/wiki/Punchline_%28film%29 \"Punchline (film)\")*, *[The Stoned Age](/wiki/The_Stoned_Age \"The Stoned Age\"),* *[Stuart Little](/wiki/Stuart_Little_%28film%29 \"Stuart Little (film)\"),* *[Young Doctors in Love](/wiki/Young_Doctors_in_Love \"Young Doctors in Love\"),* *[Funky Monkey](/wiki/Funky_Monkey_%28film%29 \"Funky Monkey (film)\")*, *[Bio\\-Dome](/wiki/Bio-Dome \"Bio-Dome\")* with Pauly Shore, *[How I Got into College](/wiki/How_I_Got_into_College \"How I Got into College\")*, and *[Vamps](/wiki/Vamps_%28film%29 \"Vamps (film)\")*, in which he reprised his *Fast Times at Ridgemont High* pizza delivery scene.\n\n", "### Television and internet\n\nAmong Negron's television appearances are guest star roles on *[Hill Street Blues](/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues \"Hill Street Blues\")*, *[That's So Raven](/wiki/That%27s_So_Raven \"That's So Raven\")*, *[So Little Time](/wiki/So_Little_Time \"So Little Time\")*, *[The Fresh Prince of Bel\\-Air](/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\")*, *[The Ben Stiller Show](/wiki/The_Ben_Stiller_Show \"The Ben Stiller Show\")*, *[Curb Your Enthusiasm](/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\")*, *[Reno 911!](/wiki/Reno_911%21 \"Reno 911!\")*, *[Friends](/wiki/Friends \"Friends\")*, *[My Wife and Kids](/wiki/My_Wife_and_Kids \"My Wife and Kids\")*, *[Seinfeld](/wiki/Seinfeld \"Seinfeld\")*, *[ER](/wiki/ER_%28TV_series%29 \"ER (TV series)\")*, *[Party of Five](/wiki/Party_of_Five \"Party of Five\")*, and *[Falcon Crest](/wiki/Falcon_Crest \"Falcon Crest\")*. In addition to being a semiregular guest on *[Off Beat Cinema](/wiki/Off_Beat_Cinema \"Off Beat Cinema\")*, he co\\-starred in *[Smart Guy](/wiki/Smart_Guy \"Smart Guy\")* and *[Wizards of Waverly Place](/wiki/Wizards_of_Waverly_Place \"Wizards of Waverly Place\")*. He appeared in Comedy Central's *[UnCabaret](/wiki/Un-Cabaret \"Un-Cabaret\")* special as well as its Amazon episodes. He appeared as [Melinda Hill](/wiki/Melinda_Hill \"Melinda Hill\")'s date in one episode of the 2013 web series *Romantic Encounters*. His last television role was the part of an acting coach in Season 1, Episode 5 of *[The Comedians](/wiki/The_Comedians_%282015_TV_series%29 \"The Comedians (2015 TV series)\")* starring [Billy Crystal](/wiki/Billy_Crystal \"Billy Crystal\") and [Josh Gad](/wiki/Josh_Gad \"Josh Gad\"). He also appeared on an episode of *The Dating Game* on March 16, 1970\\.\n\n", "### Writer\n\nIn 2008, he wrote *The Unbearable Lightness of Being Taylor Negron – A Fusion of Story and Song*, directed by opera director [David Schweitzer](/wiki/David_Schweitzer \"David Schweitzer\") and co\\-starring singer/songwriter Logan Heftel. The show debuted to critical acclaim in the Green Room at the [Edinburgh Comedy Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_Comedy_Festival \"Edinburgh Comedy Festival\"). It also ran in the 2009 Best of New York Solo Festival at the SoHo Playhouse and at the Barrow Street Theater. Kate Copstick of *[The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman \"The Scotsman\")* wrote of it, \"The underlying theme of this spellbinding hour seems to be [Nietzschean](/wiki/Nietzsche \"Nietzsche\") – 'that which does not destroy me makes me strong'. And if that doesn't sound like out\\-and\\-out comedy, then that is good. Because the show is not out\\-and\\-out comedy. It is a mix of music, storytelling, and comedy.\" His comedy essays have been published in the anthology *Dirty Laundry* (Phoenix Books) and *Love West Hollywood: Reflections of Los Angeles* (Alyson Books).\n\nDirector Justin Tanner revived Negron's play *Gangster Planet*, a four\\-character domestic comedy set during the [1992 Los Angeles riots](/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots \"1992 Los Angeles riots\"), which was chosen by the *Los Angeles Times* as a Critic's Choice. Another play, *Downward Facing Bitch*, a suspense comedy, was developed with director [Kiff Scholl](/wiki/Kiff_Scholl \"Kiff Scholl\"). Negron was a regular contributor to Wendy Hammer's Tasty Words, Jill Solloway's \"Sit and Spin\", and Hilary Carlip's online magazine *Fresh Yarns*, as well as the *[Huffington Post](/wiki/Huffington_Post \"Huffington Post\")*. He performed regularly across the United States and was one of the original members of the UnCabaret, dubbed \"The Mother Show of Alternative Comedy\" by the *[LA Weekly](/wiki/LA_Weekly \"LA Weekly\")*, where Negron fused standup, dada poetry, and stream of consciousness storytelling.\n\n", "### Painter\n\nNegron was an accomplished painter whose artwork has been featured in solo exhibitions at venues such as Los Angeles' Laemmle Royal Theater and the Hotel de Ville Lifestyle. Although he left his initial art school education when he was 19 years old, Negron later received training at the Academy of Fine Arts in San Francisco and the Art Students League in New York City. His work was influenced by [Henri Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse \"Henri Matisse\"), [Jean\\-Édouard Vuillard](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard \"Édouard Vuillard\"), [Don Bachardy](/wiki/Don_Bachardy \"Don Bachardy\"), and [David Hockney](/wiki/David_Hockney \"David Hockney\").\n\n", "Personal life\n-------------\n\nNegron was openly [gay](/wiki/Homosexuality \"Homosexuality\").Anderson\\-Minshall, Diane (January 11, 2015\\). [\"Gay *Fast Times at Ridgemont High* Actor Taylor Negron Has Died\"](http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2015/01/11/gay-fast-times-ridgemont-high-actor-taylor-negron-has-died), *[The Advocate](/wiki/The_Advocate_%28LGBT_magazine%29 \"The Advocate (LGBT magazine)\")*. Retrieved January 12, 2015\\.Wee, Darren (January 12, 2015\\). [\"*Fast Times at Ridgemont High* actor Taylor Negron dies at 57\"](http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/fast-times-ridgemont-high-actor-taylor-negron-dies-57120115), *[Gay Star News](/wiki/Gay_Star_News \"Gay Star News\")*. Retrieved January 12, 2015\\.\n\n", "Death\n-----\n\nNegron was diagnosed with [liver cancer](/wiki/Liver_cancer \"Liver cancer\") in 2008\\. On January 10, 2015, he died at his home in [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\"), surrounded by family, at the age of 57\\.\n\n", "Filmography\n-----------\n\n### Film\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1980 | *[The Gong Show Movie](/wiki/The_Gong_Show_Movie \"The Gong Show Movie\")* | Blond\\-Haired Man Auditioning | Uncredited |\n| 1981 | *[Freedom](/wiki/Freedom_%281981_film%29 \"Freedom (1981 film)\")* | Brett | |\n| 1982 | *[Young Doctors in Love](/wiki/Young_Doctors_in_Love \"Young Doctors in Love\")* | Dr. Phil Burns | |\n| 1982 | *[Fast Times at Ridgemont High](/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High\")* | Pizza Guy | |\n| 1983 | *[Easy Money](/wiki/Easy_Money_%281983_film%29 \"Easy Money (1983 film)\")* | Julio Ocampo | |\n| 1984 | *[Johnny Dangerously](/wiki/Johnny_Dangerously \"Johnny Dangerously\")* | Delivery Man | Uncredited |\n| 1985 | *[Better Off Dead](/wiki/Better_Off_Dead_%28film%29 \"Better Off Dead (film)\")* | Mailman | |\n| 1985 | *[Bad Medicine](/wiki/Bad_Medicine_%28film%29 \"Bad Medicine (film)\")* | Pepe The Cab Driver | |\n| 1986 | *[One Crazy Summer](/wiki/One_Crazy_Summer \"One Crazy Summer\")* | Taylor | |\n| 1986 | *[The Whoopee Boys](/wiki/The_Whoopee_Boys \"The Whoopee Boys\")* | 'Whitey' | |\n| 1986 | *[River's Edge](/wiki/River%27s_Edge \"River's Edge\")* | Checker | |\n| 1988 | *[Punchline](/wiki/Punchline_%28film%29 \"Punchline (film)\")* | Albert Emperato | |\n| 1989 | *[How I Got into College](/wiki/How_I_Got_into_College \"How I Got into College\")* | Mailman | |\n| 1991 | *[Nothing but Trouble](/wiki/Nothing_but_Trouble_%281991_film%29 \"Nothing but Trouble (1991 film)\")* | Fausto Squiriniszu | |\n| 1991 | *[The Last Boy Scout](/wiki/The_Last_Boy_Scout \"The Last Boy Scout\")* | Milo | |\n| 1993 | *[Mr. Jones](/wiki/Mr._Jones_%281993_film%29 \"Mr. Jones (1993 film)\")* | Motorcycle Man / Director of Rock Videos | |\n| 1994 | *[Angels in the Outfield](/wiki/Angels_in_the_Outfield_%281994_film%29 \"Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)\")* | David Montagne | |\n| 1994 | *[The Stoned Age](/wiki/The_Stoned_Age \"The Stoned Age\")* | Clerk | |\n| 1996 | *[Bio\\-Dome](/wiki/Bio-Dome \"Bio-Dome\")* | Russell | |\n| 1997 | *A Kid in Aladdin's Palace* | The Genie | |\n| 1997 | *[The Practice](/wiki/The_Practice \"The Practice\")* | Mr. Walters | E2S1:Reasonable Doubts |\n| 1998 | *[Chairman of the Board](/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Board_%28film%29 \"Chairman of the Board (film)\")* | Mr. Withermeyer | |\n| 1999 | *[Stuart Little](/wiki/Stuart_Little_%28film%29 \"Stuart Little (film)\")* | Salesman In Mall | |\n| 2000 | *[Gun Shy](/wiki/Gun_Shy_%282000_film%29 \"Gun Shy (2000 film)\")* | Cheemo Partelle | |\n| 2000 | *[The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas](/wiki/The_Flintstones_in_Viva_Rock_Vegas \"The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas\")* | Gazaam \\& Gazing | |\n| 2001 | *[Call Me Claus](/wiki/Call_Me_Claus \"Call Me Claus\")* | Ralph | |\n| 2005 | *[The Aristocrats](/wiki/The_Aristocrats_%28film%29 \"The Aristocrats (film)\")* | Himself | |\n| 2007 | *Entry Level* | Charlie | |\n| 2007 | *[Three Days to Vegas](/wiki/Three_Days_to_Vegas \"Three Days to Vegas\")* | Antoine | |\n| 2008 | *[Channels](/wiki/Channels_%28film%29 \"Channels (film)\")* | Niles | |\n| 2009 | *[Super Capers](/wiki/Super_Capers \"Super Capers\")* | Chauffeur | |\n| 2009 | *Lock and Roll Forever* | Mary Post | |\n| 2009 | *The Deported* | Priest | |\n| 2009 | *Stuntmen* | Gio Supreme | |\n| 2009 | *[Scream of the Bikini](/wiki/Scream_of_the_Bikini \"Scream of the Bikini\")* | Doorman | |\n| 2009 | *Babysitters Beware* | Mr. Willoughsbag | |\n| 2010 | *[Shoot the Hero!](/wiki/Shoot_the_Hero%21 \"Shoot the Hero!\")* | Douglas | |\n| 2010 | *The Braveheart Musical: For England* | King Edward I Longshanks | Short |\n| 2010 | *Change Your Life* | LOOT Sales Rep | Video |\n| 2010 | *Evil Shrink* | Dr. Bane | Video short |\n| 2011 | *The Chateau Meroux* | Francois | |\n| 2012 | *Freight* | Robert | Short |\n| 2012 | *[Vamps](/wiki/Vamps_%28film%29 \"Vamps (film)\")* | Pizza Guy | |\n| 2013 | *Santorini Blue* | Jimmy the Doorman | |\n| 2013 | *Scott \\& Kassie's Christmas Adventure* | Marv | |\n| 2014 | *The Magic World of Harrison Patrakis* | Narrator | Short |\n| 2015 | *Alienated* | Griffin | Posthumous release; Final film role |\n\n### Video games\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1993 | *[Double Switch](/wiki/Double_Switch_%28video_game%29 \"Double Switch (video game)\")* | Sammy \"Slick Sammy\" | |\n|\n\n", "### Film\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1980 | *[The Gong Show Movie](/wiki/The_Gong_Show_Movie \"The Gong Show Movie\")* | Blond\\-Haired Man Auditioning | Uncredited |\n| 1981 | *[Freedom](/wiki/Freedom_%281981_film%29 \"Freedom (1981 film)\")* | Brett | |\n| 1982 | *[Young Doctors in Love](/wiki/Young_Doctors_in_Love \"Young Doctors in Love\")* | Dr. Phil Burns | |\n| 1982 | *[Fast Times at Ridgemont High](/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High\")* | Pizza Guy | |\n| 1983 | *[Easy Money](/wiki/Easy_Money_%281983_film%29 \"Easy Money (1983 film)\")* | Julio Ocampo | |\n| 1984 | *[Johnny Dangerously](/wiki/Johnny_Dangerously \"Johnny Dangerously\")* | Delivery Man | Uncredited |\n| 1985 | *[Better Off Dead](/wiki/Better_Off_Dead_%28film%29 \"Better Off Dead (film)\")* | Mailman | |\n| 1985 | *[Bad Medicine](/wiki/Bad_Medicine_%28film%29 \"Bad Medicine (film)\")* | Pepe The Cab Driver | |\n| 1986 | *[One Crazy Summer](/wiki/One_Crazy_Summer \"One Crazy Summer\")* | Taylor | |\n| 1986 | *[The Whoopee Boys](/wiki/The_Whoopee_Boys \"The Whoopee Boys\")* | 'Whitey' | |\n| 1986 | *[River's Edge](/wiki/River%27s_Edge \"River's Edge\")* | Checker | |\n| 1988 | *[Punchline](/wiki/Punchline_%28film%29 \"Punchline (film)\")* | Albert Emperato | |\n| 1989 | *[How I Got into College](/wiki/How_I_Got_into_College \"How I Got into College\")* | Mailman | |\n| 1991 | *[Nothing but Trouble](/wiki/Nothing_but_Trouble_%281991_film%29 \"Nothing but Trouble (1991 film)\")* | Fausto Squiriniszu | |\n| 1991 | *[The Last Boy Scout](/wiki/The_Last_Boy_Scout \"The Last Boy Scout\")* | Milo | |\n| 1993 | *[Mr. Jones](/wiki/Mr._Jones_%281993_film%29 \"Mr. Jones (1993 film)\")* | Motorcycle Man / Director of Rock Videos | |\n| 1994 | *[Angels in the Outfield](/wiki/Angels_in_the_Outfield_%281994_film%29 \"Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)\")* | David Montagne | |\n| 1994 | *[The Stoned Age](/wiki/The_Stoned_Age \"The Stoned Age\")* | Clerk | |\n| 1996 | *[Bio\\-Dome](/wiki/Bio-Dome \"Bio-Dome\")* | Russell | |\n| 1997 | *A Kid in Aladdin's Palace* | The Genie | |\n| 1997 | *[The Practice](/wiki/The_Practice \"The Practice\")* | Mr. Walters | E2S1:Reasonable Doubts |\n| 1998 | *[Chairman of the Board](/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Board_%28film%29 \"Chairman of the Board (film)\")* | Mr. Withermeyer | |\n| 1999 | *[Stuart Little](/wiki/Stuart_Little_%28film%29 \"Stuart Little (film)\")* | Salesman In Mall | |\n| 2000 | *[Gun Shy](/wiki/Gun_Shy_%282000_film%29 \"Gun Shy (2000 film)\")* | Cheemo Partelle | |\n| 2000 | *[The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas](/wiki/The_Flintstones_in_Viva_Rock_Vegas \"The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas\")* | Gazaam \\& Gazing | |\n| 2001 | *[Call Me Claus](/wiki/Call_Me_Claus \"Call Me Claus\")* | Ralph | |\n| 2005 | *[The Aristocrats](/wiki/The_Aristocrats_%28film%29 \"The Aristocrats (film)\")* | Himself | |\n| 2007 | *Entry Level* | Charlie | |\n| 2007 | *[Three Days to Vegas](/wiki/Three_Days_to_Vegas \"Three Days to Vegas\")* | Antoine | |\n| 2008 | *[Channels](/wiki/Channels_%28film%29 \"Channels (film)\")* | Niles | |\n| 2009 | *[Super Capers](/wiki/Super_Capers \"Super Capers\")* | Chauffeur | |\n| 2009 | *Lock and Roll Forever* | Mary Post | |\n| 2009 | *The Deported* | Priest | |\n| 2009 | *Stuntmen* | Gio Supreme | |\n| 2009 | *[Scream of the Bikini](/wiki/Scream_of_the_Bikini \"Scream of the Bikini\")* | Doorman | |\n| 2009 | *Babysitters Beware* | Mr. Willoughsbag | |\n| 2010 | *[Shoot the Hero!](/wiki/Shoot_the_Hero%21 \"Shoot the Hero!\")* | Douglas | |\n| 2010 | *The Braveheart Musical: For England* | King Edward I Longshanks | Short |\n| 2010 | *Change Your Life* | LOOT Sales Rep | Video |\n| 2010 | *Evil Shrink* | Dr. Bane | Video short |\n| 2011 | *The Chateau Meroux* | Francois | |\n| 2012 | *Freight* | Robert | Short |\n| 2012 | *[Vamps](/wiki/Vamps_%28film%29 \"Vamps (film)\")* | Pizza Guy | |\n| 2013 | *Santorini Blue* | Jimmy the Doorman | |\n| 2013 | *Scott \\& Kassie's Christmas Adventure* | Marv | |\n| 2014 | *The Magic World of Harrison Patrakis* | Narrator | Short |\n| 2015 | *Alienated* | Griffin | Posthumous release; Final film role |\n\n", "### Video games\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1993 | *[Double Switch](/wiki/Double_Switch_%28video_game%29 \"Double Switch (video game)\")* | Sammy \"Slick Sammy\" | |\n|\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://www.taylornegron.com/)\n* [Interview](http://www.g4tv.com/screensavers/features/50263/Ten_Minutes_with_Taylor_Negron.html) , g4tv.com\n* [Profile](https://web.archive.org/web/20070707114807/http://www.jointhemediacircus.com/mediacircus/2007/07/yoghurt-and-ann.html), jointhemediacircus.com\n\n[Category:1957 births](/wiki/Category:1957_births \"1957 births\")\n[Category:2015 deaths](/wiki/Category:2015_deaths \"2015 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American comedians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_comedians \"20th-century American comedians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male actors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_actors \"20th-century American male actors\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American comedians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_comedians \"21st-century American comedians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American male actors](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_actors \"21st-century American male actors\")\n[Category:American actors of Puerto Rican descent](/wiki/Category:American_actors_of_Puerto_Rican_descent \"American actors of Puerto Rican descent\")\n[Category:American gay actors](/wiki/Category:American_gay_actors \"American gay actors\")\n[Category:American gay artists](/wiki/Category:American_gay_artists \"American gay artists\")\n[Category:American gay writers](/wiki/Category:American_gay_writers \"American gay writers\")\n[Category:American LGBTQ comedians](/wiki/Category:American_LGBTQ_comedians \"American LGBTQ comedians\")\n[Category:American male comedians](/wiki/Category:American_male_comedians \"American male comedians\")\n[Category:American male film actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_film_actors \"American male film actors\")\n[Category:American male television actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_television_actors \"American male television actors\")\n[Category:American painters](/wiki/Category:American_painters \"American painters\")\n[Category:American stand\\-up comedians](/wiki/Category:American_stand-up_comedians \"American stand-up comedians\")\n[Category:Comedians from California](/wiki/Category:Comedians_from_California \"Comedians from California\")\n[Category:Deaths from liver cancer in California](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_liver_cancer_in_California \"Deaths from liver cancer in California\")\n[Category:Gay comedians](/wiki/Category:Gay_comedians \"Gay comedians\")\n[Category:LGBTQ Hispanic and Latino American people](/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_people \"LGBTQ Hispanic and Latino American people\")\n[Category:LGBTQ people from California](/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_people_from_California \"LGBTQ people from California\")\n[Category:Male actors from Glendale, California](/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_Glendale%2C_California \"Male actors from Glendale, California\")\n[Category:People from La Cañada Flintridge, California](/wiki/Category:People_from_La_Ca%C3%B1ada_Flintridge%2C_California \"People from La Cañada Flintridge, California\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 44044427 ], "name": [ "Jamisonsupame" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early history", "Courting the Pennsy and the Santa Fe", "From Santa Fe to Susquehanna", "Keokuk Junction Railway purchases", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway** is a [short line railroad](/wiki/Short_line_railroad \"Short line railroad\") that operates of track from [Mapleton, Illinois](/wiki/Mapleton%2C_Illinois \"Mapleton, Illinois\"), through [Peoria](/wiki/Peoria%2C_Illinois \"Peoria, Illinois\") across Illinois to [Logansport, Indiana](/wiki/Logansport%2C_Indiana \"Logansport, Indiana\"). TP\\&W has trackage rights between [Galesburg, Illinois](/wiki/Galesburg%2C_Illinois \"Galesburg, Illinois\"), and Peoria, between Logansport and [Kokomo, Indiana](/wiki/Kokomo%2C_Indiana \"Kokomo, Indiana\"), and between [Reynolds, Indiana](/wiki/Reynolds%2C_Indiana \"Reynolds, Indiana\"), and [Lafayette, Indiana](/wiki/Lafayette%2C_Indiana \"Lafayette, Indiana\"). TPW has connections with [UP](/wiki/Union_Pacific \"Union Pacific\"), [BNSF](/wiki/BNSF \"BNSF\"), [NS](/wiki/Norfolk_Southern \"Norfolk Southern\"), [CSXT](/wiki/CSX_Transportation \"CSX Transportation\"), [CN](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\"), [CP](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\"), [BL](/wiki/Bloomer_Shippers_Connecting_Railroad \"Bloomer Shippers Connecting Railroad\"), CERA, CIM, [KBSR](/wiki/Kankakee%2C_Beaverville_and_Southern_Railroad \"Kankakee, Beaverville and Southern Railroad\") and T\\&P. The railroad is now owned by [Genesee \\& Wyoming](/wiki/Genesee_%26_Wyoming \"Genesee & Wyoming\") Inc. The railroad's traffic comes largely from agricultural products, including both raw and processed grain products, as well as chemicals and completed tractors. The TPW hauled around 26,000 carloads in 2008\\.\n\n", "Early history\n-------------\n\nToledo, Peoria \\& Western's earliest ancestor was the Peoria and [Oquawka](/wiki/Oquawka \"Oquawka\") Railroad. The eastern extension began construction, three years after its charter, in 1855\\. The Toledo, Peoria \\& Warsaw Railway was chartered in 1863, and opened in 1868 from the state line at Indiana across Illinois to the Mississippi River at [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw%2C_Illinois \"Warsaw, Illinois\"). This line was reorganized as the Toledo, Peoria \\& Western Railroad in 1880 and leased to the [Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway](/wiki/Wabash%2C_St._Louis_and_Pacific_Railway \"Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway\"). The lease lasted four years and the Toledo, Peoria \\& Western Railway took over in 1887\\.Drury, George H., *The Train Watcher's Guide to North American Railroads,* Kalmbach, 1990, p.190\n\nThe Toledo, Peoria \\& Western Railway was incorporated in Illinois on March 28, 1887, and consolidated the operation of the Toledo, Peoria \\& Warsaw Railway and the Logansport, Peoria \\& Burlington Railroad. The LP\\&B built from Galesburg to East Burlington, Illinois in 1855, and reached [Gilman, Illinois](/wiki/Gilman%2C_Illinois \"Gilman, Illinois\") in 1857 and Effner in 1859\\.\n\nA TP\\&W passenger train was involved in the [Great Chatsworth train wreck](/wiki/1887_Great_Chatsworth_train_wreck \"1887 Great Chatsworth train wreck\") in [Chatsworth, Illinois](/wiki/Chatsworth%2C_Illinois \"Chatsworth, Illinois\") in 1887\\.\n\n", "Courting the Pennsy and the Santa Fe\n------------------------------------\n\nThe Toledo, Peoria \\& Western Railroad was affiliated with the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\") in 1918\\. This meant that the western terminus for the PRR was in Keokuk, Iowa and the Santa Fe interchange at Lomax, Illinois. In 1937, the TP\\&W purchased six Class H\\-10 Northerns from the American Locomotive Company. These locomotives were given road numbers 80 through 85 and were the lightest [4\\-8\\-4](/wiki/4-8-4 \"4-8-4\") ever built for a North American railroad, weighing only 361,000 pounds. They had 69\\-inch drivers, 23\\.5 x 30 cylinders, a boiler pressure and a [tractive effort](/wiki/Tractive_effort \"Tractive effort\") of 51,000 pounds.\n\nOn the night of March 10, 1947, owner George McNear was shot and killed while walking back from a [Bradley](/wiki/Bradley_University \"Bradley University\") [Braves](/wiki/Bradley_Braves_men%27s_basketball \"Bradley Braves men's basketball\") basketball game during a power outage. The murder remains unsolved to this day.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Toledo, Peoria and Western Railroad number 400, an [ALCO RS\\-11](/wiki/ALCO_RS-11 \"ALCO RS-11\"), on display at the [Illinois Railway Museum](/wiki/Illinois_Railway_Museum \"Illinois Railway Museum\"), in [Union, Illinois](/wiki/Union%2C_Illinois \"Union, Illinois\").](/wiki/File:TPW_400_20050716_Illinois_Railway_Museum.JPG \"TPW 400 20050716 Illinois Railway Museum.JPG\")\nIn January 1960 the ATSF and PRR gained joint control (half interests) of TP\\&W. When Conrail was created in 1976 the TP\\&W acquired the former Pennsylvania Railroad trackage from Effner into Logansport, the [Effner Branch](/wiki/Effner_Branch \"Effner Branch\"), which otherwise would have been abandoned. The value of this trackage diminished in 1981 when Conrail closed the Logansport interchange. At the end of 1970 TP\\&W operated 239 miles of road on 323 miles of track; in 1970 it reported 520 million ton\\-miles of revenue freight.\n\nOn June 21, 1970, the TP\\&W's eastbound freight train No. 20 derailed mid\\-train in [Crescent City, Illinois](/wiki/Crescent_City%2C_Illinois \"Crescent City, Illinois\"). One of the tank cars punctured, with the released propane igniting and engulfing the other tank cars, destroying most of the business district and several homes and injuring 64\\.\n\nIn 1979 the Santa Fe reached agreement to acquire the former Pennsylvania Railroad's interest in TP\\&W. TP\\&W was merged into ATSF on December 31, 1983\\.\n\n", "From Santa Fe to Susquehanna\n----------------------------\n\nThe ATSF sold the Lomax\\-Peoria\\-Logansport main line on February 3, 1989, to new investors, former Boston \\& Maine railroad managers Cynthia O'Connor and Michael Smith, who revived the TP\\&W name making it an independent railroad again. This represented one of the first female owned acquisitions in the new short\\-line age.\n\nWhen the parent companies of ATSF and Burlington Northern merged in 1995 TP\\&W was granted [operating rights](/wiki/Operating_rights \"Operating rights\") over BN's line between Peoria and Galesburg, Illinois.\n\nIn 1995, the [New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad](/wiki/New_York%2C_Susquehanna_and_Western_Railroad \"New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad\") acquired a 40% interest in the TP\\&W, with full control going to [Delaware Otsego Corporation](/wiki/Delaware_Otsego_Corporation \"Delaware Otsego Corporation\") in 1996\\. During this time, this regional railroad that operates in Illinois and Indiana was dispatched from the DO offices in Cooperstown, New York. Some TP\\&W locomotives were painted in the NYSW's distinctive yellow\\-and\\-black paint scheme during this time. In 1998, TP\\&W had revenues of approximately $13\\.4 million and moved over 59,000 freight carloads and intermodal units. It was acquired by [RailAmerica](/wiki/RailAmerica \"RailAmerica\") in 1999, and it is still operated as TP\\&W. The Genesee \\& Wyoming acquired RailAmerica in late 2012, gaining ownership of the TP\\&W.\n\n", "Keokuk Junction Railway purchases\n---------------------------------\n\nThe [Keokuk Junction Railway](/wiki/Keokuk_Junction_Railway \"Keokuk Junction Railway\") now owns parts of the old TP\\&W line, including the Western Illinois \\& Keokuk section of TP\\&W (Fulton, McDonough and Hancock counties in Illinois). In December 1986, KJRY purchased 33\\.5 miles of former TP\\&W trackage (then owned by the [Santa Fe Railroad](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Railroad \"Santa Fe Railroad\")) from [Keokuk, Iowa](/wiki/Keokuk%2C_Iowa \"Keokuk, Iowa\"), and [Warsaw, Illinois](/wiki/Warsaw%2C_Illinois \"Warsaw, Illinois\"), to [La Harpe, Illinois](/wiki/La_Harpe%2C_Illinois \"La Harpe, Illinois\"). KJRY's feeder line application with the [Surface Transportation Board](/wiki/Surface_Transportation_Board \"Surface Transportation Board\") (STB) to acquire the assets of the west end of the new TP\\&W was granted on 2004\\-10\\-28\\. KJRY completed the acquisition on 2005\\-02\\-11, adding 76 miles from LaHarpe to Peoria, the old TP\\&W main line west of Peoria.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Toledo, Peoria and Western Class H\\-10](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Peoria_and_Western_Class_H-10 \"Toledo, Peoria and Western Class H-10\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Toledo, Peoria \\& Western Railway (TPW)](https://www.gwrr.com/tpw/)\n\n[Category:Railway companies established in 1887](/wiki/Category:Railway_companies_established_in_1887 \"Railway companies established in 1887\")\n[Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1927](/wiki/Category:Railway_companies_disestablished_in_1927 \"Railway companies disestablished in 1927\")\n[Category:Railway companies established in 1989](/wiki/Category:Railway_companies_established_in_1989 \"Railway companies established in 1989\")\n[Category:Illinois railroads](/wiki/Category:Illinois_railroads \"Illinois railroads\")\n[Category:Indiana railroads](/wiki/Category:Indiana_railroads \"Indiana railroads\")\n[Category:RailAmerica](/wiki/Category:RailAmerica \"RailAmerica\")\n[Category:Companies affiliated with the Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Category:Companies_affiliated_with_the_Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Companies affiliated with the Pennsylvania Railroad\")\n[Category:Former Class I railroads in the United States](/wiki/Category:Former_Class_I_railroads_in_the_United_States \"Former Class I railroads in the United States\")\n[Category:Former regional railroads in the United States](/wiki/Category:Former_regional_railroads_in_the_United_States \"Former regional railroads in the United States\")\n[Category:Predecessors of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway](/wiki/Category:Predecessors_of_the_Atchison%2C_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway \"Predecessors of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway\")\n[Category:Spin\\-offs of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway](/wiki/Category:Spin-offs_of_the_Atchison%2C_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway \"Spin-offs of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway\")\n[Category:Defunct Iowa railroads](/wiki/Category:Defunct_Iowa_railroads \"Defunct Iowa railroads\")\n[Category:Toledo, Peoria, and Western Railway](/wiki/Category:Toledo%2C_Peoria%2C_and_Western_Railway \"Toledo, Peoria, and Western Railway\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 44127043 ], "name": [ "Atremari" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Life", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Haymo of Faversham**, [O.F.M.](/wiki/Franciscans \"Franciscans\") ( ) was an [English](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\") [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan \"Franciscan\") scholar. His [scholastic epithet](/wiki/Scholastic_epithet \"Scholastic epithet\") was ****** ([Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") for \"Most [Aristotelian](/wiki/Aristotle \"Aristotle\") among the [Aristotelians](/wiki/Scholasticism \"Scholasticism\")\"), referring to his stature among the [Scholastics](/wiki/Scholasticism \"Scholasticism\") during the [Recovery of Aristotle](/wiki/Recovery_of_Aristotle \"Recovery of Aristotle\") amid the [12th\\- and 13th\\-century Renaissance](/wiki/12th_century_Renaissance \"12th century Renaissance\"). He acquired fame as a lecturer at the [University of Paris](/wiki/University_of_Paris \"University of Paris\") and also as a preacher when he entered the [Order of Friars Minor](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor \"Order of Friars Minor\"), probably in 1224 or 1225\\. He served as the [Minister Provincial](/wiki/Minister_Provincial \"Minister Provincial\") for [England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\") (1239–1240\\) and as the [Minister General of the Order](/wiki/Minister_General_of_the_Order_of_Friars_Minor \"Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor\") (1240–).\n\n", "Life\n----\n\nHaymo was born in [Faversham](/wiki/Faversham \"Faversham\"), [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\"). [Thomas of Ecclestone](/wiki/Thomas_of_Ecclestone \"Thomas of Ecclestone\") tells us that he entered after having a vision of himself praying in the church in Faversham before the crucifix. A cord was lowered from heaven and he was drawn up to heaven by it. When Haymo saw the Friars Minor he recognised the cord and, after having asked the advice of the Dominican Master General [Jordan of Saxony](/wiki/Jordan_of_Saxony \"Jordan of Saxony\"), Haymo and three others entered the Friars Minor at St. Denis, just outside Paris, on Good Friday after having preached the Good Friday sermon.\n\nShortly after this he was appointed *custos* at Paris, in which capacity he seems to have attended the general chapter of the order at [Assisi](/wiki/Assisi \"Assisi\") in 1230, and was one of the deputies sent by the chapter to [Pope Gregory IX](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX \"Pope Gregory IX\") to petition for an explanation of certain points in the rule about which there had arisen some discussion in the order. The pope replied with the celebrated Bull \"Quo elongati\" of 28 September 1230\\. After this chapter Haymo probably went to [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), for from a mention of him in the [Patent Rolls](/wiki/Patent_Rolls \"Patent Rolls\") [Henrici III](/wiki/Henry_III_of_England \"Henry III of England\")\" he seems to have been at [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford \"Oxford\") in 1232, probably as a lecturer in the Franciscan school there. In 1233 he was one of the Friars Minor sent by the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\") to [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\") to negotiate for the reunion of the Latin and Greek Churches.\n\nHe led a peculiarly active life, for during these years he not only lectured at Oxford, but also at [Tours](/wiki/Tours \"Tours\"), [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\"), and [Padua](/wiki/Padua \"Padua\"). He was, moreover, employed by Gregory IX in revising the [Breviary](/wiki/Breviary \"Breviary\") of the [Roman Curia](/wiki/Roman_Curia \"Roman Curia\"), and the edition published in 1241 of this Breviary (which afterwards was ordered to be used in all the Roman churches and eventually, with some modification, became the Breviary of the whole [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\")) was chiefly the work of Haymo (cf. trans. of [Pierre Batiffol](/wiki/Pierre_Batiffol \"Pierre Batiffol\"), \"Hist. of the Roman Breviary\", p. 213\\). In 1239 he took part in the general chapter of the order held at [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") when the notorious [Elias of Cortona](/wiki/Elias_of_Cortona \"Elias of Cortona\") was deposed from the office of general. From [Thomas of Eccleston](/wiki/Thomas_of_Eccleston \"Thomas of Eccleston\")'s account of this chapter it appears that Haymo was one of the chief spokesmen against Elias. He also brought about the degradation of [Gregory of Naples](/wiki/Gregory_of_Naples \"Gregory of Naples\"), a lieutenant of Elias and a nephew of the pope. After the deposition of Elias, [Albert of Pisa](/wiki/Albert_of_Pisa \"Albert of Pisa\"), Provincial of England, was elected general, and Haymo succeeded him in the English provincialate. Albert, however died during the first year of his generalate, and Haymo was then elected to the supreme office in the order. According to [Luke Wadding](/wiki/Luke_Wadding \"Luke Wadding\"), Haymo was elected general in 1239, but this is an evident error. Eccleston expressly says that Haymo, while Provincial of England, gave the habit of the order to [Ralph of Maidstone](/wiki/Ralph_of_Maidstone \"Ralph of Maidstone\"), [Bishop of Hereford](/wiki/Bishop_of_Hereford \"Bishop of Hereford\"); but Ralph only resigned his bishopric on 17 December 1239; Haymo, therefore, could not have been elected general of the order until 1240\\.\n\nWhile [Minister Provincial](/wiki/Minister_Provincial \"Minister Provincial\") for [England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\"), he reversed the work of the earlier ministers who had kept the order humbly equipped and situated. Instead, he began to enlarge the Order's lands—particularly around [Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\")'s College of the Franciscans outside the old wall's Watergate—so that the friars would be able to work for their own sustenance instead of depending on charity.\n\nHaymo at once set about rectifying the disorders caused among the friars by Elias. The latter had increased the number of provinces in the order to seventy\\-two, \"after the manner of the seventy\\-two disciples\", says Eccleston, and because he wished to rival the [Dominicans](/wiki/Dominican_Order \"Dominican Order\"), who had divided their order into twelve provinces in honor of the [twelve Apostles](/wiki/Twelve_Apostles \"Twelve Apostles\"). Haymo reduced the number of provinces. As Elias had found his chief supporters amongst the lay brothers, whom he had attached to his person by promoting them to high places, Haymo decreed that in future no lay brother should be appointed superior except when there were no priests to fill the office. He also defined the rights of superiors, and set their [jurisdiction](/wiki/Jurisdiction \"Jurisdiction\") within definite bounds. Although very zealous for the poverty of the rule, he yet was aware of the disadvantages of depending too much on alms, preferring that the friars live by their own labours. Thus, when Provincial of England, he obtained several larger grounds for the friars, so they could cultivate land. That way, they could supply themselves with food, and not have to beg.\n\nHe died at [Anagni](/wiki/Anagni \"Anagni\") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") . On his death\\-bed, says Eccleston, he was visited by [Pope Innocent IV](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV \"Pope Innocent IV\"); but Innocent IV was at Anagni only from 25 June until the middle of October 1243, and during the whole of 1244 was resident at Rome. Haymo's epitaph runs:\n\n\"Here lies Haymo, highest glory of the English; in his living a brother \\[friar] of the Minors, in ruling them a father; an eminent lecturer, and rector general in his order.\" As a schoolman he was styled, in the fashion of the time, *Speculum honestatis*. Besides his lectures on the *[Sentences](/wiki/Sentences \"Sentences\")* he left a treatise on the ceremonies of the [Mass](/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29 \"Mass (liturgy)\") and a book of [sermons](/wiki/Sermon \"Sermon\").\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1240s deaths](/wiki/Category:1240s_deaths \"1240s deaths\")\n[Category:People from Faversham](/wiki/Category:People_from_Faversham \"People from Faversham\")\n[Category:English Friars Minor](/wiki/Category:English_Friars_Minor \"English Friars Minor\")\n[Category:Ministers General of the Order of Friars Minor](/wiki/Category:Ministers_General_of_the_Order_of_Friars_Minor \"Ministers General of the Order of Friars Minor\")\n[Category:13th\\-century English Roman Catholic priests](/wiki/Category:13th-century_English_Roman_Catholic_priests \"13th-century English Roman Catholic priests\")\n[Category:Scholastic philosophers](/wiki/Category:Scholastic_philosophers \"Scholastic philosophers\")\n[Category:Year of birth unknown](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_unknown \"Year of birth unknown\")\n[Category:Ministers Provincial of England](/wiki/Category:Ministers_Provincial_of_England \"Ministers Provincial of England\")\n[Category:13th\\-century philosophers](/wiki/Category:13th-century_philosophers \"13th-century philosophers\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "47.17.42.148" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Characteristics", "History", "Social acceptance", "Stylistic differences", "Street pop", "Citations" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Pop rap** (also known as **pop hip\\-hop**, **pop hop**, **hip pop**, **melodic hip\\-hop** or **melodic rap**) is a [genre of music](/wiki/Genre_of_music \"Genre of music\") fusing the [rhythm\\-based lyricism](/wiki/Rapping \"Rapping\") of [hip\\-hop music](/wiki/Hip-hop_music \"Hip-hop music\") with [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\")'s preference for [melodious](/wiki/Melody \"Melody\") vocals and [catchy tunes](/wiki/Catchiness \"Catchiness\") emphasizing on pop like productions and structure. The lyrics are often positive, with [choruses](/wiki/Refrain \"Refrain\") similar to those heard in pop music. This genre gained mainstream popularity during the [1990s](/wiki/1990s_in_music \"1990s in music\"), though the influences and roots of pop rap can trace back to late\\-1980s hip\\-hop artists such as [Run\\-DMC](/wiki/Run-DMC \"Run-DMC\"), [LL Cool J](/wiki/LL_Cool_J \"LL Cool J\"), and [Beastie Boys](/wiki/Beastie_Boys \"Beastie Boys\").\n\n", "Characteristics\n---------------\n\n[AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\") describes pop rap as \"a marriage of hip hop beats and raps with strong melodic hooks, which are usually featured as part of the chorus section in a standard pop\\-song structure.\" Pop rap also tends to have less aggressive lyrics than street\\-level rap music. However, some 1990s artists fused pop rap with a more aggressive attitude to defuse backlash on their own accessibility. Music journalist Wilson McBee has strongly criticized pop rap, \"A pop rapper is assumed to be a sellout – someone who has compromised artistic principles in order to fit commercial expectations. Or worse, it's someone who never had any artistic principles to begin with, who's guilty of bastardizing rap's social and political traditions just to make money.\" McBee also then went on saying \"In labeling the likes of [Flo Rida](/wiki/Flo_Rida \"Flo Rida\"), Lupae Filius and other pop rappers, we blur the distinction between a 'pop rapper' and a rapper who is just really popular. Not every rapper who has a hit is automatically a sellout or deserving of the pop rap tag.\" While some rappers from the 1990s with catchy hooks have been compared to pop music, McBee also said: \n\nPop rap songs often have lyrical content similar to that in pop with themes such as love and relationships.\n\n", "History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|MC Hammer performing with [Vanilla Ice](/wiki/Vanilla_Ice \"Vanilla Ice\") in July 2009, who were both described as early pop rap artists for blending rap music with catchy hooks.](/wiki/File:Vanilla_Ice_and_MC_Hammer.jpg \"Vanilla Ice and MC Hammer.jpg\")\nIn the 1980s, rap artists including [Run DMC](/wiki/Run_DMC \"Run DMC\") and [LL Cool J](/wiki/LL_Cool_J \"LL Cool J\") set up the blueprints and origins of pop rap as they suddenly broke into the mainstream. LL Cool J has been described as the first \"pop rapper\" in history, when he rose to prominence on his 1985 debut album *[Radio](/wiki/Radio_%28LL_Cool_J_album%29 \"Radio (LL Cool J album)\")*. Paramount\\-owned music video channel [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") has described LL Cool J's 1987 single \"[I Need Love](/wiki/I_Need_Love \"I Need Love\")\" as \"one of the first pop rap [crossover](/wiki/Crossover_%28music%29 \"Crossover (music)\") [hits](/wiki/Hit_single \"Hit single\")\". Later, rap artists such as [Tone Loc](/wiki/Tone_Loc \"Tone Loc\"), [Young MC](/wiki/Young_MC \"Young MC\"), and [Fresh Prince](/wiki/Will_Smith \"Will Smith\") then made party tunes and used their storytelling abilities as they became popular. During the 1990s, pop rap began to expand even more as hip hop music also began to connect strongly with [dance music](/wiki/Dance_music \"Dance music\") and [R\\&B](/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B \"Contemporary R&B\").\n\nIn the early 1990s, [MC Hammer](/wiki/MC_Hammer \"MC Hammer\") and [Vanilla Ice](/wiki/Vanilla_Ice \"Vanilla Ice\") broke into the mainstream with songs such as \"[U Can't Touch This](/wiki/U_Can%27t_Touch_This \"U Can't Touch This\")\" and \"[Ice Ice Baby](/wiki/Ice_Ice_Baby \"Ice Ice Baby\")\", respectively, but the two sampled from both songs of the 1980s. They caused pop rap to be \"derided (and, occasionally, taken to court) for its willingness to borrow\" from best\\-known hit singles. Another important moment was the remix of [Mariah Carey](/wiki/Mariah_Carey \"Mariah Carey\")'s 1995 song \"[Fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy_%28Mariah_Carey_song%29 \"Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)\")\" with [Ol' Dirty Bastard](/wiki/Ol%27_Dirty_Bastard \"Ol' Dirty Bastard\").\n\nBy the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, rappers such as [Ja Rule](/wiki/Ja_Rule \"Ja Rule\") fused [gangsta rap](/wiki/Gangsta_rap \"Gangsta rap\") themes with 1980s [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\") and [soul](/wiki/Soul_music \"Soul music\") elements; pop rap was dominated by many artists. It then went back into the mainstream with the success of the [Black Eyed Peas](/wiki/Black_Eyed_Peas \"Black Eyed Peas\") who had smash singles such as \"[Where Is the Love?](/wiki/Where_Is_the_Love%3F \"Where Is the Love?\")\" (2003\\) from their breakthrough album *[Elephunk](/wiki/Elephunk \"Elephunk\")*.\n\nDuring the late 2000s and early 2010s, many rap artists who used pop rap in their music had emerged such as [Nicki Minaj](/wiki/Nicki_Minaj \"Nicki Minaj\"), [Drake](/wiki/Drake_%28musician%29 \"Drake (musician)\"), [will.i.am](/wiki/Will.i.am \"Will.i.am\") from the Black Eyed Peas, [LMFAO](/wiki/LMFAO \"LMFAO\"), [Flo Rida](/wiki/Flo_Rida \"Flo Rida\"), [Pitbull](/wiki/Pitbull_%28rapper%29 \"Pitbull (rapper)\") and [Wiz Khalifa](/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa \"Wiz Khalifa\").\n\n", "Social acceptance\n-----------------\n\nMost people who listen to pop rap do not call it pop rap, and simply consider it just [rap](/wiki/Rap_music \"Rap music\"). When Spotify introduced the pop rap category in 2019, [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") users were confused as to what this 'new' genre suggested. Some users were even bewildered when Spotify classified the genre for its users and suggested that they listen to pop rap. Popular hip\\-hop rapper [LL Cool J](/wiki/LL_Cool_J \"LL Cool J\") did not embrace the idea of labeling him as the \"forefather of pop rap\" and tweeted about it in April 2021\\.\n\n", "Stylistic differences\n---------------------\n\n### Street pop\n\nStreet pop, also known as street hop is an experimental rap\\-vocal musical style which emerged in [Lagos](/wiki/Lagos \"Lagos\"), evolving from a blend of Nigerian hip hop, popular music, afrobeats, and Nigerian street music. Influenced by artists such as Danfo Drivers, [Baba Fryo](/wiki/Baba_Fryo \"Baba Fryo\") and [Daddy Showkey](/wiki/Daddy_Showkey \"Daddy Showkey\") well as the shaku shaku dance style, originally inspired by [gqom](/wiki/Gqom \"Gqom\") and later evolving into its own music genre. Street pop is characterized by its lively tempos and incorporates elements from gqom, [highlife](/wiki/Highlife \"Highlife\"), pop, hip hop, and EDM. While typically fast\\-paced, slower variations of street pop are also prevalent. It features a fusion of melodious arrangements, urban colloquial language, [Pidgin](/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin \"Nigerian Pidgin\"), singing, indigenous and Western rap. Variants of street pop include neo\\-[fuji](/wiki/Fuji_music \"Fuji music\"), shaku shaku and zanku. Key figures in the street pop genre include [Olamide](/wiki/Olamide \"Olamide\"), [Slimcase](/wiki/Slimcase_%28singer%29 \"Slimcase (singer)\"), [Mr Real](/wiki/Mr_Real \"Mr Real\"), Idowest, [Naira Marley](/wiki/Naira_Marley \"Naira Marley\"), [Zinoleesky](/wiki/Zinoleesky \"Zinoleesky\"), [Mohbad](/wiki/MohBad \"MohBad\"), Balloranking, [Reminisce](/wiki/Reminisce_%28rapper%29 \"Reminisce (rapper)\"), [Rexxie](/wiki/Rexxie \"Rexxie\"), [Zlatan Ibile](/wiki/Zlatan_%28musician%29 \"Zlatan (musician)\"), [Sarz](/wiki/Sarz \"Sarz\"), [9ice](/wiki/9ice \"9ice\"), [Lil Kesh](/wiki/Lil_Kesh \"Lil Kesh\"), [T.I Blaze](/wiki/T.I_Blaze \"T.I Blaze\"), [Asake](/wiki/Asake \"Asake\"), [Portable](/wiki/Portable_%28musician%29 \"Portable (musician)\"), [Bella Shmurda](/wiki/Bella_Shmurda \"Bella Shmurda\"), [Seyi Vibez](/wiki/Seyi_Vibez \"Seyi Vibez\") and [DJ Kaywise](/wiki/DJ_Kaywise \"DJ Kaywise\").\n\n", "### Street pop\n\nStreet pop, also known as street hop is an experimental rap\\-vocal musical style which emerged in [Lagos](/wiki/Lagos \"Lagos\"), evolving from a blend of Nigerian hip hop, popular music, afrobeats, and Nigerian street music. Influenced by artists such as Danfo Drivers, [Baba Fryo](/wiki/Baba_Fryo \"Baba Fryo\") and [Daddy Showkey](/wiki/Daddy_Showkey \"Daddy Showkey\") well as the shaku shaku dance style, originally inspired by [gqom](/wiki/Gqom \"Gqom\") and later evolving into its own music genre. Street pop is characterized by its lively tempos and incorporates elements from gqom, [highlife](/wiki/Highlife \"Highlife\"), pop, hip hop, and EDM. While typically fast\\-paced, slower variations of street pop are also prevalent. It features a fusion of melodious arrangements, urban colloquial language, [Pidgin](/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin \"Nigerian Pidgin\"), singing, indigenous and Western rap. Variants of street pop include neo\\-[fuji](/wiki/Fuji_music \"Fuji music\"), shaku shaku and zanku. Key figures in the street pop genre include [Olamide](/wiki/Olamide \"Olamide\"), [Slimcase](/wiki/Slimcase_%28singer%29 \"Slimcase (singer)\"), [Mr Real](/wiki/Mr_Real \"Mr Real\"), Idowest, [Naira Marley](/wiki/Naira_Marley \"Naira Marley\"), [Zinoleesky](/wiki/Zinoleesky \"Zinoleesky\"), [Mohbad](/wiki/MohBad \"MohBad\"), Balloranking, [Reminisce](/wiki/Reminisce_%28rapper%29 \"Reminisce (rapper)\"), [Rexxie](/wiki/Rexxie \"Rexxie\"), [Zlatan Ibile](/wiki/Zlatan_%28musician%29 \"Zlatan (musician)\"), [Sarz](/wiki/Sarz \"Sarz\"), [9ice](/wiki/9ice \"9ice\"), [Lil Kesh](/wiki/Lil_Kesh \"Lil Kesh\"), [T.I Blaze](/wiki/T.I_Blaze \"T.I Blaze\"), [Asake](/wiki/Asake \"Asake\"), [Portable](/wiki/Portable_%28musician%29 \"Portable (musician)\"), [Bella Shmurda](/wiki/Bella_Shmurda \"Bella Shmurda\"), [Seyi Vibez](/wiki/Seyi_Vibez \"Seyi Vibez\") and [DJ Kaywise](/wiki/DJ_Kaywise \"DJ Kaywise\").\n\n", "Citations\n---------\n\n[Category:20th\\-century music genres](/wiki/Category:20th-century_music_genres \"20th-century music genres\")\n[Category:Pop music genres](/wiki/Category:Pop_music_genres \"Pop music genres\")\n[Category:Hip hop genres](/wiki/Category:Hip_hop_genres \"Hip hop genres\")\n[Category:Fusion music genres](/wiki/Category:Fusion_music_genres \"Fusion music genres\")\n[Category:1980s in music](/wiki/Category:1980s_in_music \"1980s in music\")\n[Category:1990s in music](/wiki/Category:1990s_in_music \"1990s in music\")\n[Category:2000s in music](/wiki/Category:2000s_in_music \"2000s in music\")\n[Category:2010s in music](/wiki/Category:2010s_in_music \"2010s in music\")\n[Category:2020s in music](/wiki/Category:2020s_in_music \"2020s in music\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 20264234 ], "name": [ "Vanished user 09a18a8c3ed303b15ad9aa4fe245c66c" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Architectural design", "Operations", "Association with Perth Concert Hall, Scotland", "Gallery", "See also", "References", "Further reading" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **Perth Concert Hall** is a [concert hall](/wiki/Concert_hall \"Concert hall\") located in [Perth](/wiki/Perth \"Perth\"), the capital of the [Australian state](/wiki/Australian_states_and_territories \"Australian states and territories\") of [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\"). Owned by the [City of Perth](/wiki/City_of_Perth \"City of Perth\"), the hall is the main venue of the [West Australian Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/West_Australian_Symphony_Orchestra \"West Australian Symphony Orchestra\"), and also hosts a number of other events and performances. The building itself is located in [Perth's central business district](/wiki/Perth_%28suburb%29 \"Perth (suburb)\"), adjacent to the [Supreme Court Gardens](/wiki/Stirling_Gardens \"Stirling Gardens\") and [Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Perth \"Government House, Perth\"). The building has two [façades](/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade \"Façade\"): facing north over [St Georges Terrace](/wiki/St_Georges_Terrace \"St Georges Terrace\"), and facing south over the [Swan River](/wiki/Swan_River_%28Western_Australia%29 \"Swan River (Western Australia)\").\n\nThe concert hall was constructed on land granted to the City of Perth by the [Government of Western Australia](/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia \"Government of Western Australia\"), and opened on [Australia Day](/wiki/Australia_Day \"Australia Day\") (26 January), 1973\\. Designed by [Howlett and Bailey Architects](/wiki/Howlett_and_Bailey_Architects \"Howlett and Bailey Architects\"), local architectural firm, the building is constructed in the [Brutalist](/wiki/Brutalist_architecture \"Brutalist architecture\") style, making heavy use of white off\\-form [concrete](/wiki/Concrete \"Concrete\") and a solid opaque interior. The main auditorium of the hall seats 1,729 people, as well as a 160\\-person choir gallery and a 3000\\-[pipe organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ \"Pipe organ\"). Acoustically, the venue is considered one of the best in Australia, with the design overseen by the New Zealand acoustician [Sir Harold Marshall](/wiki/Harold_Marshall_%28acoustician%29 \"Harold Marshall (acoustician)\").\n\n", "History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Perth Concert Hall south east corner](/wiki/File:Perth_Concert_Hall_south_east_corner.jpg \"Perth Concert Hall south east corner.jpg\")\nIn 1950, the [Government of Western Australia](/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia \"Government of Western Australia\") granted the [City of Perth](/wiki/City_of_Perth \"City of Perth\") land between [Stirling Gardens](/wiki/Stirling_Gardens \"Stirling Gardens\") and [Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Perth \"Government House, Perth\"). [Howlett \\& Bailey](/wiki/Howlett_%26_Bailey \"Howlett & Bailey\") designed an administrative building and an auditorium, however due to financial constraints, only the former was built, [Council House](/wiki/Council_House%2C_Perth \"Council House, Perth\") opening in 1963\\. In 1968 Howlett \\& Bailey was appointed to design a concert hall with construction commencing in 1971\\.[Perth Concert Hall](https://heritageperth.com.au/properties/perth-concert-hall/) [Heritage Perth](/wiki/Heritage_Perth \"Heritage Perth\")[Perth Concert Hall \\- A History](https://www.waso.com.au/files/resources/History_of_the_Perth_Concert_Hall.pdf) [West Australian Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/West_Australian_Symphony_Orchestra \"West Australian Symphony Orchestra\") It was officially opened on 26 January 1973 by the [Governor General](/wiki/Governor_General \"Governor General\") [Paul Hasluck](/wiki/Paul_Hasluck \"Paul Hasluck\"), with [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia \"Prime Minister of Australia\") [Gough Whitlam](/wiki/Gough_Whitlam \"Gough Whitlam\") also in attendance.[Vice Regal](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110704463) *[Canberra Times](/wiki/Canberra_Times \"Canberra Times\")* 27 January 1973 page 2Perth Concert Hall *[Architecture Australia](/wiki/Architecture_Australia \"Architecture Australia\")* December 1973 page 88\n\nIn January 2015 the [West Australian Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/West_Australian_Symphony_Orchestra \"West Australian Symphony Orchestra\") become the venue manager of the hall, taking over from [AEG Ogden](/wiki/AEG_Ogden \"AEG Ogden\") that had managed it since March 1999\\.[Change in venue management](https://www.artsculturetrust.wa.gov.au/media/1600/perth-theatre-trust-annual-report-2014-2015-amended-page-45.pdf) [Department of Culture \\& the Arts](/wiki/Department_of_Culture_%26_the_Arts \"Department of Culture & the Arts\") In April 2018, the City of Perth approved a $1\\.4 million upgrade for the concert hall.\n\nA $52 million redevelopment of the concert hall was announced in 2020 as part of the Perth City Deal project, with the WA government contributing $36\\.4 million, the federal government contributing $12 million and the City of Perth contributing $4 million. In March 2022, With Architecture Studio and [Office for Metropolitan Architecture](/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture \"Office for Metropolitan Architecture\") (OMA) were appointed lead architects for the redevelopment. In March 2023, the WA government announced an additional $98 million towards the project, bringing the total funding to $150 million. The redevelopment \n\n", "Architectural design\n--------------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|View of the auditorium from back stalls towards the stage and organ.](/wiki/File:Iwelam%2C_Perth_Concert_Hall._Auditorium_towards_the_Stage..jpg \"Iwelam, Perth Concert Hall. Auditorium towards the Stage..jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Interior detail of the Perth Concert Hall, showing the stage and pipe organ](/wiki/File:Perth_Concert_Hall_interior.jpg \"Perth Concert Hall interior.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The Concert Hall displays elements of brutalist architecture](/wiki/File:Perth_Concert_Hall_exterior_detail.jpg \"Perth Concert Hall exterior detail.jpg\")\nThe building was designed by [Howlett and Bailey Architects](/wiki/Howlett_and_Bailey_Architects \"Howlett and Bailey Architects\"). Jeffrey Howlett and Don Bailey had won a design competition for a Town Hall and auditorium in 1961\\. Their design consisted of two buildings, one containing administrative offices and the other, oval in shape, comprising the \"town hall\" or auditorium. The administration offices, called [Council House](/wiki/Council_House%2C_Perth \"Council House, Perth\"), were built, however financial constraints and doubts regarding the auditorium's acoustic properties meant that construction of the auditorium building was delayed. Its design was subsequently re\\-considered and it was not until the late\\-1960s that a different plan was approved. This plan was\n\n> ...to accommodate not more than 2,000 people and to cost no more than $2,000,000 and with the highest priority to be given to its musical uses, i.e. Symphony concerts, choral concerts, organ recitals, etc., and, in addition, performances of minimum staged ballet, fold dances or musical drama, and also be suitable for other functions such as large Civic receptions, conferences, conventions, public meetings, pageants, school speech days, pop concerts and folk singers.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Gallery level foyer showing post and lintel.](/wiki/File:Iwelam%2C_Perth_Concert_Hall._Gallery_level_foyer_showing_post_and_lintel..jpg \"Iwelam, Perth Concert Hall. Gallery level foyer showing post and lintel..jpg\")\nThrough 1969, the [architectural plans](/wiki/Architectural_plan \"Architectural plan\") were amended several times. These amendments included beautification and landscaping of the main pedestrian approach from St Georges Terrace and construction of a subway under the Terrace, a pit for a 60\\-piece [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra \"Orchestra\") with removable flooring and seating to cover the pit when not in use, and improved access and facilities for disabled people. The original plans included a restaurant with a [seating capacity](/wiki/Seating_capacity \"Seating capacity\") for 400, but following inspection of similar halls in the eastern states of Australia, it was decided that this was not warranted. It was, therefore, decided to make the restaurant smaller and include a [tavern](/wiki/Tavern \"Tavern\") and [cocktail](/wiki/Cocktail \"Cocktail\") bar, allowing patrons a wider choice. The bar area was named The Wardle Room, after Sir Thomas Wardle.\n\nIt was the architects' intention that the exhibition foyers would be used as a continually changing venue for all types of art (such as [painting](/wiki/Painting \"Painting\"), [tapestry](/wiki/Tapestry \"Tapestry\") and [sculpture](/wiki/Sculpture \"Sculpture\") exhibitions) rather than as permanent exhibition spaces. This may have influenced the Perth City Council's indecision over whether or not to accept artist [Sidney Nolan](/wiki/Sidney_Nolan \"Sidney Nolan\")'s offer to permanently loan the city a series of 64 paintings of [wildflowers](/wiki/Wildflower \"Wildflower\") for hanging in the Hall. After considerable public debate over the matter, Nolan withdrew the offer and art dealers and others criticised the short sighted and parochial attitude of the Council in refusing the offer. Ironically, the first exhibition in the foyers featured 54 of Sidney Nolan's wildflower paintings.\n\nSeveral consultants were involved in the design of the building, including [acoustic](/wiki/Musical_acoustics \"Musical acoustics\") consultants, [structural engineers](/wiki/Structural_engineers \"Structural engineers\"), and experts in [escalators](/wiki/Escalator \"Escalator\"), [stage machinery](/wiki/Stage_machinery \"Stage machinery\") and [lighting](/wiki/Stage_lighting \"Stage lighting\"). D. H. Fraser was responsible for the structural design and Professor [A. Harold Marshall](/wiki/A._Harold_Marshall \"A. Harold Marshall\") was the acoustics consultant, in association with Warwick Mehaffey of the [ABC](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Australian Broadcasting Corporation\").\n\nDr Marshall used [computer modelling](/wiki/Computer_model \"Computer model\") to predict how well people would hear in each of the seats and worked closely with the architects in designing the main auditorium, which according to Jefferey Howlett had to be:\n\n> \"...a Great Room, as the [Concertgebouw](/wiki/Concertgebouw_%28Amsterdam%29 \"Concertgebouw (Amsterdam)\") hall in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), the [Boston Symphony Hall](/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Hall \"Boston Symphony Hall\") and the [Musikvereinsaal](/wiki/Musikvereinssaal%2C_Vienna \"Musikvereinssaal, Vienna\") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") are great rooms, recognised for their superb acoustic and that is not merely clarity...The great halls have ornate ceilings and other ornamentation. Though the Perth Concert Hall will be a completely modern building, the \"fruity\" ceilings and decorations of the older halls, which undoubtedly play a part in their acoustics, will be reproduced, in effect, in [coffers](/wiki/Coffer \"Coffer\") hanging from the ceiling, in corrugated walls and in the complex double tier of boxes sloping up the side walls.\"\n\nThe Perth Concert Hall is an example of [brutalist architecture](/wiki/Brutalist_architecture \"Brutalist architecture\"), with its solid opaque interior, giant projecting roof, and use of white off\\-form concrete. It forms a counterpoint to the transparent [filigree](/wiki/Filigree \"Filigree\") of Council House.[AA – Obituary – March/April 2006](http://archaust.com/aa/aaissue.php?issueid=200603&article=16&typeon=3) \n\nThe auditorium features a specially commissioned 3000\\-[pipe organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ \"Pipe organ\") surrounded by a 160\\-person [choir](/wiki/Choir \"Choir\") gallery and an audience [seating capacity](/wiki/Seating_capacity \"Seating capacity\") of 1,729\\.[Perth Concert Hall Web Site](http://www.perthconcerthall.com.au/pages/about.asp) The organ, individually designed, cost $100,000 and was commissioned by Ronald Sharp of [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), who was also responsible for the organ at the [Sydney Opera House](/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House \"Sydney Opera House\"). The larger pipes for the organ were imported from the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"). Don Bailey recollects that Ron Sharp was an \"extraordinarily talented person, largely self\\-educated, who has to his credit the design and construction of a number of organs, mostly in [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"). A nine\\-foot [Steinway](/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons \"Steinway & Sons\") orchestral concert [grand piano](/wiki/Grand_piano \"Grand piano\") (Model D) was also imported from [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") for installation in the Hall.\n\nThe Concert Hall was the first in Australia to have a show relay installed so that latecomers could watch on two screens in the foyer while waiting for an appropriate time to enter. Another screen is located at Stage Door.\n\nThe Perth City Council and State Government, as well as the architects and builders, received many compliments on the Hall as it neared completion from visiting experts in the fields of music, architecture and construction.\n\n", "Operations\n----------\n\nThe Perth Concert Hall has been described as one of the best fine music acoustics venues in Australia. It has played host to a diverse selection of internationally acclaimed performers including the [London Philharmonic](/wiki/London_Philharmonic \"London Philharmonic\"), [Chicago Symphony](/wiki/Chicago_Symphony \"Chicago Symphony\"), [Israel Philharmonic](/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic \"Israel Philharmonic\") and contemporary performers [B.B. King](/wiki/B.B._King \"B.B. King\"), [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28musician%29 \"Sting (musician)\"), [k.d. lang](/wiki/K.d._lang \"K.d. lang\"), [Harry Connick Jr.](/wiki/Harry_Connick_Jr. \"Harry Connick Jr.\"), [Melissa Etheridge](/wiki/Melissa_Etheridge \"Melissa Etheridge\"), [Ray Charles](/wiki/Ray_Charles \"Ray Charles\"), [Rowan Atkinson](/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson \"Rowan Atkinson\") and [Billy Connolly](/wiki/Billy_Connolly \"Billy Connolly\").\n\nThe majority of concerts by the [West Australian Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/West_Australian_Symphony_Orchestra \"West Australian Symphony Orchestra\") are performed at the Perth Concert Hall. The venue is also used for their rehearsals.\n\nThe venue is also used to host national conventions and exhibitions, award ceremonies and gala dinners. Recent exhibitions include the Steinway piano exhibition in March 2008\\. In addition, the venue is used for private or corporate functions in areas other than the auditorium, for example in the foyers, bar and café.\n\n", "Association with Perth Concert Hall, Scotland\n---------------------------------------------\n\nOn 27 September 2006 the Perth Concert Hall participated in a twinning ceremony and the signing of Mutual Understanding with the [Perth Concert Hall, Scotland](/wiki/Perth_Concert_Hall%2C_Scotland \"Perth Concert Hall, Scotland\"). As a result of this twinning the Concert Hall now flies the St Andrews Flag at the front of the venue to commemorate the twinning.\n\n", "Gallery\n-------\n\nFile:Iwelam, Perth Concert Hall. Auditorium from the Stage..jpg\nFile:Iwelam, Perth Concert Hall. Spiral stairs and lift shaft..jpg\nFile:Perth Concert Hall interior detail 1\\.jpg\nFile:Perth Concert Hall interior detail 2\\.jpg\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [List of concert halls](/wiki/List_of_concert_halls \"List of concert halls\")\n* [Stripped Classicism](/wiki/Stripped_Classicism \"Stripped Classicism\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Gregory, Jenny (2003\\) *City of light : a history of Perth since the 1950s* Perth, W.A. : City of Perth. (pbk.) pp. 172–8\\.\n\n[Category:Landmarks in Perth, Western Australia](/wiki/Category:Landmarks_in_Perth%2C_Western_Australia \"Landmarks in Perth, Western Australia\")\n[Category:Concert halls in Australia](/wiki/Category:Concert_halls_in_Australia \"Concert halls in Australia\")\n[Category:Brutalist architecture in Australia](/wiki/Category:Brutalist_architecture_in_Australia \"Brutalist architecture in Australia\")\n[Category:Music venues completed in 1973](/wiki/Category:Music_venues_completed_in_1973 \"Music venues completed in 1973\")\n[Category:Music venues in Perth, Western Australia](/wiki/Category:Music_venues_in_Perth%2C_Western_Australia \"Music venues in Perth, Western Australia\")\n[Category:1973 establishments in Australia](/wiki/Category:1973_establishments_in_Australia \"1973 establishments in Australia\")\n[Category:State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Perth](/wiki/Category:State_Register_of_Heritage_Places_in_the_City_of_Perth \"State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Perth\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 43621015 ], "name": [ "B3251" ] }

{ "title": [ "École des Pionniers" ], "level": [ 1 ], "content": [ "**École des Pionniers** may refer to:\n* [École élémentaire catholique des Pionniers](/wiki/%C3%89cole_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_catholique_des_Pionniers \"École élémentaire catholique des Pionniers\"), located in Orléans, Ontario, Canada\n* [École des Pionniers (British Columbia)](/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Pionniers_%28British_Columbia%29 \"École des Pionniers (British Columbia)\"), located in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada\n* [École des Pionniers (New Brunswick)](/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Pionniers_%28New_Brunswick%29 \"École des Pionniers (New Brunswick)\"), located in [Quispamsis](/wiki/Quispamsis%2C_New_Brunswick \"Quispamsis, New Brunswick\"), [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick%2C_Canada \"New Brunswick, Canada\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 37073570 ], "name": [ "Phate" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Parishes", "Geography", "Economy", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Illas** is a municipality in [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias \"Asturias\"), Spain, located in the western central part of the province and bordered by the municipalities of [Castrillón](/wiki/Castrill%C3%B3n \"Castrillón\"), [Candamo](/wiki/Candamo \"Candamo\"), [Llanera](/wiki/Llanera%2C_Asturias \"Llanera, Asturias\"), and [Corvera de Asturias](/wiki/Corvera_de_Asturias \"Corvera de Asturias\").\n\n", "Parishes\n--------\n\nThere are three [parishes (administrative divisions)](/wiki/Parish_%28administrative_division%29 \"Parish (administrative division)\"):\n* [Illas](/wiki/Illas_%28parish%29 \"Illas (parish)\")\n* [La Peral](/wiki/La_Peral \"La Peral\")\n* [Villa](/wiki/Villa_%28Illas%29 \"Villa (Illas)\")\n\n", "Geography\n---------\n\n \nThe area of Illas is very hilly. One of the most remarkable is the Pico Gorfolí with a height of 619 meters above sea level. The county of [Avilés](/wiki/Avil%C3%A9s \"Avilés\"), [Cabo Peñas](/wiki/Cabo_Pe%C3%B1as \"Cabo Peñas\"), and the [Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay \"Bay of Biscay\") can be viewed from Pico Gorfolí. If the sky is cloudless, one can observe the [Picos de Europa](/wiki/Picos_de_Europa \"Picos de Europa\").\n\n", "Economy\n-------\n\nThe county has an economy based on agricultural and [cattle](/wiki/Cattle \"Cattle\") trading. This is reflected in two kinds of [cheeses](/wiki/Cheese \"Cheese\"), the cheese of *La Peral* and Taborneda known as \"*Gorfolí*\".\n\nWith the arrival of the [industry](/wiki/Industrial_sector \"Industrial sector\") at Avilés, a lot of workers went there from the county of Illas to work on the new productive processes.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:Municipalities in Asturias](/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Asturias \"Municipalities in Asturias\")\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:Parishes_in_Illas \"Parishes in Illas\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 12971673 ], "name": [ "HandsomeFella" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References", "Sources" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**William Savile, 2nd Marquess of Halifax** (1665 – 31 August 1700\\), was the son of [George Savile, 1st Viscount Halifax](/wiki/George_Savile%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Halifax \"George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax\") and [Dorothy Savile, Viscountess Halifax](/wiki/Dorothy_Savile%2C_Viscountess_Halifax \"Dorothy Savile, Viscountess Halifax\") (née Spencer). He was educated in Geneva in 1677 and matriculated at [Christ Church, Oxford](/wiki/Christ_Church%2C_Oxford \"Christ Church, Oxford\"), in 1681, but did not take a degree. He travelled on the continent in 1684–1687, returning on his brother's death. From that time, he was known as Lord Elland, from his father's subsidiary title of [Baron Savile of Elland](/wiki/Marquess_of_Halifax \"Marquess of Halifax\").\n\nHe was elected [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Newark\\-on\\-Trent](/wiki/Newark_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Newark (UK Parliament constituency)\") from 1689 to 1695\\. He was a Tory and voted in 1689 that the throne was not vacant.\n\nHe had four daughters including:\n* By his first wife, Elizabeth Grimston, the daughter of [Sir Samuel Grimston](/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Grimston%2C_3rd_Baronet \"Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet\") and Lady Elizabeth Finch, whom he married on 24 November 1687:\n\t+ Lady Anne Savile (1691 – 18 July 1717\\) who married [Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin](/wiki/Charles_Bruce%2C_4th_Earl_of_Elgin \"Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin\") (1682–1747\\)\n* By his second wife, Lady Mary Finch, who was the first cousin of his first wife, daughter of [Daniel Finch, 7th Earl of Winchilsea](/wiki/Daniel_Finch%2C_7th_Earl_of_Winchilsea \"Daniel Finch, 7th Earl of Winchilsea\"), whom he married on 2 April 1695\n\t+ Lady Mary Savile, who in 1722 married [Sackville Tufton, 7th Earl of Thanet](/wiki/Sackville_Tufton%2C_7th_Earl_of_Thanet \"Sackville Tufton, 7th Earl of Thanet\"), and died in 1751\n\t+ Lady [Dorothy Savile](/wiki/Dorothy_Boyle%2C_Countess_of_Burlington \"Dorothy Boyle, Countess of Burlington\") (1699–1758\\), who married [Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington](/wiki/Richard_Boyle%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington \"Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington\").\n\nHe died in 1700, at an early age from \"an inward feavour\". He died without male issue, so his peerages became extinct, but the baronetcy was inherited by a cousin.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "Sources\n-------\n\n* Mark N. Brown, \"Savile, George, first marquess of Halifax (1633–1695\\)\", *[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography](/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography \"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\")*, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2009 <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24735>, accessed 20 March 2010\n\n[Category:1665 births](/wiki/Category:1665_births \"1665 births\")\n[Category:1700 deaths](/wiki/Category:1700_deaths \"1700 deaths\")\n[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Christ_Church%2C_Oxford \"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford\")\n[Category:English MPs 1689–1690](/wiki/Category:English_MPs_1689%E2%80%931690 \"English MPs 1689–1690\")\n[Category:English MPs 1690–1695](/wiki/Category:English_MPs_1690%E2%80%931695 \"English MPs 1690–1695\")\n[2](/wiki/Category:Marquesses_of_Halifax \"Marquesses of Halifax\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 1960443 ], "name": [ "Maxim Masiutin" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Potential applications", "Synthesis", "FDA application history", "Delivery", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Anecortave** ([rINN](/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name \"International Nonproprietary Name\")) is a novel [angiogenesis inhibitor](/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitor \"Angiogenesis inhibitor\") used in the treatment of the exudative (wet) form of age\\-related [macular degeneration](/wiki/Macular_degeneration \"Macular degeneration\"). Although similar in [chemical structure](/wiki/Chemical_structure \"Chemical structure\") to the [corticosteroid](/wiki/Corticosteroid \"Corticosteroid\") [hydrocortisone acetate](/wiki/Hydrocortisone_acetate \"Hydrocortisone acetate\"), it possesses no [glucocorticoid](/wiki/Glucocorticoid \"Glucocorticoid\") activity.<http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800009589> If it is approved, it will be marketed by [Alcon](/wiki/Alcon \"Alcon\") as **anecortave acetate** for depot suspension under the trade name **Retaane**. No development has been reported since 2010\\.\n\n", "Potential applications\n----------------------\n\nIn addition to treating [wet\\-form](/wiki/Macular_degeneration%23Wet_AMD \"Macular degeneration#Wet AMD\") age\\-related macular degeneration \\- aka. [neovascular age\\-related macular degeneration](/wiki/Macular_degeneration%23Wet_AMD \"Macular degeneration#Wet AMD\"), it has also been evaluated as a potential therapy for dry\\-form age related macular degeneration, as well as for reducing the intraocular pressure in eyes with ocular steroid injection\\-related glaucoma.\n\n", "Synthesis\n---------\n\nAnecortave can be synthesized from a 17\\-oxosteroid:\n[500px](/wiki/File:Anecortave_synth.png \"Anecortave synth.png\")\n\nIn addition to being synthesized from a 17\\-oxosteroid, anecortave acetate can be derived from cortisol by reducing the 11\\-beta hydroxyl on cortisol to a double bond between carbons 9 and 11 and the addition of an acetate group to carbon 21\\. This results in a molecule with no glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid activity.\n\n", "FDA application history\n-----------------------\n\nRetaane (15 mg anecortave acetate depot suspension) which is manufactured by Alcon, Inc., was a fast track designated product which was also a drug in FDA’s Pilot Continuous Marketing Application (CMA) program which often enrolls drugs which are being brought to the market and have an indication for a significant unmet medical need. This allowed Retaane to file with the FDA using a “rolling” New Drug Application, which allows specific units, Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC), pre\\-clinical, and the clinical unit, of the NDA to be reviewed as they are completed instead of as one large document. This allows the FDA to review each unit within six months of the submission. Alcon first filed the CMC unit in 2003, the Pre\\-clinical and Clinical units in 2004\\. In 2005 Alcon, Inc. announced it received the approval letter for the NDA for Retaane.\n\nIn 2007, Alcon got its letter of approval for Retaane’s indication to treat wet age\\-related macular degeneration (AMD), but final approval would require the completion of an additional clinical study. As a result, it supported the Anecortave Acetate Risk\\-Reduction Trial (AART). This study looked at the efficacy of Retaane to reduce the progression of the dry form of AMD to the wet form. It ended in 2008\\.\n\nIn 2008, Alcon announced it was terminating the development of anecortave acetate for the prevention of developing sight\\-threatening choroidal neovascularization secondary to age\\-related macular degeneration. In 2009, Alcon announced the end of the drug's development for reducing intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma. Currently, anecortave acetate is not on the market or being made for therapeutic use. \n\n", "Delivery\n--------\n\nRetaane depot is delivered via posterior juxtascleral depot (PJD) that delivers the drug onto the sclera near the macula. This delivery method allows for a decreased risk of intraocular infection as well as decreased risk for detachment of the retina. Not only is the delivery method advantageous, but Retaane compared to other angiogenesis inhibitors used for similar indications, only has to be delivered once every six months compared to nine to twelve times a year. This allows for increased patient compliance.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate](/wiki/Fluoromedroxyprogesterone_acetate \"Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:Tertiary alcohols](/wiki/Category:Tertiary_alcohols \"Tertiary alcohols\")\n[Category:Angiogenesis inhibitors](/wiki/Category:Angiogenesis_inhibitors \"Angiogenesis inhibitors\")\n[Category:Pregnanes](/wiki/Category:Pregnanes \"Pregnanes\")\n[Category:Enones](/wiki/Category:Enones \"Enones\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 1189543 ], "name": [ "Simeon" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Selected filmography", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Holger Juul Hansen** (14 August 1924 – 19 March 2013) was a Danish actor.[Holger Juul Hansen](http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Teater/Danske_skuespillere/Holger_Juul_Hansen?highlight=Holger%20Juul%20Hansen) Den Store Danske, Gyldendals åbne encyclopædi\n\nHansen starred in a large number of Danish movies and television shows. His most prominent roles were as [banker](/wiki/Banker \"Banker\") Hans Christian Varnæs, head of one of the two rival families in *[Matador](/wiki/Matador_%28Danish_TV_series%29 \"Matador (Danish TV series)\")*, and as Professor Moesgaard in *[The Kingdom](/wiki/The_Kingdom_%28miniseries%29 \"The Kingdom (miniseries)\")*.\n\n", "Selected filmography\n--------------------\n\n* *[Tine](/wiki/Tine_%28film%29 \"Tine (film)\")* (1964\\)\n* *[Matador](/wiki/Matador_%28Danish_TV_series%29 \"Matador (Danish TV series)\")* – a Danish TV series produced and shown between 1978 and 1982\\.\n* *[The Kingdom](/wiki/The_Kingdom_%28miniseries%29 \"The Kingdom (miniseries)\")* – a Danish television mini\\-serie created by [Lars von Trier](/wiki/Lars_von_Trier \"Lars von Trier\").\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1924 births](/wiki/Category:1924_births \"1924 births\")\n[Category:2013 deaths](/wiki/Category:2013_deaths \"2013 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Danish male actors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Danish_male_actors \"20th-century Danish male actors\")\n[Category:Danish male television actors](/wiki/Category:Danish_male_television_actors \"Danish male television actors\")\n[Category:Best Actor Bodil Award winners](/wiki/Category:Best_Actor_Bodil_Award_winners \"Best Actor Bodil Award winners\")\n[Category:Danish male film actors](/wiki/Category:Danish_male_film_actors \"Danish male film actors\")\n[Category:People from Nyborg](/wiki/Category:People_from_Nyborg \"People from Nyborg\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 5718152 ], "name": [ "Arjayay" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Battle", "Austrian Deployment", "Prussian attack on Jičín", "Result", "References", "Literature" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **Battle of Gitschin** or **Jičín** () took place during the [Austro\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War \"Austro-Prussian War\") on 29 June 1866, ending with a [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\") victory over the [Austrian](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\") forces. There is a memorial there today at [Jičín](/wiki/Ji%C4%8D%C3%ADn \"Jičín\") in the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\").\n\n", "Battle\n------\n\n### Austrian Deployment\n\nAfter being beaten at [Münchengrätz](/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BCnchengr%C3%A4tz \"Battle of Münchengrätz\"), Iser army under Clam\\-Gallas redeployed at Jičín. Unaware that after the [Battle of Skalitz](/wiki/Battle_of_Skalitz \"Battle of Skalitz\") [Benedek](/wiki/Ludwig_von_Benedek \"Ludwig von Benedek\") had halted North Army's advance towards Jičín, where under the Austrian battle plan the conjunction of both armies would have taken place in order to fall upon one of the Prussian main armies to beat them in detail, Clam\\-Gallas was under the impression that he would be directly supported by Northern army's advance units (III Corps), and decided to give battle. Clam\\-Gallas' battle line consisted out of Abele's brigade at the Přivyšín heights on the left, supported by Ringelsheim's brigade blocking the road from Mnichovo Hradiště (Münchengrätz) at Lochov, the center at Brada Hill was held by Poschacher's brigade, supported by Leiningen's, and the town of Železnice (Eisenstadtl) on the right was to be held by Piret's brigade and the 1st Light Cavalry Division. The position between Poschacher and Piret was to be held by the Saxon army, which after taken a longer southern route from Münchengrätz had the previous night camped some 10 kilometers south of their designated position in the battle line, leaving a vulnerable gap between the Austrian center and right. The gap was temporarily filled by a 56 gun Austrian grand battery.[Geoffrey Wawro](/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro \"Geoffrey Wawro\"), *The Austro\\-Prussian War. Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866* (New York 2007\\), p 183\\-185\n\n### Prussian attack on Jičín\n\nOn June 29, 1866 after having won at Münchengrätz, the Prussian Elbe army and [First Army](/wiki/First_Army_%28Austro-Prussian_War%29 \"First Army (Austro-Prussian War)\") each sent an infantry division towards Jičín. From the north, the Prussian 5th Division, under Wilhelm von Tümpling, advanced towards Jičín. After using his artillery batteries to soften up the Austrian position Tümpling attacked the center and right. The cannon fire startled the Saxons, whose advance brigade was still four kilometers from their designated position in the battle line. By 6:00 PM Poschacher's brigade was able to hold off attacks on their hill position by the Prussian 9th Brigade, and Abele had been able to stop the Prussian 10th Brigade's attack on the Privysin heights. At 6:00 PM advancing from the west, advance units from the Prussian 3rd Division, part of Elbe army and led by [August von Werder](/wiki/August_von_Werder \"August von Werder\"), attacked Ringelsheim but were held off.[Geoffrey Wawro](/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro \"Geoffrey Wawro\"), *The Austro\\-Prussian War. Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866* (New York 2007\\), p 186\\-187\n\nThe next Prussian attack was directed at the center\\-right position at the hamlet of Zames where they encountered the Veronese 45th regiment of Piret's brigade, which they easily drove off. 9th Brigade was able to occupy the hamlet in the center of the Austrian position with two battalions. Neither Piret's brigade, nor Leiningen's reserve, were sent in to plug the hole in the Austrian center, leaving the Prussians in control of the center of the Austrian line. The feeble counterattacks by hussars from 1st Light Cavalry Division were easily held off by the Prussians. The Austrian artillery, bombarding the hamlet, then set Zames aflame, forcing the Prussians holding the hamlet to attack forward towards Dilec. The advancing Prussians were then able to beat the Saxons to Dilec and occupied the town at 7:30 PM. To plug this hole and to aid the faltering Saxons, Piret decided to attack the Prussians on his left but Piret was easily held off by the Prussians, reinforced by Tümpling's reserve battalion, and their use of the superior [Dreyse needle gun](/wiki/Dreyse_needle_gun \"Dreyse needle gun\") to smash the Austrian storm columns, which then collapsed and fled. Simultaneously Werder's attack towards Lochov, in order to outflank Ringelsheim, caused the collapse of the Austrian left as well, and the Prussians were able to push Abele and Ringelsheim back to Jičín, which they eventually occupied at 10:30 PM.[Geoffrey Wawro](/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro \"Geoffrey Wawro\"), *The Austro\\-Prussian War. Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866* (New York 2007\\), p 187\\-189\n\nAt 8:00 PM the Austrian staff received Benedek's new orders, which had been sent by horseback, announcing North Army's about face and his order for Iser army to join him. Given these orders Prince [Albert of Saxony](/wiki/Albert%2C_King_of_Saxony \"Albert, King of Saxony\") despite pleadings of the Austrians to use his battle fresh troops to counterattack the Prussians, decided to withdraw his five brigades from the field, causing the Austrians to start a disorganized retreat as well.[Geoffrey Wawro](/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro \"Geoffrey Wawro\"), *The Austro\\-Prussian War. Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866* (New York 2007\\), p 190\n\n", "### Austrian Deployment\n\nAfter being beaten at [Münchengrätz](/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BCnchengr%C3%A4tz \"Battle of Münchengrätz\"), Iser army under Clam\\-Gallas redeployed at Jičín. Unaware that after the [Battle of Skalitz](/wiki/Battle_of_Skalitz \"Battle of Skalitz\") [Benedek](/wiki/Ludwig_von_Benedek \"Ludwig von Benedek\") had halted North Army's advance towards Jičín, where under the Austrian battle plan the conjunction of both armies would have taken place in order to fall upon one of the Prussian main armies to beat them in detail, Clam\\-Gallas was under the impression that he would be directly supported by Northern army's advance units (III Corps), and decided to give battle. Clam\\-Gallas' battle line consisted out of Abele's brigade at the Přivyšín heights on the left, supported by Ringelsheim's brigade blocking the road from Mnichovo Hradiště (Münchengrätz) at Lochov, the center at Brada Hill was held by Poschacher's brigade, supported by Leiningen's, and the town of Železnice (Eisenstadtl) on the right was to be held by Piret's brigade and the 1st Light Cavalry Division. The position between Poschacher and Piret was to be held by the Saxon army, which after taken a longer southern route from Münchengrätz had the previous night camped some 10 kilometers south of their designated position in the battle line, leaving a vulnerable gap between the Austrian center and right. The gap was temporarily filled by a 56 gun Austrian grand battery.[Geoffrey Wawro](/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro \"Geoffrey Wawro\"), *The Austro\\-Prussian War. Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866* (New York 2007\\), p 183\\-185\n\n", "### Prussian attack on Jičín\n\nOn June 29, 1866 after having won at Münchengrätz, the Prussian Elbe army and [First Army](/wiki/First_Army_%28Austro-Prussian_War%29 \"First Army (Austro-Prussian War)\") each sent an infantry division towards Jičín. From the north, the Prussian 5th Division, under Wilhelm von Tümpling, advanced towards Jičín. After using his artillery batteries to soften up the Austrian position Tümpling attacked the center and right. The cannon fire startled the Saxons, whose advance brigade was still four kilometers from their designated position in the battle line. By 6:00 PM Poschacher's brigade was able to hold off attacks on their hill position by the Prussian 9th Brigade, and Abele had been able to stop the Prussian 10th Brigade's attack on the Privysin heights. At 6:00 PM advancing from the west, advance units from the Prussian 3rd Division, part of Elbe army and led by [August von Werder](/wiki/August_von_Werder \"August von Werder\"), attacked Ringelsheim but were held off.[Geoffrey Wawro](/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro \"Geoffrey Wawro\"), *The Austro\\-Prussian War. Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866* (New York 2007\\), p 186\\-187\n\nThe next Prussian attack was directed at the center\\-right position at the hamlet of Zames where they encountered the Veronese 45th regiment of Piret's brigade, which they easily drove off. 9th Brigade was able to occupy the hamlet in the center of the Austrian position with two battalions. Neither Piret's brigade, nor Leiningen's reserve, were sent in to plug the hole in the Austrian center, leaving the Prussians in control of the center of the Austrian line. The feeble counterattacks by hussars from 1st Light Cavalry Division were easily held off by the Prussians. The Austrian artillery, bombarding the hamlet, then set Zames aflame, forcing the Prussians holding the hamlet to attack forward towards Dilec. The advancing Prussians were then able to beat the Saxons to Dilec and occupied the town at 7:30 PM. To plug this hole and to aid the faltering Saxons, Piret decided to attack the Prussians on his left but Piret was easily held off by the Prussians, reinforced by Tümpling's reserve battalion, and their use of the superior [Dreyse needle gun](/wiki/Dreyse_needle_gun \"Dreyse needle gun\") to smash the Austrian storm columns, which then collapsed and fled. Simultaneously Werder's attack towards Lochov, in order to outflank Ringelsheim, caused the collapse of the Austrian left as well, and the Prussians were able to push Abele and Ringelsheim back to Jičín, which they eventually occupied at 10:30 PM.[Geoffrey Wawro](/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro \"Geoffrey Wawro\"), *The Austro\\-Prussian War. Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866* (New York 2007\\), p 187\\-189\n\nAt 8:00 PM the Austrian staff received Benedek's new orders, which had been sent by horseback, announcing North Army's about face and his order for Iser army to join him. Given these orders Prince [Albert of Saxony](/wiki/Albert%2C_King_of_Saxony \"Albert, King of Saxony\") despite pleadings of the Austrians to use his battle fresh troops to counterattack the Prussians, decided to withdraw his five brigades from the field, causing the Austrians to start a disorganized retreat as well.[Geoffrey Wawro](/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro \"Geoffrey Wawro\"), *The Austro\\-Prussian War. Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866* (New York 2007\\), p 190\n\n", "Result\n------\n\nAlthough occupying a strong position Iser Army was beaten by two Prussian divisions due to strategic and tactical blunders. Tardy staff work at main headquarters caused Clam\\-Gallas to believe he would be supported by the Austrian main army, as was originally planned, but which made him fight the battle unsupported. The Saxon army camping some ten kilometers south of their designed position in the Austrian line, made them late and caused a hole in the battle line, which the Prussians exploited to their fullest. Lastly the superior Dreyse needle gun, gave the Prussians a huge tactical advantage over the Austrian storm tactics.\n\nAfter Münchengratz the Prussian commanders however neglected to concentrate their hungry and tired Elbe Army and 1st Army rapidly enough to encircle and destroy Iser Army, in effect fighting with only two divisions from two separate armies, thus enabling Clam\\-Gallas to retreat towards Benedek. The victory, thereafter, made possible the junction of the first and second Prussian army corps, and had as an ultimate result the Austrian defeat at the [Battle of Königgrätz](/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz \"Battle of Königgrätz\").\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "Literature\n----------\n\n* [Gordon Craig](/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig \"Gordon A. Craig\"): *The Battle of Königgrätz: Prussia’s Victory over Austria, 1866*, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA, 2003\n* [Theodor Fontane](/wiki/Theodor_Fontane \"Theodor Fontane\"): *Der Feldzug in Böhmen und Mähren 1866*, Königl. Geheime Ober\\-Hofbuchdruckerei [R.v.Decker](/wiki/Rudolf_Ludwig_Decker \"Rudolf Ludwig Decker\") Berlin, 1871\n* [Heinz Helmert](/wiki/Heinz_Helmert \"Heinz Helmert\"); [Hans\\-Jürgen Usczeck](/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Usczeck \"Hans-Jürgen Usczeck\"): *Preußischdeutsche Kriege von 1864 bis 1871 \\- Militärischer Verlauf*, 6\\. überarbeitete Auflage, Militärverlag der deutschen demokratischen Republik, Berlin 1988, \n* [Wilhelm Rüstow](/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%BCstow \"Wilhelm Rüstow\"): *Der Krieg von 1866 in Deutschland und Italien*. Zürich 1866 bei Schultheß\n* [Alan Sapherson](/wiki/Alan_Sapherson \"Alan Sapherson\"): *The Seven Weeks War 1866*, Raider Books, Leeds, UK, 1989, \n* [Geoffrey Wawro](/wiki/Geoffrey_Wawro \"Geoffrey Wawro\"): *The Austro\\-Prussian War: Austria’s War with Prussia and Italy in 1866*, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997\n\n[Gitschin](/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Austro-Prussian_War \"Battles of the Austro-Prussian War\")\n[Category:1866 in the Austrian Empire](/wiki/Category:1866_in_the_Austrian_Empire \"1866 in the Austrian Empire\")\n[Category:19th century in Bohemia](/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Bohemia \"19th century in Bohemia\")\n[Category:June 1866 events](/wiki/Category:June_1866_events \"June 1866 events\")\n[Category:Jičín District](/wiki/Category:Ji%C4%8D%C3%ADn_District \"Jičín District\")\n[Category:History of the Hradec Králové Region](/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_Region \"History of the Hradec Králové Region\")\n[Category:Battles involving Prussia](/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Prussia \"Battles involving Prussia\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "2A02:6B67:54FB:0:990C:AA91:DFA5:8722" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Construction", "North portal", "Accident", "See also", "External links", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Clayton Tunnel** is a railway tunnel located near the villages of [Clayton](/wiki/Clayton%2C_West_Sussex \"Clayton, West Sussex\") and [Pyecombe](/wiki/Pyecombe \"Pyecombe\") in [West Sussex](/wiki/West_Sussex \"West Sussex\"), between [Hassocks](/wiki/Hassocks_railway_station \"Hassocks railway station\") and [Preston Park](/wiki/Preston_Park_railway_station \"Preston Park railway station\") [railway stations](/wiki/Railway_station \"Railway station\") on the [Brighton Main Line](/wiki/Brighton_Main_Line \"Brighton Main Line\"). This tunnel is notable for its turreted and castellated north portal with a single\\-storey cottage on the top, as well as for being the site of a [serious accident in 1861](/wiki/Clayton_Tunnel_rail_crash \"Clayton Tunnel rail crash\") which was influential in the adoption of a [robust signalling system](/wiki/Signalling_block_system \"Signalling block system\") in the UK and elsewhere.\n\nAt the Sussex Clayton Tunnel is the longest tunnel on the route. Construction of the tunnel commenced during 1839, although aspects of its design weren't approved until 1 October 1840\\. The accomplished tunnel builder [William Hoof](/wiki/William_Hoof \"William Hoof\") was the prime contractor on its construction; Clayton Tunnel was completed in 1841 after three years of work. Retrieved on 28 April 2015\\.\n\n", "Construction\n------------\n\nDuring the 1830s, the [London, Brighton and South Coast Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway \"London, Brighton and South Coast Railway\") set about constructing the start of its railway network in the Southern region of [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\"). One particular engineering challenge of one of company's most important lines, which had become commonly known as the [Brighton Main Line](/wiki/Brighton_Main_Line \"Brighton Main Line\"), was the hills of the [South Downs](/wiki/South_Downs \"South Downs\"); to traverse these geographical feature, the Clayton Tunnel was built. \nThe railway's route was selected by [John Urpeth Rastrick](/wiki/John_Urpeth_Rastrick \"John Urpeth Rastrick\"), the chief engineer of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway. The construction of the tunnel, which was the longest such structure along the whole route, was a virtually essential part of the line, as any alternative route that avoided the use of any tunnels would have been especially circuitous and have added many miles onto each train's journey.\n\nDuring 1839, a contract to undertake construction of the tunnel was awarded to [William Hoof](/wiki/William_Hoof \"William Hoof\"), an experienced builder of [canal](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\") tunnels; it is likely that much of Clayton Tunnel's design was his work. Allegedly, the tunnel's architecture had been influenced by William Campion of nearby [Danny House](/wiki/Danny_House \"Danny House\"), [Hurstpierpoint](/wiki/Hurstpierpoint \"Hurstpierpoint\"), who lived at Clayton Manor. Irrespective of as to how and whom the design was arrived at, the proposal design for Clayton Tunnel was approved by the company's board of directors on 1 October 1840\\. The project was not without its critics, the [Brighton Guardian](/wiki/Brighton_Guardian \"Brighton Guardian\"), a local newspaper, was commonly skeptical and publicly doubted that it was even possible to construct such a tunnel, and that the line would need to be diverted to avoid the South Downs entirely. Even more supportive coverage recognised the engineering challenges presented, but acknowledged the competency of the team involved.\n\nDuring the tunnel's construction, bricks were manufactured onsite, with the material being gathered from purchased lands nearby; both the tunnel lining and portals were largely composed of this locally\\-sourced brick. An unusual feature of the tunnel was the incorporation of gas lighting, the gas for which being supplied gas from a retort at [Merstham](/wiki/Merstham \"Merstham\"). While this was intended to increase the tunnel's hospitability for train\\-borne passengers, the passage of trains snuffed out the lighting, requiring them to be constantly relit by the tunnel keeper, and thus their use was soon discontinued.\n\n", "North portal\n------------\n\n[thumb\\|260px\\|The northern portal of Clayton Tunnel](/wiki/File:Clayton_Tunnel_%28north_entrance%29.jpg \"Clayton Tunnel (north entrance).jpg\")\nThe listed north portal of Clayton Tunnel features a complex and distinctive design, being turreted and [castellated](/wiki/Castellated \"Castellated\"). In comparison, the south portal of the tunnel is relatively unremarkable and is unlisted. It is uncertain as to which individuals were responsible for its design; it has been suggested that the north portal was only designed as the tunnel neared completion. Plans were submitted at that time by chief engineer John Rastrick: It has been speculated that Rastrick had designed the northern portal, or that he had done so jointly with his sub\\-contractor, William Hoof, or that Hoof alone had done so. \nThe company's architect at the time was [David Mocatta](/wiki/David_Mocatta \"David Mocatta\"), but author David Cole has declared that there was nothing of substance connecting Mocatta to the endeavour, and noted Mocatta's general distaste for gothic architecture as a further reason against his involvement.\n\nLarge octagonal turrets that stand tall in the cutting are either side of the portal. During 1849, these towers were converted for use by the line's signalmen. A further feature of the north portal is its attached single\\-storey cottage, which is perched directly over the line, which has been described as being one of the more unusual and photogenic railway locations in the UK. This cottage, which is built in contrasting red brick and sits curiously off\\-centre, was added in 1849 at a cost of £70\\. It was originally used to house the tunnel's care taker and his family. It is presently a private dwelling as well as being a Grade II [listed building](/wiki/Listed_building \"Listed building\"), having been designated as such on 11 May 1983\\.\n\n", "Accident\n--------\n\nThe West Sussex tunnel was the site of an early form of \"automatic\" signal invented by CF Whitworth. Far from being automatic in operation, this was merely a signal that was operated by the [signalman](/wiki/Signalman_%28rail%29 \"Signalman (rail)\") on duty but that returned to 'danger' once the train had passed, by means of a [treadle](/wiki/Treadle_%28railway%29 \"Treadle (railway)\"). Clayton Tunnel had such a signal at each end, and it was the failure of the signalman to ensure that the signal had returned to danger that led to the worst ever accident on that line on 25 August 1861\\.\n\nThree trains left Brighton within a very short time. Having signalled one train correctly, the signalman at the southern portal manually returned the signal to danger too late for the second train, but was unaware that his attempts to alert its driver by waving a flag had been successful. The second train stopped well inside the tunnel, and as it was slowly reversing towards him the signaller misunderstood a 'tunnel clear' message from the north box as indicating that the second train had cleared the tunnel when it in it fact referring to the first. The signaller then allowed the third train to enter the tunnel, colliding with the reversing second train with the loss of 23 lives and 176 injured.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [List of tunnels in the United Kingdom](/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_the_United_Kingdom \"List of tunnels in the United Kingdom\")\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Clayton Tunnel North Portal](https://web.archive.org/web/20190310011602/http://www.claytontunnel.com/)\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:Railway tunnels in England](/wiki/Category:Railway_tunnels_in_England \"Railway tunnels in England\")\n[Category:Rail transport in West Sussex](/wiki/Category:Rail_transport_in_West_Sussex \"Rail transport in West Sussex\")\n[Category:London, Brighton and South Coast Railway](/wiki/Category:London%2C_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway \"London, Brighton and South Coast Railway\")\n[Category:David Mocatta buildings](/wiki/Category:David_Mocatta_buildings \"David Mocatta buildings\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 16185737 ], "name": [ "Smasongarrison" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Closing of the college", "After closure", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Notre Dame College** was a [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") [college](/wiki/College \"College\") located in [Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire \"Manchester, New Hampshire\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), and affiliated with the [Sisters of Holy Cross](/wiki/Sisters_of_Holy_Cross \"Sisters of Holy Cross\") of [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"), Quebec, Canada. After more than 50 years of operation, it closed in May 2002, due to \"difficult enrollment and financial issues.\"\n\n", "History\n-------\n\nNotre Dame was founded as a college exclusively for the education of women in 1950 arising from the \"Teacher Training Institute\" which the Sisters of the Holy Cross had established five years prior.(April 8, 1986\\). [Notre Dame College to go coed in the fall](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19860408&id=zp4rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NfwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2283,2215522), *Nashua Telegraph* It originally occupied two buildings in the well\\-to\\-do section of North Manchester. The main building had once been a private mansion designed in the [Norman style](/wiki/Norman_architecture \"Norman architecture\") of architecture, while the adjoining building had actually served as the [carriage house](/wiki/Carriage_house \"Carriage house\"). Though a few of the earlier students resided in the upper rooms of the main building, most of the enrolled women commuted to classes from Manchester and its immediate environs. In fact, never in its entire history would the school draw less than half of its students from within commuting distance, and the solid majority of those who attended Notre Dame were the first in their families to attend college, and were from modest to average income households.\n\nOriginally intended as a school to train future teachers, Notre Dame remained firm to this commitment while simultaneously branching out into the [liberal arts](/wiki/Liberal_arts \"Liberal arts\") and sciences, business and fine arts, and later on into such fields as communications and the health sciences. Most of the additional buildings to the campus were private homes of various sizes purchased in succeeding years to serve as residence halls for the growing number of students from further distances as well as for administrative offices. However, in the late 1960s, Holy Cross Hall was constructed to function as the epicenter of college activity. The three\\-level building contained nearly all academic facilities along with an auditorium\\-gymnasium, chapel and dining hall. The original Norman\\-style mansion became known as Vezeau House (named in honor of long\\-serving college president Sister Jeannette Vezeau, CSC), and served as the main administration building. The carriage house was renovated and expanded to become the Paul Harvey Library, named in honor of a local businessman and benefactor, and at its height contained 60,000 volumes and 700 periodical subscriptions, as well as faculty offices and seminar rooms. The only building aside from Holy Cross Hall constructed from scratch was the Nicholas Isaak Student Center which housed a large recreation room as well as student activities and government offices. In later years, the college would purchase a former [motel](/wiki/Motel \"Motel\") situated about a mile and a half away to serve as additional dormitory space. At the time of its closing, Notre Dame had 22 buildings located throughout North Manchester with a residence hall capacity for approximately 250 students.\n\nBeginning in the 1970s, Notre Dame adopted a policy of partial [coeducation](/wiki/Coeducation \"Coeducation\") by admitting men into its [master's degree](/wiki/Master%27s_degree \"Master's degree\") programs, its evening and weekend undergraduate programs, and as non\\-resident undergraduate day students. In 1985, the decision was made to become fully coeducational, and men were also admitted as full\\-time undergraduate resident students. In contrast to many other all\\-female colleges that had either gone coeducational or were considering the policy, Notre Dame did not experience any notable negative reaction from either students or alumnae, and men in fact were for the most part warmly welcomed as full\\-time resident students.\n\nThe school focused consistently on expanding its undergraduate and graduate programs,(March 9, 1990\\). [Notre Dame College stays current to meet needs of today's students](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19900309&id=1oVKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EZQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6624,2424747), *Nashua Telegraph* and at the time of its closing, offered the [Master of Arts](/wiki/Master_of_Arts \"Master of Arts\") degree in [counseling](/wiki/Counseling \"Counseling\") and [theology](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\") (two separate majors), the [Master of Education](/wiki/Master_of_Education \"Master of Education\") degree in a variety of [teacher education](/wiki/Teacher_education \"Teacher education\") subfields, and the [Master of Science](/wiki/Master_of_Science \"Master of Science\") degree in two [health science](/wiki/Health_science \"Health science\") disciplines, [physician assistant](/wiki/Physician_assistant \"Physician assistant\") studies and in [physical therapy](/wiki/Physical_therapy \"Physical therapy\"). These two latter programs were highly selective, and were based in a former insurance office building in downtown Manchester about a mile away from the main campus.\n\n", "Closing of the college\n----------------------\n\nIn November 2001, the school announced it would close at the end of the school year.(November 30, 2001\\). [Notre Dame College to close after 51 years](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1914&dat=20011130&id=09ZKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=i_MMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3332,5081527), *[Sun Journal (Lewiston)](/wiki/Sun_Journal_%28Lewiston%29 \"Sun Journal (Lewiston)\")* The total enrollment of degree candidates at Notre Dame at the time of its closing in 2002 was around 1,100 students, clearly not a figure that would suggest an institution struggling to survive. This would lead to speculation by some that the college made a rash decision to cease operations, and led others to charge that administrative and financial mismanagement was the cause for closure as opposed to problems relating to student matriculation. However, it should also be noted that full\\-time undergraduate enrollment at the school, its primary source of revenue, was barely over 400\\. In addition, tuition at Notre Dame was markedly lower than at most non\\-public colleges in the region, while many continuing education and graduate students would simply take a few classes without actually receiving degrees, thereby contributing to even more unstable matriculation numbers. The location of the school would also prove to be a liability in that the eight acres of land it occupied were scattered throughout a two\\-mile residential area with no room to consolidate or expand among all the privately owned homes. At one point in the 1990s, college officials contemplated a two campus scenario, with the second campus to occupy either a parcel of land across the [Merrimack River](/wiki/Merrimack_River \"Merrimack River\") in West Manchester or on the same land in South Manchester where the Sisters of Holy Cross maintained their mother house. Brief consideration was also given toward relocating all facilities to the campus of the defunct [Mount Saint Mary College](/wiki/Mount_Saint_Mary_College_%28New_Hampshire%29 \"Mount Saint Mary College (New Hampshire)\") in the neighboring town of [Hooksett](/wiki/Hooksett%2C_New_Hampshire \"Hooksett, New Hampshire\"), but in the end, none of these plans ever came to fruition. To some extent, Notre Dame was also compromised when the [University of New Hampshire](/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire \"University of New Hampshire\") established a thriving [branch campus in Manchester](/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire_at_Manchester \"University of New Hampshire at Manchester\"). The latter was strictly a commuter school which offered many of the same degree programs as Notre Dame at less expensive costs, and thus siphoned away a significant portion of local area students who otherwise would have considered attending Notre Dame. Finally, with an increasing dependence on local residents to avail themselves of its academic offerings, coupled with either an inability or unwillingness to attract students from beyond the immediate area, the college had placed itself in a grave demographic situation.\n\nIn effect, the creation of the highly selective graduate programs in physician assistant studies and physical therapy marked the last\\-ditch effort by Notre Dame to both carve out an academic niche for itself, as well as to simply survive. However, the announcement in the late summer of 2001 that the school would graduate its last class after 52 years of existence in May 2002 would come as a shock to many. Those students with one year or less remaining in their academic programs would be permitted to study at other institutions within the [New Hampshire College \\& University Council](/wiki/New_Hampshire_College_%26_University_Council \"New Hampshire College & University Council\") for the purpose of obtaining Notre Dame degrees, while others were to be worked with individually in terms of securing proper transfer arrangements to other schools. The outlook for faculty and staff members, in stark contrast, would be much more bleak, as little could be done with regard to helping them secure employment elsewhere.\n\n", "After closure\n-------------\n\nMost of the residence halls, the President's House, and even the former library and student center, are now privately owned homes. The former graduate health sciences building is once again an office facility, as is the former motel that served as a residence hall. The two primary buildings on the Notre Dame campus, Holy Cross Hall and Vezeau House, continue to function in an academic and cultural capacity. Holy Cross Hall is now the home of Mount Saint Mary Academy, a Catholic preparatory school for grades K to 8, while Vezeau House is now the headquarters of the Manchester Community Music School, a non\\-profit music school. Several of the liberal arts, education and fine arts programs were transferred from Notre Dame to nearby [Southern New Hampshire University](/wiki/Southern_New_Hampshire_University \"Southern New Hampshire University\") in Manchester, as the latter has sought to transform itself from a primarily business and technology\\-oriented institution.\n\nToday, the Notre Dame College Association of Alumni and Friends serves as a resource for former students, faculty and staff of the college. It holds an annual reunion each summer, and helps to provide information on school transcripts.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Notre Dame College Association of Alumni and Friends](https://web.archive.org/web/20140103192721/http://www.ndcalumniandfriends.com/) (archived 2014\\)\n* [Notre Dame College Association of Alumni and Friends Facebook page](https://m.facebook.com/pages/category/School/Notre-Dame-College-Association-of-Alumni-and-Friends-7912951789/)\n* [New Hampshire Public Radio story about the closure](http://www.nhpr.org/node/2156)\n\n[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1950](/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_established_in_1950 \"Universities and colleges established in 1950\")\n[Category:Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Category:Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire \"Manchester, New Hampshire\")\n[Category:Defunct private universities and colleges in New Hampshire](/wiki/Category:Defunct_private_universities_and_colleges_in_New_Hampshire \"Defunct private universities and colleges in New Hampshire\")\n[Category:Defunct Catholic universities and colleges in the United States](/wiki/Category:Defunct_Catholic_universities_and_colleges_in_the_United_States \"Defunct Catholic universities and colleges in the United States\")\n[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 2002](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_disestablished_in_2002 \"Educational institutions disestablished in 2002\")\n[Category:Educational buildings in Manchester, New Hampshire](/wiki/Category:Educational_buildings_in_Manchester%2C_New_Hampshire \"Educational buildings in Manchester, New Hampshire\")\n[Category:Catholic Church in New Hampshire](/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church_in_New_Hampshire \"Catholic Church in New Hampshire\")\n[Category:1950 establishments in New Hampshire](/wiki/Category:1950_establishments_in_New_Hampshire \"1950 establishments in New Hampshire\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 41260977 ], "name": [ "Tsarivan613" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Ring descriptions", "Texture/Flesh", "Ring positions", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n[thumb\\|right\\|A ring can be seen on the stem of this *[Gymnopilus junonius](/wiki/Gymnopilus_junonius \"Gymnopilus junonius\")* mushroom.](/wiki/File:Gymnopilus_junonius-02.jpg \"Gymnopilus junonius-02.jpg\")\n\nAn **annulus** is the ring\\-like or collar\\-like structure sometimes found on the [stipe](/wiki/Stipe_%28mycology%29 \"Stipe (mycology)\") of some species of [mushrooms](/wiki/Mushroom \"Mushroom\"). The annulus represents the remnants of the [partial veil](/wiki/Partial_veil \"Partial veil\"), after it has ruptured to expose the [gills](/wiki/Gill_%28mushroom%29 \"Gill (mushroom)\") or other [spore\\-producing surface](/wiki/Spore-producing_surface \"Spore-producing surface\"). It can also be called a **ring** which is what the Latin word annulus directly translates as. The modern usage of the Latin word originates from the early days of [botany](/wiki/Botany \"Botany\") and [mycology](/wiki/Mycology \"Mycology\") when species [descriptions](/wiki/Species_description \"Species description\") were only written in Latin. Outside of the formal setting of scientific publications which still have a Latin requirement, it will often just be referred to as a ring or stem ring in [field guides](/wiki/Field_guide \"Field guide\") and on identification websites.\n\n", "Ring descriptions\n-----------------\n\nThe way in which the structure and appearance of rings is described can vary with author and the description may only note the existence of a ring without providing specific information in cases where the ring lacks any notable features that would be useful to distinguish between similar species. Ring shapes and structures can also vary between specimens of the same species and change with the age of the mushroom so multiple descriptions are sometimes used. Even in species with distinctly identifiable rings they may not always be present or perfectly match descriptions so it can be beneficial to have multiple specimens to compare at different states of maturity.\n\nSome rings may be persistent and remain through the life of the mushroom or they may disappear with age. Such rings have a variety of synonymous terms associated with them such as fleeting, ephemeral, evanescent, transient, fugacious or impermanent. These rings may peel away from the stem, fall apart or simply fade into the stem surface as it matures. Rings may also be described as fragile, meaning easily torn or damaged and whilst some fragile rings could be considered permanent if undisturbed they are often likely to vanish due to their fragility. Some rings may be fixed in place and firmly attached to the stem whilst others may be movable or mobile with the ability to slide up and down the stem either by hand or just falling down naturally with age. Fragile and movable rings can appear to vanish so examining the stem for traces of a ring zone (or annular zone) or the base for a detached ring can sometimes be helpful. Various combinations of these terms can be used to best describe the nature of the ring in a particular species.\n\nSome common descriptions of the type of ring include:\n\n* Ringless \\- a stem which has no ring.\n* Double \\- a ring with a distinct upper and lower surface.\n* Flaring \\- a ring which flairs upwards and away from the stem, sometimes also called ascending.\n* Pendant \\- a hanging or skirt like partial veil.\n* Peronate \\- a sheathed stem which may resemble a stocking that covers the full length.\n* Cortinate \\- a fibrous, cobweb like cortina, especially notable in some *Cortinarius* species.\n* Ring zone \\- an area on the stem where only traces of the ring remain, sometimes becoming visible due to spore staining.\n\n### Texture/Flesh\n\nThe texture of the partial veil can exhibit specific characteristics which can aid in identification and these may persist in the ring once the cap has detached from it. These details may be similar to that of the cap surface or distinct from it.\n\nTexture/surface descriptions include:\n\n* Thick \\- a ring with thick, often sturdy flesh.\n* Membranous \\- a thin fleshed, often diminutive ring.\n* Stellate \\- a star or cogwheel shaped veil.\n* Floccose \\- a woolly or scaly veil, often resembling the texture of the cap.\n\n### Ring positions\n\nThe position of the ring can be an important factor to observe to aid in identification although it is often not included in descriptions as for some species it can be quite variable. The position may appear different from specimen to specimen due to the height of the stem or the age of the mushroom and in species with movable, fragile or otherwise detachable rings it may not always be a reliable factor to observe. However for species which otherwise look quite similar but exhibit differences in colouration, texture or staining above or below the stem ring, the position can be a useful factor to note.\n\nThe common descriptions of positions are:\n* Superior \\- Near the top of the stem.\n* Apical \\- Above the middle of the stem.\n* Median \\- In the middle of the stem.\n* Inferior \\- Below the middle of the stem.\n* Basal \\- Near the base of the stem.\n\n", "### Texture/Flesh\n\nThe texture of the partial veil can exhibit specific characteristics which can aid in identification and these may persist in the ring once the cap has detached from it. These details may be similar to that of the cap surface or distinct from it.\n\nTexture/surface descriptions include:\n\n* Thick \\- a ring with thick, often sturdy flesh.\n* Membranous \\- a thin fleshed, often diminutive ring.\n* Stellate \\- a star or cogwheel shaped veil.\n* Floccose \\- a woolly or scaly veil, often resembling the texture of the cap.\n\n", "### Ring positions\n\nThe position of the ring can be an important factor to observe to aid in identification although it is often not included in descriptions as for some species it can be quite variable. The position may appear different from specimen to specimen due to the height of the stem or the age of the mushroom and in species with movable, fragile or otherwise detachable rings it may not always be a reliable factor to observe. However for species which otherwise look quite similar but exhibit differences in colouration, texture or staining above or below the stem ring, the position can be a useful factor to note.\n\nThe common descriptions of positions are:\n* Superior \\- Near the top of the stem.\n* Apical \\- Above the middle of the stem.\n* Median \\- In the middle of the stem.\n* Inferior \\- Below the middle of the stem.\n* Basal \\- Near the base of the stem.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Volva](/wiki/Volva_%28mycology%29 \"Volva (mycology)\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [IMA Mycological Glossary: Annulus](http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Terms/annul216.html)\n\n[Category:Fungal morphology and anatomy](/wiki/Category:Fungal_morphology_and_anatomy \"Fungal morphology and anatomy\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 27823944 ], "name": [ "GreenC bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Life and career", "Awards and honors", "Publications", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Arthur Leonard Rubin** (born 1956\\). is an American mathematician and [aerospace engineer](/wiki/Aerospace_engineer \"Aerospace engineer\"). He was named a [Putnam Fellow](/wiki/William_Lowell_Putnam_Mathematical_Competition \"William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition\") on four consecutive occasions from 1970 to 1973\\.\n\n", "Life and career\n---------------\n\nRubin's mother was [Jean E. Rubin](/wiki/Jean_E._Rubin \"Jean E. Rubin\"), a professor of mathematics at [Purdue University](/wiki/Purdue_University \"Purdue University\"), and his father was Herman Rubin, a professor of statistics at the same university. Arthur co\\-authored his first paper with his mother in 1969 at the age of 13\\. (The default language of this webpage is Polish, but it can be changed to English via the language option on the upper right) He earned his [Ph.D.](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\") at the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology \"California Institute of Technology\") in 1978, under the direction of [Alexander S. Kechris](/wiki/Alexander_S._Kechris \"Alexander S. Kechris\").\n\nRubin unsuccessfully stood as a [Libertarian](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_California \"Libertarian Party of California\") to represent the [55th district](/wiki/California%27s_55th_State_Assembly_district \"California's 55th State Assembly district\") in the [1984 California State Assembly elections](/wiki/1994_California_State_Assembly_election \"1994 California State Assembly election\").\n\n", "Awards and honors\n-----------------\n\nAs an undergraduate, Rubin was named a Putnam Fellow on four occasions, the first time in 1970, aged 14, making him the youngest Fellow to date. In 1972, he tied for third place in the first [USA Mathematical Olympiad](/wiki/United_States_of_America_Mathematical_Olympiad \"United States of America Mathematical Olympiad\").\n\nIn 1974, Rubin was the subject of an article in the *[Madison Capital Times](/wiki/Madison_Capital_Times \"Madison Capital Times\")*, in which his Caltech undergraduate advisor was quoted as saying that someone of Rubin's ability appeared in the United States \"about once in every ten years\". Reprinted and slightly altered in [Madison Capital Times](/wiki/Madison_Capital_Times \"Madison Capital Times\") on July 6, 1974\n\n", "Publications\n------------\n\nRubin's dissertation was entitled *[Free](/wiki/Free_object \"Free object\") [Algebras](/wiki/Abstract_algebra \"Abstract algebra\") in [Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Set Theory](/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Bernays%E2%80%93G%C3%B6del_Set_Theory \"Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Set Theory\") and Positive Elementary Inductions in Reasonable Structures*. (Note: access might be depended on type of library institutional subscription available) In 1979, Rubin co\\-authored a paper on [list coloring](/wiki/List_coloring \"List coloring\") of [graphs](/wiki/Graph_theory \"Graph theory\") with [Paul Erdős](/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s \"Paul Erdős\"), giving him an [Erdős number](/wiki/Erd%C5%91s_number \"Erdős number\") of 1\\.\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:1956 births](/wiki/Category:1956_births \"1956 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American mathematicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_mathematicians \"20th-century American mathematicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American mathematicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_mathematicians \"21st-century American mathematicians\")\n[Category:American aerospace engineers](/wiki/Category:American_aerospace_engineers \"American aerospace engineers\")\n[Category:California Libertarians](/wiki/Category:California_Libertarians \"California Libertarians\")\n[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni](/wiki/Category:California_Institute_of_Technology_alumni \"California Institute of Technology alumni\")\n[Category:Putnam Fellows](/wiki/Category:Putnam_Fellows \"Putnam Fellows\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "82.12.148.203" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Categorized", "Primary and secondary deposits", "Mined rare-earth minerals", "Bastnäsite", "Laterite clays", "Monazite", "Loparite", "Rarity", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n[thumb\\|Rare\\-earth ore, shown with a United States penny for size comparison](/wiki/Image:RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg \"RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg\")\n\nA **rare\\-earth mineral** contains one or more [rare\\-earth elements](/wiki/Rare-earth_element \"Rare-earth element\") as major metal constituents. Rare\\-earth minerals are usually found in association with [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline \"Alkaline\") to [peralkaline](/wiki/Peralkaline \"Peralkaline\") [igneous](/wiki/Igneous \"Igneous\") complexes in [pegmatites](/wiki/Pegmatite \"Pegmatite\"). This would be associated with alkaline magmas or with [carbonatite](/wiki/Carbonatite \"Carbonatite\") [intrusives](/wiki/Intrusive_rock \"Intrusive rock\"). [Perovskite](/wiki/Perovskite_%28structure%29 \"Perovskite (structure)\") mineral phases are common hosts to rare\\-earth elements within the alkaline complexes. [Minerals](/wiki/Mineral \"Mineral\") are the solid composer of inorganic substances. They are formed through the atomic movement of fluid which can be derived from evaporation, pressure or any physical change. They are mostly determined through their atomic weight. The minerals that are known as 'rare' earth minerals are considered rare due to their unique geochemical makeup and properties. These substances are not normally found in mining affiliated clusters. Thus an indication of these minerals being short in supply and allocated their title as 'rare' earth minerals. Many rare\\-earth minerals include [rare\\-earth elements](/wiki/Rare-earth_element \"Rare-earth element\") which thus hold the same significant purpose of rare\\-earth minerals. Earth's rare minerals have a wide range of purposes, including defense technologies and day\\-to\\-day uses. This would be associated with alkaline magmas or with [carbonatite](/wiki/Carbonatite \"Carbonatite\") [intrusives](/wiki/Intrusive_rock \"Intrusive rock\"). [Perovskite](/wiki/Perovskite_%28structure%29 \"Perovskite (structure)\") mineral phases are common hosts to rare\\-earth elements within the alkaline complexes. [Mantle](/wiki/Mantle_%28geology%29 \"Mantle (geology)\")\\-derived carbonate melts are also carriers of the rare earths. [Hydrothermal](/wiki/Hydrothermal \"Hydrothermal\") deposits associated with alkaline [magmatism](/wiki/Magmatism \"Magmatism\") contain a variety of rare\\-earth minerals. Rare\\-earth minerals are usually found in association with [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline \"Alkaline\") to [peralkaline](/wiki/Peralkaline \"Peralkaline\") [igneous](/wiki/Igneous \"Igneous\") complexes in [pegmatites](/wiki/Pegmatite \"Pegmatite\").\n\nThe following includes the relatively common hydrothermal rare\\-earth minerals and minerals that often contain significant rare\\-earth substitution:\n\n* [aeschynite\\-(Ce)](/wiki/Aeschynite-%28Ce%29 \"Aeschynite-(Ce)\")\n* [aeschynite\\-(Y)](/wiki/Aeschynite-%28Y%29 \"Aeschynite-(Y)\")\n* [allanite](/wiki/Allanite \"Allanite\")\n* [apatite](/wiki/Apatite \"Apatite\")\n* [bastnäsite](/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site \"Bastnäsite\")\n* [britholite](/wiki/Britholite \"Britholite\")\n* [brockite](/wiki/Brockite \"Brockite\")\n* [cerite](/wiki/Cerite \"Cerite\")\n* [dollaseite\\-(Ce)](/wiki/Dollaseite-%28Ce%29 \"Dollaseite-(Ce)\")\n* [fluocerite](/wiki/Fluocerite \"Fluocerite\")\n* [fluorite](/wiki/Fluorite \"Fluorite\")\n* [gadolinite](/wiki/Gadolinite \"Gadolinite\")\n* [monazite](/wiki/Monazite \"Monazite\")\n* [parisite\\-(Ce)](/wiki/Parisite-%28Ce%29 \"Parisite-(Ce)\")\n* [parisite\\-(La)](/wiki/Parisite-%28La%29 \"Parisite-(La)\")\n* [stillwellite](/wiki/Stillwellite \"Stillwellite\")\n* [synchysite](/wiki/Synchysite \"Synchysite\")\n* [titanite](/wiki/Titanite \"Titanite\")\n* [wakefieldite](/wiki/Wakefieldite \"Wakefieldite\")\n* [xenotime](/wiki/Xenotime \"Xenotime\")\n* [zircon](/wiki/Zircon \"Zircon\")\n\n", "Categorized\n-----------\n\nThis particular group of minerals contains elements that are considered rare in our planet's makeup. To be classified as a rare earth mineral, a thorough examination of the element contained within it is mandatory. If an element can be classified as a rare\\-earth element, it is more likely to be classified as a rare earth mineral. This information can be valuable in various settings, such as geological surveys and mineral resource assessments. A [rare earth element](/wiki/Rare-earth_element \"Rare-earth element\") is categorized into sixteen metallic elements. There are over 160 rare earth minerals and only four of these minerals are mined. Most rare earth minerals occur in primary and secondary deposits.\n\n", "Primary and secondary deposits\n------------------------------\n\n[Primary](/wiki/Primary_mineral \"Primary mineral\") deposits contain hydrothermal and igneous processes while [secondary](/wiki/Secondary_mineral \"Secondary mineral\") deposits are sedimentary and weathering processes. In the case of primary deposits, the minerals and metals are derived from a specific area, where the elements come together to form the deposit. This location is also where the mineral is produced. Derived elements move to a different location within secondary deposits where they undergo metamorphic or sedimentary processes, resulting in the formation of minerals. Mining extractions can benefit from the [mineral processing](/wiki/Mineral_processing \"Mineral processing\") of elemental deposits. Various methods, such as leaching and hydrothermal processes, can be employed to extract minerals. Both primary and secondary deposits yield elements and minerals for mining purposes. There are only four rare\\-earth minerals that are found in deposits that go through certain processes and require mining.\n\n", "Mined rare\\-earth minerals\n--------------------------\n\n### Bastnäsite\n\n[Bastnäsite](/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site \"Bastnäsite\") is a carbonate mineral, that is primarily mined for its many purposes. Magnets made of bastnasite are used to create speakers, microphones, communication devices, and many other modern gadgets. This mineral is rare because it contains a large number of rare elements. This mineral can be classified as semi\\-soluble salt due to its limited solubility in water and capacity to form ionic bonds. Bastnäsite deposits are found in China and the USA.\n[thumb\\|Bastnäsite is a mineral that originates from Madagascar. It is a dense mineral that contains three carbonate\\-fluoride atoms. The mineral typically has a warm yellow honey colour and forms luminous flattened crystals.](/wiki/File:Bastn%C3%A4site-%28Ce%29_crystal_with_inclusions.jpg \"Bastnäsite-(Ce) crystal with inclusions.jpg\")\n\n### Laterite clays\n\n[Laterite](/wiki/Laterite \"Laterite\") is considered to be a soil type which holds a significant amount of aluminium and iron. This soil type can form into clay, which holds many minerals within it. The weathering of rocks under leaching and oxidation conditions results in the formation of this mineral soil, which simulates clay. The minerals within this soil are [goethite](/wiki/Goethite \"Goethite\"), [lepidocrocite](/wiki/Lepidocrocite \"Lepidocrocite\"), and [hematite](/wiki/Hematite \"Hematite\"). In recognition of the weathering process that these minerals require, they are classified as rare earth minerals. In addition to these rare minerals other elements are contained within this soil like substance such as iron and nickel. Thus having a red colour like soil through the oxidation of these minerals. Basalt is the source of laterite, which is a material that contains aluminum. Its high aluminum content is the reason it is mined. This clay\\-like dirt also makes a stable basis for construction since it solidifies into rock when exposed to air. However, the low fertility of this soil makes it unsuitable for agricultural use.\n\n### Monazite\n\n[Monazite](/wiki/Monazite \"Monazite\") is a waxy mineral that is formed through the crystallization of igneous rocks and the metamorphism of clastic sedimentary rocks. This mineral is typically mined in placer deposits, with gold commonly found as a byproduct. The rare earth element [neodymium](/wiki/Neodymium \"Neodymium\") is found in monazite, making it a rare mineral. Moreover, monazite contains many other rare metals such as [cerium](/wiki/Cerium \"Cerium\"), [lanthanum](/wiki/Lanthanum \"Lanthanum\"), [praseodymium](/wiki/Praseodymium \"Praseodymium\"), and samarium, making it a critical source of renewable energy. Recycled magnets can also be derived from these minerals due to the metals they contain. Monazite sand and deposits for mining are found in India, Brazil, and Australia.\n\n### Loparite\n\n[Loparite](/wiki/Loparite-%28Ce%29 \"Loparite-(Ce)\") is a mineral that contains three rare elements: [titanium](/wiki/Titanium \"Titanium\"), [niobium](/wiki/Niobium \"Niobium\"), and [tantalum](/wiki/Tantalum \"Tantalum\"). This is why it is often mined, as it is considered a rare\\-earth mineral. The deposits for loparite can be found in Russia and Paraguay, although it is also present in other countries such as Canada, Norway, Greenland, and Brazil. However, Russia remains the primary source for mining this mineral. The significance of loparite lies in its unique properties, which make it useful for conductivity, aircraft assembly, and as a radioactive tracer.\n\n", "### Bastnäsite\n\n[Bastnäsite](/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site \"Bastnäsite\") is a carbonate mineral, that is primarily mined for its many purposes. Magnets made of bastnasite are used to create speakers, microphones, communication devices, and many other modern gadgets. This mineral is rare because it contains a large number of rare elements. This mineral can be classified as semi\\-soluble salt due to its limited solubility in water and capacity to form ionic bonds. Bastnäsite deposits are found in China and the USA.\n[thumb\\|Bastnäsite is a mineral that originates from Madagascar. It is a dense mineral that contains three carbonate\\-fluoride atoms. The mineral typically has a warm yellow honey colour and forms luminous flattened crystals.](/wiki/File:Bastn%C3%A4site-%28Ce%29_crystal_with_inclusions.jpg \"Bastnäsite-(Ce) crystal with inclusions.jpg\")\n\n", "### Laterite clays\n\n[Laterite](/wiki/Laterite \"Laterite\") is considered to be a soil type which holds a significant amount of aluminium and iron. This soil type can form into clay, which holds many minerals within it. The weathering of rocks under leaching and oxidation conditions results in the formation of this mineral soil, which simulates clay. The minerals within this soil are [goethite](/wiki/Goethite \"Goethite\"), [lepidocrocite](/wiki/Lepidocrocite \"Lepidocrocite\"), and [hematite](/wiki/Hematite \"Hematite\"). In recognition of the weathering process that these minerals require, they are classified as rare earth minerals. In addition to these rare minerals other elements are contained within this soil like substance such as iron and nickel. Thus having a red colour like soil through the oxidation of these minerals. Basalt is the source of laterite, which is a material that contains aluminum. Its high aluminum content is the reason it is mined. This clay\\-like dirt also makes a stable basis for construction since it solidifies into rock when exposed to air. However, the low fertility of this soil makes it unsuitable for agricultural use.\n\n", "### Monazite\n\n[Monazite](/wiki/Monazite \"Monazite\") is a waxy mineral that is formed through the crystallization of igneous rocks and the metamorphism of clastic sedimentary rocks. This mineral is typically mined in placer deposits, with gold commonly found as a byproduct. The rare earth element [neodymium](/wiki/Neodymium \"Neodymium\") is found in monazite, making it a rare mineral. Moreover, monazite contains many other rare metals such as [cerium](/wiki/Cerium \"Cerium\"), [lanthanum](/wiki/Lanthanum \"Lanthanum\"), [praseodymium](/wiki/Praseodymium \"Praseodymium\"), and samarium, making it a critical source of renewable energy. Recycled magnets can also be derived from these minerals due to the metals they contain. Monazite sand and deposits for mining are found in India, Brazil, and Australia.\n\n", "### Loparite\n\n[Loparite](/wiki/Loparite-%28Ce%29 \"Loparite-(Ce)\") is a mineral that contains three rare elements: [titanium](/wiki/Titanium \"Titanium\"), [niobium](/wiki/Niobium \"Niobium\"), and [tantalum](/wiki/Tantalum \"Tantalum\"). This is why it is often mined, as it is considered a rare\\-earth mineral. The deposits for loparite can be found in Russia and Paraguay, although it is also present in other countries such as Canada, Norway, Greenland, and Brazil. However, Russia remains the primary source for mining this mineral. The significance of loparite lies in its unique properties, which make it useful for conductivity, aircraft assembly, and as a radioactive tracer.\n\n", "Rarity\n------\n\n[Kyawthuite](/wiki/Kyawthuite \"Kyawthuite\") is a rare earth mineral due to its unique formation process. Unlike other minerals, it is created from a pegmatite deposit within an igneous rock. Its deep red\\-brown colour and high density come from the crystal assemblages within it. Its occurrence is very limited and the necessary pressure for formation is uncommon, making it quite scarce. The mineral contains [lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\"), [thallium](/wiki/Thallium \"Thallium\"), and [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen \"Oxygen\") that have undergone oxidation and is also composed of the rare metals [bismuth](/wiki/Bismuth \"Bismuth\") and [antimony](/wiki/Antimony \"Antimony\"). Interestingly, the mineral is named after Dr. Kyaw Thu, a former geologist at the University of Yangon who discovered it. It is found in the region of Myanmar Mogok.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\nFurther reading\n* Jones, Adrian P., Francis Wall and C. Terry Williams, eds. (1996\\) *Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits*, The Mineralogy Society Series \\#7, 372 pp. \n* [China New Policy Affect Rare Earth Price](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100826/http://prysmag.com/News/New-Policy-Affect-RE-Price.html)\n\n[Category:Lanthanide minerals](/wiki/Category:Lanthanide_minerals \"Lanthanide minerals\")\n[Category:Yttrium minerals](/wiki/Category:Yttrium_minerals \"Yttrium minerals\")\n[Category:Scandium minerals](/wiki/Category:Scandium_minerals \"Scandium minerals\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 26343411 ], "name": [ "S.A. Julio" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Teams", "Bracket", "First round", "First leg", "Second leg", "Second round", "First leg", "Second leg", "Quarter-finals", "First leg", "Second leg", "Semi-finals", "First leg", "Second leg", "Final", "Top scorers", "Notes", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **1984–85 European Cup** tournament was overshadowed by the [Heysel Stadium disaster](/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_disaster \"Heysel Stadium disaster\") that happened prior to the final match. That edition was won for the first time by [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") in a [1–0 win](/wiki/1985_European_Cup_Final \"1985 European Cup Final\") against defending champions [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\"). At sporting level, with this result they became the first club to have [won all three major European trophies](/wiki/UEFA_club_competition_records_and_statistics%23List_of_teams_to_have_won_the_three_main_European_club_competitions \"UEFA club competition records and statistics#List of teams to have won the three main European club competitions\") (European Cup/UEFA Champions League, [UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\"), and the [Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup \"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\")), as well *[a posteriori](/wiki/A_posteriori \"A posteriori\")* as the one that needed the shortest amount of time to complete this (8 years).\n\nFollowing the disaster, English clubs received a five\\-year ban from entering any European competition, thus ending a period of great success for English clubs in the European Cup which had seen three clubs winning seven finals since [1977](/wiki/1977_European_Cup_Final \"1977 European Cup Final\"), including six successive finals up to [1982](/wiki/1982_European_Cup_Final \"1982 European Cup Final\"). Liverpool, English champions in [1989–90](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Football_League \"1989–90 Football League\"), were given an extra year's ban. There would be no English club to win the trophy until [1999](/wiki/1999_UEFA_Champions_League_Final \"1999 UEFA Champions League Final\"), when [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") beat [Bayern Munich](/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich \"FC Bayern Munich\") 2–1\\.\n\n", "Teams\n-----\n\n| [Labinoti](/wiki/KF_Elbasani \"KF Elbasani\") | [Austria Wien](/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien \"FK Austria Wien\") | [Beveren](/wiki/K.S.K._Beveren \"K.S.K. Beveren\") | [Levski\\-Spartak](/wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia \"PFC Levski Sofia\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Omonia](/wiki/AC_Omonia \"AC Omonia\") | [Sparta Praha](/wiki/AC_Sparta_Prague \"AC Sparta Prague\") | [Lyngby](/wiki/Lyngby_Boldklub \"Lyngby Boldklub\") | [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") [TH](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_European_Cup \"1983–84 European Cup\") |\n| [Ilves](/wiki/FC_Ilves \"FC Ilves\") | [Bordeaux](/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux \"FC Girondins de Bordeaux\") | [BFC Dynamo](/wiki/Berliner_FC_Dynamo \"Berliner FC Dynamo\") | [VfB Stuttgart](/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart \"VfB Stuttgart\") |\n| [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. \"Panathinaikos F.C.\") | [Budapesti Honvéd](/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC \"Budapest Honvéd FC\") | [ÍA](/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%BEr%C3%B3ttabandalag_Akraness \"Íþróttabandalag Akraness\") | [Shamrock Rovers](/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C. \"Shamrock Rovers F.C.\") |\n| [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | [Avenir Beggen](/wiki/FC_Avenir_Beggen \"FC Avenir Beggen\") | [Valletta](/wiki/Valletta_F.C. \"Valletta F.C.\") | [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord \"Feyenoord\") |\n| [Linfield](/wiki/Linfield_F.C. \"Linfield F.C.\") | [Vålerenga](/wiki/V%C3%A5lerenga_Fotball \"Vålerenga Fotball\") | [Lech Poznań](/wiki/Lech_Pozna%C5%84 \"Lech Poznań\") | [Benfica](/wiki/S.L._Benfica \"S.L. Benfica\") |\n| [Dinamo București](/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Dinamo București\") | [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C. \"Aberdeen F.C.\") | [Athletic Bilbao](/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao \"Athletic Bilbao\") | [Gothenburg](/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg \"IFK Göteborg\") |\n| [Grasshopper](/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich \"Grasshopper Club Zürich\") | [Trabzonspor](/wiki/Trabzonspor \"Trabzonspor\") | [Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk](/wiki/FC_Dnipro \"FC Dnipro\") | [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\") |\n\n", "Bracket\n-------\n\n", "First round\n-----------\n\n\\|}\n\n### First leg\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n### Second leg\n\n*Grasshopper won 4–3 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Austria Wien won 8–0 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*1–1 on aggregate; Linfield won on away goals.*\n\n---\n\n*Sparta Praha won 5–3 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*3–3 on aggregate; BFC Dynamo won 5–4 on penalties.*\n\n---\n\n*Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk won 3–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Lyngby won 6–0 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*IFK Göteborg won 17–0 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Dinamo Bucharest won 5–3 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*3–3 on aggregate; Levski\\-Spartak won on away goals.*\n\n---\n\n*Beveren won 7–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Panathinaikos won 2–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Juventus won 6–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Bordeaux won 3–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Liverpool won 5–0 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Benfica won 4–3 on aggregate.*\n\n", "### First leg\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n", "### Second leg\n\n*Grasshopper won 4–3 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Austria Wien won 8–0 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*1–1 on aggregate; Linfield won on away goals.*\n\n---\n\n*Sparta Praha won 5–3 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*3–3 on aggregate; BFC Dynamo won 5–4 on penalties.*\n\n---\n\n*Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk won 3–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Lyngby won 6–0 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*IFK Göteborg won 17–0 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Dinamo Bucharest won 5–3 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*3–3 on aggregate; Levski\\-Spartak won on away goals.*\n\n---\n\n*Beveren won 7–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Panathinaikos won 2–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Juventus won 6–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Bordeaux won 3–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Liverpool won 5–0 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Benfica won 4–3 on aggregate.*\n\n", "Second round\n------------\n\n\\|}\n\n### First leg\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n### Second leg\n\n*3–3 on aggregate; Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk won on away goals.*\n\n---\n\n*Bordeaux won 2–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Sparta Praha won 2–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Austria Wien won 5–4 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Juventus won 6–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*2–2 on aggregate; IFK Göteborg won on away goals.*\n\n---\n\n*Panathinaikos won 5–4 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Liverpool won 3–2 on aggregate.*\n\n", "### First leg\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n", "### Second leg\n\n*3–3 on aggregate; Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk won on away goals.*\n\n---\n\n*Bordeaux won 2–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Sparta Praha won 2–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Austria Wien won 5–4 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Juventus won 6–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*2–2 on aggregate; IFK Göteborg won on away goals.*\n\n---\n\n*Panathinaikos won 5–4 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Liverpool won 3–2 on aggregate.*\n\n", "Quarter\\-finals\n---------------\n\n\\|}\n\n### First leg\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n### Second leg\n\n*Juventus won 3–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*2–2 on aggregate; Bordeaux won 5–3 on penalties.*\n\n---\n\n*Panathinaikos won 3–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Liverpool won 5–2 on aggregate.*\n\n", "### First leg\n\n---\n\n---\n\n---\n\n", "### Second leg\n\n*Juventus won 3–1 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*2–2 on aggregate; Bordeaux won 5–3 on penalties.*\n\n---\n\n*Panathinaikos won 3–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Liverpool won 5–2 on aggregate.*\n\n", "Semi\\-finals\n------------\n\n\\|}\n\n### First leg\n\n---\n\n### Second leg\n\n*Juventus won 3–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Liverpool won 5–0 on aggregate.*\n\n", "### First leg\n\n---\n\n", "### Second leg\n\n*Juventus won 3–2 on aggregate.*\n\n---\n\n*Liverpool won 5–0 on aggregate.*\n\n", "Final\n-----\n\n", "Top scorers\n-----------\n\n| Rank | Name | Team | Goals |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|1\n\n [Torbjörn Nilsson](/wiki/Torbj%C3%B6rn_Nilsson \"Torbjörn Nilsson\")\n\n [IFK Göteborg](/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg \"IFK Göteborg\")\n\n 7 |\n| [Michel Platini](/wiki/Michel_Platini \"Michel Platini\")\n\n [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\")\n\n 7 |\n|3\n\n [Paolo Rossi](/wiki/Paolo_Rossi \"Paolo Rossi\")\n\n [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\")\n\n 5 |\n| [Ian Rush](/wiki/Ian_Rush \"Ian Rush\")\n\n [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\")\n\n 5 |\n| [John Wark](/wiki/John_Wark \"John Wark\")\n\n [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\")\n\n 5 |\n|6\n\n [Massimo Briaschi](/wiki/Massimo_Briaschi \"Massimo Briaschi\")\n\n [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Jerry Carlsson](/wiki/Jerry_Carlsson \"Jerry Carlsson\")\n\n [IFK Göteborg](/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg \"IFK Göteborg\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Stig Fredriksson](/wiki/Stig_Fredriksson \"Stig Fredriksson\")\n\n [IFK Göteborg](/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg \"IFK Göteborg\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Rajko Janjanin](/wiki/Rajko_Janjanin \"Rajko Janjanin\")\n\n [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Bernard Lacombe](/wiki/Bernard_Lacombe \"Bernard Lacombe\")\n\n [Bordeaux](/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux \"FC Girondins de Bordeaux\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Hennadiy Lytovchenko](/wiki/Hennadiy_Lytovchenko \"Hennadiy Lytovchenko\")\n\n [Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk](/wiki/FC_Dnipro \"FC Dnipro\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Dieter Müller](/wiki/Dieter_M%C3%BCller \"Dieter Müller\")\n\n [Bordeaux](/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux \"FC Girondins de Bordeaux\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Stefan Pettersson](/wiki/Stefan_Pettersson_%28footballer%29 \"Stefan Pettersson (footballer)\")\n\n [IFK Göteborg](/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg \"IFK Göteborg\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Toni Polster](/wiki/Toni_Polster \"Toni Polster\")\n\n [Austria Vienna](/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien \"FK Austria Wien\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Zdeněk Procházka](/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Proch%C3%A1zka_%28footballer%29 \"Zdeněk Procházka (footballer)\")\n\n [Sparta Praha](/wiki/AC_Sparta_Prague \"AC Sparta Prague\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Herbert Prohaska](/wiki/Herbert_Prohaska \"Herbert Prohaska\")\n\n [Austria Vienna](/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien \"FK Austria Wien\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Dimitris Saravakos](/wiki/Dimitris_Saravakos \"Dimitris Saravakos\")\n\n [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. \"Panathinaikos F.C.\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Andreas Thom](/wiki/Andreas_Thom \"Andreas Thom\")\n\n [BFC Dynamo](/wiki/Berliner_FC_Dynamo \"Berliner FC Dynamo\")\n\n 3 |\n| [Paul Walsh](/wiki/Paul_Walsh \"Paul Walsh\")\n\n [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\")\n\n 3 |\n\n", "Notes\n-----\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [1984–85 All matches – season at UEFA website](https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/history/seasons/1984/matches/)\n* [European Cup results at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation](https://www.rsssf.org/ec/ecomp.html)\n* All scorers 1984–85 European Cup according to [protocols UEFA](https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/history/seasons/1984)\n* [1984–85 European Cup](https://archive.today/20130702225235/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/history/season=1984/intro.html) – results and line\\-ups (archive)\n\n[Category:1984–85 in European football](/wiki/Category:1984%E2%80%9385_in_European_football \"1984–85 in European football\")\n[Category:UEFA Champions League seasons](/wiki/Category:UEFA_Champions_League_seasons \"UEFA Champions League seasons\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 42543928 ], "name": [ "Mebigrouxboy" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Geography", "Subdivisions", "Infrastructure", "Education", "Healthcare", "Sports", "Parks and gardens", "Transport", "Deusto Canal", "Bridges", "Notable people", "Sights", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Deusto**, also known as **Deustu** in [Basque](/wiki/Basque_language \"Basque language\") and formerly known as *San Pedro de Deusto*, is one of the eight districts of [Bilbao](/wiki/Bilbao \"Bilbao\"), Spain. It is located on the right side of the [Bilbao estuary](/wiki/Estuary_of_Bilbao \"Estuary of Bilbao\"), in the northwestern part of the city and bordering the estuary itself on the south and the southern hillside of [Mount Artxanda](/wiki/Mount_Artxanda \"Mount Artxanda\") and Mount Bandera on the north. Deusto was originally an [elizate](/wiki/Elizate \"Elizate\") and also a [municipality](/wiki/Municipality \"Municipality\") until 1925 when it was completely annexed by Bilbao in order to expand the free land available to the city. Deusto is known as the university district of the city as it is home to the [University of Deusto](/wiki/University_of_Deusto \"University of Deusto\") and the Faculty of Economics and Business of the [University of the Basque Country](/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country \"University of the Basque Country\").\n\n", "History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|110px\\|Coat of arms of the former elizate of Deusto.](/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Bilbao-Deusto.svg \"Escudo de Bilbao-Deusto.svg\")\nLittle is known about the history of Deusto, as much of the local archives were destroyed during the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"). The exact moment of its foundation is unknown, but this is a common trait shared with other [elizates](/wiki/Elizate \"Elizate\") across [Biscay](/wiki/Biscay \"Biscay\"). It is known that the San Pedro de Deusto church was constructed some time around the 14th century and that until the 1700s the land was sparsely populated and the main economic activities were fishing and agricultural production, mostly wheat and vines.\n\nThe first town hall was erected in 1752, replaced by another building in 1888; this latter was demolished during the civil war. The town had the seat number 35 in the [General Councils of Biscay](/wiki/Juntas_Generales \"Juntas Generales\"). Traditionally, the municipality was divided into two quarters: Erribera (*riverside*) located by the river, which concentrated the commercial and maritime activities of the village, and Goierri (*highland*) at the foothills of mount Artxanda, which included most of the farm land. At the end of the 19th century the town enjoyed relative commercial prosperity thanks to the opening the railway line between Bilbao and [Getxo](/wiki/Getxo \"Getxo\"), which included a station in Deusto. Using the railway line, many of the agricultural products from Deusto were more easily sold in the [Ribera market](/wiki/Mercado_de_la_Ribera \"Mercado de la Ribera\") of Bilbao.\n\nA royal decree signed on 29 October 1924 established the annexation of Deusto to the city of Bilbao, effective on 1 January of the following year. Alongside Deusto, the elizates of [Begoña](/wiki/Bego%C3%B1a \"Begoña\") and [Lutxana](/wiki/Erandio \"Erandio\") were also annexed, although the latter would regain its autonomy in the early 1980s. In the following years a series of urban plans were developed, designed by architect [Ricardo Bastida](/wiki/Ricardo_Bastida \"Ricardo Bastida\"), with the aim of establishing a first urban grid for the district, which at the time still consisted mostly of scattered farmhouses. The rapid industrial development of Bilbao caused a massive migration of workers coming from elsewhere in Spain, and in consequence the creation of decadent shanty towns on the hills of the mount Banderas. These were demolished and replaced by apartment building projects in the decade of 1950, completely depleting the available land in the district.\n\nThe [Deusto Bridge](/wiki/Deusto_Bridge \"Deusto Bridge\"), a moveable bridge spanning the Bilbao estuary and connecting Deusto with [Abando](/wiki/Abando \"Abando\") was constructed between 1932 and 1936\\. During the [Francoist dictatorship](/wiki/Francoist_Spain \"Francoist Spain\") it was renamed *Bridge of the Generalissimo*. Its name was changed back to Deusto in the late 1970s. In 1968 a [canal](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\") was excavated connecting to the estuary on its northwestern side, with the aim of relieving the vessel traffic on the river. This canal became known as the Deusto Canal, and the newly created peninsula was named [Zorrotzaurre](/wiki/Zorrotzaurre \"Zorrotzaurre\"). This peninsula would later become an artificial island, following the completion of the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan designed by architect [Zaha Hadid](/wiki/Zaha_Hadid \"Zaha Hadid\"). As part of the Plan, the canal was finished and officially opened on 8 October 2018, making the former peninsula become an island.\n\n", "Geography\n---------\n\nDeusto is located on the right bank of the [estuary of Bilbao](/wiki/Estuary_of_Bilbao \"Estuary of Bilbao\"), on a plain between the river and nearby mountains. It borders to the north with [Mount Artxanda](/wiki/Mount_Artxanda \"Mount Artxanda\"), a natural border between the city of Bilbao and the neighbouring municipalities of [Erandio](/wiki/Erandio \"Erandio\") and [Sondika](/wiki/Sondika \"Sondika\"). To the east it borders the district of [Uribarri](/wiki/Uribarri \"Uribarri\"), [Abando](/wiki/Abando \"Abando\") to the south and [Basurtu\\-Zorrotza](/wiki/Basurto-Zorroza \"Basurto-Zorroza\") to the west. Deusto has a total area of . \n\n### Subdivisions\n\nPolitically and administratively, the district of Deusto is subdivided into four quarters (Basque: *auzo*), although it is common for locals to refer to even smaller subdivisions. The quarters are [Arangoiti](/wiki/Arangoiti \"Arangoiti\"), [Ibarrekolanda](/wiki/Ibarrekolanda \"Ibarrekolanda\"), [San Ignazio\\-Elorrieta](/wiki/San_Ignazio-Elorrieta \"San Ignazio-Elorrieta\") and [Deustu Doneperiaga\\-Deustuibarra](/wiki/Deustu_Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra \"Deustu Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra\"). While [Zorrotzaurre](/wiki/Zorrotzaurre \"Zorrotzaurre\") is administratively part of Deustu Doneperiaga\\-Deustuibarra, it is often considered as a separate entity due to its particular conditions.\n\n|\n\n| Map | Name |\n| --- | --- |\n| [150px](/wiki/File:Arangoiti.PNG \"Arangoiti.PNG\") | [Arangoiti](/wiki/Arangoiti \"Arangoiti\") |\n\n| Map | Name |\n| --- | --- |\n| [150px](/wiki/File:Ibarrekolanda.PNG \"Ibarrekolanda.PNG\") | [Ibarrekolanda](/wiki/Ibarrekolanda \"Ibarrekolanda\") |\n\n| Map | Name |\n| --- | --- |\n| [150px](/wiki/File:San_ignazio.PNG \"San ignazio.PNG\") | [San Ignazio\\-Elorrieta](/wiki/San_Ignazio-Elorrieta \"San Ignazio-Elorrieta\") |\n\n| Map | Name |\n| --- | --- |\n| [150px](/wiki/File:Deustuko_San_Pedro.PNG \"Deustuko San Pedro.PNG\") | [Deustu Doneperiaga\\-Deustuibarra](/wiki/Deustu_Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra \"Deustu Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra\") |\n\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n", "### Subdivisions\n\nPolitically and administratively, the district of Deusto is subdivided into four quarters (Basque: *auzo*), although it is common for locals to refer to even smaller subdivisions. The quarters are [Arangoiti](/wiki/Arangoiti \"Arangoiti\"), [Ibarrekolanda](/wiki/Ibarrekolanda \"Ibarrekolanda\"), [San Ignazio\\-Elorrieta](/wiki/San_Ignazio-Elorrieta \"San Ignazio-Elorrieta\") and [Deustu Doneperiaga\\-Deustuibarra](/wiki/Deustu_Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra \"Deustu Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra\"). While [Zorrotzaurre](/wiki/Zorrotzaurre \"Zorrotzaurre\") is administratively part of Deustu Doneperiaga\\-Deustuibarra, it is often considered as a separate entity due to its particular conditions.\n\n|\n\n| Map | Name |\n| --- | --- |\n| [150px](/wiki/File:Arangoiti.PNG \"Arangoiti.PNG\") | [Arangoiti](/wiki/Arangoiti \"Arangoiti\") |\n\n| Map | Name |\n| --- | --- |\n| [150px](/wiki/File:Ibarrekolanda.PNG \"Ibarrekolanda.PNG\") | [Ibarrekolanda](/wiki/Ibarrekolanda \"Ibarrekolanda\") |\n\n| Map | Name |\n| --- | --- |\n| [150px](/wiki/File:San_ignazio.PNG \"San ignazio.PNG\") | [San Ignazio\\-Elorrieta](/wiki/San_Ignazio-Elorrieta \"San Ignazio-Elorrieta\") |\n\n| Map | Name |\n| --- | --- |\n| [150px](/wiki/File:Deustuko_San_Pedro.PNG \"Deustuko San Pedro.PNG\") | [Deustu Doneperiaga\\-Deustuibarra](/wiki/Deustu_Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra \"Deustu Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra\") |\n\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n", "Infrastructure\n--------------\n\n### Education\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Main building of the University of Deusto.](/wiki/File:Universidad_de_Deusto%2C_Bilbao_%2826600327130%29.jpg \"Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao (26600327130).jpg\")\nThe district of Deusto is popularly known as the university district of Bilbao. Located in Deusto is the main campus of the [University of Deusto](/wiki/University_of_Deusto \"University of Deusto\"), a private university owned by the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\"), a religious order of the Catholic church. The university was founded in 1886 after the Jesuits moved their School of Higher Studies from [Laguardia](/wiki/Laguardia%2C_%C3%81lava \"Laguardia, Álava\") to its current location in Deusto. Since its foundation the university has played a prominent role in the industrial development of Bilbao and [its metropolitan area](/wiki/Greater_Bilbao \"Greater Bilbao\"). The main campus building was designed by Spanish architect [Francisco de Cubas](/wiki/Francisco_de_Cubas \"Francisco de Cubas\") and it was the largest building of the city when it first opened.\n\nAlso in Deusto it is located the Faculty of Economics and Business of the [University of the Basque Country](/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country \"University of the Basque Country\"), located next to the Sarriko park in the Ibarrekolanda quarter. The faculty was founded in 1955 as the Faculty of Economic Sciences and it adopted its current name in 2015\\. The European campus of the [DigiPen Institute of Technology](/wiki/DigiPen_Institute_of_Technology \"DigiPen Institute of Technology\") is located in the Zorrotzaurre island.\n\nIn Deusto is also located the Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga [music conservatory](/wiki/Music_school \"Music school\"), the main music academy of the city. The district also houses the municipal [Official School of Languages](/wiki/Escuela_Oficial_de_Idiomas \"Escuela Oficial de Idiomas\") and the [British Council](/wiki/British_Council \"British Council\"). Private religious schools such as the [Salesians](/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco \"Salesians of Don Bosco\") and [La Salle](/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers \"De La Salle Brothers\") are also located in the district.\n\n### Healthcare\n\nThere are two public [district health centers](/wiki/Community_health_center \"Community health center\") in the district, part of the [Osakidetza](/wiki/Osakidetza \"Osakidetza\") network. They are located in the Deustu Doneperiaga and San Ignazio\\-Elorrieta quarters. Located in the Deustuibarra quarter is the main hospital of *Igualatorio Médico Quirúrgico* (IMQ), a private healthcare provider. \n\n### Sports\n\nThe district has two municipal sport facilities, one in Deustu Doneperiaga\\-Deustuibarra and the other in San Ignazio\\-Elorrieta. The Deusto Sports Center (*Polideportivo de Deusto*) is located by the [Euskalduna Bridge](/wiki/Euskalduna_Bridge \"Euskalduna Bridge\") and the Bilbao estuary and was opened in 1987\\. Women's amateur football club [San Ignacio KE](/wiki/San_Ignacio_Kirol_Elkartea_%28Bilbo%29 \"San Ignacio Kirol Elkartea (Bilbo)\") and men's club [SD Deusto](/wiki/SD_Deusto \"SD Deusto\") (with a history going back to 1913\\) are based there.\n\n### Parks and gardens\n\nThe park of Sarriko, in the Ibarrekolanda quarter, is the largest of the district. Deusto has plazas and small parks scattered around its quarters, such as the Deustu Park by the Bidarte Palace, the San Pedro Plaza by the old church and the Hermano Gárate gardens by the university. The riverside includes more than three kilometres of walkways alongside the river, starting in Botikazar street by the university and continuing alongside the estuary up until Elorrieta. Many of these areas have been recently refurbished and renewed as part of the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan urban intervention.\n\n### Transport\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Sarriko metro station.](/wiki/File:Metro_Bilbao_Sarriko_Station.jpg \"Metro Bilbao Sarriko Station.jpg\")\nThe district is serviced by the [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") system [Metro Bilbao](/wiki/Metro_Bilbao \"Metro Bilbao\") lines 1 and 2, with three stations: [Deustu](/wiki/Deustu_%28Metro_Bilbao%29 \"Deustu (Metro Bilbao)\"), [Sarriko](/wiki/Sarriko_%28Metro_Bilbao%29 \"Sarriko (Metro Bilbao)\") and [San Ignazio](/wiki/San_Ignazio_%28Metro_Bilbao%29 \"San Ignazio (Metro Bilbao)\"). This underground system was opened in 1995 replacing the regional railway system *Bilbao\\-Las Arenas railway*, which started operations in the late 19th century. This narrow\\-gaude railway service had four stations across the district, *Universidad* (by the University of Deusto), *Deusto*, *Ibarrekolanda* and *San Ignacio*; after the opening of the metro system this overground track was shut down, although service was maintained between *Deusto* and the [Casco Viejo station](/wiki/Zazpikaleak/Casco_Viejo_station \"Zazpikaleak/Casco Viejo station\") operated by [Euskotren](/wiki/Euskotren_Trena \"Euskotren Trena\"). The service was finally suspended in 2010 and the remaining *Deusto* and *Universidad* stations closed down.\n\nThe district is served by numerous local [Bilbobus](/wiki/Bilbobus \"Bilbobus\") lines connecting to elsewhere in the city and particularly to Abando and the city centre. The regional buses [Bizkaibus](/wiki/BizkaiBus \"BizkaiBus\") serve several stops across the district, connecting to the main [University of the Basque Country](/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country \"University of the Basque Country\") campus in [Leioa](/wiki/Leioa \"Leioa\") and other cities on the right bank of the estuary. According to the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan, an extension of the [Bilbao tram](/wiki/Bilbao_tram \"Bilbao tram\") is expected to traverse the new [Zorrotzaurre](/wiki/Zorrotzaurre \"Zorrotzaurre\") island, with four stations planned.\n\nLehendakari Aguirre Avenue, named after the first [Basque president](/wiki/Lehendakari \"Lehendakari\") [José Antonio Aguirre](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Aguirre_%28politician%29 \"José Antonio Aguirre (politician)\"), is the main avenue traversing the district, connecting the [Deusto Bridge](/wiki/Deusto_Bridge \"Deusto Bridge\") area all the way to Elorrieta across Ibarrekolanda and San Ignazio. The regional road BI\\-604 starts at Deusto, connecting with the Asua valley across mount Artxanda, whereas from Saint Pius X square there are connections to the BI\\-625 regional road towards east Bilbao and the Artxanda\\-Ugasco tunnels towards the [Bilbao Airport](/wiki/Bilbao_Airport \"Bilbao Airport\").\n\n### Deusto Canal\n\nThe Deusto Canal is the district's main waterway after the estuary itself, separating the Erribera quarter into two sections; the riverside proper and the Zorrotzaurre island. It is an artificial [canal](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\") whose construction began in 1950, although the original project dates the early 20th century. The canal was intended to relieve maritime traffic in the estuary by serving as docks for the industrial activities that then were common in the Deusto riverside. The canal served its original purpose until 2006, when the construction of the new outer [Port of Bilbao](/wiki/Port_of_Bilbao \"Port of Bilbao\") was completed. The last ship to depart from the Deusto docks was the vessel *Fri River*, carrying laminated steel.\n\nThe original project intended the canal to connect directly Elorrieta with the Euskalduna shipyards, transforming Zorrotzaurre into an artificial island, however the construction was stopped before completion, leaving Zorrotzaurre as a peninsula instead. Following the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan designed by architect [Zaha Hadid](/wiki/Zaha_Hadid \"Zaha Hadid\"), a key element in the configuration of Zorrotzaurre and the Deusto riverside as new residential areas, works to finally complete the canal resumed in 2014 and was completed in 2018\\.\n\n### Bridges\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Deusto Bridge](/wiki/Deusto_Bridge \"Deusto Bridge\") spanning the Bilbao estuary.](/wiki/File:Abandoibarra6.jpg \"Abandoibarra6.jpg\")\nThere are four bridges in the district, three crossing the estuary and one crossing the canal. The Deusto Bridge is the oldest, built in 1936 as a result of the necessity of directly connecting [Abando](/wiki/Abando \"Abando\") with the districts annexed to Bilbao a decade earlier. It is a [bascule bridge](/wiki/Bascule_bridge \"Bascule bridge\") designed by architect [Ricardo Bastida](/wiki/Ricardo_Bastida \"Ricardo Bastida\") and inspired in the moveable bridges of [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). It was blown up less than a year after being finished, during the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") and reconstructed again in 1937\\.\n\nThe Euskalduna Bridge was the second bridge to cross the estuary in Deusto, opened in 1997 and designed by civil engineer [Javier Manterola](/wiki/Javier_Manterola \"Javier Manterola\"). It is a viaduct connecting the Sagrado Corazón de Jesús square with the Deusto riverside, using the land formerly occupied by [Euskalduna](/wiki/Euskalduna \"Euskalduna\") shipyards, hence the name. The third bridge constructed is the pedestrian Pedro Arrupe walkway, named after [Jesuit](/wiki/Company_of_Jesus \"Company of Jesus\") priest [Pedro Arrupe](/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe \"Pedro Arrupe\") and connects the modern [Abandoibarra](/wiki/Abandoibarra \"Abandoibarra\") area of [Abando](/wiki/Abando \"Abando\") directly to the University of Deusto campus. \n\nThe fourth bridge to be constructed in Deusto is the [Frank Gehry Bridge](/wiki/Frank_Gehry_Bridge \"Frank Gehry Bridge\"), crossing the Deusto Canal and connecting the Deusto riverside to [Zorrotzaurre](/wiki/Zorrotzaurre \"Zorrotzaurre\"). It was opened in 2015 and named after architect [Frank Gehry](/wiki/Frank_Gehry \"Frank Gehry\"), who designed the [Guggenheim Museum Bilbao](/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao \"Guggenheim Museum Bilbao\"). Currently under construction is the San Ignazio\\-Zorrotzaurre bridge, the second bridge spanning the Deusto Canal and connecting the San Ignazio quarter with the island. It is expected to be finished and open to traffic in 2020 and will be named after a relevant female figure.\n\n", "### Education\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Main building of the University of Deusto.](/wiki/File:Universidad_de_Deusto%2C_Bilbao_%2826600327130%29.jpg \"Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao (26600327130).jpg\")\nThe district of Deusto is popularly known as the university district of Bilbao. Located in Deusto is the main campus of the [University of Deusto](/wiki/University_of_Deusto \"University of Deusto\"), a private university owned by the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\"), a religious order of the Catholic church. The university was founded in 1886 after the Jesuits moved their School of Higher Studies from [Laguardia](/wiki/Laguardia%2C_%C3%81lava \"Laguardia, Álava\") to its current location in Deusto. Since its foundation the university has played a prominent role in the industrial development of Bilbao and [its metropolitan area](/wiki/Greater_Bilbao \"Greater Bilbao\"). The main campus building was designed by Spanish architect [Francisco de Cubas](/wiki/Francisco_de_Cubas \"Francisco de Cubas\") and it was the largest building of the city when it first opened.\n\nAlso in Deusto it is located the Faculty of Economics and Business of the [University of the Basque Country](/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country \"University of the Basque Country\"), located next to the Sarriko park in the Ibarrekolanda quarter. The faculty was founded in 1955 as the Faculty of Economic Sciences and it adopted its current name in 2015\\. The European campus of the [DigiPen Institute of Technology](/wiki/DigiPen_Institute_of_Technology \"DigiPen Institute of Technology\") is located in the Zorrotzaurre island.\n\nIn Deusto is also located the Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga [music conservatory](/wiki/Music_school \"Music school\"), the main music academy of the city. The district also houses the municipal [Official School of Languages](/wiki/Escuela_Oficial_de_Idiomas \"Escuela Oficial de Idiomas\") and the [British Council](/wiki/British_Council \"British Council\"). Private religious schools such as the [Salesians](/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco \"Salesians of Don Bosco\") and [La Salle](/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers \"De La Salle Brothers\") are also located in the district.\n\n", "### Healthcare\n\nThere are two public [district health centers](/wiki/Community_health_center \"Community health center\") in the district, part of the [Osakidetza](/wiki/Osakidetza \"Osakidetza\") network. They are located in the Deustu Doneperiaga and San Ignazio\\-Elorrieta quarters. Located in the Deustuibarra quarter is the main hospital of *Igualatorio Médico Quirúrgico* (IMQ), a private healthcare provider. \n\n", "### Sports\n\nThe district has two municipal sport facilities, one in Deustu Doneperiaga\\-Deustuibarra and the other in San Ignazio\\-Elorrieta. The Deusto Sports Center (*Polideportivo de Deusto*) is located by the [Euskalduna Bridge](/wiki/Euskalduna_Bridge \"Euskalduna Bridge\") and the Bilbao estuary and was opened in 1987\\. Women's amateur football club [San Ignacio KE](/wiki/San_Ignacio_Kirol_Elkartea_%28Bilbo%29 \"San Ignacio Kirol Elkartea (Bilbo)\") and men's club [SD Deusto](/wiki/SD_Deusto \"SD Deusto\") (with a history going back to 1913\\) are based there.\n\n", "### Parks and gardens\n\nThe park of Sarriko, in the Ibarrekolanda quarter, is the largest of the district. Deusto has plazas and small parks scattered around its quarters, such as the Deustu Park by the Bidarte Palace, the San Pedro Plaza by the old church and the Hermano Gárate gardens by the university. The riverside includes more than three kilometres of walkways alongside the river, starting in Botikazar street by the university and continuing alongside the estuary up until Elorrieta. Many of these areas have been recently refurbished and renewed as part of the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan urban intervention.\n\n", "### Transport\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Sarriko metro station.](/wiki/File:Metro_Bilbao_Sarriko_Station.jpg \"Metro Bilbao Sarriko Station.jpg\")\nThe district is serviced by the [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") system [Metro Bilbao](/wiki/Metro_Bilbao \"Metro Bilbao\") lines 1 and 2, with three stations: [Deustu](/wiki/Deustu_%28Metro_Bilbao%29 \"Deustu (Metro Bilbao)\"), [Sarriko](/wiki/Sarriko_%28Metro_Bilbao%29 \"Sarriko (Metro Bilbao)\") and [San Ignazio](/wiki/San_Ignazio_%28Metro_Bilbao%29 \"San Ignazio (Metro Bilbao)\"). This underground system was opened in 1995 replacing the regional railway system *Bilbao\\-Las Arenas railway*, which started operations in the late 19th century. This narrow\\-gaude railway service had four stations across the district, *Universidad* (by the University of Deusto), *Deusto*, *Ibarrekolanda* and *San Ignacio*; after the opening of the metro system this overground track was shut down, although service was maintained between *Deusto* and the [Casco Viejo station](/wiki/Zazpikaleak/Casco_Viejo_station \"Zazpikaleak/Casco Viejo station\") operated by [Euskotren](/wiki/Euskotren_Trena \"Euskotren Trena\"). The service was finally suspended in 2010 and the remaining *Deusto* and *Universidad* stations closed down.\n\nThe district is served by numerous local [Bilbobus](/wiki/Bilbobus \"Bilbobus\") lines connecting to elsewhere in the city and particularly to Abando and the city centre. The regional buses [Bizkaibus](/wiki/BizkaiBus \"BizkaiBus\") serve several stops across the district, connecting to the main [University of the Basque Country](/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country \"University of the Basque Country\") campus in [Leioa](/wiki/Leioa \"Leioa\") and other cities on the right bank of the estuary. According to the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan, an extension of the [Bilbao tram](/wiki/Bilbao_tram \"Bilbao tram\") is expected to traverse the new [Zorrotzaurre](/wiki/Zorrotzaurre \"Zorrotzaurre\") island, with four stations planned.\n\nLehendakari Aguirre Avenue, named after the first [Basque president](/wiki/Lehendakari \"Lehendakari\") [José Antonio Aguirre](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Aguirre_%28politician%29 \"José Antonio Aguirre (politician)\"), is the main avenue traversing the district, connecting the [Deusto Bridge](/wiki/Deusto_Bridge \"Deusto Bridge\") area all the way to Elorrieta across Ibarrekolanda and San Ignazio. The regional road BI\\-604 starts at Deusto, connecting with the Asua valley across mount Artxanda, whereas from Saint Pius X square there are connections to the BI\\-625 regional road towards east Bilbao and the Artxanda\\-Ugasco tunnels towards the [Bilbao Airport](/wiki/Bilbao_Airport \"Bilbao Airport\").\n\n", "### Deusto Canal\n\nThe Deusto Canal is the district's main waterway after the estuary itself, separating the Erribera quarter into two sections; the riverside proper and the Zorrotzaurre island. It is an artificial [canal](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\") whose construction began in 1950, although the original project dates the early 20th century. The canal was intended to relieve maritime traffic in the estuary by serving as docks for the industrial activities that then were common in the Deusto riverside. The canal served its original purpose until 2006, when the construction of the new outer [Port of Bilbao](/wiki/Port_of_Bilbao \"Port of Bilbao\") was completed. The last ship to depart from the Deusto docks was the vessel *Fri River*, carrying laminated steel.\n\nThe original project intended the canal to connect directly Elorrieta with the Euskalduna shipyards, transforming Zorrotzaurre into an artificial island, however the construction was stopped before completion, leaving Zorrotzaurre as a peninsula instead. Following the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan designed by architect [Zaha Hadid](/wiki/Zaha_Hadid \"Zaha Hadid\"), a key element in the configuration of Zorrotzaurre and the Deusto riverside as new residential areas, works to finally complete the canal resumed in 2014 and was completed in 2018\\.\n\n", "### Bridges\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Deusto Bridge](/wiki/Deusto_Bridge \"Deusto Bridge\") spanning the Bilbao estuary.](/wiki/File:Abandoibarra6.jpg \"Abandoibarra6.jpg\")\nThere are four bridges in the district, three crossing the estuary and one crossing the canal. The Deusto Bridge is the oldest, built in 1936 as a result of the necessity of directly connecting [Abando](/wiki/Abando \"Abando\") with the districts annexed to Bilbao a decade earlier. It is a [bascule bridge](/wiki/Bascule_bridge \"Bascule bridge\") designed by architect [Ricardo Bastida](/wiki/Ricardo_Bastida \"Ricardo Bastida\") and inspired in the moveable bridges of [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). It was blown up less than a year after being finished, during the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") and reconstructed again in 1937\\.\n\nThe Euskalduna Bridge was the second bridge to cross the estuary in Deusto, opened in 1997 and designed by civil engineer [Javier Manterola](/wiki/Javier_Manterola \"Javier Manterola\"). It is a viaduct connecting the Sagrado Corazón de Jesús square with the Deusto riverside, using the land formerly occupied by [Euskalduna](/wiki/Euskalduna \"Euskalduna\") shipyards, hence the name. The third bridge constructed is the pedestrian Pedro Arrupe walkway, named after [Jesuit](/wiki/Company_of_Jesus \"Company of Jesus\") priest [Pedro Arrupe](/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe \"Pedro Arrupe\") and connects the modern [Abandoibarra](/wiki/Abandoibarra \"Abandoibarra\") area of [Abando](/wiki/Abando \"Abando\") directly to the University of Deusto campus. \n\nThe fourth bridge to be constructed in Deusto is the [Frank Gehry Bridge](/wiki/Frank_Gehry_Bridge \"Frank Gehry Bridge\"), crossing the Deusto Canal and connecting the Deusto riverside to [Zorrotzaurre](/wiki/Zorrotzaurre \"Zorrotzaurre\"). It was opened in 2015 and named after architect [Frank Gehry](/wiki/Frank_Gehry \"Frank Gehry\"), who designed the [Guggenheim Museum Bilbao](/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao \"Guggenheim Museum Bilbao\"). Currently under construction is the San Ignazio\\-Zorrotzaurre bridge, the second bridge spanning the Deusto Canal and connecting the San Ignazio quarter with the island. It is expected to be finished and open to traffic in 2020 and will be named after a relevant female figure.\n\n", "Notable people\n--------------\n\n* [Yolanda González](/wiki/Yolanda_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28activist%29 \"Yolanda González (activist)\") (1961\\-1980\\), murdered communist student\n", "Sights\n------\n\nFile:Universidad de Deusto.jpg\\|University of Deusto\nFile:Bilbao \\- Puente de Deusto 02\\.jpg\\|Deusto Bridge\nFile:Bilbao \\- San Pedro de Deusto 01\\.JPG\\|San Pedro de Deusto Church\nFile:Bilbao \\- Plaza de Ibarrekolanda, Conservatorio de Música Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga 9\\.jpg\\|Music Conservatory Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga\nFile:Euskalduna zubia airetik.jpg\\|Euskalduna Bridge\nFile:Bidarte.jpg\\|Bidarte Park\nFile:Bilbao \\- Zorrotzaurre (Deusto), Iglesia de San Pablo 4\\.JPG\\|San Pablo Church\nFile:Puente Pedro Arrupe.jpg\\|Pedro Arrupe walkway\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:Districts of Bilbao](/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Bilbao \"Districts of Bilbao\")\n[Category:Estuary of Bilbao](/wiki/Category:Estuary_of_Bilbao \"Estuary of Bilbao\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 27015025 ], "name": [ "InternetArchiveBot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Life", "Sources" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "[thumb\\|Henry of Kalden, depicted in the *[Liber ad honorem Augusti](/wiki/Liber_ad_honorem_Augusti \"Liber ad honorem Augusti\")* by [Peter of Eboli](/wiki/Peter_of_Eboli \"Peter of Eboli\"), 1196](/wiki/File:Henry_of_Kalden.jpg \"Henry of Kalden.jpg\")\n**Henry of Kalden** (; – after 1214\\) was a *[ministerialis](/wiki/Ministerialis \"Ministerialis\")* in the service of the German kings [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor\"), [Philip](/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia \"Philip of Swabia\"), [Otto IV](/wiki/Otto_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor\"), and [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sicily \"Frederick I of Sicily\"). \n\n", "Life\n----\n\nHenry probably was a son of the [Franconian](/wiki/Franconia \"Franconia\") noble Henry III *Testa* of [Pappenheim](/wiki/Pappenheim_%28state%29 \"Pappenheim (state)\"), Imperial [marshal](/wiki/Marshal \"Marshal\") of the [Hohenstaufen](/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen \"House of Hohenstaufen\") emperor [Frederick Barbarossa](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor\"). Historians have speculated whether Henry Testa and Henry of Kalden are one and the same person, though recent research tends to the assumption of a father\\-son relationship. They are also rated as the builders of [Kaltenburg Castle](/wiki/Kaltenburg_Castle \"Kaltenburg Castle\"), erected between 1150 and 1180\\. \n\nThe Pappenheim dynasty had held the hereditary marshal office since about 1100\\. Henry Testa was one of the leaders of the [Third Crusade](/wiki/Third_Crusade \"Third Crusade\") and is documented serving Emperor Frederick's son and successor Henry VI, while the latter was yet just [King of the Romans](/wiki/King_of_the_Romans \"King of the Romans\"), in his 1190/91 campaign to the [Sicilian kingdom](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\") as his right by marriage to the [Norman](/wiki/Normans \"Normans\") princess [Constance](/wiki/Constance%2C_Queen_of_Sicily \"Constance, Queen of Sicily\"). He participated in the unsuccessful siege of [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\"), before intense summer heat, epidemics and supply shortages caused the Imperial troops to leave the siege early. Henry Testa returned to Germany, and presumably died in 1191 at [Monte Cassino](/wiki/Monte_Cassino \"Monte Cassino\"). \n\nHenry von Kalden succeeded his father as Imperial marshal in the service of Emperor Henry VI. In 1194, when Henry VI finally subdued the peninsula and could invade Sicily, his marshal was with him. Back in Germany, he spent Christmas 1195 with the emperor at the [Imperial Palace](/wiki/Kaiserpfalz \"Kaiserpfalz\") of [Hagenau](/wiki/Hagenau \"Hagenau\"). Henry of Kalden was again sent to [Catania](/wiki/Catania \"Catania\"), where he and [Markward von Annweiler](/wiki/Markward_von_Annweiler \"Markward von Annweiler\") defeated a large resistance army of Sicilian nobles in 1197, sacked the city and took captive its bishop. Henry was one of the leaders of the [Crusade of 1197](/wiki/Crusade_of_1197 \"Crusade of 1197\") and led the Imperial army to [Acre](/wiki/Acre_%28city%29 \"Acre (city)\") in September, however, the German princes denied his authority and chose Duke [Henry of Brabant](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Duke_of_Brabant \"Henry I, Duke of Brabant\") as commander. Nevertheless, when the crusaders heard of Emperor Henry's death in [Messina](/wiki/Messina \"Messina\"), they had to return to Germany in order to secure their hereditary estates.\n\nHenry remained a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and entered the service of Henry VI's brother and successor in Germany, Duke [Philip of Swabia](/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia \"Philip of Swabia\"). In the throne quarrel with the [Welf](/wiki/House_of_Welf \"House of Welf\") prince [Otto IV](/wiki/Otto_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor\"), he aided Philip against the forces of Landgrave [Hermann of Thuringia](/wiki/Hermann_I%2C_Landgrave_of_Thuringia \"Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia\") in 1204 and against the [Cologne](/wiki/History_of_Cologne \"History of Cologne\") citizens in 1206, as well as in the negotiations with [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III \"Pope Innocent III\"). \n\nOn 8 June 1208, however, Philip was murdered out of rage by the [Bavarian](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria \"Duchy of Bavaria\") count palatine Count [Otto VIII of Wittelsbach](/wiki/Otto_VIII%2C_Count_Palatine_of_Bavaria \"Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria\"). Henry of Kalden received permission from the Pope to track down and kill Otto to avenge his master's death. Granted, Henry killed him at [Oberndorf](/wiki/Oberndorf_am_Lech \"Oberndorf am Lech\"), on the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\"), near [Regensburg](/wiki/Regensburg \"Regensburg\"), and cut off his head. He nevertheless accepted the new circumstances and joined the side of the recently crowned Emperor Otto IV, whose closest advisor he became, arranging Otto's marriage with Philip's daughter [Beatrice](/wiki/Beatrice_of_Swabia \"Beatrice of Swabia\") and moulding an aggressive Sicilian policy. \n\nAfter the December 1212 coronation of Henry VI's son [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\"), however, Otto's position worsened and the marshal returned to the Hohenstaufen fold. He is last documented in 1214 deeds.\n\n", "Sources\n-------\n\n* [*Annales Casinenses*.](http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/Annales%20Casinenses.doc) Translated by G. A. Loud.\n* [*Ottonis de Sancto Blasio Chronica*.](http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/Otto%20of%20Sankt%20Blasien.doc) Translated by G. A. Loud.\n* [*Ryccardi di Sancto Germano Notarii Chronicon*.](http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/ricsgermano.doc) Translated by G. A. Loud.\n* [Norwich, John Julius](/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich \"John Julius Norwich\"). *The Kingdom in the Sun 1130\\-1194*. Longman: [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), 1970\\.\n* Matthew, Donald. *The Norman Kingdom of Sicily*. [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press \"Cambridge University Press\"): 1992\\.\n\n \n\n[Category:Marshals of Germany](/wiki/Category:Marshals_of_Germany \"Marshals of Germany\")\n[Category:Christians of the Third Crusade](/wiki/Category:Christians_of_the_Third_Crusade \"Christians of the Third Crusade\")\n[Category:Christians of the Crusade of 1197](/wiki/Category:Christians_of_the_Crusade_of_1197 \"Christians of the Crusade of 1197\")\n[Category:Ministeriales](/wiki/Category:Ministeriales \"Ministeriales\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 2675188 ], "name": [ "Peter I. Vardy" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Clifton Park Museum", "York and Lancaster Regimental Museum", "Collections", "Clifton Park", "Facilities", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Clifton Park and Museum** is a [city park](/wiki/City_park \"City park\") and municipal [museum](/wiki/Museum \"Museum\") located in Clifton Park, [Rotherham](/wiki/Rotherham \"Rotherham\"), South Yorkshire, England. Clifton Park Museum is located in Clifton House and is one of several publicly owned museums and visitor attractions administered by the [Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham](/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rotherham \"Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham\"). The house is the headquarters of Heritage Services, which also includes the [York and Lancaster](/wiki/York_and_Lancaster_Regiment \"York and Lancaster Regiment\") [Regimental Museum](/wiki/Regimental_museum \"Regimental museum\") and Archives and Local Studies. It is a Grade II\\* [listed building](/wiki/Listed_building \"Listed building\"). Clifton Park is a visitor attraction with facilities including a skate park, rockery, memorial park and children's play areas. It is also Grade II listed with [Historic England](/wiki/Historic_England \"Historic England\").\n\n", "History\n-------\n\n[160px\\|thumb\\|1758 soldier's uniform in the York and Lancaster Regimental Museum](/wiki/File:Uniform_65th_Regiment_of_Foot_1758.jpg \"Uniform 65th Regiment of Foot 1758.jpg\")\nClifton House was designed by [John Carr](/wiki/John_Carr_%28architect%29 \"John Carr (architect)\") of York for Joshua Walker, an industrialist involved in the manufacture of iron and steel, and completed in 1784\\. The grounds of the house now comprising the park originally had [walled gardens](/wiki/Walled_gardens \"Walled gardens\"), pleasure grounds, and a fishpond, however they have mostly been lost due to later park changes. The house and park were purchased by the Municipal Borough of Rotherham in 1891 and the museum was first opened to the public later that year with the majority of its exhibits loaned by local people. It was administered by the Borough Librarian with a succession of honorary [curators](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\") until the 1970s. In 1974 the soot blackened stonework was cleaned and the museum building was extended when a roof was placed over the original open courtyard.\n\n", "Clifton Park Museum\n-------------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|160px\\|Rockingham Pottery](/wiki/File:Rockingham_Pottery_Display%2C_Clifton_Park_Museum.jpg \"Rockingham Pottery Display, Clifton Park Museum.jpg\")\n[160px\\|thumb\\|The museum](/wiki/File:Room_in_Clifton_Park_Museum.jpg \"Room in Clifton Park Museum.jpg\")\nIn 2003 the museum closed for a major refurbishment of the building and displays, partly funded by the [Heritage Lottery Fund](/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund \"Heritage Lottery Fund\"). During this time it was twice shortlisted for the [Gulbenkian Prize](/wiki/Museum_of_the_Year \"Museum of the Year\") for Museum of the Year in 2003 and 2004, for its innovative outreach programmes, despite the building being closed to the public. The refurbishment cost £3 million in total and included major repairs to the roof, heating systems, stonework, windows and electrical systems. In addition to new displays, improved public facilities included a study room, a cafeteria and a gift shop. A [lift](/wiki/Elevator \"Elevator\") was also installed to make the building fully accessible to disabled visitors. The interior was redecorated using the exact colour scheme as used when the building was a [Georgian](/wiki/Georgian_architecture \"Georgian architecture\") country house in the 18th century. Clifton Park Museum re\\-opened to the public on 29 January 2005\\.\n\n### York and Lancaster Regimental Museum\n\nThe York and Lancaster Regimental Museum is a separate museum located inside Clifton Park Museum and covers the history of the Regiment and its precursors the 65th and 84th Regiments of Foot. The displays have uniforms, equipment and guns from all periods of the history.\n\n### Collections\n\nThe museum collections include local social and industrial history, archaeology, natural sciences, coins and medals and fine and decorative arts. These include Roman remains from [Templeborough](/wiki/Templeborough \"Templeborough\"), and Nelson, a stuffed [Cape Lion](/wiki/Cape_Lion \"Cape Lion\"). The museum is noted for its particularly fine collection of [Rockingham Pottery](/wiki/Rockingham_Pottery \"Rockingham Pottery\"), including one of only two specimens of porcelain 'Rhinoceros Vase', which were created as showcases of the work of the pottery.\n\n", "### York and Lancaster Regimental Museum\n\nThe York and Lancaster Regimental Museum is a separate museum located inside Clifton Park Museum and covers the history of the Regiment and its precursors the 65th and 84th Regiments of Foot. The displays have uniforms, equipment and guns from all periods of the history.\n\n", "### Collections\n\nThe museum collections include local social and industrial history, archaeology, natural sciences, coins and medals and fine and decorative arts. These include Roman remains from [Templeborough](/wiki/Templeborough \"Templeborough\"), and Nelson, a stuffed [Cape Lion](/wiki/Cape_Lion \"Cape Lion\"). The museum is noted for its particularly fine collection of [Rockingham Pottery](/wiki/Rockingham_Pottery \"Rockingham Pottery\"), including one of only two specimens of porcelain 'Rhinoceros Vase', which were created as showcases of the work of the pottery.\n\n", "Clifton Park\n------------\n\n[160px\\|thumb\\|The memorial garden](/wiki/File:Rotherham_-_Clifton_Park_Memorial_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_957521.jpg \"Rotherham - Clifton Park Memorial Garden - geograph.org.uk - 957521.jpg\")\nThe park in which the museum sits is Grade II listed with [Historic England](/wiki/Historic_England \"Historic England\") so too are the gate piers at one of the entrances. Clifton Park was opened on 25 June 1891 by the Prince of Wales, later [Edward VII](/wiki/Edward_VII \"Edward VII\"). Between 1891 and 1893 changes were made to the grounds to add footpaths, entrances and facilities resulting in the original walled kitchen garden being demolished. In the 1830s a commemorative beech tree was planted for [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\")'s coronation. In 1900 the main entrance was added, the Cenotaph was added in 1922, and the Memorial Gardens in 1948\\. The park was given a [Heritage Lottery Fund](/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund \"Heritage Lottery Fund\") award with a value of £7\\.6m and between 2009 and 2011 new features such as the water play area was added. A new walled garden was built and has plots maintained by a variety of different groups. The memorial garden has [floral](/wiki/Floral \"Floral\") displays and a central fountain which is engraved with the names of Rotherham's [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\") holders. The rock garden includes a waterfall and ponds. A new garden house and courtyard was built and offers event spaces and toilets. The house garden has Japanese maples, bamboos and a yellow weigelia.\n\n### Facilities\n\nIn addition to the museum there is a landtrain, children's play area, mini golf, crazy golf, a sand pit, a wet splash area, a [rock garden](/wiki/Rock_garden \"Rock garden\"), a memorial garden, a skate park, a fun park, a bowling green, tennis courts, picnicking, walking and a [bandstand](/wiki/Bandstand \"Bandstand\"). A [Parkrun](/wiki/Parkrun \"Parkrun\") takes place in the park every Saturday morning.\n\n", "### Facilities\n\nIn addition to the museum there is a landtrain, children's play area, mini golf, crazy golf, a sand pit, a wet splash area, a [rock garden](/wiki/Rock_garden \"Rock garden\"), a memorial garden, a skate park, a fun park, a bowling green, tennis courts, picnicking, walking and a [bandstand](/wiki/Bandstand \"Bandstand\"). A [Parkrun](/wiki/Parkrun \"Parkrun\") takes place in the park every Saturday morning.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Grade II\\* listed buildings in South Yorkshire](/wiki/Grade_II%2A_listed_buildings_in_South_Yorkshire \"Grade II* listed buildings in South Yorkshire\")\n* [Listed buildings in Rotherham (Boston Castle Ward)](/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Rotherham_%28Boston_Castle_Ward%29 \"Listed buildings in Rotherham (Boston Castle Ward)\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official Museum Website](http://cliftonpark.org.uk/)\n* [Official Park website](http://www.cliftonparkrotherham.co.uk/)\n\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Rotherham](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Rotherham \"Tourist attractions in Rotherham\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Rotherham](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Rotherham \"Buildings and structures in Rotherham\")\n[Category:Museums in South Yorkshire](/wiki/Category:Museums_in_South_Yorkshire \"Museums in South Yorkshire\")\n[Category:Local museums in South Yorkshire](/wiki/Category:Local_museums_in_South_Yorkshire \"Local museums in South Yorkshire\")\n[Category:Decorative arts museums in England](/wiki/Category:Decorative_arts_museums_in_England \"Decorative arts museums in England\")\n[Category:Ceramics museums in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Ceramics_museums_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Ceramics museums in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Museums established in 1891](/wiki/Category:Museums_established_in_1891 \"Museums established in 1891\")\n[Category:1891 establishments in England](/wiki/Category:1891_establishments_in_England \"1891 establishments in England\")\n[Category:Regimental museums in England](/wiki/Category:Regimental_museums_in_England \"Regimental museums in England\")\n[Category:Parks and open spaces in South Yorkshire](/wiki/Category:Parks_and_open_spaces_in_South_Yorkshire \"Parks and open spaces in South Yorkshire\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 45963401 ], "name": [ "Autisticeditor 20" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\nIn [human anatomy](/wiki/Human_anatomy \"Human anatomy\"), the **accessory obturator nerve** is an accessory [nerve](/wiki/Nerve \"Nerve\") in the [lumbar](/wiki/Lumbar \"Lumbar\") region present in about 29% of cases.\n\nIt is of small size, and arises from the ventral divisions of the third and fourth [lumbar nerves](/wiki/Lumbar_nerves \"Lumbar nerves\"). Recent evidence support that this nerve arises from dorsal divisions.\n\nIt descends along the medial border of the [psoas major](/wiki/Psoas_major \"Psoas major\"), crosses the [superior ramus](/wiki/Superior_pubic_ramus \"Superior pubic ramus\") of the [pubis](/wiki/Pubis_%28bone%29 \"Pubis (bone)\"), and passes under the [pectineus](/wiki/Pectineus \"Pectineus\"), where it divides into numerous branches.\n\nOne of these supplies the pectineus, penetrating its deep surface, another is distributed to the [hip\\-joint](/wiki/Hip-joint \"Hip-joint\"); while a third communicates with the [anterior branch](/wiki/Anterior_branch_of_obturator_nerve \"Anterior branch of obturator nerve\") of the [obturator nerve](/wiki/Obturator_nerve \"Obturator nerve\").\n\nOccasionally the accessory obturator nerve is very small and is lost in the capsule of the hip\\-joint.\n\nWhen it is absent, the hip\\-joint receives two branches from the obturator nerve.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Diagram at nysora.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20060322133004/http://www.nysora.com/techniques/genitofemoral_block/)\n\n[Category:Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso](/wiki/Category:Nerves_of_the_lower_limb_and_lower_torso \"Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 2842084 ], "name": [ "Jevansen" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Biography", "Recordings", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Peter Donohoe** [CBE](/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Commander of the Order of the British Empire\") (born 18 June 1953\\) is an English classical pianist.\n\n", "Biography\n---------\n\nPeter Donohoe was born in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), England, and educated at [Chetham's School of Music](/wiki/Chetham%27s_School_of_Music \"Chetham's School of Music\") where he studied violin, viola, clarinet and tuba. Donald Clarke recommended that Donohoe do an audition at the age of 14 at the [Royal Manchester College of Music](/wiki/Royal_Manchester_College_of_Music \"Royal Manchester College of Music\"), as a result, professor Derek Wyndham insisted on taking him as his youngest student. Donohoe continued to work with Wyndham throughout the rest of his schooldays, and then went on to study music with [Alexander Goehr](/wiki/Alexander_Goehr \"Alexander Goehr\") at the [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds \"University of Leeds\"). Later he returned to Manchester to continue working at the Royal Northern College of Music with Professor Wyndham, graduating in 1976 as BMus with first class honours in both piano and percussion as both teacher and performer.\n\nIn 1975 he had been engaged for a trial as timpanist with the [BBC Philharmonic](/wiki/BBC_Philharmonic \"BBC Philharmonic\"), which was the high point in a career in percussion playing that included the formation of a rock group, a percussion ensemble and involvement in many opera and symphonic performances across the UK as both first\\-call free\\-lance percussionist and regular extra with many major British symphony orchestras. Later this led to becoming first call extra keyboard player with the BBC Philharmonic, the [City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Orchestra \"City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra\"), the [Royal Liverpool Philharmonic](/wiki/Royal_Liverpool_Philharmonic \"Royal Liverpool Philharmonic\") and the [Hallé](/wiki/The_Hall%C3%A9 \"The Hallé\"). During his student years he also studied percussion playing with Jack Gledhill – then timpanist with the Hallé – and Gilbert Webster, who had been Principal Percussionist with the [BBC Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra \"BBC Symphony Orchestra\"), who encouraged his exploration of other disciplines, including the cimbalom, jazz improvisation on the vibraphone, and rock drumming.\n\nHowever, during his final year as an undergraduate he decided to put all his energies into the piano. After graduating, he spent one year studying with [Yvonne Loriod](/wiki/Yvonne_Loriod \"Yvonne Loriod\") and [Olivier Messiaen](/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen \"Olivier Messiaen\") in Paris. During his student years at the [Royal Northern College of Music](/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music \"Royal Northern College of Music\") he had also studied with [Vlado Perlemuter](/wiki/Vlado_Perlemuter \"Vlado Perlemuter\"), Sir [William Glock](/wiki/William_Glock \"William Glock\"), [Roger Woodward](/wiki/Roger_Woodward \"Roger Woodward\"), [Charles Rosen](/wiki/Charles_Rosen \"Charles Rosen\") and [Sequeira Costa](/wiki/Sequeira_Costa \"Sequeira Costa\"). In 1974 and 1975 he attended the Bartók Seminar in Budapest, where he studied with [Pál Kadosa](/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kadosa \"Pál Kadosa\") and first met his long\\-term colleague, [Zoltán Kocsis](/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kocsis \"Zoltán Kocsis\").\n\nIn 1976 Donohoe entered his first two competitions. The first was the British Liszt Competition in Guildford, England, in which he took third prize. Secondly he entered the Bartók\\-Liszt Competition in Budapest, Hungary, winning the Special Prize for his performance of [Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k \"Béla Bartók\"). It was in 1981 that he decided to extend his activities into foreign countries, and entered the Leeds International Piano Competition, in which he was placed sixth. One year later, in July 1982, he won the Joint Silver Medal at the [International Tchaikovsky Competition](/wiki/International_Tchaikovsky_Competition \"International Tchaikovsky Competition\") in Moscow – then in the Soviet Union. From his success with the Soviet public and musical colleagues he developed a relationship with Russia that is ongoing.\n\nIn the early years of his solo piano career, Donohoe was in demand by many UK recital series and amateur orchestras. Youth orchestras also played a big part in his activities. In 1970 he had joined the Cheshire Youth Orchestra as a percussionist, eventually becoming its percussion tutor, and also housemaster for several courses. On the first course in 1970 he had also played [Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\")'s First Piano Concerto, as well as being the orchestra's timpanist for the rest of the program.\n\nHis first significant break with professional orchestras was a result of his regular work as keyboard player with the Hallé, including many performances of the piano part of [Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\")'s *[Petrushka](/wiki/Petrushka \"Petrushka\")*. The conductor [James Loughran](/wiki/James_Loughran \"James Loughran\") offered him an opportunity to give his first solo concerto performance with a professional orchestra in June 1976, the same month in which he graduated from the Royal Northern College of Music and two months before the British Liszt Competition and the Bartók–Liszt Competition. His performance of [Rachmaninoff](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff \"Sergei Rachmaninoff\")'s *[Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini](/wiki/Rhapsody_on_a_Theme_of_Paganini \"Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini\")* launched a long\\-standing relationship with the Hallé, as well as leading to many invitations to perform as soloist with many other British orchestras. He made his London debut at the [Purcell Room](/wiki/Purcell_Room \"Purcell Room\") in 1979, closely followed by his [Last Night of the Proms](/wiki/Last_Night_of_the_Proms \"Last Night of the Proms\") debut in the same year.\n\nIn 1974 he met the conductor [Simon Rattle](/wiki/Simon_Rattle \"Simon Rattle\") – then 19 years old and having won the John Player International Conductors' Competition that same week. It was Rattle's first performance of Stravinsky's *[The Rite of Spring](/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring \"The Rite of Spring\")* – a piece with which he is known to have a special affinity – and Peter Donohoe was the timpanist. This encounter was to develop across the next 25 years, going on to include several foreign orchestral tours, over 50 concerto performances in cities all over the world and many CD piano concerto recordings. The link with the CBSO and Rattle (Rattle was the CBSO's Principal Conductor 1980–1998\\) brought about his performance in 2002 at Rattle's inaugural concert as chief conductor of the [Berlin Philharmonic](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic \"Berlin Philharmonic\").\n\nDonohoe was appointed principal conductor and artistic director of the [Northern Chamber Orchestra](/wiki/Northern_Chamber_Orchestra \"Northern Chamber Orchestra\") in 1984, a post he relinquished in 1987\\. He founded the Orchestra of the Mill in 1987 and directed it until 1993 when the orchestra ceased to exist owing to local council funding being withdrawn as a result of rate\\-capping. In 2000 he was appointed Principal Guest Conductor of the [Bath Philharmonia](/wiki/Bath_Philharmonia \"Bath Philharmonia\").\n\nDonohoe was appointed a [Commander of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Commander of the Order of the British Empire\") (CBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours.\n\nSince appearing on the professional stage, he has performed all over the world in solo recitals and chamber music, and in particular as solo artist with many of the world's leading symphony orchestras. These have included professional symphony orchestras in the UK and Ireland, including annual performances at the Proms for seventeen years. Abroad he has played as soloist with a number of major orchestras and conductors.\n\n", "Recordings\n----------\n\nDonohoe exclusively signed with [EMI Records](/wiki/EMI_Records \"EMI Records\") in 1988, beginning a relationship that lasted until 1993, producing a major collection of CDs. These recordings tend largely towards 20th century composers such as [Olivier Messiaen](/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen \"Olivier Messiaen\"), [Béla Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k \"Béla Bartók\"), [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\"), [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\"), [Alban Berg](/wiki/Alban_Berg \"Alban Berg\"), [George Gershwin](/wiki/George_Gershwin \"George Gershwin\"), [Benjamin Britten](/wiki/Benjamin_Britten \"Benjamin Britten\") and [Sergei Rachmaninoff](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff \"Sergei Rachmaninoff\"). He preferred to wait until later in life before recording music by romantic and particularly classical composers, making exceptions, however, for music by [Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt \"Franz Liszt\"), [Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky \"Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\"), [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin \"Frédéric Chopin\"), [Johannes Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms \"Johannes Brahms\") and [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\"). His recording of Tchaikovsky's [Piano Concerto No. 2](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_%28Tchaikovsky%29 \"Piano Concerto No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)\") won the *[Gramophone](/wiki/Gramophone_%28magazine%29 \"Gramophone (magazine)\")* magazine's Concerto Recording of the year in 1988, and his recording of Liszt's Sonata in B minor won the [Grand Prix du Disque](/wiki/Grand_Prix_du_Disque \"Grand Prix du Disque\") in 1993\\. Since then he has made many recordings on a freelance basis with Deutsche Grammophon, [Hyperion](/wiki/Hyperion_Records \"Hyperion Records\"), [Chandos](/wiki/Chandos_Records \"Chandos Records\"), [BMG](/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group \"Bertelsmann Music Group\"), [Warner](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\") and [Naxos](/wiki/Naxos_Records \"Naxos Records\"). In the latter case, a series of recordings devoted to British works for piano and orchestra was inaugurated in 2001, growing to a catalogue of 14 works. In 2022, he recorded for Chandos [Dora Pejačević](/wiki/Dora_Peja%C4%8Devi%C4%87 \"Dora Pejačević\")'s Piano Concerto with the [BBC Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra \"BBC Symphony Orchestra\"), conducted by [Sakari Oramo](/wiki/Sakari_Oramo \"Sakari Oramo\").\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Interview with Peter Donohoe](http://www.bruceduffie.com/donohoe.html), 28 October 1998\n\n[Category:English classical pianists](/wiki/Category:English_classical_pianists \"English classical pianists\")\n[Category:English male classical pianists](/wiki/Category:English_male_classical_pianists \"English male classical pianists\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:1953 births](/wiki/Category:1953_births \"1953 births\")\n[Category:Musicians from Manchester](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Manchester \"Musicians from Manchester\")\n[Category:Prize\\-winners of the International Tchaikovsky Competition](/wiki/Category:Prize-winners_of_the_International_Tchaikovsky_Competition \"Prize-winners of the International Tchaikovsky Competition\")\n[Category:Prize\\-winners of the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition](/wiki/Category:Prize-winners_of_the_Leeds_International_Pianoforte_Competition \"Prize-winners of the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition\")\n[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Category:Commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Commanders of the Order of the British Empire\")\n[Category:People educated at Chetham's School of Music](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Chetham%27s_School_of_Music \"People educated at Chetham's School of Music\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 753665 ], "name": [ "Ser Amantio di Nicolao" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Discography", "Music videos", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Artur Marcin Rojek** (born May 6, 1972\\) is the former guitarist and lead singer of the [Polish](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\") [alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock \"Alternative rock\") group [Myslovitz](/wiki/Myslovitz \"Myslovitz\").*[Gazeta Wyborcza](/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza \"Gazeta Wyborcza\")*, \"Jak Artur Rojek redagował ?Gazetę?\", 2006\\-06\\-29, [http://katowice.gazeta.pl/katowice/1,35019,3450880\\.html](http://katowice.gazeta.pl/katowice/1,35019,3450880.html) He and the lead guitarist Wojciech Powaga founded the [Mysłowice](/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice \"Mysłowice\")\\-based group in 1992\\. He was also the guitarist, vocalist, and main songwriter for the [dream pop](/wiki/Dream_pop \"Dream pop\") band [Lenny Valentino](/wiki/Lenny_Valentino \"Lenny Valentino\"), which formed in 1998 and disbanded in 2001\\.*[Gazeta Wyborcza](/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza \"Gazeta Wyborcza\")*, \"Rozmowa z Arturem Rojkiem z Lenny Valentino\", 2001\\-11\\-26, [http://trojmiasto.gazeta.pl/trojmiasto/1,35611,575143\\.html](http://trojmiasto.gazeta.pl/trojmiasto/1,35611,575143.html)\n\nHe is the artistic director of [Off Festival](/wiki/Off_Festival \"Off Festival\"), an annual music festival established in 2006, which was held in his hometown [Mysłowice](/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice \"Mysłowice\") until 2009\\.*[Gazeta Wyborcza](/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza \"Gazeta Wyborcza\")*, \"Rojek zdradził gwiazdy kolejnego Off Festivalu\", [http://info.wyborcza.pl/temat/wyborcza/artur\\+rojek](http://info.wyborcza.pl/temat/wyborcza/artur+rojek) Now the festival takes place in [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice \"Katowice\").\n\nOn 20 April 2012, Myslovitz informed about Rojek's departure in an official message signed by all members of the group.\n\nIn April 2014, Rojek released his debut solo album, *Składam się z ciągłych powtórzeń*.\n\nOf his early trajectory, Rojek states, \"I started my musical adventure with [OMD](/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark \"Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark\"). Then there were early [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\") records and first guitar UK bands, like [\\[the] Housemartins](/wiki/The_Housemartins \"The Housemartins\").\" He has also namechecked [the House of Love](/wiki/The_House_of_Love \"The House of Love\"), [the Stone Roses](/wiki/The_Stone_Roses \"The Stone Roses\"), [Ride](/wiki/Ride_%28band%29 \"Ride (band)\"), [the High](/wiki/The_High \"The High\"), [the Boo Radleys](/wiki/The_Boo_Radleys \"The Boo Radleys\") and [Galaxie 500](/wiki/Galaxie_500 \"Galaxie 500\").\n\n", "", "### Music videos\n\n| Title | Year | Directed | Album | Ref. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \"Beksa\" |2014\n\n Michał Braum |\n*Składam się z ciągłych powtórzeń*\n\n Archived at [Ghostarchive](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/AYOis02tujI) and the [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20140307180856/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYOis02tujI): |\n| \"Syreny\" | Tomasz Gliński | |\n|\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:1972 births](/wiki/Category:1972_births \"1972 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People from Mysłowice](/wiki/Category:People_from_Mys%C5%82owice \"People from Mysłowice\")\n[Category:Polish male guitarists](/wiki/Category:Polish_male_guitarists \"Polish male guitarists\")\n[Category:Polish rock singers](/wiki/Category:Polish_rock_singers \"Polish rock singers\")\n[Category:Polish lyricists](/wiki/Category:Polish_lyricists \"Polish lyricists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Polish male singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_male_singers \"20th-century Polish male singers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Polish male singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Polish_male_singers \"21st-century Polish male singers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Polish singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Polish_singers \"21st-century Polish singers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century guitarists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_guitarists \"21st-century guitarists\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 45789152 ], "name": [ "Jlwoodwa" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Effects", "Perceived social isolation in humans", "Neuroimaging studies", "Social isolation in rodents", "Neurobiology", "In social animal species in general", "Background", "Contributing factors", "Isolation among the elderly", "Isolation and health and mortality", "Isolation among children and teens", "Demographics", "See also", "References", "Further reading" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Social isolation** is a state of complete or near\\-complete lack of contact between an individual and [society](/wiki/Society \"Society\"). It differs from [loneliness](/wiki/Loneliness \"Loneliness\"), which reflects temporary and involuntary lack of contact with other humans in the world. Social isolation can be an issue for individuals of any age, though symptoms may differ by age group.\n\nSocial isolation has similar characteristics in both temporary instances and for those with a historical lifelong isolation cycle. All types of social isolation can include staying home for lengthy periods of time, having no communication with family, acquaintances or friends, and/or willfully avoiding any contact with other humans when those opportunities do arise.\n\n", "Effects\n-------\n\nTrue social isolation over years and decades can be a [chronic condition](/wiki/Chronic_condition \"Chronic condition\") affecting all aspects of a person's existence. Social isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness, fear of others, or [negative self\\-esteem](/wiki/Self-esteem%23Low_self-esteem \"Self-esteem#Low self-esteem\"). Lack of consistent human contact can also cause conflict with (peripheral) friends. The socially isolated person may occasionally talk to or cause problems with family members.\n\nIn the case of mood\\-related isolation, the individual may isolate during a [depressive episode](/wiki/Depressive_episode \"Depressive episode\") only to 'surface' when their mood improves. The individual may attempt to justify their [reclusive](/wiki/Recluse \"Recluse\") or isolating behavior as enjoyable or comfortable. There can be an inner realization on the part of the individual that there is something wrong with their isolating responses which can lead to heightened [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\"). Relationships can be a struggle, as the individual may reconnect with others during a healthier mood only to return to an isolated state during a subsequent low or depressed mood.\n\n", "Perceived social isolation in humans\n------------------------------------\n\nResearch indicates that perceived social isolation (PSI) is a risk factor for and may contribute to \"poorer overall cognitive performance and poorer executive functioning, faster cognitive decline, more negative and depressive cognition, heightened sensitivity to social threats, and a self\\-protective confirmatory bias in social cognition.\" PSI also contributes to accelerating the [ageing process](/wiki/Ageing_process \"Ageing process\"): Wilson et al. (2007\\) reported that, after controlling for social network size and frequency of social activity, perceived social isolation is predictive of cognitive decline and risk for [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\"). Moreover, the social interactions of individuals who feel socially isolated are more negative and less subjectively satisfying. This contributes to a vicious cycle in which the person becomes more and more isolated.\n\n### Neuroimaging studies\n\nIn the first [resting state fMRI](/wiki/Resting_state_fMRI \"Resting state fMRI\") functional connectivity (FC) study on PSI, PSI was found to be associated with increased resting\\-state FC between several nodes of the [cingulo\\-opercular network](/wiki/Cingulo-opercular_network \"Cingulo-opercular network\"), a neural network associated with tonic alertness. PSI was also associated with reduced resting\\-state FC between the cingulo\\-opercular network and the right [superior frontal gyrus](/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus \"Superior frontal gyrus\"), suggesting diminished executive control. \nCacioppo and colleagues (2009\\) found that lonely individuals express weaker activation of the [ventral striatum](/wiki/Ventral_striatum \"Ventral striatum\") in response to pleasant pictures of people than of objects, suggesting decreased reward to social stimuli. Lonely individuals also expressed greater activation of the [visual cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex \"Visual cortex\") in response to unpleasant depictions of people (i.e., negative facial expressions) than of objects; non\\-lonely individuals show greater activation of the right and left [temporoparietal junction](/wiki/Temporoparietal_junction \"Temporoparietal junction\") (TPJ), a region implicated in [theory of mind](/wiki/Theory_of_mind \"Theory of mind\"). The authors interpreted the findings to represent that lonely individuals pay greater attention to negative social stimuli, but non\\-lonely individuals, to a greater degree than lonely individuals, insert themselves into the perspective of others. \nMoreover, Kanai et al. (2012\\) reported that loneliness negatively correlated with gray matter density in the left posterior temporal sulcus, an area involved in [biological motion perception](/wiki/Biological_motion_perception \"Biological motion perception\"), [mentalizing](/wiki/Mentalizing \"Mentalizing\"), and [social perception](/wiki/Social_perception \"Social perception\").\n\nOverall, several neuroimaging studies in humans on perceived social isolation have emphasized implications of the visual cortex and right\\-hemispheric stress\\-related circuits underlying difference between lonely and non\\-lonely individuals. A recent population\\-genetics study marked a 50× increase in the neuroimaging research on perceived social isolation. The investigators tested for signatures of loneliness in grey matter morphology, intrinsic functional coupling, and fiber tract microstructure. The loneliness\\-linked neurobiological profiles converged on a collection of brain regions known as the [default mode network](/wiki/Default_mode_network \"Default mode network\"). This higher associative network shows more consistent loneliness associations in grey matter volume than other cortical brain networks. Lonely individuals display stronger functional communication in the default network, and greater microstructural integrity of its fornix pathway. The findings fit with the possibility that the up\\-regulation of these neural circuits supports mentalizing, reminiscence and imagination to fill the social void.\n\n", "### Neuroimaging studies\n\nIn the first [resting state fMRI](/wiki/Resting_state_fMRI \"Resting state fMRI\") functional connectivity (FC) study on PSI, PSI was found to be associated with increased resting\\-state FC between several nodes of the [cingulo\\-opercular network](/wiki/Cingulo-opercular_network \"Cingulo-opercular network\"), a neural network associated with tonic alertness. PSI was also associated with reduced resting\\-state FC between the cingulo\\-opercular network and the right [superior frontal gyrus](/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus \"Superior frontal gyrus\"), suggesting diminished executive control. \nCacioppo and colleagues (2009\\) found that lonely individuals express weaker activation of the [ventral striatum](/wiki/Ventral_striatum \"Ventral striatum\") in response to pleasant pictures of people than of objects, suggesting decreased reward to social stimuli. Lonely individuals also expressed greater activation of the [visual cortex](/wiki/Visual_cortex \"Visual cortex\") in response to unpleasant depictions of people (i.e., negative facial expressions) than of objects; non\\-lonely individuals show greater activation of the right and left [temporoparietal junction](/wiki/Temporoparietal_junction \"Temporoparietal junction\") (TPJ), a region implicated in [theory of mind](/wiki/Theory_of_mind \"Theory of mind\"). The authors interpreted the findings to represent that lonely individuals pay greater attention to negative social stimuli, but non\\-lonely individuals, to a greater degree than lonely individuals, insert themselves into the perspective of others. \nMoreover, Kanai et al. (2012\\) reported that loneliness negatively correlated with gray matter density in the left posterior temporal sulcus, an area involved in [biological motion perception](/wiki/Biological_motion_perception \"Biological motion perception\"), [mentalizing](/wiki/Mentalizing \"Mentalizing\"), and [social perception](/wiki/Social_perception \"Social perception\").\n\nOverall, several neuroimaging studies in humans on perceived social isolation have emphasized implications of the visual cortex and right\\-hemispheric stress\\-related circuits underlying difference between lonely and non\\-lonely individuals. A recent population\\-genetics study marked a 50× increase in the neuroimaging research on perceived social isolation. The investigators tested for signatures of loneliness in grey matter morphology, intrinsic functional coupling, and fiber tract microstructure. The loneliness\\-linked neurobiological profiles converged on a collection of brain regions known as the [default mode network](/wiki/Default_mode_network \"Default mode network\"). This higher associative network shows more consistent loneliness associations in grey matter volume than other cortical brain networks. Lonely individuals display stronger functional communication in the default network, and greater microstructural integrity of its fornix pathway. The findings fit with the possibility that the up\\-regulation of these neural circuits supports mentalizing, reminiscence and imagination to fill the social void.\n\n", "Social isolation in rodents\n---------------------------\n\nExperimental manipulations of social isolation in rats and mice (e.g., isolated rearing) are a common means of elucidating the effects of isolation on social animals in general. Researchers have proposed isolated rearing of rats as an etiologically valid model of human mental illness. Indeed, chronic social isolation in rats has been found to lead to depression\\-, anxiety\\-, and [psychosis](/wiki/Psychosis \"Psychosis\")\\-like behaviors as well signs of autonomic, neuroendocrine, and metabolic dysregulation. For example, a systematic review found that social isolation in rats is associated with increased expression of [BDNF](/wiki/BDNF \"BDNF\") in the [hippocampus](/wiki/Hippocampus \"Hippocampus\"), which is associated with increased anxiety\\-like symptoms. In another example, a study found that social isolation in rats is associated with increased [brain\\-derived neurotrophic factor](/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor \"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor\") (BDNF) expression in the prefrontal cortex. This results in the dysregulation of neural activity which is associated with anxiety, depression, and social dysfunction.\n\nThe effects of experimental manipulations of isolation in nonhuman social species has been shown to resemble the effects of perceived isolation in humans, and include: increased tonic sympathetic tone and [hypothalamic\\-pituitary\\-adrenal](/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal \"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal\") (HPA) activation and decreased inflammatory control, immunity, sleep salubrity, and expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid responses. However, the biological, neurological, and genetic mechanisms underlying these symptoms are poorly understood.\n\n### Neurobiology\n\nSocial isolation contributes to abnormal hippocampal development via specific alterations to microtubule stability and decreased [MAP\\-2](/wiki/MAP-2 \"MAP-2\") expression. Social isolation contributes to decreased expression of the synaptic protein [synaptophysin](/wiki/Synaptophysin \"Synaptophysin\") and decreased dendritic length and dendritic spine density of [pyramidal cells](/wiki/Pyramidal_cell \"Pyramidal cell\"). The underlying molecular mechanism of these structural neuronal alterations are microtubule stabilizations, which impair the remodeling and extension of [axons](/wiki/Axon \"Axon\")Mitchison \\& Kirschner, 1984 and [dendrites](/wiki/Dendrite \"Dendrite\").\n\nResearch by Cole and colleagues showed that perceived social isolation is associated with [gene expression](/wiki/Gene_expression \"Gene expression\") – specifically, the under\\-expression of genes bearing anti\\-inflammatory glucocorticoid response elements and over\\-expression of genes bearing response elements for pro\\-inflammatory [NF\\-κB](/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB \"NF-κB\")/[Rel](/wiki/Rel_homology_domain \"Rel homology domain\") [transcription factors](/wiki/Transcription_factor \"Transcription factor\"). This finding is paralleled by decreased lymphocyte sensitivity to physiological regulation by the HPA axis in lonely individuals. This, together with evidence of increased activity of the HPA axis, suggests the development of glucocorticoid resistance in chronically lonely individuals.\n\nSocial isolation can be a precipitating factor for [suicidal](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\") behavior. A large body of literature suggests that individuals who experience isolation in their lives are more vulnerable to suicide than those who have strong social ties with others.[World report on violence and health](https://books.google.com/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC&dq=Social+isolation+and+suicide&pg=PA195). p.195\\. Editors \\- Etienne G. Krug, Linda L. Dahlberg, James A. Mercey, Anthony B. Zwi and Rafael Lozano. *World Health Organization*. Published 2002\\. A study found social isolation to be among the most common risk factors identified by Australian men who attempt suicide. Professor Ian Hickie of the [University of Sydney](/wiki/University_of_Sydney \"University of Sydney\") said that social isolation was perhaps the most important factor contributing to male suicide attempts. Hickie said there was a wealth of evidence that men had more restricted social networks than women, and that these networks were heavily work\\-based.[Social isolation a key risk factor for suicide among Australian men – study](https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/25/loneliness-a-key-risk-factor-for-suicide-among-australian-men-study). *The Guardian*. Author \\- Melissa Davey. Published 25 June 2015\\. Retrieved 25 July 2018\\.\n\nA lack of social relationships negatively impacts the development of the brain's structure. In extreme cases of social isolation, studies of young mice and monkeys have shown how the brain is strongly affected by a lack of social behaviour and relationships.\n\n### In social animal species in general\n\nIn a hypothesis proposed by Cacioppo and colleagues, the isolation of a member of a social species has detrimental biological effects. In a 2009 review, Cacioppo and Hawkley noted that the health, life, and genetic legacy of members of social species are threatened when they find themselves on the social perimeter. For instance, social isolation decreases lifespan in the fruit fly; promotes obesity and [type 2 diabetes](/wiki/Type_2_diabetes \"Type 2 diabetes\") in mice; exacerbates infarct size and oedema and decreases post\\-stroke survival rate following experimentally induced stroke in mice; promotes activation of the sympatho\\-adrenomedullary response to an acute immobilisation or cold stressor in rats; delays the effects of exercise on adult neurogenesis in rats; decreases open field activity, increases basal cortisol concentrations, and decreases lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens in pigs; increases the 24\\-hour urinary [catecholamine](/wiki/Catecholamine \"Catecholamine\") levels and evidence of [oxidative stress](/wiki/Oxidative_stress \"Oxidative stress\") in the [aortic arch](/wiki/Aortic_arch \"Aortic arch\") of rabbits; and decreases the expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid response in the [frontal cortex](/wiki/Frontal_cortex \"Frontal cortex\").\n\nSocial isolation in the [common starling](/wiki/Common_starling \"Common starling\"), a highly social, flocking species of bird, has also been shown to stress the isolated birds.\n\n", "### Neurobiology\n\nSocial isolation contributes to abnormal hippocampal development via specific alterations to microtubule stability and decreased [MAP\\-2](/wiki/MAP-2 \"MAP-2\") expression. Social isolation contributes to decreased expression of the synaptic protein [synaptophysin](/wiki/Synaptophysin \"Synaptophysin\") and decreased dendritic length and dendritic spine density of [pyramidal cells](/wiki/Pyramidal_cell \"Pyramidal cell\"). The underlying molecular mechanism of these structural neuronal alterations are microtubule stabilizations, which impair the remodeling and extension of [axons](/wiki/Axon \"Axon\")Mitchison \\& Kirschner, 1984 and [dendrites](/wiki/Dendrite \"Dendrite\").\n\nResearch by Cole and colleagues showed that perceived social isolation is associated with [gene expression](/wiki/Gene_expression \"Gene expression\") – specifically, the under\\-expression of genes bearing anti\\-inflammatory glucocorticoid response elements and over\\-expression of genes bearing response elements for pro\\-inflammatory [NF\\-κB](/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB \"NF-κB\")/[Rel](/wiki/Rel_homology_domain \"Rel homology domain\") [transcription factors](/wiki/Transcription_factor \"Transcription factor\"). This finding is paralleled by decreased lymphocyte sensitivity to physiological regulation by the HPA axis in lonely individuals. This, together with evidence of increased activity of the HPA axis, suggests the development of glucocorticoid resistance in chronically lonely individuals.\n\nSocial isolation can be a precipitating factor for [suicidal](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\") behavior. A large body of literature suggests that individuals who experience isolation in their lives are more vulnerable to suicide than those who have strong social ties with others.[World report on violence and health](https://books.google.com/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC&dq=Social+isolation+and+suicide&pg=PA195). p.195\\. Editors \\- Etienne G. Krug, Linda L. Dahlberg, James A. Mercey, Anthony B. Zwi and Rafael Lozano. *World Health Organization*. Published 2002\\. A study found social isolation to be among the most common risk factors identified by Australian men who attempt suicide. Professor Ian Hickie of the [University of Sydney](/wiki/University_of_Sydney \"University of Sydney\") said that social isolation was perhaps the most important factor contributing to male suicide attempts. Hickie said there was a wealth of evidence that men had more restricted social networks than women, and that these networks were heavily work\\-based.[Social isolation a key risk factor for suicide among Australian men – study](https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/25/loneliness-a-key-risk-factor-for-suicide-among-australian-men-study). *The Guardian*. Author \\- Melissa Davey. Published 25 June 2015\\. Retrieved 25 July 2018\\.\n\nA lack of social relationships negatively impacts the development of the brain's structure. In extreme cases of social isolation, studies of young mice and monkeys have shown how the brain is strongly affected by a lack of social behaviour and relationships.\n\n", "### In social animal species in general\n\nIn a hypothesis proposed by Cacioppo and colleagues, the isolation of a member of a social species has detrimental biological effects. In a 2009 review, Cacioppo and Hawkley noted that the health, life, and genetic legacy of members of social species are threatened when they find themselves on the social perimeter. For instance, social isolation decreases lifespan in the fruit fly; promotes obesity and [type 2 diabetes](/wiki/Type_2_diabetes \"Type 2 diabetes\") in mice; exacerbates infarct size and oedema and decreases post\\-stroke survival rate following experimentally induced stroke in mice; promotes activation of the sympatho\\-adrenomedullary response to an acute immobilisation or cold stressor in rats; delays the effects of exercise on adult neurogenesis in rats; decreases open field activity, increases basal cortisol concentrations, and decreases lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens in pigs; increases the 24\\-hour urinary [catecholamine](/wiki/Catecholamine \"Catecholamine\") levels and evidence of [oxidative stress](/wiki/Oxidative_stress \"Oxidative stress\") in the [aortic arch](/wiki/Aortic_arch \"Aortic arch\") of rabbits; and decreases the expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid response in the [frontal cortex](/wiki/Frontal_cortex \"Frontal cortex\").\n\nSocial isolation in the [common starling](/wiki/Common_starling \"Common starling\"), a highly social, flocking species of bird, has also been shown to stress the isolated birds.\n\n", "Background\n----------\n\nSocial isolation is both a potential cause and a symptom of emotional or psychological challenges. As a cause, the perceived inability to interact with the world and others can create an escalating pattern of these challenges. As a symptom, periods of isolation can be chronic or episodic, depending upon any cyclical changes in mood, especially in the case of clinical depression.\n\nEveryday aspects of this type of deep\\-rooted social isolation can mean:\n* staying home for an indefinite period of time due to lack of access to social situations rather than a desire to be alone;\n* both not contacting, and not being contacted by, any acquaintances, even peripherally; for example, never being called by anybody on the telephone and never having anyone visit one's residence;\n* a lack of meaningful, extended relationships, and especially close intimacy (both [emotional](/wiki/Emotional_intimacy \"Emotional intimacy\") and [physical](/wiki/Physical_intimacy \"Physical intimacy\")).\n\n### Contributing factors\n\nThe following risk factors contribute to reasons why individuals distance themselves from society.\n* Aging – Once a person reaches an age where problems such as cognitive impairments and disabilities arise, they are unable to go out and socialize.\n* Health and disabilities – People may be embarrassed by their disabilities or health problems, such that they have a tendency to isolate themselves to avoid social interaction out of fear that they would be judged or stigmatized. Sometimes, rather than embarrassment, the disability itself and a person's lack of a support network can be the cause of social isolation.\n* [Autism](/wiki/Autism_spectrum \"Autism spectrum\") – autistic and allistic (non\\-autistic) people communicate very differently, leading to a [mutual friction](/wiki/Double_empathy_problem \"Double empathy problem\") when they try talking to each other. As autistic people are in a steep [minority](/wiki/Minority_group%23Disabled_people \"Minority group#Disabled people\"), often unable to find peers who communicate the same way they do, they are often ostracised by the majority, who mistake their direct, semantic communication style for them being purposefully arrogant, brash, and obtuse.\n* [Hearing loss](/wiki/Hearing_loss \"Hearing loss\") – hearing loss can cause communication impairment, which can lead to social isolation particularly in older adults.\n* The loss of a loved one can contribute to social isolation. Studies have shown that widows who keep in contact with friends or relatives have better psychological health. A study conducted by Jung\\-Hwa Ha and Berit Ingersoll\\-Dayton concluded that widows who had a lot of social contact and interactions lead to fewer depressive symptoms. During a time of loss social isolation is not beneficial to an individual's mental health.\n* Living alone – A 2015 study by the National Center for Family \\& Marriage Research found 13 percent of adults in the United States were living alone, up from 12 percent in 1990\\. The rate of living alone for people under 45 has not changed, but the rate for Americans aged 45 – 65 has increased over the past 25 years. People over the age of 65 are living alone less often.\n* Isolation may be imposed by an [abusive spouse](/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse \"Isolation to facilitate abuse\").\n* Rural isolation – In rural areas, factors such as living far apart from one another, [rural flight](/wiki/Rural_flight \"Rural flight\"), a negligible amount of public spaces and entertainment, and lack of access to mental health\\-related resources all contribute to isolation. Limited access to broadband internet and cellular activity also make it harder for those experiencing isolation to connect online or reach people.\n* Harassment – isolation can be an effect of someone experiencing harassment of a sexual nature\n* Unemployment – This can begin if someone is fired, dismissed, or released from a job or workplace, or leaves one of their own accords. If the person struggles or is unable to find a new job for a long period of time (i.e. months or years) the sense of isolation can become exacerbated, especially in [men](/wiki/Male_unemployment \"Male unemployment\").[Social isolation a key risk factor for suicide among Australian men – study](https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/25/loneliness-a-key-risk-factor-for-suicide-among-australian-men-study). *The Guardian*. Author \\- Melissa Davey. Published 25 June 2015\\. Retrieved 17 June 2019\\.\n* Independent home worker – The tasks implied in this kind of job generally does not imply social interaction in the physical level, nor going outside. Interactions and payments can be made by digital media so the person remains isolated from society.\n* Retirement – or other source of fixed income, makes innecessary for the person to search for a job, this situation is similar to unemployment but with better living on one hand but without the need to go outside on the other hand.\n* Transportation problems – If the person does not have transportation to attend gatherings or to simply get out of the house, they have no choice but to stay home all day, which can lead to those feelings of depression.\n* Societal adversity – Desire to avoid the discomfort, dangers, and responsibilities arising from being among people. This can happen if other people are sometimes, or often, rude, hostile, critical or judgmental, crude, or otherwise unpleasant. The person would just prefer to be alone to avoid the hassles and hardships of dealing with people. Being a part of an outgroup and social categorization can also play a part in creating adverse circumstances that the individual may attempt to avoid depending on the policies and attitudes of the society.\n* [Substance abuse](/wiki/Substance_abuse \"Substance abuse\") can be both cause and/or effect of isolation, often coinciding with mood\\-related disorders, especially among those living alone\n* [Economic inequality](/wiki/Economic_inequality \"Economic inequality\") – Poorer children have fewer school\\-class friends and are more often isolated. Adults on welfare, such as the [Ontario Disability Support Program](/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program \"Ontario Disability Support Program\") prioritize their monthly entitlement towards rent and low\\-cost meals, leaving opportunities to socialize at restaurants and movie theaters out of the question.[This woman with disabilities gets only $1,169 a month. She hopes the Ontario election changes that](https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/odsp-rates-election-issue-1.6433163). *CBC News*. Author \\- Clara Pasieka. Published April 28, 2022\\.\n* Self\\-esteem – A person with a low self\\-esteem or lack of self love can contribute to that person's isolation. Having a low self\\-esteem can cause one to overthink and stress themselves out when being around people, and can ultimately eliminate that feeling by isolating themselves. Removing this feeling can lead to an unfortunate social life in the future and can also harm potential relationships with others. According to [Northeastern University](/wiki/Northeastern_University \"Northeastern University\"), having a low self\\-esteem can hold us back from reaching out to making plans with other people. It can make a person feel like they're a burden to them, therefore once again isolating themselves from going out. This can also lead a person into thinking that they're not worthy of making friends and deserve any love; and also feeling like they do not deserve to have a happy life.\n* [Lockdowns](/wiki/Lockdown \"Lockdown\"), such as those imposed in 2020 and 2021 in an attempt to prevent the spread of [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\").\n\nSocial isolation can begin early in life. During this time of development, a person may become more preoccupied with feelings and thoughts of their individuality that are not easy to share with other individuals. This can result from feelings of shame, guilt, or alienation during childhood experiences. Social isolation can also coincide with developmental disabilities. Individuals with learning impairments may have trouble with social interaction. The difficulties experienced academically can greatly impact the individual's esteem and sense of self\\-worth. An example would be the need to repeat a year of school. During the early childhood developmental years, the need to fit in and be accepted is paramount. Having a learning deficit can in turn lead to feelings of isolation, that they are somehow 'different' from others.\n\nWhether new technologies such as the [Internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") and [mobile phones](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\") exacerbate social isolation (of any origin) is a debated topic among [sociologists](/wiki/Sociologists \"Sociologists\"), with studies showing both positive correlation of social connections with use of social media as well as mood disorders coinciding with problematic use.\n\n### Isolation among the elderly\n\nSocial isolation impacts approximately 24% of older adults in the United States, approximately 9 million people. The elderly have a unique set of isolating dynamics that often perpetuate one another and can drive the individual into deeper isolation. Increasing frailty, possible declines in overall health, absent or uninvolved relatives or children, economic struggles can all add to the feeling of isolation. Among the elderly, childlessness can be a cause for social isolation. Whether their child is deceased or they did not have children at all, the loneliness that comes from not having a child can cause social isolation. Retirement, the abrupt end of daily work relationships, the death of close friends or spouses can also contribute to social isolation.\n\nIn the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom, a significant sector of the elderly who are in their 80s and 90s are brought to [nursing homes](/wiki/Nursing_home \"Nursing home\") if they show severe signs of social isolation. Other societies such as many in [Southern Europe](/wiki/Southern_Europe \"Southern Europe\"), [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\"), [East Asia](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\"), and also the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") and [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\"), do not normally share the tendency towards admission to nursing homes, preferring instead to have children and extended\\-family of elderly parents take care of those elderly parents until their deaths. On the other hand, a report from Statistics Norway in 2016 stated that more than 30 percent of seniors over the age of 66 have two or fewer people to rely on should personal problems arise. Even still, nearly half of all members of senior communities are at high risk for social isolation, this is especially prevalent with seniors of a lower education and within the lower economic class and compounded with diminished availability of socializing options to these lower class individuals. There has also been an observed increase in physical gait among members of these communities.\n\nSocial isolation among older adults has been linked to an increase in disease morbidity, a higher risk of dementia, and a decrease in physical mobility along with an increase in general health concerns. Evidence of increased cognitive decline has been link to an increase in social isolation in depressed elderly women. At the same time, increasing social connectedness has been linked to health improvements among older adults.\n\nThe use of video communication/[video calls](/wiki/Video_call \"Video call\") has been suggested as a potential intervention to improve social isolation in seniors. However, its effectiveness is not known.\n\n#### Isolation and health and mortality\n\nSocial isolation and loneliness in older adults is associated with an increased risk for poor mental and physical health and increased mortality. There is an increased risk for early mortality in individuals experiencing social isolation compared to those who are not socially isolated. Studies have found social isolation is associated with increased risk in physical health conditions including high [blood pressure](/wiki/Blood_pressure \"Blood pressure\"), high [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol \"Cholesterol\"), elevated stress hormones, and weakened [immune systems](/wiki/Immune_system \"Immune system\"). Research also suggests that social isolation and mortality in the elderly share a common link to chronic inflammation with some differences between men and women. Social isolation has also been found to be associated with poor mental health including increased risk for [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 \"Depression (mood)\"), cognitive decline, [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\"), and substance use. Social isolation in elderly individuals is also associated with an increased risk for [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\"). However, not all studies found social isolation associated with the risk of poor health outcome.\n\n### Isolation among children and teens\n\nMiddle school is a time when youth tend to be sensitive to social challenges and their self\\-esteem can be fragile. During this vulnerable time in development, supporting students' sense of belonging at school is of critical importance. Existing research finds that adolescents' development of a sense of belonging is an important factor in adolescence for creating social and emotional well\\-being and academic success. Studies have found that friendship\\-related loneliness is more explanatory for depressive symptoms among adolescents than parent\\-related loneliness. One possible explanation is that friends are the preferred source of social support during adolescence.\n\nScientists have long known that loneliness in adults can predispose depressive symptoms later in life. Lately, scientists have also seen that lonely children are more susceptible to depressive symptoms in youth. In one study, researchers conclude that prevention of loneliness in childhood may be a protective factor against depression in adulthood. Socially isolated children tend to have lower subsequent educational attainment, be part of a less advantaged social class in adulthood, and are more likely to be psychologically distressed in adulthood. By receiving social assistance, studies show that children can cope more easily with high levels of stress. It is also shown that social support is strongly associated with feelings of mastery and the ability to deal with stressful situations, as well as strongly associated with increased quality of life.\n\n### Demographics\n\nResearch has shown that men and boys are more likely to experience social isolation in their lives.\n\n", "### Contributing factors\n\nThe following risk factors contribute to reasons why individuals distance themselves from society.\n* Aging – Once a person reaches an age where problems such as cognitive impairments and disabilities arise, they are unable to go out and socialize.\n* Health and disabilities – People may be embarrassed by their disabilities or health problems, such that they have a tendency to isolate themselves to avoid social interaction out of fear that they would be judged or stigmatized. Sometimes, rather than embarrassment, the disability itself and a person's lack of a support network can be the cause of social isolation.\n* [Autism](/wiki/Autism_spectrum \"Autism spectrum\") – autistic and allistic (non\\-autistic) people communicate very differently, leading to a [mutual friction](/wiki/Double_empathy_problem \"Double empathy problem\") when they try talking to each other. As autistic people are in a steep [minority](/wiki/Minority_group%23Disabled_people \"Minority group#Disabled people\"), often unable to find peers who communicate the same way they do, they are often ostracised by the majority, who mistake their direct, semantic communication style for them being purposefully arrogant, brash, and obtuse.\n* [Hearing loss](/wiki/Hearing_loss \"Hearing loss\") – hearing loss can cause communication impairment, which can lead to social isolation particularly in older adults.\n* The loss of a loved one can contribute to social isolation. Studies have shown that widows who keep in contact with friends or relatives have better psychological health. A study conducted by Jung\\-Hwa Ha and Berit Ingersoll\\-Dayton concluded that widows who had a lot of social contact and interactions lead to fewer depressive symptoms. During a time of loss social isolation is not beneficial to an individual's mental health.\n* Living alone – A 2015 study by the National Center for Family \\& Marriage Research found 13 percent of adults in the United States were living alone, up from 12 percent in 1990\\. The rate of living alone for people under 45 has not changed, but the rate for Americans aged 45 – 65 has increased over the past 25 years. People over the age of 65 are living alone less often.\n* Isolation may be imposed by an [abusive spouse](/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse \"Isolation to facilitate abuse\").\n* Rural isolation – In rural areas, factors such as living far apart from one another, [rural flight](/wiki/Rural_flight \"Rural flight\"), a negligible amount of public spaces and entertainment, and lack of access to mental health\\-related resources all contribute to isolation. Limited access to broadband internet and cellular activity also make it harder for those experiencing isolation to connect online or reach people.\n* Harassment – isolation can be an effect of someone experiencing harassment of a sexual nature\n* Unemployment – This can begin if someone is fired, dismissed, or released from a job or workplace, or leaves one of their own accords. If the person struggles or is unable to find a new job for a long period of time (i.e. months or years) the sense of isolation can become exacerbated, especially in [men](/wiki/Male_unemployment \"Male unemployment\").[Social isolation a key risk factor for suicide among Australian men – study](https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/25/loneliness-a-key-risk-factor-for-suicide-among-australian-men-study). *The Guardian*. Author \\- Melissa Davey. Published 25 June 2015\\. Retrieved 17 June 2019\\.\n* Independent home worker – The tasks implied in this kind of job generally does not imply social interaction in the physical level, nor going outside. Interactions and payments can be made by digital media so the person remains isolated from society.\n* Retirement – or other source of fixed income, makes innecessary for the person to search for a job, this situation is similar to unemployment but with better living on one hand but without the need to go outside on the other hand.\n* Transportation problems – If the person does not have transportation to attend gatherings or to simply get out of the house, they have no choice but to stay home all day, which can lead to those feelings of depression.\n* Societal adversity – Desire to avoid the discomfort, dangers, and responsibilities arising from being among people. This can happen if other people are sometimes, or often, rude, hostile, critical or judgmental, crude, or otherwise unpleasant. The person would just prefer to be alone to avoid the hassles and hardships of dealing with people. Being a part of an outgroup and social categorization can also play a part in creating adverse circumstances that the individual may attempt to avoid depending on the policies and attitudes of the society.\n* [Substance abuse](/wiki/Substance_abuse \"Substance abuse\") can be both cause and/or effect of isolation, often coinciding with mood\\-related disorders, especially among those living alone\n* [Economic inequality](/wiki/Economic_inequality \"Economic inequality\") – Poorer children have fewer school\\-class friends and are more often isolated. Adults on welfare, such as the [Ontario Disability Support Program](/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program \"Ontario Disability Support Program\") prioritize their monthly entitlement towards rent and low\\-cost meals, leaving opportunities to socialize at restaurants and movie theaters out of the question.[This woman with disabilities gets only $1,169 a month. She hopes the Ontario election changes that](https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/odsp-rates-election-issue-1.6433163). *CBC News*. Author \\- Clara Pasieka. Published April 28, 2022\\.\n* Self\\-esteem – A person with a low self\\-esteem or lack of self love can contribute to that person's isolation. Having a low self\\-esteem can cause one to overthink and stress themselves out when being around people, and can ultimately eliminate that feeling by isolating themselves. Removing this feeling can lead to an unfortunate social life in the future and can also harm potential relationships with others. According to [Northeastern University](/wiki/Northeastern_University \"Northeastern University\"), having a low self\\-esteem can hold us back from reaching out to making plans with other people. It can make a person feel like they're a burden to them, therefore once again isolating themselves from going out. This can also lead a person into thinking that they're not worthy of making friends and deserve any love; and also feeling like they do not deserve to have a happy life.\n* [Lockdowns](/wiki/Lockdown \"Lockdown\"), such as those imposed in 2020 and 2021 in an attempt to prevent the spread of [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\").\n\nSocial isolation can begin early in life. During this time of development, a person may become more preoccupied with feelings and thoughts of their individuality that are not easy to share with other individuals. This can result from feelings of shame, guilt, or alienation during childhood experiences. Social isolation can also coincide with developmental disabilities. Individuals with learning impairments may have trouble with social interaction. The difficulties experienced academically can greatly impact the individual's esteem and sense of self\\-worth. An example would be the need to repeat a year of school. During the early childhood developmental years, the need to fit in and be accepted is paramount. Having a learning deficit can in turn lead to feelings of isolation, that they are somehow 'different' from others.\n\nWhether new technologies such as the [Internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") and [mobile phones](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\") exacerbate social isolation (of any origin) is a debated topic among [sociologists](/wiki/Sociologists \"Sociologists\"), with studies showing both positive correlation of social connections with use of social media as well as mood disorders coinciding with problematic use.\n\n", "### Isolation among the elderly\n\nSocial isolation impacts approximately 24% of older adults in the United States, approximately 9 million people. The elderly have a unique set of isolating dynamics that often perpetuate one another and can drive the individual into deeper isolation. Increasing frailty, possible declines in overall health, absent or uninvolved relatives or children, economic struggles can all add to the feeling of isolation. Among the elderly, childlessness can be a cause for social isolation. Whether their child is deceased or they did not have children at all, the loneliness that comes from not having a child can cause social isolation. Retirement, the abrupt end of daily work relationships, the death of close friends or spouses can also contribute to social isolation.\n\nIn the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom, a significant sector of the elderly who are in their 80s and 90s are brought to [nursing homes](/wiki/Nursing_home \"Nursing home\") if they show severe signs of social isolation. Other societies such as many in [Southern Europe](/wiki/Southern_Europe \"Southern Europe\"), [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\"), [East Asia](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\"), and also the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") and [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\"), do not normally share the tendency towards admission to nursing homes, preferring instead to have children and extended\\-family of elderly parents take care of those elderly parents until their deaths. On the other hand, a report from Statistics Norway in 2016 stated that more than 30 percent of seniors over the age of 66 have two or fewer people to rely on should personal problems arise. Even still, nearly half of all members of senior communities are at high risk for social isolation, this is especially prevalent with seniors of a lower education and within the lower economic class and compounded with diminished availability of socializing options to these lower class individuals. There has also been an observed increase in physical gait among members of these communities.\n\nSocial isolation among older adults has been linked to an increase in disease morbidity, a higher risk of dementia, and a decrease in physical mobility along with an increase in general health concerns. Evidence of increased cognitive decline has been link to an increase in social isolation in depressed elderly women. At the same time, increasing social connectedness has been linked to health improvements among older adults.\n\nThe use of video communication/[video calls](/wiki/Video_call \"Video call\") has been suggested as a potential intervention to improve social isolation in seniors. However, its effectiveness is not known.\n\n#### Isolation and health and mortality\n\nSocial isolation and loneliness in older adults is associated with an increased risk for poor mental and physical health and increased mortality. There is an increased risk for early mortality in individuals experiencing social isolation compared to those who are not socially isolated. Studies have found social isolation is associated with increased risk in physical health conditions including high [blood pressure](/wiki/Blood_pressure \"Blood pressure\"), high [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol \"Cholesterol\"), elevated stress hormones, and weakened [immune systems](/wiki/Immune_system \"Immune system\"). Research also suggests that social isolation and mortality in the elderly share a common link to chronic inflammation with some differences between men and women. Social isolation has also been found to be associated with poor mental health including increased risk for [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 \"Depression (mood)\"), cognitive decline, [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\"), and substance use. Social isolation in elderly individuals is also associated with an increased risk for [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\"). However, not all studies found social isolation associated with the risk of poor health outcome.\n\n", "#### Isolation and health and mortality\n\nSocial isolation and loneliness in older adults is associated with an increased risk for poor mental and physical health and increased mortality. There is an increased risk for early mortality in individuals experiencing social isolation compared to those who are not socially isolated. Studies have found social isolation is associated with increased risk in physical health conditions including high [blood pressure](/wiki/Blood_pressure \"Blood pressure\"), high [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol \"Cholesterol\"), elevated stress hormones, and weakened [immune systems](/wiki/Immune_system \"Immune system\"). Research also suggests that social isolation and mortality in the elderly share a common link to chronic inflammation with some differences between men and women. Social isolation has also been found to be associated with poor mental health including increased risk for [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 \"Depression (mood)\"), cognitive decline, [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\"), and substance use. Social isolation in elderly individuals is also associated with an increased risk for [dementia](/wiki/Dementia \"Dementia\"). However, not all studies found social isolation associated with the risk of poor health outcome.\n\n", "### Isolation among children and teens\n\nMiddle school is a time when youth tend to be sensitive to social challenges and their self\\-esteem can be fragile. During this vulnerable time in development, supporting students' sense of belonging at school is of critical importance. Existing research finds that adolescents' development of a sense of belonging is an important factor in adolescence for creating social and emotional well\\-being and academic success. Studies have found that friendship\\-related loneliness is more explanatory for depressive symptoms among adolescents than parent\\-related loneliness. One possible explanation is that friends are the preferred source of social support during adolescence.\n\nScientists have long known that loneliness in adults can predispose depressive symptoms later in life. Lately, scientists have also seen that lonely children are more susceptible to depressive symptoms in youth. In one study, researchers conclude that prevention of loneliness in childhood may be a protective factor against depression in adulthood. Socially isolated children tend to have lower subsequent educational attainment, be part of a less advantaged social class in adulthood, and are more likely to be psychologically distressed in adulthood. By receiving social assistance, studies show that children can cope more easily with high levels of stress. It is also shown that social support is strongly associated with feelings of mastery and the ability to deal with stressful situations, as well as strongly associated with increased quality of life.\n\n", "### Demographics\n\nResearch has shown that men and boys are more likely to experience social isolation in their lives.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Asociality](/wiki/Asociality \"Asociality\")\n* [Emotional isolation](/wiki/Emotional_isolation \"Emotional isolation\")\n* [Existential isolation](/wiki/Existential_isolation \"Existential isolation\")\n* [Existential crisis](/wiki/Existential_crisis \"Existential crisis\")\n* [Hikikomori](/wiki/Hikikomori \"Hikikomori\")\n* [Hedgehog's dilemma](/wiki/Hedgehog%27s_dilemma \"Hedgehog's dilemma\")\n* [Loner](/wiki/Loner \"Loner\")\n* [Solitary confinement](/wiki/Solitary_confinement \"Solitary confinement\")\n* [Solitude](/wiki/Solitude \"Solitude\")\n* [Stigma management](/wiki/Stigma_management \"Stigma management\")\n* [Social alienation](/wiki/Social_alienation \"Social alienation\")\n* [Social anxiety](/wiki/Social_anxiety \"Social anxiety\")\n* [Social connection](/wiki/Social_connection \"Social connection\")\n* [Social exclusion](/wiki/Social_exclusion \"Social exclusion\")\n* [Social network](/wiki/Social_network \"Social network\")\n* [Social rejection](/wiki/Social_rejection \"Social rejection\")\n* [Social relation](/wiki/Social_relation \"Social relation\")\n* [Social stigma](/wiki/Social_stigma \"Social stigma\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Small, Mario L.; Brant, Kristina; Fekete, Maleah (2024\\). \"The Avoidance of Strong Ties\". *American Sociological Review*.\n[Category:Interpersonal relationships](/wiki/Category:Interpersonal_relationships \"Interpersonal relationships\")\n[Category:Shyness](/wiki/Category:Shyness \"Shyness\")\n[Category:Shunning](/wiki/Category:Shunning \"Shunning\")\n[Category:Majority–minority relations](/wiki/Category:Majority%E2%80%93minority_relations \"Majority–minority relations\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 16420254 ], "name": [ "Soulbust" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Background", "Race history", "1993: two-year-old season", "1994: three-year-old season", "1994: four-year-old season", "Statistics", "Retirement", "Pedigree", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Holy Bull** (January 24, 1991 – June 7, 2017\\) was a champion [Thoroughbred](/wiki/Thoroughbred \"Thoroughbred\") [racehorse](/wiki/Horse_racing \"Horse racing\"). Although he finished a disappointing twelfth in the [1994 Kentucky Derby](/wiki/1994_Kentucky_Derby \"1994 Kentucky Derby\"), his major wins that year in the [Florida Derby](/wiki/Florida_Derby \"Florida Derby\"), [Blue Grass Stakes](/wiki/Blue_Grass_Stakes \"Blue Grass Stakes\"), [Metropolitan Handicap](/wiki/Metropolitan_Handicap \"Metropolitan Handicap\"), [Haskell Invitational](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational \"Haskell Invitational\"), [Travers Stakes](/wiki/Travers_Stakes \"Travers Stakes\") and [Woodward Stakes](/wiki/Woodward_Stakes \"Woodward Stakes\") earned him [American Horse of the Year](/wiki/American_Horse_of_the_Year \"American Horse of the Year\") honors. He suffered a career\\-ending injury in the Donn Handicap soon after the beginning of his four\\-year\\-old campaign in 1995\\.\n\nSubsequently, retired to stud, he was the sire of [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby \"Kentucky Derby\") winner [Giacomo](/wiki/Giacomo_%28horse%29 \"Giacomo (horse)\") and champion two\\-year\\-old [Macho Uno](/wiki/Macho_Uno \"Macho Uno\").\n\nHoly Bull was ranked \\#64 on the *[Blood\\-Horse](/wiki/Blood-Horse \"Blood-Horse\")* magazine's [list of the Top 100 U.S. racehorses of the 20th Century](/wiki/Blood-Horse_magazine_List_of_the_Top_100_U.S._Racehorses_of_the_20th_Century \"Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century\") and was inducted into the [National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame \"National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame\") in 2001\\.\n\n", "Background\n----------\n\nHoly Bull was a gray stallion who was bred in Florida by Rachel Carpenter's Pelican Stables. When Carpenter died in 1993, she bequeathed her horses to her long\\-time trainer [Warren A. Croll, Jr.](/wiki/Warren_A._Croll%2C_Jr. \"Warren A. Croll, Jr.\") Croll was previously best known as the trainer of the brilliant sprinter [Mr. Prospector](/wiki/Mr._Prospector \"Mr. Prospector\").\n\nHoly Bull was sired by Great Above, whose dam was the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame [filly](/wiki/Filly \"Filly\") [Ta Wee](/wiki/Ta_Wee \"Ta Wee\"). Unlike most modern sire lines, Great Above did not descend from either [Nearco](/wiki/Nearco \"Nearco\") or [Native Dancer](/wiki/Native_Dancer \"Native Dancer\") but instead from the now rare line of [Plaudit](/wiki/Plaudit \"Plaudit\"), the Kentucky Derby winner of 1898\\.\n\nHoly Bull, nicknamed \"The Bull\", stood high. He was known for his brilliant speed and was able to win from the front or off the pace. *Daily Racing Form* caricaturist [Peb](/wiki/Pierre_Bellocq \"Pierre Bellocq\") captured his somewhat split personality by portraying him as a raging bull with a halo above his head. On the one hand, Holy Bull was aggressive on the track and inclined to bite. On the other, he loved people, leading Croll to call him a ham. \"Whenever he sees a photographer,\" said Croll, \"he'll stop and pose. He's getting smarter by the day.\"\n\n", "Race history\n------------\n\n### 1993: two\\-year\\-old season\n\nHoly Bull was unbeaten in his four races as a two\\-year\\-old, including the Grade I [Belmont Futurity](/wiki/Belmont_Futurity \"Belmont Futurity\"). He made his racing debut on August 14, 1993 in a maiden special weight race at Monmouth Park, displaying \"super speed\" despite racing greenly. In his next start on September 2 in an allowance race at Belmont Park, he led from start to finish, winning by seven lengths.\n\nOn September 18, he made his stakes debut in the [Belmont Futurity](/wiki/Belmont_Futurity \"Belmont Futurity\"), where he faced the previously undefeated [Dehere](/wiki/Dehere \"Dehere\"), the eventual champion two\\-year\\-old colt of 1993\\. Over a muddy track, Holy Bull went to the early lead with Dehere tracking the pace in third place. As they entered the stretch, Dehere moved into second and started to close ground on Holy Bull but could not get past. Holy Bull hung on to win by half a length in a time of 1:23\\.31 for seven furlongs.\n\nHoly Bull had not been nominated as a foal to the [Breeders' Cup](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup \"Breeders' Cup\") and his Croll declined to supplement at a cost of $120,000 to race in the [Juvenile](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile \"Breeders' Cup Juvenile\"). Instead, Holy Bull finished his two\\-year\\-old season by winning the [In Reality Stakes](/wiki/In_Reality_Stakes \"In Reality Stakes\"), part of the Florida Stallion series.\n\n### 1994: three\\-year\\-old season\n\nAt age three Holy Bull won eight out of ten starts, five of which were [Grade I](/wiki/Graded_stakes_race \"Graded stakes race\") events. His average [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure \"Beyer Speed Figure\") over the course of the year was 115\\.\n\nHe made his first start of 1994 in the [Hutcheson Stakes](/wiki/Hutcheson_Stakes \"Hutcheson Stakes\") at Gulfstream Park on January 20\\. He took the early lead but was passed in the stretch by Patton. Holy Bull then rallied and pulled away to win by three\\-quarters of a length. He suffered his first loss in the [Fountain of Youth Stakes](/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth_Stakes \"Fountain of Youth Stakes\") when he was caught in an early speed duel and then tired, finishing last. The loss was subsequently blamed on Holy Bull getting excited and breathing through his mouth instead of his nose, thus not getting enough air. Croll subsequently fit him with a new nose band and bit to keep his mouth closed.\n\nAfter his unexpectedly poor performance, Holy Bull was made the third betting choice in the [Florida Derby](/wiki/Florida_Derby \"Florida Derby\") in a field of fourteen that included favorite [Go For Gin](/wiki/Go_For_Gin \"Go For Gin\"). Holy Bull took the early lead and set a solid early pace, then started to draw away in the stretch to win by nearly six lengths. His time of 1:47\\.96 for miles was the fastest Florida Derby since [Alydar](/wiki/Alydar \"Alydar\") in 1978 and earned him a \"lofty\" Beyer Speed Figure of 115\\. \"This,\" said jockey [Mike Smith](/wiki/Mike_E._Smith \"Mike E. Smith\"), \"was the real Holy Bull.\"\n\n\"The most exciting thing I ever saw was him alone on the lead Saturday,\" Croll said. \"After the race, he cooled out in 15 minutes and was screaming for his dinner. He cleaned out every oat and the following morning was as bright as the sun.\"\n\nIn his next start on April 16, Holy Bull was the odds on favorite in the [Blue Grass Stakes](/wiki/Blue_Grass_Stakes \"Blue Grass Stakes\"). He went to the early lead and set a moderate pace, then responded to a brief challenge by pulling away under a hand ride. The win earned Holy Bull a Beyer of 113\\. After the race, Smith was confident in the colt's ability to go an extra [furlong](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") in the upcoming Kentucky Derby. \"He would have gone around again today,\" he said. \"I think he'll go as far as you want him. I'm not going to say no one can ever beat him, but when he runs his race, they've got to have their running shoes on. Every time I get on his back, I realize he's incredible.\"\n\nHoly Bull was the favorite in the [1994 Kentucky Derby](/wiki/1994_Kentucky_Derby \"1994 Kentucky Derby\") but after breaking poorly, he finished a distant 12th on a sloppy track. Croll later claimed that the horse must have been tampered with, as he had behaved in an uncharacteristically lethargic manner before the race. The purpose of the tampering, in this claim, was to knock out the odds\\-on favourite to create a [dutch book](/wiki/Dutch_book \"Dutch book\"). Holy Bull was treated for several days after the race with antibiotics against a possible infection and missed a few days of training.\n\nCroll chose to skip the Preakness Stakes on May 21 and instead entered Holy Bull in the prestigious [Metropolitan Handicap](/wiki/Metropolitan_Handicap \"Metropolitan Handicap\"), popularly known as the Met Mile, against older horses on May 30\\. The field included the 1993 Belmont Stakes winner [Colonial Affair](/wiki/Colonial_Affair \"Colonial Affair\"), multiple stakes winner [Devil His Due](/wiki/Devil_His_Due \"Devil His Due\") and the fast improving [Cherokee Run](/wiki/Cherokee_Run \"Cherokee Run\"), who would go on to be named the champion sprinter of 1994\\. In one of his best performances, Holy Bull quickly took the lead and drew off to win by lengths, earning a Beyer Speed Figure of 122\\. \"I still can't explain the Derby,\" said Smith. \"But today he came out and showed what he is, like he always does – except for the first Saturday in May. He broke well and, every time I asked him to pick it up, he picked it up.\"\n\nAs the Belmont Stakes was held only 12 days after the Met Mile, Croll elected to bypass it to focus on races later in the year. \"The last thing I want to do is jeopardize his future,\" he said. Holy Bull returned in the [Dwyer Stakes](/wiki/Dwyer_Stakes \"Dwyer Stakes\") at Belmont Park on July 3, where he faced only three rivals. Once again, he went to the early lead then pulled away in the stretch to win by lengths. \"He's an amazing horse,\" said Croll, who had shipped Holy Bull in from Monmouth Park on the day of the race. \"This morning, getting on the van, he knew exactly where he was going. If I hadn't put him on the van, he'd have been disappointed.\"\n\nHe was next entered in the [Haskell Invitational Handicap](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational_Handicap \"Haskell Invitational Handicap\") at Monmouth Park on July 31, in which he conceded at least eight pounds to each of his rivals. He once again led from the start, then turned back a brief challenge by Meadow Flight down the stretch to win by lengths. \"I just tightened him up a little bit in the stretch and let him cruise on home,\" said Smith. \"I felt no pressure at all.\"\n\nIn his next start on August 20, Holy Bull faced his toughest challenge in the [Travers Stakes](/wiki/Travers_Stakes \"Travers Stakes\"), held at the same \\-mile distance as the Kentucky Derby. The field of five included Preakness and Belmont Stakes winner [Tabasco Cat](/wiki/Tabasco_Cat \"Tabasco Cat\") and [Arkansas Derby](/wiki/Arkansas_Derby \"Arkansas Derby\") winner [Concern](/wiki/Concern_%28horse%29 \"Concern (horse)\"), who would later win the [1994 Breeders' Cup Classic](/wiki/1994_Breeders%27_Cup_Classic \"1994 Breeders' Cup Classic\"). Trainer [D. Wayne Lukas](/wiki/D._Wayne_Lukas \"D. Wayne Lukas\") also entered Commanche Trail to act as a \"rabbit\" for stablemate Tabasco Cat, hoping to force Holy Bull into a speed duel and set the race up for Tabasco Cat to close in the stretch. As planned, Commanche Trail went straight to the lead, completing the first quarter\\-mile in :22 and the half\\-mile in :46. Holy Bull was right alongside and then pulled into the lead down the backstretch, completing the first three\\-quarters in 1:10. In the long history of the Travers, only the great [Man o' War](/wiki/Man_o%27_War \"Man o' War\") had ever run a faster six furlongs and held on to win the race. Rounding the far turn, Holy Bull opened up a large lead but then Concern, at one point more than 20 lengths behind, started to close ground rapidly. As they neared the finish line, Concern looked the likely winner but Holy Bull refused to let him by, prevailing by a neck. Tabasco Cat finished 17 lengths behind in third; Commanche Trail finished last, \"distanced\" by the field.\n\n\"They thought he didn't have the breeding to go a mile and a quarter,\" said Croll. \"They said he couldn't go around two turns. They thought he could win only on the lead. They had a rabbit up front and a closing horse chasing him at the end of a mile and a quarter. Well, he did what he had to do. He answered all the questions.\"\n\nHoly Bull finished the season in the [Woodward Stakes](/wiki/Woodward_Stakes \"Woodward Stakes\") on September 17 against a field that included Grade I winners [Devil His Due](/wiki/Devil_His_Due \"Devil His Due\"), [Colonial Affair](/wiki/Colonial_Affair \"Colonial Affair\"), [Go For Gin](/wiki/Go_For_Gin \"Go For Gin\"), [Tinners Way](/wiki/Tinners_Way_%28horse%29 \"Tinners Way (horse)\") and [Bertrando](/wiki/Bertrando \"Bertrando\"). This time Holy Bull rated behind the early pace set by Bertrando then drew off to win by five lengths. Smith said, \"I'm in awe of him. I thought he grew wings at the quarter pole.\"\n\nHoly Bull again skipped the Breeders Cup, in part because the supplemental fee to enter him in the Classic would have been $360,000\\. Croll also felt the colt needed a rest after a demanding season. \"You could give me a half\\-million dollars tax\\-free and I wouldn't run him in the Breeders' Cup,\" he said. \"This horse has been good for me and now it's time for me to be good to him.\"\n\nHoly Bull was voted the [Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3\\-Year\\-Old Male Horse](/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_3-Year-Old_Male_Horse \"Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Male Horse\") and [American Horse of the Year](/wiki/American_Horse_of_the_Year \"American Horse of the Year\"), earning 241 out of 245 votes for the latter award. The *[Daily Racing Form](/wiki/Daily_Racing_Form \"Daily Racing Form\")* weighted Holy Bull at 130 lbs., most for a 3\\-year\\-old in 15 years ([Spectacular Bid](/wiki/Spectacular_Bid \"Spectacular Bid\") in 1979\\).\n\n### 1994: four\\-year\\-old season\n\nAs a four\\-year\\-old, Holy Bull won the [Olympic Handicap](/wiki/Olympic_Handicap \"Olympic Handicap\") easily but was pulled up during the [Donn Handicap](/wiki/Donn_Handicap \"Donn Handicap\"). Subsequent examinations showed a bowed tendon but no permanent injury. \"If he wasn't Holy Bull, I'd bring him back to the races next year\", said Croll. \"I'm sorry we couldn't finish the year with him. He would have gone out in a blaze of glory. He has courage and class. I'm going to miss him. Everybody's going to miss him.\"\n\n### Statistics\n\n| Date | Age | Distance | Race | Grade | Track | Odds | Field | Finish | Winning Time | Winning(Losing)Margin | Jockey | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | 2 | [furlongs](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") | Maiden Special Weight | Maiden | Monmouth Park | \\*1\\.10 | 9 | 1 | 1:03\\.93 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 2 | [furlongs](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") | Allowance | Allowance | Belmont Park | \\*0\\.90 | 6 | 1 | 1:17\\.04 | 7 [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 2 | 7 [furlongs](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") | [Belmont Futurity](/wiki/Belmont_Futurity \"Belmont Futurity\") | I | Belmont Park | 3\\.10 | 6 | 1 | 1:23\\.31 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 2 | miles | [In Reality Stakes](/wiki/In_Reality_Stakes \"In Reality Stakes\") | black type | Calder Racetrack | \\*0\\.50 | 12 | 1 | 1:46\\.35 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | 7 furlongs | [Hutcheson Stakes](/wiki/Hutcheson_Stakes \"Hutcheson Stakes\") | II | Gulfstream Park | \\*0\\.50 | 5 | 1 | 1:21\\.23 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Fountain of Youth Stakes](/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth_Stakes \"Fountain of Youth Stakes\") | II | Gulfstream Park | \\*1\\.30 | 6 | 6 | 1:44\\.70 | ( [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\")) | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Florida Derby](/wiki/Florida_Derby \"Florida Derby\") | I | Gulfstream Park | 2\\.70 | 14 | 1 | 1:47\\.96 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Blue Grass Stakes](/wiki/Blue_Grass_Stakes \"Blue Grass Stakes\") | II | Keeneland | \\*0\\.60 | 7 | 1 | 1:50\\.02 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby \"Kentucky Derby\") | I | Churchill Downs | \\*2\\.20 | 14 | 12 | 2:03\\.72 | ( [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\")) | | |\n| | 3 | 1 mile | [Metropolitan Handicap](/wiki/Metropolitan_Handicap \"Metropolitan Handicap\") | I | Belmont | \\*1\\.00 | 10 | 1 | 1:33\\.98 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Dwyer Stakes](/wiki/Dwyer_Stakes \"Dwyer Stakes\") | II | Belmont Park | \\*0\\.30 | 4 | 1 | 1:41\\.15 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Haskell Invitational](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational \"Haskell Invitational\") | I | Monmouth Park | \\*0\\.20 | 6 | 1 | 1:48\\.36 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Travers Stakes](/wiki/Travers_Stakes \"Travers Stakes\") | I | Saratoga | \\*0\\.80 | 5 | 1 | 2:02\\.03 | neck | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Woodward Stakes](/wiki/Woodward_Stakes \"Woodward Stakes\") | I | Belmont | \\*0\\.90 | 8 | 1 | 1:46\\.89 | 5 lengths | | |\n| | 4 | 7 furlongs | [Olympic Handicap](/wiki/Olympic_Handicap \"Olympic Handicap\") | listed | Gulfstream Park | \\*0\\.40 | 6 | 1 | 1:22\\.04 | lengths | | |\n| | 4 | miles | [Donn Handicap](/wiki/Donn_Handicap \"Donn Handicap\") | I | Gulfstream Park | \\*0\\.30 | 9 | did not finish | | | | |\n|\n\n", "### 1993: two\\-year\\-old season\n\nHoly Bull was unbeaten in his four races as a two\\-year\\-old, including the Grade I [Belmont Futurity](/wiki/Belmont_Futurity \"Belmont Futurity\"). He made his racing debut on August 14, 1993 in a maiden special weight race at Monmouth Park, displaying \"super speed\" despite racing greenly. In his next start on September 2 in an allowance race at Belmont Park, he led from start to finish, winning by seven lengths.\n\nOn September 18, he made his stakes debut in the [Belmont Futurity](/wiki/Belmont_Futurity \"Belmont Futurity\"), where he faced the previously undefeated [Dehere](/wiki/Dehere \"Dehere\"), the eventual champion two\\-year\\-old colt of 1993\\. Over a muddy track, Holy Bull went to the early lead with Dehere tracking the pace in third place. As they entered the stretch, Dehere moved into second and started to close ground on Holy Bull but could not get past. Holy Bull hung on to win by half a length in a time of 1:23\\.31 for seven furlongs.\n\nHoly Bull had not been nominated as a foal to the [Breeders' Cup](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup \"Breeders' Cup\") and his Croll declined to supplement at a cost of $120,000 to race in the [Juvenile](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile \"Breeders' Cup Juvenile\"). Instead, Holy Bull finished his two\\-year\\-old season by winning the [In Reality Stakes](/wiki/In_Reality_Stakes \"In Reality Stakes\"), part of the Florida Stallion series.\n\n", "### 1994: three\\-year\\-old season\n\nAt age three Holy Bull won eight out of ten starts, five of which were [Grade I](/wiki/Graded_stakes_race \"Graded stakes race\") events. His average [Beyer Speed Figure](/wiki/Beyer_Speed_Figure \"Beyer Speed Figure\") over the course of the year was 115\\.\n\nHe made his first start of 1994 in the [Hutcheson Stakes](/wiki/Hutcheson_Stakes \"Hutcheson Stakes\") at Gulfstream Park on January 20\\. He took the early lead but was passed in the stretch by Patton. Holy Bull then rallied and pulled away to win by three\\-quarters of a length. He suffered his first loss in the [Fountain of Youth Stakes](/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth_Stakes \"Fountain of Youth Stakes\") when he was caught in an early speed duel and then tired, finishing last. The loss was subsequently blamed on Holy Bull getting excited and breathing through his mouth instead of his nose, thus not getting enough air. Croll subsequently fit him with a new nose band and bit to keep his mouth closed.\n\nAfter his unexpectedly poor performance, Holy Bull was made the third betting choice in the [Florida Derby](/wiki/Florida_Derby \"Florida Derby\") in a field of fourteen that included favorite [Go For Gin](/wiki/Go_For_Gin \"Go For Gin\"). Holy Bull took the early lead and set a solid early pace, then started to draw away in the stretch to win by nearly six lengths. His time of 1:47\\.96 for miles was the fastest Florida Derby since [Alydar](/wiki/Alydar \"Alydar\") in 1978 and earned him a \"lofty\" Beyer Speed Figure of 115\\. \"This,\" said jockey [Mike Smith](/wiki/Mike_E._Smith \"Mike E. Smith\"), \"was the real Holy Bull.\"\n\n\"The most exciting thing I ever saw was him alone on the lead Saturday,\" Croll said. \"After the race, he cooled out in 15 minutes and was screaming for his dinner. He cleaned out every oat and the following morning was as bright as the sun.\"\n\nIn his next start on April 16, Holy Bull was the odds on favorite in the [Blue Grass Stakes](/wiki/Blue_Grass_Stakes \"Blue Grass Stakes\"). He went to the early lead and set a moderate pace, then responded to a brief challenge by pulling away under a hand ride. The win earned Holy Bull a Beyer of 113\\. After the race, Smith was confident in the colt's ability to go an extra [furlong](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") in the upcoming Kentucky Derby. \"He would have gone around again today,\" he said. \"I think he'll go as far as you want him. I'm not going to say no one can ever beat him, but when he runs his race, they've got to have their running shoes on. Every time I get on his back, I realize he's incredible.\"\n\nHoly Bull was the favorite in the [1994 Kentucky Derby](/wiki/1994_Kentucky_Derby \"1994 Kentucky Derby\") but after breaking poorly, he finished a distant 12th on a sloppy track. Croll later claimed that the horse must have been tampered with, as he had behaved in an uncharacteristically lethargic manner before the race. The purpose of the tampering, in this claim, was to knock out the odds\\-on favourite to create a [dutch book](/wiki/Dutch_book \"Dutch book\"). Holy Bull was treated for several days after the race with antibiotics against a possible infection and missed a few days of training.\n\nCroll chose to skip the Preakness Stakes on May 21 and instead entered Holy Bull in the prestigious [Metropolitan Handicap](/wiki/Metropolitan_Handicap \"Metropolitan Handicap\"), popularly known as the Met Mile, against older horses on May 30\\. The field included the 1993 Belmont Stakes winner [Colonial Affair](/wiki/Colonial_Affair \"Colonial Affair\"), multiple stakes winner [Devil His Due](/wiki/Devil_His_Due \"Devil His Due\") and the fast improving [Cherokee Run](/wiki/Cherokee_Run \"Cherokee Run\"), who would go on to be named the champion sprinter of 1994\\. In one of his best performances, Holy Bull quickly took the lead and drew off to win by lengths, earning a Beyer Speed Figure of 122\\. \"I still can't explain the Derby,\" said Smith. \"But today he came out and showed what he is, like he always does – except for the first Saturday in May. He broke well and, every time I asked him to pick it up, he picked it up.\"\n\nAs the Belmont Stakes was held only 12 days after the Met Mile, Croll elected to bypass it to focus on races later in the year. \"The last thing I want to do is jeopardize his future,\" he said. Holy Bull returned in the [Dwyer Stakes](/wiki/Dwyer_Stakes \"Dwyer Stakes\") at Belmont Park on July 3, where he faced only three rivals. Once again, he went to the early lead then pulled away in the stretch to win by lengths. \"He's an amazing horse,\" said Croll, who had shipped Holy Bull in from Monmouth Park on the day of the race. \"This morning, getting on the van, he knew exactly where he was going. If I hadn't put him on the van, he'd have been disappointed.\"\n\nHe was next entered in the [Haskell Invitational Handicap](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational_Handicap \"Haskell Invitational Handicap\") at Monmouth Park on July 31, in which he conceded at least eight pounds to each of his rivals. He once again led from the start, then turned back a brief challenge by Meadow Flight down the stretch to win by lengths. \"I just tightened him up a little bit in the stretch and let him cruise on home,\" said Smith. \"I felt no pressure at all.\"\n\nIn his next start on August 20, Holy Bull faced his toughest challenge in the [Travers Stakes](/wiki/Travers_Stakes \"Travers Stakes\"), held at the same \\-mile distance as the Kentucky Derby. The field of five included Preakness and Belmont Stakes winner [Tabasco Cat](/wiki/Tabasco_Cat \"Tabasco Cat\") and [Arkansas Derby](/wiki/Arkansas_Derby \"Arkansas Derby\") winner [Concern](/wiki/Concern_%28horse%29 \"Concern (horse)\"), who would later win the [1994 Breeders' Cup Classic](/wiki/1994_Breeders%27_Cup_Classic \"1994 Breeders' Cup Classic\"). Trainer [D. Wayne Lukas](/wiki/D._Wayne_Lukas \"D. Wayne Lukas\") also entered Commanche Trail to act as a \"rabbit\" for stablemate Tabasco Cat, hoping to force Holy Bull into a speed duel and set the race up for Tabasco Cat to close in the stretch. As planned, Commanche Trail went straight to the lead, completing the first quarter\\-mile in :22 and the half\\-mile in :46. Holy Bull was right alongside and then pulled into the lead down the backstretch, completing the first three\\-quarters in 1:10. In the long history of the Travers, only the great [Man o' War](/wiki/Man_o%27_War \"Man o' War\") had ever run a faster six furlongs and held on to win the race. Rounding the far turn, Holy Bull opened up a large lead but then Concern, at one point more than 20 lengths behind, started to close ground rapidly. As they neared the finish line, Concern looked the likely winner but Holy Bull refused to let him by, prevailing by a neck. Tabasco Cat finished 17 lengths behind in third; Commanche Trail finished last, \"distanced\" by the field.\n\n\"They thought he didn't have the breeding to go a mile and a quarter,\" said Croll. \"They said he couldn't go around two turns. They thought he could win only on the lead. They had a rabbit up front and a closing horse chasing him at the end of a mile and a quarter. Well, he did what he had to do. He answered all the questions.\"\n\nHoly Bull finished the season in the [Woodward Stakes](/wiki/Woodward_Stakes \"Woodward Stakes\") on September 17 against a field that included Grade I winners [Devil His Due](/wiki/Devil_His_Due \"Devil His Due\"), [Colonial Affair](/wiki/Colonial_Affair \"Colonial Affair\"), [Go For Gin](/wiki/Go_For_Gin \"Go For Gin\"), [Tinners Way](/wiki/Tinners_Way_%28horse%29 \"Tinners Way (horse)\") and [Bertrando](/wiki/Bertrando \"Bertrando\"). This time Holy Bull rated behind the early pace set by Bertrando then drew off to win by five lengths. Smith said, \"I'm in awe of him. I thought he grew wings at the quarter pole.\"\n\nHoly Bull again skipped the Breeders Cup, in part because the supplemental fee to enter him in the Classic would have been $360,000\\. Croll also felt the colt needed a rest after a demanding season. \"You could give me a half\\-million dollars tax\\-free and I wouldn't run him in the Breeders' Cup,\" he said. \"This horse has been good for me and now it's time for me to be good to him.\"\n\nHoly Bull was voted the [Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3\\-Year\\-Old Male Horse](/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_3-Year-Old_Male_Horse \"Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Male Horse\") and [American Horse of the Year](/wiki/American_Horse_of_the_Year \"American Horse of the Year\"), earning 241 out of 245 votes for the latter award. The *[Daily Racing Form](/wiki/Daily_Racing_Form \"Daily Racing Form\")* weighted Holy Bull at 130 lbs., most for a 3\\-year\\-old in 15 years ([Spectacular Bid](/wiki/Spectacular_Bid \"Spectacular Bid\") in 1979\\).\n\n", "### 1994: four\\-year\\-old season\n\nAs a four\\-year\\-old, Holy Bull won the [Olympic Handicap](/wiki/Olympic_Handicap \"Olympic Handicap\") easily but was pulled up during the [Donn Handicap](/wiki/Donn_Handicap \"Donn Handicap\"). Subsequent examinations showed a bowed tendon but no permanent injury. \"If he wasn't Holy Bull, I'd bring him back to the races next year\", said Croll. \"I'm sorry we couldn't finish the year with him. He would have gone out in a blaze of glory. He has courage and class. I'm going to miss him. Everybody's going to miss him.\"\n\n", "### Statistics\n\n| Date | Age | Distance | Race | Grade | Track | Odds | Field | Finish | Winning Time | Winning(Losing)Margin | Jockey | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | 2 | [furlongs](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") | Maiden Special Weight | Maiden | Monmouth Park | \\*1\\.10 | 9 | 1 | 1:03\\.93 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 2 | [furlongs](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") | Allowance | Allowance | Belmont Park | \\*0\\.90 | 6 | 1 | 1:17\\.04 | 7 [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 2 | 7 [furlongs](/wiki/Furlong \"Furlong\") | [Belmont Futurity](/wiki/Belmont_Futurity \"Belmont Futurity\") | I | Belmont Park | 3\\.10 | 6 | 1 | 1:23\\.31 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 2 | miles | [In Reality Stakes](/wiki/In_Reality_Stakes \"In Reality Stakes\") | black type | Calder Racetrack | \\*0\\.50 | 12 | 1 | 1:46\\.35 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | 7 furlongs | [Hutcheson Stakes](/wiki/Hutcheson_Stakes \"Hutcheson Stakes\") | II | Gulfstream Park | \\*0\\.50 | 5 | 1 | 1:21\\.23 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Fountain of Youth Stakes](/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth_Stakes \"Fountain of Youth Stakes\") | II | Gulfstream Park | \\*1\\.30 | 6 | 6 | 1:44\\.70 | ( [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\")) | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Florida Derby](/wiki/Florida_Derby \"Florida Derby\") | I | Gulfstream Park | 2\\.70 | 14 | 1 | 1:47\\.96 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Blue Grass Stakes](/wiki/Blue_Grass_Stakes \"Blue Grass Stakes\") | II | Keeneland | \\*0\\.60 | 7 | 1 | 1:50\\.02 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Kentucky Derby](/wiki/Kentucky_Derby \"Kentucky Derby\") | I | Churchill Downs | \\*2\\.20 | 14 | 12 | 2:03\\.72 | ( [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\")) | | |\n| | 3 | 1 mile | [Metropolitan Handicap](/wiki/Metropolitan_Handicap \"Metropolitan Handicap\") | I | Belmont | \\*1\\.00 | 10 | 1 | 1:33\\.98 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Dwyer Stakes](/wiki/Dwyer_Stakes \"Dwyer Stakes\") | II | Belmont Park | \\*0\\.30 | 4 | 1 | 1:41\\.15 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Haskell Invitational](/wiki/Haskell_Invitational \"Haskell Invitational\") | I | Monmouth Park | \\*0\\.20 | 6 | 1 | 1:48\\.36 | [lengths](/wiki/Horse_length \"Horse length\") | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Travers Stakes](/wiki/Travers_Stakes \"Travers Stakes\") | I | Saratoga | \\*0\\.80 | 5 | 1 | 2:02\\.03 | neck | | |\n| | 3 | miles | [Woodward Stakes](/wiki/Woodward_Stakes \"Woodward Stakes\") | I | Belmont | \\*0\\.90 | 8 | 1 | 1:46\\.89 | 5 lengths | | |\n| | 4 | 7 furlongs | [Olympic Handicap](/wiki/Olympic_Handicap \"Olympic Handicap\") | listed | Gulfstream Park | \\*0\\.40 | 6 | 1 | 1:22\\.04 | lengths | | |\n| | 4 | miles | [Donn Handicap](/wiki/Donn_Handicap \"Donn Handicap\") | I | Gulfstream Park | \\*0\\.30 | 9 | did not finish | | | | |\n|\n\n", "Retirement\n----------\n\nHoly Bull was retired to stud at Jimmy Bell's [Jonabell Farm](/wiki/Jonabell_Farm \"Jonabell Farm\"), which was later sold to [Darley Stud](/wiki/Darley_Stud \"Darley Stud\") and became part of their North American operation. Despite his unfashionable pedigree, he was considered a \"blue collar\" success with 70% of his runners going on to win. Three years after the time of his retirement from stud in 2012, he had sired 51 stakes winners. His offspring include 2000 [Breeders' Cup Juvenile](/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile \"Breeders' Cup Juvenile\") winner and [U.S. Champion 2\\-year\\-old male](/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_Two-Year-Old_Male_Horse \"Eclipse Award for Outstanding Two-Year-Old Male Horse\") [Macho Uno](/wiki/Macho_Uno \"Macho Uno\"), 2005 Kentucky Derby winner [Giacomo](/wiki/Giacomo_%28horse%29 \"Giacomo (horse)\"), 2007 [Stephen Foster Handicap](/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Handicap \"Stephen Foster Handicap\") winner [Flashy Bull](/wiki/Flashy_Bull \"Flashy Bull\"), and [graded stakes race](/wiki/Graded_stakes_race \"Graded stakes race\") winners [Bwana Bull](/wiki/Bwana_Bull \"Bwana Bull\"), Confessional, Bishop Court Hill, Woke Up Dreamin, Eishin Boone, and Sunny Ridge.\n\nHoly Bull's chances of extending the Plaudit sire line depends mainly on Macho Uno, who has also proved a moderate success at stud. Macho Uno's descendants include Breeders' Cup Classic winner [Mucho Macho Man](/wiki/Mucho_Macho_Man \"Mucho Macho Man\").\n\nHoly Bull also established himself as a successful broodmare sire. His daughters have produced over 50 stakes winners including Grade/Group One winners [Judy the Beauty](/wiki/Judy_the_Beauty \"Judy the Beauty\") and [Caravaggio](/wiki/Caravaggio_%28horse%29 \"Caravaggio (horse)\").\n\nIn the [Blood\\-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 Racehorses of the 20th Century](/wiki/Blood-Horse_magazine_List_of_the_Top_100_Racehorses_of_the_20th_Century \"Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 Racehorses of the 20th Century\"), Holy Bull was ranked \\#64\\. In 2001, he was inducted in the [National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame \"National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame\").\n\nHoly Bull was euthanized due to the infirmities of old age on June 7, 2017, at the age of 26\\.\n\n", "Pedigree\n--------\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:1991 racehorse births](/wiki/Category:1991_racehorse_births \"1991 racehorse births\")\n[Category:2017 racehorse deaths](/wiki/Category:2017_racehorse_deaths \"2017 racehorse deaths\")\n[Category:Racehorses bred in Florida](/wiki/Category:Racehorses_bred_in_Florida \"Racehorses bred in Florida\")\n[Category:Racehorses trained in the United States](/wiki/Category:Racehorses_trained_in_the_United_States \"Racehorses trained in the United States\")\n[Category:Eclipse Award winners](/wiki/Category:Eclipse_Award_winners \"Eclipse Award winners\")\n[Category:American Thoroughbred Horse of the Year](/wiki/Category:American_Thoroughbred_Horse_of_the_Year \"American Thoroughbred Horse of the Year\")\n[Category:United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees](/wiki/Category:United_States_Thoroughbred_Racing_Hall_of_Fame_inductees \"United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees\")\n[Category:Thoroughbred family 16\\-g](/wiki/Category:Thoroughbred_family_16-g \"Thoroughbred family 16-g\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 39191556 ], "name": [ "SimLibrarian" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Background", "Precedents in religious thought", "Further exploration", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Ecotheology** is a form of [constructive theology](/wiki/Constructive_theology \"Constructive theology\") that focuses on the interrelationships of [religion](/wiki/Religion \"Religion\") and [nature](/wiki/Nature \"Nature\"), particularly in the [light of environmental concerns](/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues \"List of environmental issues\"). Ecotheology generally starts from the [premise](/wiki/Premise \"Premise\") that a relationship exists between human religious/spiritual [worldviews](/wiki/World_view \"World view\") and the [degradation or restoration and preservation of nature](/wiki/Environmental_degradation \"Environmental degradation\"). It explores the interaction between ecological values, such as [sustainability](/wiki/Sustainability \"Sustainability\"), and the human domination of nature. The movement has produced numerous religious\\-environmental projects around the world.\n\nThe burgeoning awareness of environmental crisis has led to widespread religious reflection on the human relationship with the earth. Such reflection has strong precedents in most religious traditions in the realms of [ethics](/wiki/Ethics \"Ethics\") and [cosmology](/wiki/Cosmology \"Cosmology\"), and can be seen as a subset or corollary to the theology of nature.\n\nIt is important to keep in mind that ecotheology explores not only the relationship between religion and nature in terms of [degradation of nature](/wiki/Environmental_degradation \"Environmental degradation\"), but also in terms of [ecosystem management](/wiki/Ecosystem_management \"Ecosystem management\") in general. Specifically, ecotheology seeks not only to identify prominent issues within the relationship between nature and religion, but also to outline potential solutions. This is of particular importance because many supporters and contributors of ecotheology argue that science and education are simply not enough to inspire the change necessary in our current environmental crisis.\n\nThere is not a clear distinction between [environmental theology](/wiki/Environmental_theology \"Environmental theology\") and ecotheology, though the term environmental theology might indicate a theology in which [environmental ethics](/wiki/Environmental_ethics \"Environmental ethics\") is established prior to one's understanding of the meaning of God.\n\n", "Background\n----------\n\n[Seyyed Hossein Nasr](/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr \"Seyyed Hossein Nasr\"), a pioneering figure in the field of ecotheology,\n was among the early thinkers \"to draw attention to the spiritual dimensions of the environmental crisis\" He first presented his insight in a 1965 essay, expanding it in a series of lectures given at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\") the following year, in May 1966, several months before Lynn White, Jr. gave his famous lecture before the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"American Academy of Arts and Sciences\") on December 26, 1966 (published in *Science* in 1967 as \"The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis\"). Nasr’s lectures were later published as Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man in 1968 in which he argued, in a detailed manner, \"for the revival of a sacred view of the universe in order to combat the contemporary environmental crisis\". [Anna M. Gade](/wiki/Anna_M._Gade \"Anna M. Gade\") states that the \"short and often credited\" article by Lynn White contained \"similar arguments\" made by Nasr in his \"influential\" Rockefeller Series Lectures at the [University of Chicago Divinity School](/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School \"University of Chicago Divinity School\"), about a year ago. [Richard Foltz](/wiki/Richard_Foltz \"Richard Foltz\") is also of the view that Nasr's Lectures that \"preceded\" White's 1967 article presented \"similar argument\". Foltz argues that \"Nasr has made the connection between the West's spiritual and environmental crises since the 1950s\" and \"actually anticipated White's critique in his own lectures given at the University of Chicago earlier in the same year as White's address\". Nasr is credited for making \"significant methodological and theoretical contributions to the development of eco\\-theology\".\n\nThe relationship of theology to the modern ecological crisis, however, became an intense issue of debate in Western [academia](/wiki/Academia \"Academia\") in 1967, following the publication of the article, \"The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis\", by [Lynn White](/wiki/Lynn_White \"Lynn White\") Jr., Professor of History at the [University of California at Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California_at_Los_Angeles \"University of California at Los Angeles\"). In this work, White puts forward a theory that the Christian model of human dominion over nature has led to environmental devastation, providing a voice for \"The Ecological Complaint\".\n\nIn 1973, theologian [Jack Rogers](/wiki/Jack_Rogers_%28clergy%29 \"Jack Rogers (clergy)\") published an article in which he surveyed the published studies of approximately twelve theologians which had appeared since White's article. They reflect the search for \"an appropriate theological model\" which adequately assesses the biblical data regarding the relationship between God, humans, and nature.\n\n", "Precedents in religious thought\n-------------------------------\n\nSome scholars argue that Christians actually helped bring about the current global environmental crisis by instructing followers that God, and by extension mankind, transcends nature. Much of the development of ecotheology as a theological discourse was in response to this argument, which has been called \"The Ecological Complaint\". Defendants of this perspective essentially claim that [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") promotes the idea of human dominion over nature, treating nature itself as a tool to be used and even exploited for survival and prosperity.\n\nHowever, Christianity has often been viewed as the source of positive values towards the environment, and there are many voices within the [Christian tradition](/wiki/Christian_tradition \"Christian tradition\") whose vision embraces the well\\-being of the earth and all creatures. While [Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi \"Francis of Assisi\") is one of the more obvious influences on Christian ecotheology, there are many theologians and teachers, such as [Isaac of Nineveh](/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh \"Isaac of Nineveh\") and [Seraphim of Sarov](/wiki/Seraphim_of_Sarov \"Seraphim of Sarov\"), whose work has profound implications for Christian thinkers. Many of these are less well known in the West because their primary influence has been on the [Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") rather than the [Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church \"Roman Catholic Church\").\n\nThe significance of indigenous traditions for the development of ecotheology also cannot be overstated. Systems of [Traditional Ecological Knowledge](/wiki/Traditional_Ecological_Knowledge \"Traditional Ecological Knowledge\"), in combination with modern scientific methods of [ecosystem management](/wiki/Ecosystem_management \"Ecosystem management\"), are steadily gaining interest as environmental activists realize the importance of locally invested groups.\n\n", "Further exploration\n-------------------\n\nChristian ecotheology draws on the writings of such authors as [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit \"Jesuit\") [priest](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Priesthood (Catholic Church)\") and [paleontologist](/wiki/Paleontology \"Paleontology\") [Pierre Teilhard de Chardin](/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin \"Pierre Teilhard de Chardin\"), philosopher [Alfred North Whitehead](/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead \"Alfred North Whitehead\"), and [Passionist](/wiki/Passionists \"Passionists\") [priest](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Priesthood (Catholic Church)\") and [historian](/wiki/Cultural_historian \"Cultural historian\") [Thomas Berry](/wiki/Thomas_Berry \"Thomas Berry\"). It is well represented in [Protestantism](/wiki/Protestantism \"Protestantism\") by [John B. Cobb, Jr.](/wiki/John_B._Cobb%2C_Jr. \"John B. Cobb, Jr.\"), [Jürgen Moltmann](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann \"Jürgen Moltmann\"), and [Michael Dowd](/wiki/Michael_Dowd \"Michael Dowd\"); in [ecofeminism](/wiki/Ecofeminism \"Ecofeminism\") by [feminist theologians](/wiki/Feminist_theology \"Feminist theology\") [Rosemary Radford Ruether](/wiki/Rosemary_Radford_Ruether \"Rosemary Radford Ruether\"), [Catherine Keller](/wiki/Catherine_Keller_%28theologian%29 \"Catherine Keller (theologian)\"), and [Sallie McFague](/wiki/Sallie_McFague \"Sallie McFague\"); in ecowomanism by Melanie Harris and [Karen Baker\\-Fletcher](/wiki/Karen_Baker-Fletcher \"Karen Baker-Fletcher\"); in liberation theology by [Leonardo Boff](/wiki/Leonardo_Boff \"Leonardo Boff\") and Tink Tinker; in Roman Catholicism by [John F. Haught](/wiki/John_F._Haught \"John F. Haught\") and [Pope Francis](/wiki/Pope_Francis \"Pope Francis\"); and in [Orthodoxy](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") by Elizabeth Theokritoff and George Nalunnakkal (currently Bishop [Geevarghese Mor Coorilose](/wiki/Geevarghese_Mor_Coorilose \"Geevarghese Mor Coorilose\") of the [Jacobite Syrian Christian Church](/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church \"Jacobite Syrian Christian Church\")). Besides works on theology per se, interpreters of the ecological significance of scripture, such as [Ellen Davis](/wiki/Ellen_Davis_%28theologian%29 \"Ellen Davis (theologian)\"),Scripture, Culture and Agriculture: An Agrarian Reading of the Bible (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009\\) also play an important role.\n\n[Creation Spirituality](/wiki/Creation_Spirituality \"Creation Spirituality\") is another important expression of ecotheology that has been developed and popularized by [Matthew Fox](/wiki/Matthew_Fox_%28priest%29 \"Matthew Fox (priest)\"), a former Catholic [Dominican](/wiki/Dominican_Order \"Dominican Order\") friar turned [Episcopal](/wiki/Episcopal_Church_%28United_States%29 \"Episcopal Church (United States)\") priest.\n\n[Abraham Joshua Heschel](/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel \"Abraham Joshua Heschel\") and [Martin Buber](/wiki/Martin_Buber \"Martin Buber\"), both [Jewish](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\") philosophers, have also left their mark on [Christian ecotheology](/wiki/Christianity_and_environmentalism \"Christianity and environmentalism\"), and provide significant inspiration for [Jewish ecotheology](/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism \"Judaism and environmentalism\"). The most recent and most complete expressions of Jewish ecotheology to date can be found in [Rabbi Arthur Ocean Waskow](/wiki/Arthur_Waskow \"Arthur Waskow\")'s work on ecotheology in the Hebrew scriptures \\[Dancing in God's Earthquake: The Coming Transformation of Religion] (Orbis, 2020\\) and [Rabbi David Mevorach Seidenberg](/wiki/Rabbi_David_Mevorach_Seidenberg \"Rabbi David Mevorach Seidenberg\")'s work on [Kabbalah](/wiki/Kabbalah \"Kabbalah\") and ecology.[Kabbalah and Ecology: God's Image in the More\\-Than\\-Human World](http://kabbalahandecology.com) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015\\).\n\n[Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\") ecotheology includes writers such as [Vandana Shiva](/wiki/Vandana_Shiva \"Vandana Shiva\"). [Seyyed Hossein Nasr](/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr \"Seyyed Hossein Nasr\"), a [Perennialist](/wiki/Perennial_philosophy \"Perennial philosophy\") scholar and [Persian](/wiki/Iranian_philosophy \"Iranian philosophy\") [Sufi](/wiki/Sufism \"Sufism\") [philosopher](/wiki/Islamic_philosophy \"Islamic philosophy\"), was one of the earlier Muslim voices calling for a reevaluation of the Western relationship to nature.\n\n[Elisabet Sahtouris](/wiki/Elisabet_Sahtouris \"Elisabet Sahtouris\") is an [evolutionary biologist](/wiki/Evolutionary_biology \"Evolutionary biology\") and [futurist](/wiki/Futures_studies \"Futures studies\") who promotes a vision she believes will result in the [sustainable](/wiki/Sustainability \"Sustainability\") health and well\\-being of humanity within the larger [living systems](/wiki/Ecosystem \"Ecosystem\") of Earth and the cosmos. She is a lecturer in [Gaia Theory](/wiki/Gaia_Theory \"Gaia Theory\") and a coworker with [James Lovelock](/wiki/James_Lovelock \"James Lovelock\") and [Lynn Margulis](/wiki/Lynn_Margulis \"Lynn Margulis\"). Increasingly there are points of reference between [Gaianism](/wiki/Gaianism \"Gaianism\"), [environmentalism](/wiki/Environmentalism \"Environmentalism\") and the world's major religions.\n\n[Annie Dillard](/wiki/Annie_Dillard \"Annie Dillard\"), [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize \"Pulitzer Prize\")\\-winning American author, also combined observations on nature and philosophical explorations in several ecotheological writings, including *[Pilgrim at Tinker Creek](/wiki/Pilgrim_at_Tinker_Creek \"Pilgrim at Tinker Creek\")*.\n\n[Terry Tempest Williams](/wiki/Terry_Tempest_Williams \"Terry Tempest Williams\") is a [Mormon](/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints \"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\") writer and [conservationist](/wiki/Conservation_movement \"Conservation movement\") who sensitively and imaginatively explores ecotheology in her very personal writing.\n\nThe majority of the content of *Indians of the Americas*, by former Bureau of Indian Affairs head [John Collier](/wiki/John_Collier_%28reformer%29 \"John Collier (reformer)\"), concerns the link between ecological sustainability and religion among Native North and South Americans.\n\n[Mark I. Wallace](/wiki/Mark_I._Wallace \"Mark I. Wallace\") is a self\\-described [Christian animist](/wiki/Christian_animist \"Christian animist\"); his research argues that when God appears in the Bible as a dove, a snake, or the burning bush, that this is a literal transformation rather than a metaphorical one.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Animism](/wiki/Animism \"Animism\")\n* [Ecospirituality](/wiki/Ecospirituality \"Ecospirituality\")\n* [Faith in Place](/wiki/Faith_in_Place \"Faith in Place\")\n* [Hima (environmental protection)](/wiki/Hima_%28environmental_protection%29 \"Hima (environmental protection)\")\n* [Kaitiaki](/wiki/Kaitiaki \"Kaitiaki\")\n* *[Laudato si'](/wiki/Laudato_si%27 \"Laudato si'\")*\n\t+ *[Laudate Deum](/wiki/Laudate_Deum \"Laudate Deum\")*\n* [Religion and environmentalism](/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism \"Religion and environmentalism\")\n\t+ [Christianity and environmentalism](/wiki/Christianity_and_environmentalism \"Christianity and environmentalism\")\n\t+ [Judaism and environmentalism](/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism \"Judaism and environmentalism\")\n* [Religious naturalism](/wiki/Religious_naturalism \"Religious naturalism\")\n* [Spiritual ecology](/wiki/Spiritual_ecology \"Spiritual ecology\")\n* [Stewardship](/wiki/Stewardship_%28theology%29 \"Stewardship (theology)\")\n\t+ [Earth stewardship](/wiki/Earth_stewardship \"Earth stewardship\")\n* [Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology](/wiki/Yale_Forum_on_Religion_and_Ecology \"Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology\")\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n* Pihkala, Panu (2016\\). \"Rediscovery of Early Twentieth\\-Century Ecotheology\". *Open Theology* vol. 2\\. [https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/opth.2016\\.2\\.issue\\-1/opth\\-2016\\-0023/opth\\-2016\\-0023\\.xml?format\\=INT](https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/opth.2016.2.issue-1/opth-2016-0023/opth-2016-0023.xml?format=INT)\n* Rogers, J. (1973\\). \"Ecological Theology: The Search for an Appropriate Theological Model.\" Reprinted from *Septuagesino Anno: Theologiche Opstellen Aangebsden Aan Prof. Dr. G. C. Berkower*. The Netherlands: J.H. Kok.\n* Watling, Tony (2009\\), *Ecological Imaginations in the World Religions: An Ethnographic Analysis*, London and New York: Continuum International Publishers.\n* White, L. Jr. (1971\\). \"The Historical Roots of our Ecologic Crisis.\" Reprinted in A.E. Lugo \\& S.C. Snedaker (Eds.) *Readings on Ecological Systems: Their Function and Relation to Man*. New York: MSS Educational Publishing.\n* *\"Why Care for Earth's Environment?\"* (in the series *\"The Bible's Viewpoint\"*) is a two\\-page article in the December 2007 issue of [Awake!](/wiki/Awake%21 \"Awake!\") magazine. This represents the [Bible](/wiki/Bible \"Bible\")'s viewpoint according to the viewpoint of [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses \"Jehovah's Witnesses\").\n\n[Category:Environmentalism and religion](/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_and_religion \"Environmentalism and religion\")\n[Category:Theology](/wiki/Category:Theology \"Theology\")\n[Category:Environmental movements](/wiki/Category:Environmental_movements \"Environmental movements\")\n[Category:Environmental philosophy](/wiki/Category:Environmental_philosophy \"Environmental philosophy\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 19616463 ], "name": [ "Icaldonta" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Types of passes", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n[thumb\\|203px\\|An example of a backstage pass for Vans' Warped Tour in 2006\\.\\|alt\\=](/wiki/Image:Warpedtourpass.jpg \"Warpedtourpass.jpg\")\nA **backstage pass** is a credential which allows its bearer access to restricted areas at a performance or conference venue, most commonly associated with music and entertainment events. \n\nBackstage passes can come in the form of lanyards, stickers or wristbands. To deter counterfeiting, these passes often include holograms and unique artwork. After the performance, backstage passes often become [memorabilia](/wiki/Memorabilia \"Memorabilia\") sold on online marketplaces, especially when the pass is signed by a performer.\n\n", "Types of passes\n---------------\n\nThere are a number of different types of backstage passes, they can differ greatly depending on the scale of the event. These are all general guidelines:\n\n* **Access All Areas** (AAA) is the highest\\-tier pass, and allows the bearer full access to the venue before, during and after the performance. Such passes are usually restricted to the performers, promoters and artist management.\n* **Very Important Person / Guest** (VIP) allows the bearer limited access before, during, and after the performance to specific rooms within the venue, such as the [green room](/wiki/Green_room \"Green room\"). Such passes are usually allocated to close friends of the performer and promoter.\n* **After Show** allows the bearer limited access strictly after the performance to specific rooms within the performance venue, such as the green room. Such passes are usually allocated to friends of the performer, promoter and venue.\n* **Working** allows the bearer access to the majority of the venue, usually apart from the dressing rooms for the performer. Such passes are usually allocated to production, lighting and sound technicians.\n* **Local Crew** passes are used by those who construct the event, such as setting up the stage. These passes are usually only valid before and after the performance, not during.\n* **Photo** passes permit photographs with a professional camera. These cameras usually have a detachable lens, or lens bigger than 35mm and subsequently are deemed \"professional cameras\" by many venues, meaning they are usually banned to the general public. This pass may also entitle the bearer access to the front of the stage for a short amount of the performance; a three\\-song rule, meaning only photographs for the first three songs of the scheduled performance, are common procedure for many large\\-scale concerts.\n* **Meet \\& Greet** allows the bearer limited access to a (typically) pre\\-show event where performers will meet with fans, pose for photographs and sign autographs. Such passes are usually allocated via performers' fan\\-clubs, radio\\-station contests, or via certain \"VIP Experience\" type premium\\-tickets.\n* Other employee passes for people who work specific jobs in support of the act, such as catering, security, publicist, and merchandising personnel are also available.\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Road crew](/wiki/Road_crew \"Road crew\")\n* [Ticket](/wiki/Ticket_%28admission%29 \"Ticket (admission)\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:Ephemera](/wiki/Category:Ephemera \"Ephemera\")\n[Category:Business documents](/wiki/Category:Business_documents \"Business documents\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 10044298 ], "name": [ "Pbsouthwood" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Distribution", "Description", "Ecology", "Reproduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n* + - * \n\t\t\t[thumb\\|School of trumpetfishes (Macroramphosus scolopax), Faial\\-Pico Channel, Azores Islands, Portugal](/wiki/File:Banco_de_peces_trompeta_%28Macroramphosus_scolopax%29%2C_islas_Azores%2C_Portugal%2C_2020-07-27%2C_DD_38.jpg \"Banco de peces trompeta (Macroramphosus scolopax), islas Azores, Portugal, 2020-07-27, DD 38.jpg\")\n\t\t\tThe **longspine snipefish**, **bellowfish**, **common bellowsfish**, **snipe\\-fish**, **snipefish**, **spine trumpet fish**, or **trumpetfish**, *Macroramphosus scolopax*, is a [snipefish](/wiki/Snipefish \"Snipefish\") of the [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") *[Macroramphosus](/wiki/Snipefish \"Snipefish\")*. It is also known as the **slender snipefish** off the South African coast.\n\t\t\t\n\n", "Distribution\n------------\n\nThis fish is found worldwide in tropical to subtropical waterSmith, M.M. and Heemstra, P.C. (eds.) 2003\\. *Smiths' Sea Fishes* in the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\"), [Indian](/wiki/Indian_Ocean \"Indian Ocean\"), and west [Pacific Oceans](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\"), at depths of ea. It has also been observed in the eastern Pacific off Santa Catalina Island, California.\n\n", "Description\n-----------\n\nLongspine snipefish are reddish pink dorsally but have silvery bellies. They have a large eye, long snouts and a slender spine protruding dorsally.\n\n", "Ecology\n-------\n\nThe longspine snipefish feeds on [crustacean](/wiki/Crustacea \"Crustacea\") [zooplankton](/wiki/Zooplankton \"Zooplankton\") such as [copepods](/wiki/Copepod \"Copepod\") and [ostracods](/wiki/Ostracod \"Ostracod\"), as well as [benthic](/wiki/Benthic \"Benthic\") invertebrates.\n\nIn the month\\-long NORFANZ Expedition of 2003 which examined the [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity \"Biodiversity\") of the [seamounts](/wiki/Seamount \"Seamount\") and slopes of the [Norfolk Ridge](/wiki/Norfolk_Ridge \"Norfolk Ridge\"), 5000 specimens averaging were collected from three locations.[NORFANZ Voyage](https://www.biodiversity.govt.nz/pdfs/seas/NORFANZ_voyage_report.pdf) Retrieved 2011\\-10\\-29\\.\n\n", "Reproduction\n------------\n\nCourting males follow and swim parallel to the female near the bottom. The two fish join by their caudal peduncle, and the genital papilla of the female extends and contacts the genital region of the male repeatedly. Courting males change color and act aggressively with other males prior to this process. \n\n", "References\n----------\n\n* Tony Ayling \\& Geoffrey Cox, *Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand*, (William Collins Publishers Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand 1982\\) \n\n[Category:Centriscidae](/wiki/Category:Centriscidae \"Centriscidae\")\n[Category:Fish described in 1758](/wiki/Category:Fish_described_in_1758 \"Fish described in 1758\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus \"Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 378390 ], "name": [ "SMcCandlish" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Geography", "Origins of names", "Krahe's influence on other scholars", "Other authors", "Examples", "See also", "Notes", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n[thumb\\|right\\|400px\\|Old European hydronymic map for the root *\\*al\\-*, *\\*alm\\-*](/wiki/File:Old_European_hydronymic_map_for_the_root_%2Aal-%2C_%2Aalm-_Krahe.jpg \"Old European hydronymic map for the root *al-, *alm- Krahe.jpg\")\n**Old European** () is the term used by [Hans Krahe](/wiki/Hans_Krahe \"Hans Krahe\") (1964\\) for the language of the oldest reconstructed stratum of European [hydronymy](/wiki/Hydronymy \"Hydronymy\") (river names) in [Central](/wiki/Central_Europe \"Central Europe\") and [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\").Hans Krahe, *Unsere ältesten Flussnamen*, Wiesbaden Edition Otto Harrassowiitz (1964\\)\"Old European\" in this sense is not to be confused with the term as used by [Marija Gimbutas](/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas \"Marija Gimbutas\") who applies it to non\\-Indo\\-European or pre\\-Indo\\-European [Neolithic Europe](/wiki/Neolithic_Europe \"Neolithic Europe\").\n\n", "Geography\n---------\n\nKrahe writes in A1, chapter III, \"Introducing preface\" Number 2 that the old European hydronomy extended from Scandinavia to South Italy, from Western Europe including the British Isles to the Baltic countries. Of the three Mediterranean peninsulas, Italy was most completely included, whilst the Balkan Peninsula was only scarcely covered. He writes that what he presents for hydronomy also applies to mountains and ranges of mountains, and continues with \"Karpaten\" and \"Karawanken\", certainly within the Slavic settlement area, omitting the Bavarian/Austrian \"Karwendel\" though. This area is associated with the spread of the later \"Western\" Indo\\-European dialects, the [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_languages \"Celtic languages\"), [Italic](/wiki/Italic_languages \"Italic languages\"), [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_languages \"Germanic languages\"), [Baltic](/wiki/Baltic_languages \"Baltic languages\"), and [Illyrian](/wiki/Illyrian_language \"Illyrian language\") branches. Notably exempt is [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\").\n\nKrahe located the geographical nucleus of this area as stretching from the [Baltic](/wiki/Baltic_region \"Baltic region\") across [Western Poland](/wiki/Western_Poland \"Western Poland\") and [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") to the [Swiss plateau](/wiki/Swiss_plateau \"Swiss plateau\") and the upper [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\") north of the [Alps](/wiki/Alps \"Alps\"), while he considered the Old European river names of southern France, Italy and Spain to be later imports, replacing \"[Aegean](/wiki/Aegean_languages \"Aegean languages\")\\-[Pelasgian](/wiki/Pelasgian \"Pelasgian\")\" and [Iberian](/wiki/Iberian_language \"Iberian language\") substrates, corresponding to [Italic](/wiki/Italic_peoples \"Italic peoples\"), [Celtic](/wiki/Celtiberians \"Celtiberians\") and [Illyrian](/wiki/Illyrians \"Illyrians\") \"invasions\" from about 1300 BC.\n\n", "Origins of names\n----------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|400px\\|Old European hydronymic map for the root *\\*Sal\\-*, *\\*Salm\\-*](/wiki/File:Old_European_hydronymic_map_for_the_root_%2ASal-%2C_%2ASalm-.jpg \"Old European hydronymic map for the root *Sal-, *Salm-.jpg\")\n\nKrahe continues in III A 5, \"Geographic Area and age of the paleoeuropean hydronomy\", that the overwhelming majority of river and stream names originate from words that in the historical single languages cannot be found or cannot be found anymore. He uses mainly Indo\\-European roots to allow the river names in question to speak (rule 1\\), of which more than ten thousand are listed.\n\nIn III A 2, \"Etymology and Semasiology of the paleoeuropean river names\", Krahe states that the oldest strata are composed by prerequisites of nature and that the river names especially refer to the water itself (rule 2\\), and that words referring to humans and culture are newer. Both rules are important arguments for considering the old European hydronomy of southern France and the north of the Iberian Peninsula as a result of secondary implementation (A 1, number 3\\) due to a postulated immigration about 1300 BC.\n\nIn \"Morphology of Paleoeuropean river names\" (III A 1, number 3\\), Krahe concentrates on suffixes (simples and multiples) and distinguishes eleven different ones in a table. He attributes geographical (Central European vs. South European or Eastern), functional (for example affluent) or temporal (before or after a change of consonants or vowels) functions to the suffixes of the river names (rule 3\\). For the temporal function he claims the existence of a system of [phonetic changes](/wiki/Phonetic_change \"Phonetic change\") (*Lautverschiebung*), however he does not include prefixes in his considerations.\n\nKrahe's concentration on Indo\\-European roots and the omission of prefixes had serious negative consequences, because later those more than ten thousand roots were emphasized, or sometimes those of [Old Irish](/wiki/Old_Irish \"Old Irish\"), but scarcely of [Gaulish](/wiki/Gaulish \"Gaulish\") and other Celtic languages or the [Baltic languages](/wiki/Baltic_languages \"Baltic languages\") and completely omitting [Basque](/wiki/Basque_language \"Basque language\"). Delamarre later included, for example, under Gaulish *dubron* only rivers with \"B\" (or similar) omitting other names, which Krahe would have termed *Schwundstufe*; i.e., \"[zero grade](/wiki/Zero_grade \"Zero grade\")\", the form of a root characterized by the loss of a letter (basically a vowel), sometimes combined with the inversion of letters.\n\nKrahe ignored the effect of the Moorish occupation in Spain, which resulted in frequent combinations of Arab \"prefixes\" (always at the beginning) on Celtic \"suffixes\" as seen in [Guadiana](/wiki/Guadiana \"Guadiana\") (*guadi* \"river\" \\+ *anas* \"bayous, muddy\", as it appears in [Ptolemy](/wiki/Ptolemy \"Ptolemy\")). The tables \"Comparison of old European hydronyms\" show that, in contradiction to Krahe's opinion, hydronyms (and toponyms) can in some cases very well be explained even by modern Irish, Welsh, or French and certainly by Gaulish.\n\n", "Krahe's influence on other scholars\n-----------------------------------\n\nKrahe has influenced archaeologists, linguists and particularly experts in Celtic languages:\n\n[Marija Gimbutas](/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas \"Marija Gimbutas\") (Lithuanian: Marija Gimbutienė) studied in [Tübingen](/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen \"University of Tübingen\"), and received her doctorate of archeology in 1946 in the same department where Krahe lectured. Gimbutas developed the [Kurgan](/wiki/Kurgan \"Kurgan\") [theory](/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis \"Kurgan hypothesis\").\n\n[Jürgen Untermann](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Untermann \"Jürgen Untermann\"), a disciple of Krahe, whose dissertation was written in 1954 in Tübingen was professor for [comparative linguistics](/wiki/Comparative_linguistics \"Comparative linguistics\") at the [University of Cologne](/wiki/University_of_Cologne \"University of Cologne\"). He was an [epigraphist](/wiki/Epigraphy \"Epigraphy\") and Indoeuropeanist.\n\n[Antonio Tovar](/wiki/Antonio_Tovar \"Antonio Tovar\"), with preliminary studies in Berlin, later professor of the [University of Salamanca](/wiki/University_of_Salamanca \"University of Salamanca\"), was professor for Comparative Linguistics in Tübingen from 1967 to 1979\\. Together with Manuel Agud and [Koldo Mitxelena](/wiki/Koldo_Mitxelena \"Koldo Mitxelena\") he prepared an etymological dictionary of the [Basque language](/wiki/Basque_language \"Basque language\").\n\n", "Other authors\n-------------\n\nOther authors concerned with old European hydronomy are listed below.\n\n[Xavier Delamarre](/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre \"Xavier Delamarre\") is a French linguist whose standard work is ('Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to continental old Celtic'; 2nd edition, 2003\\). This is the most comprehensive publication on [Gaulish](/wiki/Gaulish_language \"Gaulish language\") words, with more than 800 terms in alphabetical order, derived from Gaulish–Greek, Gaulish–Etruscan, Gaulish–Latin, or solely Gaulish inscriptions, printed classical languages, coins, and some terms of Celtic substrate in [Occitan](/wiki/Occitan_language \"Occitan language\"). He presents all cases of appearance of toponyms and hydronyms in question, cites authors and roots, showing alternatives, and classifies, if necessary, as uncertain or questionable. He shows all river name examples with prefixes. For example, see \"comparison of old hydronyms\" adding \"water\", \"clear\", \"hard stone\", etc.\n\nThe German linguist [Theo Vennemann](/wiki/Theo_Vennemann \"Theo Vennemann\") suggested in 2003 that the language of Old European hydronyms was [agglutinative](/wiki/Agglutinative_language \"Agglutinative language\") and [Pre\\-Indo\\-European](/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages \"Pre-Indo-European languages\"). This theory has been criticised as being seriously flawed, and the opinion accepted more generally is that hydronyms are of [Indo\\-European](/wiki/Indo-European_languages \"Indo-European languages\") origin.\n\nThe Spanish [philologist](/wiki/Philology \"Philology\") Francisco Villar Liébana argued in 1990 for Old European preserved in river names and confined to the hydronymic substratum in the Iberian Peninsula as yet another Indo\\-European layer with no immediate relationship to the [Lusitanian language](/wiki/Lusitanian_language \"Lusitanian language\"). However, the idea of \"Old European\" was criticized by Untermann in 1999 and De Hoz in 2001\\. Villar Liébana advocated the theories of Gimbutas against those of [Colin Renfrew](/wiki/Colin_Renfrew \"Colin Renfrew\"). In his work *Indoeuropeos y No Indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana* ('Indo\\-Europeans and Non\\-Indo\\-Europeans in Pre\\-Roman Hispania') he presents a nine\\-root \"series\" and a few more collective \"series\", mainly of toponyms (Hispanic and non\\-Hispanic) but also including hydronyms. For example, in chapter IV B VII, Villar Liébana discusses hydronyms of the series *uba* starting with Maenuba (Pliny 3\\.8\\) \\= modern [Vélez](/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga \"Vélez-Málaga\"); and, with the same name, a tributary of the [Baetis](/wiki/Baetis \"Baetis\") (Pliny 3\\.11\\) \\= [Guadiamar](/wiki/Guadiamar \"Guadiamar\"), [Salduba](/wiki/Salduba \"Salduba\") (close to [Málaga](/wiki/M%C3%A1laga \"Málaga\")). He compares modern rivers names like Ubia, Ove, and Fonte dos Ovos with [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\"), Corduba (modern [Córdoba, Andalusia](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Andalusia \"Córdoba, Andalusia\")), and others. Wherever *uba* appears, as in the rivers Saruba \\= modern [Saar (river)](/wiki/Saar_%28river%29 \"Saar (river)\") (an affluent of the river [Mosel](/wiki/Moselle_%28river%29 \"Moselle (river)\")), Fuente Sarobals (in [Huesca](/wiki/Huesca \"Huesca\")), and Sarrubian (Huesca), he acknowledges only *uba* and not the root *dan* in Danubius (corresponding to Danube, [Dnieper](/wiki/Dnieper \"Dnieper\"), and [Dniester](/wiki/Dniester \"Dniester\")) or the root *sar* in others, which are all Indo\\-European roots.\n\n", "Examples\n--------\n\nAn example is the old river name *Isar*:[Delamarre, Xavier](/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre \"Xavier Delamarre\"). *Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise*. Paris, Ed. Errance, 2003\\.\n* Isar \\> [Isar](/wiki/Isar \"Isar\") (Bavaria)\n* Isar \\> [Isère](/wiki/Is%C3%A8re_%28river%29 \"Isère (river)\") (France)\n* Isar \\> [Oise](/wiki/Oise_%28river%29 \"Oise (river)\")Émile Lambert, *Toponymie du département de l'Oise*, Amiens, 1963 (Collection de la Société de linguistique picarde ; 1\\), p. 258\\. (France)\n* Isar \\> [Yzeron](/wiki/Yzeron_%28river%29 \"Yzeron (river)\") (France)\n* Isar \\> [Jizera](/wiki/Jizera_%28river%29 \"Jizera (river)\") (Czech Republic)\n* Isar \\> [Aire](/wiki/River_Aire \"River Aire\")R. W. Morris, Yorkshire through place names, David \\& Charles, 1982, p. 29\\. (Yorkshire)\n* Isar \\> [Yser](/wiki/Yser \"Yser\")Wolfgang Linke, *Der Ortsname Neuching: Eine sprachwissenschaftliche Deutung*, Books on Demand, 2011, p. 16\\. . (Belgium)\n* Isar \\> [Ypres](/wiki/Ieperlee \"Ieperlee\"), [Ieperlee](/wiki/Ieperlee \"Ieperlee\") (Belgium) (Respectively in French and Dutch)\n* Isar \\> [Issel](/wiki/Oude_IJssel \"Oude IJssel\") (Germany)\n* Isar \\> [IJssel](/wiki/IJssel \"IJssel\") (Netherlands) there are several (parts of) rivers in the Netherlands called IJssel (Yssel), one of which was called \"Isala\" during Roman times\n* Isar \\> [Ézaro](/wiki/%C3%89zaro \"Ézaro\") (Spain)\n* Isar \\> [Ésera](/wiki/%C3%89sera \"Ésera\") (Spain)\n* Isar \\> [Iseran](/wiki/Iseran \"Iseran\") (France)\n* Isar \\> [Esaro](/wiki/Esaro_%28Crotone%29 \"Esaro (Crotone)\") (Italy)\n* Isar\\-ko \\> [Eisack](/wiki/Eisack \"Eisack\") (Italy)\n* Isar\\-na \\> [Isières](/wiki/Isi%C3%A8res \"Isières\")Jean\\-Jacques Jespers, Dictionnaire des noms de lieux en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, Ed. Lannoo, 2005, p. 344\\. (Belgium)\n* Isar\\-ellum \\> Izarillo \"little Izar\" (Spain)\n* Isar \\> [Iza](/wiki/Iza_River \"Iza River\") (Romania)\n\nAlso relevant might be [*\\*ezero*](/wiki/wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ezero \"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ezero\") (the Slavic word for lake), *ežeras* (the Lithuanian word for lake), and the [Acheron](/wiki/Acheron \"Acheron\") river in Greece.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Bell Beaker culture](/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture \"Bell Beaker culture\")\n* [Germanic substrate hypothesis](/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis \"Germanic substrate hypothesis\")\n* [Pan\\-Illyrian theories](/wiki/Pan-Illyrian_theories \"Pan-Illyrian theories\")\n* [Pre\\-Celtic](/wiki/Pre-Celtic \"Pre-Celtic\")\n* [Rigvedic rivers](/wiki/Rigvedic_rivers \"Rigvedic rivers\")\n* [Tyrsenian languages](/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages \"Tyrsenian languages\")\n* [Urnfield culture](/wiki/Urnfield_culture \"Urnfield culture\")\n* [Vasconic substrate hypothesis](/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis \"Vasconic substrate hypothesis\")\n", "Notes\n-----\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "Further reading\n---------------\n\n* .\n* .\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Wasserwoerter Karte Hessen](http://www.ortsnamen-in-hessen.de/index.php/hessische-ortsnamen/karten/2-uncategorised/4157-wasserwoerter-karte) accessdate 6\\-11\\-14\n\n[Category:Agglutinative languages](/wiki/Category:Agglutinative_languages \"Agglutinative languages\")\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:Hydronymy \"Hydronymy\")\n[Category:Bronze Age Europe](/wiki/Category:Bronze_Age_Europe \"Bronze Age Europe\")\n[Category:Linguistic strata](/wiki/Category:Linguistic_strata \"Linguistic strata\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 40561892 ], "name": [ "Billjones94" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Albums by Calcutta Youth Choir", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Calcutta Youth Choir** () was set up in 1958 by [Ruma Guha Thakurta](/wiki/Ruma_Guha_Thakurta \"Ruma Guha Thakurta\") with [Salil Chowdhury](/wiki/Salil_Chowdhury \"Salil Chowdhury\") and [Satyajit Ray](/wiki/Satyajit_Ray \"Satyajit Ray\").\n\nCalcutta Youth Choir is known for their performance of folk and mass songs. Several years ago, the choir broke out with the song 'Aaj joto juddhabaaj'. Shibdas Bandopadhyay wrote the words and V. Balsara composed the music. The songs performed by choir under the direction of [Ruma Guha Thakurta](/wiki/Ruma_Guha_Thakurta \"Ruma Guha Thakurta\") widely includes song of [Dwijendralal Ray](/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray \"Dwijendralal Ray\"), [Rabindranath Tagore](/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore \"Rabindranath Tagore\"), [Rajanikanta Sen](/wiki/Rajanikanta_Sen \"Rajanikanta Sen\"), [Nazrul Islam](/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam \"Kazi Nazrul Islam\"), [Prem Dhawan](/wiki/Prem_Dhawan \"Prem Dhawan\"), [Sudhin Dasgupta](/wiki/Sudhin_Dasgupta \"Sudhin Dasgupta\"), [Salil Chowdhury](/wiki/Salil_Chowdhury \"Salil Chowdhury\") and [Sibdas Banerjee](/wiki/Sibdas_Banerjee \"Sibdas Banerjee\").\n\n", "History\n-------\n\nIn the year, July, 1974 20\\-member folk song and dance troupe of Calcutta Youth Choir led by Ruma Guha Thakurta, won the first prize in the Copenhagen Youth Festival. The choir also took part in the 25th anniversary of Independence Day of India in Delhi. Opening song by Calcutta Youth Choir to welcome [Nelson Mandela](/wiki/Nelson_Mandela \"Nelson Mandela\") in India in 1990 and to honour [Amartya Sen](/wiki/Amartya_Sen \"Amartya Sen\") for Nobel in the year 1998, 21 June 2007 performing for 30 years [Communist Party of India (Marxist)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_%28Marxist%29 \"Communist Party of India (Marxist)\") (CPI(M)) in [West Bengal](/wiki/West_Bengal \"West Bengal\") are the Laurels. More than 5000 shows have been performed by the choir led by [Ruma Guha Thakurta](/wiki/Ruma_Guha_Thakurta \"Ruma Guha Thakurta\"). There are more than 300 members in the choir involved in various activities like singing, dancing, playing musical instruments, management, etc. 3 December 1994, Calcutta Youth Choir celebrated its 36th anniversary to celebrate 50 years of [Ruma Guha Thakurta](/wiki/Ruma_Guha_Thakurta \"Ruma Guha Thakurta\")'s association with music, dance and cinema where sitting chief minister of [West Bengal](/wiki/West_Bengal \"West Bengal\") [Jyoti Basu](/wiki/Jyoti_Basu \"Jyoti Basu\"), [Bijoya Ray](/wiki/Bijoya_Ray \"Bijoya Ray\") (wife of Late [Satyajit Ray](/wiki/Satyajit_Ray \"Satyajit Ray\")), [Buddhadeb Bhattacharya](/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bhattacharya \"Buddhadeb Bhattacharya\"), singer [Usha Uthup](/wiki/Usha_Uthup \"Usha Uthup\"), [Amit Kumar](/wiki/Amit_Kumar_%28singer%29 \"Amit Kumar (singer)\") and many other legend were present. In spite of her major heart attack since 2004 Ruma Guhathakurta is still regularly performing. This is the only leading choir troupe of Calcutta performing continuously for the last 55 years.\n\nFormer chief minister of [West Bengal](/wiki/West_Bengal \"West Bengal\") [Buddhadeb Bhattacharya](/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bhattacharya \"Buddhadeb Bhattacharya\") inaugurated the new building of the choir in South [Calcutta](/wiki/Calcutta \"Calcutta\") on 29 December 2006\\.\n\n2 May 2008 in the birthday of [Satyajit Ray](/wiki/Satyajit_Ray \"Satyajit Ray\"), Calcutta Youth Choir celebrated 50 years anniversary at Rabindrasadan, [Kolkata](/wiki/Kolkata \"Kolkata\") in presence of [Manna Dey](/wiki/Manna_Dey \"Manna Dey\"), sitting speaker of Parliament [Somenath Chatterjee](/wiki/Somenath_Chatterjee \"Somenath Chatterjee\"), [Sabita Chowdury](/wiki/Sabita_Chowdury \"Sabita Chowdury\"), Mayor of Kolkata Bikash Bhattacharia, [Suchitra Mitra](/wiki/Suchitra_Mitra \"Suchitra Mitra\") and others. [Manna Dey](/wiki/Manna_Dey \"Manna Dey\") and [Sabita Chowdury](/wiki/Sabita_Chowdury \"Sabita Chowdury\") participated in the song *Janeywaleey Sipahi* under the direction of Ruma Guha Thakurta.\n\n16 September 2010, choir celebrated its 52nd anniversary where 6 members of Calcutta Youth Choir were honoured for performing regularly with the choir for more than 50 years by [Ruma Guha Thakurta](/wiki/Ruma_Guha_Thakurta \"Ruma Guha Thakurta\").\n\n9 April 2012, choir celebrated its 54th anniversary of Calcutta Youth Choir headed by [Ruma Guha Thakurta](/wiki/Ruma_Guha_Thakurta \"Ruma Guha Thakurta\"). This was the last show Guha Thakurta was present and conducted the show.\n\n11 June 2013, choir celebrated its 55th anniversary of Calcutta Youth Choir. For the first time [Ruma Guha Thakurta](/wiki/Ruma_Guha_Thakurta \"Ruma Guha Thakurta\") was not present in the Annual Show due to her deteriorating health condition.\n\n27 January 2013, the choir hosted a Dance and Music Festival held at the Uttarpara Jaikrishna Ground. This event showcased the true culture of Bengali music accompanied with folk dance. \n5 May 2013, the choir performed a collection of patriotic songs at the Gitanjali Stadium. \n23 January 2014, the choir made their next appearance at the Mother Teresa International Award Ceremony and performed various folk songs to keep the audience and dignitaries entertained. \nIn May 2014, they also performed hit numbers at Pete Seeger's Tribute Concert at the Tollygunge Club. \nOn 4 July and 17 October 2014 the choir performed in St. James’ School and on both the occasions and performed their trademark folk and mass songs. \n8 January 2015, the choir performed at Bhantala High School and entertained the crowd with their enthralling music. \nOn 12 September 2015, the Calcutta Youth choir performed at the Golden Jubilee Celebration of Naragole Raj College in Midnapur. \nIn July 2016, the choir performed at Rabindra Sadan to celebrate the birth anniversary of D.L. Roy, [Atul Prasad Sen](/wiki/Atul_Prasad_Sen \"Atul Prasad Sen\") and Rajani Ratan Sen. \nOn 30 December 2016, the Calcutta Youth Choir performed in a Sangeet Anusthan held in the district of Hedua. \nThe Calcutta Youth Choir has performed at the Bangla Sangeet Mela organised by the Govt. of West Bengal on several occasions: \n9 April 2013, the choir participated in the Bangla Sangeet Mela held at the Rabitirtha Hall in Newtown. \nIn February 2014, 17 February 2015 and 18 December 2016 the choir yet again performed at the historic Bangla Sangeet Mela organised by the Govt. of West Bengal and held at Rabindra Sadan. \n19 July 2015, the choir performed to celebrate the birth anniversary of D.L. Roy and Atul Prasad Sen at Rabindra Sadan.\n\n", "Albums by Calcutta Youth Choir\n------------------------------\n\n1. *Beje Uthlo Ki Somoyer Ghori*, A collection of mass songs released by HMV in 1976\n2. *Waqt Ki Awaz (Hindi)*, A collection of modern songs released by HMV\n3. *Prarthna Sangeet*, A collection of devotional songs released by CBS\n4. *All times Great Calcutta Youth Choir*, A collection of selected track from HMV\n5. *Amra Tori Beye Jai*, A collection of mass songs released by HMV in 1981\n6. *Manusher Gaan Gai*, A collection of mass songs released by HMV in 1982\n7. *Pochis Bochor Dhore*, Released by HMV in the year 1983 on 25th anniversary of the choir\n8. *Bharatbarsho Surger Ek Naam*, A collection of Bengali modern songs released by HMV\n9. *Swadesi Juger Gaan*, a collection of patriotic songs released by HMV\n10. *Chetonar Gaan*, A collection of songs to welcome [Nelson Mandela](/wiki/Nelson_Mandela \"Nelson Mandela\") in India released by CBS in 1988\n11. *Besh Sotoker Gaan*, A collection of Bengali mass songs released by Hindustan Records in 1990 celebrating 300th birthday of [Calcutta](/wiki/Calcutta \"Calcutta\")\n12. *Deshatobodok Gaan*, A collection of patriotic songs released by Gathani in 1993\n13. *Din Agato Oi*, A collection of modern songs released by Gathani in 1994 for the celebration of Bengali New Year (1400 SATABDI)\n14. *Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja (Hindi)*, A collection of INA (Azad Hind Fauj) songs by HMV n 100th birth anniversary of Netaji [Subhas Bose](/wiki/Subhas_Bose \"Subhas Bose\") in 1996\n15. *Mile Sobe Bharat Santan*, A collection of modern songs released by HMV in 1998\n16. *Sikol Bhangar Gaan*, A collection of Patriotic songs (before India's Independence) released in 2001\n17. *Amader Salilda*, A collection of mass songs by [Salil Chowdhury](/wiki/Salil_Chowdhury \"Salil Chowdhury\") released by ASHA AUDIO in 2007\n18. *Ek Dor Mein*, A collection of Hindi Translation Rabindra Sangeet released by Saregama (HMV) in 2010\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Calcutta Youth Choir, performances](http://www.google.co.in/search?q=Calcutta+Youth+Choir&hl=en&rlz=1B3GGLL_enIN403IN403&prmd=v&source=univ&tbs=vid:1&tbo=u&ei=OKfNTIPBAo7svQOs8-TJDw&sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=title&resnum=10&ved=0CD8QqwQwCQ)\n\n[Category:Indian musical groups](/wiki/Category:Indian_musical_groups \"Indian musical groups\")\n[Category:Choirs of children](/wiki/Category:Choirs_of_children \"Choirs of children\")\n[Category:Youth choirs](/wiki/Category:Youth_choirs \"Youth choirs\")\n[Category:Musical groups established in 1958](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_established_in_1958 \"Musical groups established in 1958\")\n[Category:Culture of West Bengal](/wiki/Category:Culture_of_West_Bengal \"Culture of West Bengal\")\n[Category:Culture of Kolkata](/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Kolkata \"Culture of Kolkata\")\n[Category:Bengali music](/wiki/Category:Bengali_music \"Bengali music\")\n[Category:Indian choirs](/wiki/Category:Indian_choirs \"Indian choirs\")\n[Category:1958 establishments in West Bengal](/wiki/Category:1958_establishments_in_West_Bengal \"1958 establishments in West Bengal\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 15561427 ], "name": [ "Asrefaei" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Biography", "Family", "Honours", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n* + - * + - * + \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[thumb\\|Isa bin Ali House, residence of the former ruler in [Muharraq](/wiki/Muharraq \"Muharraq\")](/wiki/File:Isa_Bin_Ali_House.jpg \"Isa Bin Ali House.jpg\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t**Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa** (1848 – 9 December 1932\\) was the [ruler of Bahrain](/wiki/King_of_Bahrain \"King of Bahrain\") from 1869 until his death. His title was [Hakim of Bahrain](/wiki/Hakim_of_Bahrain \"Hakim of Bahrain\"). He is one of the longest reigning monarchs of the region, a reign lasting 63 years. He was forced by the British political advisor, [Clive Kirkpatrick Daly](/wiki/Clive_Kirkpatrick_Daly \"Clive Kirkpatrick Daly\"), to abdicate in 1923, although this \"abdication\" was never recognised by Bahrainis who considered his successor Hamad only as a viceruler until Isa's death in 1932\\.Rosemary Said Zahlan, *The Making of the Modern Gulf States*, Reading 1998 \\[2nd ed.], p. 98\n\n", "Biography\n---------\n\nIsa ibn Ali Al Khalifa was born on 27 November 1848, in [Riffa Fort](/wiki/Riffa_Fort \"Riffa Fort\"), Bahrain, the fourth\\-born son of Sheikh Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa with Sheikha Tajba bint Ahmad Al Khalifa,Family tree, [Salman bin Ahmad Al Khalifa de Bahrain](https://gw.geneanet.org/frebault?lang=en&n=de+bahrain&oc=0&p=salman+bin+ahmad+al+khalifa) daughter of Sheikh Ahmad bin Salman Al Khalifa.\n\nSheikh Isa's father, Sheikh Ali, became the ruler of Bahrain in 1868 after his brother [Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa](/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Khalifa \"Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa\") was forced to abdicate by the British after an alleged violation of the 1861 treaty which prevented him from carrying out maritime depredations. In August 1869, a large force led by Nasir bin Mubarak invaded Bahrain and killed Isa's father, Sheikh Ali. Nasir's cousin, Mohammed bin Abdullah, usurped the throne after the murder and assumed the Sheikhdom. Sheikh Isa fled to [Zubarah](/wiki/Zubarah \"Zubarah\"), to be treated by the Al Noaim tribe who remained loyal to his rule. In December 1869, a British force under the Political Resident [Lewis Pelly](/wiki/Lewis_Pelly \"Lewis Pelly\") with the will and desire of the people of Bahrain, Sheikh Isa arrived and deposed the usurper who was captured by the British and sent to prison in India where he died a captive in 1877\\. Sheikh Isa ruled from 2 December 1869\\.\n\nOn 22 December 1880, Isa concluded a protectorate treaty with the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") to abstain from making any treaties or engagements with any other foreign power or state without British consent. Isa became sole ruler on the death of his brother in October 1888, when his title was altered from Chief to Ruler of Bahrain (Hakim). The protectorate treaty was confirmed and extended on 13 March 1892, in which Isa also reiterating his desire to retain for himself the right to manage Bahrain's internal affairs. Under these treaties, the United Kingdom managed all of Bahrain's foreign policy and in this way Isa was not authorized to conclude treaties independently with other powers. Sheikh Isa successfully fought off with the assistance of his brother Sheikh Khalid bin Ali, a maritime force of the Al Binali tribe which attempted unsuccessfully in invading the Bahrain islands in 1895\\.\n\nIsa was forced by the British political advisor, [Clive Kirkpatrick Daly](/wiki/Clive_Kirkpatrick_Daly \"Clive Kirkpatrick Daly\"), to abdicate in 1923, although this \"abdication\" was never recognised by Bahrainis who considered his successor Hamad only as a viceruler until Isa's death in 1932\\. From 1926, at an old age, Isa was joined by a British consultant, [Charles Belgrave](/wiki/Charles_Belgrave \"Charles Belgrave\"), who helped him implement [administrative reforms](/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s \"Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s\") aimed at promoting social progress as laws for the regulation of pearl fishing, traditionally one of the main parts of the local economy.\n\nSheikh Isa died while praying the dawn prayers in his room in Muharraq on 9 December 1932 after a reign of 63 years, and was buried at Al Muharaq cemetery. His was the longest reign in Bahrain’s history, as well as one of the most long\\-lived rulers in the world. He was officially succeeded by his second\\-born son [Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa](/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_%281872%E2%80%931942%29 \"Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa (1872–1942)\"), his eldest son of eight having died in 1893\\.\n\n", "Family\n------\n\nIsa had four wives: \n* (first) Sheikha Haya bint Muhammad Al Khalifa, daughter of Sheikh Muhammad bin Salman bin Ahmad Al Khalifa, the divorced wife of his younger brother, Sheikh Ahmad bin ‘Ali Al Khalifa.\n* (second) Seikha Maryam bint Hamad al\\-Benali (fl 1951\\), daughter of Sheikh Hamad bin 'Ali al\\-Benali.\n* (third) Sheikha Munira bint 'Abdu'l Razak Al Khalifa, daughter of Sheikh 'Abd'ul Razak Al Khalifa.\n* (fourth) Sheikha Aisha bint Muhammad Al Khalifa (died at Muharraq, 26 December 1943\\), daughter of Sheikh [Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa](/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Khalifa \"Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa\"), Ruler of Bahrain, by his seventh wife, Aisha al\\-Jalhama.\n\nIsa had five sons: \n* Sheikh Salman bin Isa al\\-Khalifa al\\-Haj (1873–1893\\), born at Manama, son of Haya. Died while returning from the [Hajj](/wiki/Hajj \"Hajj\"), near Riyadh, Arabia.\n* Sheikh [Hamad bin Isa al\\-Khalifa](/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_%281872%E2%80%931942%29 \"Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa (1872–1942)\") (1875–1942\\), Ruler of Bahrain, son of Haya.\n* Sheikh Rashid bin Isa al\\-Khalifa (1877–1902\\), born at Manama in 1877, son of Haya. Died from consumption.\n* Shaikh Muhammad bin Isa al\\-Khalifa al\\-Haj (1878 – 10 November, 1964\\), born at Manama, son of Maryam.\n* Sheikh 'Abdu'llah bin Isa al\\-Khalifa (1883 – 23 April, 1966\\), born at Muharraq, son of Aisha.\n\nand four daughters:\n* Sheikha Noora bint Isa al\\-Khalifa. Married Sheikh Ibrahim bin Khalid al\\-Khalifa (1873–1933\\), eldest son of Sheikh Khalid bin 'Ali al\\-Khalifa.\n* Sheikha … bint Isa al\\-Khalifa. Married (first) Sheikh 'Ali bin Ahmad al\\-Khalifa, son of Sheikh Ahmad bin 'Ali al\\-Khalifa, and (second) September 1917, Sheikh Salman bin Khalid al\\-Khalifa, a cousin.\n* Sheikha Moza bint Isa al\\-Khalifa, wife of Sheikh Ali bin Ahmed Al Khalifa.\n* Sheikha Munira bint Isa al\\-Khalifa, daughter of Munira. Married Sheikh Khalifa bin Ahmad al\\-Khalifa (1875–??), son of her paternal uncle, Sheikh Ahmad bin 'Ali al\\-Khalifa al\\-Haj.\n\n", "Honours\n-------\n\n* Style of *Excellency* – 1909\n* Personal 11\\-gun salute – 1909\n* [Companion of the Order of the Star of India](/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India \"Companion of the Order of the Star of India\") (CSI) – 1914\n* [Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire](/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire \"Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire\") (KCIE) – 1919\n* Style of *Highness* – 1930\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Al Khalifa](/wiki/Al_Khalifa \"Al Khalifa\")\n* [History of Bahrain](/wiki/History_of_Bahrain \"History of Bahrain\")\n* [Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s](/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s \"Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s\")\n* [List of longest reigning monarchs of all time](/wiki/List_of_longest_reigning_monarchs_of_all_time \"List of longest reigning monarchs of all time\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* Photos of Isa bin Ali's house in [Muharraq](/wiki/Muharraq \"Muharraq\"): <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294699840/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294701849/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294701652/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294701461/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294701318/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294701152/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294701007/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294700842/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294700704/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294700588/>, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzytnth3/294700436/>\n\n[Category:1848 births](/wiki/Category:1848_births \"1848 births\")\n[Category:1932 deaths](/wiki/Category:1932_deaths \"1932 deaths\")\n[Isa Ali](/wiki/Category:House_of_Khalifa \"House of Khalifa\")\n[Category:Bahraini monarchs](/wiki/Category:Bahraini_monarchs \"Bahraini monarchs\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Bahraini people](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Bahraini_people \"20th-century Bahraini people\")\n[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire](/wiki/Category:Honorary_Knights_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire \"Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire\")\n[Category:Honorary companions of the Order of the Star of India](/wiki/Category:Honorary_companions_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India \"Honorary companions of the Order of the Star of India\")\n[Category:19th\\-century Arab people](/wiki/Category:19th-century_Arab_people \"19th-century Arab people\")\n[Category:19th\\-century monarchs in the Middle East](/wiki/Category:19th-century_monarchs_in_the_Middle_East \"19th-century monarchs in the Middle East\")\n[Category:20th\\-century monarchs in the Middle East](/wiki/Category:20th-century_monarchs_in_the_Middle_East \"20th-century monarchs in the Middle East\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 35562119 ], "name": [ "Jenjiboo" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Description", "Ecology and behaviour", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **northern sandhill frog** (***Arenophryne rotunda***) is a small, [fossorial](/wiki/Fossorial \"Fossorial\") [frog](/wiki/Frog \"Frog\") native to a small region of the [Western Australian](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\") coast. It was formerly considered the sole species within the genus ***Arenophryne*** until the first decade of the 2000s, when a new species of frog called the [southern sandhill frog](/wiki/Southern_sandhill_frog \"Southern sandhill frog\") was discovered about 100 kilometres from Geraldton, Western Australia in [Kalbarri National Park](/wiki/Kalbarri_National_Park \"Kalbarri National Park\") and given the scientific name *Arenophryne xiphorhyncha*.\n\n", "Description\n-----------\n\nThe northern sandhill frog is a small, rotund frog, reaching a maximum length of 33 millimetres (1\\.3 in). It is a burrowing frog, and has short, strong legs. The dorsal surface is mottled in colour, from dark grey and white to pale brown. It is covered in small warts and ridges. It also has small, bright red or green, patches on its back. The [ventral](/wiki/Ventral \"Ventral\") surface is a dull white. The head is small, and triangular in shape, and the body is flat. The [tympanum](/wiki/Tympanum_%28zoology%29 \"Tympanum (zoology)\") is not visible\n\n", "Ecology and behaviour\n---------------------\n\nThe sandhill frogs are one of the more peculiar of the [Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") ground frogs, family [Myobatrachidae](/wiki/Myobatrachidae \"Myobatrachidae\"). Most of the Australian burrowing frogs burrow backwards; only the sandhill frog and the [turtle frog](/wiki/Turtle_frog \"Turtle frog\") (*Myobatrachus gouldii*) burrow head first. To achieve this, both frogs have small heads and strong arms. The sandhill frog inhabits coarse\\-grained [sand dunes](/wiki/Sand_dune \"Sand dune\") on the coast of Western Australia, ranging from [Shark Bay](/wiki/Shark_Bay \"Shark Bay\") in the north, [Kalbarri National Park](/wiki/Kalbarri_National_Park \"Kalbarri National Park\") in the south and [Cooloomia](/wiki/Cooloomia \"Cooloomia\") in the east. They inhabit an area which does not have much free\\-standing water, as it is quickly absorbed into the sand. However, the sand becomes moist at a relatively shallow depth. During the day, the sandhill frog will avoid desiccation by burrowing into the moist layer of the sand, emerging at night to hunt. (Hogan et al. 2012\\) Their [diet](/wiki/Insectivore \"Insectivore\") primarily consists of [ants](/wiki/Ant \"Ant\").\n\nDuring March and April, the males will call from above or below the surface of the [sand](/wiki/Sand \"Sand\"). The male and female will burrow together. As the dry season dries out the sand, the frogs will continue to dig further to remain in the wet layer. They may reach depths of 80 centimetres (2\\.6 ft). They will lay a maximum of eleven [eggs](/wiki/Egg_%28biology%29 \"Egg (biology)\") underground, where they undergo direct development, and bypass the [tadpole](/wiki/Tadpole \"Tadpole\") stage. The adult frogs will remain underground for at least five months.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n* Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is of least concern\n* C.Michael Hogan, J.M.Hero \\& J.D.Roberts. 2012\\. [Species account for *Arenophryne rotunda*](http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Arenophryne&where-species=rotunda). ed. Michelle Koo. AmphibiaWeb.\n[Category:Myobatrachidae](/wiki/Category:Myobatrachidae \"Myobatrachidae\")\n[Category:Amphibians of Western Australia](/wiki/Category:Amphibians_of_Western_Australia \"Amphibians of Western Australia\")\n[Category:Shark Bay](/wiki/Category:Shark_Bay \"Shark Bay\")\n[Category:Amphibians described in 1976](/wiki/Category:Amphibians_described_in_1976 \"Amphibians described in 1976\")\n[Category:Frogs of Australia](/wiki/Category:Frogs_of_Australia \"Frogs of Australia\")\n[Category:Endemic fauna of Southwest Australia](/wiki/Category:Endemic_fauna_of_Southwest_Australia \"Endemic fauna of Southwest Australia\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "List of crossings", "Anclote River Park", "Things To Do", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **Anclote River**, running for U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high\\-resolution flowline data. [The National Map](http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/) , accessed April 18, 2011 near [Tarpon Springs, Florida](/wiki/Tarpon_Springs%2C_Florida \"Tarpon Springs, Florida\") flows westward towards the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") from its source of creeks and springs inland. The river is home to a variety of fish and wildlife. Anclote River is home to the sponging and fishing industries of Tarpon Springs (including a large [shrimp](/wiki/Shrimp \"Shrimp\") industry). It is a major site for tourists of the area as it flows through the spongedocks of Tarpon Springs.\n\nAn extension of the [Pinellas Trail](/wiki/Pinellas_Trail \"Pinellas Trail\") which crosses the Anclote River was dedicated on June 15, 2004\\. The new extension is built along abandoned Atlantic Coast Line railroad grade, which once serviced industry on the north side of the river.\n\n", "List of crossings\n-----------------\n\n| Crossing | Carries | Image | Location | Coordinates |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|Headwaters\n\n |\n| 140076140077 | [25px](/wiki/File:Toll_Florida_589.svg \"Toll Florida 589.svg\") [SR 589](/wiki/Florida_State_Road_589 \"Florida State Road 589\")Suncoast Parkway | | | |\n|Confluence with South Branch Anclote River\n\n |\n [Starkey Wilderness Park](/wiki/Starkey_Wilderness_Park \"Starkey Wilderness Park\") |\n |\n| 144059 | Starkey Boulevard | | [New Port Richey](/wiki/New_Port_Richey \"New Port Richey\") | |\n| 144051 | [20px](/wiki/File:Pasco_County_Road_1_FL.svg \"Pasco County Road 1 FL.svg\") [CR 1](/wiki/County_Road_1_%28Pasco_County%2C_Florida%29 \"County Road 1 (Pasco County, Florida)\")Little Road | [100px](/wiki/File:Pasco_CR_1_Anclote_River_Bridge-1.jpg \"Pasco CR 1 Anclote River Bridge-1.jpg\") | [Trinity](/wiki/Trinity%2C_Florida \"Trinity, Florida\") | |\n| Father Felix Ullrich Bridge140067 | [20px](/wiki/File:Florida_54.svg \"Florida 54.svg\") [SR 54](/wiki/Florida_State_Road_54 \"Florida State Road 54\") | [100px](/wiki/File:Father_Felix_Ullrich_Bridge_sign.JPG \"Father Felix Ullrich Bridge sign.JPG\") | Seven Springs | |\n| 144024 | [20px](/wiki/File:Pasco_County_Road_77_FL.svg \"Pasco County Road 77 FL.svg\") [CR 77](/wiki/County_Road_77_%28Pasco_County%2C_Florida%29 \"County Road 77 (Pasco County, Florida)\")Seven Springs Boulevard | [100px](/wiki/File:Pasco_CR_77_Bridge_over_Anclote_River_%28FDOT_Number%29.JPG \"Pasco CR 77 Bridge over Anclote River (FDOT Number).JPG\") | [Elfers](/wiki/Elfers%2C_Florida \"Elfers, Florida\") | |\n| 144017 | Celtic Drive | | Elfers | |\n| 140034 | Perrine Ranch Road | | [Holiday](/wiki/Holiday%2C_Florida \"Holiday, Florida\") | |\n|Outflow of [Salt Lake](/wiki/Salt_Lake_%28Florida%29 \"Salt Lake (Florida)\")\n\n |\n |\n |\n| 150235 | [20px](/wiki/File:US_19.svg \"US 19.svg\") [US 19](/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Florida \"U.S. Route 19 in Florida\") | | [Tarpon Springs](/wiki/Tarpon_Springs \"Tarpon Springs\") | |\n| Old [ACL](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad \"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad\") Bridge | [Pinellas Trail Elfers Spur](/wiki/Pinellas_Trail \"Pinellas Trail\") | | Tarpon Springs | |\n| 150006 | [20px](/wiki/File:Alternate_plate.svg \"Alternate plate.svg\") [Alternate US 19](/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Alternate_%28St._Petersburg_%E2%80%93_Holiday%2C_Florida%29 \"U.S. Route 19 Alternate (St. Petersburg – Holiday, Florida)\") [20px](/wiki/File:US_19.svg \"US 19.svg\") Pinellas Avenue | | Tarpon Springs | |\n|Confluence with [Tarpon Bayous](/wiki/Tarpon_Bayous \"Tarpon Bayous\")\n\n |\n Tarpon Springs |\n |\n|[Anclote Power Plant](/wiki/Anclote_Power_Plant \"Anclote Power Plant\") Inflow Canal\n\n |\n Tarpon Springs |\n |\n|Mouth\n\n |\n|\n\n", "Anclote River Park\n------------------\n\nThe Anclote River Park has of a facing the sandbars of the Anclote River. The back of the beach zone is dotted with big oak trees. The park includes an Indian Burial Mound with structures built over other burial grounds in the park. The park has designated areas for swimming, boating and fishing. It is operational dawn to dusk 7 days a week. There are also changing rooms, bathrooms and outdoor showers nearby. Alcohol is not allowed and parking charges apply.\n\n", "Things To Do\n------------\n\n**Boating**\n\nThe park boasts of a six\\-lane boat ramp that's ideal for boaters. For boat storage and rentals, Anclote Village Marina is right next doors.\n\n**Fishing**\n\nExcept for boat ramp and beach area, fishing can be done anywhere around the park. Mullets and crabs are easily found in the channels that are shallow.\n\n**Picnics and Parties**\n\nThe place is great for hosting small birthday parties or small barbeques. There are giant covered pavilions, picnic benches, children's playground, charcoal barbeque grills, horseshoe field, and a volleyball court to keep everyone busy.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [FDOT Florida Bridge Data 01\\-05\\-2010](https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122716/http://www.dot.state.fl.us/statemaintenanceoffice/CBR/Florida%20Bridge%20Information%2001-05-2010.pdf)\n\n[Category:Rivers of Florida](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Florida \"Rivers of Florida\")\n[Category:Geography of the Tampa Bay area](/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Tampa_Bay_area \"Geography of the Tampa Bay area\")\n[Category:Bodies of water of Pasco County, Florida](/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Pasco_County%2C_Florida \"Bodies of water of Pasco County, Florida\")\n[Category:Bodies of water of Pinellas County, Florida](/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Pinellas_County%2C_Florida \"Bodies of water of Pinellas County, Florida\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 9170741 ], "name": [ "Melchior2006" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Legacy", "Notable people", "Notes and references" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Barrington College** was a four\\-year Christian [liberal arts college](/wiki/Liberal_arts_college \"Liberal arts college\") located in [Barrington](/wiki/Barrington%2C_Rhode_Island \"Barrington, Rhode Island\"), [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island \"Rhode Island\"). It is no longer in operation.\n\n", "History\n-------\n\nBarrington College was founded by [E. W. Kenyon](/wiki/E._W._Kenyon \"E. W. Kenyon\"), pastor of the New Covenant Baptist Church, in 1900 as the **Bethel Bible Training School** in [Spencer](/wiki/Spencer%2C_Massachusetts \"Spencer, Massachusetts\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"). It was relocated to [Dudley](/wiki/Dudley%2C_Massachusetts \"Dudley, Massachusetts\"), Massachusetts in 1923 and renamed the **Dudley Bible Institute**. It was then moved to Capitol Hill in [Providence](/wiki/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island \"Providence, Rhode Island\"), [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island \"Rhode Island\") in 1929 and renamed the **Providence Bible Institute**. In 1950, the school purchased [Belton Court](/wiki/Belton_Court \"Belton Court\"), a estate in Barrington. In 1960, the Providence campus was sold and the college was renamed to **Barrington College**. Financially struggling, the college merged with [Gordon College](/wiki/Gordon_College_%28Massachusetts%29 \"Gordon College (Massachusetts)\"), another liberal arts Christian school in [Wenham, Massachusetts](/wiki/Wenham%2C_Massachusetts \"Wenham, Massachusetts\"), in 1985\\.\n\n", "Legacy\n------\n\nThe Barrington Center for the Arts at Gordon is named in honor of Barrington College. The [campus](/wiki/Campus \"Campus\") was sold and was the site of [Zion Bible College](/wiki/Northpoint_Bible_College \"Northpoint Bible College\"), until Zion moved to [Haverhill, Massachusetts](/wiki/Haverhill%2C_Massachusetts \"Haverhill, Massachusetts\") 2008\\.\n\n", "Notable people\n--------------\n\n* David G. Horner: Alumnus, former president, current president of [American College of Greece](/wiki/American_College_of_Greece \"American College of Greece\")\n* [Doug Kane](/wiki/Doug_Kane \"Doug Kane\"): member of the Illinois House of Representatives'Illinois Blue Book 1981\\-1982,' Biographical Sketch of Douglas Kane, pg. 169\n* [Woodrow M. Kroll](/wiki/Woodrow_M._Kroll \"Woodrow M. Kroll\"): Alumnus, former president of [Practical Bible College](/wiki/Practical_Bible_College \"Practical Bible College\"), current president of the [Back to the Bible](/wiki/Back_to_the_Bible \"Back to the Bible\") radio ministry\n* [Harold Hoehner](/wiki/Harold_Hoehner \"Harold Hoehner\"): Professor of New Testament, [Dallas Theological Seminary](/wiki/Dallas_Theological_Seminary \"Dallas Theological Seminary\")\n* [Ronald H. Nash](/wiki/Ronald_H._Nash \"Ronald H. Nash\"): Professor of Philosophy, Religion, and Theology.\n* [John Mbiti](/wiki/John_Mbiti \"John Mbiti\"): alumnus; Professor of Philosophy, [University of Bern](/wiki/University_of_Bern \"University of Bern\")\n* [Shirley Nelson](/wiki/Shirley_Nelson \"Shirley Nelson\"): Alumna, lecturer in creative writing, award\\-winning author\n", "Notes and references\n--------------------\n\n[Category:Defunct Christian universities and colleges](/wiki/Category:Defunct_Christian_universities_and_colleges \"Defunct Christian universities and colleges\")\n[Category:Defunct private universities and colleges in Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:Defunct_private_universities_and_colleges_in_Rhode_Island \"Defunct private universities and colleges in Rhode Island\")\n[Category:Educational institutions established in 1900](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1900 \"Educational institutions established in 1900\")\n[Category:Gordon College (Massachusetts)](/wiki/Category:Gordon_College_%28Massachusetts%29 \"Gordon College (Massachusetts)\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Barrington, Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Barrington%2C_Rhode_Island \"Buildings and structures in Barrington, Rhode Island\")\n[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1985](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_disestablished_in_1985 \"Educational institutions disestablished in 1985\")\n[Category:1900 establishments in Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:1900_establishments_in_Rhode_Island \"1900 establishments in Rhode Island\")\n[Category:1985 disestablishments in Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:1985_disestablishments_in_Rhode_Island \"1985 disestablishments in Rhode Island\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 2842084 ], "name": [ "Jevansen" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Clinton 'Clint' Haines** (10 April 1976 – 10 April 1997\\) was an Australian computer [hacker](/wiki/Hacker \"Hacker\"). He was also known as **Harry McBungus**, **TaLoN** and **Terminator\\-Z**.\n\nHaines attended [Ipswich Grammar School](/wiki/Ipswich_Grammar_School \"Ipswich Grammar School\"). He wrote his first [computer virus](/wiki/Computer_virus \"Computer virus\") in [assembly language](/wiki/Assembly_language \"Assembly language\") using the [A86](/wiki/A86_%28software%29 \"A86 (software)\") assembler in the early 1990s.\n\nHaines was responsible for the viruses NoFrills, Dudley,28 May 1995 [Computer underground Digest](http://cu-digest.org/CUDS7/cud743) Volume 7 : Issue 43\\. X\\-Fungus/PuKE, Daemaen and 1984\\. NoFrills infected the [Australian Taxation Office](/wiki/Australian_Taxation_Office \"Australian Taxation Office\") (ATO). It was described by anti\\-virus company manager Len Grooves as \"totally unimpressive\". Grooves added: \"This is a very average virus...It could have been written by any first\\-year computer student. In fact, it had serious design faults and programming bugs. I would not hire the writer.\" Nevertheless, the ATO decided to turn off all of its 15,000 computers until the virus was eradicated, to avoid the infection spreading.\n\nHis virus Dudley also infected the computers of [Telecom Australia](/wiki/Telstra \"Telstra\")), shutting down their system in two hours. The Dudley virus was a variant of the No Frills code with the text \\[Oi Dudley!]\\[PuKE].\n\nHaines died from a [heroin](/wiki/Heroin \"Heroin\") overdose in 1997, in [Saint Lucia](/wiki/Saint_Lucia%2C_Queensland \"Saint Lucia, Queensland\"), [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"), celebrating his 21st birthday. At the time of his death he was completing an undergraduate science degree in [microbiology](/wiki/Microbiology \"Microbiology\") at the [University of Queensland](/wiki/University_of_Queensland \"University of Queensland\"). A computer virus was written in his honour (RIP Terminator\\-Z by VLAD). The virus, named 'Memorial', pays acknowledgement to Haines by placing a message on an infected user's screen.[F\\-Secure Virus Descriptions : Memorial](http://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/clint.shtml)\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:1976 births](/wiki/Category:1976_births \"1976 births\")\n[Category:1997 deaths](/wiki/Category:1997_deaths \"1997 deaths\")\n[Category:Deaths by heroin overdose in Australia](/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_heroin_overdose_in_Australia \"Deaths by heroin overdose in Australia\")\n[Category:Hackers](/wiki/Category:Hackers \"Hackers\")\n[Category:People from Brisbane](/wiki/Category:People_from_Brisbane \"People from Brisbane\")\n[Category:Accidental deaths in Queensland](/wiki/Category:Accidental_deaths_in_Queensland \"Accidental deaths in Queensland\")\n[Category:People educated at Ipswich Grammar School](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Ipswich_Grammar_School \"People educated at Ipswich Grammar School\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 46974772 ], "name": [ "Exams ghost" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Characteristics", "Natural gas", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n [200px\\|thumb\\|The former island of Ostrovo (map from 1912\\)](/wiki/image:Ostrvo.JPG \"Ostrvo.JPG\")\n\n**Ostrovo** or **Ostrvo** ( or Острво; meaning \"island\" in [Serbian](/wiki/Serbian_language \"Serbian language\")) was the largest [Serbian](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\") [river island](/wiki/River_island \"River island\") on the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\"), with an area of .\n\n", "Characteristics\n---------------\n\nIt was in length and in width. Today it is no longer an island but [peninsula](/wiki/Peninsula \"Peninsula\"), which is connected to the southern bank of the Danube. Ostrovo lies east of [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\"), near [Kostolac](/wiki/Kostolac \"Kostolac\"), and is heavily forested. It has given its name to a village of [Ostrovo](/wiki/Ostrovo%2C_Kostolac \"Ostrovo, Kostolac\") in municipality of Kostolac. The southern arm of Danube around Ostrovo is called *[Dunavac](/wiki/Dunavac_%28Ostrovo%29 \"Dunavac (Ostrovo)\")*.\n\n", "Natural gas\n-----------\n\nIn the early 2000, [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\") reserves were discovered on Ostrovo. Potential reserves were estimated at 200 million cubic meters with the possible production of 10,000 cubic meters per day for 12 years. Profitability index was estimated to 1:7 and the extraction could start in 2001\\. Paraffin petroleum reserves were also discovered. Based on this, a big underground gas storage and a regional pipeline to [Smederevo](/wiki/Smederevo \"Smederevo\") and [Požarevac](/wiki/Po%C5%BEarevac \"Požarevac\") were proposed. Even though by 2003 everything was prepared for the works to begin, by 2017 no progress was made on the ground.\n\nExploitation of the gas finally began in 2017, on the gas field which covers . There are four wells, with daily production reaching by November 2021\\. The storage station \"Ostrovo\" was built from Kostolac, and adapted to produce liquid, [compressed natural gas](/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas \"Compressed natural gas\"), which mainly consists of [methane](/wiki/Methane \"Methane\"). The gas can be used as a fuel, and is shipped four times per day from Ostrovo, mostly for industrial use.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [List of islands of Serbia](/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Serbia \"List of islands of Serbia\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:River islands of Serbia](/wiki/Category:River_islands_of_Serbia \"River islands of Serbia\")\n[Category:Islands of the Danube](/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_Danube \"Islands of the Danube\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 861759 ], "name": [ "BOZ" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Plot summary", "Chapters", "Publication history", "Reception", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n***Dragons of Ice*** is the start of the second major story arc in the *[Dungeons \\& Dragons](/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons \"Dungeons & Dragons\")* [Dragonlance](/wiki/Dragonlance \"Dragonlance\") series of game [modules](/wiki/Adventure_%28Dungeons_%26_Dragons%29 \"Adventure (Dungeons & Dragons)\"). It is one of the [14 DL modules published](/wiki/Dragonlance_modules_%28DL_series%29 \"Dragonlance modules (DL series)\") by [TSR](/wiki/TSR%2C_Inc. \"TSR, Inc.\") between 1984 and 1986\\. Its cover features a painting of a [white dragon](/wiki/List_of_Chromatic_dragons%23White_dragon \"List of Chromatic dragons#White dragon\") attacking sail powered [ice boats](/wiki/Ice_boat \"Ice boat\") by [Larry Elmore](/wiki/Larry_Elmore \"Larry Elmore\"). The module launches players into the story of the second book of the Dragonlance Chronicles, *[Dragons of Winter Night](/wiki/Dragons_of_Winter_Night \"Dragons of Winter Night\")*.\n\n", "Plot summary\n------------\n\n*Dragons of Ice* is an adventure in which the [player characters](/wiki/Player_character \"Player character\") left Thorbardin and go south to the polar regions, traveling along the glaciers to find Icewall Castle. The characters encounter creatures including the Ice Folk, boats that skate on ice, and the Walrus\\-Men.\n\nCharacters begin play at the ancient port city of Tarsis in the world of [Krynn](/wiki/Krynn \"Krynn\"). After an attack by the Dragonarmies on Tarsis, the party is driven south to Icewall Castle, which is home to a white [dragon](/wiki/Dragon_%28Dungeons_%26_Dragons%29 \"Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons)\") and one of the legendary Dragon Orbs.\n\nAfter the [Cataclysm](/wiki/Cataclysm_%28Dragonlance%29 \"Cataclysm (Dragonlance)\"), the seas receded from the port city Tarsis, so instead of finding a port the characters have found a land locked city inland. The adventure series version of Dragons of Winter Night, book two of the Dragonlance saga, will follow part of the party from the first book, Dragons of Autumn Twilight. Returning playable characters available are Sturm Brightblade, Flint Fireforge and Tasslehoff Burrfoot and Gilthanas. Laurana and Elistan, previously appearing NPC's, are now also playable as characters. Additionally two [Knights of Solamnia](/wiki/Knights_of_Solamnia \"Knights of Solamnia\"), Aaron Tallbow and Derek Crownguard, are available for players if required. Aaron will appear as an NPC with the party if he is not used by a player. The other characters from the first book leave from Tarsis in a different direction at the beginning of DL10 *[Dragons of Dreams](/wiki/Dragons_of_Dreams \"Dragons of Dreams\")*.\n\n### Chapters\n\n**Chapter 1: The Fall of Tarsis**\n\n**Chapter 2: The Ice Reaches**\n\n**Chapter 3: The Ice Folk**\n\n**Chapter 4: Icewall Castle**\n\n**Chapter 5: Icemountain Bay**\n\n**Epilogue**\n\n", "### Chapters\n\n**Chapter 1: The Fall of Tarsis**\n\n**Chapter 2: The Ice Reaches**\n\n**Chapter 3: The Ice Folk**\n\n**Chapter 4: Icewall Castle**\n\n**Chapter 5: Icemountain Bay**\n\n**Epilogue**\n\n", "Publication history\n-------------------\n\nDL6 *Dragons of Ice* was written by [Douglas Niles](/wiki/Douglas_Niles \"Douglas Niles\"), with a cover by [Larry Elmore](/wiki/Larry_Elmore \"Larry Elmore\") and interior illustrations by [Diana Magnuson](/wiki/Diana_Magnuson \"Diana Magnuson\"), and was published by TSR in 1985 as a 32\\-page booklet with a color map and an outer folder.\n\n", "Reception\n---------\n\nAlan Mynard reviewed the module for *[Imagine](/wiki/Imagine_%28AD%26D_magazine%29 \"Imagine (AD&D magazine)\")* magazine, giving it a positive review. He noted that some of the player characters from DL1\\-4 play no part in this module, as the story splits into two sub\\-plots after DL4, Dragons of Desolation. Mynard wrote that this adds some freshness to the series, as new player characters become available. According to him, this module has something for everyone, offering town, wilderness and castle/dungeon settings. Mynard liked the town part best, as it leaves much discretion to the gamemaster on how to make use of it. He praised the excellent wilderness map, but noted that this part of the adventure offers only limited player choice. To Mynard's taste, the castle section is \"too brief and lacking in any real challenges\". However, his only criticism regarded the lack of a proper ending to the module. According to him, there is no real ending, as the players are launched directly into DL7\\. Mynard called DL6 \"well worth playing\", but advised waiting until play can continue straight into DL7\\.\n\nAccording to Jesse Willis for the website SFFaudio, this module features devices similar to the sails and [roller ships](/wiki/Roller_ship \"Roller ship\") featured in [Philip Jose Farmer](/wiki/Philip_Jose_Farmer \"Philip Jose Farmer\")'s \"[The Green Odyssey](/wiki/The_Green_Odyssey \"The Green Odyssey\").\"\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:Dragonlance adventures](/wiki/Category:Dragonlance_adventures \"Dragonlance adventures\")\n[Category:Role\\-playing game supplements introduced in 1985](/wiki/Category:Role-playing_game_supplements_introduced_in_1985 \"Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1985\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "The inception", "Membership and adherents", "The ''Mouth of Iron''", "Bibliography", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n[thumb\\|First issue of *La Bouche de fer* (*Mouth of Iron*)](/wiki/File:Bouchedefer.jpg \"Bouchedefer.jpg\")\n\nThe **Society of the Friends of Truth** (**Amis de la Verité**), also known as the **Social Club** (French:\n*Cercle social*), was a French revolutionary organization founded in 1790\\. It was \"a mixture of revolutionary political club, the Masonic Lodge, and a literary salon\".Albert Soboul, *Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution*, PUF, 1989, p. 196 It also published an influential revolutionary newspaper, the *Mouth of Iron*.\n\n", "The inception\n-------------\n\nThe Society of the Friends of Truth was established by [Nicholas Bonneville](/wiki/Nicholas_Bonneville \"Nicholas Bonneville\") and [Claude Fauchet](/wiki/Claude_Fauchet_%28revolutionist%29 \"Claude Fauchet (revolutionist)\"), who announced its birth in the popular press on 21 February 1790\\. The original purpose of the club was to become a \"clearing\\-house\" for correspondence between and among scholars from all over Europe. In the spirit of its founders, the club wished to cultivate a \"public mandate\" under which its activities would be governed. Thus, its newsletter, *Mouth of Iron* (*La Bouche de fer*), solicited letters from readers to comment on political affairs and to issue denunciations of counter\\-revolutionary plots.\n\nThe club was actually launched in the month of October 1790, when the sessions \"of the Universal Confederation of the Friends of Truth\" at the [Cirque du Palais\\-Royal](/wiki/Cirque_du_Palais-Royal \"Cirque du Palais-Royal\") started. Before an audience that ranged from five thousand to eight thousand people every week, Claude Fauchet, self\\-appointed \"attorney of Truth\", lectured on [Jean\\-Jacques Rousseau](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau \"Jean-Jacques Rousseau\")'s 1762 work *[The Social Contract](/wiki/The_Social_Contract \"The Social Contract\")*. The club also formulated political theories on democratic government, ultimately dismissing direct democracy in favor of a system that resembled a popularly elected dictatorship that could be dismissed by the citizens whenever its actions became insupportable. The Social Club also advocated steps toward a more equitable distribution of wealth, always with an eye to Rousseau's ideals, but the club did *not* support land reform.\n\nThe meetings were described in detail in the \"Mouth of Iron\", which published the proceedings of the Fauchet lectures and discussions and the mail that arrived following them. This publication is important for understanding the genesis of democratic ideas during the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"). The Social Club was also the first revolutionary group to identify itself clearly as a *cosmopolitan organization*, meaning that its aims superseded national boundaries. It made appeals to scholars worldwide, and it produced a polyglot edition of the 1791 Constitution for distribution globally. Its goal was to create a universal republic led by scholars.\n\n", "Membership and adherents\n------------------------\n\nKey figures attending the Social Club included [Nicholas Bonneville](/wiki/Nicholas_Bonneville \"Nicholas Bonneville\") and [Claude Fauchet](/wiki/Claude_Fauchet_%28revolutionist%29 \"Claude Fauchet (revolutionist)\"), as well as [Sylvain Maréchal](/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal \"Sylvain Maréchal\"), [\"Gracchus\" Babeuf](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf \"François-Noël Babeuf\"), [Goupil de Préfeln](/wiki/Guillaume-Fran%C3%A7ois-Charles_Goupil_de_Pr%C3%A9feln \"Guillaume-François-Charles Goupil de Préfeln\"), [Camille Desmoulins](/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins \"Camille Desmoulins\"), [Bertrand Barère](/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re \"Bertrand Barère\"), and the [Marquis de Condorcet](/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet \"Marquis de Condorcet\"). About one\\-hundred\\-thirty persons were members and attended meetings regularly.\n\nThe meetings were public because the club wanted to show the widest possible audience what discourse in the atmosphere of a [literary or philosophical salon](/wiki/Salon_%28gathering%29 \"Salon (gathering)\") might accomplish. (This explains the choice of the [Cirque du Palais\\-Royal](/wiki/Cirque_du_Palais-Royal \"Cirque du Palais-Royal\") as a meeting\\-place, rather than some smaller venue like a private home.) Spectators were invited to ask questions, and a resolution was passed at the end of each session.\n\nIn 1791, the membership of the Social Club openly declared themselves [republicans](/wiki/Republicanism%23French_and_Swiss_thought \"Republicanism#French and Swiss thought\"). It then became a meeting place for the [Girondists](/wiki/Girondist \"Girondist\"), who would rival [more radical](/wiki/The_Mountain \"The Mountain\") [Jacobin](/wiki/Jacobin \"Jacobin\") factions for primacy of republican ideology and action. The club's political orientation was liberal, and it promoted the ideal of a society composed of small and medium economic producers: craftsmen, farmers, merchants, and entrepreneurs.\n\nThe members of the Social Club also considered themselves contemporary feminists, and while no remarkable feminist change would come out of the club, the members of the club helped individually to develop the framework for what would become the [Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen](/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen \"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen\"). [Olympe de Gouges](/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges \"Olympe de Gouges\"), the author of the *Declaration of the Rights of Woman*, was a member of the club and would often develop her ideas through the liberal conduit of the Social Club. While the members did proclaim themselves supporters of republican ideals publicly, their embrace of feminist ideals was regarded as much more treasonous (and as such, was quite under wraps).Dickenson, Donna. *Margaret Fuller: Writing a Woman's Life*. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993\\). , 45–46\\.\n\nFrom 1791 on, the club's offices operated a publishing business. It became a center for the dissemination of revolutionary literature, including numerous newspapers, political pamphlets, theatrical works, poetry, posters, etc. A number of seminal authors, [Louis\\-Sébastien Mercier](/wiki/Louis-S%C3%A9bastien_Mercier%23Political_views \"Louis-Sébastien Mercier#Political views\"), [Nicolas\\-Edme Rétif de la Bretonne](/wiki/Nicolas-Edme_R%C3%A9tif \"Nicolas-Edme Rétif\"), [Bernardin de Saint\\-Pierre](/wiki/Bernardin_de_Saint-Pierre \"Bernardin de Saint-Pierre\"), [Jean\\-Baptiste Lamarck](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck \"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck\"), [Condorcet](/wiki/Condorcet \"Condorcet\"), [Jacques Pierre Brissot](/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot \"Jacques Pierre Brissot\"), [John Skey Eustace](/wiki/John_Skey_Eustace \"John Skey Eustace\") and [Jean\\-Marie Roland](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland \"Jean-Marie Roland\"), were published under the club's auspices.\n\nAfter the fall of the Girondins, the club dissolved. Fauchet was arrested and executed on 31 October 1793\\. Bonneville, the printer, resumed activity after [9 Thermidor](/wiki/9_Thermidor \"9 Thermidor\") (27 July 1794\\). His press tried to resurrect the Social Club, but it never regained its previous audience. In a fragmented state, it continued to exist until [Brumaire](/wiki/Brumaire \"Brumaire\") of year VIII (November 1800\\). By then, ideologues like [Daunou](/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou \"Pierre Claude François Daunou\"), [Volney](/wiki/Constantin-Fran%C3%A7ois_Chasseb%C5%93uf \"Constantin-François Chassebœuf\"), [Daubenton](/wiki/Louis-Jean-Marie_Daubenton \"Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton\"), and [Berthollet](/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet \"Claude Louis Berthollet\") held center stage.\n\nThe *Amis de la Verité* was fondly remembered, and it became a touchstone for the romantics of the nineteenth century, like [Charles Nodier](/wiki/Charles_Nodier \"Charles Nodier\") and [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo \"Victor Hugo\"), but it was also highly esteemed among politicians and social theorists such as [Charles Fourier](/wiki/Charles_Fourier \"Charles Fourier\"), [Saint\\-Simon](/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy%2C_comte_de_Saint-Simon \"Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon\"), and [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx \"Karl Marx\").\n> The revolutionary movement which began in 1789 in the *Cercle Social,* which in the middle of its course had as its chief representatives *Leclerc* and *Roux*, and which finally with *Babeuf’s* conspiracy was temporarily defeated, gave rise to the communist idea which *[Babeuf’s](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf \"François-Noël Babeuf\")* friend *Buonarroti* re\\-introduced in France after the Revolution of 1830\\. This idea, consistently developed, is the *idea* of the *new world order*.\n\n— [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx \"Karl Marx\"), *The Holy Family (German: Die heilige Familie).*", "The *Mouth of Iron*\n-------------------\n\n*La Bouche de fer*, the *Mouth of Iron*, may have derived its name, sardonically, from [Lucius Licinius Crassus](/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Crassus \"Lucius Licinius Crassus\")'s observation about [the consul, Domitius](/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_%28consul_96_BC%29 \"Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 BC)\"), \"that it was no wonder that a man who had a beard of brass, also had a mouth of iron and a heart of lead.\"[Pliny the Elder](/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder \"Pliny the Elder\"), *[Naturalis Historia](/wiki/Natural_History_%28Pliny%29 \"Natural History (Pliny)\")* xviii. 1[Suetonius](/wiki/Suetonius \"Suetonius\"), *Nero,* 2[Valerius Maximus](/wiki/Valerius_Maximus \"Valerius Maximus\"), ix. 1\\. § 4[Macrobius](/wiki/Macrobius \"Macrobius\"), *Saturnalia* ii. 11 Others hold that the name comes from a mailbox in the shape of a lion's mouth, located at the headquarters of the club, at No. 4, rue du Théâtre\\-Français, where letters, petitions, proposals, denunciations, screeds, and other treatises could be deposited. A third theory is that this name, *Mouth of Iron*, was the same name as a lodge of freemasons to which Bonneville and Fauchet had once belonged.[Paul Copin\\-Albancelli](/wiki/Paul_Copin-Albancelli \"Paul Copin-Albancelli\"), *Le drame maçonnique. Le Pouvoir occulte contre la France*, 1908, pp. 334–35\n\nIn any case, the *Mouth of Iron* was published in Paris between October 1790 and 28 July 1791, at first, three times per week, then daily, beginning on 22 June 1791\\. The newsletter contained comments on \"The Social Contract\" of Jean\\-Jacques Rousseau, essays by Claude Fauchet, transcripts of speeches by Condorcet, petitions from the *Club of the [Cordeliers](/wiki/Cordeliers \"Cordeliers\")*, etc. A subscription cost thirty\\-six pounds (livres) per year, and anyone who subscribed was automatically made a member of the Social Club; so, since casual readers and curiosity\\-seekers were counted as members, the size of the club's membership was probably somewhat overstated.\n\n*La Bouche de fer* was the origin of the famous quote, often attributed to [Denis Diderot](/wiki/Denis_Diderot \"Denis Diderot\"): *\"Quand le dernier des rois sera pendu avec les boyaux du dernier prêtre célibataire, le genre humain pourra espérer être heureux.\"* (\"When the last king is hanged with the entrails of the last celibate priest, mankind may hope to be happy.\")\n\n", "Bibliography\n------------\n\n* [Albert Soboul](/wiki/Albert_Soboul \"Albert Soboul\"), *Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution*, PUF 1989\n* M. Dorigny, \"The Social Club: Egalitarianism and liberalism at the beginning of the Revolution: The impossible compromise\", *Proceedings of the Symposium on MRI*, 1987\n* [Gary Kates](/wiki/Gary_Kates \"Gary Kates\"), *The Cercle Social, the Girondins and the French Revolution*, Princeton University Press, 1985\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Girondins](/wiki/Girondin \"Girondin\")\n* [Pierre\\-Daniel Martin\\-Maillefer](/wiki/Pierre-Daniel_Martin-Maillefer \"Pierre-Daniel Martin-Maillefer\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:French Revolution](/wiki/Category:French_Revolution \"French Revolution\")\n[Category:Groups of the French Revolution](/wiki/Category:Groups_of_the_French_Revolution \"Groups of the French Revolution\")\n[La bouche de fer](/wiki/Category:Newspapers_of_the_French_Revolution \"Newspapers of the French Revolution\")\n[Category:Political parties established in 1790](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1790 \"Political parties established in 1790\")\n[Category:Political movements in France](/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_France \"Political movements in France\")\n[Category:1790 establishments in France](/wiki/Category:1790_establishments_in_France \"1790 establishments in France\")\n[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_with_year_of_disestablishment_missing \"Political parties with year of disestablishment missing\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "\n**Tadjemout** is a town and [commune](/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria \"Communes of Algeria\") in [Laghouat Province](/wiki/Laghouat_Province \"Laghouat Province\"), [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\"). According to the 1998 census it has a population of 20,321\\.[Statoids](http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html)\n\nSituated on the very edge of the Saharan Desert, the closest countries to it are [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco \"Morocco\") and [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia \"Tunisia\"). It has an altitude of .\nTadjmout is from [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\") and from [Constantine](/wiki/Constantine%2C_Algeria \"Constantine, Algeria\").\n\nTadjmout is a town and commune in Laghouat Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census, it has a population of 20,321\\.\n\nTadjmout municipalities in the Laghouat province, located about in the north\\-west of the city of [Laghouat](/wiki/Laghouat \"Laghouat\"), bounded on the north [Djelfa](/wiki/Djelfa \"Djelfa\"), and southward [El Houaita](/wiki/El_Houaita \"El Houaita\") and [El kheneg](/wiki/Kheneg \"Kheneg\"), and West [Ouad M'zi](/wiki/Oued_M%27Zi \"Oued M'Zi\") and [Aïn Madhi](/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Madhi \"Aïn Madhi\") and [Sidi Bouzid](/wiki/Sidi_Bouzid%2C_Algeria \"Sidi Bouzid, Algeria\") and baidha, and to the east of [Sidi Makhlouf](/wiki/Sidi_Makhlouf \"Sidi Makhlouf\") and [Laghouat](/wiki/Laghouat \"Laghouat\") . Considered Tadjmout third agglomeration after the municipality of Laghouat and municipality [Aflou](/wiki/Aflou \"Aflou\"), emerged from the administrative division of 1984, and sits on a total area of and was in the old crossing point where they pass through various convoys coming from the south, flying towards the north, and the area stretching towards the border with the [Tiaret Province](/wiki/Tiaret_Province \"Tiaret Province\") at the border point called area hissian dib, with a population of about 26846 people, where are stationed 81\\.60% of the total population at the municipal and 6\\.89% area of the brow of the municipality regionally and administratively and located on the national Road No. 23, while distributed 11\\.51% between nomads the workers legally residing in the industrial workshops on municipal land . SP5 and several communities, including most notably : the eyebrow, which is the largest gathering outside the headquarters of the municipal population, and also djkaijika and Hadjeb and grab most of the population and deliberately on agriculture and breeding of all types of livestock such as farm Anumeir Tahir inherited from the colonial era .\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/2478841/Tadjmout/DZ/Algeria/0/\\#1\\|5\\|travel\\|pax\\|5\\|2478841\\|Tadjmout\\|DZ\\|Algeria\\|Africa/Algiers\\|00\\|FT\\|25\\.5000000\\|3\\.7000000\\|Algeria%20%28general%29](http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/2478841/Tadjmout/DZ/Algeria/0/#1|5|travel|pax|5|2478841|Tadjmout|DZ|Algeria|Africa/Algiers|00|FT|25.5000000|3.7000000|Algeria%20%28general%29)\n<http://www.wbuf.noaa.gov/tempfc.htm>\n[http://m.accuweather.com/en/dz/tadjmout/4601/hourly\\-weather\\-forecast/4601?day\\=4](http://m.accuweather.com/en/dz/tadjmout/4601/hourly-weather-forecast/4601?day=4)\n<http://www.getamap.net/maps/algeria/tipaza/_tadjmout/>\n\n[http://www.meteovista.co.uk/Africa/Algeria/Dechret\\-Tadjmout/2390024](http://www.meteovista.co.uk/Africa/Algeria/Dechret-Tadjmout/2390024)\n\n \n\n[Category:Populated places in Laghouat Province](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Laghouat_Province \"Populated places in Laghouat Province\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 754619 ], "name": [ "BrownHairedGirl" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Music in the Round** is a charitable organisation based in [Sheffield](/wiki/Sheffield \"Sheffield\"), [UK](/wiki/UK \"UK\") that exists to promote the best in international chamber music and inspire audiences with the unique power and intensity of music played in an intimate setting.\n\nThe organisation was formed in 1984 by [Peter Cropper](/wiki/Peter_Cropper \"Peter Cropper\"), then the leader of Sheffield's world\\-renowned string quartet, [The Lindsays](/wiki/Lindsay_String_Quartet \"Lindsay String Quartet\"). Following the retirement of The Lindsays in 2005, Music in the Round formed an 11\\-piece chamber music group [Ensemble 360](/wiki/Ensemble_360 \"Ensemble 360\") to take up residency, which comprises a string quintet, wind quintet and piano.\n\nIts home venue, Sheffield's [Crucible Studio Theatre](/wiki/Studio_Theatre_%28Sheffield%29 \"Studio Theatre (Sheffield)\"), is a wonderfully intimate 'in the round' space where it hosts Autumn and Spring series and the nine\\-day Sheffield Chamber Music Festival each year. Music in the Round also works in partnership with a number of venues in [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley \"Barnsley\"), [Doncaster](/wiki/Doncaster \"Doncaster\") and across England to help develop audiences for chamber music, reaching over 30,000 people each year.\n\nMusic in the Round believes music is for all so its programmes embrace a breadth of music, including world, folk and jazz alongside classical. It has worked with a variety of other art forms, artists and organisations including poet [Ian McMillan](/wiki/Ian_McMillan_%28poet%29 \"Ian McMillan (poet)\"), actors Samuel and [Timothy West](/wiki/Timothy_West \"Timothy West\"), composers [Huw Watkins](/wiki/Huw_Watkins \"Huw Watkins\") and [Stephen Montague](/wiki/Stephen_Montague \"Stephen Montague\"), choreographer Anna Olejnicki and local organisations such as Museums Sheffield, Flying Donkey, Opus Independents and Ignite Imaginations.\n\nMusic in the Round is committed to commissioning and presenting the work of living composers and less well\\-known repertoire alongside more familiar works. In 2011 it appointed Charlie Piper as its first Associate Composer. Since 2015 it has premiered the annual Royal Philharmonic Society Chamber Music composition. It is also one of the few organisations in the country to have a Children's Composer\\-in\\-Residence, Paul Rissmann.\n\nIt has an innovative Learning \\& Participation] programme that delivers activity for all ages and levels of ability. Reaching 10,000 people aged 0\\-19 each year, it includes a unique brand of children's concerts that play to sell\\-out audiences across England, regularly run schools’ workshops, performance and composition classes, Early Years workshops, concert opportunities for young performers, workshops for local musicians, talks, symposiums, masterclasses and more. Regularly collaborating with Sheffield Music Hub and Sheffield Music Academy, in 2019 it led a hugely successful project, 'Schubert in Schools', with renowned baritone Roderick Williams, its singer\\-in\\-residence, to hundreds of KS3 pupils around the country.\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Music in the Round website](http://www.musicintheround.co.uk/)\n\n[Category:Music in Sheffield](/wiki/Category:Music_in_Sheffield \"Music in Sheffield\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 47626154 ], "name": [ "اگر میں نے کبھی کوئی کتاب لکھی۔" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Works", "Authored", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Ashfaq Hussain Zaidi**, [PP](/wiki/Pride_of_Performance \"Pride of Performance\"), (born 1 January 1951\\) is a Pakistani [Urdu](/wiki/Urdu \"Urdu\") poet and author of more than 10 books of poetry and literary criticism. He is considered at least by one commentator to be an expert on the life and works of Urdu poets [Faiz Ahmed Faiz](/wiki/Faiz_Ahmed_Faiz \"Faiz Ahmed Faiz\"), [Ahmad Faraz](/wiki/Ahmad_Faraz \"Ahmad Faraz\") and also on the [Progressive Writers Movement](/wiki/Progressive_Writers_Movement \"Progressive Writers Movement\").\n\n", "Works\n-----\n\n### Authored\n\n* *Faiz Ek Jaiza (1977\\)*\n* *Aitabar (1979\\)*\n* *That Day Will Dawn (1985\\)*\n* *Neendar Nal Rishta (1986\\)*\n* *Hum Ajnabi Hain (1992\\)*\n* *Faiz Habib e Amberdast (1992\\)*\n* *Faiz ke Maghrabi Hawaley (1993\\)*\n* *Faiz shakhsiat aur fun (2006\\)*\n* *Ahmad Faraz: yadoon ka ek sunehra waraq (2008\\)*\n* *Aashian Gum Karda (2009\\)*\n* *Mein Gaya Waqt Nahin Hoon(2010\\)(Published in India)*\n* *Sheeshoan Ka Masiha (2011\\)*\n* *Deewar\\-e\\-Dabastan Par (2012\\)*\n\nHis Urdu poetry has been translated in English and Punjabi.\n\n", "### Authored\n\n* *Faiz Ek Jaiza (1977\\)*\n* *Aitabar (1979\\)*\n* *That Day Will Dawn (1985\\)*\n* *Neendar Nal Rishta (1986\\)*\n* *Hum Ajnabi Hain (1992\\)*\n* *Faiz Habib e Amberdast (1992\\)*\n* *Faiz ke Maghrabi Hawaley (1993\\)*\n* *Faiz shakhsiat aur fun (2006\\)*\n* *Ahmad Faraz: yadoon ka ek sunehra waraq (2008\\)*\n* *Aashian Gum Karda (2009\\)*\n* *Mein Gaya Waqt Nahin Hoon(2010\\)(Published in India)*\n* *Sheeshoan Ka Masiha (2011\\)*\n* *Deewar\\-e\\-Dabastan Par (2012\\)*\n\nHis Urdu poetry has been translated in English and Punjabi.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Urdu Conference Begins Today, Pakistan Press Foundation, 26 November 2008](https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054506/http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/userMediaFilesDetails.asp?uid=15237)\n* [The Daily News Karachi, 27 March 2010](https://web.archive.org/web/20100812044603/http://thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=231285)\n* [Hussain hopeful for Urdu literature, The Daily News Karachi, 17 August 2010](http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=154311)\n* [Glowing tributes paid to acclaimed poet, The News International, 9 April 2011](http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=40647&Cat=4&dt=4/9/2011)\n* [Faiz Ahmed Faiz aur Ashfaq Hussain, BBC News Urdu, 12 January 2012](http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/entertainment/2012/01/120112_bookreviews_faiz_sen.shtml?s)\n\n[Category:1951 births](/wiki/Category:1951_births \"1951 births\")\n[Category:Urdu\\-language poets from Pakistan](/wiki/Category:Urdu-language_poets_from_Pakistan \"Urdu-language poets from Pakistan\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Poets from Karachi](/wiki/Category:Poets_from_Karachi \"Poets from Karachi\")\n[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni](/wiki/Category:St._Patrick%27s_High_School%2C_Karachi_alumni \"St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni\")\n[Category:Writers from Karachi](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Karachi \"Writers from Karachi\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 753665 ], "name": [ "Ser Amantio di Nicolao" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Plot", "Cast", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "* + - * + - * + - * \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t***Romy and Michele: In the Beginning*** is a 2005 [television film](/wiki/Television_film \"Television film\") and [backdoor pilot](/wiki/Backdoor_pilot \"Backdoor pilot\") starring [Katherine Heigl](/wiki/Katherine_Heigl \"Katherine Heigl\") as Romy and [Alexandra Breckenridge](/wiki/Alexandra_Breckenridge \"Alexandra Breckenridge\") as Michele, with a special appearance by [Paula Abdul](/wiki/Paula_Abdul \"Paula Abdul\"). It is a prequel to the 1997 film *[Romy and Michele's High School Reunion](/wiki/Romy_and_Michele%27s_High_School_Reunion \"Romy and Michele's High School Reunion\").* Written and directed by [Robin Schiff](/wiki/Robin_Schiff \"Robin Schiff\"), its working title was *Romy and Michele: Behind the Velvet Rope.*\n", "Plot\n----\n\nIn this prequel to *[Romy and Michele's High School Reunion](/wiki/Romy_and_Michele%27s_High_School_Reunion \"Romy and Michele's High School Reunion\")*, it shows Romy and Michele as they graduate in 1987, and again three years later as they take on [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\").\n\nFor years Romy and Michele have been dreaming to move to L.A. and become rich and famous, but they decided to put their move on hold while they save money. Three years have passed by and they've only managed to save $68, only $8 more than they had in high school. Despite their lack of money, they decide to go ahead with their plans to move to L.A. after seeing *[Pretty Woman](/wiki/Pretty_Woman \"Pretty Woman\")*. As the girls arrive in L.A., they decide to become prostitutes but chicken out after their first encounter with a client. As they walk home, a man lends them a dollar for a vending machine, and Romy and Michele are arrested for prostitution.\n\n", "Cast\n----\n\n* [Katherine Heigl](/wiki/Katherine_Heigl \"Katherine Heigl\") as Romy White\n* [Alexandra Breckenridge](/wiki/Alexandra_Breckenridge \"Alexandra Breckenridge\") as Michele Weinberger\n* [Kelly Brook](/wiki/Kelly_Brook \"Kelly Brook\") as Linda Fashionbella\n* Scott Vickaryous as Taylor Bradley\n* [Nat Faxon](/wiki/Nat_Faxon \"Nat Faxon\") as Chad\n* [Dania Ramirez](/wiki/Dania_Ramirez \"Dania Ramirez\") as Elena\n* [Alexandra Billings](/wiki/Alexandra_Billings \"Alexandra Billings\") as Donna\n* [Rhea Seehorn](/wiki/Rhea_Seehorn \"Rhea Seehorn\") as Ashley Schwartz\n* [Paula Abdul](/wiki/Paula_Abdul \"Paula Abdul\") as Herself\n* [William Ragsdale](/wiki/William_Ragsdale \"William Ragsdale\") as Kevin\n* Leigh Curran as Doctor\n* Leslie Intriago as Katie (Kevin's wife)\n* [Amanda Righetti](/wiki/Amanda_Righetti \"Amanda Righetti\") as Friendly Girl\n* D.J. Lockhart\\-Johnson as Rafael\n* [Tim Maculan](/wiki/Tim_Maculan \"Tim Maculan\") as Ned\n* Paul Tigue as John\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2000s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:2000s_English-language_films \"2000s English-language films\")\n[Category:2000s buddy comedy films](/wiki/Category:2000s_buddy_comedy_films \"2000s buddy comedy films\")\n[Category:ABC Family original films](/wiki/Category:ABC_Family_original_films \"ABC Family original films\")\n[Category:American female buddy films](/wiki/Category:American_female_buddy_films \"American female buddy films\")\n[Category:2005 television films](/wiki/Category:2005_television_films \"2005 television films\")\n[Category:2005 films](/wiki/Category:2005_films \"2005 films\")\n[Category:Television prequel films](/wiki/Category:Television_prequel_films \"Television prequel films\")\n[Category:Films set in 1987](/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_1987 \"Films set in 1987\")\n[Category:Films set in 1990](/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_1990 \"Films set in 1990\")\n[Category:Films set in Los Angeles](/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Los_Angeles \"Films set in Los Angeles\")\n[Category:2005 comedy films](/wiki/Category:2005_comedy_films \"2005 comedy films\")\n[Category:2000s American films](/wiki/Category:2000s_American_films \"2000s American films\")\n[Category:American prequel films](/wiki/Category:American_prequel_films \"American prequel films\")\n[Category:English\\-language buddy comedy films](/wiki/Category:English-language_buddy_comedy_films \"English-language buddy comedy films\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 27823944 ], "name": [ "GreenC bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Life and career", "Family", "Notes", "Sources", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n* + - \n\t\t**John Howard Cordle** (11 October 1912 – 23 November 2004\\) was a British [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") politician who sat in the [House of Commons](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom \"House of Commons of the United Kingdom\") from 1959 to 1977\\.\n\n", "Life and career\n---------------\n\nCordle, the son of Ernest William Cordle, was educated at the [City of London School](/wiki/City_of_London_School \"City of London School\") and became managing director of E. W. Cordle and Son Ltd. in 1946\\. He was also a member of [Lloyd's of London](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London \"Lloyd's of London\"). He served as a member of the [Church Assembly](/wiki/Church_Assembly_%28Church_of_England%29 \"Church Assembly (Church of England)\") 1946–53, as a director of the [Church Society](/wiki/Church_Society \"Church Society\") from 1951 and of the [Church of England Newspaper](/wiki/Church_of_England_Newspaper \"Church of England Newspaper\") from 1959\\.\n\nCordle contested [The Wrekin](/wiki/The_Wrekin_%28historic_UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"The Wrekin (historic UK Parliament constituency)\") in 1951\\. He was [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\") for [Bournemouth East and Christchurch](/wiki/Bournemouth_East_and_Christchurch_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Bournemouth East and Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)\") from 1959 to 1974, and after boundary changes, for [Bournemouth East](/wiki/Bournemouth_East_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Bournemouth East (UK Parliament constituency)\") from 1974 to 1977, when he resigned as a result of the [John Poulson](/wiki/John_Poulson \"John Poulson\") scandal. [David Atkinson](/wiki/David_Atkinson_%28politician%29 \"David Atkinson (politician)\") was elected as his successor in the subsequent [by\\-election](/wiki/By-election \"By-election\").\n\n", "Family\n------\n\nCordle was married three times. He was first married in 1938 (divorced 1956\\) to Grace Lucy Walkey (1918\\-2021\\); by this marriage he had four sons and a daughter. \nHe married secondly in 1957 (divorced 1971\\) to Venetia Caroline Maynard (b. 22 March 1936\\), by whom he had one son and three daughters, including [Marina, Viscountess Cowdray](/wiki/Michael_Pearson%2C_4th_Viscount_Cowdray \"Michael Pearson, 4th Viscount Cowdray\"). He married thirdly in 1976 to Terttu Heikura, his children's nanny who was 35 years his junior, by whom he had two sons.\n\n", "Notes\n-----\n\n**Footnotes**\n\n**References**\n\n", "Sources\n-------\n\n* *Times Guide to the House of Commons October 1974*\n* [*The Times* obituary](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article394591.ece), 24 November 2004\\. Retrieved 17 November 2008\\.\n* [*Daily Telegraph* obituary 24 November 2004](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1477324/John-Cordle.html). Retrieved 17 November 2008\\.\n* Andrew Roth. [*The Guardian* obituary](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/nov/25/guardianobituaries.obituaries) 25 November 2004\\. Retrieved 17 November 2008\\.\n* John Barnes. [*The Independent* obituary](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/john-cordle-753273.html) 9 December 2004\\. Retrieved 17 November 2008\\.\n* [Genealogy of Grace Lucy Walkey, the first Mrs Cordle](http://web.ukonline.co.uk/ewh.bryan/Walkey.htm) \n", "External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1912 births](/wiki/Category:1912_births \"1912 births\")\n[Category:2004 deaths](/wiki/Category:2004_deaths \"2004 deaths\")\n[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies](/wiki/Category:Conservative_Party_%28UK%29_MPs_for_English_constituencies \"Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\")\n[Category:People educated at the City of London School](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_the_City_of_London_School \"People educated at the City of London School\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1959–1964](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1959%E2%80%931964 \"UK MPs 1959–1964\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1964–1966](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1964%E2%80%931966 \"UK MPs 1964–1966\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1966–1970](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1966%E2%80%931970 \"UK MPs 1966–1970\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1970–1974](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1970%E2%80%931974 \"UK MPs 1970–1974\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1974](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1974 \"UK MPs 1974\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1974–1979](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1974%E2%80%931979 \"UK MPs 1974–1979\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 26302987 ], "name": [ "Merry medievalist" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Biography", "Legacy", "Selected filmography", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**James Anthony FitzPatrick** (February 26, 1894 – June 12, 1980\\) was an American producer, director, writer and narrator known from the early 1930s as \"The Voice of the Globe\" for his *Fitzpatrick's Traveltalks*.\n\n", "Biography\n---------\n\n[thumb\\|One of FitzPatrick's *Travel Talks* shorts, this one about Seoul, Korea in 1931\\.](/wiki/File:Seoul_in_1931%2C_by_James_A._FitzPatrick%27s_Travel_Talks.webm \"Seoul in 1931, by James A. FitzPatrick's Travel Talks.webm\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|James FitzPatrick, a camera crew and a crowd at Bondi Beach, Australia, in 1951\\.](/wiki/File:Filmmaker_James_Fitzpatrick%2C_a_camera_crew_and_a_crowd_of_people_at_Bondi_Beach_%287834883146%29.jpg \"Filmmaker James Fitzpatrick, a camera crew and a crowd of people at Bondi Beach (7834883146).jpg\")\nJames Anthony FitzPatrick was born in [Shelton, Connecticut](/wiki/Shelton%2C_Connecticut \"Shelton, Connecticut\"). After completing training in dramatic arts, he worked as a [journalist](/wiki/Journalist \"Journalist\"). In 1916, he began his film career by starting the Juvenile Film Company in [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland \"Cleveland\"), producing comedy shorts featuring children, years before similar series such as *[Our Gang](/wiki/Our_Gang \"Our Gang\")* and *The Little Rascals*.Anthony Slide, \"Juvenile Film Company\" in The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., Lanham, MD and London, 2001\\. However, the series was not a success, and by 1921, FitzPatrick was working as a writer/director for [Charles Urban](/wiki/Charles_Urban \"Charles Urban\")'s Kineto Company of America, working on a series titled *Great American Authors* that featured profiles of famous American writers. However, Kineto folded in 1924, and in 1925 FitzPatrick established his own company and began two concurrent series: *Famous Music Masters—*dramatized shorts about the lives of famous composers—and *Songs Of*. The films were distributed worldwide, and some were later synchronized to sound.\n\nIn 1930, FitzPatrick began filming travel documentaries for British and American markets. [Metro\\-Goldwyn\\-Mayer](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") distributed the series under the title *FitzPatrick Traveltalks*. Beginning with 1934's *Holland in Tulip Time*, the *Traveltalks* were filmed in [Technicolor](/wiki/Technicolor \"Technicolor\"), and the series was among the earliest regular vehicles for color film in the American film industry. After FitzPatrick left MGM in 1954, he produced a similar series for [Paramount Pictures](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures \"Paramount Pictures\") titled *[Vistavision](/wiki/Vistavision \"Vistavision\") Visits* for another year before retiring.\n\nFitzPatrick died at the age of 86 in [Cathedral City, California](/wiki/Cathedral_City%2C_California \"Cathedral City, California\").\n\n", "Legacy\n------\n\nFitzPatrick created nearly 300 films in a career that spanned five decades. His approach was somewhat similar to that of [Charles Urban](/wiki/Charles_Urban \"Charles Urban\") in that his travelogues concentrated on architecture and landscape rather than on people. FitzPatrick also relates to Urban in his advocacy of color, which he first employed in *Charles Gounod* (1928\\), a film in the Famous Music Master series.\n\nWith the advent of television, Hollywood began to reduce its reliance on short subjects, and many shorts departments began to close. FitzPatrick owned his own unit and managed to survive longer than did many internal studio units. FitzPatrick Pictures produced only five features, three of which were intended for release only in the UK. The last film, *[Song of Mexico](/wiki/Song_of_Mexico \"Song of Mexico\")* (1945\\), was released by [Republic Pictures](/wiki/Republic_Pictures \"Republic Pictures\").\n\nThe *Traveltalks* films are often shown on the [Turner Classic Movies](/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies \"Turner Classic Movies\") channel as filler material between features.\n\nOn his 1958 [Parlophone](/wiki/Parlophone \"Parlophone\") record *The Best of Sellers*, [Peter Sellers](/wiki/Peter_Sellers \"Peter Sellers\") performed \"[Balham, Gateway to the South](/wiki/Balham%2C_Gateway_to_the_South \"Balham, Gateway to the South\")\", a parody of Fitzpatrick's travelogues. A short film version of this was released in 1980 by [Robbie Coltrane](/wiki/Robbie_Coltrane \"Robbie Coltrane\").\n\n \n\nIn 1960, FitzPatrick was awarded a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\").\n\n", "Selected filmography\n--------------------\n\n* *Songs of [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\")* (1926\\)\n* *[Siam](/wiki/Siam \"Siam\") to [Korea](/wiki/Korea \"Korea\")* (1931\\)\n* *[Holland](/wiki/Holland \"Holland\") in Tulip Time* (1934\\)\n* *[Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") The Beautiful* (1934\\)\n* *[Zion](/wiki/Zion_National_Park \"Zion National Park\") Canyon of Colour* (1934\\)\n* *[Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"): The Emerald Isle* (1934\\)\n* *[Zeeland](/wiki/Zeeland \"Zeeland\"): The Hidden Paradise* (1934\\)\n* *Colorful [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\")* (1935\\)\n* *Modern [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\")* (1935\\)\n* *[Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"): Wonder City of the West* (1935\\)\n* *Beautiful [Banff](/wiki/Banff%2C_Alberta \"Banff, Alberta\") and [Lake Louise](/wiki/Lake_Louise%2C_Alberta \"Lake Louise, Alberta\")* (1935\\)\n* *[Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu \"Honolulu\"): The Paradise of the Pacific* (1935\\)\n* *Sacred City of the [Mayan](/wiki/Maya_peoples \"Maya peoples\") Indians* ([Chichicastenango](/wiki/Chichicastenango \"Chichicastenango\"), [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\"), (1936\\)\n* *[Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"): City of Splendour* (1936\\)\n* *Quaint [Québec](/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec \"Québec\")* (1936\\)\n* *[Yellowstone Park](/wiki/Yellowstone_Park \"Yellowstone Park\"): Nature's Playground* (1936\\)\n* \"[Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_British_Columbia \"Victoria, British Columbia\") and [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\"): Gateways to [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") *(1936\\)*\n* Cherry Blossom Time in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") *(1936\\)*\n* Oriental Paradise *(1936\\)*\n* Picturesque [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") *(1937\\)*\n* [India](/wiki/India \"India\") on Parade *(1937\\)*\n* Glimpses of [Java](/wiki/Java \"Java\") and [Ceylon](/wiki/Ceylon \"Ceylon\") *(1937\\)*\n* Colorful [Bombay](/wiki/Bombay \"Bombay\") *(1937\\)*\n* [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"): The Hub of the Orient *(1937\\)*\n* Serene [Siam](/wiki/Siam \"Siam\") *(1937\\)*\n* [Rocky Mountain](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain \"Rocky Mountain\") Grandeur *(1937\\)*\n* Floral [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") *(1937\\)*\n* Glimpses of [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\") *(1937\\)*\n* [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"): Pride of [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") *(1937\\)*\n* [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"): Land of Charm *(1937\\)*\n* [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\") *(1937\\)*\n* Glimpses of [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") *(1938\\)*\n* Beautiful [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\") *(1938\\)*\n* [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\") on Parade *(1938\\)*\n* [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") on Parade *(1938\\) [Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne](/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne \"Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne\")*\n* [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\"): City of Contrast *(1938\\)*\n* [Madeira](/wiki/Madeira \"Madeira\"): Isle of Romance *(1938\\)*\n* Ancient [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") *(1939\\)*\n* Imperial [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") *(1939\\)*\n* [Java](/wiki/Java \"Java\") Journey *(1939\\)*\n* Rural [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\") *(1939\\)*\n* Picturesque [Udaipur](/wiki/Udaipur \"Udaipur\") *(1939\\)*\n* Colorful [Curacao](/wiki/Curacao \"Curacao\") *(1939\\)*\n* Old [Natchez](/wiki/Natchez \"Natchez\") on the [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\") *(1939\\)*\n* Night Descends on [Treasure Island](/wiki/Treasure_Island_%28San_Francisco%29 \"Treasure Island (San Francisco)\") *(1940\\) [Golden Gate International Exposition](/wiki/Golden_Gate_International_Exposition \"Golden Gate International Exposition\")*\n* [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"): Gateway to the Northwest *(1940\\)*\n* Calling on [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\") *(1940\\)*\n* Modern [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") *(1940\\)*\n* [Suva](/wiki/Suva \"Suva\"): Pride of [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji \"Fiji\") *(1940\\)*\n* Old [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\") *(1940\\)*\n* Old [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") *(1940\\)*\n\n * Glimpses of [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") *(1940\\)*\n* The Capital City: [Washington D.C.](/wiki/Washington_D.C. \"Washington D.C.\") *(1940\\)*\n* Cavalcade of [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") *(1940\\)*\n* Old [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\") *(1940\\)*\n* Old [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") *(1940\\)*\n* [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\") Ports of Call *(1941\\)*\n* Glimpses of [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") *(1941\\)*\n* George Town: Pride of [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\") *(1941\\)*\n* Scenic Grandeur *(1941\\)*\n* [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\"): Land of Plenty *(1942\\)*\n* Colorful [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\") *(1942\\)*\n* [Glacier](/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28Canada%29 \"Glacier National Park (Canada)\") and Waterton Lakes *(1942\\)*\n* Picturesque [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") *(1942\\)*\n* Modern [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") *(1942\\)*\n* Glimpses of [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") *(1942\\)*\n* Mighty [Niagara](/wiki/Niagara_Falls \"Niagara Falls\") *(1943\\)*\n* Romantic [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada \"Nevada\") *(1943\\)*\n* Motoring in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") *(1943\\)*\n* A Day in [Death Valley](/wiki/Death_Valley \"Death Valley\") *(1944\\)*\n* [Mackinac Island](/wiki/Mackinac_Island \"Mackinac Island\") *(1944\\)*\n* Colorful [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\") *(1944\\)*\n* Roaming Through [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\") *(1944\\)*\n* Modern [Guatemala City](/wiki/Guatemala_City \"Guatemala City\") *(1945\\)*\n* [Merida](/wiki/M%C3%A9rida%2C_Yucat%C3%A1n \"Mérida, Yucatán\") and [Campeche](/wiki/Campeche \"Campeche\") *(1945\\)*\n* Visiting [Vera Cruz](/wiki/Veracruz \"Veracruz\") *(1946\\)*\n* Looking at [London](/wiki/London \"London\") *(1946\\)*\n* Over the Seas to [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") *(1946\\)*\n* Glimpses of [California](/wiki/California \"California\") *(1946\\)*\n* Calling on [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\") *(1947\\)*\n* On the Shores of [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\") *(1947\\)*\n* [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), the Beautiful *(1948\\)*\n* Night Life in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") *(1948\\)*\n* [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"): Land of Lakes *(1949\\)*\n* Calling on [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\") *(1949\\)*\n* Roaming Through [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\") *(1949\\)*\n* Glimpses of Old [England](/wiki/England \"England\") *(1949\\)*\n* A Wee Bit of [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") *(1949\\)*\n* Pastoral Panoramas *(1950\\)*\n* Roaming Through [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\") *(1950\\)*\n* To the Coast of [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\") *(1950\\)*\n* Touring Northern [England](/wiki/England \"England\") *(1950\\)*\n* Life on the [Thames](/wiki/Thames \"Thames\") *(1950\\)*\n* Romantic [Riviera](/wiki/French_Riviera \"French Riviera\") *(1951\\)*\n* Visiting [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") *(1951\\)*\n* Life in the [Andes](/wiki/Andes \"Andes\") *(1952\\)*\n* Beautiful [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") *(1952\\)*\n* Land of the [Taj Mahal](/wiki/Taj_Mahal \"Taj Mahal\") *(1952\\)*\n* Ancient [India](/wiki/India \"India\") *(1952\\)*\n* [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria \"Pretoria\") to [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\") *(1952\\)*\n* Calling on [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\") *(1952\\)*\n* [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\"): City of Gold *(1953\\)*\n* Looking at [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon \"Lisbon\") *(1953\\)*\n* Delightful [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\") *(1953\\)*\n* In the Valley of the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") *(1953\\)*\n* Beautiful [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") *(1953\\)*\n* Land of the [Ugly Duckling](/wiki/Ugly_Duckling \"Ugly Duckling\") *(1953\\) ([Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"))*\n* Seeing [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") *(1953\\)*\n* Glimpses of [Western Germany](/wiki/Western_Germany \"Western Germany\") *(1954\\)\nHome video availability\n-----------------------\n\nIn 2016, [Warner Bros. Home Entertainment](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Home_Entertainment \"Warner Bros. Home Entertainment\") released the entire series of shorts in a three\\-volume [DVD\\-R](/wiki/DVD_recordable \"DVD recordable\") set titled Fitzpatrick Traveltalks*. Individual shorts may also be found as extras on DVDs of Warner Bros. films of the period:*\n\n * Los Angeles: Wonder City of the West *is on the DVD of [Sylvia Scarlett](/wiki/Sylvia_Scarlett \"Sylvia Scarlett\")*\n* Cherry Blossom Time in Japan *is on the DVD of [China Seas](/wiki/China_Seas_%28film%29 \"China Seas (film)\")*\n* Paris on Parade *is on the DVD and Blu\\-Ray of [An American in Paris](/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_%28film%29 \"An American in Paris (film)\")*\n* Modern New Orleans *and* Old New Orleans *are on the DVD of [The Toast of New Orleans](/wiki/The_Toast_of_New_Orleans \"The Toast of New Orleans\")*\n* Cavalcade of San Francisco *is on the DVD of [Go West](/wiki/Go_West_%281940_film%29 \"Go West (1940 film)\")*\n* Glimpses of Florida *is on the DVD of [Lady Be Good](/wiki/Lady_Be_Good_%281941_film%29 \"Lady Be Good (1941 film)\")*\n* Looking at London *is on the DVD and Blu\\-Ray of [The Three Musketeers](/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_%281948_film%29 \"The Three Musketeers (1948 film)\")*\n* Glimpses of California *is on the DVD of [Till the Clouds Roll By](/wiki/Till_the_Clouds_Roll_By \"Till the Clouds Roll By\")*\n* Chicago, the Beautiful *and* Night Life in Chicago *are on the DVD and Blu\\-Ray of [In the Good Old Summertime](/wiki/In_the_Good_Old_Summertime \"In the Good Old Summertime\")*\n* Roaming Through Michigan *is on the DVD of [Three Little Words](/wiki/Three_Little_Words_%28film%29 \"Three Little Words (film)\")*\n* Romantic Riviera *is on the DVD of [Easy to Love](/wiki/Easy_to_Love_%281953_film%29 \"Easy to Love (1953 film)\")*\n* Land of the Taj Mahal *and* Ancient India *are on the DVD of [Kim](/wiki/Kim_%281950_film%29 \"Kim (1950 film)\")*\n* Land of the Taj Mahal'' is on the DVD of [The Prisoner of Zenda (1937 and 1952 dual\\-disc version)](/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Zenda_%281952_film%29 \"The Prisoner of Zenda (1952 film)\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1894 births](/wiki/Category:1894_births \"1894 births\")\n[Category:1980 deaths](/wiki/Category:1980_deaths \"1980 deaths\")\n[Category:American male journalists](/wiki/Category:American_male_journalists \"American male journalists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American journalists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_journalists \"20th-century American journalists\")\n[Category:People from Shelton, Connecticut](/wiki/Category:People_from_Shelton%2C_Connecticut \"People from Shelton, Connecticut\")\n[Category:Film directors from Connecticut](/wiki/Category:Film_directors_from_Connecticut \"Film directors from Connecticut\")\n[Category:Film producers from Connecticut](/wiki/Category:Film_producers_from_Connecticut \"Film producers from Connecticut\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 2842084 ], "name": [ "Jevansen" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Album track listing", "CD", "Disc one", "Disc two", "Vinyl box set", "Record one", "Record two", "Record three", "Record four", "Concert film track listing", "''Acoustic Chorale''", "Personnel", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n***Okonokos*** is a live album and concert film by the American band [My Morning Jacket](/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket \"My Morning Jacket\") released on October 31, 2006\\. The album was recorded during the band's fall 2005 [Z](/wiki/Z_%28My_Morning_Jacket_album%29 \"Z (My Morning Jacket album)\") Tour, over two nights at [The Fillmore](/wiki/The_Fillmore \"The Fillmore\") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). This is the first My Morning Jacket album for which frontman [Jim James](/wiki/Jim_James \"Jim James\") does not receive a production credit; he is credited for \"concept/story\".\n\n", "Album track listing\n-------------------\n\n### CD\n\n#### Disc one\n\n1. \"Wordless Chorus\" – 4:14\n2. \"It Beats 4 U\" – 4:26\n3. \"Gideon\" – 3:48\n4. \"One Big Holiday\" – 5:56\n5. \"I Will Sing You Songs\" – 8:38\n6. \"Lowdown\" – 4:14\n7. \"The Way that He Sings\" – 5:08\n8. \"What a Wonderful Man\" – 2:59\n9. \"Off the Record\" – 6:54\n10. \"Golden\" – 4:51\n11. \"Lay Low\" – 6:20\n\n#### Disc two\n\n1. \"Dondante\" – 11:18\n2. \"Run Thru\" – 9:35\n3. \"At Dawn\" – 3:05\n4. \"Xmas Curtain\" – 5:02\n5. \"O Is the One that Is Real\" – 3:36\n6. \"I Think I'm Going to Hell\" – 5:16\n7. \"Steam Engine\" – 11:07\n8. \"Dancefloors\" – 5:15\n9. \"Anytime\" – 4:03\n10. \"Mahgeetah\" – 7:08\n\n### Vinyl box set\n\n#### Record one\n\nSide A:\n1. \"Wordless Chorus\"\n2. \"It Beats 4 U\"\n3. \"Gideon\"\n4. \"One Big Holiday\"\nSide B:\n5. \"I Will Sing You Songs\"\n6. \"Lowdown\"\n7. \"The Way that He Sings\"\n\n#### Record two\n\nSide A:\n1. \"At Dawn\"\n2. \"Golden\"\n3. \"What a Wonderful Man\"\n4. \"Off the Record\"\nSide B:\n5. \"Lay Low\"\n6. \"Dondante\"\n\n#### Record three\n\nSide A:\n1. \"Run Thru\"\n2. \"Xmas Curtain\"\n3. \"O Is the One that Is Real\"\nSide B:\n4. \"Steam Engine\"\n5. \"Dance Floors\"\n\n#### Record four\n\nSide A: \n1. \"I Think I'm Going to Hell\"\n2. \"Anytime\"\n3. \"Mahgeetah\"\nSide B (bonus tracks):\n4. \"Where to Begin\"\n5. \"Sooner\"\n6. \"Strangulation\"\n\n", "### CD\n\n#### Disc one\n\n1. \"Wordless Chorus\" – 4:14\n2. \"It Beats 4 U\" – 4:26\n3. \"Gideon\" – 3:48\n4. \"One Big Holiday\" – 5:56\n5. \"I Will Sing You Songs\" – 8:38\n6. \"Lowdown\" – 4:14\n7. \"The Way that He Sings\" – 5:08\n8. \"What a Wonderful Man\" – 2:59\n9. \"Off the Record\" – 6:54\n10. \"Golden\" – 4:51\n11. \"Lay Low\" – 6:20\n\n#### Disc two\n\n1. \"Dondante\" – 11:18\n2. \"Run Thru\" – 9:35\n3. \"At Dawn\" – 3:05\n4. \"Xmas Curtain\" – 5:02\n5. \"O Is the One that Is Real\" – 3:36\n6. \"I Think I'm Going to Hell\" – 5:16\n7. \"Steam Engine\" – 11:07\n8. \"Dancefloors\" – 5:15\n9. \"Anytime\" – 4:03\n10. \"Mahgeetah\" – 7:08\n", "#### Disc one\n\n1. \"Wordless Chorus\" – 4:14\n2. \"It Beats 4 U\" – 4:26\n3. \"Gideon\" – 3:48\n4. \"One Big Holiday\" – 5:56\n5. \"I Will Sing You Songs\" – 8:38\n6. \"Lowdown\" – 4:14\n7. \"The Way that He Sings\" – 5:08\n8. \"What a Wonderful Man\" – 2:59\n9. \"Off the Record\" – 6:54\n10. \"Golden\" – 4:51\n11. \"Lay Low\" – 6:20\n", "#### Disc two\n\n1. \"Dondante\" – 11:18\n2. \"Run Thru\" – 9:35\n3. \"At Dawn\" – 3:05\n4. \"Xmas Curtain\" – 5:02\n5. \"O Is the One that Is Real\" – 3:36\n6. \"I Think I'm Going to Hell\" – 5:16\n7. \"Steam Engine\" – 11:07\n8. \"Dancefloors\" – 5:15\n9. \"Anytime\" – 4:03\n10. \"Mahgeetah\" – 7:08\n", "### Vinyl box set\n\n#### Record one\n\nSide A:\n1. \"Wordless Chorus\"\n2. \"It Beats 4 U\"\n3. \"Gideon\"\n4. \"One Big Holiday\"\nSide B:\n5. \"I Will Sing You Songs\"\n6. \"Lowdown\"\n7. \"The Way that He Sings\"\n\n#### Record two\n\nSide A:\n1. \"At Dawn\"\n2. \"Golden\"\n3. \"What a Wonderful Man\"\n4. \"Off the Record\"\nSide B:\n5. \"Lay Low\"\n6. \"Dondante\"\n\n#### Record three\n\nSide A:\n1. \"Run Thru\"\n2. \"Xmas Curtain\"\n3. \"O Is the One that Is Real\"\nSide B:\n4. \"Steam Engine\"\n5. \"Dance Floors\"\n\n#### Record four\n\nSide A: \n1. \"I Think I'm Going to Hell\"\n2. \"Anytime\"\n3. \"Mahgeetah\"\nSide B (bonus tracks):\n4. \"Where to Begin\"\n5. \"Sooner\"\n6. \"Strangulation\"\n\n", "#### Record one\n\nSide A:\n1. \"Wordless Chorus\"\n2. \"It Beats 4 U\"\n3. \"Gideon\"\n4. \"One Big Holiday\"\nSide B:\n5. \"I Will Sing You Songs\"\n6. \"Lowdown\"\n7. \"The Way that He Sings\"\n\n", "#### Record two\n\nSide A:\n1. \"At Dawn\"\n2. \"Golden\"\n3. \"What a Wonderful Man\"\n4. \"Off the Record\"\nSide B:\n5. \"Lay Low\"\n6. \"Dondante\"\n\n", "#### Record three\n\nSide A:\n1. \"Run Thru\"\n2. \"Xmas Curtain\"\n3. \"O Is the One that Is Real\"\nSide B:\n4. \"Steam Engine\"\n5. \"Dance Floors\"\n\n", "#### Record four\n\nSide A: \n1. \"I Think I'm Going to Hell\"\n2. \"Anytime\"\n3. \"Mahgeetah\"\nSide B (bonus tracks):\n4. \"Where to Begin\"\n5. \"Sooner\"\n6. \"Strangulation\"\n\n", "Concert film track listing\n--------------------------\n\n1. \"The Party\"\n2. \"Wordless Chorus\"\n3. \"It Beats 4 U\"\n4. \"Gideon\"\n5. \"One Big Holiday\"\n6. \"I Will Sing You Songs\"\n7. \"Lowdown\"\n8. \"The Way that He Sings\"\n9. \"What a Wonderful Man\"\n10. \"Off the Record\"\n11. \"Golden\"\n12. \"Lay Low\"\n13. \"Dondante\"\n14. \"Run Thru\"\n15. \"Xmas Curtain\"\n16. \"O Is the One that Is Real\"\n17. \"Steam Engine\"\n18. \"Anytime\"\n19. \"Mahgeetah\"\n20. \"The Attack\"\n", "*Acoustic Chorale*\n------------------\n\nSelect versions of *Okonokos* released in 2006 at certain independent record stores included a bonus DVD with video of six tracks. Despite the title, only the first track is acoustic.\n1. \"Bermuda Highway\"\n2. \"At Dawn\"\n3. \"Sooner\"\n4. \"Where to Begin\"\n5. \"I Think I'm Going to Hell\"\n6. \"Strangulation\"\n\n", "Personnel\n---------\n\n**My Morning Jacket**\n* [Carl Broemel](/wiki/Carl_Broemel \"Carl Broemel\") – guitar, [pedal steel guitar](/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar \"Pedal steel guitar\"), saxophone, vocals\n* [Patrick Hallahan](/wiki/Patrick_Hallahan \"Patrick Hallahan\") – drums\n* [Jim James](/wiki/Jim_James \"Jim James\") – vocals, guitar\n* [Bo Koster](/wiki/Bo_Koster \"Bo Koster\") – keyboards, piano, percussion, looping, vocals\n* [\"Two\\-Tone\" Tommy](/wiki/Tom_Blankenship \"Tom Blankenship\") – bass guitar\n\n**Other**\n* [Bob Ludwig](/wiki/Bob_Ludwig \"Bob Ludwig\") – [mastering](/wiki/Audio_mastering \"Audio mastering\")\n* Galea McGregor – [production](/wiki/Record_production \"Record production\")\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [*Okonokos* at IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0893354/)\n[Category:My Morning Jacket albums](/wiki/Category:My_Morning_Jacket_albums \"My Morning Jacket albums\")\n[Category:My Morning Jacket live albums](/wiki/Category:My_Morning_Jacket_live_albums \"My Morning Jacket live albums\")\n[Category:2006 video albums](/wiki/Category:2006_video_albums \"2006 video albums\")\n[Category:2000s live video albums](/wiki/Category:2000s_live_video_albums \"2000s live video albums\")\n[Category:2006 live albums](/wiki/Category:2006_live_albums \"2006 live albums\")\n[Category:My Morning Jacket video albums](/wiki/Category:My_Morning_Jacket_video_albums \"My Morning Jacket video albums\")\n[Category:ATO Records live albums](/wiki/Category:ATO_Records_live_albums \"ATO Records live albums\")\n[Category:ATO Records video albums](/wiki/Category:ATO_Records_video_albums \"ATO Records video albums\")\n[Category:Albums recorded at the Fillmore](/wiki/Category:Albums_recorded_at_the_Fillmore \"Albums recorded at the Fillmore\")\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 22041646 ], "name": [ "Narky Blert" ] }

{ "title": [ "[[Flörsheim]]" ], "level": [ 1 ], "content": [ "**[Flörsheim](/wiki/Fl%C3%B6rsheim \"Flörsheim\")** (or Flörsheim am Main) is a town in Hesse, Germany.\n\n**Florsheim** can also mean:\n* [Florsheim (surname)](/wiki/Florsheim_%28surname%29 \"Florsheim (surname)\")\n* [Flörsheim\\-Dalsheim](/wiki/Fl%C3%B6rsheim-Dalsheim \"Flörsheim-Dalsheim\"), including [Nieder\\-Flörsheim](/wiki/Nieder-Fl%C3%B6rsheim \"Nieder-Flörsheim\"), commune in Rheinland\\-Pfalz, Germany\n* [Ober\\-Flörsheim](/wiki/Ober-Fl%C3%B6rsheim \"Ober-Flörsheim\"), commune in Rheinland\\-Pfalz, Germany\n* [Florsheim Shoes](/wiki/Florsheim_Shoes \"Florsheim Shoes\"), American shoe company\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "2A02:8428:DA65:E001:49D0:C48A:8E17:1B52" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Track listing", "Machines of Sonic Manipulation", "Other Credits" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n***Meet Your Mechanical Masters*** was [Servotron's](/wiki/Servotron \"Servotron\") debut release. It was released in 1995 on [Sympathy for the Record Industry](/wiki/Sympathy_for_the_Record_Industry \"Sympathy for the Record Industry\") (cited on the sleeve as Sympathy for the Machines). This single was released on purple vinyl and black vinyl. It was re\\-released as a silver [circuit board](/wiki/Circuit_board \"Circuit board\") [picture disc](/wiki/Unusual_types_of_gramophone_records%23Picture_discs \"Unusual types of gramophone records#Picture discs\") as the \"Super Expensive Ultra Limited Totally Bitchen' Silver Disc\". \"[People Mover](/wiki/People_mover \"People mover\")\" is a song about [trains](/wiki/The_Plane_Train \"The Plane Train\") at the [Atlanta Airport](/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport \"Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport\").\n\n", "Track listing\n-------------\n\n* RAM Side: \"People Mover\"\n* ROM Side: \"Slave to the Metal Horde\"\n", "Machines of Sonic Manipulation\n------------------------------\n\n* MACHINE 1 \\= Z4 \\- OBX: Mechanical percussion sync and electronic rhythmic reinforcement\n* MACHINE 2 \\= Proto Unit V3: Synthesized key sequences, replicated female voice, melody matrix\n* MACHINE 3 \\= 339837X: Interactive mechanisms of monotonic expression of dissension, synthetic speech patterns used in context of modern systems of melodic infusion\n* MACHINE 4 \\= \\-... .\\- ... ... \\-... \\-\\-\\- \\-: Low frequency data and feedback loop\n", "Other Credits\n-------------\n\n* No Humans were involved in this completely digital recording process\n* Illustration \\& Design by [Shag](/wiki/SHAG_%28Josh_Agle%29 \"SHAG (Josh Agle)\")\n\n[Category:Servotron albums](/wiki/Category:Servotron_albums \"Servotron albums\")\n[Category:1995 EPs](/wiki/Category:1995_EPs \"1995 EPs\")\n[Category:Sympathy for the Record Industry EPs](/wiki/Category:Sympathy_for_the_Record_Industry_EPs \"Sympathy for the Record Industry EPs\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 44415278 ], "name": [ "Cl3phact0" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Gallery", "Designer", "Notes", "Publications", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n", "History\n-------\n\nThe company was founded in 1945 in Milan by (who had previously worked at and ), [Onorina Tomasin\\-Brion](/wiki/Onorina_Tomasin-Brion \"Onorina Tomasin-Brion\"), and Leone Pajetta. Initially named B.P.M. Radio, then changed to Vega BP Radio, and finally \"BRIONVEGA\", when the company was rebranded in 1963\\.\n\nIn 1954 Brionvega introduced the first Italian made television sets after entering into a contract with the country's national broadcaster [RAI](/wiki/RAI \"RAI\").\n\nIn the early 1960s Brionvega began working with notable architects and industrial designers including [Franco Albini](/wiki/Franco_Albini \"Franco Albini\"), [Sergio Asti](/wiki/Sergio_Asti \"Sergio Asti\"), , brothers [Achille](/wiki/Achille_Castiglioni \"Achille Castiglioni\"), [Livio](/wiki/Livio_Castiglioni \"Livio Castiglioni\"), and [Pier Giacomo Castiglioni](/wiki/Pier_Giacomo_Castiglioni \"Pier Giacomo Castiglioni\"), [Mario Bellini](/wiki/Mario_Bellini \"Mario Bellini\"), [Richard Sapper](/wiki/Richard_Sapper \"Richard Sapper\"), and [Marco Zanuso](/wiki/Marco_Zanuso \"Marco Zanuso\"). These collaborations resulted in a decade of design innovation and the introduction of products such as the Algol 11 and Doney 14The metadata embedded in the photograph of the Brionvega Algol 11 in this article's \"Gallery\" section makes the claim that: \"The first transistor television in Europe was the Doney 14 designed by Marco Zanuso and Richard Sapper for Brionvega in 1962\\...\" \\[] (See [\"Notizie storico\\-critiche\"](/wiki/c:File:Televisore_a_transistor%2C_bianco_e_nero%2C_portatile%2C_11_pollici_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_09703.jpg \"File:Televisore a transistor, bianco e nero, portatile, 11 pollici - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 09703.jpg\") from the [Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Scienza_e_Tecnologia_Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci\") included in the metadata of object photograph.) television sets, TS 502 \"Cubo\" radio, the [radiogram](/wiki/Radiogram_%28device%29 \"Radiogram (device)\"), which was introduced in 1966, followed by the \"Cubo\" television in 1969\\.\n\nThe designs that the company manufactured during this period were recognised in their time with awards such as the [Compasso d'Oro](/wiki/Compasso_d%27Oro \"Compasso d'Oro\") and [Biennale of Design](/wiki/Biennale_of_Design \"Biennale of Design\") (BIO), and have since become regarded as icons of 1960s Italian design. [Alba Cappellieri](/wiki/Alba_Cappellieri \"Alba Cappellieri\") writing for *[Domus](/wiki/Domus_%28magazine%29 \"Domus (magazine)\")* magazine stated that, \"You could write a telling history of Italian post\\-war industrial design almost entirely through the products of Brionvega\".\n\nIn more recent decades, the company continued its practice of collaboration with acclaimed designers including [Ettore Sottsass](/wiki/Ettore_Sottsass \"Ettore Sottsass\"), [Michael Young](/wiki/Michael_Young_%28industrial_designer%29 \"Michael Young (industrial designer)\"), and , periodically introducing new products such as the Alpha LCD television, presented at [Salone del Mobile](/wiki/Salone_del_Mobile \"Salone del Mobile\") in 2007, and the WearIt portable speaker in 2016\\.No longer in production (March 2023\\). An updated version of the original Cubo television was produced in 1992 with the same exterior casing and updated electronics. Two of the other 1960s products, the Doney and Algol television sets, were also re\\-issued in limited edition runs. The TS 502 portable radio and the RR 126 radiogram have both been re\\-issued and updated in several different versions.\n\nIn 1992, the Brion family sold the company to Italian electronics manufacturer [Sèleco](/wiki/S%C3%A8leco \"Sèleco\") (which was subsequently acquired by in 1998, and eventually declared bankrupt in 2004\\). Brionvega has gone through several changes of ownership since,Companies mentioned in various sources as owners of the brand include: SIM 2 Multimedia, spa; Super//Fluo; and BV 2 srl, Milano. (Better sources needed.) and as of 2022 was still active marketing re\\-editions of the designs from its 1960s and 1970s heyday, as well as some more recent products.\n\nMany of the company's products are held in museum collections including the [ADI Design Museum](/wiki/ADI_Design_Museum \"ADI Design Museum\") in Milan, the [Pompidou Centre](/wiki/Centre_Pompidou \"Centre Pompidou\") in Paris, the [Victoria and Albert](/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum \"Victoria and Albert Museum\") in London, the [Powerhouse Museum](/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum \"Powerhouse Museum\") (Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences) in Sydney, and the [Cooper Hewitt](/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt%2C_Smithsonian_Design_Museum \"Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum\") and [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\") in New York.\n\nThe [University of Parma](/wiki/University_of_Parma \"University of Parma\") holds a large collection of archival material relating to the company including sketches, drawings, prototypes, examples of Brionvega products, brochures and advertising materials. The [National Museum of Science and Technology](/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Scienza_e_Tecnologia_Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci\") in Milan also holds a number of Brionvega products in its collection.Many of the photographs in the \"Gallery\" section of this article are from the museum's collection and include detailed information about the objects (*in Italian*).\n\nIn 2016 a Brionvega RR 126 radiogram once owned by the singer [David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\") was sold by [Sotheby's](/wiki/Sotheby%27s \"Sotheby's\") in London for £257,000\\.\n\n", "Gallery\n-------\n\nFile:Radioricevitore a valvole, da tavolo \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 14980 01\\.jpg\\|RR 121 vacumtube table radio (1961\\)\nFile:Radioricevitore a transistor, portatile \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 14970\\.jpg\\|TS 207 portable transistor radio (1961\\)\nFile:Radiofonografo a valvole, soprammobile \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 14981\\.jpg\\|RR 122 tabletop radio phonograph (1961\\)\nFile:Giradischi \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 14972 03\\.jpg\\|Portable phonograph with amplified speaker (1963\\)\nFile:Giradischi \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 14972\\.jpg\\|Portable phonograph (open)\nFile:Giradischi \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 14972 01\\.jpg\\|Portable phonograph (turntable detail)\nFile:Radioricevitore a transistor, portatile \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 10074\\.jpg\\|TS 502 \"Cubo\" Series II radio (1963\\)\\<ref name\\=\"TS 502\" group\\=\"Note\"\\>First released in 1963, while the second series (pictured) was designed in 1966 with FM tuning scale up to 108 MHz, and again updated in 1978\\. There was also an \"export\" version of the TS 502 which included long\\-wave reception. The 2007 re\\-issue was called the TS 522\\. (See \\[\\[c:File:Radioricevitore a transistor, portatile \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 10074\\.jpg\\|\"Notizie storico\\-critiche\"]] from the \\[\\[Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci]] included in the metadata of object photographs.)\\</ref\\>\nFile:Radioricevitore a transistor, portatile \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 10074 02\\.jpg\\|TS 502 (closed)\nFile:Radioricevitore a transistor, portatile \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 10074 04\\.jpg\\|TS 502 (detail)\nFile:Radioricevitore a transistor, portatile \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 10074 05\\.jpg\\|TS 502 (back view)\nFile:Giradischi \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 14971\\.jpg\\|Portable phonograph (1963\\)\nFile:Televisore a transistor, bianco e nero, portatile, 11 pollici \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 09703\\.jpg\\|Algol 11 portable television (1964\\)\nFile:Stereokombination RR 126\\.jpg\\|RR126 \\[\\[Radiogram (device)\\|radiogram]] (1966\\)\nFile:Radiofonografo a transistor, soprammobile \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 09710\\.jpg\\|RR128 tabletop radio phonograph (1967\\)\nFile:Radioricevitore a transistor, portatile \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 09709\\.jpg\\|TS 214 Portable transistor radio (1967\\)\nFile:Televisore a transistor, bianco e nero, portatile, 12 pollici \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 11218\\.jpg\\|Doney 12 portable television (1967\\)\nFile:Televisore a transistor, bianco e nero, portatile, 12 pollici \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 09700 01\\.jpg\\|Doney television (rear view)\nFile:Ricevitore per filodiffusione a transistor \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 09711\\.jpg\\|FD 1101 \\[\\[Linjesender\\|Analog Piped Radio]] receiver (1967\\)\nFile:Televisore a transistor, bianco e nero, portatile, 17 pollici \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 09704\\.jpg\\|Volans 17 television (1968\\)\nFile:Televisore a transistor, bianco e nero, portatile, 12 pollici \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 10826\\.jpg\\|Black ST201 (1969\\)\nFile:BRIONVEGA Tv color Pally, 1973\\.jpg\\|Pally television (1973\\)\nFile:Radioregistratore a musicassette, a transistor \\- Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 10088 dia.jpg\\|Soundbook portable radio cassette player (1974\\)\n\n### Designer\n\n", "### Designer\n\n", "Notes\n-----\n\n", "Publications\n------------\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Telecommunications collection](https://www.museoscienza.org/en/offer/permanent-exhibitions/telecommunications), [Museum of Science and Technology](/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Scienza_e_Tecnologia_Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci\"), Milan\n* [Clamshell design](/wiki/Clamshell_design \"Clamshell design\")\n* [List of companies of Italy](/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy \"List of companies of Italy\")\n* [Brion tomb](/wiki/Brion_tomb \"Brion tomb\")\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Brionvega company website](http://www.brionvega.it)\n* [Super//Fluo company website](http://www.super-fluo.com)\n* [Brionvega information at Radiomuseum.org](https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_search.cfm)\n* [Fondazione Fiera Milano](https://archiviostorico.fondazionefiera.it/entita/1099-brionvega), historical archives showing archival photographs of 1960s trade fair (*in Italian*)\n* [Asolo (Tv) Radio e televisori della Brionvega in mostra](https://www.rainews.it/tgr/veneto/video/2022/04/ven-Asolo-Treviso-mostra-Brionvega-radio-televisori-apparecchi-museo-civico-760a3df8-74c9-4829-9a15-0f261d385803.html), brief emission about 2022 Brionvega exhibition in [Asolo](/wiki/Asolo \"Asolo\"), Italy (*in Italian*)\n\n[Category:Electronics companies established in 1945](/wiki/Category:Electronics_companies_established_in_1945 \"Electronics companies established in 1945\")\n[Category:Italian companies established in 1945](/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1945 \"Italian companies established in 1945\")\n[Category:Electronics companies of Italy](/wiki/Category:Electronics_companies_of_Italy \"Electronics companies of Italy\")\n[Category:Design companies of Italy](/wiki/Category:Design_companies_of_Italy \"Design companies of Italy\")\n[Category:Science and technology in Italy](/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Italy \"Science and technology in Italy\")\n[Category:Industrial design firms](/wiki/Category:Industrial_design_firms \"Industrial design firms\")\n[Category:Industrial design](/wiki/Category:Industrial_design \"Industrial design\")\n[Category:Telecommunications companies of Italy](/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_companies_of_Italy \"Telecommunications companies of Italy\")\n[Category:Italian brands](/wiki/Category:Italian_brands \"Italian brands\")\n[Category:Compasso d'Oro Award recipients](/wiki/Category:Compasso_d%27Oro_Award_recipients \"Compasso d'Oro Award recipients\")\n[Category:Italian design](/wiki/Category:Italian_design \"Italian design\")\n[Category:Consumer electronics](/wiki/Category:Consumer_electronics \"Consumer electronics\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 48603160 ], "name": [ "Aczzz" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Demographics", "Speech and debate team", "Athletics", "Notable alumni", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Henry Clay High School** is an American [public](/wiki/State_school \"State school\") [high school](/wiki/High_school_in_the_United_States \"High school in the United States\") in [Lexington, Kentucky](/wiki/Lexington%2C_Kentucky \"Lexington, Kentucky\"). Opened on Main Street in 1928, it was named in honor of the [Kentuckian](/wiki/Kentuckian \"Kentuckian\") and United States [statesman](/wiki/Politician \"Politician\"), [Henry Clay](/wiki/Henry_Clay \"Henry Clay\"). The Main Street location now houses the main offices of the [Fayette County Public Schools](/wiki/Fayette_County_Public_Schools_%28Kentucky%29 \"Fayette County Public Schools (Kentucky)\") system. The school was ranked in 2022 by *[U.S. News \\& World Report](/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report \"U.S. News & World Report\")* as \\#18 of schools in Kentucky and \\#1,705 nationally. The school's facility on Fontaine Road opened in 1970\\.\n\n", "History\n-------\n\nIn 1834, the first four\\-room public school was built in Lexington. It was sponsored by a man named William Morton. Seventy years later, the first four\\-year high school in Lexington opened on the corner of Walnut and Short streets. This school was named Morton High School.\n\nIn 1927, the [board of education](/wiki/Board_of_education \"Board of education\") granted permission for a new school to be built on East Main Street. On July 6, 1928, the board adopted the name Henry Clay High School, requested by the [Daughters of the American Revolution](/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution \"Daughters of the American Revolution\").\n\n", "Demographics\n------------\n\nThe demographic breakdown by race/ethnicity of the 2,058 students enrolled for the 2021–2022 school year was:\n\n| \\+ Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity |\n| --- |\n| | Enrollment | | Asian | Black | Hispanic | | White | |\n| 2018–19 | 2,137 | | | | | | | |\n| 2020–21 | 2,054 | | | | | | | |\n| 2021–22 | 2,058 | | | | | | | |\n\n", "Speech and debate team\n----------------------\n\nThe Henry Clay Speech and Debate team is currently led by coach Ryan Ray. The Debate team has won the Kentucky State championship 13 times, in 1991, 1992, 2007, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023\\. \n\n", "Athletics\n---------\n\nHCHS offers many varsity sports including:\nArchery was added as a varsity sport in the 2012/2013 school year\n\n* + - \n\nHCHS also offers [hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\"), [ultimate Frisbee](/wiki/Ultimate_%28sport%29 \"Ultimate (sport)\"), boys' [volleyball](/wiki/Volleyball \"Volleyball\"), and [lacrosse](/wiki/Lacrosse \"Lacrosse\") only as club sports since they are not sanctioned sports with the [Kentucky High School Athletic Association](/wiki/Kentucky_High_School_Athletic_Association \"Kentucky High School Athletic Association\"), and the Blue Devil Marching Band in its own competitive arena. The HCHS Marching Band placed as Grand Champions in the Mid\\-states Band Association circuit for years 2005–2007, and reserved Grand Champions in 2008\\. In 2006, the ultimate Frisbee team, Grapes of Wrath, fought their way to a city championship, led by captain and team MVP, Steven Myers. The ultimate Frisbee team is currently enjoying a stellar 2008–2009 season which has included the City Championship and State Championship, as well as a top 10 national ranking by the UPA. Also the lacrosse team made it to the Division 2 State Championship in 2007 with an undefeated, 9–0 record. They lost to the Eastern Eagles in double overtime. In the 2012–2013 season, the Henry Clay men's lacrosse team posted an undefeated 18–0 record, defeating [Lexington Catholic High School](/wiki/Lexington_Catholic_High_School \"Lexington Catholic High School\") by a score of 10–4 to capture the Division 2 State Championship. During the 2012–2013 season the Henry Clay men's lacrosse team was ranked in the top ten nationally in goal defense and goal differential, while ranking eleventh nationally in goals scored.\n\n", "Notable alumni\n--------------\n\n* – US Representative, [Kentucky's 6th congressional district](/wiki/Kentucky%27s_6th_congressional_district \"Kentucky's 6th congressional district\")\n* [Neil Chatterjee](/wiki/Neil_Chatterjee \"Neil Chatterjee\"), former commissioner and chairman of the [Federal Energy Regulatory Commission](/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission \"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\")\n* [Dominic Black (2004\\) \\- WVU Sports Hall of Fame](https://wvusports.com/honors/wvu-sports-hall-of-fame/dominic-black/87). *wvusports.com*. Retrieved May 26, 2023\\. – former American [freestyle](/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling \"Freestyle wrestling\") and [folkstyle](/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling \"Collegiate wrestling\") [wrestler](/wiki/Wrestling \"Wrestling\")\n* [Pamela Brown](/wiki/Pamela_Brown_%28journalist%29 \"Pamela Brown (journalist)\") – newscaster\n* – legislator, Florida House of Representatives\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1928 establishments in Kentucky](/wiki/Category:1928_establishments_in_Kentucky \"1928 establishments in Kentucky\")\n[Category:Educational institutions established in 1928](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1928 \"Educational institutions established in 1928\")\n[Category:Public high schools in Kentucky](/wiki/Category:Public_high_schools_in_Kentucky \"Public high schools in Kentucky\")\n[Category:Schools in Lexington, Kentucky](/wiki/Category:Schools_in_Lexington%2C_Kentucky \"Schools in Lexington, Kentucky\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 46344382 ], "name": [ "Ink stained hand" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Referensi" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "[thumb\\|Gaplek making in [Colonial](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies \"Dutch East Indies\") [Surabaya](/wiki/Surabaya \"Surabaya\").](/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gedroogde_cassave_%28gaplek%29_in_een_loods_te_Soerabaja_waar_het_wordt_gemalen_TMnr_60043894.jpg \"COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gedroogde cassave (gaplek) in een loods te Soerabaja waar het wordt gemalen TMnr 60043894.jpg\")\n\n**Gaplek** is a [Javanese](/wiki/Javanese_cuisine \"Javanese cuisine\") and [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine \"Indonesian cuisine\") foodstuff made from sliced, dried root of [cassava](/wiki/Cassava \"Cassava\"). It is mainly produced in the limestone uplands of [Java](/wiki/Java \"Java\"), where the soil grows rice poorly. The cassava root is harvested, peeled, and cut into pieces 6 to 8 inches long, and dried in the sun for 1 to 3 days. After drying, the gaplek is stored in a cool, dry place. If sufficiently dry it is relatively unaffected by pests. When other food sources are unavailable or too expensive, the gaplek pieces are pounded into small bits and cooked like rice. They also can be used as raw material for making dishes like tiwul, growol, gogik and gatot. Gaplek is popular among civilians in Trenggalek. Some say that this food is called gaplek because people who usually eat feel so full that which they say \"gaplek\" which means really full.\n\n", "Referensi\n---------\n\n[Category:Indonesian words and phrases](/wiki/Category:Indonesian_words_and_phrases \"Indonesian words and phrases\")\n[Category:Javanese cuisine](/wiki/Category:Javanese_cuisine \"Javanese cuisine\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 33845031 ], "name": [ "EggRoll97" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "{{MeSH number|C17|Skin+and+Connective+Tissue+Diseases}} – [[skin and connective tissue diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300|Connective+Tissue+Diseases}} – [[connective tissue diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.050|alpha+1-Antitrypsin+Deficiency}} – [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.182|Cartilage+Diseases}} – [[cartilage diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.185|Cellulitis}} – [[cellulitis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.200|Collagen+Diseases}} – [[collagen diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.230|Cutis+Laxa}} – [[cutis laxa]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.250|Dermatomyositis}} – [[dermatomyositis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.270|Dupuytren's+Contracture}} – [[Dupuytren's contracture]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.428|Homocystinuria}} – [[homocystinuria]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.475|Lupus+Erythematosus,+Cutaneous}} – [[lupus erythematosus, cutaneous]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.480|Lupus+Erythematosus,+Systemic}} – [[lupus erythematosus, systemic]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.500|Marfan+Syndrome}} – [[Marfan syndrome]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.540|Mixed+Connective+Tissue+Disease}} – [[mixed connective tissue disease]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.550|Mucinoses}} – [[mucinoses]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.680|Neoplasms,+Connective+Tissue}} – [[neoplasms, connective tissue]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.690|Noonan+Syndrome}} – [[Noonan syndrome]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.705|Osteopoikilosis}} – [[osteopoikilosis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.710|Panniculitis}} – [[panniculitis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.715|Penile+Induration}} – [[penile induration]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.766|Pseudoxanthoma+Elasticum}} – [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.775|Rheumatic+Diseases}} – [[rheumatic diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.787|Scleroderma,+Localized}} – [[scleroderma, localized]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.300.799|Scleroderma,+Systemic}} – [[scleroderma, systemic]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800|Skin+Diseases}} – [[skin diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.030|Acneiform+Eruptions}} – [[acneiform eruptions]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.060|Angiolymphoid+Hyperplasia+with+Eosinophilia}} – [[angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.090|Breast+Diseases}} – [[breast diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.120|Cicatrix}} – [[cicatrix]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.135|Cutaneous+Fistula}} – [[cutaneous fistula]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.174|Dermatitis}} – [[dermatitis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.185|Dermatomyositis}} – [[dermatomyositis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.229|Erythema}} – [[erythema]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.257|Exanthema}} – [[exanthema]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.271|Facial+Dermatoses}} – [[facial dermatoses]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.321|Foot+Diseases}} – [[foot diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.329|Hair+Diseases}} – [[hair diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.338|Hand+Dermatoses}} – [[hand dermatoses]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.417|Keratoacanthoma}} – [[keratoacanthoma]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.428|Keratosis}} – [[keratosis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.446|Leg+Dermatoses}} – [[leg dermatoses]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.463|Lipomatosis}} – [[lipomatosis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.480|Lupus+Erythematosus,+Cutaneous}} – [[lupus erythematosus, cutaneous]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.508|Mastocytosis}} – [[mastocytosis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.529|Nail+Diseases}} – [[nail diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.550|Necrobiotic+Disorders}} – [[necrobiotic disorders]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.566|Panniculitis}} – [[panniculitis]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.600|Photosensitivity+Disorders}} – [[photosensitivity disorders]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.621|Pigmentation+Disorders}} – [[pigmentation disorders]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.674|Prurigo}} – [[prurigo]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.685|Pruritus}} – [[pruritus]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.695|Pyoderma}} – [[pyoderma]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.716|Rosacea}} – [[rosacea]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.738|Scalp+Dermatoses}} – [[scalp dermatoses]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.751|Scleredema+Adultorum}} – [[scleredema adultorum]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.767|Scleroderma,+Localized}} – [[scleroderma, localized]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.784|Scleroderma,+Systemic}} – [[scleroderma, systemic]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.794|Sebaceous+Gland+Diseases}} – [[sebaceous gland diseases]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.804|Skin+Abnormalities}} – [[skin abnormalities]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.815|Skin+Diseases,+Eczematous}} – [[skin diseases, eczematous]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.827|Skin+Diseases,+Genetic}} – [[skin diseases, genetic]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.838|Skin+Diseases,+Infectious}} – [[skin diseases, infectious]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.849|Skin+Diseases,+Metabolic}} – [[skin diseases, metabolic]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.859|Skin+Diseases,+Papulosquamous}} – [[skin diseases, papulosquamous]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.862|Skin+Diseases,+Vascular}} – [[skin diseases, vascular]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.865|Skin+Diseases,+Vesiculobullous}} – [[skin diseases, vesiculobullous]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.871|Skin+Manifestations}} – [[skin manifestations]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.882|Skin+Neoplasms}} – [[skin neoplasms]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.893|Skin+Ulcer}} – [[skin ulcer]]", "{{MeSH number|C17.800.946|Sweat+Gland+Diseases}} – [[sweat gland diseases]]" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe following is a partial list of the \"C\" codes for [Medical Subject Headings](/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings \"Medical Subject Headings\") (MeSH), as defined by the [United States National Library of Medicine](/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine \"United States National Library of Medicine\") (NLM).\n\nThis list continues the information at [List of MeSH codes (C16\\)](/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_%28C16%29 \"List of MeSH codes (C16)\"). Codes following these are found at [List of MeSH codes (C18\\)](/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_%28C18%29 \"List of MeSH codes (C18)\"). For other MeSH codes, see [List of MeSH codes](/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes \"List of MeSH codes\").\n\nThe source for this content is the set of [2006 MeSH Trees](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/filelist.html) from the NLM.\n\n", " – [skin and connective tissue diseases](/wiki/Skin_and_connective_tissue_diseases \"Skin and connective tissue diseases\")\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n### – [connective tissue diseases](/wiki/Connective_tissue_diseases \"Connective tissue diseases\")\n\n#### – [alpha 1\\-antitrypsin deficiency](/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency \"Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency\")\n\n#### – [cartilage diseases](/wiki/Cartilage_diseases \"Cartilage diseases\")\n\n* – [chondromalacia patellae](/wiki/Chondromalacia_patellae \"Chondromalacia patellae\")\n* – [osteochondritis](/wiki/Osteochondritis \"Osteochondritis\")\n* – [polychondritis, relapsing](/wiki/Polychondritis%2C_relapsing \"Polychondritis, relapsing\")\n* – [Tietze syndrome](/wiki/Tietze_syndrome \"Tietze syndrome\")\n\n#### – [cellulitis](/wiki/Cellulitis \"Cellulitis\")\n\n#### – [collagen diseases](/wiki/Collagen_diseases \"Collagen diseases\")\n\n* – [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome \"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome\")\n* – [keloid](/wiki/Keloid \"Keloid\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [necrobiotic disorders](/wiki/Necrobiotic_disorders \"Necrobiotic disorders\")\n* – [granuloma annulare](/wiki/Granuloma_annulare \"Granuloma annulare\")\n* – [necrobiosis lipoidica](/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica \"Necrobiosis lipoidica\")\n* – [osteogenesis imperfecta](/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta \"Osteogenesis imperfecta\")\n\n#### – [cutis laxa](/wiki/Cutis_laxa \"Cutis laxa\")\n\n#### – [dermatomyositis](/wiki/Dermatomyositis \"Dermatomyositis\")\n\n#### – [Dupuytren's contracture](/wiki/Dupuytren%27s_contracture \"Dupuytren's contracture\")\n\n#### – [homocystinuria](/wiki/Homocystinuria \"Homocystinuria\")\n\n#### – [lupus erythematosus, cutaneous](/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus%2C_cutaneous \"Lupus erythematosus, cutaneous\")\n\n* – [lupus erythematosus, discoid](/wiki/Discoid_lupus_erythematosus \"Discoid lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n\n#### – [lupus erythematosus, systemic](/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus%2C_systemic \"Lupus erythematosus, systemic\")\n\n* – [lupus nephritis](/wiki/Lupus_nephritis \"Lupus nephritis\")\n* – [lupus vasculitis, central nervous system](/wiki/Lupus_vasculitis%2C_central_nervous_system \"Lupus vasculitis, central nervous system\")\n\n#### – [Marfan syndrome](/wiki/Marfan_syndrome \"Marfan syndrome\")\n\n#### – [mixed connective tissue disease](/wiki/Mixed_connective_tissue_disease \"Mixed connective tissue disease\")\n\n#### – [mucinoses](/wiki/Mucinoses \"Mucinoses\")\n\n* – [ganglion cysts](/wiki/Ganglion_cysts \"Ganglion cysts\")\n* – [mucinosis, follicular](/wiki/Mucinosis%2C_follicular \"Mucinosis, follicular\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidoses](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses \"Mucopolysaccharidoses\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis i](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_i \"Mucopolysaccharidosis i\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis ii](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_ii \"Mucopolysaccharidosis ii\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis iii](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_iii \"Mucopolysaccharidosis iii\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis iv](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_iv \"Mucopolysaccharidosis iv\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis vi](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_vi \"Mucopolysaccharidosis vi\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis vii](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_vii \"Mucopolysaccharidosis vii\")\n* – [myxedema](/wiki/Myxedema \"Myxedema\")\n* – [scleredema adultorum](/wiki/Scleredema_adultorum \"Scleredema adultorum\")\n\n#### – [neoplasms, connective tissue](/wiki/Neoplasms%2C_connective_tissue \"Neoplasms, connective tissue\")\n\n* – [myofibroma](/wiki/Myofibroma \"Myofibroma\")\n\n#### – [Noonan syndrome](/wiki/Noonan_syndrome \"Noonan syndrome\")\n\n#### – [osteopoikilosis](/wiki/Osteopoikilosis \"Osteopoikilosis\")\n\n#### – [panniculitis](/wiki/Panniculitis \"Panniculitis\")\n\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_nodular_nonsuppurative \"Panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative\")\n* – [panniculitis, peritoneal](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_peritoneal \"Panniculitis, peritoneal\")\n\n#### – [penile induration](/wiki/Penile_induration \"Penile induration\")\n\n#### – [pseudoxanthoma elasticum](/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum \"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\")\n\n#### – [rheumatic diseases](/wiki/Rheumatic_diseases \"Rheumatic diseases\")\n\n* – [arthritis, rheumatoid](/wiki/Arthritis%2C_rheumatoid \"Arthritis, rheumatoid\")\n* – [arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid](/wiki/Arthritis%2C_juvenile_rheumatoid \"Arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid\")\n* – [Caplan's syndrome](/wiki/Caplan%27s_syndrome \"Caplan's syndrome\")\n* – [Felty's syndrome](/wiki/Felty%27s_syndrome \"Felty's syndrome\")\n* – [rheumatoid nodule](/wiki/Rheumatoid_nodule \"Rheumatoid nodule\")\n* – [Sjögren syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome \"Sjögren syndrome\")\n* – [spondylitis, ankylosing](/wiki/Spondylitis%2C_ankylosing \"Spondylitis, ankylosing\")\n* – [Still's disease, adult\\-onset](/wiki/Adult-onset_Still%27s_disease \"Adult-onset Still's disease\")\n* – [hyperostosis, sternocostoclavicular](/wiki/Hyperostosis%2C_sternocostoclavicular \"Hyperostosis, sternocostoclavicular\")\n* – [polymyalgia rheumatica](/wiki/Polymyalgia_rheumatica \"Polymyalgia rheumatica\")\n\n#### – [scleroderma, localized](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_localized \"Scleroderma, localized\")\n\n#### – [scleroderma, systemic](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_systemic \"Scleroderma, systemic\")\n\n* – [scleroderma, diffuse](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_diffuse \"Scleroderma, diffuse\")\n* – [scleroderma, limited](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_limited \"Scleroderma, limited\")\n* – [CREST syndrome](/wiki/CREST_syndrome \"CREST syndrome\")\n\n### – [skin diseases](/wiki/Skin_diseases \"Skin diseases\")\n\n#### – [acneiform eruptions](/wiki/Acneiform_eruptions \"Acneiform eruptions\")\n\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [acne vulgaris](/wiki/Acne_vulgaris \"Acne vulgaris\")\n\n#### – [angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia](/wiki/Angiolymphoid_hyperplasia_with_eosinophilia \"Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia\")\n\n#### – [breast diseases](/wiki/Breast_diseases \"Breast diseases\")\n\n* – [breast cyst](/wiki/Breast_cyst \"Breast cyst\")\n* – [breast neoplasms](/wiki/Breast_neoplasms \"Breast neoplasms\")\n* – [breast neoplasms, male](/wiki/Breast_neoplasms%2C_male \"Breast neoplasms, male\")\n* – [carcinoma, ductal, breast](/wiki/Carcinoma%2C_ductal%2C_breast \"Carcinoma, ductal, breast\")\n* – [phyllodes tumor](/wiki/Phyllodes_tumor \"Phyllodes tumor\")\n* – [fibrocystic breast disease](/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_disease \"Fibrocystic breast disease\")\n* – [gynecomastia](/wiki/Gynecomastia \"Gynecomastia\")\n* – [lactation disorders](/wiki/Lactation_disorders \"Lactation disorders\")\n* – [galactorrhea](/wiki/Galactorrhea \"Galactorrhea\")\n* – [Chiari–Frommel syndrome](/wiki/Chiari%E2%80%93Frommel_syndrome \"Chiari–Frommel syndrome\")\n* – [mastitis](/wiki/Mastitis \"Mastitis\")\n\n#### – [cicatrix](/wiki/Cicatrix \"Cicatrix\")\n\n* – [cicatrix, hypertrophic](/wiki/Cicatrix%2C_hypertrophic \"Cicatrix, hypertrophic\")\n* – [keloid](/wiki/Keloid \"Keloid\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n\n#### – [cutaneous fistula](/wiki/Cutaneous_fistula \"Cutaneous fistula\")\n\n#### – [dermatitis](/wiki/Dermatitis \"Dermatitis\")\n\n* – [acrodermatitis](/wiki/Acrodermatitis \"Acrodermatitis\")\n* – [dermatitis, atopic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_atopic \"Dermatitis, atopic\")\n* – [dermatitis, contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_contact \"Dermatitis, contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, allergic contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_allergic_contact \"Dermatitis, allergic contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, photoallergic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_photoallergic \"Dermatitis, photoallergic\")\n* – [dermatitis, toxicodendron](/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis \"Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis\")\n* – [dermatitis, irritant](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_irritant \"Dermatitis, irritant\")\n* – [dermatitis, phototoxic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_phototoxic \"Dermatitis, phototoxic\")\n* – [diaper rash](/wiki/Diaper_rash \"Diaper rash\")\n* – [dermatitis, occupational](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_occupational \"Dermatitis, occupational\")\n* – [dermatitis, exfoliative](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_exfoliative \"Dermatitis, exfoliative\")\n* – [dermatitis herpetiformis](/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis \"Dermatitis herpetiformis\")\n* – [dermatitis, perioral](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_perioral \"Dermatitis, perioral\")\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [drug eruptions](/wiki/Drug_eruptions \"Drug eruptions\")\n* – [epidermal necrolysis, toxic](/wiki/Epidermal_necrolysis%2C_toxic \"Epidermal necrolysis, toxic\")\n* – [erythema nodosum](/wiki/Erythema_nodosum \"Erythema nodosum\")\n* – [serum sickness](/wiki/Serum_sickness \"Serum sickness\")\n* – [eczema](/wiki/Eczema \"Eczema\")\n* – [eczema, dyshidrotic](/wiki/Eczema%2C_dyshidrotic \"Eczema, dyshidrotic\")\n* – [intertrigo](/wiki/Intertrigo \"Intertrigo\")\n* – [neurodermatitis](/wiki/Neurodermatitis \"Neurodermatitis\")\n* – [radiodermatitis](/wiki/Radiodermatitis \"Radiodermatitis\")\n\n#### – [dermatomyositis](/wiki/Dermatomyositis \"Dermatomyositis\")\n\n#### – [erythema](/wiki/Erythema \"Erythema\")\n\n* – [erythema chronicum migrans](/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans \"Erythema chronicum migrans\")\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [erythema infectiosum](/wiki/Erythema_infectiosum \"Erythema infectiosum\")\n* – [erythema multiforme](/wiki/Erythema_multiforme \"Erythema multiforme\")\n* – [Stevens–Johnson syndrome](/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome \"Stevens–Johnson syndrome\")\n* – [erythema nodosum](/wiki/Erythema_nodosum \"Erythema nodosum\")\n* – [Sweet's syndrome](/wiki/Sweet%27s_syndrome \"Sweet's syndrome\")\n\n#### – [exanthema](/wiki/Exanthema \"Exanthema\")\n\n* – [exanthema subitum](/wiki/Exanthema_subitum \"Exanthema subitum\")\n\n#### – [facial dermatoses](/wiki/Facial_dermatoses \"Facial dermatoses\")\n\n* – [acneiform eruptions](/wiki/Acneiform_eruptions \"Acneiform eruptions\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [acne vulgaris](/wiki/Acne_vulgaris \"Acne vulgaris\")\n* – [dermatitis, perioral](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_perioral \"Dermatitis, perioral\")\n\n#### – [foot diseases](/wiki/Foot_diseases \"Foot diseases\")\n\n* – [foot dermatoses](/wiki/Foot_dermatoses \"Foot dermatoses\")\n* – [tinea pedis](/wiki/Tinea_pedis \"Tinea pedis\")\n* – [foot ulcer](/wiki/Foot_ulcer \"Foot ulcer\")\n* – [immersion foot](/wiki/Immersion_foot \"Immersion foot\")\n\n#### – [hair diseases](/wiki/Hair_diseases \"Hair diseases\")\n\n* – [folliculitis](/wiki/Folliculitis \"Folliculitis\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [hirsutism](/wiki/Hirsutism \"Hirsutism\")\n* – [hypertrichosis](/wiki/Hypertrichosis \"Hypertrichosis\")\n* – [hypotrichosis](/wiki/Hypotrichosis \"Hypotrichosis\")\n* – [alopecia](/wiki/Alopecia \"Alopecia\")\n* – [alopecia areata](/wiki/Alopecia_areata \"Alopecia areata\")\n* – [mucinosis, follicular](/wiki/Mucinosis%2C_follicular \"Mucinosis, follicular\")\n* – [Menkes kinky hair syndrome](/wiki/Menkes_kinky_hair_syndrome \"Menkes kinky hair syndrome\")\n\n#### – [hand dermatoses](/wiki/Hand_dermatoses \"Hand dermatoses\")\n\n#### – [keratoacanthoma](/wiki/Keratoacanthoma \"Keratoacanthoma\")\n\n#### – [keratosis](/wiki/Keratosis \"Keratosis\")\n\n* – [callosities](/wiki/Callosities \"Callosities\")\n* – [cholesteatoma](/wiki/Cholesteatoma \"Cholesteatoma\")\n* – [cholesteatoma, middle ear](/wiki/Cholesteatoma%2C_middle_ear \"Cholesteatoma, middle ear\")\n* – [ichthyosis](/wiki/Ichthyosis \"Ichthyosis\")\n* – [ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital](/wiki/Ichthyosiform_erythroderma%2C_congenital \"Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital\")\n* – [hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic](/wiki/Hyperkeratosis%2C_epidermolytic \"Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic\")\n* – [ichthyosis, lamellar](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_lamellar \"Ichthyosis, lamellar\")\n* – [ichthyosis vulgaris](/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris \"Ichthyosis vulgaris\")\n* – [ichthyosis, x\\-linked](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_x-linked \"Ichthyosis, x-linked\")\n* – [Sjögren–Larsson syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome \"Sjögren–Larsson syndrome\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar%2C_diffuse \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse\")\n* – [Papillon–Lefèvre disease](/wiki/Papillon%E2%80%93Lef%C3%A8vre_disease \"Papillon–Lefèvre disease\")\n* – [keratosis follicularis](/wiki/Darier%27s_disease \"Darier's disease\")\n* – [keratosis, seborrheic](/wiki/Keratosis%2C_seborrheic \"Keratosis, seborrheic\")\n* – [parakeratosis](/wiki/Parakeratosis \"Parakeratosis\")\n* – [porokeratosis](/wiki/Porokeratosis \"Porokeratosis\")\n\n#### – [leg dermatoses](/wiki/Leg_dermatoses \"Leg dermatoses\")\n\n#### – [lipomatosis](/wiki/Lipomatosis \"Lipomatosis\")\n\n#### – [lupus erythematosus, cutaneous](/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus%2C_cutaneous \"Lupus erythematosus, cutaneous\")\n\n* – [lupus erythematosus, discoid](/wiki/Discoid_lupus_erythematosus \"Discoid lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n\n#### – [mastocytosis](/wiki/Mastocytosis \"Mastocytosis\")\n\n* – [mastocytoma](/wiki/Mastocytoma \"Mastocytoma\")\n* – [mastocytosis, cutaneous](/wiki/Mastocytosis%2C_cutaneous \"Mastocytosis, cutaneous\")\n* – [urticaria pigmentosa](/wiki/Urticaria_pigmentosa \"Urticaria pigmentosa\")\n\n#### – [nail diseases](/wiki/Nail_diseases \"Nail diseases\")\n\n* – [nail–patella syndrome](/wiki/Nail%E2%80%93patella_syndrome \"Nail–patella syndrome\")\n* – [nails, ingrown](/wiki/Nails%2C_ingrown \"Nails, ingrown\")\n* – [nails, malformed](/wiki/Nails%2C_malformed \"Nails, malformed\")\n* – [onychomycosis](/wiki/Onychomycosis \"Onychomycosis\")\n* – [paronychia](/wiki/Paronychia \"Paronychia\")\n\n#### – [necrobiotic disorders](/wiki/Necrobiotic_disorders \"Necrobiotic disorders\")\n\n* – [granuloma annulare](/wiki/Granuloma_annulare \"Granuloma annulare\")\n* – [necrobiosis lipoidica](/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica \"Necrobiosis lipoidica\")\n\n#### – [panniculitis](/wiki/Panniculitis \"Panniculitis\")\n\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_nodular_nonsuppurative \"Panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative\")\n\n#### – [photosensitivity disorders](/wiki/Photosensitivity_disorders \"Photosensitivity disorders\")\n\n* – [dermatitis, photoallergic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_photoallergic \"Dermatitis, photoallergic\")\n* – [dermatitis, phototoxic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_phototoxic \"Dermatitis, phototoxic\")\n* – [hydroa vacciniforme](/wiki/Hydroa_vacciniforme \"Hydroa vacciniforme\")\n* – [sunburn](/wiki/Sunburn \"Sunburn\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n\n#### – [pigmentation disorders](/wiki/Pigmentation_disorders \"Pigmentation disorders\")\n\n* – [argyria](/wiki/Argyria \"Argyria\")\n* – [Café au lait spots](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait_spot \"Café au lait spot\")\n* – [hyperpigmentation](/wiki/Hyperpigmentation \"Hyperpigmentation\")\n* – [melanosis](/wiki/Melanosis \"Melanosis\")\n* – [acanthosis nigricans](/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans \"Acanthosis nigricans\")\n* – [lentigo](/wiki/Lentigo \"Lentigo\")\n* – [leopard syndrome](/wiki/Leopard_syndrome \"Leopard syndrome\")\n* – [Peutz–Jeghers syndrome](/wiki/Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome \"Peutz–Jeghers syndrome\")\n* – [hypopigmentation](/wiki/Hypopigmentation \"Hypopigmentation\")\n* – [albinism](/wiki/Albinism \"Albinism\")\n* – [albinism, ocular](/wiki/Albinism%2C_ocular \"Albinism, ocular\")\n* – [albinism, oculocutaneous](/wiki/Albinism%2C_oculocutaneous \"Albinism, oculocutaneous\")\n* – [Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome](/wiki/Hermansky%E2%80%93Pudlak_syndrome \"Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome\")\n* – [piebaldism](/wiki/Piebaldism \"Piebaldism\")\n* – [vitiligo](/wiki/Vitiligo \"Vitiligo\")\n* – [incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\")\n* – [urticaria pigmentosa](/wiki/Urticaria_pigmentosa \"Urticaria pigmentosa\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n\n#### – [prurigo](/wiki/Prurigo \"Prurigo\")\n\n#### – [pruritus](/wiki/Pruritus \"Pruritus\")\n\n* – [pruritus ani](/wiki/Pruritus_ani \"Pruritus ani\")\n* – [pruritus vulvae](/wiki/Pruritus_vulvae \"Pruritus vulvae\")\n\n#### – [pyoderma](/wiki/Pyoderma \"Pyoderma\")\n\n* – [ecthyma](/wiki/Ecthyma \"Ecthyma\")\n* – [pyoderma gangrenosum](/wiki/Pyoderma_gangrenosum \"Pyoderma gangrenosum\")\n\n#### – [rosacea](/wiki/Rosacea \"Rosacea\")\n\n* – [rhinophyma](/wiki/Rhinophyma \"Rhinophyma\")\n\n#### – [scalp dermatoses](/wiki/Scalp_dermatoses \"Scalp dermatoses\")\n\n* – [tinea capitis](/wiki/Tinea_capitis \"Tinea capitis\")\n* – [tinea favosa](/wiki/Tinea_favosa \"Tinea favosa\")\n\n#### – [scleredema adultorum](/wiki/Scleredema_adultorum \"Scleredema adultorum\")\n\n#### – [scleroderma, localized](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_localized \"Scleroderma, localized\")\n\n#### – [scleroderma, systemic](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_systemic \"Scleroderma, systemic\")\n\n* – [scleroderma, diffuse](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_diffuse \"Scleroderma, diffuse\")\n* – [scleroderma, limited](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_limited \"Scleroderma, limited\")\n* – [CREST syndrome](/wiki/CREST_syndrome \"CREST syndrome\")\n\n#### – [sebaceous gland diseases](/wiki/Sebaceous_gland_diseases \"Sebaceous gland diseases\")\n\n* – [acne vulgaris](/wiki/Acne_vulgaris \"Acne vulgaris\")\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [mucinosis, follicular](/wiki/Mucinosis%2C_follicular \"Mucinosis, follicular\")\n* – [rhinophyma](/wiki/Rhinophyma \"Rhinophyma\")\n* – [sebaceous gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sebaceous_gland_neoplasms \"Sebaceous gland neoplasms\")\n\n#### – [skin abnormalities](/wiki/Skin_abnormalities \"Skin abnormalities\")\n\n* – [acrodermatitis](/wiki/Acrodermatitis \"Acrodermatitis\")\n* – [dyskeratosis congenita](/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita \"Dyskeratosis congenita\")\n* – [ectodermal dysplasia](/wiki/Ectodermal_dysplasia \"Ectodermal dysplasia\")\n* – [Ellis–van Creveld syndrome](/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome \"Ellis–van Creveld syndrome\")\n* – [focal dermal hypoplasia](/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia \"Focal dermal hypoplasia\")\n* – [neurocutaneous syndromes](/wiki/Neurocutaneous_syndromes \"Neurocutaneous syndromes\")\n* – [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome \"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa \"Epidermolysis bullosa\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_acquisita \"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica \"Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa, junctional](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa%2C_junctional \"Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa simplex](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex \"Epidermolysis bullosa simplex\")\n* – [ichthyosis](/wiki/Ichthyosis \"Ichthyosis\")\n* – [ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital](/wiki/Ichthyosiform_erythroderma%2C_congenital \"Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital\")\n* – [hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic](/wiki/Hyperkeratosis%2C_epidermolytic \"Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic\")\n* – [ichthyosis, lamellar](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_lamellar \"Ichthyosis, lamellar\")\n* – [ichthyosis vulgaris](/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris \"Ichthyosis vulgaris\")\n* – [ichthyosis, x\\-linked](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_x-linked \"Ichthyosis, x-linked\")\n* – [Sjögren–Larsson syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome \"Sjögren–Larsson syndrome\")\n* – [incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\")\n* – [port\\-wine stain](/wiki/Port-wine_stain \"Port-wine stain\")\n* – [pseudoxanthoma elasticum](/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum \"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\")\n* – [Rothmund–Thomson syndrome](/wiki/Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson_syndrome \"Rothmund–Thomson syndrome\")\n* – [sclerema neonatorum](/wiki/Sclerema_neonatorum \"Sclerema neonatorum\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, eczematous](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_eczematous \"Skin diseases, eczematous\")\n\n* – [dermatitis, atopic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_atopic \"Dermatitis, atopic\")\n* – [dermatitis, contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_contact \"Dermatitis, contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, allergic contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_allergic_contact \"Dermatitis, allergic contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, photoallergic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_photoallergic \"Dermatitis, photoallergic\")\n* – [dermatitis, toxicodendron](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_toxicodendron \"Dermatitis, toxicodendron\")\n* – [dermatitis, irritant](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_irritant \"Dermatitis, irritant\")\n* – [dermatitis, phototoxic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_phototoxic \"Dermatitis, phototoxic\")\n* – [diaper rash](/wiki/Diaper_rash \"Diaper rash\")\n* – [dermatitis, occupational](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_occupational \"Dermatitis, occupational\")\n* – [dermatitis, exfoliative](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_exfoliative \"Dermatitis, exfoliative\")\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [eczema](/wiki/Eczema \"Eczema\")\n* – [eczema, dyshidrotic](/wiki/Eczema%2C_dyshidrotic \"Eczema, dyshidrotic\")\n* – [intertrigo](/wiki/Intertrigo \"Intertrigo\")\n* – [neurodermatitis](/wiki/Neurodermatitis \"Neurodermatitis\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, genetic](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_genetic \"Skin diseases, genetic\")\n\n* – [albinism](/wiki/Albinism \"Albinism\")\n* – [albinism, ocular](/wiki/Albinism%2C_ocular \"Albinism, ocular\")\n* – [albinism, oculocutaneous](/wiki/Albinism%2C_oculocutaneous \"Albinism, oculocutaneous\")\n* – [Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome](/wiki/Hermansky%E2%80%93Pudlak_syndrome \"Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome\")\n* – [piebaldism](/wiki/Piebaldism \"Piebaldism\")\n* – [cutis laxa](/wiki/Cutis_laxa \"Cutis laxa\")\n* – [dermatitis, atopic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_atopic \"Dermatitis, atopic\")\n* – [dyskeratosis congenita](/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita \"Dyskeratosis congenita\")\n* – [ectodermal dysplasia](/wiki/Ectodermal_dysplasia \"Ectodermal dysplasia\")\n* – [Ellis–van Creveld syndrome](/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome \"Ellis–van Creveld syndrome\")\n* – [focal dermal hypoplasia](/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia \"Focal dermal hypoplasia\")\n* – [neurocutaneous syndromes](/wiki/Neurocutaneous_syndromes \"Neurocutaneous syndromes\")\n* – [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome \"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa \"Epidermolysis bullosa\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_acquisita \"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica \"Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa, junctional](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa%2C_junctional \"Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa simplex](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex \"Epidermolysis bullosa simplex\")\n* – [ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital](/wiki/Ichthyosiform_erythroderma%2C_congenital \"Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital\")\n* – [hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic](/wiki/Hyperkeratosis%2C_epidermolytic \"Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic\")\n* – [ichthyosis, lamellar](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_lamellar \"Ichthyosis, lamellar\")\n* – [ichthyosis vulgaris](/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris \"Ichthyosis vulgaris\")\n* – [ichthyosis, x\\-linked](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_x-linked \"Ichthyosis, x-linked\")\n* – [incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar%2C_diffuse \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse\")\n* – [Papillon–Lefèvre disease](/wiki/Papillon%E2%80%93Lef%C3%A8vre_disease \"Papillon–Lefèvre disease\")\n* – keratosis follicularis\n* – [pemphigus, benign familial](/wiki/Pemphigus%2C_benign_familial \"Pemphigus, benign familial\")\n* – [porokeratosis](/wiki/Porokeratosis \"Porokeratosis\")\n* – [porphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Porphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyrias, hepatic](/wiki/Porphyrias%2C_hepatic \"Porphyrias, hepatic\")\n* – [coproporphyria, hereditary](/wiki/Coproporphyria%2C_hereditary \"Coproporphyria, hereditary\")\n* – [porphyria, acute intermittent](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_acute_intermittent \"Porphyria, acute intermittent\")\n* – [porphyria cutanea tarda](/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda \"Porphyria cutanea tarda\")\n* – [porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_hepatoerythropoietic \"Porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyria, variegate](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_variegate \"Porphyria, variegate\")\n* – [protoporphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Protoporphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Protoporphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [pseudoxanthoma elasticum](/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum \"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\")\n* – [Rothmund–Thomson syndrome](/wiki/Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson_syndrome \"Rothmund–Thomson syndrome\")\n* – [Sjögren–Larsson syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome \"Sjögren–Larsson syndrome\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, infectious](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_infectious \"Skin diseases, infectious\")\n\n* – [dermatomycoses](/wiki/Dermatomycoses \"Dermatomycoses\")\n* – [blastomycosis](/wiki/Blastomycosis \"Blastomycosis\")\n* – [candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous](/wiki/Candidiasis%2C_chronic_mucocutaneous \"Candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous\")\n* – [candidiasis, cutaneous](/wiki/Candidiasis%2C_cutaneous \"Candidiasis, cutaneous\")\n* – [chromoblastomycosis](/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis \"Chromoblastomycosis\")\n* – [maduromycosis](/wiki/Maduromycosis \"Maduromycosis\")\n* – [paracoccidioidomycosis](/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis \"Paracoccidioidomycosis\")\n* – [sporotrichosis](/wiki/Sporotrichosis \"Sporotrichosis\")\n* – [tinea](/wiki/Tinea \"Tinea\")\n* – [onychomycosis](/wiki/Onychomycosis \"Onychomycosis\")\n* – [tinea capitis](/wiki/Tinea_capitis \"Tinea capitis\")\n* – [tinea favosa](/wiki/Tinea_favosa \"Tinea favosa\")\n* – [tinea pedis](/wiki/Tinea_pedis \"Tinea pedis\")\n* – [tinea versicolor](/wiki/Tinea_versicolor \"Tinea versicolor\")\n* – [paronychia](/wiki/Paronychia \"Paronychia\")\n* – [skin diseases, bacterial](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_bacterial \"Skin diseases, bacterial\")\n* – [actinomycosis, cervicofacial](/wiki/Actinomycosis%2C_cervicofacial \"Actinomycosis, cervicofacial\")\n* – [angiomatosis, bacillary](/wiki/Angiomatosis%2C_bacillary \"Angiomatosis, bacillary\")\n* – [ecthyma](/wiki/Ecthyma \"Ecthyma\")\n* – [erysipelas](/wiki/Erysipelas \"Erysipelas\")\n* – [erythema chronicum migrans](/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans \"Erythema chronicum migrans\")\n* – [erythrasma](/wiki/Erythrasma \"Erythrasma\")\n* – [granuloma inguinale](/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale \"Granuloma inguinale\")\n* – [hidradenitis suppurativa](/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa \"Hidradenitis suppurativa\")\n* – [maduromycosis](/wiki/Maduromycosis \"Maduromycosis\")\n* – [pinta](/wiki/Pinta_%28disease%29 \"Pinta (disease)\")\n* – [rhinoscleroma](/wiki/Rhinoscleroma \"Rhinoscleroma\")\n* – [staphylococcal skin infections](/wiki/Staphylococcal_skin_infections \"Staphylococcal skin infections\")\n* – [furunculosis](/wiki/Furunculosis \"Furunculosis\")\n* – [carbuncle](/wiki/Carbuncle \"Carbuncle\")\n* – [impetigo](/wiki/Impetigo \"Impetigo\")\n* – [staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome](/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome \"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome\")\n* – [syphilis, cutaneous](/wiki/Syphilis%2C_cutaneous \"Syphilis, cutaneous\")\n* – [tuberculosis, cutaneous](/wiki/Tuberculosis%2C_cutaneous \"Tuberculosis, cutaneous\")\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [lupus](/wiki/Lupus \"Lupus\")\n* – [yaws](/wiki/Yaws \"Yaws\")\n* – [skin diseases, parasitic](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_parasitic \"Skin diseases, parasitic\")\n* – [larva migrans](/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans \"Cutaneous larva migrans\")\n* – [leishmaniasis](/wiki/Leishmaniasis \"Leishmaniasis\")\n* – [leishmaniasis, cutaneous](/wiki/Leishmaniasis%2C_cutaneous \"Leishmaniasis, cutaneous\")\n* – [leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous](/wiki/Leishmaniasis%2C_diffuse_cutaneous \"Leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous\")\n* – [leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous](/wiki/Leishmaniasis%2C_mucocutaneous \"Leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous\")\n* – [lice infestations](/wiki/Lice_infestations \"Lice infestations\")\n* – [onchocerciasis](/wiki/Onchocerciasis \"Onchocerciasis\")\n* – [scabies](/wiki/Scabies \"Scabies\")\n* – [skin diseases, viral](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_viral \"Skin diseases, viral\")\n* – [erythema infectiosum](/wiki/Erythema_infectiosum \"Erythema infectiosum\")\n* – [exanthema subitum](/wiki/Exanthema_subitum \"Exanthema subitum\")\n* – [herpes simplex](/wiki/Herpes_simplex \"Herpes simplex\")\n* – [herpes labialis](/wiki/Herpes_labialis \"Herpes labialis\")\n* – [kaposi varicelliform eruption](/wiki/Kaposi_varicelliform_eruption \"Kaposi varicelliform eruption\")\n* – [molluscum contagiosum](/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum \"Molluscum contagiosum\")\n* – [warts](/wiki/Warts \"Warts\")\n* – [condylomata acuminata](/wiki/Condylomata_acuminata \"Condylomata acuminata\")\n* – [epidermodysplasia verruciformis](/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis \"Epidermodysplasia verruciformis\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, metabolic](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_metabolic \"Skin diseases, metabolic\")\n\n* – [adiposis dolorosa](/wiki/Adiposis_dolorosa \"Adiposis dolorosa\")\n* – [lipodystrophy](/wiki/Lipodystrophy \"Lipodystrophy\")\n* – [diabetes mellitus, lipoatrophic](/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus%2C_lipoatrophic \"Diabetes mellitus, lipoatrophic\")\n* – [HIV\\-associated lipodystrophy](/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy \"HIV-associated lipodystrophy\")\n* – [necrobiosis lipoidica](/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica \"Necrobiosis lipoidica\")\n* – [porphyrias](/wiki/Porphyrias \"Porphyrias\")\n* – [porphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Porphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyrias, hepatic](/wiki/Porphyrias%2C_hepatic \"Porphyrias, hepatic\")\n* – [coproporphyria, hereditary](/wiki/Coproporphyria%2C_hereditary \"Coproporphyria, hereditary\")\n* – [porphyria, acute intermittent](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_acute_intermittent \"Porphyria, acute intermittent\")\n* – [porphyria cutanea tarda](/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda \"Porphyria cutanea tarda\")\n* – [porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_hepatoerythropoietic \"Porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyria, variegate](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_variegate \"Porphyria, variegate\")\n* – [protoporphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Protoporphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Protoporphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [xanthogranuloma, juvenile](/wiki/Xanthogranuloma%2C_juvenile \"Xanthogranuloma, juvenile\")\n* – [xanthomatosis](/wiki/Xanthomatosis \"Xanthomatosis\")\n* – [Wolman disease](/wiki/Wolman_disease \"Wolman disease\")\n* – [xanthomatosis, cerebrotendinous](/wiki/Xanthomatosis%2C_cerebrotendinous \"Xanthomatosis, cerebrotendinous\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, papulosquamous](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_papulosquamous \"Skin diseases, papulosquamous\")\n\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [lichenoid eruptions](/wiki/Lichenoid_eruptions \"Lichenoid eruptions\")\n* – [lichen nitidus](/wiki/Lichen_nitidus \"Lichen nitidus\")\n* – [lichen planus](/wiki/Lichen_planus \"Lichen planus\")\n* – [lichen planus, oral](/wiki/Lichen_planus%2C_oral \"Lichen planus, oral\")\n* – [lichen sclerosus et atrophicus](/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus_et_atrophicus \"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus\")\n* – [pityriasis lichenoides](/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides \"Pityriasis lichenoides\")\n* – [lymphomatoid papulosis](/wiki/Lymphomatoid_papulosis \"Lymphomatoid papulosis\")\n* – [parapsoriasis](/wiki/Parapsoriasis \"Parapsoriasis\")\n* – [pityriasis lichenoides](/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides \"Pityriasis lichenoides\")\n* – [lymphomatoid papulosis](/wiki/Lymphomatoid_papulosis \"Lymphomatoid papulosis\")\n* – [pityriasis](/wiki/Pityriasis \"Pityriasis\")\n* – [pityriasis lichenoides](/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides \"Pityriasis lichenoides\")\n* – [lymphomatoid papulosis](/wiki/Lymphomatoid_papulosis \"Lymphomatoid papulosis\")\n* – [pityriasis rosea](/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea \"Pityriasis rosea\")\n* – [pityriasis rubra pilaris](/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris \"Pityriasis rubra pilaris\")\n* – [psoriasis](/wiki/Psoriasis \"Psoriasis\")\n* – [arthritis, psoriatic](/wiki/Arthritis%2C_psoriatic \"Arthritis, psoriatic\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, vascular](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_vascular \"Skin diseases, vascular\")\n\n* – [angiomatosis, bacillary](/wiki/Angiomatosis%2C_bacillary \"Angiomatosis, bacillary\")\n* – [Behçet syndrome](/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et_syndrome \"Behçet syndrome\")\n* – [mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome](/wiki/Mucocutaneous_lymph_node_syndrome \"Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome\")\n* – [polyarteritis nodosa](/wiki/Polyarteritis_nodosa \"Polyarteritis nodosa\")\n* – [pyoderma gangrenosum](/wiki/Pyoderma_gangrenosum \"Pyoderma gangrenosum\")\n* – [Sneddon syndrome](/wiki/Sneddon_syndrome \"Sneddon syndrome\")\n* – [Takayasu's arteritis](/wiki/Takayasu%27s_arteritis \"Takayasu's arteritis\")\n* – [temporal arteritis](/wiki/Temporal_arteritis \"Temporal arteritis\")\n* – [urticaria](/wiki/Urticaria \"Urticaria\")\n* – [angioneurotic edema](/wiki/Angioneurotic_edema \"Angioneurotic edema\")\n* – [vasculitis, allergic cutaneous](/wiki/Vasculitis%2C_allergic_cutaneous \"Vasculitis, allergic cutaneous\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, vesiculobullous](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_vesiculobullous \"Skin diseases, vesiculobullous\")\n\n* – [acantholysis](/wiki/Acantholysis \"Acantholysis\")\n* – [blister](/wiki/Blister \"Blister\")\n* – [dermatitis herpetiformis](/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis \"Dermatitis herpetiformis\")\n* – [eczema, dyshidrotic](/wiki/Eczema%2C_dyshidrotic \"Eczema, dyshidrotic\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa \"Epidermolysis bullosa\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_acquisita \"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica \"Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa, junctional](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa%2C_junctional \"Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa simplex](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex \"Epidermolysis bullosa simplex\")\n* – [erythema multiforme](/wiki/Erythema_multiforme \"Erythema multiforme\")\n* – [Stevens–Johnson syndrome](/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome \"Stevens–Johnson syndrome\")\n* – [hydroa vacciniforme](/wiki/Hydroa_vacciniforme \"Hydroa vacciniforme\")\n* – [pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane](/wiki/Pemphigoid%2C_benign_mucous_membrane \"Pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane\")\n* – [pemphigoid, bullous](/wiki/Pemphigoid%2C_bullous \"Pemphigoid, bullous\")\n* – [pemphigoid gestationis](/wiki/Pemphigoid_gestationis \"Pemphigoid gestationis\")\n* – [pemphigus](/wiki/Pemphigus \"Pemphigus\")\n* – [pemphigus, benign familial](/wiki/Pemphigus%2C_benign_familial \"Pemphigus, benign familial\")\n\n#### – [skin manifestations](/wiki/Skin_manifestations \"Skin manifestations\")\n\n#### – [skin neoplasms](/wiki/Skin_neoplasms \"Skin neoplasms\")\n\n* – [sebaceous gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sebaceous_gland_neoplasms \"Sebaceous gland neoplasms\")\n* – [sweat gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sweat_gland_neoplasms \"Sweat gland neoplasms\")\n\n#### – [skin ulcer](/wiki/Skin_ulcer \"Skin ulcer\")\n\n* – [leg ulcer](/wiki/Leg_ulcer \"Leg ulcer\")\n* – [foot ulcer](/wiki/Foot_ulcer \"Foot ulcer\")\n* – [diabetic foot](/wiki/Diabetic_foot \"Diabetic foot\")\n* – [varicose ulcer](/wiki/Varicose_ulcer \"Varicose ulcer\")\n* – [pressure ulcer](/wiki/Pressure_ulcer \"Pressure ulcer\")\n* – [pyoderma gangrenosum](/wiki/Pyoderma_gangrenosum \"Pyoderma gangrenosum\")\n\n#### – [sweat gland diseases](/wiki/Sweat_gland_diseases \"Sweat gland diseases\")\n\n* – [hidradenitis](/wiki/Hidradenitis \"Hidradenitis\")\n* – [hidradenitis suppurativa](/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa \"Hidradenitis suppurativa\")\n* – [hyperhidrosis](/wiki/Hyperhidrosis \"Hyperhidrosis\")\n* – [sweating, gustatory](/wiki/Sweating%2C_gustatory \"Sweating, gustatory\")\n* – [hypohidrosis](/wiki/Hypohidrosis \"Hypohidrosis\")\n* – [miliaria](/wiki/Miliaria \"Miliaria\")\n* – [Fox–Fordyce disease](/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93Fordyce_disease \"Fox–Fordyce disease\")\n* – [sweat gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sweat_gland_neoplasms \"Sweat gland neoplasms\")\n\n---\n\nThe list continues at [List of MeSH codes (C18\\)](/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_%28C18%29 \"List of MeSH codes (C18)\").\n\n[C17](/wiki/Category:Medical_Subject_Headings \"Medical Subject Headings\")\n\n", "### – [connective tissue diseases](/wiki/Connective_tissue_diseases \"Connective tissue diseases\")\n\n#### – [alpha 1\\-antitrypsin deficiency](/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency \"Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency\")\n\n#### – [cartilage diseases](/wiki/Cartilage_diseases \"Cartilage diseases\")\n\n* – [chondromalacia patellae](/wiki/Chondromalacia_patellae \"Chondromalacia patellae\")\n* – [osteochondritis](/wiki/Osteochondritis \"Osteochondritis\")\n* – [polychondritis, relapsing](/wiki/Polychondritis%2C_relapsing \"Polychondritis, relapsing\")\n* – [Tietze syndrome](/wiki/Tietze_syndrome \"Tietze syndrome\")\n\n#### – [cellulitis](/wiki/Cellulitis \"Cellulitis\")\n\n#### – [collagen diseases](/wiki/Collagen_diseases \"Collagen diseases\")\n\n* – [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome \"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome\")\n* – [keloid](/wiki/Keloid \"Keloid\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [necrobiotic disorders](/wiki/Necrobiotic_disorders \"Necrobiotic disorders\")\n* – [granuloma annulare](/wiki/Granuloma_annulare \"Granuloma annulare\")\n* – [necrobiosis lipoidica](/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica \"Necrobiosis lipoidica\")\n* – [osteogenesis imperfecta](/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta \"Osteogenesis imperfecta\")\n\n#### – [cutis laxa](/wiki/Cutis_laxa \"Cutis laxa\")\n\n#### – [dermatomyositis](/wiki/Dermatomyositis \"Dermatomyositis\")\n\n#### – [Dupuytren's contracture](/wiki/Dupuytren%27s_contracture \"Dupuytren's contracture\")\n\n#### – [homocystinuria](/wiki/Homocystinuria \"Homocystinuria\")\n\n#### – [lupus erythematosus, cutaneous](/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus%2C_cutaneous \"Lupus erythematosus, cutaneous\")\n\n* – [lupus erythematosus, discoid](/wiki/Discoid_lupus_erythematosus \"Discoid lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n\n#### – [lupus erythematosus, systemic](/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus%2C_systemic \"Lupus erythematosus, systemic\")\n\n* – [lupus nephritis](/wiki/Lupus_nephritis \"Lupus nephritis\")\n* – [lupus vasculitis, central nervous system](/wiki/Lupus_vasculitis%2C_central_nervous_system \"Lupus vasculitis, central nervous system\")\n\n#### – [Marfan syndrome](/wiki/Marfan_syndrome \"Marfan syndrome\")\n\n#### – [mixed connective tissue disease](/wiki/Mixed_connective_tissue_disease \"Mixed connective tissue disease\")\n\n#### – [mucinoses](/wiki/Mucinoses \"Mucinoses\")\n\n* – [ganglion cysts](/wiki/Ganglion_cysts \"Ganglion cysts\")\n* – [mucinosis, follicular](/wiki/Mucinosis%2C_follicular \"Mucinosis, follicular\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidoses](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses \"Mucopolysaccharidoses\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis i](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_i \"Mucopolysaccharidosis i\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis ii](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_ii \"Mucopolysaccharidosis ii\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis iii](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_iii \"Mucopolysaccharidosis iii\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis iv](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_iv \"Mucopolysaccharidosis iv\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis vi](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_vi \"Mucopolysaccharidosis vi\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis vii](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_vii \"Mucopolysaccharidosis vii\")\n* – [myxedema](/wiki/Myxedema \"Myxedema\")\n* – [scleredema adultorum](/wiki/Scleredema_adultorum \"Scleredema adultorum\")\n\n#### – [neoplasms, connective tissue](/wiki/Neoplasms%2C_connective_tissue \"Neoplasms, connective tissue\")\n\n* – [myofibroma](/wiki/Myofibroma \"Myofibroma\")\n\n#### – [Noonan syndrome](/wiki/Noonan_syndrome \"Noonan syndrome\")\n\n#### – [osteopoikilosis](/wiki/Osteopoikilosis \"Osteopoikilosis\")\n\n#### – [panniculitis](/wiki/Panniculitis \"Panniculitis\")\n\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_nodular_nonsuppurative \"Panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative\")\n* – [panniculitis, peritoneal](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_peritoneal \"Panniculitis, peritoneal\")\n\n#### – [penile induration](/wiki/Penile_induration \"Penile induration\")\n\n#### – [pseudoxanthoma elasticum](/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum \"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\")\n\n#### – [rheumatic diseases](/wiki/Rheumatic_diseases \"Rheumatic diseases\")\n\n* – [arthritis, rheumatoid](/wiki/Arthritis%2C_rheumatoid \"Arthritis, rheumatoid\")\n* – [arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid](/wiki/Arthritis%2C_juvenile_rheumatoid \"Arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid\")\n* – [Caplan's syndrome](/wiki/Caplan%27s_syndrome \"Caplan's syndrome\")\n* – [Felty's syndrome](/wiki/Felty%27s_syndrome \"Felty's syndrome\")\n* – [rheumatoid nodule](/wiki/Rheumatoid_nodule \"Rheumatoid nodule\")\n* – [Sjögren syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome \"Sjögren syndrome\")\n* – [spondylitis, ankylosing](/wiki/Spondylitis%2C_ankylosing \"Spondylitis, ankylosing\")\n* – [Still's disease, adult\\-onset](/wiki/Adult-onset_Still%27s_disease \"Adult-onset Still's disease\")\n* – [hyperostosis, sternocostoclavicular](/wiki/Hyperostosis%2C_sternocostoclavicular \"Hyperostosis, sternocostoclavicular\")\n* – [polymyalgia rheumatica](/wiki/Polymyalgia_rheumatica \"Polymyalgia rheumatica\")\n\n#### – [scleroderma, localized](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_localized \"Scleroderma, localized\")\n\n#### – [scleroderma, systemic](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_systemic \"Scleroderma, systemic\")\n\n* – [scleroderma, diffuse](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_diffuse \"Scleroderma, diffuse\")\n* – [scleroderma, limited](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_limited \"Scleroderma, limited\")\n* – [CREST syndrome](/wiki/CREST_syndrome \"CREST syndrome\")\n", "#### – [alpha 1\\-antitrypsin deficiency](/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency \"Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency\")\n\n", "#### – [cartilage diseases](/wiki/Cartilage_diseases \"Cartilage diseases\")\n\n* – [chondromalacia patellae](/wiki/Chondromalacia_patellae \"Chondromalacia patellae\")\n* – [osteochondritis](/wiki/Osteochondritis \"Osteochondritis\")\n* – [polychondritis, relapsing](/wiki/Polychondritis%2C_relapsing \"Polychondritis, relapsing\")\n* – [Tietze syndrome](/wiki/Tietze_syndrome \"Tietze syndrome\")\n", "#### – [cellulitis](/wiki/Cellulitis \"Cellulitis\")\n\n", "#### – [collagen diseases](/wiki/Collagen_diseases \"Collagen diseases\")\n\n* – [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome \"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome\")\n* – [keloid](/wiki/Keloid \"Keloid\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [necrobiotic disorders](/wiki/Necrobiotic_disorders \"Necrobiotic disorders\")\n* – [granuloma annulare](/wiki/Granuloma_annulare \"Granuloma annulare\")\n* – [necrobiosis lipoidica](/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica \"Necrobiosis lipoidica\")\n* – [osteogenesis imperfecta](/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta \"Osteogenesis imperfecta\")\n", "#### – [cutis laxa](/wiki/Cutis_laxa \"Cutis laxa\")\n\n", "#### – [dermatomyositis](/wiki/Dermatomyositis \"Dermatomyositis\")\n\n", "#### – [Dupuytren's contracture](/wiki/Dupuytren%27s_contracture \"Dupuytren's contracture\")\n\n", "#### – [homocystinuria](/wiki/Homocystinuria \"Homocystinuria\")\n\n", "#### – [lupus erythematosus, cutaneous](/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus%2C_cutaneous \"Lupus erythematosus, cutaneous\")\n\n* – [lupus erythematosus, discoid](/wiki/Discoid_lupus_erythematosus \"Discoid lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n", "#### – [lupus erythematosus, systemic](/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus%2C_systemic \"Lupus erythematosus, systemic\")\n\n* – [lupus nephritis](/wiki/Lupus_nephritis \"Lupus nephritis\")\n* – [lupus vasculitis, central nervous system](/wiki/Lupus_vasculitis%2C_central_nervous_system \"Lupus vasculitis, central nervous system\")\n", "#### – [Marfan syndrome](/wiki/Marfan_syndrome \"Marfan syndrome\")\n\n", "#### – [mixed connective tissue disease](/wiki/Mixed_connective_tissue_disease \"Mixed connective tissue disease\")\n\n", "#### – [mucinoses](/wiki/Mucinoses \"Mucinoses\")\n\n* – [ganglion cysts](/wiki/Ganglion_cysts \"Ganglion cysts\")\n* – [mucinosis, follicular](/wiki/Mucinosis%2C_follicular \"Mucinosis, follicular\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidoses](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses \"Mucopolysaccharidoses\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis i](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_i \"Mucopolysaccharidosis i\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis ii](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_ii \"Mucopolysaccharidosis ii\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis iii](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_iii \"Mucopolysaccharidosis iii\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis iv](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_iv \"Mucopolysaccharidosis iv\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis vi](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_vi \"Mucopolysaccharidosis vi\")\n* – [mucopolysaccharidosis vii](/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis_vii \"Mucopolysaccharidosis vii\")\n* – [myxedema](/wiki/Myxedema \"Myxedema\")\n* – [scleredema adultorum](/wiki/Scleredema_adultorum \"Scleredema adultorum\")\n", "#### – [neoplasms, connective tissue](/wiki/Neoplasms%2C_connective_tissue \"Neoplasms, connective tissue\")\n\n* – [myofibroma](/wiki/Myofibroma \"Myofibroma\")\n", "#### – [Noonan syndrome](/wiki/Noonan_syndrome \"Noonan syndrome\")\n\n", "#### – [osteopoikilosis](/wiki/Osteopoikilosis \"Osteopoikilosis\")\n\n", "#### – [panniculitis](/wiki/Panniculitis \"Panniculitis\")\n\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_nodular_nonsuppurative \"Panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative\")\n* – [panniculitis, peritoneal](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_peritoneal \"Panniculitis, peritoneal\")\n", "#### – [penile induration](/wiki/Penile_induration \"Penile induration\")\n\n", "#### – [pseudoxanthoma elasticum](/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum \"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\")\n\n", "#### – [rheumatic diseases](/wiki/Rheumatic_diseases \"Rheumatic diseases\")\n\n* – [arthritis, rheumatoid](/wiki/Arthritis%2C_rheumatoid \"Arthritis, rheumatoid\")\n* – [arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid](/wiki/Arthritis%2C_juvenile_rheumatoid \"Arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid\")\n* – [Caplan's syndrome](/wiki/Caplan%27s_syndrome \"Caplan's syndrome\")\n* – [Felty's syndrome](/wiki/Felty%27s_syndrome \"Felty's syndrome\")\n* – [rheumatoid nodule](/wiki/Rheumatoid_nodule \"Rheumatoid nodule\")\n* – [Sjögren syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome \"Sjögren syndrome\")\n* – [spondylitis, ankylosing](/wiki/Spondylitis%2C_ankylosing \"Spondylitis, ankylosing\")\n* – [Still's disease, adult\\-onset](/wiki/Adult-onset_Still%27s_disease \"Adult-onset Still's disease\")\n* – [hyperostosis, sternocostoclavicular](/wiki/Hyperostosis%2C_sternocostoclavicular \"Hyperostosis, sternocostoclavicular\")\n* – [polymyalgia rheumatica](/wiki/Polymyalgia_rheumatica \"Polymyalgia rheumatica\")\n", "#### – [scleroderma, localized](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_localized \"Scleroderma, localized\")\n\n", "#### – [scleroderma, systemic](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_systemic \"Scleroderma, systemic\")\n\n* – [scleroderma, diffuse](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_diffuse \"Scleroderma, diffuse\")\n* – [scleroderma, limited](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_limited \"Scleroderma, limited\")\n* – [CREST syndrome](/wiki/CREST_syndrome \"CREST syndrome\")\n", "### – [skin diseases](/wiki/Skin_diseases \"Skin diseases\")\n\n#### – [acneiform eruptions](/wiki/Acneiform_eruptions \"Acneiform eruptions\")\n\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [acne vulgaris](/wiki/Acne_vulgaris \"Acne vulgaris\")\n\n#### – [angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia](/wiki/Angiolymphoid_hyperplasia_with_eosinophilia \"Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia\")\n\n#### – [breast diseases](/wiki/Breast_diseases \"Breast diseases\")\n\n* – [breast cyst](/wiki/Breast_cyst \"Breast cyst\")\n* – [breast neoplasms](/wiki/Breast_neoplasms \"Breast neoplasms\")\n* – [breast neoplasms, male](/wiki/Breast_neoplasms%2C_male \"Breast neoplasms, male\")\n* – [carcinoma, ductal, breast](/wiki/Carcinoma%2C_ductal%2C_breast \"Carcinoma, ductal, breast\")\n* – [phyllodes tumor](/wiki/Phyllodes_tumor \"Phyllodes tumor\")\n* – [fibrocystic breast disease](/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_disease \"Fibrocystic breast disease\")\n* – [gynecomastia](/wiki/Gynecomastia \"Gynecomastia\")\n* – [lactation disorders](/wiki/Lactation_disorders \"Lactation disorders\")\n* – [galactorrhea](/wiki/Galactorrhea \"Galactorrhea\")\n* – [Chiari–Frommel syndrome](/wiki/Chiari%E2%80%93Frommel_syndrome \"Chiari–Frommel syndrome\")\n* – [mastitis](/wiki/Mastitis \"Mastitis\")\n\n#### – [cicatrix](/wiki/Cicatrix \"Cicatrix\")\n\n* – [cicatrix, hypertrophic](/wiki/Cicatrix%2C_hypertrophic \"Cicatrix, hypertrophic\")\n* – [keloid](/wiki/Keloid \"Keloid\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n\n#### – [cutaneous fistula](/wiki/Cutaneous_fistula \"Cutaneous fistula\")\n\n#### – [dermatitis](/wiki/Dermatitis \"Dermatitis\")\n\n* – [acrodermatitis](/wiki/Acrodermatitis \"Acrodermatitis\")\n* – [dermatitis, atopic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_atopic \"Dermatitis, atopic\")\n* – [dermatitis, contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_contact \"Dermatitis, contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, allergic contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_allergic_contact \"Dermatitis, allergic contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, photoallergic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_photoallergic \"Dermatitis, photoallergic\")\n* – [dermatitis, toxicodendron](/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis \"Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis\")\n* – [dermatitis, irritant](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_irritant \"Dermatitis, irritant\")\n* – [dermatitis, phototoxic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_phototoxic \"Dermatitis, phototoxic\")\n* – [diaper rash](/wiki/Diaper_rash \"Diaper rash\")\n* – [dermatitis, occupational](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_occupational \"Dermatitis, occupational\")\n* – [dermatitis, exfoliative](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_exfoliative \"Dermatitis, exfoliative\")\n* – [dermatitis herpetiformis](/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis \"Dermatitis herpetiformis\")\n* – [dermatitis, perioral](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_perioral \"Dermatitis, perioral\")\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [drug eruptions](/wiki/Drug_eruptions \"Drug eruptions\")\n* – [epidermal necrolysis, toxic](/wiki/Epidermal_necrolysis%2C_toxic \"Epidermal necrolysis, toxic\")\n* – [erythema nodosum](/wiki/Erythema_nodosum \"Erythema nodosum\")\n* – [serum sickness](/wiki/Serum_sickness \"Serum sickness\")\n* – [eczema](/wiki/Eczema \"Eczema\")\n* – [eczema, dyshidrotic](/wiki/Eczema%2C_dyshidrotic \"Eczema, dyshidrotic\")\n* – [intertrigo](/wiki/Intertrigo \"Intertrigo\")\n* – [neurodermatitis](/wiki/Neurodermatitis \"Neurodermatitis\")\n* – [radiodermatitis](/wiki/Radiodermatitis \"Radiodermatitis\")\n\n#### – [dermatomyositis](/wiki/Dermatomyositis \"Dermatomyositis\")\n\n#### – [erythema](/wiki/Erythema \"Erythema\")\n\n* – [erythema chronicum migrans](/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans \"Erythema chronicum migrans\")\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [erythema infectiosum](/wiki/Erythema_infectiosum \"Erythema infectiosum\")\n* – [erythema multiforme](/wiki/Erythema_multiforme \"Erythema multiforme\")\n* – [Stevens–Johnson syndrome](/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome \"Stevens–Johnson syndrome\")\n* – [erythema nodosum](/wiki/Erythema_nodosum \"Erythema nodosum\")\n* – [Sweet's syndrome](/wiki/Sweet%27s_syndrome \"Sweet's syndrome\")\n\n#### – [exanthema](/wiki/Exanthema \"Exanthema\")\n\n* – [exanthema subitum](/wiki/Exanthema_subitum \"Exanthema subitum\")\n\n#### – [facial dermatoses](/wiki/Facial_dermatoses \"Facial dermatoses\")\n\n* – [acneiform eruptions](/wiki/Acneiform_eruptions \"Acneiform eruptions\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [acne vulgaris](/wiki/Acne_vulgaris \"Acne vulgaris\")\n* – [dermatitis, perioral](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_perioral \"Dermatitis, perioral\")\n\n#### – [foot diseases](/wiki/Foot_diseases \"Foot diseases\")\n\n* – [foot dermatoses](/wiki/Foot_dermatoses \"Foot dermatoses\")\n* – [tinea pedis](/wiki/Tinea_pedis \"Tinea pedis\")\n* – [foot ulcer](/wiki/Foot_ulcer \"Foot ulcer\")\n* – [immersion foot](/wiki/Immersion_foot \"Immersion foot\")\n\n#### – [hair diseases](/wiki/Hair_diseases \"Hair diseases\")\n\n* – [folliculitis](/wiki/Folliculitis \"Folliculitis\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [hirsutism](/wiki/Hirsutism \"Hirsutism\")\n* – [hypertrichosis](/wiki/Hypertrichosis \"Hypertrichosis\")\n* – [hypotrichosis](/wiki/Hypotrichosis \"Hypotrichosis\")\n* – [alopecia](/wiki/Alopecia \"Alopecia\")\n* – [alopecia areata](/wiki/Alopecia_areata \"Alopecia areata\")\n* – [mucinosis, follicular](/wiki/Mucinosis%2C_follicular \"Mucinosis, follicular\")\n* – [Menkes kinky hair syndrome](/wiki/Menkes_kinky_hair_syndrome \"Menkes kinky hair syndrome\")\n\n#### – [hand dermatoses](/wiki/Hand_dermatoses \"Hand dermatoses\")\n\n#### – [keratoacanthoma](/wiki/Keratoacanthoma \"Keratoacanthoma\")\n\n#### – [keratosis](/wiki/Keratosis \"Keratosis\")\n\n* – [callosities](/wiki/Callosities \"Callosities\")\n* – [cholesteatoma](/wiki/Cholesteatoma \"Cholesteatoma\")\n* – [cholesteatoma, middle ear](/wiki/Cholesteatoma%2C_middle_ear \"Cholesteatoma, middle ear\")\n* – [ichthyosis](/wiki/Ichthyosis \"Ichthyosis\")\n* – [ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital](/wiki/Ichthyosiform_erythroderma%2C_congenital \"Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital\")\n* – [hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic](/wiki/Hyperkeratosis%2C_epidermolytic \"Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic\")\n* – [ichthyosis, lamellar](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_lamellar \"Ichthyosis, lamellar\")\n* – [ichthyosis vulgaris](/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris \"Ichthyosis vulgaris\")\n* – [ichthyosis, x\\-linked](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_x-linked \"Ichthyosis, x-linked\")\n* – [Sjögren–Larsson syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome \"Sjögren–Larsson syndrome\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar%2C_diffuse \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse\")\n* – [Papillon–Lefèvre disease](/wiki/Papillon%E2%80%93Lef%C3%A8vre_disease \"Papillon–Lefèvre disease\")\n* – [keratosis follicularis](/wiki/Darier%27s_disease \"Darier's disease\")\n* – [keratosis, seborrheic](/wiki/Keratosis%2C_seborrheic \"Keratosis, seborrheic\")\n* – [parakeratosis](/wiki/Parakeratosis \"Parakeratosis\")\n* – [porokeratosis](/wiki/Porokeratosis \"Porokeratosis\")\n\n#### – [leg dermatoses](/wiki/Leg_dermatoses \"Leg dermatoses\")\n\n#### – [lipomatosis](/wiki/Lipomatosis \"Lipomatosis\")\n\n#### – [lupus erythematosus, cutaneous](/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus%2C_cutaneous \"Lupus erythematosus, cutaneous\")\n\n* – [lupus erythematosus, discoid](/wiki/Discoid_lupus_erythematosus \"Discoid lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n\n#### – [mastocytosis](/wiki/Mastocytosis \"Mastocytosis\")\n\n* – [mastocytoma](/wiki/Mastocytoma \"Mastocytoma\")\n* – [mastocytosis, cutaneous](/wiki/Mastocytosis%2C_cutaneous \"Mastocytosis, cutaneous\")\n* – [urticaria pigmentosa](/wiki/Urticaria_pigmentosa \"Urticaria pigmentosa\")\n\n#### – [nail diseases](/wiki/Nail_diseases \"Nail diseases\")\n\n* – [nail–patella syndrome](/wiki/Nail%E2%80%93patella_syndrome \"Nail–patella syndrome\")\n* – [nails, ingrown](/wiki/Nails%2C_ingrown \"Nails, ingrown\")\n* – [nails, malformed](/wiki/Nails%2C_malformed \"Nails, malformed\")\n* – [onychomycosis](/wiki/Onychomycosis \"Onychomycosis\")\n* – [paronychia](/wiki/Paronychia \"Paronychia\")\n\n#### – [necrobiotic disorders](/wiki/Necrobiotic_disorders \"Necrobiotic disorders\")\n\n* – [granuloma annulare](/wiki/Granuloma_annulare \"Granuloma annulare\")\n* – [necrobiosis lipoidica](/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica \"Necrobiosis lipoidica\")\n\n#### – [panniculitis](/wiki/Panniculitis \"Panniculitis\")\n\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_nodular_nonsuppurative \"Panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative\")\n\n#### – [photosensitivity disorders](/wiki/Photosensitivity_disorders \"Photosensitivity disorders\")\n\n* – [dermatitis, photoallergic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_photoallergic \"Dermatitis, photoallergic\")\n* – [dermatitis, phototoxic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_phototoxic \"Dermatitis, phototoxic\")\n* – [hydroa vacciniforme](/wiki/Hydroa_vacciniforme \"Hydroa vacciniforme\")\n* – [sunburn](/wiki/Sunburn \"Sunburn\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n\n#### – [pigmentation disorders](/wiki/Pigmentation_disorders \"Pigmentation disorders\")\n\n* – [argyria](/wiki/Argyria \"Argyria\")\n* – [Café au lait spots](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait_spot \"Café au lait spot\")\n* – [hyperpigmentation](/wiki/Hyperpigmentation \"Hyperpigmentation\")\n* – [melanosis](/wiki/Melanosis \"Melanosis\")\n* – [acanthosis nigricans](/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans \"Acanthosis nigricans\")\n* – [lentigo](/wiki/Lentigo \"Lentigo\")\n* – [leopard syndrome](/wiki/Leopard_syndrome \"Leopard syndrome\")\n* – [Peutz–Jeghers syndrome](/wiki/Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome \"Peutz–Jeghers syndrome\")\n* – [hypopigmentation](/wiki/Hypopigmentation \"Hypopigmentation\")\n* – [albinism](/wiki/Albinism \"Albinism\")\n* – [albinism, ocular](/wiki/Albinism%2C_ocular \"Albinism, ocular\")\n* – [albinism, oculocutaneous](/wiki/Albinism%2C_oculocutaneous \"Albinism, oculocutaneous\")\n* – [Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome](/wiki/Hermansky%E2%80%93Pudlak_syndrome \"Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome\")\n* – [piebaldism](/wiki/Piebaldism \"Piebaldism\")\n* – [vitiligo](/wiki/Vitiligo \"Vitiligo\")\n* – [incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\")\n* – [urticaria pigmentosa](/wiki/Urticaria_pigmentosa \"Urticaria pigmentosa\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n\n#### – [prurigo](/wiki/Prurigo \"Prurigo\")\n\n#### – [pruritus](/wiki/Pruritus \"Pruritus\")\n\n* – [pruritus ani](/wiki/Pruritus_ani \"Pruritus ani\")\n* – [pruritus vulvae](/wiki/Pruritus_vulvae \"Pruritus vulvae\")\n\n#### – [pyoderma](/wiki/Pyoderma \"Pyoderma\")\n\n* – [ecthyma](/wiki/Ecthyma \"Ecthyma\")\n* – [pyoderma gangrenosum](/wiki/Pyoderma_gangrenosum \"Pyoderma gangrenosum\")\n\n#### – [rosacea](/wiki/Rosacea \"Rosacea\")\n\n* – [rhinophyma](/wiki/Rhinophyma \"Rhinophyma\")\n\n#### – [scalp dermatoses](/wiki/Scalp_dermatoses \"Scalp dermatoses\")\n\n* – [tinea capitis](/wiki/Tinea_capitis \"Tinea capitis\")\n* – [tinea favosa](/wiki/Tinea_favosa \"Tinea favosa\")\n\n#### – [scleredema adultorum](/wiki/Scleredema_adultorum \"Scleredema adultorum\")\n\n#### – [scleroderma, localized](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_localized \"Scleroderma, localized\")\n\n#### – [scleroderma, systemic](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_systemic \"Scleroderma, systemic\")\n\n* – [scleroderma, diffuse](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_diffuse \"Scleroderma, diffuse\")\n* – [scleroderma, limited](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_limited \"Scleroderma, limited\")\n* – [CREST syndrome](/wiki/CREST_syndrome \"CREST syndrome\")\n\n#### – [sebaceous gland diseases](/wiki/Sebaceous_gland_diseases \"Sebaceous gland diseases\")\n\n* – [acne vulgaris](/wiki/Acne_vulgaris \"Acne vulgaris\")\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [mucinosis, follicular](/wiki/Mucinosis%2C_follicular \"Mucinosis, follicular\")\n* – [rhinophyma](/wiki/Rhinophyma \"Rhinophyma\")\n* – [sebaceous gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sebaceous_gland_neoplasms \"Sebaceous gland neoplasms\")\n\n#### – [skin abnormalities](/wiki/Skin_abnormalities \"Skin abnormalities\")\n\n* – [acrodermatitis](/wiki/Acrodermatitis \"Acrodermatitis\")\n* – [dyskeratosis congenita](/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita \"Dyskeratosis congenita\")\n* – [ectodermal dysplasia](/wiki/Ectodermal_dysplasia \"Ectodermal dysplasia\")\n* – [Ellis–van Creveld syndrome](/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome \"Ellis–van Creveld syndrome\")\n* – [focal dermal hypoplasia](/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia \"Focal dermal hypoplasia\")\n* – [neurocutaneous syndromes](/wiki/Neurocutaneous_syndromes \"Neurocutaneous syndromes\")\n* – [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome \"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa \"Epidermolysis bullosa\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_acquisita \"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica \"Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa, junctional](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa%2C_junctional \"Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa simplex](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex \"Epidermolysis bullosa simplex\")\n* – [ichthyosis](/wiki/Ichthyosis \"Ichthyosis\")\n* – [ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital](/wiki/Ichthyosiform_erythroderma%2C_congenital \"Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital\")\n* – [hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic](/wiki/Hyperkeratosis%2C_epidermolytic \"Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic\")\n* – [ichthyosis, lamellar](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_lamellar \"Ichthyosis, lamellar\")\n* – [ichthyosis vulgaris](/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris \"Ichthyosis vulgaris\")\n* – [ichthyosis, x\\-linked](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_x-linked \"Ichthyosis, x-linked\")\n* – [Sjögren–Larsson syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome \"Sjögren–Larsson syndrome\")\n* – [incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\")\n* – [port\\-wine stain](/wiki/Port-wine_stain \"Port-wine stain\")\n* – [pseudoxanthoma elasticum](/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum \"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\")\n* – [Rothmund–Thomson syndrome](/wiki/Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson_syndrome \"Rothmund–Thomson syndrome\")\n* – [sclerema neonatorum](/wiki/Sclerema_neonatorum \"Sclerema neonatorum\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, eczematous](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_eczematous \"Skin diseases, eczematous\")\n\n* – [dermatitis, atopic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_atopic \"Dermatitis, atopic\")\n* – [dermatitis, contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_contact \"Dermatitis, contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, allergic contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_allergic_contact \"Dermatitis, allergic contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, photoallergic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_photoallergic \"Dermatitis, photoallergic\")\n* – [dermatitis, toxicodendron](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_toxicodendron \"Dermatitis, toxicodendron\")\n* – [dermatitis, irritant](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_irritant \"Dermatitis, irritant\")\n* – [dermatitis, phototoxic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_phototoxic \"Dermatitis, phototoxic\")\n* – [diaper rash](/wiki/Diaper_rash \"Diaper rash\")\n* – [dermatitis, occupational](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_occupational \"Dermatitis, occupational\")\n* – [dermatitis, exfoliative](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_exfoliative \"Dermatitis, exfoliative\")\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [eczema](/wiki/Eczema \"Eczema\")\n* – [eczema, dyshidrotic](/wiki/Eczema%2C_dyshidrotic \"Eczema, dyshidrotic\")\n* – [intertrigo](/wiki/Intertrigo \"Intertrigo\")\n* – [neurodermatitis](/wiki/Neurodermatitis \"Neurodermatitis\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, genetic](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_genetic \"Skin diseases, genetic\")\n\n* – [albinism](/wiki/Albinism \"Albinism\")\n* – [albinism, ocular](/wiki/Albinism%2C_ocular \"Albinism, ocular\")\n* – [albinism, oculocutaneous](/wiki/Albinism%2C_oculocutaneous \"Albinism, oculocutaneous\")\n* – [Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome](/wiki/Hermansky%E2%80%93Pudlak_syndrome \"Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome\")\n* – [piebaldism](/wiki/Piebaldism \"Piebaldism\")\n* – [cutis laxa](/wiki/Cutis_laxa \"Cutis laxa\")\n* – [dermatitis, atopic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_atopic \"Dermatitis, atopic\")\n* – [dyskeratosis congenita](/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita \"Dyskeratosis congenita\")\n* – [ectodermal dysplasia](/wiki/Ectodermal_dysplasia \"Ectodermal dysplasia\")\n* – [Ellis–van Creveld syndrome](/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome \"Ellis–van Creveld syndrome\")\n* – [focal dermal hypoplasia](/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia \"Focal dermal hypoplasia\")\n* – [neurocutaneous syndromes](/wiki/Neurocutaneous_syndromes \"Neurocutaneous syndromes\")\n* – [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome \"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa \"Epidermolysis bullosa\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_acquisita \"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica \"Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa, junctional](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa%2C_junctional \"Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa simplex](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex \"Epidermolysis bullosa simplex\")\n* – [ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital](/wiki/Ichthyosiform_erythroderma%2C_congenital \"Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital\")\n* – [hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic](/wiki/Hyperkeratosis%2C_epidermolytic \"Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic\")\n* – [ichthyosis, lamellar](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_lamellar \"Ichthyosis, lamellar\")\n* – [ichthyosis vulgaris](/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris \"Ichthyosis vulgaris\")\n* – [ichthyosis, x\\-linked](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_x-linked \"Ichthyosis, x-linked\")\n* – [incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar%2C_diffuse \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse\")\n* – [Papillon–Lefèvre disease](/wiki/Papillon%E2%80%93Lef%C3%A8vre_disease \"Papillon–Lefèvre disease\")\n* – keratosis follicularis\n* – [pemphigus, benign familial](/wiki/Pemphigus%2C_benign_familial \"Pemphigus, benign familial\")\n* – [porokeratosis](/wiki/Porokeratosis \"Porokeratosis\")\n* – [porphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Porphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyrias, hepatic](/wiki/Porphyrias%2C_hepatic \"Porphyrias, hepatic\")\n* – [coproporphyria, hereditary](/wiki/Coproporphyria%2C_hereditary \"Coproporphyria, hereditary\")\n* – [porphyria, acute intermittent](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_acute_intermittent \"Porphyria, acute intermittent\")\n* – [porphyria cutanea tarda](/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda \"Porphyria cutanea tarda\")\n* – [porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_hepatoerythropoietic \"Porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyria, variegate](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_variegate \"Porphyria, variegate\")\n* – [protoporphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Protoporphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Protoporphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [pseudoxanthoma elasticum](/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum \"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\")\n* – [Rothmund–Thomson syndrome](/wiki/Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson_syndrome \"Rothmund–Thomson syndrome\")\n* – [Sjögren–Larsson syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome \"Sjögren–Larsson syndrome\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, infectious](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_infectious \"Skin diseases, infectious\")\n\n* – [dermatomycoses](/wiki/Dermatomycoses \"Dermatomycoses\")\n* – [blastomycosis](/wiki/Blastomycosis \"Blastomycosis\")\n* – [candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous](/wiki/Candidiasis%2C_chronic_mucocutaneous \"Candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous\")\n* – [candidiasis, cutaneous](/wiki/Candidiasis%2C_cutaneous \"Candidiasis, cutaneous\")\n* – [chromoblastomycosis](/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis \"Chromoblastomycosis\")\n* – [maduromycosis](/wiki/Maduromycosis \"Maduromycosis\")\n* – [paracoccidioidomycosis](/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis \"Paracoccidioidomycosis\")\n* – [sporotrichosis](/wiki/Sporotrichosis \"Sporotrichosis\")\n* – [tinea](/wiki/Tinea \"Tinea\")\n* – [onychomycosis](/wiki/Onychomycosis \"Onychomycosis\")\n* – [tinea capitis](/wiki/Tinea_capitis \"Tinea capitis\")\n* – [tinea favosa](/wiki/Tinea_favosa \"Tinea favosa\")\n* – [tinea pedis](/wiki/Tinea_pedis \"Tinea pedis\")\n* – [tinea versicolor](/wiki/Tinea_versicolor \"Tinea versicolor\")\n* – [paronychia](/wiki/Paronychia \"Paronychia\")\n* – [skin diseases, bacterial](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_bacterial \"Skin diseases, bacterial\")\n* – [actinomycosis, cervicofacial](/wiki/Actinomycosis%2C_cervicofacial \"Actinomycosis, cervicofacial\")\n* – [angiomatosis, bacillary](/wiki/Angiomatosis%2C_bacillary \"Angiomatosis, bacillary\")\n* – [ecthyma](/wiki/Ecthyma \"Ecthyma\")\n* – [erysipelas](/wiki/Erysipelas \"Erysipelas\")\n* – [erythema chronicum migrans](/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans \"Erythema chronicum migrans\")\n* – [erythrasma](/wiki/Erythrasma \"Erythrasma\")\n* – [granuloma inguinale](/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale \"Granuloma inguinale\")\n* – [hidradenitis suppurativa](/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa \"Hidradenitis suppurativa\")\n* – [maduromycosis](/wiki/Maduromycosis \"Maduromycosis\")\n* – [pinta](/wiki/Pinta_%28disease%29 \"Pinta (disease)\")\n* – [rhinoscleroma](/wiki/Rhinoscleroma \"Rhinoscleroma\")\n* – [staphylococcal skin infections](/wiki/Staphylococcal_skin_infections \"Staphylococcal skin infections\")\n* – [furunculosis](/wiki/Furunculosis \"Furunculosis\")\n* – [carbuncle](/wiki/Carbuncle \"Carbuncle\")\n* – [impetigo](/wiki/Impetigo \"Impetigo\")\n* – [staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome](/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome \"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome\")\n* – [syphilis, cutaneous](/wiki/Syphilis%2C_cutaneous \"Syphilis, cutaneous\")\n* – [tuberculosis, cutaneous](/wiki/Tuberculosis%2C_cutaneous \"Tuberculosis, cutaneous\")\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [lupus](/wiki/Lupus \"Lupus\")\n* – [yaws](/wiki/Yaws \"Yaws\")\n* – [skin diseases, parasitic](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_parasitic \"Skin diseases, parasitic\")\n* – [larva migrans](/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans \"Cutaneous larva migrans\")\n* – [leishmaniasis](/wiki/Leishmaniasis \"Leishmaniasis\")\n* – [leishmaniasis, cutaneous](/wiki/Leishmaniasis%2C_cutaneous \"Leishmaniasis, cutaneous\")\n* – [leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous](/wiki/Leishmaniasis%2C_diffuse_cutaneous \"Leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous\")\n* – [leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous](/wiki/Leishmaniasis%2C_mucocutaneous \"Leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous\")\n* – [lice infestations](/wiki/Lice_infestations \"Lice infestations\")\n* – [onchocerciasis](/wiki/Onchocerciasis \"Onchocerciasis\")\n* – [scabies](/wiki/Scabies \"Scabies\")\n* – [skin diseases, viral](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_viral \"Skin diseases, viral\")\n* – [erythema infectiosum](/wiki/Erythema_infectiosum \"Erythema infectiosum\")\n* – [exanthema subitum](/wiki/Exanthema_subitum \"Exanthema subitum\")\n* – [herpes simplex](/wiki/Herpes_simplex \"Herpes simplex\")\n* – [herpes labialis](/wiki/Herpes_labialis \"Herpes labialis\")\n* – [kaposi varicelliform eruption](/wiki/Kaposi_varicelliform_eruption \"Kaposi varicelliform eruption\")\n* – [molluscum contagiosum](/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum \"Molluscum contagiosum\")\n* – [warts](/wiki/Warts \"Warts\")\n* – [condylomata acuminata](/wiki/Condylomata_acuminata \"Condylomata acuminata\")\n* – [epidermodysplasia verruciformis](/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis \"Epidermodysplasia verruciformis\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, metabolic](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_metabolic \"Skin diseases, metabolic\")\n\n* – [adiposis dolorosa](/wiki/Adiposis_dolorosa \"Adiposis dolorosa\")\n* – [lipodystrophy](/wiki/Lipodystrophy \"Lipodystrophy\")\n* – [diabetes mellitus, lipoatrophic](/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus%2C_lipoatrophic \"Diabetes mellitus, lipoatrophic\")\n* – [HIV\\-associated lipodystrophy](/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy \"HIV-associated lipodystrophy\")\n* – [necrobiosis lipoidica](/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica \"Necrobiosis lipoidica\")\n* – [porphyrias](/wiki/Porphyrias \"Porphyrias\")\n* – [porphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Porphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyrias, hepatic](/wiki/Porphyrias%2C_hepatic \"Porphyrias, hepatic\")\n* – [coproporphyria, hereditary](/wiki/Coproporphyria%2C_hereditary \"Coproporphyria, hereditary\")\n* – [porphyria, acute intermittent](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_acute_intermittent \"Porphyria, acute intermittent\")\n* – [porphyria cutanea tarda](/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda \"Porphyria cutanea tarda\")\n* – [porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_hepatoerythropoietic \"Porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyria, variegate](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_variegate \"Porphyria, variegate\")\n* – [protoporphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Protoporphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Protoporphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [xanthogranuloma, juvenile](/wiki/Xanthogranuloma%2C_juvenile \"Xanthogranuloma, juvenile\")\n* – [xanthomatosis](/wiki/Xanthomatosis \"Xanthomatosis\")\n* – [Wolman disease](/wiki/Wolman_disease \"Wolman disease\")\n* – [xanthomatosis, cerebrotendinous](/wiki/Xanthomatosis%2C_cerebrotendinous \"Xanthomatosis, cerebrotendinous\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, papulosquamous](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_papulosquamous \"Skin diseases, papulosquamous\")\n\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [lichenoid eruptions](/wiki/Lichenoid_eruptions \"Lichenoid eruptions\")\n* – [lichen nitidus](/wiki/Lichen_nitidus \"Lichen nitidus\")\n* – [lichen planus](/wiki/Lichen_planus \"Lichen planus\")\n* – [lichen planus, oral](/wiki/Lichen_planus%2C_oral \"Lichen planus, oral\")\n* – [lichen sclerosus et atrophicus](/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus_et_atrophicus \"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus\")\n* – [pityriasis lichenoides](/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides \"Pityriasis lichenoides\")\n* – [lymphomatoid papulosis](/wiki/Lymphomatoid_papulosis \"Lymphomatoid papulosis\")\n* – [parapsoriasis](/wiki/Parapsoriasis \"Parapsoriasis\")\n* – [pityriasis lichenoides](/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides \"Pityriasis lichenoides\")\n* – [lymphomatoid papulosis](/wiki/Lymphomatoid_papulosis \"Lymphomatoid papulosis\")\n* – [pityriasis](/wiki/Pityriasis \"Pityriasis\")\n* – [pityriasis lichenoides](/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides \"Pityriasis lichenoides\")\n* – [lymphomatoid papulosis](/wiki/Lymphomatoid_papulosis \"Lymphomatoid papulosis\")\n* – [pityriasis rosea](/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea \"Pityriasis rosea\")\n* – [pityriasis rubra pilaris](/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris \"Pityriasis rubra pilaris\")\n* – [psoriasis](/wiki/Psoriasis \"Psoriasis\")\n* – [arthritis, psoriatic](/wiki/Arthritis%2C_psoriatic \"Arthritis, psoriatic\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, vascular](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_vascular \"Skin diseases, vascular\")\n\n* – [angiomatosis, bacillary](/wiki/Angiomatosis%2C_bacillary \"Angiomatosis, bacillary\")\n* – [Behçet syndrome](/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et_syndrome \"Behçet syndrome\")\n* – [mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome](/wiki/Mucocutaneous_lymph_node_syndrome \"Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome\")\n* – [polyarteritis nodosa](/wiki/Polyarteritis_nodosa \"Polyarteritis nodosa\")\n* – [pyoderma gangrenosum](/wiki/Pyoderma_gangrenosum \"Pyoderma gangrenosum\")\n* – [Sneddon syndrome](/wiki/Sneddon_syndrome \"Sneddon syndrome\")\n* – [Takayasu's arteritis](/wiki/Takayasu%27s_arteritis \"Takayasu's arteritis\")\n* – [temporal arteritis](/wiki/Temporal_arteritis \"Temporal arteritis\")\n* – [urticaria](/wiki/Urticaria \"Urticaria\")\n* – [angioneurotic edema](/wiki/Angioneurotic_edema \"Angioneurotic edema\")\n* – [vasculitis, allergic cutaneous](/wiki/Vasculitis%2C_allergic_cutaneous \"Vasculitis, allergic cutaneous\")\n\n#### – [skin diseases, vesiculobullous](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_vesiculobullous \"Skin diseases, vesiculobullous\")\n\n* – [acantholysis](/wiki/Acantholysis \"Acantholysis\")\n* – [blister](/wiki/Blister \"Blister\")\n* – [dermatitis herpetiformis](/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis \"Dermatitis herpetiformis\")\n* – [eczema, dyshidrotic](/wiki/Eczema%2C_dyshidrotic \"Eczema, dyshidrotic\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa \"Epidermolysis bullosa\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_acquisita \"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica \"Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa, junctional](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa%2C_junctional \"Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa simplex](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex \"Epidermolysis bullosa simplex\")\n* – [erythema multiforme](/wiki/Erythema_multiforme \"Erythema multiforme\")\n* – [Stevens–Johnson syndrome](/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome \"Stevens–Johnson syndrome\")\n* – [hydroa vacciniforme](/wiki/Hydroa_vacciniforme \"Hydroa vacciniforme\")\n* – [pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane](/wiki/Pemphigoid%2C_benign_mucous_membrane \"Pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane\")\n* – [pemphigoid, bullous](/wiki/Pemphigoid%2C_bullous \"Pemphigoid, bullous\")\n* – [pemphigoid gestationis](/wiki/Pemphigoid_gestationis \"Pemphigoid gestationis\")\n* – [pemphigus](/wiki/Pemphigus \"Pemphigus\")\n* – [pemphigus, benign familial](/wiki/Pemphigus%2C_benign_familial \"Pemphigus, benign familial\")\n\n#### – [skin manifestations](/wiki/Skin_manifestations \"Skin manifestations\")\n\n#### – [skin neoplasms](/wiki/Skin_neoplasms \"Skin neoplasms\")\n\n* – [sebaceous gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sebaceous_gland_neoplasms \"Sebaceous gland neoplasms\")\n* – [sweat gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sweat_gland_neoplasms \"Sweat gland neoplasms\")\n\n#### – [skin ulcer](/wiki/Skin_ulcer \"Skin ulcer\")\n\n* – [leg ulcer](/wiki/Leg_ulcer \"Leg ulcer\")\n* – [foot ulcer](/wiki/Foot_ulcer \"Foot ulcer\")\n* – [diabetic foot](/wiki/Diabetic_foot \"Diabetic foot\")\n* – [varicose ulcer](/wiki/Varicose_ulcer \"Varicose ulcer\")\n* – [pressure ulcer](/wiki/Pressure_ulcer \"Pressure ulcer\")\n* – [pyoderma gangrenosum](/wiki/Pyoderma_gangrenosum \"Pyoderma gangrenosum\")\n\n#### – [sweat gland diseases](/wiki/Sweat_gland_diseases \"Sweat gland diseases\")\n\n* – [hidradenitis](/wiki/Hidradenitis \"Hidradenitis\")\n* – [hidradenitis suppurativa](/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa \"Hidradenitis suppurativa\")\n* – [hyperhidrosis](/wiki/Hyperhidrosis \"Hyperhidrosis\")\n* – [sweating, gustatory](/wiki/Sweating%2C_gustatory \"Sweating, gustatory\")\n* – [hypohidrosis](/wiki/Hypohidrosis \"Hypohidrosis\")\n* – [miliaria](/wiki/Miliaria \"Miliaria\")\n* – [Fox–Fordyce disease](/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93Fordyce_disease \"Fox–Fordyce disease\")\n* – [sweat gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sweat_gland_neoplasms \"Sweat gland neoplasms\")\n\n---\n\nThe list continues at [List of MeSH codes (C18\\)](/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_%28C18%29 \"List of MeSH codes (C18)\").\n\n[C17](/wiki/Category:Medical_Subject_Headings \"Medical Subject Headings\")\n\n", "#### – [acneiform eruptions](/wiki/Acneiform_eruptions \"Acneiform eruptions\")\n\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [acne vulgaris](/wiki/Acne_vulgaris \"Acne vulgaris\")\n", "#### – [angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia](/wiki/Angiolymphoid_hyperplasia_with_eosinophilia \"Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia\")\n\n", "#### – [breast diseases](/wiki/Breast_diseases \"Breast diseases\")\n\n* – [breast cyst](/wiki/Breast_cyst \"Breast cyst\")\n* – [breast neoplasms](/wiki/Breast_neoplasms \"Breast neoplasms\")\n* – [breast neoplasms, male](/wiki/Breast_neoplasms%2C_male \"Breast neoplasms, male\")\n* – [carcinoma, ductal, breast](/wiki/Carcinoma%2C_ductal%2C_breast \"Carcinoma, ductal, breast\")\n* – [phyllodes tumor](/wiki/Phyllodes_tumor \"Phyllodes tumor\")\n* – [fibrocystic breast disease](/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_disease \"Fibrocystic breast disease\")\n* – [gynecomastia](/wiki/Gynecomastia \"Gynecomastia\")\n* – [lactation disorders](/wiki/Lactation_disorders \"Lactation disorders\")\n* – [galactorrhea](/wiki/Galactorrhea \"Galactorrhea\")\n* – [Chiari–Frommel syndrome](/wiki/Chiari%E2%80%93Frommel_syndrome \"Chiari–Frommel syndrome\")\n* – [mastitis](/wiki/Mastitis \"Mastitis\")\n", "#### – [cicatrix](/wiki/Cicatrix \"Cicatrix\")\n\n* – [cicatrix, hypertrophic](/wiki/Cicatrix%2C_hypertrophic \"Cicatrix, hypertrophic\")\n* – [keloid](/wiki/Keloid \"Keloid\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n", "#### – [cutaneous fistula](/wiki/Cutaneous_fistula \"Cutaneous fistula\")\n\n", "#### – [dermatitis](/wiki/Dermatitis \"Dermatitis\")\n\n* – [acrodermatitis](/wiki/Acrodermatitis \"Acrodermatitis\")\n* – [dermatitis, atopic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_atopic \"Dermatitis, atopic\")\n* – [dermatitis, contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_contact \"Dermatitis, contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, allergic contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_allergic_contact \"Dermatitis, allergic contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, photoallergic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_photoallergic \"Dermatitis, photoallergic\")\n* – [dermatitis, toxicodendron](/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis \"Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis\")\n* – [dermatitis, irritant](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_irritant \"Dermatitis, irritant\")\n* – [dermatitis, phototoxic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_phototoxic \"Dermatitis, phototoxic\")\n* – [diaper rash](/wiki/Diaper_rash \"Diaper rash\")\n* – [dermatitis, occupational](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_occupational \"Dermatitis, occupational\")\n* – [dermatitis, exfoliative](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_exfoliative \"Dermatitis, exfoliative\")\n* – [dermatitis herpetiformis](/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis \"Dermatitis herpetiformis\")\n* – [dermatitis, perioral](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_perioral \"Dermatitis, perioral\")\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [drug eruptions](/wiki/Drug_eruptions \"Drug eruptions\")\n* – [epidermal necrolysis, toxic](/wiki/Epidermal_necrolysis%2C_toxic \"Epidermal necrolysis, toxic\")\n* – [erythema nodosum](/wiki/Erythema_nodosum \"Erythema nodosum\")\n* – [serum sickness](/wiki/Serum_sickness \"Serum sickness\")\n* – [eczema](/wiki/Eczema \"Eczema\")\n* – [eczema, dyshidrotic](/wiki/Eczema%2C_dyshidrotic \"Eczema, dyshidrotic\")\n* – [intertrigo](/wiki/Intertrigo \"Intertrigo\")\n* – [neurodermatitis](/wiki/Neurodermatitis \"Neurodermatitis\")\n* – [radiodermatitis](/wiki/Radiodermatitis \"Radiodermatitis\")\n", "#### – [dermatomyositis](/wiki/Dermatomyositis \"Dermatomyositis\")\n\n", "#### – [erythema](/wiki/Erythema \"Erythema\")\n\n* – [erythema chronicum migrans](/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans \"Erythema chronicum migrans\")\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [erythema infectiosum](/wiki/Erythema_infectiosum \"Erythema infectiosum\")\n* – [erythema multiforme](/wiki/Erythema_multiforme \"Erythema multiforme\")\n* – [Stevens–Johnson syndrome](/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome \"Stevens–Johnson syndrome\")\n* – [erythema nodosum](/wiki/Erythema_nodosum \"Erythema nodosum\")\n* – [Sweet's syndrome](/wiki/Sweet%27s_syndrome \"Sweet's syndrome\")\n", "#### – [exanthema](/wiki/Exanthema \"Exanthema\")\n\n* – [exanthema subitum](/wiki/Exanthema_subitum \"Exanthema subitum\")\n", "#### – [facial dermatoses](/wiki/Facial_dermatoses \"Facial dermatoses\")\n\n* – [acneiform eruptions](/wiki/Acneiform_eruptions \"Acneiform eruptions\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [acne vulgaris](/wiki/Acne_vulgaris \"Acne vulgaris\")\n* – [dermatitis, perioral](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_perioral \"Dermatitis, perioral\")\n", "#### – [foot diseases](/wiki/Foot_diseases \"Foot diseases\")\n\n* – [foot dermatoses](/wiki/Foot_dermatoses \"Foot dermatoses\")\n* – [tinea pedis](/wiki/Tinea_pedis \"Tinea pedis\")\n* – [foot ulcer](/wiki/Foot_ulcer \"Foot ulcer\")\n* – [immersion foot](/wiki/Immersion_foot \"Immersion foot\")\n", "#### – [hair diseases](/wiki/Hair_diseases \"Hair diseases\")\n\n* – [folliculitis](/wiki/Folliculitis \"Folliculitis\")\n* – [acne keloid](/wiki/Acne_keloid \"Acne keloid\")\n* – [hirsutism](/wiki/Hirsutism \"Hirsutism\")\n* – [hypertrichosis](/wiki/Hypertrichosis \"Hypertrichosis\")\n* – [hypotrichosis](/wiki/Hypotrichosis \"Hypotrichosis\")\n* – [alopecia](/wiki/Alopecia \"Alopecia\")\n* – [alopecia areata](/wiki/Alopecia_areata \"Alopecia areata\")\n* – [mucinosis, follicular](/wiki/Mucinosis%2C_follicular \"Mucinosis, follicular\")\n* – [Menkes kinky hair syndrome](/wiki/Menkes_kinky_hair_syndrome \"Menkes kinky hair syndrome\")\n", "#### – [hand dermatoses](/wiki/Hand_dermatoses \"Hand dermatoses\")\n\n", "#### – [keratoacanthoma](/wiki/Keratoacanthoma \"Keratoacanthoma\")\n\n", "#### – [keratosis](/wiki/Keratosis \"Keratosis\")\n\n* – [callosities](/wiki/Callosities \"Callosities\")\n* – [cholesteatoma](/wiki/Cholesteatoma \"Cholesteatoma\")\n* – [cholesteatoma, middle ear](/wiki/Cholesteatoma%2C_middle_ear \"Cholesteatoma, middle ear\")\n* – [ichthyosis](/wiki/Ichthyosis \"Ichthyosis\")\n* – [ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital](/wiki/Ichthyosiform_erythroderma%2C_congenital \"Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital\")\n* – [hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic](/wiki/Hyperkeratosis%2C_epidermolytic \"Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic\")\n* – [ichthyosis, lamellar](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_lamellar \"Ichthyosis, lamellar\")\n* – [ichthyosis vulgaris](/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris \"Ichthyosis vulgaris\")\n* – [ichthyosis, x\\-linked](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_x-linked \"Ichthyosis, x-linked\")\n* – [Sjögren–Larsson syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome \"Sjögren–Larsson syndrome\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar%2C_diffuse \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse\")\n* – [Papillon–Lefèvre disease](/wiki/Papillon%E2%80%93Lef%C3%A8vre_disease \"Papillon–Lefèvre disease\")\n* – [keratosis follicularis](/wiki/Darier%27s_disease \"Darier's disease\")\n* – [keratosis, seborrheic](/wiki/Keratosis%2C_seborrheic \"Keratosis, seborrheic\")\n* – [parakeratosis](/wiki/Parakeratosis \"Parakeratosis\")\n* – [porokeratosis](/wiki/Porokeratosis \"Porokeratosis\")\n", "#### – [leg dermatoses](/wiki/Leg_dermatoses \"Leg dermatoses\")\n\n", "#### – [lipomatosis](/wiki/Lipomatosis \"Lipomatosis\")\n\n", "#### – [lupus erythematosus, cutaneous](/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus%2C_cutaneous \"Lupus erythematosus, cutaneous\")\n\n* – [lupus erythematosus, discoid](/wiki/Discoid_lupus_erythematosus \"Discoid lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n", "#### – [mastocytosis](/wiki/Mastocytosis \"Mastocytosis\")\n\n* – [mastocytoma](/wiki/Mastocytoma \"Mastocytoma\")\n* – [mastocytosis, cutaneous](/wiki/Mastocytosis%2C_cutaneous \"Mastocytosis, cutaneous\")\n* – [urticaria pigmentosa](/wiki/Urticaria_pigmentosa \"Urticaria pigmentosa\")\n", "#### – [nail diseases](/wiki/Nail_diseases \"Nail diseases\")\n\n* – [nail–patella syndrome](/wiki/Nail%E2%80%93patella_syndrome \"Nail–patella syndrome\")\n* – [nails, ingrown](/wiki/Nails%2C_ingrown \"Nails, ingrown\")\n* – [nails, malformed](/wiki/Nails%2C_malformed \"Nails, malformed\")\n* – [onychomycosis](/wiki/Onychomycosis \"Onychomycosis\")\n* – [paronychia](/wiki/Paronychia \"Paronychia\")\n", "#### – [necrobiotic disorders](/wiki/Necrobiotic_disorders \"Necrobiotic disorders\")\n\n* – [granuloma annulare](/wiki/Granuloma_annulare \"Granuloma annulare\")\n* – [necrobiosis lipoidica](/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica \"Necrobiosis lipoidica\")\n", "#### – [panniculitis](/wiki/Panniculitis \"Panniculitis\")\n\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [panniculitis, lupus erythematosus](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_lupus_erythematosus \"Panniculitis, lupus erythematosus\")\n* – [panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative](/wiki/Panniculitis%2C_nodular_nonsuppurative \"Panniculitis, nodular nonsuppurative\")\n", "#### – [photosensitivity disorders](/wiki/Photosensitivity_disorders \"Photosensitivity disorders\")\n\n* – [dermatitis, photoallergic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_photoallergic \"Dermatitis, photoallergic\")\n* – [dermatitis, phototoxic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_phototoxic \"Dermatitis, phototoxic\")\n* – [hydroa vacciniforme](/wiki/Hydroa_vacciniforme \"Hydroa vacciniforme\")\n* – [sunburn](/wiki/Sunburn \"Sunburn\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n", "#### – [pigmentation disorders](/wiki/Pigmentation_disorders \"Pigmentation disorders\")\n\n* – [argyria](/wiki/Argyria \"Argyria\")\n* – [Café au lait spots](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait_spot \"Café au lait spot\")\n* – [hyperpigmentation](/wiki/Hyperpigmentation \"Hyperpigmentation\")\n* – [melanosis](/wiki/Melanosis \"Melanosis\")\n* – [acanthosis nigricans](/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans \"Acanthosis nigricans\")\n* – [lentigo](/wiki/Lentigo \"Lentigo\")\n* – [leopard syndrome](/wiki/Leopard_syndrome \"Leopard syndrome\")\n* – [Peutz–Jeghers syndrome](/wiki/Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome \"Peutz–Jeghers syndrome\")\n* – [hypopigmentation](/wiki/Hypopigmentation \"Hypopigmentation\")\n* – [albinism](/wiki/Albinism \"Albinism\")\n* – [albinism, ocular](/wiki/Albinism%2C_ocular \"Albinism, ocular\")\n* – [albinism, oculocutaneous](/wiki/Albinism%2C_oculocutaneous \"Albinism, oculocutaneous\")\n* – [Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome](/wiki/Hermansky%E2%80%93Pudlak_syndrome \"Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome\")\n* – [piebaldism](/wiki/Piebaldism \"Piebaldism\")\n* – [vitiligo](/wiki/Vitiligo \"Vitiligo\")\n* – [incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\")\n* – [urticaria pigmentosa](/wiki/Urticaria_pigmentosa \"Urticaria pigmentosa\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n", "#### – [prurigo](/wiki/Prurigo \"Prurigo\")\n\n", "#### – [pruritus](/wiki/Pruritus \"Pruritus\")\n\n* – [pruritus ani](/wiki/Pruritus_ani \"Pruritus ani\")\n* – [pruritus vulvae](/wiki/Pruritus_vulvae \"Pruritus vulvae\")\n", "#### – [pyoderma](/wiki/Pyoderma \"Pyoderma\")\n\n* – [ecthyma](/wiki/Ecthyma \"Ecthyma\")\n* – [pyoderma gangrenosum](/wiki/Pyoderma_gangrenosum \"Pyoderma gangrenosum\")\n", "#### – [rosacea](/wiki/Rosacea \"Rosacea\")\n\n* – [rhinophyma](/wiki/Rhinophyma \"Rhinophyma\")\n", "#### – [scalp dermatoses](/wiki/Scalp_dermatoses \"Scalp dermatoses\")\n\n* – [tinea capitis](/wiki/Tinea_capitis \"Tinea capitis\")\n* – [tinea favosa](/wiki/Tinea_favosa \"Tinea favosa\")\n", "#### – [scleredema adultorum](/wiki/Scleredema_adultorum \"Scleredema adultorum\")\n\n", "#### – [scleroderma, localized](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_localized \"Scleroderma, localized\")\n\n", "#### – [scleroderma, systemic](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_systemic \"Scleroderma, systemic\")\n\n* – [scleroderma, diffuse](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_diffuse \"Scleroderma, diffuse\")\n* – [scleroderma, limited](/wiki/Scleroderma%2C_limited \"Scleroderma, limited\")\n* – [CREST syndrome](/wiki/CREST_syndrome \"CREST syndrome\")\n", "#### – [sebaceous gland diseases](/wiki/Sebaceous_gland_diseases \"Sebaceous gland diseases\")\n\n* – [acne vulgaris](/wiki/Acne_vulgaris \"Acne vulgaris\")\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [mucinosis, follicular](/wiki/Mucinosis%2C_follicular \"Mucinosis, follicular\")\n* – [rhinophyma](/wiki/Rhinophyma \"Rhinophyma\")\n* – [sebaceous gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sebaceous_gland_neoplasms \"Sebaceous gland neoplasms\")\n", "#### – [skin abnormalities](/wiki/Skin_abnormalities \"Skin abnormalities\")\n\n* – [acrodermatitis](/wiki/Acrodermatitis \"Acrodermatitis\")\n* – [dyskeratosis congenita](/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita \"Dyskeratosis congenita\")\n* – [ectodermal dysplasia](/wiki/Ectodermal_dysplasia \"Ectodermal dysplasia\")\n* – [Ellis–van Creveld syndrome](/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome \"Ellis–van Creveld syndrome\")\n* – [focal dermal hypoplasia](/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia \"Focal dermal hypoplasia\")\n* – [neurocutaneous syndromes](/wiki/Neurocutaneous_syndromes \"Neurocutaneous syndromes\")\n* – [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome \"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa \"Epidermolysis bullosa\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_acquisita \"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica \"Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa, junctional](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa%2C_junctional \"Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa simplex](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex \"Epidermolysis bullosa simplex\")\n* – [ichthyosis](/wiki/Ichthyosis \"Ichthyosis\")\n* – [ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital](/wiki/Ichthyosiform_erythroderma%2C_congenital \"Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital\")\n* – [hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic](/wiki/Hyperkeratosis%2C_epidermolytic \"Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic\")\n* – [ichthyosis, lamellar](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_lamellar \"Ichthyosis, lamellar\")\n* – [ichthyosis vulgaris](/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris \"Ichthyosis vulgaris\")\n* – [ichthyosis, x\\-linked](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_x-linked \"Ichthyosis, x-linked\")\n* – [Sjögren–Larsson syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome \"Sjögren–Larsson syndrome\")\n* – [incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\")\n* – [port\\-wine stain](/wiki/Port-wine_stain \"Port-wine stain\")\n* – [pseudoxanthoma elasticum](/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum \"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\")\n* – [Rothmund–Thomson syndrome](/wiki/Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson_syndrome \"Rothmund–Thomson syndrome\")\n* – [sclerema neonatorum](/wiki/Sclerema_neonatorum \"Sclerema neonatorum\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n", "#### – [skin diseases, eczematous](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_eczematous \"Skin diseases, eczematous\")\n\n* – [dermatitis, atopic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_atopic \"Dermatitis, atopic\")\n* – [dermatitis, contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_contact \"Dermatitis, contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, allergic contact](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_allergic_contact \"Dermatitis, allergic contact\")\n* – [dermatitis, photoallergic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_photoallergic \"Dermatitis, photoallergic\")\n* – [dermatitis, toxicodendron](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_toxicodendron \"Dermatitis, toxicodendron\")\n* – [dermatitis, irritant](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_irritant \"Dermatitis, irritant\")\n* – [dermatitis, phototoxic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_phototoxic \"Dermatitis, phototoxic\")\n* – [diaper rash](/wiki/Diaper_rash \"Diaper rash\")\n* – [dermatitis, occupational](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_occupational \"Dermatitis, occupational\")\n* – [dermatitis, exfoliative](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_exfoliative \"Dermatitis, exfoliative\")\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [eczema](/wiki/Eczema \"Eczema\")\n* – [eczema, dyshidrotic](/wiki/Eczema%2C_dyshidrotic \"Eczema, dyshidrotic\")\n* – [intertrigo](/wiki/Intertrigo \"Intertrigo\")\n* – [neurodermatitis](/wiki/Neurodermatitis \"Neurodermatitis\")\n", "#### – [skin diseases, genetic](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_genetic \"Skin diseases, genetic\")\n\n* – [albinism](/wiki/Albinism \"Albinism\")\n* – [albinism, ocular](/wiki/Albinism%2C_ocular \"Albinism, ocular\")\n* – [albinism, oculocutaneous](/wiki/Albinism%2C_oculocutaneous \"Albinism, oculocutaneous\")\n* – [Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome](/wiki/Hermansky%E2%80%93Pudlak_syndrome \"Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome\")\n* – [piebaldism](/wiki/Piebaldism \"Piebaldism\")\n* – [cutis laxa](/wiki/Cutis_laxa \"Cutis laxa\")\n* – [dermatitis, atopic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_atopic \"Dermatitis, atopic\")\n* – [dyskeratosis congenita](/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita \"Dyskeratosis congenita\")\n* – [ectodermal dysplasia](/wiki/Ectodermal_dysplasia \"Ectodermal dysplasia\")\n* – [Ellis–van Creveld syndrome](/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome \"Ellis–van Creveld syndrome\")\n* – [focal dermal hypoplasia](/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia \"Focal dermal hypoplasia\")\n* – [neurocutaneous syndromes](/wiki/Neurocutaneous_syndromes \"Neurocutaneous syndromes\")\n* – [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome \"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa \"Epidermolysis bullosa\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_acquisita \"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica \"Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa, junctional](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa%2C_junctional \"Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa simplex](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex \"Epidermolysis bullosa simplex\")\n* – [ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital](/wiki/Ichthyosiform_erythroderma%2C_congenital \"Ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital\")\n* – [hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic](/wiki/Hyperkeratosis%2C_epidermolytic \"Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic\")\n* – [ichthyosis, lamellar](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_lamellar \"Ichthyosis, lamellar\")\n* – [ichthyosis vulgaris](/wiki/Ichthyosis_vulgaris \"Ichthyosis vulgaris\")\n* – [ichthyosis, x\\-linked](/wiki/Ichthyosis%2C_x-linked \"Ichthyosis, x-linked\")\n* – [incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar\")\n* – [keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse](/wiki/Keratoderma%2C_palmoplantar%2C_diffuse \"Keratoderma, palmoplantar, diffuse\")\n* – [Papillon–Lefèvre disease](/wiki/Papillon%E2%80%93Lef%C3%A8vre_disease \"Papillon–Lefèvre disease\")\n* – keratosis follicularis\n* – [pemphigus, benign familial](/wiki/Pemphigus%2C_benign_familial \"Pemphigus, benign familial\")\n* – [porokeratosis](/wiki/Porokeratosis \"Porokeratosis\")\n* – [porphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Porphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyrias, hepatic](/wiki/Porphyrias%2C_hepatic \"Porphyrias, hepatic\")\n* – [coproporphyria, hereditary](/wiki/Coproporphyria%2C_hereditary \"Coproporphyria, hereditary\")\n* – [porphyria, acute intermittent](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_acute_intermittent \"Porphyria, acute intermittent\")\n* – [porphyria cutanea tarda](/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda \"Porphyria cutanea tarda\")\n* – [porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_hepatoerythropoietic \"Porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyria, variegate](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_variegate \"Porphyria, variegate\")\n* – [protoporphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Protoporphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Protoporphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [pseudoxanthoma elasticum](/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum \"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum\")\n* – [Rothmund–Thomson syndrome](/wiki/Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson_syndrome \"Rothmund–Thomson syndrome\")\n* – [Sjögren–Larsson syndrome](/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%93Larsson_syndrome \"Sjögren–Larsson syndrome\")\n* – [xeroderma pigmentosum](/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum \"Xeroderma pigmentosum\")\n", "#### – [skin diseases, infectious](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_infectious \"Skin diseases, infectious\")\n\n* – [dermatomycoses](/wiki/Dermatomycoses \"Dermatomycoses\")\n* – [blastomycosis](/wiki/Blastomycosis \"Blastomycosis\")\n* – [candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous](/wiki/Candidiasis%2C_chronic_mucocutaneous \"Candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous\")\n* – [candidiasis, cutaneous](/wiki/Candidiasis%2C_cutaneous \"Candidiasis, cutaneous\")\n* – [chromoblastomycosis](/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis \"Chromoblastomycosis\")\n* – [maduromycosis](/wiki/Maduromycosis \"Maduromycosis\")\n* – [paracoccidioidomycosis](/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis \"Paracoccidioidomycosis\")\n* – [sporotrichosis](/wiki/Sporotrichosis \"Sporotrichosis\")\n* – [tinea](/wiki/Tinea \"Tinea\")\n* – [onychomycosis](/wiki/Onychomycosis \"Onychomycosis\")\n* – [tinea capitis](/wiki/Tinea_capitis \"Tinea capitis\")\n* – [tinea favosa](/wiki/Tinea_favosa \"Tinea favosa\")\n* – [tinea pedis](/wiki/Tinea_pedis \"Tinea pedis\")\n* – [tinea versicolor](/wiki/Tinea_versicolor \"Tinea versicolor\")\n* – [paronychia](/wiki/Paronychia \"Paronychia\")\n* – [skin diseases, bacterial](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_bacterial \"Skin diseases, bacterial\")\n* – [actinomycosis, cervicofacial](/wiki/Actinomycosis%2C_cervicofacial \"Actinomycosis, cervicofacial\")\n* – [angiomatosis, bacillary](/wiki/Angiomatosis%2C_bacillary \"Angiomatosis, bacillary\")\n* – [ecthyma](/wiki/Ecthyma \"Ecthyma\")\n* – [erysipelas](/wiki/Erysipelas \"Erysipelas\")\n* – [erythema chronicum migrans](/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans \"Erythema chronicum migrans\")\n* – [erythrasma](/wiki/Erythrasma \"Erythrasma\")\n* – [granuloma inguinale](/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale \"Granuloma inguinale\")\n* – [hidradenitis suppurativa](/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa \"Hidradenitis suppurativa\")\n* – [maduromycosis](/wiki/Maduromycosis \"Maduromycosis\")\n* – [pinta](/wiki/Pinta_%28disease%29 \"Pinta (disease)\")\n* – [rhinoscleroma](/wiki/Rhinoscleroma \"Rhinoscleroma\")\n* – [staphylococcal skin infections](/wiki/Staphylococcal_skin_infections \"Staphylococcal skin infections\")\n* – [furunculosis](/wiki/Furunculosis \"Furunculosis\")\n* – [carbuncle](/wiki/Carbuncle \"Carbuncle\")\n* – [impetigo](/wiki/Impetigo \"Impetigo\")\n* – [staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome](/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome \"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome\")\n* – [syphilis, cutaneous](/wiki/Syphilis%2C_cutaneous \"Syphilis, cutaneous\")\n* – [tuberculosis, cutaneous](/wiki/Tuberculosis%2C_cutaneous \"Tuberculosis, cutaneous\")\n* – [erythema induratum](/wiki/Erythema_induratum \"Erythema induratum\")\n* – [lupus](/wiki/Lupus \"Lupus\")\n* – [yaws](/wiki/Yaws \"Yaws\")\n* – [skin diseases, parasitic](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_parasitic \"Skin diseases, parasitic\")\n* – [larva migrans](/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans \"Cutaneous larva migrans\")\n* – [leishmaniasis](/wiki/Leishmaniasis \"Leishmaniasis\")\n* – [leishmaniasis, cutaneous](/wiki/Leishmaniasis%2C_cutaneous \"Leishmaniasis, cutaneous\")\n* – [leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous](/wiki/Leishmaniasis%2C_diffuse_cutaneous \"Leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous\")\n* – [leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous](/wiki/Leishmaniasis%2C_mucocutaneous \"Leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous\")\n* – [lice infestations](/wiki/Lice_infestations \"Lice infestations\")\n* – [onchocerciasis](/wiki/Onchocerciasis \"Onchocerciasis\")\n* – [scabies](/wiki/Scabies \"Scabies\")\n* – [skin diseases, viral](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_viral \"Skin diseases, viral\")\n* – [erythema infectiosum](/wiki/Erythema_infectiosum \"Erythema infectiosum\")\n* – [exanthema subitum](/wiki/Exanthema_subitum \"Exanthema subitum\")\n* – [herpes simplex](/wiki/Herpes_simplex \"Herpes simplex\")\n* – [herpes labialis](/wiki/Herpes_labialis \"Herpes labialis\")\n* – [kaposi varicelliform eruption](/wiki/Kaposi_varicelliform_eruption \"Kaposi varicelliform eruption\")\n* – [molluscum contagiosum](/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum \"Molluscum contagiosum\")\n* – [warts](/wiki/Warts \"Warts\")\n* – [condylomata acuminata](/wiki/Condylomata_acuminata \"Condylomata acuminata\")\n* – [epidermodysplasia verruciformis](/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis \"Epidermodysplasia verruciformis\")\n", "#### – [skin diseases, metabolic](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_metabolic \"Skin diseases, metabolic\")\n\n* – [adiposis dolorosa](/wiki/Adiposis_dolorosa \"Adiposis dolorosa\")\n* – [lipodystrophy](/wiki/Lipodystrophy \"Lipodystrophy\")\n* – [diabetes mellitus, lipoatrophic](/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus%2C_lipoatrophic \"Diabetes mellitus, lipoatrophic\")\n* – [HIV\\-associated lipodystrophy](/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy \"HIV-associated lipodystrophy\")\n* – [necrobiosis lipoidica](/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica \"Necrobiosis lipoidica\")\n* – [porphyrias](/wiki/Porphyrias \"Porphyrias\")\n* – [porphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Porphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyrias, hepatic](/wiki/Porphyrias%2C_hepatic \"Porphyrias, hepatic\")\n* – [coproporphyria, hereditary](/wiki/Coproporphyria%2C_hereditary \"Coproporphyria, hereditary\")\n* – [porphyria, acute intermittent](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_acute_intermittent \"Porphyria, acute intermittent\")\n* – [porphyria cutanea tarda](/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda \"Porphyria cutanea tarda\")\n* – [porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_hepatoerythropoietic \"Porphyria, hepatoerythropoietic\")\n* – [porphyria, variegate](/wiki/Porphyria%2C_variegate \"Porphyria, variegate\")\n* – [protoporphyria, erythropoietic](/wiki/Protoporphyria%2C_erythropoietic \"Protoporphyria, erythropoietic\")\n* – [xanthogranuloma, juvenile](/wiki/Xanthogranuloma%2C_juvenile \"Xanthogranuloma, juvenile\")\n* – [xanthomatosis](/wiki/Xanthomatosis \"Xanthomatosis\")\n* – [Wolman disease](/wiki/Wolman_disease \"Wolman disease\")\n* – [xanthomatosis, cerebrotendinous](/wiki/Xanthomatosis%2C_cerebrotendinous \"Xanthomatosis, cerebrotendinous\")\n", "#### – [skin diseases, papulosquamous](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_papulosquamous \"Skin diseases, papulosquamous\")\n\n* – [dermatitis, seborrheic](/wiki/Dermatitis%2C_seborrheic \"Dermatitis, seborrheic\")\n* – [lichenoid eruptions](/wiki/Lichenoid_eruptions \"Lichenoid eruptions\")\n* – [lichen nitidus](/wiki/Lichen_nitidus \"Lichen nitidus\")\n* – [lichen planus](/wiki/Lichen_planus \"Lichen planus\")\n* – [lichen planus, oral](/wiki/Lichen_planus%2C_oral \"Lichen planus, oral\")\n* – [lichen sclerosus et atrophicus](/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus_et_atrophicus \"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus\")\n* – [pityriasis lichenoides](/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides \"Pityriasis lichenoides\")\n* – [lymphomatoid papulosis](/wiki/Lymphomatoid_papulosis \"Lymphomatoid papulosis\")\n* – [parapsoriasis](/wiki/Parapsoriasis \"Parapsoriasis\")\n* – [pityriasis lichenoides](/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides \"Pityriasis lichenoides\")\n* – [lymphomatoid papulosis](/wiki/Lymphomatoid_papulosis \"Lymphomatoid papulosis\")\n* – [pityriasis](/wiki/Pityriasis \"Pityriasis\")\n* – [pityriasis lichenoides](/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides \"Pityriasis lichenoides\")\n* – [lymphomatoid papulosis](/wiki/Lymphomatoid_papulosis \"Lymphomatoid papulosis\")\n* – [pityriasis rosea](/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea \"Pityriasis rosea\")\n* – [pityriasis rubra pilaris](/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris \"Pityriasis rubra pilaris\")\n* – [psoriasis](/wiki/Psoriasis \"Psoriasis\")\n* – [arthritis, psoriatic](/wiki/Arthritis%2C_psoriatic \"Arthritis, psoriatic\")\n", "#### – [skin diseases, vascular](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_vascular \"Skin diseases, vascular\")\n\n* – [angiomatosis, bacillary](/wiki/Angiomatosis%2C_bacillary \"Angiomatosis, bacillary\")\n* – [Behçet syndrome](/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et_syndrome \"Behçet syndrome\")\n* – [mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome](/wiki/Mucocutaneous_lymph_node_syndrome \"Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome\")\n* – [polyarteritis nodosa](/wiki/Polyarteritis_nodosa \"Polyarteritis nodosa\")\n* – [pyoderma gangrenosum](/wiki/Pyoderma_gangrenosum \"Pyoderma gangrenosum\")\n* – [Sneddon syndrome](/wiki/Sneddon_syndrome \"Sneddon syndrome\")\n* – [Takayasu's arteritis](/wiki/Takayasu%27s_arteritis \"Takayasu's arteritis\")\n* – [temporal arteritis](/wiki/Temporal_arteritis \"Temporal arteritis\")\n* – [urticaria](/wiki/Urticaria \"Urticaria\")\n* – [angioneurotic edema](/wiki/Angioneurotic_edema \"Angioneurotic edema\")\n* – [vasculitis, allergic cutaneous](/wiki/Vasculitis%2C_allergic_cutaneous \"Vasculitis, allergic cutaneous\")\n", "#### – [skin diseases, vesiculobullous](/wiki/Skin_diseases%2C_vesiculobullous \"Skin diseases, vesiculobullous\")\n\n* – [acantholysis](/wiki/Acantholysis \"Acantholysis\")\n* – [blister](/wiki/Blister \"Blister\")\n* – [dermatitis herpetiformis](/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis \"Dermatitis herpetiformis\")\n* – [eczema, dyshidrotic](/wiki/Eczema%2C_dyshidrotic \"Eczema, dyshidrotic\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa \"Epidermolysis bullosa\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_acquisita \"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_dystrophica \"Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa, junctional](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa%2C_junctional \"Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional\")\n* – [epidermolysis bullosa simplex](/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex \"Epidermolysis bullosa simplex\")\n* – [erythema multiforme](/wiki/Erythema_multiforme \"Erythema multiforme\")\n* – [Stevens–Johnson syndrome](/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome \"Stevens–Johnson syndrome\")\n* – [hydroa vacciniforme](/wiki/Hydroa_vacciniforme \"Hydroa vacciniforme\")\n* – [pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane](/wiki/Pemphigoid%2C_benign_mucous_membrane \"Pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane\")\n* – [pemphigoid, bullous](/wiki/Pemphigoid%2C_bullous \"Pemphigoid, bullous\")\n* – [pemphigoid gestationis](/wiki/Pemphigoid_gestationis \"Pemphigoid gestationis\")\n* – [pemphigus](/wiki/Pemphigus \"Pemphigus\")\n* – [pemphigus, benign familial](/wiki/Pemphigus%2C_benign_familial \"Pemphigus, benign familial\")\n", "#### – [skin manifestations](/wiki/Skin_manifestations \"Skin manifestations\")\n\n", "#### – [skin neoplasms](/wiki/Skin_neoplasms \"Skin neoplasms\")\n\n* – [sebaceous gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sebaceous_gland_neoplasms \"Sebaceous gland neoplasms\")\n* – [sweat gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sweat_gland_neoplasms \"Sweat gland neoplasms\")\n", "#### – [skin ulcer](/wiki/Skin_ulcer \"Skin ulcer\")\n\n* – [leg ulcer](/wiki/Leg_ulcer \"Leg ulcer\")\n* – [foot ulcer](/wiki/Foot_ulcer \"Foot ulcer\")\n* – [diabetic foot](/wiki/Diabetic_foot \"Diabetic foot\")\n* – [varicose ulcer](/wiki/Varicose_ulcer \"Varicose ulcer\")\n* – [pressure ulcer](/wiki/Pressure_ulcer \"Pressure ulcer\")\n* – [pyoderma gangrenosum](/wiki/Pyoderma_gangrenosum \"Pyoderma gangrenosum\")\n", "#### – [sweat gland diseases](/wiki/Sweat_gland_diseases \"Sweat gland diseases\")\n\n* – [hidradenitis](/wiki/Hidradenitis \"Hidradenitis\")\n* – [hidradenitis suppurativa](/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa \"Hidradenitis suppurativa\")\n* – [hyperhidrosis](/wiki/Hyperhidrosis \"Hyperhidrosis\")\n* – [sweating, gustatory](/wiki/Sweating%2C_gustatory \"Sweating, gustatory\")\n* – [hypohidrosis](/wiki/Hypohidrosis \"Hypohidrosis\")\n* – [miliaria](/wiki/Miliaria \"Miliaria\")\n* – [Fox–Fordyce disease](/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93Fordyce_disease \"Fox–Fordyce disease\")\n* – [sweat gland neoplasms](/wiki/Sweat_gland_neoplasms \"Sweat gland neoplasms\")\n\n---\n\nThe list continues at [List of MeSH codes (C18\\)](/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_%28C18%29 \"List of MeSH codes (C18)\").\n\n[C17](/wiki/Category:Medical_Subject_Headings \"Medical Subject Headings\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 753665 ], "name": [ "Ser Amantio di Nicolao" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Plot", "Cast", "Series continuity", "Cameo", "Reception", "Sequel", "In other media", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n", "Plot\n----\n\nAfter thief Alex Cardo ([Daniel Bernhardt](/wiki/Daniel_Bernhardt \"Daniel Bernhardt\")) gets caught and betrayed by his partner in crime John (Philip Tan) while stealing an ancient [Jian](/wiki/Jian \"Jian\") in [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), he soon finds himself imprisoned and beaten. One of the guards, Demon (Ong Soo Han), is particularly upset by Alex's appearance and tortures him whenever he gets the opportunity. Alex finds one friend and mentor in the jailhouse, Master Sun ([James Hong](/wiki/James_Hong \"James Hong\")), who teaches him a superior fighting style called \"[Iron Hand](/wiki/Iron_Palm \"Iron Palm\")\". When a \"best of the best kumite\" is to take place, Demon gets an invitation. Now Master Sun and Alex need to find a way to let Alex take part in the kumite, too.\n\nThe final fight pits Alex and Demon together. At first, and for a long time, Demon has the upper hand in terms of strength and fighting ability. When Alex is down, he takes one last look at Master Sun and uses the \"Iron Hand\" against his opponent, severely damaging and defeating Demon. Alex is the winner, and as part of deals previously made, Master Sun is freed from prison, and so is Alex.\n\n", "Cast\n----\n\n* [Daniel Bernhardt](/wiki/Daniel_Bernhardt \"Daniel Bernhardt\") as Alex Cardo\n* [Pat Morita](/wiki/Pat_Morita \"Pat Morita\") as David Leung\n* [Donald Gibb](/wiki/Donald_Gibb \"Donald Gibb\") as Ray 'Tiny' Jackson\n* [James Hong](/wiki/James_Hong \"James Hong\") as Master Sun\n* Lori Lynn Dickerson as Janine Elson\n* Ong Soo Han as Demon\n* [Philip Tan](/wiki/Philip_Tan \"Philip Tan\") as John\n* Nicholas Hill as Sergio DeSilva\n* Ron Hall as Cliff\n* [Hee Il Cho](/wiki/Hee_Il_Cho \"Hee Il Cho\") as Head Judge\n* Shaun Gordon as Sun's Student\n* Lisa McCullough as Kim Campbell\n* Chuay as Chien\n* Steve Martinex as Head Referee\n* Jeff Wolfe as Flash\n* Cliff Bernhardt as Len\n* Nils Allen Stewart as Gorilla\n* Eric Lee as Seng\n* [Kevin Chong](/wiki/Kevin_Chong \"Kevin Chong\") as Sun's Student\n* Jerry Piddington as Kumite fighter\n* Richard Kee Smith as Kumite fighter\n* [Gokor Chivichyan](/wiki/Gokor_Chivichyan \"Gokor Chivichyan\") as Kumite fighter\n", "Series continuity\n-----------------\n\nActor [Donald Gibb](/wiki/Donald_Gibb \"Donald Gibb\") also appeared in [the first Bloodsport film](/wiki/Bloodsport_%28film%29 \"Bloodsport (film)\") as Ray Jackson. He is the only returning character from the first film. [James Hong](/wiki/James_Hong \"James Hong\") and [Pat Morita](/wiki/Pat_Morita \"Pat Morita\") appear in both *Bloodsport II* and *[Bloodsport III](/wiki/Bloodsport_III \"Bloodsport III\")*.\n\n### Cameo\n\nCanadian novelist [Kevin Chong](/wiki/Kevin_Chong \"Kevin Chong\") had a minor role in the film as Sun's student.\n\n", "### Cameo\n\nCanadian novelist [Kevin Chong](/wiki/Kevin_Chong \"Kevin Chong\") had a minor role in the film as Sun's student.\n\n", "Reception\n---------\n\nThe film was met with a warm critical response, with praise directed towards its cast namely Daniel Bernhardt's leading role. It met expectations of the audience with some calling it superior to the original. The film has garnered a [cult following](/wiki/Cult_following \"Cult following\").\n\n", "Sequel\n------\n\nThe movie was followed by sequel films, including *[Bloodsport III](/wiki/Bloodsport_III \"Bloodsport III\")* (1998\\) and *[Bloodsport 4: The Dark Kumite](/wiki/Bloodsport_4:The_Dark_Kumite \"The Dark Kumite\")* (1999\\). [Daniel Bernhardt](/wiki/Daniel_Bernhardt \"Daniel Bernhardt\") reprised his role as Alex Cardo for the sequel, while the actor portrayed a new character named John Keller in *Bloodsport 4*.\n\n", "In other media\n--------------\n\nThe movie was released with various titles in the foreign market:\n\n* [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"): *O Grande Dragāo Branco: A Revanche* (The Great White Dragon: The Revenge)\n* [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"): *Bloodsport II: Ironhand*\n* Germany: *Bloodsport II: Die Nächste Herausforderung* (Bloodsport II: The Next Challenge)\n* [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"): *Colpi Proibiti 2 (Prohibited Shots 2\\)*\n* Spain: *Contacto Sangriento 2* (Bloody Contact 2\\)\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1996 films](/wiki/Category:1996_films \"1996 films\")\n[Category:1996 action films](/wiki/Category:1996_action_films \"1996 action films\")\n[Category:1996 martial arts films](/wiki/Category:1996_martial_arts_films \"1996 martial arts films\")\n[Category:American action films](/wiki/Category:American_action_films \"American action films\")\n[Category:American martial arts films](/wiki/Category:American_martial_arts_films \"American martial arts films\")\n[Category:Bloodsport (film series)](/wiki/Category:Bloodsport_%28film_series%29 \"Bloodsport (film series)\")\n[Category:1990s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1990s_English-language_films \"1990s English-language films\")\n[Category:Karate films](/wiki/Category:Karate_films \"Karate films\")\n[Category:Martial arts tournament films](/wiki/Category:Martial_arts_tournament_films \"Martial arts tournament films\")\n[Category:Underground fighting films](/wiki/Category:Underground_fighting_films \"Underground fighting films\")\n[Category:1990s American films](/wiki/Category:1990s_American_films \"1990s American films\")\n[Category:English\\-language action films](/wiki/Category:English-language_action_films \"English-language action films\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 13667518 ], "name": [ "Proscribe" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Biography", "Notes" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n**Ousmane Diop Socé** (October 31, 1911, [Rufisque, Senegal, French West Africa](/wiki/Rufisque \"Rufisque\") – October 27, 1973, [Dakar](/wiki/Dakar \"Dakar\"), Senegal) was a writer, politician, and one of the first [Senegalese](/wiki/Senegal \"Senegal\") novelists. \n\n", "Biography\n---------\n\nHe attended a Qur'anic school, and later entered into the colonial school system, from which he would become one of the first African students to receive a scholarship to study at a French university. He studied veterinary medicine, during which time he had two novels published in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), France: *Karim* (1935\\) and *Mirages de Paris* (1937\\). The former expressed a concern of Socé's where young Africans would face problems moving from rural to urban areas, while in the latter he incorporated his own experiences in writing about the tragic love story of a Senegalese student and a French woman.\"Socé, Ousmane.\" Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006\\. Like that of other early Senegalese novelists, his writing was heavily influenced by his French counterparts—inventing a plot and leading their characters into various sorts of adventures. They also borrowed techniques such as dialogue, flashbacks, and stream of consciousness.\n\nSocé later wrote a number of animal and historical tales in his *Contes et légendes d'Afrique noire* (1942; \"Stories and Legends of Black Africa\"), which he drew from Senegalese oral tradition. He founded the magazine *Bingo* in 1953, and in 1956 had *Rythmes du Khalam*, a volume of poetry, published. \n\nSocé served in the [French Senate](/wiki/French_Senate \"French Senate\") from 1946 to 1952 and in the [Sénat de la Communauté](/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_de_la_Communaut%C3%A9 \"Sénat de la Communauté\") from 1959 to 1961\\. He also served as Senegal's ambassador to the United States and delegate to the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"). However, he was forced to retire in 1968 due to increasing blindness.\n\n", "Notes\n-----\n\n[Category:1911 births](/wiki/Category:1911_births \"1911 births\")\n[Category:1973 deaths](/wiki/Category:1973_deaths \"1973 deaths\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Senegal to the United States](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Senegal_to_the_United_States \"Ambassadors of Senegal to the United States\")\n[Category:Government ministers of Senegal](/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_of_Senegal \"Government ministers of Senegal\")\n[Category:People from Rufisque](/wiki/Category:People_from_Rufisque \"People from Rufisque\")\n[Category:People of French West Africa](/wiki/Category:People_of_French_West_Africa \"People of French West Africa\")\n[Category:Permanent Representatives of Senegal to the United Nations](/wiki/Category:Permanent_Representatives_of_Senegal_to_the_United_Nations \"Permanent Representatives of Senegal to the United Nations\")\n[Category:Senators of French West Africa](/wiki/Category:Senators_of_French_West_Africa \"Senators of French West Africa\")\n[Category:Senegalese diplomats](/wiki/Category:Senegalese_diplomats \"Senegalese diplomats\")\n[Category:Senegalese novelists](/wiki/Category:Senegalese_novelists \"Senegalese novelists\")\n[Category:Senegalese poets](/wiki/Category:Senegalese_poets \"Senegalese poets\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 12028 ], "name": [ "Jengod" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Precise statement", "Kac's original heuristic", "Numerical examples", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\nIn [number theory](/wiki/Number_theory \"Number theory\"), the **Erdős–Kac theorem**, named after [Paul Erdős](/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s \"Paul Erdős\") and [Mark Kac](/wiki/Mark_Kac \"Mark Kac\"), and also known as the fundamental theorem of [probabilistic number theory](/wiki/Probabilistic_number_theory \"Probabilistic number theory\"), states that if *ω*(*n*) is the number of distinct [prime factors](/wiki/Prime_factor \"Prime factor\") of *n*, then, loosely speaking, the [probability distribution](/wiki/Probability_distribution \"Probability distribution\") of\n\n \\\\frac{\\\\omega(n) \\- \\\\log\\\\log n}{\\\\sqrt{\\\\log\\\\log n \nis the standard [normal distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution \"Normal distribution\"). (\\\\omega(n) is sequence [A001221](/wiki/OEIS:A001221 \"A001221\") in the [OEIS](/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences \"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences\").) This is an extension of the [Hardy–Ramanujan theorem](/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Ramanujan_theorem \"Hardy–Ramanujan theorem\"), which states that the [normal order](/wiki/Normal_order_of_an_arithmetic_function \"Normal order of an arithmetic function\") of *ω*(*n*) is log log *n* with a typical error of size \\\\sqrt{\\\\log\\\\log n}.\n\n", "Precise statement\n-----------------\n\nFor any fixed *a* \\< *b*,\n\n\\\\lim\\_{x \\\\rightarrow \\\\infty} \\\\left ( \\\\frac {1}{x} \\\\cdot \\\\\\#\\\\left\\\\{ n \\\\leq x : a \\\\le \\\\frac{\\\\omega(n) \\- \\\\log \\\\log n}{\\\\sqrt{\\\\log \\\\log n \\\\le b \\\\right\\\\} \\\\right ) \\= \\\\Phi(a,b) \nwhere \\\\Phi(a,b) is the normal (or \"Gaussian\") distribution, defined as\n\n \\\\Phi(a,b)\\= \\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt{2\\\\pi\\\\int\\_a^b e^{\\-t^2/2} \\\\, dt. \nMore generally, if *f*(*n*) is a strongly [additive function](/wiki/Additive_function \"Additive function\") (\\\\scriptstyle f(p\\_1^{a\\_1}\\\\cdots p\\_k^{a\\_k})\\=f(p\\_1\\)\\+\\\\cdots\\+f(p\\_k)) with \\\\scriptstyle \\|f(p)\\|\\\\le1 for all prime *p*, then\n\\\\lim\\_{x \\\\rightarrow \\\\infty} \\\\left ( \\\\frac {1}{x} \\\\cdot \\\\\\#\\\\left\\\\{ n \\\\leq x : a \\\\le \\\\frac{f(n) \\- A(n)}{B(n)} \\\\le b \\\\right\\\\} \\\\right ) \\= \\\\Phi(a,b) \nwith\nA(n)\\=\\\\sum\\_{p\\\\le n}\\\\frac{f(p)}{p},\\\\qquad B(n)\\=\\\\sqrt{\\\\sum\\_{p\\\\le n}\\\\frac{f(p)^2}{p.\n\n", "Kac's original heuristic\n------------------------\n\nIntuitively, Kac's heuristic for the result says that if *n* is a randomly chosen large integer, then the number of distinct prime factors of *n* is approximately normally distributed with mean and variance log log *n*. This comes from the fact that given a random natural number *n*, the events \"the number *n* is divisible by some prime *p*\" for each *p* are mutually independent.\n\nNow, denoting the event \"the number *n* is divisible by *p*\" by n\\_{p}, consider the following sum of indicator random variables:\n\nI\\_{n\\_{2 \\+ I\\_{n\\_{3 \\+ I\\_{n\\_{5 \\+ I\\_{n\\_{7 \\+ \\\\ldots \nThis sum counts how many distinct prime factors our random natural number *n* has. It can be shown that this sum satisfies the [Lindeberg condition](/wiki/Lindeberg_condition \"Lindeberg condition\"), and therefore the [Lindeberg central limit theorem](/wiki/Central_Limit_Theorem%23Lindeberg_CLT \"Central Limit Theorem#Lindeberg CLT\") guarantees that after appropriate rescaling, the above expression will be Gaussian.\n\nThe actual proof of the theorem, due to Erdős, uses [sieve theory](/wiki/Sieve_theory \"Sieve theory\") to make rigorous the above intuition.\n\n", "", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Timothy Gowers: The Importance of Mathematics (part 6, 4 mins in) and (part 7\\)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ivoaFLQ4vM#generator)\n\n[Kac theorem](/wiki/Category:Paul_Erd%C5%91s \"Paul Erdős\")\n[Category:Normal distribution](/wiki/Category:Normal_distribution \"Normal distribution\")\n[Category:Theorems about prime numbers](/wiki/Category:Theorems_about_prime_numbers \"Theorems about prime numbers\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 125972 ], "name": [ "Rodw" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Biography", "References", "Notes", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n[thumb\\|Stamps with inscribed portraits, including Samuel Mohilever, ca. 1916\\. In the collection of the [Jewish Museum of Switzerland](/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland \"Jewish Museum of Switzerland\").](/wiki/File:Markenheft.jpg \"Markenheft.jpg\") \n**Samuel Mohilever** (1824 – 1898\\), also **Shmuel Mohilever**, was a rabbi, pioneer of [Religious Zionism](/wiki/Religious_Zionism \"Religious Zionism\") and one of the founders of the [Hovevei Zion](/wiki/Hovevei_Zion \"Hovevei Zion\") movement.\n\n", "Biography\n---------\n\n[thumb\\|285px\\|Participants of [Katowice Conference](/wiki/Katowice_Conference \"Katowice Conference\"), 1884\\. In the center of the front row Rabbi Samuel Mohilever and [Leon Pinsker](/wiki/Leon_Pinsker \"Leon Pinsker\")](/wiki/File:Kattowitz_Conference._P._Krause._1884_%28FL38048544%29.crop.jpg \"Kattowitz Conference. P. Krause. 1884 (FL38048544).crop.jpg\")\nMohilever was born in Głębokie (now [Hlybokaye](/wiki/Hlybokaye \"Hlybokaye\"), [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\")) and studied in the [Volozhin Yeshiva](/wiki/Volozhin_Yeshiva \"Volozhin Yeshiva\").\n\nAfter the pogroms following the [May Laws](/wiki/May_Laws \"May Laws\"), he helped found the Hovevei Zion in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\").\n\nMohilever was active in the propagandist and organizational affairs as well as labors on behalf of colonization in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 \"Palestine (region)\"). In 1882 he went to Paris to meet a young [Edmond James de Rothschild](/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild \"Edmond James de Rothschild\"), and convinced him to take an interest in the struggling settlers in Israel and to financially support a settlement called Ekron (now [Mazkeret Batya](/wiki/Mazkeret_Batya \"Mazkeret Batya\")).\n\nMohilever was made the rabbi of [Białystok](/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok \"Białystok\") in 1883\\. He dedicated himself to promoting Zionism by convincing Białystok's Jews to move to [Petah Tikva](/wiki/Petah_Tikva \"Petah Tikva\"), then a struggling settlement.\n\nIn 1893 there were a series of disagreements between Rabbi Mohilever and the main offices of Chovevei L'Tzion in Odessa, which was largely secularist and directed by [Leo Pinsker](/wiki/Leo_Pinsker \"Leo Pinsker\"). This led to a decision for Chovevei L'Tzion to make another center under Mohilever's leadership. This new branch was named Mizrachi, (מִזְרָחִי, a [notarikon](/wiki/Notarikon \"Notarikon\") (Hebrew abbreviation) of **מ**רכ**ז** **ר**ו**ח**נ**י**, *merkaz ruhani* – \"spiritual centre\"). Their task was to educate orthodox Jews about the concept of Zionism.\nBut despite the religious differences, Rabbi Mohilever made the wise decision to remain part of the Chovevei L'Tzion movement. Nonetheless, Mohilever put constant pressure on the national movement to meet with the requirements of the Orthodox Jews.\n\nIn 1884, Mohilever was elected to the presidency of the Hovevei Zion conference, with Leon Pinsker serving as chairman. Mohilever served as chairman in the 1887 and 1889 conferences. Many of his contributions were of a religious nature \\- Mohilever ensured that Jewish farming in Palestine complied with Jewish laws and tradition by setting up a rabbinical committee to oversee it.\n\nIn 1897, Mohilever sent a message to the [First Zionist Congress](/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress \"First Zionist Congress\"): \"It is essential,\" he wrote, \"that the Congress unite all 'Sons of Zion' who are true to our cause to work in complete harmony and fraternity, even if there be among them differences of opinion regarding religion.\"\n\nRabbi Mohilever and his colleagues continued their work, especially among Orthodox Jews, and as a result, [Mizrachi](/wiki/Mizrachi_%28religious_Zionism%29 \"Mizrachi (religious Zionism)\") became the foundation of the Religious Zionist movement. In 1902, four years after Rabbi Shmuel’s death, Mizrachi officially joined the Zionist Organization.\n\nWhen, in 1901, Rabbi [Yitzchak Yaacov Reines](/wiki/Yitzchak_Yaacov_Reines \"Yitzchak Yaacov Reines\") and several other of Mohilever's disciples re\\-established the organization, they did so with the same stance, spirit, and name. Mohilever had successfully inspired the amalgamation of traditional Jewish orthodoxy with practical Zionism.Arthur Hertzberg, *The Zionist Idea*, (Meridian, New York, 1960\\), p.400\\-402\\.\n\nHis last letter to the Jews of Russia before his death urged them to work to achieve a deep attachment to the commandment to settle in Israel, which he said is “the foundation of the existence of our people.”\n\nThe [kibbutz](/wiki/Kibbutz \"Kibbutz\") [Gan Shmuel](/wiki/Gan_Shmuel \"Gan Shmuel\") was named after Mohilever.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n* Isidor Schalit, obituary of Shmuel Mohilever, *Die Welt* II/24, June 17, 1898, pp. 2–3\n* David Bridger, Samuel Wolk: *The New Jewish Encyclopedia*. Behrman House, New York (NYC/USA) 1976, , p. 326\n* Yoel Yarden, *Rabbi Shmuel Mohliver's Educational Philosophy 1873\\-1874*, Studies in Education, University of Haifa, No. 33, March 1982 (Hebrew)\n", "Notes\n-----\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* The personal papers of Samuel Mohilever are kept at the [Central Zionist Archives](http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/en/Pages/Default.aspx) in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A9\\\\62\\-63\\.\n\n[Category:Religious Zionist Orthodox rabbis](/wiki/Category:Religious_Zionist_Orthodox_rabbis \"Religious Zionist Orthodox rabbis\")\n[Category:Zionists](/wiki/Category:Zionists \"Zionists\")\n[Category:1824 births](/wiki/Category:1824_births \"1824 births\")\n[Category:1898 deaths](/wiki/Category:1898_deaths \"1898 deaths\")\n[Category:Hovevei Zion](/wiki/Category:Hovevei_Zion \"Hovevei Zion\")\n[Category:Forerunners of Zionism](/wiki/Category:Forerunners_of_Zionism \"Forerunners of Zionism\")\n[Category:Volozhin Yeshiva alumni](/wiki/Category:Volozhin_Yeshiva_alumni \"Volozhin Yeshiva alumni\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 45293124 ], "name": [ "Ernsanchez00" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Development", "Storylines", "Reception", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Brodie Hanson** is a fictional character in the Australian television soap opera *[Home and Away](/wiki/Home_and_Away \"Home and Away\")*, portrayed by actress [Susie Rugg](/wiki/Susie_Rugg \"Susie Rugg\"). She made her first appearance on 20 July 2000 and departed on 7 November 2002, she briefly returned in February 2004\\.\n\n", "Development\n-----------\n\nWriters established a relationship between Brodie and recurring character [Miles Alcott](/wiki/Miles_Alcott \"Miles Alcott\") ([Steven Rooke](/wiki/Steven_Rooke \"Steven Rooke\")), which is cut short when he has to leave the Bay. Upon his return, a few months later, they pick up where they left off and Brodie is \"overjoyed\". Brodie's former boyfriend [Alex Poulos](/wiki/Alex_Poulos \"Alex Poulos\") ([Danny Raco](/wiki/Danny_Raco \"Danny Raco\")) is consumed with jealously. Rugg explained \"Alex is none too happy that Brodie is dating Miles – she is his ex\\-girlfriend and Miles is one of his oldest mates. When Miles left the first time, Alex spent a couple of weeks trying to get Brodie back, to no avail. So with Miles on the scene again, Alex feels doubly threatened.\" On the night of the school dance, Miles and Brodie dress up as Anthony and Cleopatra, and Alex offers to drive them to the event in a bid to make peace with them. Rugg said that things are awkward, but Alex has to accept that Miles and Brodie are together. She also said that the evening is \"perfect\" and the couple are \"so happy\", until the drive home.\n\nWhile Brodie and Miles are flirting, Brodie tells Alex to turn the radio down and the car suddenly swerves off the road. Brodie wakes up to find a tree has come through the windscreen and hit Miles, while Alex has a concussion. Rugg commented \"The next thing Brodie knows, the ambulance arrives and she's told Miles is dead.\" Brodie goes into shock and refuses to believe that Miles is dead. Rugg stated that Brodie retreats into herself and no one can get through to her. She struggles to acknowledge that Miles is gone and continually refers to him in present tense while fantasising about seeing him. Rugg admitted that filming the car crash scenes would stay with her for a long time. They filmed the scenes in two parts and Rugg found the second half to be \"really graphic\" once the car was smashed up. She could not see the cameras or lights, which made it feel real. While Rooke and Raco were acting \"totally out of it\", Rugg felt \"shaken\" upon seeing them and all the broken glass.\n\nIn late 2002, [Jason Herbison](/wiki/Jason_Herbison \"Jason Herbison\") from *[Inside Soap](/wiki/Inside_Soap \"Inside Soap\")* revealed that Rugg had filmed her final scenes as Brodie. Of her exit she stated that \"I was sad to leave but I think the time has come to go. The show has enabled me to do a lot of incredible things I wouldn't normally have been able to do.\" In 2004, *Inside Soap's* Andrew Fraser revealed that when Brodie returns she would be involved in a \"sizzling love triangle\" and a dramatic car crash.\n\n", "Storylines\n----------\n\nBrodie arrives in Summer Bay fleeing her abusive mother, [Jan](/wiki/Jan_Hanson \"Jan Hanson\") (Genevieve Sulway). [Shelley Sutherland](/wiki/Shelley_Sutherland \"Shelley Sutherland\") ([Paula Forrest](/wiki/Paula_Forrest \"Paula Forrest\")) who works at the Sarah McKay drop\\-in\\-centre, takes Brodie into her home, where and her husband [Rhys](/wiki/Rhys_Sutherland \"Rhys Sutherland\") ([Michael Beckley](/wiki/Michael_Beckley \"Michael Beckley\")) become her foster parents. Brodie quickly forms a sisterly bond with Shelley and Rhy's daughter, Dani ([Tammin Sursok](/wiki/Tammin_Sursok \"Tammin Sursok\")) and soon falls for [Mitch McColl](/wiki/Mitch_McColl \"Mitch McColl\") ([Cameron Welsh](/wiki/Cameron_Welsh \"Cameron Welsh\")), much to the jealousy of his ex\\-girlfriend, [Hayley Smith](/wiki/Hayley_Smith_%28Home_and_Away%29 \"Hayley Smith (Home and Away)\") ([Bec Cartwright](/wiki/Bec_Cartwright \"Bec Cartwright\")). Brodie's brother, [JT](/wiki/JT_Hanson \"JT Hanson\") ([Luke Ford](/wiki/Luke_Ford_%28actor%29 \"Luke Ford (actor)\")) arrives and physically attacks Hayley, leaving her traumatised for a while.\n\nAfter Brodie's relationship with Mitch runs into some trouble, she befriends fellow student Hamish \"Woody\" Woodford (Chris Foy), who is an outsider. Following a bad reception during the school's talent night, Woody holds Brodie, [Sally Fletcher](/wiki/Sally_Fletcher \"Sally Fletcher\") ([Kate Ritchie](/wiki/Kate_Ritchie \"Kate Ritchie\")) and the entire class hostage with a gun. Woody is subdued and arrested and Brodie later reconciles with Mitch. Mitch soon leaves for [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") to live with his late mother's relatives. After Mitch's departure, Brodie is knocked off her bike by the newly arrived Alex Poulos when she collides with his car and is hospitalised. Brodie recovers after some surgery. Jan reappears in Brodie's life claiming to have changed but that is not the case when she begins flirting with Rhys. Brodie stands up to Jan when she is about to strike her in an argument and she leaves.\n\nBrodie and Alex become a couple but after things get serious and Brodie meets Alex's mother, [Helen](/wiki/Helen_Poulos \"Helen Poulos\") ([Peta Toppano](/wiki/Peta_Toppano \"Peta Toppano\")), he breaks up with her. Miles Alcott, Alex's friend arrives in Summer Bay and he is attracted to Brodie and they begin dating, much to Alex's jealousy. They attend the school formal together and Alex drives the couple home but hits a pothole, causing a crash. An Ambulance is called and paramedics do all they can for Miles but are unable to save him and he dies at scene. Brodie blames Alex for Miles' death and remains bitter and hostile towards him for a while, even after the inquest proves the accident was not Alex's fault. After being urged by Shelley, Brodie finally forgives Alex. Brodie then has a short\\-lived relationship with [Mav Patterson](/wiki/Mav_Patterson \"Mav Patterson\") (Clayton Williams) and later reunites with Alex. Their reunion is shortened when Brodie decides she wants to see the world after completing Year 12 and they part company.\n\nBrodie returns in early 2004 to find Alex is now dating Hayley. The two girls go to war over Alex and this culminates in a huge car crash which leaves Brodie suffering minor injuries but leaves Hayley with memory loss and disfigurement. Brodie and Alex rekindle their love for one another, but are unsure sure how to tell Hayley. They soon leave after their engagement and marry overseas. When Alex returns to Summer Bay three years, later he reveals that he and Brodie have broken up.\n\n", "Reception\n---------\n\nSacha Molitorisz of *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\")* said that the episode featuring Brodie and Hayley's car crash was better suited to \"die hard fans\". They criticised the plot for being \"unengaging\" and opined that the music, performances and dialogue were \"painful\" and \"patchy\". They also stated \"The problem is, simply piling one melodrama on top of another will not of itself make for good TV. The characters need to be explored, too. Otherwise the result will be superficial.\"\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:Home and Away characters](/wiki/Category:Home_and_Away_characters \"Home and Away characters\")\n[Category:Television characters introduced in 2000](/wiki/Category:Television_characters_introduced_in_2000 \"Television characters introduced in 2000\")\n[Category:Australian female characters in television](/wiki/Category:Australian_female_characters_in_television \"Australian female characters in television\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 2613146 ], "name": [ "Bailo26" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Sources", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n[thumb\\|Upton Cow Down](/wiki/File:Upton_Cow_Down_-_geograph.org.uk_-_84975.jpg \"Upton Cow Down - geograph.org.uk - 84975.jpg\")\n**Upton Cow Down** () is a 16\\.4 [hectare](/wiki/Hectare \"Hectare\") [biological Site of Special Scientific Interest](/wiki/Biological_Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest \"Biological Site of Special Scientific Interest\") in [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire \"Wiltshire\"). The down is an area of [chalk grassland](/wiki/Chalk_grassland \"Chalk grassland\") on the western edge of [Salisbury Plain](/wiki/Salisbury_Plain \"Salisbury Plain\"). It lies one mile south of the town of [Westbury](/wiki/Westbury%2C_Wiltshire \"Westbury, Wiltshire\"), above the village of [Upton Scudamore](/wiki/Upton_Scudamore \"Upton Scudamore\").\n\n", "Sources\n-------\n\n* [Natural England citation sheet for the site](https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1005780.pdf) (accessed 25 May 2023\\)\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Natural England website](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/natural-england) (SSSI information)\n\n[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire](/wiki/Category:Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Wiltshire \"Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "96.67.5.189" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "IUGS geological heritage site", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **Rio Minho** is the longest river in [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica \"Jamaica\") at .[Jamaica National Heritage Trust – Black River](https://web.archive.org/web/20090307042122/http://www.jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=197) It rises close to the island's geographic centre, flows generally south\\-southwest and reaches the [Caribbean Sea](/wiki/Caribbean_Sea \"Caribbean Sea\") at [Carlisle Bay](/wiki/Carlisle_Bay_%28Jamaica%29 \"Carlisle Bay (Jamaica)\") in the central south coast, to the west of the island's southernmost point, [Portland Point](/wiki/Portland_Point \"Portland Point\").\n\nThe town of [May Pen](/wiki/May_Pen \"May Pen\"), [Clarendon](/wiki/Clarendon_Parish%2C_Jamaica \"Clarendon Parish, Jamaica\") lies on the banks of the river.\n\n", "IUGS geological heritage site\n-----------------------------\n\nIn respect of it being the 'most diverse and thickest limestone succession with abundant rudist bivalves within the Caribbean faunal province', the [International Union of Geological Sciences](/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences \"International Union of Geological Sciences\") (IUGS) included the 'Late Cretaceous rudist bivalves of the Caribbean Province' around the Rio Minho in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022\\. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:Rivers of Jamaica](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Jamaica \"Rivers of Jamaica\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 27137863 ], "name": [ "周樂為" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Synopsis", "Cast", "Main cast", "Other cast", "Guest starring", "Viewership ratings", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n***Forensic Heroes*** (Traditional Chinese: [法證先鋒](/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%89%E5%85%88%E9%8B%92 \"法證先鋒\")) is a [TVB](/wiki/TVB \"TVB\") modern suspense series broadcast in June, [2006](/wiki/List_of_TVB_series_%282006%29 \"List of TVB series (2006)\"), starring [Bobby Au\\-Yeung](/wiki/Bobby_Au-Yeung \"Bobby Au-Yeung\"), [Frankie Lam](/wiki/Frankie_Lam \"Frankie Lam\"), [Yoyo Mung](/wiki/Yoyo_Mung \"Yoyo Mung\"), [Linda Chung](/wiki/Linda_Chung \"Linda Chung\"), [Raymond Cho](/wiki/Raymond_Cho_Wing_Lim \"Raymond Cho Wing Lim\") and [Florence Kwok](/wiki/Florence_Kwok \"Florence Kwok\") in the first instalment of the *[Forensic Heroes series](/wiki/Forensic_Heroes_%28TV_series%29 \"Forensic Heroes (TV series)\")*.\n\nA direct sequel, *[Forensic Heroes II](/wiki/Forensic_Heroes_II \"Forensic Heroes II\")* ([法證先鋒II](/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%89%E5%85%88%E9%8B%92II \"法證先鋒II\")), was produced and broadcast in [2008](/wiki/List_of_TVB_series_%282008%29 \"List of TVB series (2008)\") with the same cast, alongside [Kevin Cheng](/wiki/Kevin_Cheng \"Kevin Cheng\") and [Charmaine Sheh](/wiki/Charmaine_Sheh \"Charmaine Sheh\"). Two additional indirect sequels were released in 2011 and 2020 with a new cast, and a fifth instalment is in development as of 2022\\.\n\nIn 2022, the drama was selected as one of the ten classic TVB dramas being honored for a new joint [Youku](/wiki/Youku \"Youku\") and TVB program. \n\n", "Synopsis\n--------\n\nThe plot for *Forensic Heroes* contains a mixture of various themes. The mysteries include \"Who Killed Tim Sir's wife?*\"*, \"The Tai Po Corpse*\"*, \"Murders for Justice*\", and* \"Where is Tim Sir?\". The series include many serial killers. However, of all the crimes, there were two very important ones.\n\n\"Who Killed Tim Sir's Wife?\" had two possible suspects, however, the murderer turns out to be a nurse who accidentally poisoned the victim. This breaks Tim's heart, but it is still a lucky chance for him as he falls in love with Siu\\-Yau.\n\n\"Where is Tim Sir?\" was the last and most important mystery. A clown, Tracy's only true friend, abducted Tim. The clown puts Tim in a port container with seemingly limited air and food supply, no water, and a camera connected to a laptop, stored in a disc. Every day, new clips are sent to Forensics that show Tim trying to create a fire to attract the rescuers using friction. But Forensics has only three days to find Tim before he dies of thirst and hunger. Siu\\-Yau is especially worried and fearful, as she has fallen in love with him. The clown is caught and brought to Forensics to be interrogated, but before any information is extracted from him, he commits suicide.\n\nWhile Forensics is searching, Siu\\-Yau looks at the laptop screen with Sam. The lights light the container up dimly, and a small hole is seen on the container. This sparks new hope in Siu\\-Yau and Sam, who check the position of the sun and find out where Tim is. Still, that does not narrow Tim's location down enough. Tim is wearing a watch that could reflect sunlight coming through the hole and start a small fire, which the rescuers would see. They are unaware that Tim is waiting to die.\n\nTim sees his wife, Charlie, in a dream. She asks him what he is doing in the world of the dead. Tim says that he is ready to give up and leave the earth. However, Charlie tells him she is sure he can do it and leaves. He returns to reality for a short moment, but is soon back in the dream.\n\nThis time, Tim dreams of his true love, Siu\\-Yau. He says he is tired of suffering on earth, but Siu\\-Yau holds his hands and tells him others are waiting for him, and he has to pull through. This gives Tim enough confidence to raise his arm to the sunlight, and start a fire. The Air Force, which is helping to find Tim Sir, finds him in a container. Tim is hospitalized, and he tells Siu\\-Yau that his vision of her made him keep on going rather than giving up. Siu\\-Yau rejects Tim. Ding\\-Ding and Sam decide to buy a house together and is it there that Sam proposes to Ding\\-Ding. There is a party to celebrate the wedding of Ding\\-Ding and Sam. There, Siu\\-Yau finally faces her true feelings for the man she loves and accepts a date from Tim. Just then, Tim and Sam's phones ring, and they are called off for a case.\n\n", "Cast\n----\n\n### Main cast\n\n| Cast | Role | Description |\n\n|\n| [Bobby Au\\-Yeung](/wiki/Bobby_Au-Yeung \"Bobby Au-Yeung\") ([歐陽震華](/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%BD%E9%9C%87%E8%8F%AF \"歐陽震華\")) | Ko Yin\\-Pok (Timothy) 高彥博 | Forensic Laboratory Supervisor / Senior Chemist. Koo Chak\\-Yiu's husband. Leung Siu\\-Yau's boyfriend. Koo Chak\\-Sum's best friend. Lam Pui Pui's ex\\-boyfriend. |\n| [Frankie Lam](/wiki/Frankie_Lam \"Frankie Lam\") ([林文龍](/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%96%87%E9%BE%8D \"林文龍\")) | Koo Chak\\-Sum (Sam) 古澤琛 | Senior Forensic Pathologist / Mystery Writer. Lam Ding\\-Ding's boyfriend. Ko Yin\\-Pok's best friend. Koo Chak\\-Yiu's younger brother. |\n| [Yoyo Mung](/wiki/Yoyo_Mung \"Yoyo Mung\") ([蒙嘉慧](/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%98%89%E6%85%A7 \"蒙嘉慧\")) | Leung Siu\\-Yau (Nicole) 梁小柔 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Senior Inspector of Police. Ko Yin\\-Pok's girlfriend. |\n| [Linda Chung](/wiki/Linda_Chung \"Linda Chung\") ([鍾嘉欣](/wiki/%E9%8D%BE%E5%98%89%E6%AC%A3 \"鍾嘉欣\")) | Lam Ding\\-Ding 林汀汀 | Forensic Technician. Lam Pui\\-Pui's younger sister. Koo Chak\\-Sum's girlfriend. |\n| [Raymond Cho](/wiki/Raymond_Cho_Wing_Lim \"Raymond Cho Wing Lim\") ([曹永廉](/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%B0%B8%E5%BB%89 \"曹永廉\")) | Sum Hung 沈雄 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Sergeant. |\n| [Florence Kwok](/wiki/Florence_Kwok \"Florence Kwok\") ([郭少芸](/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%B0%91%E8%8A%B8 \"郭少芸\")) | Mok Suk\\-woon (Yvonne) 莫淑媛 | Senior Scientific Evidence Officer (SSEO). |\n| [Astrid Chan](/wiki/Astrid_Chan \"Astrid Chan\") ([陳芷菁](/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%8A%B7%E8%8F%81 \"陳芷菁\")) | Lam Pui\\-Pui 林沛沛 | Lam Ding\\-Ding's elder sister. Ko Yin\\-Pok's ex\\-girlfriend. |\n| [Vivien Yeo](/wiki/Vivien_Yeo \"Vivien Yeo\") ([楊秀惠](/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%A7%80%E6%83%A0 \"楊秀惠\")) | Ling Sum\\-Yi (Josie) 凌心怡 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Police Constable. |\n\n### Other cast\n\n| Cast | Role | Description |\n\n| [Fred Cheng](/wiki/Fred_Cheng \"Fred Cheng\") ([鄭俊弘](/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E4%BF%8A%E5%BC%98 \"鄭俊弘\")) | Leung Siu\\-Kong 梁小剛 | Forensic Technician Leung Siu\\-Yau's younger brother. |\n| [Ku Feng](/wiki/Ku_Feng \"Ku Feng\") ([谷峰](/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E5%B3%B0 \"谷峰\")) | Ko Tong 高通 | Ko Yin\\-Pok's father. |\n| Yu Yang ([于洋](/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E6%B4%8B \"于洋\")) | Leung Hing\\-Lung 梁興隆 | Leung Siu\\-Yau and Leung Siu\\-Kong's father. |\n| [Oscar Leung](/wiki/Oscar_Leung \"Oscar Leung\") ([梁烈唯](/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E7%AB%B6%E5%BE%BD \"梁競徽\")) | Ching Wai\\-Shing (Edwin) 程偉勝 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Police Constable. |\n| [Eddie Li](/wiki/Eddie_Li \"Eddie Li\") ([李雨陽](/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%9B%A8%E9%99%BD \"李雨陽\")) | Lau Tsun\\-Sek (Terence) 劉俊碩 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Police Constable. |\n| [Lau Kam\\-Ling](/wiki/Lau_Kam-Ling \"Lau Kam-Ling\") ([劉錦玲](/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%8C%A6%E7%8E%B2 \"劉錦玲\")) | Koo Chak\\-Yiu (Charlie) 古澤瑤 | Ko Yin\\-Pok's wife. Koo Chak\\-Sum's elder sister. Passed away in Ep.5\\. |\n\n### Guest starring\n\n| Cast | Role | Description |\n\n|\n| [Ngo Ka\\-nin](/wiki/Ngo_Ka-nin \"Ngo Ka-nin\") ([敖嘉年](/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%98%89%E5%B9%B4 \"敖嘉年\")) | Tam Wai\\-Sing 譚偉昇 | Tam Lai\\-Ling's brother. |\n| [Yoyo Chen](/wiki/Yoyo_Chen \"Yoyo Chen\") ([陳自瑤](/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%87%AA%E7%91%A4 \"陳自瑤\")) | Tam Lai\\-Ling (Ling) 譚麗玲 | Chan Man\\-Dik's girlfriend. Tam Wai\\-Sing's sister. |\n| [Lai Lok\\-yi](/wiki/Lai_Lok-yi \"Lai Lok-yi\") ([黎諾懿](/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E8%AB%BE%E6%87%BF \"黎諾懿\")) | Chan Man\\-Dik 陳文狄 | Tam Lai\\-Ling's boyfriend. |\n| [Jack Wu](/wiki/Jack_Wu \"Jack Wu\") ([胡諾言](/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%AB%BE%E8%A8%80 \"胡諾言\")) | Ho Yiu\\-Kwong 何耀光 | Pimp. |\n| [Natalie Tong](/wiki/Natalie_Tong \"Natalie Tong\") ([唐詩詠](/wiki/%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9%E8%A9%A0 \"唐詩詠\")) | Chiu Suet\\-Man (Mon) 趙雪敏 | Had a crush on Koo Chak\\-Sum. |\n| [Vin Choi](/wiki/Vin_Choi \"Vin Choi\") ([蔡淇俊](/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E6%B7%87%E4%BF%8A \"蔡淇俊\")) | To Siu\\-Wai (Joe) 杜少威 | Chiu Suet\\-Man's ex\\-boyfriend. |\n| [Fala Chen](/wiki/Fala_Chen \"Fala Chen\") ([陳法拉](/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89 \"陳法拉\")) | Yung Wai 容慧 | Red's girlfriend Introduced in Ep.10\\. |\n| [Johnson Lee](/wiki/Johnson_Lee \"Johnson Lee\") ([李思捷](/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%80%9D%E6%8D%B7 \"李思捷\")) | Red | Yung Wai's boyfriend. |\n| [Mat Yeung](/wiki/Mat_Yeung \"Mat Yeung\") ([揚明](/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E3%80%80%E6%98%8E \"揚　明\")) | Mok Cheuk\\-Ho (Frankie) 莫卓浩 | |\n| [Felix Lok](/wiki/Felix_Lok \"Felix Lok\") ([駱應鈞](/wiki/%E9%A7%B1%E6%87%89%E9%88%9E \"駱應鈞\")) | Mok Wai\\-To 莫偉圖 | Businessman Mok Cheuk\\-Ho's uncle. |\n| [Casper Chan](/wiki/Casper_Chan \"Casper Chan\") ([陳凱怡](/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%87%B1%E6%80%A1 \"陳凱怡\")) | Ella Yu | Model Lum Sum\\-Yi's cousin. |\n| [Mark Kwok](/wiki/Mark_Kwok_%28actor%29 \"Mark Kwok (actor)\") ([郭耀明](/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E8%80%80%E6%98%8E \"郭耀明\")) | Law Wah\\-Kin (Chris) 羅華健 | Mok Suk\\-Woon's ex\\-husband. |\n| [Makbau Mak](/wiki/Makbau_Mak \"Makbau Mak\") ([麥長青](/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E9%95%B7%E9%9D%92 \"麥長青\")) | Lam Siu\\-Chung (Kenny) 林少聰 | Leung Siu\\-Yau's ex\\-boyfriend. |\n| [Charmaine Li](/wiki/Charmaine_Li \"Charmaine Li\") ([李思欣](/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%80%9D%E6%AC%A3 \"李思欣\")) | Tracy | So Chi\\-Man's lover. Had a crush on Koo Chak Sum. |\n| [Ellesmere Choi](/wiki/Ellesmere_Choi \"Ellesmere Choi\") ([蔡子健](/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%AD%90%E5%81%A5 \"蔡子健\")) | So Chi\\-Man (Danny) 蘇志文 | Had a crush on Tracy. |\n", "### Main cast\n\n| Cast | Role | Description |\n\n|\n| [Bobby Au\\-Yeung](/wiki/Bobby_Au-Yeung \"Bobby Au-Yeung\") ([歐陽震華](/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%BD%E9%9C%87%E8%8F%AF \"歐陽震華\")) | Ko Yin\\-Pok (Timothy) 高彥博 | Forensic Laboratory Supervisor / Senior Chemist. Koo Chak\\-Yiu's husband. Leung Siu\\-Yau's boyfriend. Koo Chak\\-Sum's best friend. Lam Pui Pui's ex\\-boyfriend. |\n| [Frankie Lam](/wiki/Frankie_Lam \"Frankie Lam\") ([林文龍](/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%96%87%E9%BE%8D \"林文龍\")) | Koo Chak\\-Sum (Sam) 古澤琛 | Senior Forensic Pathologist / Mystery Writer. Lam Ding\\-Ding's boyfriend. Ko Yin\\-Pok's best friend. Koo Chak\\-Yiu's younger brother. |\n| [Yoyo Mung](/wiki/Yoyo_Mung \"Yoyo Mung\") ([蒙嘉慧](/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%98%89%E6%85%A7 \"蒙嘉慧\")) | Leung Siu\\-Yau (Nicole) 梁小柔 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Senior Inspector of Police. Ko Yin\\-Pok's girlfriend. |\n| [Linda Chung](/wiki/Linda_Chung \"Linda Chung\") ([鍾嘉欣](/wiki/%E9%8D%BE%E5%98%89%E6%AC%A3 \"鍾嘉欣\")) | Lam Ding\\-Ding 林汀汀 | Forensic Technician. Lam Pui\\-Pui's younger sister. Koo Chak\\-Sum's girlfriend. |\n| [Raymond Cho](/wiki/Raymond_Cho_Wing_Lim \"Raymond Cho Wing Lim\") ([曹永廉](/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%B0%B8%E5%BB%89 \"曹永廉\")) | Sum Hung 沈雄 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Sergeant. |\n| [Florence Kwok](/wiki/Florence_Kwok \"Florence Kwok\") ([郭少芸](/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%B0%91%E8%8A%B8 \"郭少芸\")) | Mok Suk\\-woon (Yvonne) 莫淑媛 | Senior Scientific Evidence Officer (SSEO). |\n| [Astrid Chan](/wiki/Astrid_Chan \"Astrid Chan\") ([陳芷菁](/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%8A%B7%E8%8F%81 \"陳芷菁\")) | Lam Pui\\-Pui 林沛沛 | Lam Ding\\-Ding's elder sister. Ko Yin\\-Pok's ex\\-girlfriend. |\n| [Vivien Yeo](/wiki/Vivien_Yeo \"Vivien Yeo\") ([楊秀惠](/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%A7%80%E6%83%A0 \"楊秀惠\")) | Ling Sum\\-Yi (Josie) 凌心怡 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Police Constable. |\n", "### Other cast\n\n| Cast | Role | Description |\n\n| [Fred Cheng](/wiki/Fred_Cheng \"Fred Cheng\") ([鄭俊弘](/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E4%BF%8A%E5%BC%98 \"鄭俊弘\")) | Leung Siu\\-Kong 梁小剛 | Forensic Technician Leung Siu\\-Yau's younger brother. |\n| [Ku Feng](/wiki/Ku_Feng \"Ku Feng\") ([谷峰](/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E5%B3%B0 \"谷峰\")) | Ko Tong 高通 | Ko Yin\\-Pok's father. |\n| Yu Yang ([于洋](/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E6%B4%8B \"于洋\")) | Leung Hing\\-Lung 梁興隆 | Leung Siu\\-Yau and Leung Siu\\-Kong's father. |\n| [Oscar Leung](/wiki/Oscar_Leung \"Oscar Leung\") ([梁烈唯](/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E7%AB%B6%E5%BE%BD \"梁競徽\")) | Ching Wai\\-Shing (Edwin) 程偉勝 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Police Constable. |\n| [Eddie Li](/wiki/Eddie_Li \"Eddie Li\") ([李雨陽](/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%9B%A8%E9%99%BD \"李雨陽\")) | Lau Tsun\\-Sek (Terence) 劉俊碩 | Kowloon West D.C.S. Police Constable. |\n| [Lau Kam\\-Ling](/wiki/Lau_Kam-Ling \"Lau Kam-Ling\") ([劉錦玲](/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%8C%A6%E7%8E%B2 \"劉錦玲\")) | Koo Chak\\-Yiu (Charlie) 古澤瑤 | Ko Yin\\-Pok's wife. Koo Chak\\-Sum's elder sister. Passed away in Ep.5\\. |\n", "### Guest starring\n\n| Cast | Role | Description |\n\n|\n| [Ngo Ka\\-nin](/wiki/Ngo_Ka-nin \"Ngo Ka-nin\") ([敖嘉年](/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%98%89%E5%B9%B4 \"敖嘉年\")) | Tam Wai\\-Sing 譚偉昇 | Tam Lai\\-Ling's brother. |\n| [Yoyo Chen](/wiki/Yoyo_Chen \"Yoyo Chen\") ([陳自瑤](/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%87%AA%E7%91%A4 \"陳自瑤\")) | Tam Lai\\-Ling (Ling) 譚麗玲 | Chan Man\\-Dik's girlfriend. Tam Wai\\-Sing's sister. |\n| [Lai Lok\\-yi](/wiki/Lai_Lok-yi \"Lai Lok-yi\") ([黎諾懿](/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E8%AB%BE%E6%87%BF \"黎諾懿\")) | Chan Man\\-Dik 陳文狄 | Tam Lai\\-Ling's boyfriend. |\n| [Jack Wu](/wiki/Jack_Wu \"Jack Wu\") ([胡諾言](/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%AB%BE%E8%A8%80 \"胡諾言\")) | Ho Yiu\\-Kwong 何耀光 | Pimp. |\n| [Natalie Tong](/wiki/Natalie_Tong \"Natalie Tong\") ([唐詩詠](/wiki/%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9%E8%A9%A0 \"唐詩詠\")) | Chiu Suet\\-Man (Mon) 趙雪敏 | Had a crush on Koo Chak\\-Sum. |\n| [Vin Choi](/wiki/Vin_Choi \"Vin Choi\") ([蔡淇俊](/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E6%B7%87%E4%BF%8A \"蔡淇俊\")) | To Siu\\-Wai (Joe) 杜少威 | Chiu Suet\\-Man's ex\\-boyfriend. |\n| [Fala Chen](/wiki/Fala_Chen \"Fala Chen\") ([陳法拉](/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89 \"陳法拉\")) | Yung Wai 容慧 | Red's girlfriend Introduced in Ep.10\\. |\n| [Johnson Lee](/wiki/Johnson_Lee \"Johnson Lee\") ([李思捷](/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%80%9D%E6%8D%B7 \"李思捷\")) | Red | Yung Wai's boyfriend. |\n| [Mat Yeung](/wiki/Mat_Yeung \"Mat Yeung\") ([揚明](/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E3%80%80%E6%98%8E \"揚　明\")) | Mok Cheuk\\-Ho (Frankie) 莫卓浩 | |\n| [Felix Lok](/wiki/Felix_Lok \"Felix Lok\") ([駱應鈞](/wiki/%E9%A7%B1%E6%87%89%E9%88%9E \"駱應鈞\")) | Mok Wai\\-To 莫偉圖 | Businessman Mok Cheuk\\-Ho's uncle. |\n| [Casper Chan](/wiki/Casper_Chan \"Casper Chan\") ([陳凱怡](/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%87%B1%E6%80%A1 \"陳凱怡\")) | Ella Yu | Model Lum Sum\\-Yi's cousin. |\n| [Mark Kwok](/wiki/Mark_Kwok_%28actor%29 \"Mark Kwok (actor)\") ([郭耀明](/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E8%80%80%E6%98%8E \"郭耀明\")) | Law Wah\\-Kin (Chris) 羅華健 | Mok Suk\\-Woon's ex\\-husband. |\n| [Makbau Mak](/wiki/Makbau_Mak \"Makbau Mak\") ([麥長青](/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E9%95%B7%E9%9D%92 \"麥長青\")) | Lam Siu\\-Chung (Kenny) 林少聰 | Leung Siu\\-Yau's ex\\-boyfriend. |\n| [Charmaine Li](/wiki/Charmaine_Li \"Charmaine Li\") ([李思欣](/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%80%9D%E6%AC%A3 \"李思欣\")) | Tracy | So Chi\\-Man's lover. Had a crush on Koo Chak Sum. |\n| [Ellesmere Choi](/wiki/Ellesmere_Choi \"Ellesmere Choi\") ([蔡子健](/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%AD%90%E5%81%A5 \"蔡子健\")) | So Chi\\-Man (Danny) 蘇志文 | Had a crush on Tracy. |\n", "Viewership ratings\n------------------\n\n| | Week | Episode | Average Points | Peaking Points | References |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | June 13–16, 2006 | 1 — 4 | | | [Week 1 Ratings](http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/06/ratings-report-12062006-18062006.html) |\n| | June 19–23, 2006 | 5 — 9 | | | [Week 2 Ratings](http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/06/rating-report-19062006-25062006.html) |\n| | June 26–30, 2006 | 10 — 14 | | | [Week 3 Ratings](http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/07/rating-report.html) |\n| | July 3–7, 2006 | 15 — 19 | | | [Week 4 Ratings](http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/07/rating-report-03072006-09072006.html) |\n| | July 10–14, 2006 | 20 — 24 | | | [Week 5 Ratings](http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/07/ratings-report-1072006-1672006.html) |\n| | July 16, 2006 | 25 | | | [Finale Ratings](http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/07/ratings-report-1072006-1672006.html) |\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Forensic Heroes (TV series)](/wiki/Forensic_Heroes_%28TV_series%29 \"Forensic Heroes (TV series)\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [TVB.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20110524015408/http://tvcity.tvb.com/drama/forensic_heroes/) *Forensic Heroes* \\- Official Website \n\n \n\n[Category:TVB dramas](/wiki/Category:TVB_dramas \"TVB dramas\")\n[Category:2006 Hong Kong television series debuts](/wiki/Category:2006_Hong_Kong_television_series_debuts \"2006 Hong Kong television series debuts\")\n[Category:2006 Hong Kong television series endings](/wiki/Category:2006_Hong_Kong_television_series_endings \"2006 Hong Kong television series endings\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 27823944 ], "name": [ "GreenC bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Track listing", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n***What Another Man Spills*** is the fourth [studio album](/wiki/Studio_album \"Studio album\") by American [rock](/wiki/Rock_music \"Rock music\") band [Lambchop](/wiki/Lambchop_%28band%29 \"Lambchop (band)\"), released in 1998 by [Merge Records](/wiki/Merge_Records \"Merge Records\"). The cover art was drawn by [Vic Chesnutt](/wiki/Vic_Chesnutt \"Vic Chesnutt\").\n\n", "Track listing\n-------------\n\nAll songs written by [Kurt Wagner](/wiki/Kurt_Wagner_%28musician%29 \"Kurt Wagner (musician)\") except where noted.\n1. \"Interrupted\" \\- 6:08\n2. \"The Saturday Option\" \\- 4:38\n3. \"Shucks\" \\- 5:11\n4. \"Give Me Your Love (Love Song)\" ([Curtis Mayfield](/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield \"Curtis Mayfield\")) \\- 5:15\n5. \"Life \\#2\" ([F.M. Cornog](/wiki/East_River_Pipe \"East River Pipe\")) \\- 4:41\n6. \"Scamper\" \\- 6:21\n7. \"It's Not Alright\" ([James McNew](/wiki/James_McNew \"James McNew\")) \\- 3:26\n8. \"N.O.\" \\- 4:26\n9. \"[I've Been Lonely for So Long](/wiki/I%27ve_Been_Lonely_for_So_Long \"I've Been Lonely for So Long\")\" (Posie Knight, Jerry Weaver) \\- 4:40\n10. \"Magnificent Obsession\" \\- 3:20\n11. \"King of Nothing Never\" ([F.M. Cornog](/wiki/East_River_Pipe \"East River Pipe\")) \\- 4:07\n12. \"The Theme from the Neil Miller Show\" (Marc Trovillion) \\- 2:45\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:1998 albums](/wiki/Category:1998_albums \"1998 albums\")\n[Category:Lambchop (band) albums](/wiki/Category:Lambchop_%28band%29_albums \"Lambchop (band) albums\")\n[Category:Merge Records albums](/wiki/Category:Merge_Records_albums \"Merge Records albums\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 1712026 ], "name": [ "PresN" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Gameplay", "Development", "Release", "Reception", "Legacy", "References", "Sources", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n***Microchess***, sometimes written as *MicroChess*, is a [chess program](/wiki/Computer_chess \"Computer chess\") developed for the [MOS Technology KIM\\-1](/wiki/KIM-1 \"KIM-1\") microcomputer by [Peter R. Jennings](/wiki/Peter_R._Jennings \"Peter R. Jennings\") in 1976, and published by his company Micro\\-Ware. The game plays chess against the human player at a beginner level, with the player entering moves via a keyboard and the computer responding, both in a custom [chess notation](/wiki/Chess_notation \"Chess notation\"). The game was [ported](/wiki/Porting \"Porting\") to many other microcomputers such as the [TRS\\-80](/wiki/TRS-80 \"TRS-80\"), [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II \"Apple II\"), [Commodore PET](/wiki/Commodore_PET \"Commodore PET\"), and [Atari 8\\-bit computers](/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers \"Atari 8-bit computers\") by Micro\\-Ware and its successor company Personal Software (later [VisiCorp](/wiki/VisiCorp \"VisiCorp\")) between 1976 and 1980, with later versions featuring graphics and more levels of play. A dedicated hardware version of the game called *ChessMate* was produced by [Commodore International](/wiki/Commodore_International \"Commodore International\") in 1978, and the game's engine was licensed to Novag for its dedicated *Chess Champion Mk II* chess computer in 1979\\.\n\nThe game was created by Jennings over the course of around six months in 1976\\. He developed it with the aim of making a product that could be widely sold, rather than as the most advanced chess engine possible. It was possibly the first computer game to be sold commercially, and was the first commercial chess program for microcomputers and the first software package to sell 50,000 copies. Micro\\-Ware itself was possibly the first software publishing company. *Microchess* ultimately sold over a million copies across all of its versions by the mid\\-1980s, and variants were sold into the early 1990s. Despite being commercially successful, it has been largely regarded by critics as a poor chess game.\n\n", "Gameplay\n--------\n\n*Microchess* is a [chess program](/wiki/Computer_chess \"Computer chess\") that allows the user to play against a low\\-level computer opponent. Earlier versions of the game did not have video output: the player would use the keyboard to enter moves using a custom [notation](/wiki/Chess_notation \"Chess notation\"), and the program would provide its replies using the same notation. Later versions of the game for other microcomputers had visual outputs of the chess board. The program can run at one of three speeds: it could respond instantly, after calculating for 5–10 seconds, or it could use enough time that a full game may last an hour. While calculating its move, it looks up to three [plies](/wiki/Ply_%28game_theory%29 \"Ply (game theory)\") ahead. It has been estimated to have the strength of a beginning player, at around 1100 [Elo](/wiki/Elo_rating_system \"Elo rating system\").\n\n", "Development\n-----------\n\n*Microchess* was developed by [Peter R. Jennings](/wiki/Peter_R._Jennings \"Peter R. Jennings\") in Toronto, Canada in 1976\\. Jennings had wanted to create a chess program for many years after reading a *[Scientific American](/wiki/Scientific_American \"Scientific American\")* article on the subject. Upon reading an article about [MOS Technology](/wiki/MOS_Technology \"MOS Technology\")'s new [KIM\\-1](/wiki/KIM-1 \"KIM-1\") microcomputer, Jennings decided to buy one and try writing his own program. His intention during development was to create a game he could sell—first for the KIM\\-1, and then for other microcomputers—rather than to design the best possible chess engine.\n\nJennings began work on the game in May 1976\\. Within weeks, he had a program that could play chess against a human player. Over the next six months, he continued to iterate on the game, improving the computer's ability to understand moves and strategy while working within the KIM\\-1's limitations, including its 1[kB](/wiki/Kilobyte \"Kilobyte\") of memory. In 1976, the KIM\\-1 also lacked both a video display and a full keyboard. The game was designed such that players would input their moves using a custom notation, and the computer would respond with the notation for its own moves printed on a small [seven\\-segment display](/wiki/Seven-segment_display \"Seven-segment display\"), with the player possibly making use of a physical chess board to keep track of the game. A short announcement previewing the game was made in the *KIM\\-1 User Notes* fan magazine in November 1976, after another Toronto KIM\\-1 user played the game and wrote in. The announcement led to Jennings receiving calls and letters from enthusiasts asking when the game would be complete. That same month, an incomplete version of the game was demonstrated at a trade show by MOS Technology. The game was completed in December.\n\n", "Release\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Graphical *Microchess 1\\.5* on a TRS\\-80 microcomputer\\|alt\\=Black and white depiction of a chessboard on a computer screen](/wiki/File:Microchess_TRS-80.jpg \"Microchess TRS-80.jpg\")\nJennings released *Microchess* on December 18, 1976, and sent announcements of the game to hobbyist magazines and catalogues. On April 1, 1977, he founded Micro\\-Ware for the purpose of selling the game. Initial sales of *Microchess* were not of the program on a [cassette tape](/wiki/Cassette_tape \"Cassette tape\"), but were instead a printed booklet of computer code which the player would need to type into the computer to write the program and then save it to their own tape. According to Jennings this was because he was working at another job and did not have time to make copies of tapes to sell, as it was a difficult process at the time. Additionally, there was no commercial software market and most programs were distributed via printed source code in books and magazines to computer enthusiasts, the target audience of the game. After a couple of months, Micro\\-Ware began selling [paper tapes](/wiki/Punched_tape \"Punched tape\") and cassette tapes of the program directly and through distributors, though the source code to the game was still included in the manual. *Microchess* was sold for $10 per copy, in either US or Canadian currency; $12 for a copy that included a paper tape; and $13 for a copy on cassette tape.\n\n[Chuck Peddle](/wiki/Chuck_Peddle \"Chuck Peddle\"), president of MOS Technology, offered to buy the rights to the game for $1,000, but Jennings refused to sell, believing his mail\\-order sales would make more. The game was widely sold for KIM\\-1 computers, partially due to MOS Technology including advertisements for the game with the computer. Reportedly some sales of the computer were specifically to play the game; according to Jennings, the price of the computer plus the game was similar to that of Fidelity Electronics's Chess Challenger (1977\\), the first dedicated chess computer. Versions of *Microchess* were released for other microcomputer in 1977, with minimal changes as Jennings was not interested in improving the program, only selling it more widely. A version for the [Altair 8800](/wiki/Altair_8800 \"Altair 8800\") was produced in April 1977, with the [port](/wiki/Porting \"Porting\") done by Terry O'Brian, a member of the local Toronto computer club. For that and later versions the source code was no longer printed in the manual as it was much longer than it had been for the KIM\\-1\\.\n\nIn 1978, Jennings and Micro\\-Ware produced an improved, dedicated chess computer version of the game, *ChessMate*, which was produced by [Commodore International](/wiki/Commodore_International \"Commodore International\"). The game's engine was also licensed to Novag for its dedicated *Chess Champion Mk II* in 1979\\. Former World Chess Champion [Bobby Fischer](/wiki/Bobby_Fischer \"Bobby Fischer\") met with Jennings, and played against *ChessMate*. He considered licensing his name for the product, but ultimately decided against it. That same year, version 1\\.5 was released for the TRS\\-80, as well as version 2\\.0 for the [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II \"Apple II\"), [Commodore PET](/wiki/Commodore_PET \"Commodore PET\"), and [Atari 8\\-bit](/wiki/Atari_8-bit \"Atari 8-bit\") computers, both of which included black\\-and\\-white graphics of a chessboard. Other features added in these versions included multiple levels of play, with 1\\.5 having three levels, and 2\\.0 having eight. A final version of *Microchess* with color graphics was released for the [TRS\\-80 Color Computer](/wiki/TRS-80_Color_Computer \"TRS-80 Color Computer\") in 1980\\. As the successor to Micro\\-Ware, [Personal Software](/wiki/Personal_Software \"Personal Software\"), did not deal with computer games at the time, Jennings created the port himself.\n\n", "Reception\n---------\n\n*Microchess* was a major success for the late 1970s computer market. According to Jennings, it was the first computer game to be sold commercially, while video game and computer historians have termed it the first \"commercially sold home computer game\", the first commercial computer game \"not released by a hardware company\" and the first commercial chess program for microcomputers. Over 1,000 copies of the game were sold by mid\\-1977, leading Jennings to quit his job and run Micro\\-Ware full\\-time. The game's success grew as Jennings released it for more microcomputer systems and the overall microcomputer market expanded. The game made Micro\\-Ware over $1 million by 1978, and was claimed in 1981 by Personal Software to have been the first computer program of any kind to do so. It sold 50,000 copies by 1979, also claimed by Personal Software to be the first software product to do so, and according to Jennings at one point copies of *Microchess* had been sold to 30% of computer owners in existence. The majority of the copies sold in the 1970s were for the TRS\\-80, as [Radioshack](/wiki/Radioshack \"Radioshack\") carried that version of the game in stores. *ChessMate* also sold tens of thousands of copies. Over one million copies of the game in its various versions were sold by the mid\\-1980s, and the TRS\\-80 color chess version was sold into the early 1990s.\n\nAccording to Jennings, many buyers of the game did not know how to play chess nor were interested in learning, but were instead interested in having software that had a real\\-world analogue to show people. As the commercial video game industry was only beginning, *Microchess* did not receive reviews like more recent video games, and its ability to play chess and thus interest among chess players was quickly surpassed by games such as *[Sargon](/wiki/Sargon_%28chess%29 \"Sargon (chess)\")* (1978\\). *[BYTE](/wiki/Byte_%28magazine%29 \"Byte (magazine)\")* in 1981 wrote that when chess programs such as *Microchess* appeared, \"we all laughed and proceeded to demolish them ... microcomputer chess programs had a poor reputation\". Chess player and historian [Tim Harding](/wiki/Tim_Harding_%28chess_player%29 \"Tim Harding (chess player)\"), in a 1985 book on chess computers, called *Microchess* \"dreadful\" and vastly inferior to *[Sargon II](/wiki/Sargon_II_%28video_game%29 \"Sargon II (video game)\")* (1979\\).\n\n", "Legacy\n------\n\n*Microchess* led to the creation of Micro\\-Ware, possibly the first software publishing company. In 1978, Micro\\-Ware merged with software publisher Personal Software, operated by [Dan Fylstra](/wiki/Dan_Fylstra \"Dan Fylstra\"), who had seen the game at the November 1976 show and bought the third\\-ever sold copy, with Fylstra and Jennings as co\\-owners. The resulting company, still named Personal Software, paid royalties to Jennings for *Microchess*, but Jennings soon funneled that money into funding the development of [VisiCalc](/wiki/VisiCalc \"VisiCalc\") (1979\\), the first [spreadsheet](/wiki/Spreadsheet \"Spreadsheet\") software. This led the company to rebrand as [VisiCorp](/wiki/VisiCorp \"VisiCorp\") in 1982\\.\n\nChuck Peddle later said that *Microchess* was a critical success for the KIM\\-1, and that it and Jennings were crucial to successfully launching the Commodore PET in 1977\\. As the source code was included with the game, Jennings encouraged players to write their own additions to the program. He claims that most additions were for supporting additional input or output types or adding the ability to recognize more [chess openings](/wiki/Chess_opening \"Chess opening\") than the limited memory of the base KIM\\-1 had allowed, and that no bugs or mistakes in the code were ever found. Jennings later noted that Micro\\-Ware sold many more early copies of the game for the KIM\\-1 than for the Altair 8800 microcomputers, despite the latter being much more popular. He attributes this to the more popular microcomputers having hobbyist clubs that shared software, while less popular microcomputer owners all had to purchase their own copies.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "Sources\n-------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [The history of *Microchess* by Jennings](http://www.benlo.com/microchess/microchess.html), with manuals and complete source code\n* [KIM\\-1 source code](https://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/software/4-1.MicroChess_%20Source.1976.JENNINGS/4-1.MicroChess_%20Source.1976.JENNINGS.pdf) at the [Computer History Museum](/wiki/Computer_History_Museum \"Computer History Museum\")\n* [Windows port of *Microchess*](http://www.andreadrian.de/schach/index.html) \n\n[Category:1976 video games](/wiki/Category:1976_video_games \"1976 video games\")\n[Category:Apple II games](/wiki/Category:Apple_II_games \"Apple II games\")\n[Category:Atari 8\\-bit computer games](/wiki/Category:Atari_8-bit_computer_games \"Atari 8-bit computer games\")\n[Category:Chess software](/wiki/Category:Chess_software \"Chess software\")\n[Category:Commodore PET games](/wiki/Category:Commodore_PET_games \"Commodore PET games\")\n[Category:TRS\\-80 games](/wiki/Category:TRS-80_games \"TRS-80 games\")\n[Category:TRS\\-80 Color Computer games](/wiki/Category:TRS-80_Color_Computer_games \"TRS-80 Color Computer games\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 7098284 ], "name": [ "Tassedethe" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n***Adelante*** is a [Cuban](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") [newspaper](/wiki/Newspaper \"Newspaper\") started in 1959\\. It is published in [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\"), with an online [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") edition. The newspaper is located in [Camagüey](/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey \"Camagüey\").\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Adelante online](http://www.adelante.cu/index.php/es/) \n* [Adelante online](http://www.adelante.cu/index.php/en/) \n\n[Category:1959 establishments in Cuba](/wiki/Category:1959_establishments_in_Cuba \"1959 establishments in Cuba\")\n[Category:Mass media in Camagüey](/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Camag%C3%BCey \"Mass media in Camagüey\")\n[Category:Newspapers published in Cuba](/wiki/Category:Newspapers_published_in_Cuba \"Newspapers published in Cuba\")\n[Category:Newspapers established in 1959](/wiki/Category:Newspapers_established_in_1959 \"Newspapers established in 1959\")\n[Category:Spanish\\-language newspapers](/wiki/Category:Spanish-language_newspapers \"Spanish-language newspapers\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 44238690 ], "name": [ "Aviationwikiflight" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Fleet", "Accidents and incidents", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Birgenair** was a Turkish [charter airline](/wiki/Air_charter \"Air charter\") established in 1988 with headquarters in [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\"), Turkey.[60 Flight International. 29 March\\-4 April 1995](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1995/1995%20-%200861.html) *World Airline Directory*. It ceased operations in October 1996, following the crash of [Birgenair Flight 301](/wiki/Birgenair_Flight_301 \"Birgenair Flight 301\").\n\n", "History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|A Birgenair [Douglas DC\\-8\\-61](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8-61 \"Douglas DC-8-61\") at [London Stansted Airport](/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport \"London Stansted Airport\") in 1989Birgenair](/wiki/File:Birgenair_Douglas_DC-8_Hoppe.jpg \"Birgenair Douglas DC-8 Hoppe.jpg\") was founded in 1988 and began flight operations in August 1989 with a [Douglas DC\\-8\\-61](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8-61 \"Douglas DC-8-61\").JP airline\\-fleets international, Edition 90/91 The aircraft initially came on special charter flights for Turkish [guest workers](/wiki/Guest_workers \"Guest workers\").Leisure Airlines of Europe, K. Vomhof, 2001 With the increase in [mass tourism](/wiki/Mass_tourism \"Mass tourism\") in Turkey, a close cooperation with the German [tour operator](/wiki/Tour_operator \"Tour operator\") developed *Öger Tours* that allowed the company to expand in the early 1990s. In April 1992, the fleet was expanded with a [Boeing 757\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_757-200 \"Boeing 757-200\") and in March 1993 with a [Boeing 737\\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737-300 \"Boeing 737-300\").JP airline\\-fleets international, Edition 93/94 To improve the utilization of the aircraft, the Boeing 757 was operated temporarily for other airlines in the wet\\-lease in the winter months with little demand, including for the Caribbean Airways, based in [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados \"Barbados\").JP airline\\-fleets international, Edition 94/95 The company sold its DC\\-8 in 1994 to [ABX Air](/wiki/ABX_Air \"ABX Air\") and leased successively two [Boeing 727\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_727-200 \"Boeing 727-200\") from [Yemenia](/wiki/Yemenia \"Yemenia\") and one [McDonnell Douglas DC\\-10\\-30](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-30 \"McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30\") from [Skyjet](/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Belgium \"List of defunct airlines of Belgium\").\n\nIn order to be able to continue its transatlantic flights in the winter season 1995/96, Öger Tours and Birgenair entered into a cooperation with the newly founded Dominican company [Alas Nacionales](/wiki/Alas_Nacionales \"Alas Nacionales\") in 1995\\. This Puerto Plata\\-based company held an [Air Operator Certificate](/wiki/Air_Operator_Certificate \"Air Operator Certificate\"), but no aircraft. Alas Nacionales applied for route rights for flights to Germany, which should be operated by Birgenair. In return, the shareholders of the Dominican company were offered the prospect of a bonus of 10 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark \"Deutsche Mark\") per passenger carried. After receiving the flight rights, Birgenair transferred its [Boeing 767\\-200ER](/wiki/Boeing_767-200ER \"Boeing 767-200ER\") to the Dominican Republic, where the aircraft was registered with the partner company on October 25, 1995, with the registration HI\\-660CA. The aircraft officially leased to Alas Nacionales continued to wear the colors of Turkish society except for a changed lettering. Its charter flights between the Dominican Republic and Germany began a week later. In addition, Birgenair rented its [Boeing 757\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_757-200 \"Boeing 757-200\") to the Argentine airline [STAF](/wiki/Servicios_de_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Fueguinos \"Servicios de Transportes Aéreos Fueguinos\") in November 1995 and used it on five flight pairs between the Dominican Republic and Buenos Aires. After the lease ended in January 1996, the Boeing 757 was parked in [Puerto Plata](/wiki/Puerto_Plata_%28city%29 \"Puerto Plata (city)\").\n\nMassive negative publicity about Birgenair and other discount flight organizers in Germany following [Birgenair Flight 301](/wiki/Birgenair_Flight_301 \"Birgenair Flight 301\") caused a sharp decline in reservations. As a result, Birgenair suspended all flights immediately after the crash. It was originally planned to resume flight operations in the following year. However, the company filed for bankruptcy later that year.\n\n", "Fleet\n-----\n\n[thumb\\|A Birgenair [Boeing 757\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_757-200 \"Boeing 757-200\") at [Berlin Schönefeld Airport](/wiki/Berlin_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_Airport \"Berlin Schönefeld Airport\") in 1995\\. This aircraft, TC\\-GEN, would later crash near Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic as [Flight 301](/wiki/Birgenair_Flight_301 \"Birgenair Flight 301\").](/wiki/File:Birgenair_tcgen.jpg \"Birgenair tcgen.jpg\")\nOver the years, Birgenair operated the following aircraft types:\n\n| \\+ Birgenair fleet |\n| --- |\n| Aircraft | Total | Introduced | Retired | Notes |\n| [Boeing 707\\-320C](/wiki/Boeing_707-320C \"Boeing 707-320C\") | 1 | 1991 | 1991 | Leased from [TAROM](/wiki/TAROM \"TAROM\"). |\n| [Boeing 727\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_727-200 \"Boeing 727-200\") | 2 | 1994 | 1994 | Leased from [Yemenia](/wiki/Yemenia \"Yemenia\"). |\n| [Boeing 737\\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737-300 \"Boeing 737-300\") | 1 | 1993 | 1996 | |\n| [Boeing 757\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_757-200 \"Boeing 757-200\") | 2 | 1992 | 1996 | One crashed as [Flight 301](/wiki/Birgenair_Flight_301 \"Birgenair Flight 301\") |\n| [Boeing 767\\-200ER](/wiki/Boeing_767-200ER \"Boeing 767-200ER\") | 1 | 1995 | 1996 | Leased to [Alas Nacionales](/wiki/Alas_Nacionales \"Alas Nacionales\") |\n| [Douglas DC\\-8\\-61](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8-61 \"Douglas DC-8-61\") | 1 | 1989 | 1994 | |\n| [McDonnell Douglas DC\\-10\\-30](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-30 \"McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30\") | 1 | 1994 | 1994 | Leased from [Skyjet](/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Belgium \"List of defunct airlines of Belgium\"). |\n|\n\n", "Accidents and incidents\n-----------------------\n\nOn February 6, 1996, [Birgenair Flight 301](/wiki/Birgenair_Flight_301 \"Birgenair Flight 301\") was bound for [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\"), Germany but crashed shortly after take\\-off from [Puerto Plata Airport](/wiki/Puerto_Plata_Airport \"Puerto Plata Airport\") in the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\") into [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\") 26 kilometres off\\-shore. All 176 passengers and 13 crew members were killed on impact. It was found that one of the air speed indicators of the [Boeing 757\\-200](/wiki/Boeing_757-200 \"Boeing 757-200\") was not working properly due to a mud dauber wasp having made a nest in a pitot tube, confusing the pilots about whether the plane's speed was too fast or too slow. The black box, data recorder pointed to error by the captain, because instead of measuring the air speed through one of the working air speed indicators he continued to use the faulty indicator and did not return to the airport. The aircraft was leased due to a problem on the scheduled aircraft for the flight.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [List of defunct airlines of Turkey](/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Turkey \"List of defunct airlines of Turkey\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Fleet data](http://www.airfleets.net/flottecie/Birgenair.htm)\n\n[Category:Defunct airlines of Turkey](/wiki/Category:Defunct_airlines_of_Turkey \"Defunct airlines of Turkey\")\n[Category:Airlines established in 1988](/wiki/Category:Airlines_established_in_1988 \"Airlines established in 1988\")\n[Category:Airlines disestablished in 1996](/wiki/Category:Airlines_disestablished_in_1996 \"Airlines disestablished in 1996\")\n[Category:Turkish companies established in 1988](/wiki/Category:Turkish_companies_established_in_1988 \"Turkish companies established in 1988\")\n[Category:1996 disestablishments in Turkey](/wiki/Category:1996_disestablishments_in_Turkey \"1996 disestablishments in Turkey\")\n[Category:Defunct charter airlines of Turkey](/wiki/Category:Defunct_charter_airlines_of_Turkey \"Defunct charter airlines of Turkey\")\n[Category:Companies based in Istanbul](/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Istanbul \"Companies based in Istanbul\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "78.63.94.53" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "D1/D11{{anchor|D1|D11}}", "D2", "D3", "D1 (VW Phaeton/Bentley){{Anchor|D1s}}", "D4", "D5", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **Volkswagen Group D platform** is a series of [automobile platforms](/wiki/Automobile_platform \"Automobile platform\") from the [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") [concern](/wiki/Concern_%28business%29 \"Concern (business)\") [Volkswagen Group](/wiki/Volkswagen_Group \"Volkswagen Group\"). It has been used for [large](/wiki/Full-size_car \"Full-size car\") [luxury automobiles](/wiki/Luxury_vehicle \"Luxury vehicle\"). Originally used by the [Audi](/wiki/Audi \"Audi\") [marque](/wiki/Marque \"Marque\"), it is also latterly used by the [Volkswagen Passenger Cars](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\"), and [Bentley](/wiki/Bentley \"Bentley\") marques.\n\n", "D1/D11\n-------------------------\n\nThe **D1** (also known as the **D11**) platform was based on a stretched version of the [Volkswagen Group C3/C4 platform](/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_C_platform%23C3 \"Volkswagen Group C platform#C3\"):\n* [Audi V8](/wiki/Audi_V8 \"Audi V8\") (*Typ* 44\\) (1988–1991\\)\n* Audi V8 (*Typ* 4C) (1991–1994\\)\n\n", "D2\n--\n\nThe **D2** platform is an all [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\") [monocoque](/wiki/Monocoque \"Monocoque\"), based on [space frame](/wiki/Space_frame \"Space frame\") principles, which helped to significantly reduce weight without being any less rigid. Audi AG refers to this type of construction as the \"Audi Space Frame\" (ASF). It is technically the first 'original' D platform.\n\n* [Audi A8](/wiki/Audi_A8%23D2 \"Audi A8#D2\") (1994–2003\\)\n* [Audi S8](/wiki/Audi_S8%23D2 \"Audi S8#D2\") (1996–2003\\)\n", "D3\n--\n\nThe **D3** platform, also employing an aluminium space frame, was used for the second generation Audi A8, A8L, and S8\\.\n\n* [Audi A8](/wiki/Audi_A8%23D3 \"Audi A8#D3\") (2003–2010\\)\n* [Audi S8](/wiki/Audi_S8%23D3 \"Audi S8#D3\") (2006–2010\\)\n\n### D1 (VW Phaeton/Bentley)\n\nThe **D1** platform cars (not to be confused with the earlier Audi V8 platform) share some components with the D3 platform, but have conventional [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") bodyshell construction.\n\n* [Bentley Continental GT](/wiki/Bentley_Continental_GT \"Bentley Continental GT\") (*Typ* 3W, 2004–2018\\)\n* [Bentley Flying Spur](/wiki/Bentley_Flying_Spur_%282005%29 \"Bentley Flying Spur (2005)\") (*Typ* 3W, 2005–2019\\)\n* [Volkswagen Phaeton](/wiki/Volkswagen_Phaeton \"Volkswagen Phaeton\") (*Typ* 3D, 2003–2016\\)\n* [Porsche Panamera](/wiki/Porsche_Panamera \"Porsche Panamera\") (*Typ* 3D, 2010\\-2016\\)\n", "### D1 (VW Phaeton/Bentley)\n\nThe **D1** platform cars (not to be confused with the earlier Audi V8 platform) share some components with the D3 platform, but have conventional [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") bodyshell construction.\n\n* [Bentley Continental GT](/wiki/Bentley_Continental_GT \"Bentley Continental GT\") (*Typ* 3W, 2004–2018\\)\n* [Bentley Flying Spur](/wiki/Bentley_Flying_Spur_%282005%29 \"Bentley Flying Spur (2005)\") (*Typ* 3W, 2005–2019\\)\n* [Volkswagen Phaeton](/wiki/Volkswagen_Phaeton \"Volkswagen Phaeton\") (*Typ* 3D, 2003–2016\\)\n* [Porsche Panamera](/wiki/Porsche_Panamera \"Porsche Panamera\") (*Typ* 3D, 2010\\-2016\\)\n", "D4\n--\n\nThe [third generation Audi A8](/wiki/Audi_A8%23D4 \"Audi A8#D4\") launched in 2009 is sometimes referred to as the \"D4\" generation A8\\. This model combines an aluminium Audi Space Frame (ASF) structure but no longer uses the D platform, but the Audi\\-developed [MLB component matrix](/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_MLB_platform \"Volkswagen Group MLB platform\").\n\n", "D5\n--\n\nThe [Fourth generation Audi A8](/wiki/Audi_A8%23Fourth_generation_%28D5_Typ_4N%3B_2018%E2%80%93present%29 \"Audi A8#Fourth generation (D5 Typ 4N; 2018–present)\") launched in 2018 is sometimes referred to as the \"D5\" generation A8\\. This model combines an aluminium Audi Space Frame (ASF) structure but no longer uses the D platform, but the Audi\\-developed [MLB Evo](/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_MLB_platform%23MLB_Evo \"Volkswagen Group MLB platform#MLB Evo\").\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Volkswagen Group corporate website](http://www.VolkswagenAG.com)\n\n[D](/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_Group_platforms \"Volkswagen Group platforms\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 230475 ], "name": [ "Naraht" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Approach", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\nThe **New York Legal Assistance Group** (**NYLAG**) is a [non\\-profit](/wiki/Non-profit \"Non-profit\") organization that provides free civil legal services to low\\-income [New Yorkers](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). Its services include direct representation, case consultation, advocacy, community education, training, financial counseling, and [impact litigation](/wiki/Impact_litigation \"Impact litigation\").\n\n", "Approach\n--------\n\nNYLAG is able to provide services to undocumented immigrants, and individuals and families who earn above the government\\-designated [poverty threshold](/wiki/Poverty_threshold \"Poverty threshold\") because the agency does not accept Federal [Legal Services Corporation](/wiki/Legal_Services_Corporation \"Legal Services Corporation\") funding. In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, NYLAG had a budget of $26 million, supplemented by partnerships with law firms and volunteers that donated over 100,000 hours in [pro bono](/wiki/Pro_bono \"Pro bono\") services, valued at over $26 million. On average, NYLAG provides services at an internal cost of $200 per client. In 2016, the agency served over 74,000 clients \\- over fifty per cent of whom were immigrants.\n\nNYLAG has 150 community offices located in courts, hospitals, and community\\- based organizations in all five boroughs of New York City, Long Island and Westchester and Rockland Counties. The agency partners with 600 health and human services agencies, and provides cross\\-referrals.\n\nThe agency has a paid staff of 284 and uses the services of approximately 2,200 pro bono attorneys and other volunteers.\n\nPopulations Served: immigrants, children with special needs, victims of domestic violence, veterans, elderly, Holocaust survivors, LGBTQ, disabled, tenants, homeowners, victims of natural disasters, serious or chronically ill patients, and consumers.\n\nIn 2008, NYLAG filed a class action lawsuit with the [Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund](/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Legal_Defense_and_Education_Fund \"Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund\"), suing the United States government for delays in the processing of Immigration Applications.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:New York (state) law](/wiki/Category:New_York_%28state%29_law \"New York (state) law\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 47732363 ], "name": [ "Numberguy6Bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n[200px\\|right](/wiki/Image:Osten.jpg \"Osten.jpg\")\n**Osten Transporter Bridge** is an long [transporter bridge](/wiki/Transporter_bridge \"Transporter bridge\") over the [Oste](/wiki/Oste \"Oste\") River in [Osten (Oste)](/wiki/Osten_%28Oste%29 \"Osten (Oste)\"), [Lower Saxony](/wiki/Lower_Saxony \"Lower Saxony\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"). It was built in 1908\\-9 and was in regular use until 1974 and is now only used as a tourist attraction.\nThe bridge can transport 6 cars or 100 persons simultaneously.\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* <http://www.schwebefaehre.org/>\n[Category:Road bridges in Germany](/wiki/Category:Road_bridges_in_Germany \"Road bridges in Germany\")\n[Category:Transporter bridges](/wiki/Category:Transporter_bridges \"Transporter bridges\")\n[Category:Bridges completed in 1909](/wiki/Category:Bridges_completed_in_1909 \"Bridges completed in 1909\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Cuxhaven (district)](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Cuxhaven_%28district%29 \"Buildings and structures in Cuxhaven (district)\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 47586208 ], "name": [ "Fredyks" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Jewish migration to Argentina and early Zionist plans", "Conspiracy theory", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\nThe **Andinia Plan** () is a [conspiracy theory](/wiki/Conspiracy_theory \"Conspiracy theory\") that alleged plans to establish a [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") state in parts of [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\") and [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"). It is partly based on historical [organized Jewish migration to Argentina](/wiki/Jewish_gauchos \"Jewish gauchos\") and proposals for a Jewish state there in the late 19th and the early 20th century. \n\nThis alleged plan has been used in Argentina as a [rhetorical device](/wiki/Rhetorical_device \"Rhetorical device\") by [far right](/wiki/Far_right \"Far right\") circles to attack Jews and Jewish institutions. In 1971 a leaflet appeared among officers in the Argentinean army under the name \"Plan Andinia,\" which accused international Jewry and [Zionists](/wiki/Zionism \"Zionism\") of planning to take over southern Argentina.\n\nNo evidence of a plan's actual existence has ever been brought up, making it, according to the US\\-based [Anti\\-Defamation League](/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League \"Anti-Defamation League\"), an example of a conspiracy theory.\n\n", "Jewish migration to Argentina and early Zionist plans\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nStarting in 1880, Argentine governments had a policy of massive immigration, and the [liberal](/wiki/Liberalism \"Liberalism\") tendencies of the [Roca](/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca \"Julio Argentino Roca\") administration were instrumental in making European Jews feel welcome.\n\n[Maurice de Hirsch](/wiki/Maurice_de_Hirsch \"Maurice de Hirsch\") sponsored the [Jewish Colonization Association](/wiki/Jewish_Colonization_Association \"Jewish Colonization Association\"), initially promoted by French rabbi [Zadoc Kahn](/wiki/Zadoc_Kahn \"Zadoc Kahn\"), for the support of agricultural settlements, and the idea was seriously considered as an alternative to Palestine by leading Zionists. It is unclear if [Theodor Herzl](/wiki/Theodor_Herzl \"Theodor Herzl\") seriously considered this alternative plan,Friedman, M. (Motti) (2021\\). Theodor Herzl's Zionist Journey – Exodus and Return. Walter de Gruyter GmbH \\& Co KG. pp.239\\-240 however, these plans only included a local Jewish autonomy, rather than an independent Jewish state. The notion of a Jewish homeland, not in Palestine, but elsewhere in the world, such as a region of South America or [in East Africa](/wiki/Uganda_Scheme \"Uganda Scheme\"), eventually led to the schism of the [Jewish Territorialist Organization](/wiki/Jewish_Territorialist_Organization \"Jewish Territorialist Organization\"). The actual early 20th\\-century Jewish settlement effort was rather focused on the other extremity of the country, [Entre Ríos Province](/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province \"Entre Ríos Province\") and surroundings, where it coexisted alongside other European settlements.\n\nThe Jewish population in Argentina grew and prospered in the ensuing years, though the community eventually became much more urban.\n\n", "Conspiracy theory\n-----------------\n\nThe extreme right\\-wing had a strong foothold in the Argentine military, mostly through the teachings of [Jordán Bruno Genta](/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_Bruno_Genta \"Jordán Bruno Genta\"). In these circles, the Andinia Plan was sometimes assumed to be a fact, even though the Zionist movement had abandoned all plans related to Argentina decades earlier, and Argentine Jewish institutions (headed by *[Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas](/wiki/Delegaci%C3%B3n_de_Asociaciones_Israelitas_Argentinas \"Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas\")*) were recognized by (and conversant with) all Argentine governments, including military juntas.\n\nLater versions of the Plan, as published in Argentine [Neo\\-Nazi](/wiki/Neo-Nazi \"Neo-Nazi\") media in the 1970s, involved an alleged [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") with the intention to conquer parts of [Patagonia](/wiki/Patagonia \"Patagonia\") in Argentina's south, and declare a Jewish state. This theory did not take hold in mainstream political discourse. Many Israelis tour [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\"), some of them immediately after their [military service](/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces \"Israeli Defense Forces\") as a [gap year](/wiki/Gap_year \"Gap year\") experience, with Patagonia being a favored destination, this is believed by conspiracy theories to be attempts to carry out the aforementioned Andinia Plan. However, there are strong reasons to doubt the relationship of these facts with the materialization of a plot to make Patagonia a *second Israel*, of which there is no evidence according to academic studies and the facts.\n\nDuring the [1976–1983 dictatorship](/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process \"National Reorganization Process\"), some Jewish prisoners of the armed forces, notably [Jacobo Timerman](/wiki/Jacobo_Timerman \"Jacobo Timerman\"), were [tortured](/wiki/Torture \"Torture\") for information about the Andinia plan, and were asked to provide details regarding the alleged preparations of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") for the invasion of Patagonia.\n\nTimerman recalled details of the interrogation about the Plan Andinia – and his response to the absurdity of such a concept – in *Preso Sin Nombre, Celda Sin Número* (Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a Number).\n\nOn December 27, 2011, Israeli tourist Rother Singer started an accidental fire in [Torres del Paine National Park](/wiki/Torres_del_Paine_National_Park%23fire \"Torres del Paine National Park#fire\"), Chilean Patagonia. The fire took several days to be extinguished and burned more than . Singer was taken into custody by Chilean police and entered a plea in which he agreed to pay 4\\.8 million Chilean pesos (US$10,000\\) to [CONAF](/wiki/CONAF \"CONAF\") and leave the country. This caused rage amongst some Chileans, who expected a prison sentence, with some protesters gathering outside the courthouse. In 2015, Chilean Supreme Court ratified the sentence. This case was reported in national and international media, introducing the \"Plan Andinia\" concept into the common Chilean knowledge, leading that in 2012, some Chilean politicians including members of the [National Congress](/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile \"National Congress of Chile\") from the [Christian Democratic Party](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_%28Chile%29 \"Christian Democratic Party (Chile)\") and the [Party for Democracy](/wiki/Party_for_Democracy_%28Chile%29 \"Party for Democracy (Chile)\") alleged that the fire in the Chilean Patagonia was in some way connected to the Andinia plan, prompting condemnation from the ADL.\nIn a February 2017 interview, the director of CONAF Magallanes stated that according to park statistics for the past five years, Israeli tourists accounted for almost two thirds of expulsions from Parque Nacional Torres del Paine, resulting in local hostels not taking in Israeli nationals \n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Judeopolonia](/wiki/Judeopolonia \"Judeopolonia\")\n* [Proposals for a Jewish state](/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state \"Proposals for a Jewish state\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Conspiracy theories involving Israel](/wiki/Category:Conspiracy_theories_involving_Israel \"Conspiracy theories involving Israel\")\n[Category:Conspiracy theories involving Jews](/wiki/Category:Conspiracy_theories_involving_Jews \"Conspiracy theories involving Jews\")\n[Category:Antisemitism in Argentina](/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Argentina \"Antisemitism in Argentina\")\n[Category:Neo\\-Nazism in Argentina](/wiki/Category:Neo-Nazism_in_Argentina \"Neo-Nazism in Argentina\")\n[Category:Jewish Argentine history](/wiki/Category:Jewish_Argentine_history \"Jewish Argentine history\")\n[Category:Antisemitic forgeries](/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_forgeries \"Antisemitic forgeries\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 1189543 ], "name": [ "Simeon" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Kateryna Valeriyivna Serdyuk** (; born January 22, 1983\\) is a [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") [archer](/wiki/Archery \"Archery\").\n\nShe won a silver medal in the team competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics. In the individual event she placed 16th.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n* [Profile](https://web.archive.org/web/20070308230535/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=SERDYKAT01) at Database Olympics\n\n \n\n[Category:1983 births](/wiki/Category:1983_births \"1983 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Ukrainian female archers](/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_female_archers \"Ukrainian female archers\")\n[Category:Archers at the 2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Archers_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics \"Archers at the 2000 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Olympic archers for Ukraine](/wiki/Category:Olympic_archers_for_Ukraine \"Olympic archers for Ukraine\")\n[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Ukraine](/wiki/Category:Olympic_silver_medalists_for_Ukraine \"Olympic silver medalists for Ukraine\")\n[Category:Olympic medalists in archery](/wiki/Category:Olympic_medalists_in_archery \"Olympic medalists in archery\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics \"Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Ukrainian sportswomen](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Ukrainian_sportswomen \"21st-century Ukrainian sportswomen\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 48143370 ], "name": [ "CosmLearner" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Biography", "Works", "Discography", "Albums", "Taknavazan Collection", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Parviz Yahaghi** (; September 23, 1935 – February 2, 2007\\) was a distinguished [Iranian](/wiki/Iranian_peoples \"Iranian peoples\") composer and violinist. He resided in [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\") for practically his whole life, and was born and died there.\n\n", "Biography\n---------\n\nHis birth name was Parviz Sedighi Parsi. He was musically educated primarily by his uncle Hossein Yahaghi, a violinist and violin teacher, from whom Parviz adopted the Yahaghi name. \n\nDuring his youth Parviz was exposed to many highly professional musicians in Tehran who were friends of his uncle. \n\nA notable visitor at his uncle's house was the violin teacher, composer, and [musicologist](/wiki/Musicology \"Musicology\") [Abolhasan Saba](/wiki/Abolhasan_Saba \"Abolhasan Saba\"), who is credited with making improvements in [violin playing technique](/wiki/Violin_technique \"Violin technique\") in the Persian tradition. Saba published a two\\-volume training manual for the violin in 1944\\-45\\.\n\n", "Works\n-----\n\nStarting from about 20 years, Parviz Yahaghi was employed for a little over two decades as a musician with the Iranian government\\-financed radio station. \n\nIn the 1960s and 1970s at the radio station he composed hundreds of pieces both for violin and for celebrated singers in Iran such as [Banan](/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Banan \"Gholam-Hossein Banan\"), [Marzieh](/wiki/Marzieh_%28singer%29 \"Marzieh (singer)\"), [Delkash](/wiki/Delkash \"Delkash\"), Pouran, Elahe, Homeyra, [Mahasti](/wiki/Mahasti \"Mahasti\"), Dariush Rafei, Homayoonpour and Iraj ([Hossein Khajeh Amiri](/wiki/Iraj_%28singer%29 \"Iraj (singer)\")). These compositions were often produced in connection with the long\\-running radio program [Golha](/wiki/Golha_%28radio_programmes%29 \"Golha (radio programmes)\"). \n\nYahaghi's ability in playing violin, his compositions, and his musical director's role made him a central figure in Persian music during the 1970s.\n\nYahaghi's violin is tuned in a way that gives different [resonances](/wiki/Resonance \"Resonance\") and drones to the sound, compared to standard European tuning, and he uses a number of different tuning schemes.\n\nBefore the arrival of the 1979 political revolution in Iran, Yahaghi had already resigned from the government radio station and set up a recording studio of his own in Tehran. In the wake of the revolution, many of Yahaghi's friends and associates departed from Iran and did not return. But Yahaghi stayed. His wife, [Homeyra](/wiki/Homeyra \"Homeyra\"), one of Iran's most famous singers, moved permanently to the USA without him. (The revolutionaries outlawed female solo singing, though women were free to continue to play musical instruments and to sing in choruses.) Yahaghi was arrested, interrogated, and released by the new regime. During the 1980s with the war between Iran and Iraq going on, he was invited by the regime to compose music, particularly patriotic music. He declined. \n\nBut the official authorities came around to viewing him with such esteem that after his death some of his musical instruments, recording equipment and other items were appropriated as national and historic property.\n\n", "Discography\n-----------\n\nParviz Yahaghi's most widely distributed recordings outside Iran is probably the five\\-volume \"*Persian Melodies*\" collection (five compact discs); the four\\-volume \"*Violin Melodies*\" collection is the same thing as the first four volumes of \"*Persian Melodies*\". \n\n### Albums\n\nOther albums by Yahaghi currently in print include:\n\n* \"*Toreh*\" in two volumes (i.e. two compact discs);\n* \"*Tooba*\" (a.k.a. *Tobi*) in two volumes;\n* \"*Taravat*\" in two volumes;\n* the three\\-volume set headlined \"*Iranian Classical Music*\" whose three volumes are called *Ashk \\& Tulu*, *Yad*, and *Faryad*;\n* other albums by Yahaghi in print include \"*Kimia*\", \"*Saz\\-e Del*\", \"*Mehr*\", \"*Mahtab*\", and \"*Raaz \\& Niyaz*\".See: [*Music Box* catalog](https://web.archive.org/web/20040204211615/http://musicboxla.com/yahaghiparviz.html).\n\nThese albums don't contain any overlap in recorded material with themselves or with the *Violin Melodies* collection, although at times one hears some recurring themes being reworked and replayed. All these albums are instrumental only (no singing) and [monophonic](/wiki/Texture_%28music%29%23Types_of_texture \"Texture (music)#Types of texture\") only. (The many early recordings of Yahaghi playing with a singer are published under the singer's name).\n\n### Taknavazan Collection\n\nAdditional instrumental music featuring Yahaghi is available from the Taknavazan Collection. This collection consists of forty compact discs of Persian traditional instrumental music, featuring the violin on the majority of the tracks. \n\nYahaghi plays violin on at least one track on at least 25 of the 40 compact discs. Each disc has approximately four tracks.<https://web.archive.org/web/20080521130724/http://www.musicboxla.com/taknavazan.html>\n\nOther violinists in the Persian tradition who are present in this Taknavazan Collection are [Ali Tajvidi](/wiki/Ali_Tajvidi \"Ali Tajvidi\") (علی تجویدی), [Habibollah Badiei](/wiki/Habibollah_Badiei \"Habibollah Badiei\") (حبیب الله بدیعی), [Homayoun Khorram](/wiki/Homayoun_Khorram \"Homayoun Khorram\") (همايون خرم), and [Asadollah Malek](/wiki/Asadollah_Malek \"Asadollah Malek\") (اسدالله ملک). They were all students of Abolhasan Saba in Tehran. They had also similar aesthetics and technique of Yahaghi. \n\n", "### Albums\n\nOther albums by Yahaghi currently in print include:\n\n* \"*Toreh*\" in two volumes (i.e. two compact discs);\n* \"*Tooba*\" (a.k.a. *Tobi*) in two volumes;\n* \"*Taravat*\" in two volumes;\n* the three\\-volume set headlined \"*Iranian Classical Music*\" whose three volumes are called *Ashk \\& Tulu*, *Yad*, and *Faryad*;\n* other albums by Yahaghi in print include \"*Kimia*\", \"*Saz\\-e Del*\", \"*Mehr*\", \"*Mahtab*\", and \"*Raaz \\& Niyaz*\".See: [*Music Box* catalog](https://web.archive.org/web/20040204211615/http://musicboxla.com/yahaghiparviz.html).\n\nThese albums don't contain any overlap in recorded material with themselves or with the *Violin Melodies* collection, although at times one hears some recurring themes being reworked and replayed. All these albums are instrumental only (no singing) and [monophonic](/wiki/Texture_%28music%29%23Types_of_texture \"Texture (music)#Types of texture\") only. (The many early recordings of Yahaghi playing with a singer are published under the singer's name).\n\n", "### Taknavazan Collection\n\nAdditional instrumental music featuring Yahaghi is available from the Taknavazan Collection. This collection consists of forty compact discs of Persian traditional instrumental music, featuring the violin on the majority of the tracks. \n\nYahaghi plays violin on at least one track on at least 25 of the 40 compact discs. Each disc has approximately four tracks.<https://web.archive.org/web/20080521130724/http://www.musicboxla.com/taknavazan.html>\n\nOther violinists in the Persian tradition who are present in this Taknavazan Collection are [Ali Tajvidi](/wiki/Ali_Tajvidi \"Ali Tajvidi\") (علی تجویدی), [Habibollah Badiei](/wiki/Habibollah_Badiei \"Habibollah Badiei\") (حبیب الله بدیعی), [Homayoun Khorram](/wiki/Homayoun_Khorram \"Homayoun Khorram\") (همايون خرم), and [Asadollah Malek](/wiki/Asadollah_Malek \"Asadollah Malek\") (اسدالله ملک). They were all students of Abolhasan Saba in Tehran. They had also similar aesthetics and technique of Yahaghi. \n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* A five\\-minute sample of Parviz Yahaghi playing violin: [Taknavazan \\#221 (mokhalef segah)](https://soundcloud.com/parvi/parvizyahaghi-taknavazan221-last5minutes). This piece was recorded by and for the government\\-owned radio station in Iran in the early 1970s when Yahaghi was an employee at the station. Apparently, the ultimate copyright holder is the government of Iran, which today does not seek to restrict the free distribution of it. But an authoritative legal statement on its copyright status does not exist, it seems. The same is true for all the rest of the [Golha Radio Programmes](/wiki/Golha_%28radio_programmes%29 \"Golha (radio programmes)\") of pre\\-revolution Iran.\n* Photograph of the graveside Parviz Yahaghi in *[Behesht\\-e Zahra](/wiki/Behesht-e_Zahra \"Behesht-e Zahra\")*, Tehran: [http://www.zahirdowleh.com/Yahaghi\\-parviz.jpg](http://www.zahirdowleh.com/Yahaghi-parviz.jpg).\n* Some photographs of the funeral of Parviz Yahaghi: (1\\) [*Cultural Heritage News Agency*](https://web.archive.org/web/20071128053516/http://www.chnphoto.ir/gallery.php?lang=en&gallery_uid=599), (2\\) [*Persian Culture*](http://www.persiancultures.com/music/yahaghi/parviz_yahaghi_photo.htm).\n* Shahāb Āzādeh, *Yahaghi, an artist without successor*, in Persian, Jadid Online, 21 February 2007, <http://www.jadidonline.com/story/21022007/fq/yahaqhi>. With an audiovisual slideshow: <http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Yahaqtest/yahaqi_high.html> (2 min 33 sec).\n* Alirezā Vāsefi, Remembering the Life of Bizhan Taraqqi (and Parviz Yahaghi), in Persian, Jadid Online, 28 April 2009, <http://www.jadidonline.com/story/28042009/frnk/bijan_taraghi>. With an audiovisual slideshow: <http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Bijan_taraghi_test/bijan_high.html> (8 min 48 sec).\n\n[Category:1935 births](/wiki/Category:1935_births \"1935 births\")\n[Category:2007 deaths](/wiki/Category:2007_deaths \"2007 deaths\")\n[Category:Burials at artist's block of Behesht\\-e Zahra](/wiki/Category:Burials_at_artist%27s_block_of_Behesht-e_Zahra \"Burials at artist's block of Behesht-e Zahra\")\n[Category:Iranian composers](/wiki/Category:Iranian_composers \"Iranian composers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Iranian male singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Iranian_male_singers \"20th-century Iranian male singers\")\n[Category:Iranian violinists](/wiki/Category:Iranian_violinists \"Iranian violinists\")\n[Category:Musicians from Tehran](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Tehran \"Musicians from Tehran\")\n[Category:20th\\-century violinists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_violinists \"20th-century violinists\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 28032115 ], "name": [ "Pppery" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Film, television and theatre", "Music", "Others" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\nA **[perfect crime](/wiki/Perfect_crime \"Perfect crime\")** is a crime committed with sufficient planning and skill that no evidence is apparent, and the culprit cannot be traced.\n\n**Perfect crime**(**s**) or **The Perfect Crime** may also refer to:\n\n", "Film, television and theatre\n----------------------------\n\n* [*A Perfect Crime* (film)](/wiki/A_Perfect_Crime_%28film%29 \"A Perfect Crime (film)\"), a 1921 American silent comedy film\n* [*The Perfect Crime* (1928 film)](/wiki/The_Perfect_Crime_%281928_film%29 \"The Perfect Crime (1928 film)\"), an American silent film\n* [*The Perfect Crime* (1937 film)](/wiki/The_Perfect_Crime_%281937_film%29 \"The Perfect Crime (1937 film)\"), a British crime film\n* [*The Perfect Crime* (1978 film)](/wiki/The_Perfect_Crime_%281978_film%29 \"The Perfect Crime (1978 film)\"), an Italian giallo\\-crime film\n* [*The Perfect Crime* (2004 film)](/wiki/The_Perfect_Crime_%282004_film%29 \"The Perfect Crime (2004 film)\"), or *Crimen Ferpecto*, a Spanish black comedy film\n* [*A Perfect Crime* (TV series)](/wiki/A_Perfect_Crime_%28TV_series%29 \"A Perfect Crime (TV series)\"), a 2020 German docuseries\n* *[Perfect Crimes](/wiki/Perfect_Crimes \"Perfect Crimes\")*, or *Fallen Angels*, a 1993–1995 American TV series\n* [*Perfect Crime* (play)](/wiki/Perfect_Crime_%28play%29 \"Perfect Crime (play)\"), a 1987 play by Warren Manzi\n", "Music\n-----\n\n* [Perfect Crime (band)](/wiki/Perfect_Crime_%28band%29 \"Perfect Crime (band)\"), an early\\-1980s Northern Irish band formed by Gregory Gray\n* [*Perfect Crime* (album)](/wiki/Perfect_Crime_%28album%29 \"Perfect Crime (album)\") or the title song, by Mai Kuraki, 2001\n* [*The Perfect Crime* (Anti\\-Nowhere League album)](/wiki/The_Perfect_Crime_%28Anti-Nowhere_League_album%29 \"The Perfect Crime (Anti-Nowhere League album)\"), 1987\n* [*The Perfect Crime* (Cold Chisel album)](/wiki/The_Perfect_Crime_%28Cold_Chisel_album%29 \"The Perfect Crime (Cold Chisel album)\") or the title song, 2015\n* \"[The Perfect Crime No. 2](/wiki/The_Perfect_Crime_No._2 \"The Perfect Crime No. 2\")\", a song by the Decemberists, 2006\n* \"Perfect Crime\", a song by Guns N' Roses from *[Use Your Illusion I](/wiki/Use_Your_Illusion_I \"Use Your Illusion I\")*, 1991\n* \"Perfect Crime\", a song by [Nause](/wiki/Nause \"Nause\"), 2019\n* \"Perfect Crime\", a song by Tinashe from *[Songs for You](/wiki/Songs_for_You \"Songs for You\")*, 2019\n* \"The Perfect Crime\", a song by Faith No More from *[Bill \\& Ted's Bogus Journey: Music from the Motion Picture](/wiki/Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Bogus_Journey:Music_from_the_Motion_Picture \"Music from the Motion Picture\")*, 1991\n", "Others\n------\n\n* The Perfect Crime, a paper by legal scholar [Brian C. Kalt](/wiki/Brian_C._Kalt \"Brian C. Kalt\") exploring a loophole in the US constitution\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life and education", "Career", "Later life", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Sheila Anne Cassidy** (born 18 August 1937\\) is an [English](/wiki/English_people \"English people\") doctor, known for her work in the [hospice](/wiki/Hospice_care \"Hospice care\") movement, as a writer and as someone who, by publicising her own history as a [torture](/wiki/Torture \"Torture\") survivor, drew attention to [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\") abuse in [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") in the 1970s.\n\n", "Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nBorn in [Cranwell](/wiki/Cranwell \"Cranwell\"), [Lincolnshire](/wiki/Lincolnshire \"Lincolnshire\"), to Air Vice\\-Marshal John Reginald Cassidy (1892–1974\\) and Barbara Margaret Cassidy, Cassidy grew up in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") and attended the [Our Lady of Mercy College](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mercy_College%2C_Parramatta \"Our Lady of Mercy College, Parramatta\") in [Parramatta](/wiki/Parramatta \"Parramatta\"), a suburb of Sydney. She began her medical studies at the [University of Sydney](/wiki/University_of_Sydney \"University of Sydney\") where she was a resident at [Sancta Sophia College](/wiki/Sancta_Sophia_College \"Sancta Sophia College\") and completed them at [Somerville College, Oxford](/wiki/Somerville_College%2C_Oxford \"Somerville College, Oxford\") in 1963\\. She wanted to become a [plastic surgeon](/wiki/Plastic_surgery \"Plastic surgery\") but could not keep up with the 90\\-hour week, so she left school.\n\n", "Career\n------\n\nCassidy went to practice medicine in Chile during the government of [Salvador Allende](/wiki/Salvador_Allende \"Salvador Allende\").\n\nIn 1975, Cassidy was caught up in the violence of the [Pinochet](/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet \"Augusto Pinochet\") regime. She gave medical care to Nelson Gutiérrez, a political opponent of the new regime who was being sought by the police. As a result, she was herself arrested on 1 November 1975 by the Chilean [secret police](/wiki/Secret_police \"Secret police\"), the [DINA](/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional \"Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional\"), and kept in custody without trial. During the early part of her custody, she was severely tortured in the notorious [Villa Grimaldi](/wiki/Villa_Grimaldi \"Villa Grimaldi\") near [Santiago, Chile](/wiki/Santiago%2C_Chile \"Santiago, Chile\"), to force her to disclose information about her patient and her other contacts.\n\nLater in 1975, Cassidy was released from custody and returned to the UK with the assistance of the British government and [Roberto Kozak](/wiki/Roberto_Kozak \"Roberto Kozak\"). Her subsequent description of her experiences, including her account of her torture on the *[parrilla](/wiki/Parrilla_%28torture%29 \"Parrilla (torture)\")* and her imprisonment, did much to bring to the attention of the UK public the widespread human rights abuses that were occurring at the time in Chile. Her story appeared in news media and in her book, *Audacity to Believe*.Cassidy, Sheila (1977\\). *Audacity To Believe*, Collins, London. .\n\n", "Later life\n----------\n\nAfter a period of recovery from the physical and psychological effects of her ordeal (during which she briefly became a [nun](/wiki/Nun \"Nun\")), Cassidy continued to practise as a doctor. In 1982, she became Medical Director of the new St Luke's [Hospice](/wiki/Hospice \"Hospice\") in [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth \"Plymouth\"), a position which she held for 15 years. She then went on to set up a [palliative care](/wiki/Palliative_care \"Palliative care\") service for the Plymouth hospitals. Whilst at St Luke's, Cassidy sat for a life\\-size portrait study in 1982 by painter [Robert Lenkiewicz](/wiki/Robert_Lenkiewicz \"Robert Lenkiewicz\") (1941\\-2002\\).[http://www.robertlenkiewicz.org/sites/default/files/rol15\\_056\\_dr\\_sheila\\_a.\\_cassidy\\_\\-\\_medical\\_director.\\_1982\\.jpg](http://www.robertlenkiewicz.org/sites/default/files/rol15_056_dr_sheila_a._cassidy_-_medical_director._1982.jpg) A portrait of Dr Cassidy from 1982 by Robert Lenkiewicz (1941\\-2002\\)\n\nCassidy has written a number of books on [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") subjects and has been involved with a number of charitable organisations such as patronage of [The Prison Phoenix Trust](/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust \"The Prison Phoenix Trust\"). In her book *Confessions of a Lapsed Catholic* she outlines her reasons that caused her to withdraw her allegiance from the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\").\n\nSheila Cassidy now has a Form named after her in [St Joseph's Catholic \\& Anglican High School](/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Catholic_%26_Anglican_High_School \"St Joseph's Catholic & Anglican High School\"), Wrexham.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [1973 Chilean coup d'état](/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1973 Chilean coup d'état\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Brief biography and photo of Sheila Cassidy](http://www.hospice-history.org.uk/byoralsurname?id=0020&search=c&page=0) .\n\n[Category:1937 births](/wiki/Category:1937_births \"1937 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Date_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Date of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English medical doctors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_medical_doctors \"20th-century English medical doctors\")\n[Category:English people of Irish descent](/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Irish_descent \"English people of Irish descent\")\n[Category:English torture victims](/wiki/Category:English_torture_victims \"English torture victims\")\n[Category:Former Roman Catholics](/wiki/Category:Former_Roman_Catholics \"Former Roman Catholics\")\n[Category:Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990\\)](/wiki/Category:Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_%281973%E2%80%931990%29 \"Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)\")\n[Category:Chilean women physicians](/wiki/Category:Chilean_women_physicians \"Chilean women physicians\")\n[Category:People from North Kesteven District](/wiki/Category:People_from_North_Kesteven_District \"People from North Kesteven District\")\n[Category:Medical doctors from Sydney](/wiki/Category:Medical_doctors_from_Sydney \"Medical doctors from Sydney\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English women writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_women_writers \"20th-century English women writers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_writers \"20th-century English writers\")\n[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Chile](/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Chile \"Prisoners and detainees of Chile\")\n[Category:British people imprisoned abroad](/wiki/Category:British_people_imprisoned_abroad \"British people imprisoned abroad\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English women medical doctors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_women_medical_doctors \"20th-century English women medical doctors\")\n[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Somerville_College%2C_Oxford \"Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "82.31.206.140" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Aircraft", "Flight", "Aftermath", "Investigation", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Trans World Airlines Flight 840** was a regularly scheduled international flight from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to Cairo via [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), Rome, and Athens on April 2, 1986\\. About 20 minutes before landing in Athens, a bomb was detonated on the aircraft while it was over [Argos, Greece](/wiki/Argos%2C_Greece \"Argos, Greece\"), blasting a hole in the plane's [starboard side](/wiki/Starboard_side \"Starboard side\"). Four passengers died after being blown out, while another seven were injured by flying shrapnel and debris. The aircraft then made a successful emergency landing with no further loss of life.\n\n", "Aircraft\n--------\n\nThe Boeing 727\\-231 involved in the incident was delivered to TWA in 1974, with the registration N54340\\. It was fitted with 3 P\\&W JT8D\\-5 turbofan engines.\n\n", "Flight\n------\n\nThe flight originated in Los Angeles on a Boeing 747 and transferred to a Boeing 727 in Rome for the remainder of the flight. After taking off from [Rome, Italy](/wiki/Rome%2C_Italy \"Rome, Italy\"), the flight remained uneventful until around 20 minutes before landing at [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"), when the aircraft was at around . A bomb hidden underneath seat 10F during an earlier leg of the flight detonated, blasting a hole in the starboard side of the fuselage in front of the wing.\n\nFour [American](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") passengers, including an eight\\-month\\-old [infant](/wiki/Infant \"Infant\"), were ejected through the hole to their deaths below. The victims were identified as a Colombian\\-American man; and a woman, her daughter, and her infant granddaughter. Seven others on the aircraft were injured by shrapnel as the cabin suffered a rapid decompression. However, as the aircraft was in the middle of its approach to Athens, the explosion was not as catastrophic as it would have been at a higher altitude. The remaining 110 passengers survived the incident as pilot Richard \"Pete\" Petersen made an emergency landing.\n\n", "Aftermath\n---------\n\nThe bodies of three of the four victims were later recovered from an unused [Greek Air Force](/wiki/Greek_Air_Force \"Greek Air Force\") landing strip near Argos; the fourth was found in the sea.\n\nA group calling itself the Arab Revolutionary Cells claimed responsibility, saying it was committed in retaliation for [American imperialism](/wiki/American_imperialism \"American imperialism\") and [clashes](/wiki/Action_in_the_Gulf_of_Sidra_%281986%29 \"Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)\") with [Libya](/wiki/Libya \"Libya\") in the [Gulf of Sidra](/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra \"Gulf of Sidra\") the week before.\n\nThe aircraft was substantially damaged but was repaired and returned to service until TWA ceased operations in 2001\\. The aircraft was scrapped in 2002\\.\n\n", "Investigation\n-------------\n\nInvestigators concluded that the bomb contained one pound of plastic explosive. As the bomb was placed on the floor of the cabin, the explosion tore a hole downward, where the fuselage absorbed the most damage. It is suspected it had been placed beneath the seat on a previous journey by a [Lebanese](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") woman (later arrested, never convicted) who worked for the [Abu Nidal Organisation](/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organisation \"Abu Nidal Organisation\"), which was dedicated to the destruction of the state of Israel. They had previously hijacked and bombed several other aircraft, as well as committing various terrorist attacks in parts of the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\").\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Daallo Airlines Flight 159](/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159 \"Daallo Airlines Flight 159\") \\- Similar incident in which a suicide bomber detonated a bomb on board, whereafter the plane managed to make a successful emergency landing\n* [Philippine Airlines Flight 434](/wiki/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_434 \"Philippine Airlines Flight 434\") \\- A 747 where a bomb went off, followed by a successful emergency landing\n* [Pan Am Flight 830](/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_830 \"Pan Am Flight 830\") \\- Another 747 that landed safely after a bomb exploded\n* [United Airlines Flight 811](/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811 \"United Airlines Flight 811\") \\- Experienced an explosion after the cargo door opened in mid\\-flight, causing several passengers to be blown out of the aircraft\n* [List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft](/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft \"List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* \"[Hell on Athens Flight 840](https://ucsd.academia.edu/NancyCapers)\" by Nancy Locke Hauser (now Capers), July 1986, Cosmopolitan Magazine\n\n[Category:Mass murder in 1986](/wiki/Category:Mass_murder_in_1986 \"Mass murder in 1986\")\n[Category:Failed airliner bombings](/wiki/Category:Failed_airliner_bombings \"Failed airliner bombings\")\n[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986](/wiki/Category:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1986 \"Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986\")\n[840](/wiki/Category:Trans_World_Airlines_accidents_and_incidents \"Trans World Airlines accidents and incidents\")\n[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Greece](/wiki/Category:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Greece \"Aviation accidents and incidents in Greece\")\n[Category:Abu Nidal attacks](/wiki/Category:Abu_Nidal_attacks \"Abu Nidal attacks\")\n[Category:20th\\-century mass murder in Greece](/wiki/Category:20th-century_mass_murder_in_Greece \"20th-century mass murder in Greece\")\n[Category:1986 in Greece](/wiki/Category:1986_in_Greece \"1986 in Greece\")\n[Category:1986 in the United States](/wiki/Category:1986_in_the_United_States \"1986 in the United States\")\n[Category:1986 in international relations](/wiki/Category:1986_in_international_relations \"1986 in international relations\")\n[Category:1986 crimes in Greece](/wiki/Category:1986_crimes_in_Greece \"1986 crimes in Greece\")\n[Category:Terrorist incidents in Greece in the 1980s](/wiki/Category:Terrorist_incidents_in_Greece_in_the_1980s \"Terrorist incidents in Greece in the 1980s\")\n[Category:Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1986](/wiki/Category:Terrorist_incidents_in_Europe_in_1986 \"Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1986\")\n[Category:Palestinian terrorist incidents in Greece](/wiki/Category:Palestinian_terrorist_incidents_in_Greece \"Palestinian terrorist incidents in Greece\")\n[Category:April 1986 events in Europe](/wiki/Category:April_1986_events_in_Europe \"April 1986 events in Europe\")\n[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727](/wiki/Category:Accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_Boeing_727 \"Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727\")\n[Category:Attacks on aircraft by Palestinian militant groups](/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_aircraft_by_Palestinian_militant_groups \"Attacks on aircraft by Palestinian militant groups\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 5320876 ], "name": [ "LizardJr8" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Mechanical acoustic devices", "Electrical devices", "Invention of the telephone", "Telephone exchange", "Early telephone developments", "Early commercial instruments", "20th-century developments", "Digital telephone technology", "Women's usage in the 20th century", "21st-century developments", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n[thumb\\|Actor portraying [Alexander Graham Bell](/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell \"Alexander Graham Bell\") in a 1932 silent film. Shows Bell's second telephone transmitter ([microphone](/wiki/Microphone \"Microphone\")), invented 1876 and first displayed at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia.](/wiki/File:Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg \"Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in an AT&T promotional film (1926).jpg\") \n\nThis **history of the telephone** [chronicles the development](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_telephone \"Timeline of the telephone\") of the [electrical telephone](/wiki/Telephone \"Telephone\"), and includes a brief overview of its predecessors. The first telephone [patent](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\") was granted to Alexander Graham Bell in 1869\\.\n\n", "Mechanical acoustic devices\n---------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|A 19th century acoustic [tin can](/wiki/Tin_can_telephone \"Tin can telephone\") or \"lovers' telephone\"](/wiki/File:Tr%C3%A5dtelefon-illustration.png \"Trådtelefon-illustration.png\")\n\nBefore the [invention](/wiki/Invention \"Invention\") of [electromagnetic telephones](/wiki/Telephone \"Telephone\"), mechanical [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustics \"Acoustics\") devices existed for transmitting speech and [music](/wiki/Music \"Music\") over a greater distance. This distance was greater than that of normal direct speech. The earliest mechanical telephones were based on sound transmission through pipes or other physical media. The acoustic [tin can telephone](/wiki/Tin_can_telephone \"Tin can telephone\"), or \"lovers' phone\", has been known for centuries. It connects two diaphragms with a taut string or wire, which transmits sound by mechanical vibrations from one to the other along the wire (and not by a [modulated electric current](/wiki/Signal_%28electronics%29 \"Signal (electronics)\")). The classic example is the children's toy made by connecting the bottoms of two paper cups, metal cans, or plastic bottles with tautly held string.\n\nSome of the earliest known experiments were conducted by the British physicist and polymath, [Robert Hooke](/wiki/Robert_Hooke \"Robert Hooke\"), from 1664 to 1685\\.McVeigh, Daniel P.\n[An Early History of the Telephone: 1664\\-1866: Robert Hooke's Acoustic Experiments and Silent Inventions](http://telephonesystemsshop.co.uk/early-history-of-the-telephone/) , [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") website. Retrieved 15 January 2013\\. This work in turn cites:\n Richard Waller and edited by R.T. Gunther. \"The Postthumous Works of Robert Hooke, M.D., S.R.S. 1705\\.\" Reprinted in R.T. Gunther's \"Early Science In Oxford\", Vol. 6, p. 185, 25* Grigonis, Richard. [x \\+jchdjn$hbdgdveudydcgeenterprise\\-fixed\\-communications/articles/47924\\-telephone\\-1665\\.htm A Telephone can 1665?](http://technews.tmcnet.com/business-phone-service/topics/h), TMCNet Technews website, 29 December 2008\\. An acoustic string phone made in 1667 has been attributed to him.Giles, Arthur (editor). [County Directory of Scotland (for 1901\\-1904\\): Twelfth Issue: Telephone (Scottish Post Office Directories)](http://digital.nls.uk/directories/browse/pageturner.cfm?id=85502911&mode=transcription), Edinburgh: R. Grant \\& Son, 1902, p. 28\\. An early version was also found in use by the Chimu in Peru. The gourd and stretched\\-hide version resides in the Smithsonian Museum collection and dates back to around the 7th century AD.\n\nFor a few years in the late 1800s, acoustic telephones were marketed commercially as a competitor to the electrical telephone. When the [Bell telephone](/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell \"Alexander Graham Bell\") patents expired and many new telephone manufacturers began competing, [acoustic telephone](/wiki/Tin_can_telephone \"Tin can telephone\") makers quickly went out of business. Their maximum range was very limited.Jacobs, Bill. [Acoustic Telephones](http://strowger-net.telefoonmuseum.com/tel_tech_mechanical.html) , TelefoonMuseum.com website. Retrieved 15 January 2013\\. This article in turn cites:\n Kolger, Jon. \"Mechanical or String Telephones\", ATCA Newsletter, June 1986; and\n \"Lancaster, Pennsylvania Agricultural Almanac for the Year 1879: How to Construct a Farmer's Telephone\", John Bater's Sons.; and\n \"Telephone Experiences of Harry J. Curl as told by him to E. T. Mahood, During the summer of 1933 at Kansas City, Missouri: First Telephone Experience.\"* + - An example of one such company was the [Pulsion Telephone Supply Company](/wiki/Pulsion_Telephone_Supply_Company \"Pulsion Telephone Supply Company\") created by [Lemuel Mellett](/wiki/Lemuel_Mellett \"Lemuel Mellett\") in Massachusetts, which designed its version in 1888 and deployed it on railroad right\\-of\\-ways.\n\nAdditionally, [speaking tubes](/wiki/Speaking_tube \"Speaking tube\") have long been common, especially within buildings and aboard ships, and they are still in use today.\n\n", "Electrical devices\n------------------\n\nThe telephone emerged from the making and successive improvements of the [electrical telegraph](/wiki/Electrical_telegraph \"Electrical telegraph\"). In 1804, [Spanish](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") [polymath](/wiki/Polymath \"Polymath\") and scientist [Francisco Salva Campillo](/wiki/Francisco_Salva_Campillo \"Francisco Salva Campillo\") constructed an [electrochemical telegraph](/wiki/Electrical_telegraph%23Early_works_and_messages \"Electrical telegraph#Early works and messages\").Jones, R. Victor [S](http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/images/history/von_Soem.html) d\" Electrochemical Telegraph (1808\\-10\\)], Harvard University website. Attributed to \"[Semaphore to Satellite](https://books.google.com/books?id=Oxc7AAAAMAAJ)\", International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1965\\. Retrieved 2009\\-05\\-01 The [first working telegraph](/wiki/Electrical_telegraph%23First_working_systems \"Electrical telegraph#First working systems\") was built by the English inventor [Francis Ronalds](/wiki/Francis_Ronalds \"Francis Ronalds\") in 1816 and used static electricity. An [electromagnetic telegraph](/wiki/Electromagnetic_telegraph \"Electromagnetic telegraph\") was created by [Baron Schilling](/wiki/Pavel_Schilling \"Pavel Schilling\") in 1832\\. [Carl Friedrich Gauss](/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss \"Carl Friedrich Gauss\") and [Wilhelm Weber](/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber \"Wilhelm Eduard Weber\") built another electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in [Göttingen](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen \"Göttingen\"). At the University of Göttingen, the two had been working together in the field of magnetism. They built the first telegraph to connect the observatory and the Institute of physics, which was able to send eight words per minute.\n\n[thumb\\|Bell prototype telephone stamp \nCentennial Issue of 1976](/wiki/File:Telephone_Centennial_Issue_1976-13c.jpg \"Telephone Centennial Issue 1976-13c.jpg\")\n\nThe electrical telegraph was first commercialized by Sir [William Fothergill Cooke](/wiki/William_Fothergill_Cooke \"William Fothergill Cooke\") and entered use on the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\") in England. It ran for from [Paddington station](/wiki/Paddington_station \"Paddington station\") to [West Drayton](/wiki/West_Drayton \"West Drayton\") and came into operation on April 9, 1839\\.\n\nAnother electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") in 1837 by [Samuel Morse](/wiki/Samuel_Morse \"Samuel Morse\"). His assistant, [Alfred Vail](/wiki/Alfred_Vail \"Alfred Vail\"), developed the [Morse code](/wiki/Morse_code \"Morse code\") signaling [alphabet](/wiki/Alphabet \"Alphabet\") with Morse. America's first telegraph was sent by Morse on January 6, 1838, across of wiring.\n\n", "Invention of the telephone\n--------------------------\n\nCredit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently disputed, and new controversies over the issue have arisen from time to time. [Antonio Meucci](/wiki/Antonio_Meucci \"Antonio Meucci\"), [Alexander Graham Bell](/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell \"Alexander Graham Bell\"), and [Elisha Gray](/wiki/Elisha_Gray \"Elisha Gray\") amongst others, have all been credited with the telephone's invention. The early history of the telephone became and still remains a confusing morass of [claims and counterclaims](/wiki/Cause_of_action \"Cause of action\"), which were not clarified by the huge number of lawsuits filed in order to resolve the [patent](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\") claims of the many individuals and commercial competitors. The Bell and Edison patents, however, were commercially decisive, because they dominated telephone technology and were upheld by court decisions in the United States.\n\nFile:Antonio Meucci.jpg\\|Antonio Meucci, 1854, constructed telephone\\-like devices.\nFile:Johann\\-philipp\\-reis 1\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Philipp Reis]], 1861, constructed the first telephone, today called the \\[\\[Reis telephone]].\nFile:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg\\|Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876\\.\nFile:Portrait elisha gray.jpg\\|\\[\\[Elisha Gray]], 1876, designed a telephone using a \\[\\[water microphone]] in Highland Park, Illinois.\nFile:Tivadar Puskas.jpg\\|\\[\\[Tivadar Puskás]] proposed the \\[\\[telephone exchange\\|telephone switchboard exchange]] in 1876\\.\nFile:Thomas Edison, 1878\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Thomas Edison]] invented the \\[\\[carbon microphone]] which produced a strong telephone signal. \n\n[thumb\\|The master telephone patent granted to Bell, 174465, March 10, 1876](/wiki/File:USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg \"USPTO Telephone Patent No. 174465.jpg\") \nThe modern telephone is the result of the work of many people.Lewis Coe (1995\\), \"The Telephone and Its Several Inventors\" Alexander Graham Bell was, however, the first to patent the telephone, as an \"apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically\". Bell has most often been credited as the inventor of the first practical telephone. [Johann Philipp Reis](/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis \"Johann Philipp Reis\") coined the term \"telephon\". Models of it were sent abroad, to London, Dublin, Tiflis, and other places. It became a subject for popular lectures, and an article for scientific cabinets. Edison credited him as the \"first inventor of the telephone.\"Edison, Thomas A. *[The Edison Papers, Digital Edition](http://edison.rutgers.edu/)* [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\"), accessed 26 March 2006\\. LB020312 TAEM 83:170\nThe Italian inventor and businessman Antonio Meucci has been recognized by the U.S. House of Representatives for his contributory work on the telephone. Several other controversies also surround the question of [priority of invention](/wiki/Priority_right \"Priority right\") for the telephone.\n\nThe [Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy](/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy \"Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy\") considers the question of whether Bell and Gray invented the telephone independently and, if not, whether Bell stole the invention from Gray. This controversy is narrower than the broader question of who deserves credit for inventing the telephone, for which there are several claimants.\n\nThe Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell article reviews the controversial June 2002 United States House of Representatives resolution recognizing Meucci's contributions *'in'* the invention of the telephone (not *'for' the invention of the telephone*). The same resolution was not passed in the U.S. Senate, thus labeling the House resolution as \"political rhetoric\". A subsequent *counter\\-motion* was unanimously passed in Canada's Parliament 10 days later which declared Bell its inventor. This webpage examines critical aspects of both the parliamentary motion and the congressional resolution.\n\n### Telephone exchange\n\nThe main users of the electrical telegraph were post offices, railway stations, the more important governmental centers (ministries), stock exchanges, very few nationally distributed newspapers, the largest internationally important corporations, and wealthy individuals.[Private Telegraphs](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=18780419&id=ceVhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dpEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6902,636781), *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\")*, credited to *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")*, 19 April 1878, p. 6\\.\n\nTelegraph exchanges worked mainly on a [store and forward](/wiki/Store_and_forward \"Store and forward\") basis. Although telephones devices were in use before the invention of the telephone exchange, their success and economical operation would have been impossible with the [schema](/wiki/Model_%28abstract%29 \"Model (abstract)\") and structure of the contemporary telegraph systems.\n\nPrior to the invention of the telephone switchboard, pairs of telephones were connected directly with each other, which was primarily useful for connecting a home to the owner's business (They practically functioned as a primitive [intercom](/wiki/Intercom \"Intercom\")). A [telephone exchange](/wiki/Telephone_exchange \"Telephone exchange\") provides telephone service for a small area. Either manually by operators, or automatically by machine switching equipment, it interconnects individual [subscriber lines](/wiki/Subscriber_line \"Subscriber line\") for calls made between them. This made it possible for subscribers to call each other at homes, businesses, or public spaces. These made telephones an available and comfortable communication tool for many purposes, and it gave the impetus for the creation of a new industrial sector.\n\nThe telephone exchange was an idea of the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\") engineer [Tivadar Puskás](/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s \"Tivadar Puskás\") (1844–1893\\) in 1876, while he was working for [Thomas Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison \"Thomas Edison\") on a telegraph exchange.[Puskás Tivadar (1844 \\- 1893\\)](https://web.archive.org/web/20110204071321/http://hungarian-history.hu/mszh/epuskas.htm) (short biography), Hungarian History website. Retrieved from Archive.org, February 2013\\. The first commercial telephone exchange was opened at [New Haven](/wiki/New_Haven \"New Haven\"), Connecticut, with 21 subscribers on 28 January 1878,\n[Withdrawal of National Historic Landmark Designation: Site of the First Telephone Exchange, New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut](http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/DOE_dedesignations/Telephone.htm), [United States National Park Service](/wiki/United_States_National_Park_Service \"United States National Park Service\"), [United States Department of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior \"United States Department of the Interior\"), 13 April 2006\\.\n\n```\nin a storefront of the Boardman Building in New Haven, Connecticut. George W. Coy designed and built the world's first switchboard for commercial use. Coy was inspired by Alexander Graham Bell's lecture at the Skiff Opera House in New Haven on 27 April 1877.\n```\n\nIn Bell's lecture, during which a three\\-way telephone connection with [Hartford](/wiki/Hartford \"Hartford\") and [Middletown, Connecticut](/wiki/Middletown%2C_Connecticut \"Middletown, Connecticut\"), was demonstrated, he first discussed the idea of a telephone exchange for the conduct of business and trade. On 3 November 1877, Coy applied for and received a franchise from the [Bell Telephone Company](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company \"Bell Telephone Company\") for New Haven and Middlesex Counties. Coy, along with Herrick P. Frost and Walter Lewis, who provided the capital, established the District Telephone Company of New Haven on 15 January 1878\\.\n\nThe switchboard built by Coy was, according to one source, constructed of \"carriage bolts, handles from teapot lids and bustle wire.\" According to the company records, all the furnishings of the office, including the switchboard, were worth less than forty dollars. While the switchboard could connect as many as sixty\\-four customers, only two conversations could be handled simultaneously and six connections had to be made for each call.\n\nThe District Telephone Company of New Haven went into operation with only twenty\\-one subscribers, who paid $1\\.50 per month. By 21 February 1878, however, when the first telephone directory was published by the company, fifty subscribers were listed. Most of these were businesses and listings such as physicians, the police, and the post office; only eleven residences were listed, four of which were for persons associated with the company.\n\nThe New Haven District Telephone Company grew quickly and was reorganized several times in its first years. By 1880, the company had the right from the [Bell Telephone Company](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company \"Bell Telephone Company\") to service all of Connecticut and western Massachusetts. As it expanded, the company was first renamed Connecticut Telephone, and then [Southern New England Telephone](/wiki/Southern_New_England_Telephone \"Southern New England Telephone\") in 1882\\. The site of the first telephone exchange was granted a designation as a [National Historic Landmark](/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark \"National Historic Landmark\") on 23 April 1965\\. However it was withdrawn in 1973 in order to demolish the building and construct a parking garage. \n\n", "### Telephone exchange\n\nThe main users of the electrical telegraph were post offices, railway stations, the more important governmental centers (ministries), stock exchanges, very few nationally distributed newspapers, the largest internationally important corporations, and wealthy individuals.[Private Telegraphs](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=18780419&id=ceVhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dpEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6902,636781), *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\")*, credited to *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")*, 19 April 1878, p. 6\\.\n\nTelegraph exchanges worked mainly on a [store and forward](/wiki/Store_and_forward \"Store and forward\") basis. Although telephones devices were in use before the invention of the telephone exchange, their success and economical operation would have been impossible with the [schema](/wiki/Model_%28abstract%29 \"Model (abstract)\") and structure of the contemporary telegraph systems.\n\nPrior to the invention of the telephone switchboard, pairs of telephones were connected directly with each other, which was primarily useful for connecting a home to the owner's business (They practically functioned as a primitive [intercom](/wiki/Intercom \"Intercom\")). A [telephone exchange](/wiki/Telephone_exchange \"Telephone exchange\") provides telephone service for a small area. Either manually by operators, or automatically by machine switching equipment, it interconnects individual [subscriber lines](/wiki/Subscriber_line \"Subscriber line\") for calls made between them. This made it possible for subscribers to call each other at homes, businesses, or public spaces. These made telephones an available and comfortable communication tool for many purposes, and it gave the impetus for the creation of a new industrial sector.\n\nThe telephone exchange was an idea of the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\") engineer [Tivadar Puskás](/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s \"Tivadar Puskás\") (1844–1893\\) in 1876, while he was working for [Thomas Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison \"Thomas Edison\") on a telegraph exchange.[Puskás Tivadar (1844 \\- 1893\\)](https://web.archive.org/web/20110204071321/http://hungarian-history.hu/mszh/epuskas.htm) (short biography), Hungarian History website. Retrieved from Archive.org, February 2013\\. The first commercial telephone exchange was opened at [New Haven](/wiki/New_Haven \"New Haven\"), Connecticut, with 21 subscribers on 28 January 1878,\n[Withdrawal of National Historic Landmark Designation: Site of the First Telephone Exchange, New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut](http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/DOE_dedesignations/Telephone.htm), [United States National Park Service](/wiki/United_States_National_Park_Service \"United States National Park Service\"), [United States Department of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior \"United States Department of the Interior\"), 13 April 2006\\.\n\n```\nin a storefront of the Boardman Building in New Haven, Connecticut. George W. Coy designed and built the world's first switchboard for commercial use. Coy was inspired by Alexander Graham Bell's lecture at the Skiff Opera House in New Haven on 27 April 1877.\n```\n\nIn Bell's lecture, during which a three\\-way telephone connection with [Hartford](/wiki/Hartford \"Hartford\") and [Middletown, Connecticut](/wiki/Middletown%2C_Connecticut \"Middletown, Connecticut\"), was demonstrated, he first discussed the idea of a telephone exchange for the conduct of business and trade. On 3 November 1877, Coy applied for and received a franchise from the [Bell Telephone Company](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company \"Bell Telephone Company\") for New Haven and Middlesex Counties. Coy, along with Herrick P. Frost and Walter Lewis, who provided the capital, established the District Telephone Company of New Haven on 15 January 1878\\.\n\nThe switchboard built by Coy was, according to one source, constructed of \"carriage bolts, handles from teapot lids and bustle wire.\" According to the company records, all the furnishings of the office, including the switchboard, were worth less than forty dollars. While the switchboard could connect as many as sixty\\-four customers, only two conversations could be handled simultaneously and six connections had to be made for each call.\n\nThe District Telephone Company of New Haven went into operation with only twenty\\-one subscribers, who paid $1\\.50 per month. By 21 February 1878, however, when the first telephone directory was published by the company, fifty subscribers were listed. Most of these were businesses and listings such as physicians, the police, and the post office; only eleven residences were listed, four of which were for persons associated with the company.\n\nThe New Haven District Telephone Company grew quickly and was reorganized several times in its first years. By 1880, the company had the right from the [Bell Telephone Company](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company \"Bell Telephone Company\") to service all of Connecticut and western Massachusetts. As it expanded, the company was first renamed Connecticut Telephone, and then [Southern New England Telephone](/wiki/Southern_New_England_Telephone \"Southern New England Telephone\") in 1882\\. The site of the first telephone exchange was granted a designation as a [National Historic Landmark](/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark \"National Historic Landmark\") on 23 April 1965\\. However it was withdrawn in 1973 in order to demolish the building and construct a parking garage. \n\n", "Early telephone developments\n----------------------------\n\nThe following is a brief summary of the history of the development of the telephone:\n[thumb\\|Antonio Meucci's telephone.](/wiki/File:Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg \"Telefono di Meucci - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 02148-02147 dia.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A French [Gower](/wiki/Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe%2C_Ltd. \"Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe, Ltd.\") telephone of 1912 at the *[Musée des Arts et Métiers](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers \"Musée des Arts et Métiers\")* in Paris](/wiki/File:T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phone_Gower_Bell_CNAM-IMG_0564.jpg \"Téléphone Gower Bell CNAM-IMG 0564.jpg\")\n\n* Early 7th century AD \\- Chimu culture in Peru invents a [string telephone](/wiki/String_telephone \"String telephone\") using gourds and stretched hide. The original artifact is in the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian storage facility in Suitland, Maryland.\n* 1667: [Robert Hooke](/wiki/Robert_Hooke \"Robert Hooke\") invents a [string telephone](/wiki/String_telephone \"String telephone\") that conveys sounds over an extended wire by mechanical vibrations. It was to be termed an 'acoustic' or 'mechanical' (non\\-electrical) telephone.\n* 1753: Charles Morrison proposes the idea that electricity can be used to transmit messages, by using different wires for each letter.\n* 1844: [Innocenzo Manzetti](/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti \"Innocenzo Manzetti\") first moots the idea of a \"speaking telegraph\" (telephone).\n* 1854: [Charles Bourseul](/wiki/Charles_Bourseul \"Charles Bourseul\") writes a memorandum on the principles of the telephone. (See the article: \"Transmission électrique de la parole\", *[L'Illustration](/wiki/L%27Illustration \"L'Illustration\")*, Paris, 26 August 1854\\.)\n* 2nd of June, 1854: [Antonio Meucci](/wiki/Antonio_Meucci \"Antonio Meucci\") demonstrates an electric voice\\-operated device in New York; exactly what kind of device he demonstrates is unknown.\n* 1861: [Philipp Reis](/wiki/Philipp_Reis \"Philipp Reis\") constructs the first speech\\-transmitting telephone\n* 28 December 1871: Antonio Meucci files a [patent caveat](/wiki/Patent_caveat \"Patent caveat\") (No. 3353, a notice of intent to invent, but not a formal [patent application](/wiki/Patent_application \"Patent application\")) at the U.S. Patent Office for a device he names a \"Sound Telegraph\".\n* 1872: [Elisha Gray](/wiki/Elisha_Gray \"Elisha Gray\") establishes [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric \"Western Electric\") Manufacturing Company.\n* 1 July 1875: Bell uses a bi\\-directional \"gallows\" telephone that is able to transmit \"voicelike sounds\", but not clear speech. Both the transmitter and the receiver are identical membrane electromagnet instruments.\n* 1875: [Thomas Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison \"Thomas Edison\") experiments with [acoustic telegraphy](/wiki/Acoustic_telegraphy \"Acoustic telegraphy\") and in November builds an electro\\-dynamic receiver, but does not exploit it.\n* 1875: Hungarian [Tivadar Puskás](/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s \"Tivadar Puskás\") (the inventor of the telephone exchange) arrives in the USA.\n* 6 April 1875: Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 \"Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs\" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make\\-break circuits, and the concept of multiplexed frequencies.\n* 20 January 1876: Bell signs and notarizes his patent application for the telephone.\n* 11 February 1876: Elisha Gray designs a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone, but does not build one.\n* 7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. patent No. 174,465 for the telephone is granted.\n* 10 March 1876: Bell transmits the sentence: *\"Mr. Watson, come here! I want to see you!\"* using a liquid transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver.\n* 10 August 1876: Using the telegraph line between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, distant, Bell makes a telephone call, said by some to be the \"world's first long\\-distance call\".\n* 30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. patent No. 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.\n* 27 April 1877: Edison files for a patent on a carbon (graphite) transmitter. Patent No. 474,230 is granted on 3 May 1892, after a 15\\-year delay because of litigation. Edison is later granted patent No. 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879\\.\n* 6 October 1877: *[Scientific American](/wiki/Scientific_American \"Scientific American\")* publishes the invention from Bell—at that time still without a ringer.\n* 25 October 1877: the article in *Scientific American* is discussed at the Telegraphenamt in Berlin\n* 12 November 1877: The first commercial telephone company enters telephone business in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin using the Siemens pipe as ringer and telephone devices built by Siemens.\n* 1877: The first experimental Telephone Exchange is established in Boston.\n* 1877: [First long\\-distance telephone line](/wiki/First_long-distance_telephone_line \"First long-distance telephone line\")\n* 1877: [Emile Berliner](/wiki/Emile_Berliner \"Emile Berliner\") invents the telephone transmitter.\n* 14 January 1878: Bell demonstrates the telephone to [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") and makes the first publicly witnessed long\\-distance calls in the [UK](/wiki/UK \"UK\"). The queen tries the device and finds it to be \"quite extraordinary\".\n* 26 January 1878: The first permanent telephone connection in the [UK](/wiki/UK \"UK\") is made between two businesses in [Manchester](/wiki/Telephony_in_Greater_Manchester \"Telephony in Greater Manchester\")\n* 28 January 1878: The first commercial US telephone exchange opens in [New Haven](/wiki/New_Haven \"New Haven\"), Connecticut.\n* 15 June 1878: The first commercial [toll line](/wiki/Toll_%28telecommunications%29 \"Toll (telecommunications)\") enters operation, connecting [Springfield](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Massachusetts \"Springfield, Massachusetts\") and [Holyoke, Massachusetts](/wiki/Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts \"Holyoke, Massachusetts\")\n* 1887: Tivadar Puskás introduces the [multiplex](/wiki/Multiplexer \"Multiplexer\") [switchboard](/wiki/Telephone_switchboard \"Telephone switchboard\"), that has an epochal significance in the further development of telephone exchanges.Francis S. Wagner: *Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization* – Page 68\n* 1915: The first U.S. [coast\\-to\\-coast long\\-distance telephone call](/wiki/First_transcontinental_telephone_call \"First transcontinental telephone call\"), is ceremonially inaugurated by A.G. Bell in New York City and his former assistant [Thomas Augustus Watson](/wiki/Thomas_Augustus_Watson \"Thomas Augustus Watson\") in San Francisco, California.\n* 1927: The first transatlantic phone call is made, from the United States to the United Kingdom.\n", "Early commercial instruments\n----------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|1917 wall telephone, open to show magneto and local battery](/wiki/File:Magneto_wall_telephone_1917_open.jpg \"Magneto wall telephone 1917 open.jpg\")\nEarly telephones were technically diverse. Some of them used [liquid transmitters](/wiki/Water_microphone \"Water microphone\") which soon went out of use. Others were dynamic: their diaphragms vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or vice versa. Such [sound\\-powered telephones](/wiki/Sound-powered_telephone \"Sound-powered telephone\") survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications where the ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. Most, however, used Edison/Berliner carbon transmitters, which were much louder than the other kinds, even though they required [induction coils](/wiki/Induction_coil \"Induction coil\"), actually acting as [impedance matching](/wiki/Impedance_matching \"Impedance matching\") transformers to make it compatible to the line impedance. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time [telephone networks](/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network \"Public switched telephone network\") were more important than the instrument.\n\nEarly telephones were locally powered by a dynamic transmitter. One of the jobs of [outside plant](/wiki/Outside_plant \"Outside plant\") personnel was to visit each telephone periodically to inspect the battery. During the 20th century, the \"[common battery](/wiki/Common_battery \"Common battery\")\" operation came to dominate, and was powered by the \"talk battery\" from the telephone exchange over the same wires that carried the voice signals. Late in the century, wireless handsets brought a revival of local battery power.\n\nThe earliest telephones had only one wire for transmitting and receiving of audio, and used a [ground return](/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return \"Single-wire earth return\") path. The earliest dynamic telephones also had only one opening for sound, and the user listened and spoke into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each end, making conversation more convenient but also more expensive.\n\n[thumb\\|Historical marker commemorating the first telephone central office in New York State (1878\\)](/wiki/File:1st_Telephone_Central_Office.jpg \"1st Telephone Central Office.jpg\")\nAt first, telephones were leased in pairs to the [subscriber](/wiki/Subscriber \"Subscriber\"), for example one for his home and one for his shop, and the subscriber had to arrange with telegraph contractors to construct a line between them. Users who wanted the ability to speak to three or four different shops, suppliers etc. would obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones. [Western Union](/wiki/Western_Union \"Western Union\"), already using telegraph exchanges, quickly extended the principle to its telephones in New York City and San Francisco, and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential.\n\nSignaling began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the other end, or the exchange operator, by whistling into the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell, first operated over a second wire and later with the same wire using a condenser. Telephones connected to the earliest [Strowger](/wiki/Strowger_switch \"Strowger switch\") automatic exchanges had seven wires, one for the [knife switch](/wiki/Knife_switch \"Knife switch\"), one for each [telegraph key](/wiki/Telegraph_key \"Telegraph key\"), one for the bell, one for the push button and two for speaking.\n\nRural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had hand cranked \"[magneto](/wiki/Telephone_magneto \"Telephone magneto\")\" generators to produce an alternating current to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the exchange operator.\n\nIn 1877 and 1878, [Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone](/wiki/Thomas_Edison%23Carbon_telephone_transmitter \"Thomas Edison#Carbon telephone transmitter\") used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, a federal court ruled in 1892 that Edison and not [Emile Berliner](/wiki/Emile_Berliner \"Emile Berliner\") was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.\n\n[thumb\\|1896 Telephone ([Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"))](/wiki/File:1896_telephone.jpg \"1896 telephone.jpg\")\n\nIn the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, the [candlestick telephone](/wiki/Candlestick_telephone \"Candlestick telephone\"), and it was packaged in three parts. The transmitter stood on a stand, known as a \"candlestick\" for its shape. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it, known as a \"switchhook.\" Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell. With the new kind, the user was less likely to leave the phone \"off the hook\". In phones connected to magneto exchanges, the bell, induction coil, battery, and magneto were in a separate [bell box](/wiki/Bell_box \"Bell box\") called a \"[ringer box](/wiki/Ringer_box \"Ringer box\").\" In phones connected to common battery exchanges, the ringer box was installed under a desk, or other out of the way place, since it did not need a battery or magneto.\n\nCradle designs were also used at this time, with a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached, separate from the cradle base that housed the magneto crank and other parts. They were larger than the \"candlestick\" and more popular.\n\nDisadvantages of single\\-wire operation, such as [crosstalk](/wiki/Crosstalk \"Crosstalk\") and hum from nearby AC power wires, had already led to the use of [twisted pairs](/wiki/Twisted_pair \"Twisted pair\") and, for [long\\-distance telephones](/wiki/Long-distance_telephone \"Long-distance telephone\"), [four\\-wire circuits](/wiki/Four-wire_circuit \"Four-wire circuit\"). Users at the beginning of the 20th century did not place [long\\-distance calls](/wiki/Long-distance_call \"Long-distance call\") from their own telephones but made an appointment to use a special sound\\-proofed long\\-distance [telephone booth](/wiki/Telephone_booth \"Telephone booth\") furnished with the latest technology.\n\nAround 1893, the country leading the world in telephones per 100 persons—known as teledensity—was Sweden with 0\\.55 in the whole country but 4 in Stockholm (10,000 out of a total of 27,658 subscribers).\n\n This compares with 0\\.4 in the US for that year.\n\n Telephone service in Sweden developed through a variety of institutional forms: the [International Bell Telephone Company](/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company \"International Bell Telephone Company\") (a U.S. multinational), town and village co\\-operatives, the General Telephone Company of Stockholm (a Swedish private company), and the Swedish Telegraph Department (part of the Swedish government). Since Stockholm consists of islands, telephone service offered relatively large advantages, but had to use submarine cables extensively. Competition between Bell Telephone and General Telephone, and later between General Telephone and the Swedish Telegraph Dept., was intense.\n\nIn 1893, the U.S. was considerably behind Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Norway in teledensity. The U.S. became the world leadership in teledensity with the rise of many independent telephone companies after the Bell patents expired in 1893 and 1894\\.\n\n", "20th\\-century developments\n--------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|Old Receiver schematic, c.1906](/wiki/File:OldReciever-ElementsOfElectricity-Pg43.png \"OldReciever-ElementsOfElectricity-Pg43.png\")\n[thumb\\|A German [rotary dial](/wiki/Rotary_dial \"Rotary dial\") telephone, the [W48](/wiki/W48_%28telephone%29 \"W48 (telephone)\")](/wiki/File:W48_DBP.jpg \"W48 DBP.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Top of cellular telephone tower](/wiki/File:Transmitting_tower_top_us.jpg \"Transmitting tower top us.jpg\")\n\nBy 1904, over three million phones were connected by manual switchboard exchanges in the U.S. By 1914, the U.S. was the world leader in telephone density and had more than twice the teledensity of Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Norway. The relatively good performance of the U.S. occurred despite competing telephone networks not interconnecting. On January 7, 1927, W. S. Gifford, president of the [American Telephone \\& Telegraph Company](/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation \"AT&T Corporation\"), called Evelyn P. Murray to test the first commercial telephone line across the Atlantic Ocean.\n\nWhat turned out to be the most popular and longest\\-lasting physical style of telephone was introduced in the early 20th century, including Bell's [model 102 telephone](/wiki/Model_102_telephone \"Model 102 telephone\"). A [carbon granule transmitter](/wiki/Carbon_microphone \"Carbon microphone\") and electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle, which when not in use were placed in a cradle in the base unit. The circuit diagram of the model 102 shows the direct connection of the receiver to the line, while the transmitter was induction coupled, with energy supplied by a local battery. The coupling transformer, battery, and ringer were in a separate enclosure from the desk set. The [rotary dial](/wiki/Rotary_dial \"Rotary dial\") in the base interrupted the line current by repeatedly but very briefly disconnecting the line 1 to 10 times for each digit, and the hook switch (in the center of the circuit diagram) permanently disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the cradle.\n\nStarting in the 1930s, the base of the telephone also enclosed its bell and induction coil, obviating the need for a separate ringer box. Power was supplied to each subscriber line by central\\-office batteries instead of the user's local battery, which required periodic service. For the next half century, the network behind the telephone grew progressively larger and much more efficient, and, after the rotary dial was added, the instrument itself changed little until [Touch\\-Tone](/wiki/Touch-Tone \"Touch-Tone\") signaling started replacing the rotary dial in the 1960s.\n\nThe [history of mobile phones](/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones \"History of mobile phones\") can be traced back to two\\-way radios permanently installed in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, railroad trains, and the like. Later versions such as the so\\-called transportables or \"bag phones\" were equipped with a cigarette\\-lighter plug so that they could also be carried, and thus could be used as either mobile two\\-way radios or as portable phones by being patched into the telephone network.\n\nIn December 1947, [Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs \"Bell Labs\") engineers [Douglas H. Ring](/wiki/Douglas_H._Ring \"Douglas H. Ring\") and [W. Rae Young](/wiki/W._Rae_Young \"W. Rae Young\") proposed hexagonal cell transmissions for mobile phones. Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in 3 directions (see picture at right) into 3 adjacent hexagon cells.[interview of Joel S. Engel](https://web.archive.org/web/20070616083306/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/oral_history/pdfs/Engel366.pdf), page 17 (image 18\\) The technology did not exist then and the radio frequencies had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard H. Frenkiel and [Joel S. Engel](/wiki/Joel_S._Engel \"Joel S. Engel\") of Bell Labs developed the electronics.\n\nMeanwhile, the 1956 inauguration of the [TAT\\-1](/wiki/TAT-1 \"TAT-1\") cable and later [international direct dialing](/wiki/International_direct_dialing \"International direct dialing\") were important steps in putting together the various continental telephone networks into a [global network](/wiki/Global_network \"Global network\").\n\nOn 3 April 1973, Motorola manager [Martin Cooper](/wiki/Martin_Cooper_%28inventor%29 \"Martin Cooper (inventor)\") placed a cellular\\-phone call (in front of reporters) to Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research at AT\\&T's [Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs \"Bell Labs\"). This began the era of the handheld cellular\\-mobile phone.\n\nCable\\-television companies began to use their fast\\-developing cable networks with ducting under the streets of the United Kingdom in the late 1980s to provide telephony services in association with major telephone companies. One of the early cable operators in the UK, [Cable London](/wiki/Cable_London \"Cable London\"), connected its first cable telephone customer in about 1990\\.\n\n### Digital telephone technology\n\nThe rapid development and wide adoption of [pulse\\-code modulation](/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation \"Pulse-code modulation\") (PCM) [digital telephony](/wiki/Digital_telephony \"Digital telephony\") was enabled by [metal–oxide–semiconductor](/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor \"Metal–oxide–semiconductor\") (MOS) technology. The [MOS field\\-effect transistor](/wiki/MOSFET \"MOSFET\") (MOSFET) was invented by [Mohamed M. Atalla](/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla \"Mohamed M. Atalla\") and [Dawon Kahng](/wiki/Dawon_Kahng \"Dawon Kahng\") at [Bell Telephone Laboratories](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories \"Bell Telephone Laboratories\") in 1959, and the [MOS integrated circuit](/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit \"MOS integrated circuit\") (MOS IC) chip was proposed soon after, but MOS technology was initially overlooked by Bell because they did not find it practical for analog telephone applications, before it was commercialized by [Fairchild](/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor \"Fairchild Semiconductor\") and [RCA](/wiki/RCA \"RCA\") for [digital electronics](/wiki/Digital_electronics \"Digital electronics\") such as [computers](/wiki/Computers \"Computers\"). MOS technology eventually became practical for telephone applications with the MOS [mixed\\-signal integrated circuit](/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit \"Mixed-signal integrated circuit\"), which combines analog and [digital signal processing](/wiki/Digital_signal_processing \"Digital signal processing\") on a single chip, developed by former Bell engineer [David A. Hodges](/wiki/David_A._Hodges \"David A. Hodges\") with Paul R. Gray at [UC Berkeley](/wiki/UC_Berkeley \"UC Berkeley\") in the early 1970s. In 1974, Hodges and Gray worked with R.E. Suarez to develop MOS [switched capacitor](/wiki/Switched_capacitor \"Switched capacitor\") (SC) circuit technology, which they used to develop the [digital\\-to\\-analog converter](/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter \"Digital-to-analog converter\") (DAC) chip, using MOSFETs and [MOS capacitors](/wiki/MOS_capacitor \"MOS capacitor\") for data conversion. This was followed by the [analog\\-to\\-digital converter](/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter \"Analog-to-digital converter\") (ADC) chip, developed by Gray and J. McCreary in 1975\\.\n\nMOS SC circuits led to the development of PCM codec\\-filter chips in the late 1970s. The [silicon\\-gate](/wiki/Silicon-gate \"Silicon-gate\") [CMOS](/wiki/CMOS \"CMOS\") (complementary MOS) PCM codec\\-filter chip, developed by Hodges and W.C. Black in 1980, has since been the industry standard for digital telephony. By the 1990s, [telecommunication networks](/wiki/Telecommunication_network \"Telecommunication network\") such as the [public switched telephone network](/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network \"Public switched telephone network\") (PSTN) had been largely digitized with [very\\-large\\-scale integration](/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration \"Very-large-scale integration\") (VLSI) CMOS PCM codec\\-filters, widely used in [switching systems](/wiki/Switching_systems \"Switching systems\") for [telephone exchanges](/wiki/Telephone_exchanges \"Telephone exchanges\"), [private branch exchanges](/wiki/Private_branch_exchange \"Private branch exchange\") (PBX) and [key telephone systems](/wiki/Key_telephone_system \"Key telephone system\") (KTS); user\\-end [modems](/wiki/Modems \"Modems\"); [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission \"Data transmission\") applications such as [digital loop carriers](/wiki/Digital_loop_carrier \"Digital loop carrier\"), [pair gain](/wiki/Pair_gain \"Pair gain\") [multiplexers](/wiki/Multiplexers \"Multiplexers\"), telephone [loop extenders](/wiki/ADSL_loop_extender \"ADSL loop extender\"), [integrated services digital network](/wiki/Integrated_services_digital_network \"Integrated services digital network\") (ISDN) terminals, digital [cordless telephones](/wiki/Cordless_telephones \"Cordless telephones\") and digital [cell phones](/wiki/Cell_phones \"Cell phones\"); and applications such as [speech recognition](/wiki/Speech_recognition \"Speech recognition\") equipment, voice [data storage](/wiki/Data_storage \"Data storage\"), [voice mail](/wiki/Voice_mail \"Voice mail\") and digital tapeless [answering machines](/wiki/Answering_machines \"Answering machines\"). The bandwidth of digital telecommunication networks has been rapidly increasing at an exponential rate, as observed by [Edholm's law](/wiki/Edholm%27s_law \"Edholm's law\"), largely driven by the [rapid scaling](/wiki/MOSFET_scaling \"MOSFET scaling\") and [miniaturization](/wiki/Miniaturization \"Miniaturization\") of MOS technology.\n\nThe British companies [Pye TMC](/wiki/Pye_Ltd. \"Pye Ltd.\"), [Marconi\\-Elliott](/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_%28computer_company%29 \"Elliott Brothers (computer company)\") and [GEC](/wiki/General_Electric_Company \"General Electric Company\") developed the digital [push\\-button telephone](/wiki/Push-button_telephone \"Push-button telephone\"), based on MOS IC technology, in 1970\\. It was variously called the \"MOS telephone\", the \"push\\-button telephone chip\", and the \"telephone [on a chip](/wiki/System_on_a_chip \"System on a chip\")\". It used MOS IC logic, with thousands of MOSFETs on a chip, to convert the keypad input into a pulse signal. This made it possible for push\\-button telephones to be used with [pulse dialing](/wiki/Pulse_dialing \"Pulse dialing\") at most telephone exchanges. MOS telephone technology introduced a new feature: the use of [MOS memory](/wiki/MOS_memory \"MOS memory\") chips to store [phone numbers](/wiki/Phone_numbers \"Phone numbers\"), which could then be used for [speed dialing](/wiki/Speed_dialing \"Speed dialing\") at the push of a button. This was demonstrated in the United Kingdom by Pye TMC, Marcno\\-Elliot and GEC in 1970\\. Between 1971 and 1973, Bell combined MOS technology with [touch\\-tone](/wiki/Touch-tone \"Touch-tone\") technology to develop a push\\-button MOS touch\\-tone phone called the \"Touch\\-O\\-Matic\" telephone, which could store up to 32 phone numbers. This was made possible by the low cost, low power requirements, small size and high reliability of MOSFETs, over 15,000 of which were contained on ten MOS IC chips, including one chip for logic, one for the [keypad](/wiki/Keypad \"Keypad\") dial interface, and eight for memory.\n\n", "### Digital telephone technology\n\nThe rapid development and wide adoption of [pulse\\-code modulation](/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation \"Pulse-code modulation\") (PCM) [digital telephony](/wiki/Digital_telephony \"Digital telephony\") was enabled by [metal–oxide–semiconductor](/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor \"Metal–oxide–semiconductor\") (MOS) technology. The [MOS field\\-effect transistor](/wiki/MOSFET \"MOSFET\") (MOSFET) was invented by [Mohamed M. Atalla](/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla \"Mohamed M. Atalla\") and [Dawon Kahng](/wiki/Dawon_Kahng \"Dawon Kahng\") at [Bell Telephone Laboratories](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories \"Bell Telephone Laboratories\") in 1959, and the [MOS integrated circuit](/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit \"MOS integrated circuit\") (MOS IC) chip was proposed soon after, but MOS technology was initially overlooked by Bell because they did not find it practical for analog telephone applications, before it was commercialized by [Fairchild](/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor \"Fairchild Semiconductor\") and [RCA](/wiki/RCA \"RCA\") for [digital electronics](/wiki/Digital_electronics \"Digital electronics\") such as [computers](/wiki/Computers \"Computers\"). MOS technology eventually became practical for telephone applications with the MOS [mixed\\-signal integrated circuit](/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit \"Mixed-signal integrated circuit\"), which combines analog and [digital signal processing](/wiki/Digital_signal_processing \"Digital signal processing\") on a single chip, developed by former Bell engineer [David A. Hodges](/wiki/David_A._Hodges \"David A. Hodges\") with Paul R. Gray at [UC Berkeley](/wiki/UC_Berkeley \"UC Berkeley\") in the early 1970s. In 1974, Hodges and Gray worked with R.E. Suarez to develop MOS [switched capacitor](/wiki/Switched_capacitor \"Switched capacitor\") (SC) circuit technology, which they used to develop the [digital\\-to\\-analog converter](/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter \"Digital-to-analog converter\") (DAC) chip, using MOSFETs and [MOS capacitors](/wiki/MOS_capacitor \"MOS capacitor\") for data conversion. This was followed by the [analog\\-to\\-digital converter](/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter \"Analog-to-digital converter\") (ADC) chip, developed by Gray and J. McCreary in 1975\\.\n\nMOS SC circuits led to the development of PCM codec\\-filter chips in the late 1970s. The [silicon\\-gate](/wiki/Silicon-gate \"Silicon-gate\") [CMOS](/wiki/CMOS \"CMOS\") (complementary MOS) PCM codec\\-filter chip, developed by Hodges and W.C. Black in 1980, has since been the industry standard for digital telephony. By the 1990s, [telecommunication networks](/wiki/Telecommunication_network \"Telecommunication network\") such as the [public switched telephone network](/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network \"Public switched telephone network\") (PSTN) had been largely digitized with [very\\-large\\-scale integration](/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration \"Very-large-scale integration\") (VLSI) CMOS PCM codec\\-filters, widely used in [switching systems](/wiki/Switching_systems \"Switching systems\") for [telephone exchanges](/wiki/Telephone_exchanges \"Telephone exchanges\"), [private branch exchanges](/wiki/Private_branch_exchange \"Private branch exchange\") (PBX) and [key telephone systems](/wiki/Key_telephone_system \"Key telephone system\") (KTS); user\\-end [modems](/wiki/Modems \"Modems\"); [data transmission](/wiki/Data_transmission \"Data transmission\") applications such as [digital loop carriers](/wiki/Digital_loop_carrier \"Digital loop carrier\"), [pair gain](/wiki/Pair_gain \"Pair gain\") [multiplexers](/wiki/Multiplexers \"Multiplexers\"), telephone [loop extenders](/wiki/ADSL_loop_extender \"ADSL loop extender\"), [integrated services digital network](/wiki/Integrated_services_digital_network \"Integrated services digital network\") (ISDN) terminals, digital [cordless telephones](/wiki/Cordless_telephones \"Cordless telephones\") and digital [cell phones](/wiki/Cell_phones \"Cell phones\"); and applications such as [speech recognition](/wiki/Speech_recognition \"Speech recognition\") equipment, voice [data storage](/wiki/Data_storage \"Data storage\"), [voice mail](/wiki/Voice_mail \"Voice mail\") and digital tapeless [answering machines](/wiki/Answering_machines \"Answering machines\"). The bandwidth of digital telecommunication networks has been rapidly increasing at an exponential rate, as observed by [Edholm's law](/wiki/Edholm%27s_law \"Edholm's law\"), largely driven by the [rapid scaling](/wiki/MOSFET_scaling \"MOSFET scaling\") and [miniaturization](/wiki/Miniaturization \"Miniaturization\") of MOS technology.\n\nThe British companies [Pye TMC](/wiki/Pye_Ltd. \"Pye Ltd.\"), [Marconi\\-Elliott](/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_%28computer_company%29 \"Elliott Brothers (computer company)\") and [GEC](/wiki/General_Electric_Company \"General Electric Company\") developed the digital [push\\-button telephone](/wiki/Push-button_telephone \"Push-button telephone\"), based on MOS IC technology, in 1970\\. It was variously called the \"MOS telephone\", the \"push\\-button telephone chip\", and the \"telephone [on a chip](/wiki/System_on_a_chip \"System on a chip\")\". It used MOS IC logic, with thousands of MOSFETs on a chip, to convert the keypad input into a pulse signal. This made it possible for push\\-button telephones to be used with [pulse dialing](/wiki/Pulse_dialing \"Pulse dialing\") at most telephone exchanges. MOS telephone technology introduced a new feature: the use of [MOS memory](/wiki/MOS_memory \"MOS memory\") chips to store [phone numbers](/wiki/Phone_numbers \"Phone numbers\"), which could then be used for [speed dialing](/wiki/Speed_dialing \"Speed dialing\") at the push of a button. This was demonstrated in the United Kingdom by Pye TMC, Marcno\\-Elliot and GEC in 1970\\. Between 1971 and 1973, Bell combined MOS technology with [touch\\-tone](/wiki/Touch-tone \"Touch-tone\") technology to develop a push\\-button MOS touch\\-tone phone called the \"Touch\\-O\\-Matic\" telephone, which could store up to 32 phone numbers. This was made possible by the low cost, low power requirements, small size and high reliability of MOSFETs, over 15,000 of which were contained on ten MOS IC chips, including one chip for logic, one for the [keypad](/wiki/Keypad \"Keypad\") dial interface, and eight for memory.\n\n", "Women's usage in the 20th century\n---------------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|Private conversation, 1910](/wiki/File:CandlestickTelephones.jpg \"CandlestickTelephones.jpg\")\nThe telephone was instrumental to modernization. It aided in the development of [suburbs](/wiki/Suburb \"Suburb\") and the separation of homes and businesses, but also became a reason for the separation between women occupying the private sphere and men in the public sphere. Both historically and currently, women are predominantly responsible for the telephone calls that bridge the public and private sphere, such as calls regarding doctor's appointments and meetings.\n\n", "21st\\-century developments\n--------------------------\n\nInternet Protocol (IP) telephony, also known as Internet telephony or [Voice over Internet Protocol](/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol \"Voice over Internet Protocol\") (VoIP), is a [disruptive technology](/wiki/Disruptive_technology \"Disruptive technology\") that is rapidly gaining ground against traditional telephone network technologies.\n\n[thumb\\|Apple iPhone [smartphone](/wiki/Smartphone \"Smartphone\")](/wiki/File:Iphone_4G-3_black_screen.png \"Iphone 4G-3 black screen.png\")\nIP telephony uses a [broadband](/wiki/Broadband \"Broadband\") Internet service to transmit conversations as [data packets](/wiki/Data_packet \"Data packet\"). In addition to replacing the traditional [plain old telephone service](/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service \"Plain old telephone service\") (POTS) systems, IP telephony competes with [mobile phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\") networks by offering free or lower cost service via [WiFi](/wiki/WiFi \"WiFi\") [hotspots](/wiki/Hotspot_%28Wi-Fi%29 \"Hotspot (Wi-Fi)\"). VoIP is also used on private wireless networks which may or may not have a connection to the outside telephone network.\n\nTelecommunication of the 21st century has been dominated by the development of the [smartphone](/wiki/Smartphone \"Smartphone\"). This is a combination of a hand\\-held computer, a cellular phone, a digital camera, and Internet access. One of its features is the touch screen that facilitates the primary interaction for users for most tasks, such as dialing telephone numbers. Some of its software features also include email communication, as well as audio and video playback and capture.\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Carbon microphone](/wiki/Carbon_microphone \"Carbon microphone\")\n* [History of mobile phones](/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones \"History of mobile phones\")\n* [History of telecommunication](/wiki/History_of_telecommunication \"History of telecommunication\")\n* [History of videotelephony](/wiki/History_of_videotelephony \"History of videotelephony\")\n* [Private branch exchange](/wiki/Private_branch_exchange \"Private branch exchange\")\n* [Push\\-button telephone](/wiki/Push-button_telephone \"Push-button telephone\")\n* [Telephone exchange](/wiki/Telephone_exchange \"Telephone exchange\")\n* [Timeline of the telephone](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_telephone \"Timeline of the telephone\")\n* [Telegraph in United States history](/wiki/Telegraph_in_United_States_history \"Telegraph in United States history\")\n* [Telephone in United States history](/wiki/Telephone_in_United_States_history \"Telephone in United States history\")\n* [Invention of the telephone](/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone \"Invention of the telephone\")\n\t+ [Bell Telephone Memorial](/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial \"Bell Telephone Memorial\"), a major monument dedicated to the invention of the telephone\n\t+ [Charles Bourseul](/wiki/Charles_Bourseul \"Charles Bourseul\") – claimed inventor of the telephone\n\t+ [Elisha Gray](/wiki/Elisha_Gray \"Elisha Gray\")\n\t+ [Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy](/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy \"Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy\")\n\t+ [Innocenzo Manzetti](/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti \"Innocenzo Manzetti\")\n\t+ [Johann Philipp Reis](/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis \"Johann Philipp Reis\") – claimed inventor of the telephone\n\t+ [Antonio Meucci](/wiki/Antonio_Meucci \"Antonio Meucci\") – claimed inventor of the telephone\n\t+ [The Telephone Cases](/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases \"The Telephone Cases\"), a series of court decisions in the U.S. on the telephone's invention\n\t+ [Thomas Edison's carbon telephone transmitter](/wiki/Thomas_Edison%23Carbon_telephone_transmitter \"Thomas Edison#Carbon telephone transmitter\") – greatly improved the telephone's sound quality\n\t\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n*This article includes text from [Withdrawal of National Historic Landmark Designation: Site of the First Telephone Exchange, New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut](https://web.archive.org/web/20120815094051/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/DOE_dedesignations/Telephone.htm), by the [United States National Park Service](/wiki/United_States_National_Park_Service \"United States National Park Service\"), a work in the public domain.*\n", "Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Baker, Burton H. (2000\\), *The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone*, Telepress, St. Joseph, MI, 2000\\. \n* Bruce, Robert V. (1990\\), *Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude*, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1990\\.\n* Coe, Lewis (1995\\), *The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History*, McFarland, North Carolina, 1995\\. \n* Evenson, A. Edward (2000\\), *The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray \\- Alexander Bell Controversy*, McFarland, North Carolina, 2000\\. \n* Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003\\), *The Worldwide History of Telecommunications*, IEEE Press and J. Wiley \\& Sons, 2003\\. \n* [John, Richard R](/wiki/Richard_R._John \"Richard R. John\") (2010\\), *Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications*, [Harvard University Press](/wiki/Harvard_University_Press \"Harvard University Press\"), 2010; traces the evolution of the country's telegraph and telephone networks.\n* Josephson, Matthew (1992\\), *Edison: A Biography*, Wiley, 1992\\. \n* Wheen, Andrew (2011\\), *DOT\\-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet* (Springer, 2011\\). \n\n* Martin, Michèle (1988\\). \"Feminisation of the Labour Process in the Communication Industry: The Case of the Telephone Operators, 1876\\-1904\". Labour / Le Travail. 22: 139\\. doi:10\\.2307/25143030\\.\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Silvanus P. Thompson \\- Philipp Reis: Inventor of the Telephone A Biographical Sketch, London, 1883](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56542/56542-h/56542-h.htm)\n* [History of the Telephone in Washington, DC](https://ghostsofdc.org/2012/11/26/history-of-the-telephone-in-d-c/) \\- Ghosts of DC blog\n[Telephone](/wiki/Category:History_of_technology \"History of technology\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Resource relocation", "Genetic sterility", "In hybrid breeding", "Maize breeding", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n**Cytoplasmic male sterility** is total or partial male sterility in hermaphrodite organisms, as the result of specific [nuclear](/wiki/Cell_nucleus \"Cell nucleus\") and [mitochondrial](/wiki/Mitochondrion \"Mitochondrion\") interactions. Male sterility is the failure to produce functional [anthers](/wiki/Anther \"Anther\"), [pollen](/wiki/Pollen \"Pollen\"), or male [gametes](/wiki/Gametes \"Gametes\"). Such male sterility in hermaphrodite populations leads to gynodioecious populations (populations with coexisting fully functioning hermaphrodites and male\\-sterile hermaphrodites).\n\nCytoplasmic male sterility, as the name indicates, is under extranuclear genetic control (under control of the mitochondrial or plastid genomes). It shows [non\\-Mendelian inheritance](/wiki/Non-Mendelian_inheritance \"Non-Mendelian inheritance\"), with male sterility inherited maternally. In general, there are two types of cytoplasm: N (normal) and aberrant S (sterile) cytoplasms. These types exhibit reciprocal differences.\n\n", "History\n-------\n\n[Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter](/wiki/Joseph_Gottlieb_K%C3%B6lreuter \"Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter\") was the first to document male sterility in plants. In the [18th century](/wiki/18th_century \"18th century\"), he reported on anther abortion within species and specific hybrids.\n\n[Cytoplasmic](/wiki/Cytoplasm \"Cytoplasm\") male sterility (CMS) is mostly found in angiosperms and has been identified in more than 140 angiosperm species.\n\nCMS has also been identified in one animal species so far, *Physa acuta*, a fresh water snail.\n\nThere is strong evidence for gynodioecy and CMS to be a transitionary step between hermaphrodites and separated sexes.\n\nMale sterility is more prevalent than female sterility. This could be because the male [sporophyte](/wiki/Sporophyte \"Sporophyte\") and [gametophyte](/wiki/Gametophyte \"Gametophyte\") are less protected from the environment than the [ovule](/wiki/Ovule \"Ovule\") and [embryo sac](/wiki/Embryo_sac \"Embryo sac\"). Male\\-sterile plants can set seed and propagate. Female\\-sterile plants cannot develop seeds and will not propagate.\n\nManifestation of male sterility in CMS may be controlled either entirely by cytoplasmic factors or by interactions between cytoplasmic factors and nuclear factors. Male sterility can arise spontaneously via mutations in [nuclear genes](/wiki/Nuclear_gene \"Nuclear gene\") and/or cytoplasmic or cytoplasmic–genetic. In this case, the trigger for CMS is in the [extranuclear genome](/wiki/Extranuclear_inheritance \"Extranuclear inheritance\") \\- ([mitochondria](/wiki/Mitochondria \"Mitochondria\") or [chloroplast](/wiki/Chloroplast \"Chloroplast\")). The extranuclear genome is only maternally inherited. Natural selection on cytoplasmic genes could also lead to low pollen production or male sterility.\n\nMale sterility is easy to detect because a large number of pollen grains are produced in male fertile plants. Pollen grains can be assayed through staining techniques ([carmine](/wiki/Carmine \"Carmine\"), [lactophenol](/wiki/Lactophenol_cotton_blue \"Lactophenol cotton blue\") or [iodine](/wiki/Iodine \"Iodine\")).\n\n", "Resource relocation\n-------------------\n\nCMS is one case of male\\-sterility, but this condition can also originate from nuclear genes. In the case of nuclear male sterility (when male sterility is caused by a nuclear mutation), the transmission of the male sterility allele is cut in half, since the entire male reproductive pathway is canceled.\n\nCMS differs from the latter case (nuclear male sterility) because most cytoplasmic genetic elements are only transmitted maternally. This entails that for a cytoplasmic genetic element, causing male sterility doesn't affect its transmission rate since it is not transmitted via the male reproductive pathway.\n\nInactivation of the male reproductive pathway (sperm production, production of male reproductive organs, etc) can lead to resource relocation to the female reproductive pathway, increasing the female reproductive capabilities (female fitness), this phenomenon is referred to as Female Advantage (FA). The female advantage of many gynodioecious species has been quantified (as the ratio between male\\-sterile's female fitness and hermaphrodites' female fitness) and is mostly comprised between 1 and 2\\.\n\nIn the case of nuclear male\\-sterility, a female advantage of at least 2 is required to make it evolutionary neutral (FA\\=2\\) or advantageous (FA \\> 2\\) since half of the transmission is cut because of the male\\-sterility allele.\n\nCytoplasmic male\\-sterility requires no female advantage to be evolutionary neutral (FA\\=1\\), or a small female advantage to be evolutionary advantageous (FA \\> 1\\).\n\nAs far as we know, CMS is much more common than nuclear male\\-sterility with results from a study of 49 gynodioecious plants found 17 species (35%) exhibiting CMS and only 7 (14%) exhibiting nuclear male\\-sterility (all remaining species have unknown determinism of male\\-sterility).\n\n", "Genetic sterility\n-----------------\n\nWhile CMS is controlled by an extranuclear genome, nuclear genes may have the capability to restore fertility. When nuclear restoration of fertility genes is available for a CMS system in any crop, it is cytoplasmic–genetic male sterility; the sterility is manifested by the influence of both nuclear (with Mendelian inheritance) and cytoplasmic (maternally inherited) genes. There are also restorers of fertility (*Rf*) genes that are distinct from genetic male sterility genes. The *Rf* genes have no expression of their own unless the sterile cytoplasm is present. *Rf* genes are required to restore fertility in S cytoplasm that causes sterility. Thus plants with N cytoplasm are fertile and S cytoplasm with genotype *Rf*\\- leads to fertiles while S cytoplasm with *rfrf* produces only male steriles. Another feature of these systems is that *Rf* mutations (*i.e.*, mutations to *rf* or no fertility restoration) are frequent, so that N cytoplasm with *Rfrf* is best for stable fertility.\n\nCytoplasmic–genetic male sterility systems are widely exploited in crop plants for hybrid breeding due to the convenience of controlling sterility expression by manipulating the gene–cytoplasm combinations in any selected [genotype](/wiki/Genotype \"Genotype\"). Incorporation of these systems for male sterility evades the need for emasculation in cross\\-pollinated species, thus encouraging cross breeding producing only hybrid seeds under natural conditions.\n\n", "In hybrid breeding\n------------------\n\nHybrid production requires a plant from which no viable male gametes are introduced. This selective exclusion of viable male gametes can be accomplished via different paths. One path, [emasculation](/wiki/Emasculation \"Emasculation\") is done to prevent a plant from producing pollen so that it can serve only as a female parent. Another simple way to establish a female line for hybrid seed production is to identify or create a line that is unable to produce viable pollen. Since a male\\-sterile line cannot self\\-pollinate, seed formation is dependent upon pollen from another male line. Cytoplasmic male sterility is also used in hybrid seed production. In this case, male sterility is maternally transmitted and all progeny will be male sterile. These CMS lines must be maintained by repeated crossing to a sister line (known as the maintainer line) that is genetically identical except that it possesses normal cytoplasm and is therefore male\\-fertile. In cytoplasmic–genetic male sterility restoration of fertility is done using restorer lines carrying nuclear genes. The male\\-sterile line is maintained by crossing with a maintainer line carrying the same nuclear genome but with normal fertile cytoplasm.\n\nFor crops such as onions or carrots where the commodity harvested from the [F1 generation](/wiki/F1_generation \"F1 generation\") is vegetative growth, male sterility is not a problem.\n\n### Maize breeding\n\nCytoplasmic male sterility is an important part of hybrid [maize](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\") production. The first commercial cytoplasmic male sterile, discovered in Texas, is known as CMS\\-T. The use of CMS\\-T, starting in the 1950s, eliminated the need for [detasseling](/wiki/Detasseling \"Detasseling\"). In the early 1970s, plants containing CMS\\-T genetics were susceptible to [southern corn leaf blight](/wiki/Southern_corn_leaf_blight \"Southern corn leaf blight\") and suffered from widespread loss of yield. Since then, CMS types C and S were used instead. Unfortunately, these lines are prone to environmentally induced fertility restoration and must be carefully monitored in the field. Environmentally induced, in contrast to genetic, restoration occurs when certain environmental stimuli signal the plant to bypass sterility restrictions and produce pollen anyway.\n\nGenome sequencing of mitochondrial genomes of crop plants has facilitated the identification of promising candidates for CMS\\-related mitochondrial rearrangements. The systematic sequencing of new plant species in recent years has also uncovered the existence of several novel nuclear restoration of fertility (RF) genes and their encoded proteins. A unified nomenclature for the RF defines protein families across all plant species and facilitates comparative functional genomics. This nomenclature accommodates functional RF genes and [pseudogenes](/wiki/Pseudogene \"Pseudogene\"), and offers the flexibility needed to incorporate additional RFs as they become available in future.\n\n", "### Maize breeding\n\nCytoplasmic male sterility is an important part of hybrid [maize](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\") production. The first commercial cytoplasmic male sterile, discovered in Texas, is known as CMS\\-T. The use of CMS\\-T, starting in the 1950s, eliminated the need for [detasseling](/wiki/Detasseling \"Detasseling\"). In the early 1970s, plants containing CMS\\-T genetics were susceptible to [southern corn leaf blight](/wiki/Southern_corn_leaf_blight \"Southern corn leaf blight\") and suffered from widespread loss of yield. Since then, CMS types C and S were used instead. Unfortunately, these lines are prone to environmentally induced fertility restoration and must be carefully monitored in the field. Environmentally induced, in contrast to genetic, restoration occurs when certain environmental stimuli signal the plant to bypass sterility restrictions and produce pollen anyway.\n\nGenome sequencing of mitochondrial genomes of crop plants has facilitated the identification of promising candidates for CMS\\-related mitochondrial rearrangements. The systematic sequencing of new plant species in recent years has also uncovered the existence of several novel nuclear restoration of fertility (RF) genes and their encoded proteins. A unified nomenclature for the RF defines protein families across all plant species and facilitates comparative functional genomics. This nomenclature accommodates functional RF genes and [pseudogenes](/wiki/Pseudogene \"Pseudogene\"), and offers the flexibility needed to incorporate additional RFs as they become available in future.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Biological approaches to preventing gene flow](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181449/http://www.coextra.eu/research_themes/topics188.html) \\- Co\\-extra research project on coexistence and traceability of GM and non\\-GM supply chains\n\n[Category:Plant reproduction](/wiki/Category:Plant_reproduction \"Plant reproduction\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 43682176 ], "name": [ "Bringingthewood" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Thaddeus Walter Cieslak** (November 22, 1912 – May 9, 1993\\) was an American [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") [third baseman](/wiki/Third_baseman \"Third baseman\") who played for the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\") in 1944\\. The 27\\-year\\-old [rookie](/wiki/Rookie \"Rookie\") stood and weighed 175 lbs.\n\nCieslak was one of many ballplayers who only appeared in the [major leagues](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") during World War II. He made his [major\\-league debut](/wiki/Major_league_debut \"Major league debut\") on April 18, 1944, in a home game against the [Brooklyn Dodgers](/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers \"Brooklyn Dodgers\") at [Shibe Park](/wiki/Shibe_Park \"Shibe Park\").\n\nIn 85 games, he was 54\\-for\\-220 (.245\\), and 21 [walks](/wiki/Bases_on_balls \"Bases on balls\") and one [hit\\-by\\-pitch](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch \"Hit by pitch\") pushed his [on\\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage \"On-base percentage\") up to .314\\. He had two [home runs](/wiki/Home_runs \"Home runs\"), 11 [runs batted in](/wiki/Runs_batted_in \"Runs batted in\"), and scored 18 [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 \"Run (baseball)\"). Cieslak made 15 [errors](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 \"Error (baseball)\") in 122 [total chances](/wiki/Total_chances \"Total chances\") (.877\\). In five of his games Cieslak was a [left fielder](/wiki/Left_fielder \"Left fielder\"), and handled 12 chances without making an error.\n\nHe died in his hometown of [Milwaukee, Wisconsin](/wiki/Milwaukee%2C_Wisconsin \"Milwaukee, Wisconsin\") at the age of 80\\.\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Baseball Reference](https://www.baseball-reference.com/c/cieslte01.shtml)\n* [Retrosheet](http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/Pciest101.htm)\n\n[Category:1912 births](/wiki/Category:1912_births \"1912 births\")\n[Category:1993 deaths](/wiki/Category:1993_deaths \"1993 deaths\")\n[Category:Atlanta Crackers players](/wiki/Category:Atlanta_Crackers_players \"Atlanta Crackers players\")\n[Category:Baseball players from Milwaukee](/wiki/Category:Baseball_players_from_Milwaukee \"Baseball players from Milwaukee\")\n[Category:Fort Lauderdale Braves players](/wiki/Category:Fort_Lauderdale_Braves_players \"Fort Lauderdale Braves players\")\n[Category:Indianapolis Indians players](/wiki/Category:Indianapolis_Indians_players \"Indianapolis Indians players\")\n[Category:Lakeland Pilots players](/wiki/Category:Lakeland_Pilots_players \"Lakeland Pilots players\")\n[Category:Major League Baseball third basemen](/wiki/Category:Major_League_Baseball_third_basemen \"Major League Baseball third basemen\")\n[Category:Nashville Vols players](/wiki/Category:Nashville_Vols_players \"Nashville Vols players\")\n[Category:Oklahoma City Indians players](/wiki/Category:Oklahoma_City_Indians_players \"Oklahoma City Indians players\")\n[Category:Philadelphia Phillies players](/wiki/Category:Philadelphia_Phillies_players \"Philadelphia Phillies players\")\n[Category:Rayne Rice Birds players](/wiki/Category:Rayne_Rice_Birds_players \"Rayne Rice Birds players\")\n[Category:Wilmington Blue Rocks players](/wiki/Category:Wilmington_Blue_Rocks_players \"Wilmington Blue Rocks players\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 20483999 ], "name": [ "Monkbot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Life and career", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|*[La fille mal gardée](/wiki/La_fille_mal_gard%C3%A9e \"La fille mal gardée\")*, [Anna Pavlova](/wiki/Anna_Pavlova \"Anna Pavlova\") as Lise, **Nikolai Legat** as Colas ca. 1910](/wiki/File:Fille_Mal_Gardee_-Anna_Pavlova_as_Lise%2C_Nikolai_Legat_as_Colas_-circa_1910.jpg \"Fille Mal Gardee -Anna Pavlova as Lise, Nikolai Legat as Colas -circa 1910.jpg\")\n**Nikolai Gustavovich Legat** () (30 December 1869, in Moscow – 24 January 1937, in London) was a ballet dancer, choreographer and teacher.\n\n", "Life and career\n---------------\n\nNikolai Legat was born to a family of Swedish origin, all of whom were dancers—his father Gustav Legat was a *soloist* of the [Imperial Ballet](/wiki/Mariinsky_Ballet \"Mariinsky Ballet\") of St. Petersburg and teacher of ballet at the [Moscow Theatrical School](/wiki/Moscow_State_Academy_of_Choreography \"Moscow State Academy of Choreography\") while his mother Maria Semyonovna Legat (née Granken) was a character dancer. Like his four siblings, the young Nikolai was accepted into the Imperial Ballet School at the age of ten, and during his years there, he counted [Marius Petipa](/wiki/Marius_Petipa \"Marius Petipa\"), [Pavel Gerdt](/wiki/Pavel_Gerdt \"Pavel Gerdt\") and [Christian Johansson](/wiki/Christian_Johansson \"Christian Johansson\") among his teachers. Legat graduated in 1888 and was immediately offered a position with the Imperial Ballet in the rank of *sujet* (*soloist*), completely bypassing having to dance in the *corps de ballet*. Both he and his younger brother, Sergey, became ballet masters and caricaturists.\n\nLegat is considered to be the main successor to Pavel Gerdt. Legat later served as a [ballet master](/wiki/Ballet_master \"Ballet master\") in Russia, teaching and passing on the repertoire of the Imperial ballet company, whose groundwork was the legacy of the great [choreographer](/wiki/Choreography \"Choreography\")\\-ballet master, Marius Petipa. He left Russia with his third wife, Nadine, in 1922 and eventually settled in England in 1926\\. The couple opened their first ballet school in Kent. They were later able to start classes in Hammersmith, London. Among their notable pupils were [Ninette de Valois](/wiki/Ninette_de_Valois \"Ninette de Valois\") and [Margot Fonteyn](/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn \"Margot Fonteyn\").Amy Growcott: biography of Nicolai Legat *The Marius Petipa Society* [Nikolai and Sergei Legat](https://petipasociety.com/nikolai-and-sergei-legat/) Retrieved 27 June 2019\\.\n\nLegat's wife, Nadine Nicolaeva, was a *[ballerina](/wiki/Ballet_dancer \"Ballet dancer\")* of the Imperial and State theatres of Moscow and St. Petersburg. She choreographed dances based on the Movements Exercises of [Gurdjieff](/wiki/George_Gurdjieff \"George Gurdjieff\") and later founded the Legat School of Ballet in [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\"). One of her students was [Anneliese von Oettingen](/wiki/Anneliese_von_Oettingen \"Anneliese von Oettingen\"). Nadine Nicolaeva\\-Legat was a follower of [P. D. Ouspensky](/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky \"P. D. Ouspensky\"). She choreographed dances based on the Movements Exercises of [G. I Gurdjieff](/wiki/George_Gurdjieff \"George Gurdjieff\"). In 1938, Ouspensky and his followers acquired Colet House in London, from Nadine Legat, where they established the [Historico\\-Psychological Society](/wiki/The_Study_Society \"The Study Society\").Webb, James. *The Harmonious Circle: The Lives and Work of G. I. Gurdjieff, P. D. Ouspensky and Their Followers* (1980\\), p 409\\.\n\nLegat's granddaughter, Tatiana Legat (1934–2022\\) was a Soviet and Russian ballerina, soloist in Leningrad Kirov Ballet ([Mariinsky Theatre](/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre \"Mariinsky Theatre\"), St. Petersburg, Russia) and ballet pedagogue.Балет. Энциклопедия, СЭ, 1981 \"Gustav, Nikolai, Sergey, Tatiana Legat\" [https://ballet\\-enc.ru/html/l/legat.html](https://ballet-enc.ru/html/l/legat.html) \n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [List of dancers](/wiki/List_of_dancers \"List of dancers\")\n* [List of Russian ballet dancers](/wiki/List_of_Russian_ballet_dancers \"List of Russian ballet dancers\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Article from Andros on Ballet](https://web.archive.org/web/20091126171724/http://michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?legat_nicolai)\n\n[Category:1869 births](/wiki/Category:1869_births \"1869 births\")\n[Category:1937 deaths](/wiki/Category:1937_deaths \"1937 deaths\")\n[Category:Ballet masters](/wiki/Category:Ballet_masters \"Ballet masters\")\n[Category:Male ballet dancers from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Male_ballet_dancers_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Male ballet dancers from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Choreographers of Mariinsky Theatre](/wiki/Category:Choreographers_of_Mariinsky_Theatre \"Choreographers of Mariinsky Theatre\")\n[Category:Russian male ballet dancers](/wiki/Category:Russian_male_ballet_dancers \"Russian male ballet dancers\")\n[Category:Imperial Choreographic School teachers](/wiki/Category:Imperial_Choreographic_School_teachers \"Imperial Choreographic School teachers\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "2A01:827:296:DD00:FCBD:A12C:43D1:8E39" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Overview", "Procurement categories", "Procurement services providers (PSP)", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n**Procurement outsourcing** is the transfer of specified key [procurement](/wiki/Procurement \"Procurement\") activities relating to sourcing and supplier management to a third party — perhaps to reduce overall costs or maybe to tighten the company's focus on its core competencies. Procurement categorisation and vendor management of indirect materials and services (commonly referred to as [Indirect procurement](/wiki/Indirect_procurement \"Indirect procurement\")) are typically the most popular outsourced activity.\n\n", "Overview\n--------\n\nOutsourced procurement teams allow companies to benefit immediately from experienced procurement specialists support \\& expertise. This avoids the creation of an internal team (new resources) and the required time for that team to structure itself, its processes and its expertise.\n\nOutsourced procurement is therefore an available solution for companies who Have no internal competencies but want to quickly benefit from procurement action (Cost reduction, suppliers and contract management...\n)\n\\- Have internal procurement expertise (department) but want to outsource activity on specific area(s) like indirect materials and services.\n\\- Consider Procurement as a non strategic / core function and want to have it managed by a procurement service provider\n\\- Want to develop quickly a procurement function to deliver savings, with a willingness to internally develop this function in the mid term\n\nProcurement Outsourcing is being thought of in a big way in automobile manufacturers in India and China because with increasing number of cars being produced every passing day more man hours are required in trivial issues like timely delivery of materials. Hence Procurement team cannot concentrate on its core competency of negotiations and vendor selections.\n\n", "Procurement categories\n----------------------\n\nProcurement specialists usually split procurement activities into two parts:\n1. **Direct procurement**. Direct categories are all goods purchased by the company which directly enter into the production process of that company. For the food industry as an example, ingredients and packaging will be the key direct procurement categories.\n2. **Indirect Procurement**. Indirect categories are all the goods and services that are bought by the company to enable its activity. This entails a wide scope, including marketing related services (media buying, agencies), IT related services (hardware, software), HR related services (recruitment agencies, training), facilities management and office services (Telecoms, furniture, cleaning, catering, printers), or utilities (gas, electricity, water)...etc.\n\n", "Procurement services providers (PSP)\n------------------------------------\n\nSpecialized procurement service providers are dedicated to procurement and have developed a strong expertise in procurement and procurement outsourcing, mainly in indirect procurement. Additionally, several consulting companies offer procurement outsourcing services in a limited manner, mainly focusing on strategic inputs or recommendations. Procurement services providers will usually ask for a fixed remuneration against commitment to saving delivery. Some providers also work on incentives or performance related fees (% of savings). Apart from procurement outsourcing, PSPs will offer other services like spend analysis or opportunity assessments.\n\nThe range of [procurement platforms](https://www.sastrify.com/blog/saas-procurement-complete-guide) available for outsourcing today is diverse, with companies like [G2](/wiki/G2_Crowd \"G2 Crowd\") and Sastrify offering new tool discovery, pre\\-negotiated marketplace deals and done\\-for\\-you negotiations. Alternatively, platforms like LicenceOne focus only on providing visibility into your technology stack, without marketplace deals or negotiation support.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Category:Procurement](/wiki/Category:Procurement \"Procurement\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 10152666 ], "name": [ "IJBall" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction" ], "level": [ 1 ], "content": [ "\n\n**[Daytime](/wiki/Daytime \"Daytime\")** is the time between sunrise and sunset, on Earth or elsewhere.\n\n**Daytime** may also refer to:\n\n* [*Daytime* (Canadian talk show)](/wiki/Daytime_%28Canadian_talk_show%29 \"Daytime (Canadian talk show)\"), a Canadian series of television talk shows on most [Rogers TV](/wiki/Rogers_TV \"Rogers TV\") cable channels in Canada\n* [*Daytime* (U.S. TV program)](/wiki/Daytime_%28U.S._TV_program%29 \"Daytime (U.S. TV program)\"), an American television program produced by [WFLA\\-TV](/wiki/WFLA-TV \"WFLA-TV\") in [Tampa, Florida](/wiki/Tampa%2C_Florida \"Tampa, Florida\"), and broadcast over [Retro Television Network](/wiki/Retro_Television_Network \"Retro Television Network\") affiliates\n* \"Daytime\", a song by [Jane (German band)](/wiki/Jane_%28German_band%29 \"Jane (German band)\")\n* [Daytime Protocol](/wiki/Daytime_Protocol \"Daytime Protocol\"), a protocol used on computer networks\n* [Daytime television](/wiki/Daytime_television \"Daytime television\"), a block of television programming taking place during the late\\-morning and afternoon on weekdays\n* [Daytime (TV channel)](/wiki/Daytime_%28TV_channel%29 \"Daytime (TV channel)\"), a predecessor to [Lifetime Television](/wiki/Lifetime_%28TV_network%29 \"Lifetime (TV network)\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 5241433 ], "name": [ "Foofbun" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Overview", "Sir Richard Hall-Say", "Lord Otho Fitzgerald", "John Lewis Phipps", "Sir William Avery Baronet", "Film set", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Oakley Court** is a [Victorian Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture \"Gothic Revival architecture\") [country house](/wiki/Country_house \"Country house\") set in overlooking the [River Thames](/wiki/River_Thames \"River Thames\") at [Water Oakley](/wiki/Water_Oakley \"Water Oakley\") in the [civil parish](/wiki/Civil_parish \"Civil parish\") of [Bray](/wiki/Bray%2C_Berkshire \"Bray, Berkshire\") in the [English](/wiki/England \"England\") county of [Berkshire](/wiki/Berkshire \"Berkshire\"). It was built in 1859 and is currently a hotel. It is a Grade II\\* listed building that has been often used as a film location.\n\n", "Overview\n--------\n\nThe Court was built in 1859 for Sir Richard Hall Say who married Ellen Evans of Boveney Court in 1857\\. He was appointed [High Sheriff](/wiki/High_Sheriff \"High Sheriff\") of [Berkshire](/wiki/Berkshire \"Berkshire\") in 1864 and [Justice of the Peace](/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace \"Justice of the Peace\") in 1865\\. In 1874 Oakley Court was sold to [Lord Otho FitzGerald](/wiki/Lord_Otho_FitzGerald \"Lord Otho FitzGerald\"), then to a John Lewis Phipps and in 1900 to [Sir William Beilby Avery](/wiki/William_Beilby_Avery \"William Beilby Avery\") of [Avery Scales](/wiki/Avery_Weigh-Tronix \"Avery Weigh-Tronix\"). In 1919 Ernest Olivier purchased the property together with of Berkshire woodland for £27,000\\.\n\n", "Sir Richard Hall\\-Say\n---------------------\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|200px\\|Oakley Court in 1870](/wiki/File:Oakley_Court_1870.jpg \"Oakley Court 1870.jpg\")\n\nRichard Hall\\-Say built Oakley Court in 1859 two years after his marriage. He was born as Richard Hall in 1827\\.“The county families of the United Kingdom”, 1860, p. 569\\. [Online reference](https://archive.org/stream/countyfamiliesof00walf#page/568/mode/2up) His father was Richard Hall, a merchant, but it was his mother Harriet Say that brought to him his great wealth. She was the daughter and co\\-heir of Robert Say who owned Pennington Hall near Manchester. When her uncle, the Rev. Henry Say who had no direct heirs, died in 1855, Richard inherited and took the additional name of Say to become Richard Hall\\-Say.The Gazette, Edinburgh Issue. [Online reference](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/6497/page/649/data.pdf) In 1857, he married Ellen Evans, who was the only child of Edward Evans of Boveney Court in Windsor. The couple had six children, two boys and four girls. Their eldest daughter Mary Violet Hall\\-Say married the Rev Arthur Henry Austen LeighJane Austen Society, Report of the year 2005\\. [Online reference](https://books.google.com/books?id=F1grAQAAIAAJ&q=%22austen+leigh%22+%22hall+say%22) who was the great nephew of [Jane Austen](/wiki/Jane_Austen \"Jane Austen\"). In about 1874, the Hall\\-Say family sold Oakley Court to Lord Otho Fitzgerald.\n\n", "Lord Otho Fitzgerald\n--------------------\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|Lord Otho Fitzgerald](/wiki/File:Lord_Otho_Fitzgerald.jpg \"Lord Otho Fitzgerald.jpg\")\n[left\\|thumb\\|150px\\|Lady Ursula Fitzgerald](/wiki/File:Lady_Ursula_Fitzgerald.jpg \"Lady Ursula Fitzgerald.jpg\")\n\nOtho Fitzgerald lived in Oakley Court from 1874 until his death in 1882\\. He was born in 1827 in London and was the third son of the Duke of Leinster. He entered the army and served in the Royal Horse Guards. He was elected as a Member of Parliament and was appointed to several official positions in the Queen's Household.Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser \\- Tuesday 21 November 1882, p. 3\\. He was an amateur photographer and several of his photographs are in the Royal Collection. He was also a musical composer and wrote a piece called \"The Spirit of the Ball\".Hannavy, John 2013 “Encyclopedia of Nineteenth\\-Century Photography”, p. 533\\. [Online reference](https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd5cAgAAQBAJ&dq=Ursula+Lucy+Grace+Bridgeman&pg=PA533)\n\nIn 1861 at the age of 34 he married Ursula, widow of the 1st Baron Londesborough and daughter of Vice\\-Admiral Charles Orlando Bridgeman. The couple had two children. The Fitzgeralds entertained at Oakley Court, their guests including [Napoléon, Prince Imperial](/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on%2C_Prince_Imperial \"Napoléon, Prince Imperial\") of FranceWard, Henrietta “Memories of Ninety Years”. [Online reference](https://archive.org/stream/memoriesofninety00ward#page/192/mode/2up/search/oakley) and Lilly Langtry. Lady Augusta Fane in her memoirs recalls a water party held at Oakley Court where Lilly Langtry was present.Beatty, Laura 2012 “Lillie Langtry: Manners, Masks and Morals“. [Online reference](https://books.google.com/books?id=iYcryd0Fp40C&dq=langtry+%22oakley+court%22&pg=PT171) Otho died in 1882 and his wife Ursula died a year later. Oakley Court was rented out for the next ten years and then in 1894 John Lewis Phipps bought the house.Lincolnshire Echo \\- Wednesday 10 January 1894, p. 2\\.\n\n", "John Lewis Phipps\n-----------------\n\nJohn Lewis Phipps was born in 1872 in London. His father was Richard Leckonby Hothersal Phipps of Leighton House in Westbury, Wiltshire. His grandfather was John Lewis Phipps (1801\\-1870\\) a coffee merchant and Member of Parliament. In 1889 John's father died and he inherited the family fortune. When he bought Oakley House in 1894 he was only 22 years old. Two years before this he had married Mary Jane Davis and they had one son John Nigel Phipps who was born in 1893\\.Walford, Edward 1919 “The county families of the United Kingdom”. [Online reference](https://archive.org/stream/countyfamiliesof591919walf#page/1070/mode/2up) The Phipps sold the house to Sir William Avery in 1908\\.\n\n", "Sir William Avery Baronet\n-------------------------\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|Advertisement for the sale of Oakley Court in 1916\\.](/wiki/File:Sale_notice_Oakley_Court_1916.jpg \"Sale notice Oakley Court 1916.jpg\")\n\nWilliam Bielby Avery was born in 1854 in Birmingham*Whitaker's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage*. [Online reference](http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Whitaker-S-Peerage-Baronetage-Knightage-and-Companionage-Volume-1907/891500/138) He was a member of a dynasty of [steelyard](/wiki/Steelyard_balance \"Steelyard balance\") and scale makers whose business, [W \\& T Avery](/wiki/W_%26_T_Avery_Ltd. \"W & T Avery Ltd.\"), manufactured weighing machines.Anita McConnell, *Avery, Thomas (1813–1894\\)*, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2005 In 1881 he assumed control of the company with his brother and they further developed the company and invented improvements to the machines. In 1891 he retired as managing director but retained a seat on the Board. He was on the board of directors of [A Darracq and Company (1905\\)](/wiki/Darracq_and_Company_London \"Darracq and Company London\") and Commonwealth Oil Corporation of Australia and other major businesses. He became a philatelist and had a celebrated stamp collection. His first wife Anna Louisa Avery died in 1902The Times (London, England), Tuesday, Jan 21, 1902; pg. 1 and he married Suzanna Mathilde Crets in Paris in the same year.County Families of the United Kingdom, 1919\\. [Online reference](https://archive.org/stream/countyfamiliesof591919walf#page/48/mode/2up) In 1906 \"The Gardener's Chronicle\" published an article about the Oakley Court garden which can be seen [here](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83827#page/442/mode/1up). William died in 1908 and Lady Avery remarried in 1911\\. The house was rented for several years and then in 1916 was put on the market. The property was bought by Ernest Oliver.\n\n", "Film set\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|Recent view](/wiki/File:Oakley_Court_Windsor_2.jpg \"Oakley Court Windsor 2.jpg\")\n\nIn August 1949, Oakley Court became home to the British film production company [Hammer Films](/wiki/Hammer_Films \"Hammer Films\"). Hammer shot five films there, including *[The Man in Black](/wiki/The_Man_in_Black_%28film%29 \"The Man in Black (film)\")* and *[The Lady Craved Excitement](/wiki/The_Lady_Craved_Excitement \"The Lady Craved Excitement\")*, before moving to the adjacent Down Place \\- what subsequently became [Bray Studios](/wiki/Bray_Studios_%28UK%29 \"Bray Studios (UK)\") \\- the following year.Kinsey, Wayne (2002\\). *Hammer Films: The Bray Studio Years*, p. 16\\. While the bulk of Hammer's best known horror movies were filmed at Bray in the late 1950s and early '60s, the studio continued to make occasional use of Oakley Court as an exterior location, for example in *[The Brides of Dracula](/wiki/The_Brides_of_Dracula \"The Brides of Dracula\")* (1962\\), *[The Reptile](/wiki/The_Reptile \"The Reptile\")* (1966\\), and *[The Plague of the Zombies](/wiki/The_Plague_of_the_Zombies \"The Plague of the Zombies\")* (1966\\). Other films shot there over the years include the William Castle horror\\-comedy *[The Old Dark House](/wiki/The_Old_Dark_House_%281963_film%29 \"The Old Dark House (1963 film)\")* (1963\\); *Witchcraft* (1964\\); *[And Now the Screaming Starts!](/wiki/And_Now_the_Screaming_Starts%21 \"And Now the Screaming Starts!\")* (1973\\); the cult independent horror film *[Vampyres](/wiki/Vampyres_%28film%29 \"Vampyres (film)\")* (1974\\); the mystery farce *[Murder by Death](/wiki/Murder_by_Death \"Murder by Death\")* (1976\\); and the Peter Cook and Dudley Moore comedy, *[The Hound of the Baskervilles](/wiki/The_Hound_of_the_Baskervilles_%281978_film%29 \"The Hound of the Baskervilles (1978 film)\")* (1978\\). [Freddie Francis](/wiki/Freddie_Francis \"Freddie Francis\") was inspired by Oakley Court's exteriors and long wished to set a film there; his *[Mumsy, Nanny, Sonny, and Girly](/wiki/Mumsy%2C_Nanny%2C_Sonny%2C_and_Girly \"Mumsy, Nanny, Sonny, and Girly\")* (1970\\) was written specially to take advantage of the unique landscaping and architecture. It was used as the location for Dr. Frank N. Furter's castle (called The Frankenstein Place) in *[The Rocky Horror Picture Show](/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\")* (1975\\). During filming, actress [Susan Sarandon](/wiki/Susan_Sarandon \"Susan Sarandon\"), who played Janet Weiss, came down with pneumonia because neither Oakley Court or Bray Studios had heating or bathrooms, because, at the time, Oakley Court was in horrible condition. In 1995, it was featured as the \"Laxton Grange Hotel\" in the British television series *[Pie in the Sky](/wiki/Pie_in_the_Sky_%28TV_series%29 \"Pie in the Sky (TV series)\")* starring [Richard Griffiths](/wiki/Richard_Griffiths \"Richard Griffiths\"). \n\nOn many web resources, it is erroneously credited as being [St Trinian's School](/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_School \"St Trinian's School\") in the original St Trinian's film series, but a comparison between the films and the actual building show a quite different architecture and overall design: [Easneye House](/wiki/Easneye_House \"Easneye House\") in Hertfordshire. Historical notes available from the hotel, however, indicate that some parts of the St Trinian films were filmed in the grounds, for example *[The Wildcats of St Trinian's](/wiki/The_Wildcats_of_St_Trinian%27s \"The Wildcats of St Trinian's\")* (1980\\).\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Royal Berkshire History: Oakley Court](http://www.berkshirehistory.com/castles/oakley_court.html)\n* [Oakley Court Hotel](http://www.oakleycourt.co.uk/)\n\n[Category:Bray, Berkshire](/wiki/Category:Bray%2C_Berkshire \"Bray, Berkshire\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_the_Royal_Borough_of_Windsor_and_Maidenhead \"Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures on the River Thames](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_on_the_River_Thames \"Buildings and structures on the River Thames\")\n[Category:Country houses in Berkshire](/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Berkshire \"Country houses in Berkshire\")\n[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Berkshire](/wiki/Category:Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Berkshire \"Gothic Revival architecture in Berkshire\")\n[Category:Grade II\\* listed buildings in Berkshire](/wiki/Category:Grade_II%2A_listed_buildings_in_Berkshire \"Grade II* listed buildings in Berkshire\")\n[Category:Grade II\\* listed houses](/wiki/Category:Grade_II%2A_listed_houses \"Grade II* listed houses\")\n[Category:Hotels in Berkshire](/wiki/Category:Hotels_in_Berkshire \"Hotels in Berkshire\")\n[Category:Houses completed in 1859](/wiki/Category:Houses_completed_in_1859 \"Houses completed in 1859\")\n[Category:Country house hotels](/wiki/Category:Country_house_hotels \"Country house hotels\")\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 36378339 ], "name": [ "Cambial Yellowing" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Individual artists", "0–9", "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N", "O", "P", "Q", "R", "S", "T", "U", "V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z", "Bands", "0–9", "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N", "O", "P", "Q", "R", "S", "T", "U", "V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n[thumb\\|[Nive Nielsen](/wiki/Nive_Nielsen \"Nive Nielsen\"), [Greenlandic](/wiki/Greenland \"Greenland\") singer and songwriter](/wiki/File:Nive_Nielsen_Rudolstadt_01.jpg \"Nive Nielsen Rudolstadt 01.jpg\")\n\nThis is a **list of multilingual bands and artists**. The band's or artist's native language is listed first. The list itself may also contain some singers from all over the world whose first language is English and ability to sing in different languages.\n\n", "Individual artists\n------------------\n\n### 0–9\n\n### A\n\n* [Saara Aalto](/wiki/Saara_Aalto \"Saara Aalto\") (Finnish, English, French, Swedish, Japanese, Chinese)\n* [Salvatore Adamo](/wiki/Salvatore_Adamo \"Salvatore Adamo\") (Italian, French, Spanish, English, Japanese, German, Portuguese, Dutch, and Turkish)\n* [Chloë Agnew](/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Agnew \"Chloë Agnew\") (English, Irish Gaelic, Latin, Italian and German)\n* [Christina Aguilera](/wiki/Christina_Aguilera \"Christina Aguilera\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Ai](/wiki/Ai_%28singer%29 \"Ai (singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Aimer](/wiki/Aimer \"Aimer\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Atif Aslam](/wiki/Atif_Aslam \"Atif Aslam\") (Urdu, Punjabi, English)\n* [Stellvester Ajero](/wiki/Stell_%28singer%29 \"Stell (singer)\") (Filipino, English, Korean)\n* [Nancy Ajram](/wiki/Nancy_Ajram \"Nancy Ajram\") (Arabic, French, Armenian)\n* [Chava Alberstein](/wiki/Chava_Alberstein \"Chava Alberstein\") (Hebrew, Yiddish, English)\n* [Eden Alene](/wiki/Eden_Alene \"Eden Alene\") (English, Amharic, Hebrew, Arabic)\n* [Azam Ali](/wiki/Azam_Ali \"Azam Ali\") (Persian, Hindi, Turkish, Arabic, Latin, French, English)\n* [Alizée](/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9e \"Alizée\") (French, English)\n* [Alvan](/wiki/Alvan_%28singer%29 \"Alvan (singer)\") (Breton, English)\n* [Thomas Anders](/wiki/Thomas_Anders \"Thomas Anders\") (German, English, Spanish)\n* [Mayra Andrade](/wiki/Mayra_Andrade \"Mayra Andrade\") (Cape Verdean Creole, Portuguese, French, English)\n* [Anggun](/wiki/Anggun \"Anggun\") (Indonesian, French, English, Russian)\n* [Anitta (singer)](/wiki/Anitta_%28singer%29 \"Anitta (singer)\") (Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian, French)\n* [Marc Anthony](/wiki/Marc_Anthony \"Marc Anthony\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Anza](/wiki/Anza_%28singer%29 \"Anza (singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Zohar Argov](/wiki/Zohar_Argov \"Zohar Argov\") (Hebrew, Arabic)\n* [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\") (English, French)\n* [Arno](/wiki/Arno_%28singer%29 \"Arno (singer)\") (French, Dutch, English)\n* [Ásgeir](/wiki/%C3%81sgeir \"Ásgeir\") (Icelandic, English)\n* [Lys Assia](/wiki/Lys_Assia \"Lys Assia\") (German, French, Italian)\n* [Natacha Atlas](/wiki/Natacha_Atlas \"Natacha Atlas\") (Arabic, English, French)\n* [Albert Au](/wiki/Albert_Au \"Albert Au\") (Cantonese, English)\n* [Brian Auger](/wiki/Brian_Auger \"Brian Auger\") (English, Italian)\n* [Aya](/wiki/Aya_%28Japanese_singer%29 \"Aya (Japanese singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Charles Aznavour](/wiki/Charles_Aznavour \"Charles Aznavour\") (French, English, Spanish, German, Italian, Armenian)\n\n### B\n\n* [Joan Baez](/wiki/Joan_Baez \"Joan Baez\") (English, Spanish, Portuguese)\n* [Adrienne Bailon](/wiki/Adrienne_Bailon \"Adrienne Bailon\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Baekhyun](/wiki/Baekhyun \"Baekhyun\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Antonio Banderas](/wiki/Antonio_Banderas \"Antonio Banderas\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Azealia Banks](/wiki/Azealia_Banks \"Azealia Banks\") (English, Spanish, Portuguese)\n* [Max Barskih](/wiki/Max_Barskih \"Max Barskih\") (Ukrainian, Russian, English)\n* [Basshunter](/wiki/Basshunter \"Basshunter\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Christian Bautista](/wiki/Christian_Bautista \"Christian Bautista\") (Filipino, English)\n* [Zazie Beetz](/wiki/Zazie_Beetz \"Zazie Beetz\") (English, German)\n* [Rashid Behbudov](/wiki/Rashid_Behbudov \"Rashid Behbudov\") (Azerbaijani, Russian, Persian, Turkish, Armenian, Hindi, Urdu and Bengali)\n* [Alec Benjamin](/wiki/Alec_Benjamin \"Alec Benjamin\") (English, Mandarin)\n* [Dudley Benson](/wiki/Dudley_Benson \"Dudley Benson\") (English, Māori)\n* [Beverly](/wiki/Beverly_%28singer%29 \"Beverly (singer)\") (Tagalog, English, Japanese)\n* [Beyoncé](/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9 \"Beyoncé\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Asha Bhosle](/wiki/Asha_Bhosle \"Asha Bhosle\") (Hindi, Urdu, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi, Tamil, Malayalam, English)\n* [Big Time Rush](/wiki/Big_Time_Rush_%28band%29 \"Big Time Rush (band)\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Dima Bilan](/wiki/Dima_Bilan \"Dima Bilan\") (Russian, English)\n* [David Bisbal](/wiki/David_Bisbal \"David Bisbal\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Björk](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk \"Björk\") (Icelandic, English)\n* [Rubén Blades](/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Blades \"Rubén Blades\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Elvis Blue](/wiki/Elvis_Blue \"Elvis Blue\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [BoA](/wiki/BoA \"BoA\") (Korean, Japanese, English, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Bonnie Pink](/wiki/Bonnie_Pink \"Bonnie Pink\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Frida Boccara](/wiki/Frida_Boccara \"Frida Boccara\") (French, Spanish, German, English, Italian)\n* [Andrea Bocelli](/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli \"Andrea Bocelli\") (Italian, Spanish, English, French)\n* [Jacqueline Boyer](/wiki/Jacqueline_Boyer \"Jacqueline Boyer\") (French, German, English)\n* [Los Lonely Boys](/wiki/Los_Lonely_Boys \"Los Lonely Boys\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Mike Brant](/wiki/Mike_Brant \"Mike Brant\") (French, German, Hebrew, Spanish)\n* [Sarah Brightman](/wiki/Sarah_Brightman \"Sarah Brightman\") (English, Spanish, French, Latin, Italian, Japanese)\n* [Corry Brokken](/wiki/Corry_Brokken \"Corry Brokken\") (Dutch, French)\n* [Carla Bruni](/wiki/Carla_Bruni \"Carla Bruni\") (French, English)\n\n### C\n\n* [Montserrat Caballé](/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9 \"Montserrat Caballé\") (Catalan, Spanish, German, Italian, French, English)\n* [Camila Cabello](/wiki/Camila_Cabello \"Camila Cabello\") (Spanish, English, French)\n* [Cardi B](/wiki/Cardi_B \"Cardi B\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Mariah Carey](/wiki/Mariah_Carey \"Mariah Carey\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Roberto Carlos](/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_%28singer%29 \"Roberto Carlos (singer)\") (Portuguese, Spanish, English and Italian)\n* [Arno Carstens](/wiki/Arno_Carstens \"Arno Carstens\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Cameron Cartio](/wiki/Cameron_Cartio \"Cameron Cartio\") (Persian, Spanish, English)\n* [Enrico Caruso](/wiki/Enrico_Caruso \"Enrico Caruso\") (Italian, French, English)\n* [Tommy Cash](/wiki/Tommy_Cash_%28rapper%29 \"Tommy Cash (rapper)\") (Estonian, Russian, English)\n* [Sarah Chalke](/wiki/Sarah_Chalke \"Sarah Chalke\") (English, German, French)\n* [Jackie Chan](/wiki/Jackie_Chan \"Jackie Chan\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, English)\n* [Priscilla Chan](/wiki/Priscilla_Chan_%28singer%29 \"Priscilla Chan (singer)\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, English)\n* [Manu Chao](/wiki/Manu_Chao \"Manu Chao\") (Spanish, French, English, Catalan, Portuguese)\n* [Grégory Charles](/wiki/Gr%C3%A9gory_Charles \"Grégory Charles\") (French, English, Spanish)\n* [Cheloo](/wiki/Parazi%C8%9Bii \"Paraziții\") (Romanian, English)\n* [Edison Chen](/wiki/Edison_Chen \"Edison Chen\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, English)\n* [Kelly Chen](/wiki/Kelly_Chen \"Kelly Chen\") (Cantonese, Japanese, Mandarin, English)\n* [Sammi Cheng](/wiki/Sammi_Cheng \"Sammi Cheng\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, English)\n* [Cecilia Cheung](/wiki/Cecilia_Cheung \"Cecilia Cheung\") (Cantonese, Mandarin)\n* [Jacky Cheung](/wiki/Jacky_Cheung \"Jacky Cheung\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, English)\n* [Maurice Chevalier](/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier \"Maurice Chevalier\") (English, French)\n* [Charlene Choi](/wiki/Charlene_Choi \"Charlene Choi\") (Cantonese, Mandarin)\n* [Christine and the Queens](/wiki/Christine_and_the_Queens \"Christine and the Queens\") (French, English)\n* [Jon Christos](/wiki/Jon_Christos \"Jon Christos\") (English, Greek, Latin, Spanish, German, Russian)\n* [Gillian Chung](/wiki/Gillian_Chung \"Gillian Chung\") (Cantonese, Mandarin)\n* [Charlotte Church](/wiki/Charlotte_Church \"Charlotte Church\") (English, Welsh, French, Italian, Latin, German)\n* [Gigliola Cinquetti](/wiki/Gigliola_Cinquetti \"Gigliola Cinquetti\") (Italian, Spanish, French, German, English, Japanese)\n* [Petula Clark](/wiki/Petula_Clark \"Petula Clark\") (English, French, Italian)\n* [Jemaine Clement](/wiki/Jemaine_Clement \"Jemaine Clement\") (English, Māori)\n* [Tránsito Cocomarola](/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsito_Cocomarola \"Tránsito Cocomarola\") (Spanish, Guarani)\n* [Cœur de pirate](/wiki/C%C5%93ur_de_pirate \"Cœur de pirate\") (French, English)\n* [Phil Collins](/wiki/Phil_Collins \"Phil Collins\") (English, Spanish, French, German, Italian)\n* [Bradley Cooper](/wiki/Bradley_Cooper \"Bradley Cooper\") (English, French)\n* [Cécile Corbel](/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Corbel \"Cécile Corbel\") (French, Italian, Breton, English, German, Irish, Turkish, Cantonese, Japanese)\n* [Pilita Corrales](/wiki/Pilita_Corrales \"Pilita Corrales\") (Filipino, English, Visayan, Spanish)\n* [Annie Crummer](/wiki/Annie_Crummer \"Annie Crummer\") (English, Māori, Cook Islands Māori)\n* [Cuco](/wiki/Cuco_%28musician%29 \"Cuco (musician)\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Josh Cullen Santos](/wiki/Josh_%28SB19_member%29 \"Josh (SB19 member)\") (Filipino, English) \n\n### D\n\n* [Joe Dassin](/wiki/Joe_Dassin \"Joe Dassin\") (English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian and Greek)\n* [Dalida](/wiki/Dalida \"Dalida\") (French, Italian, Spanish, German, Arabic, Japanese, Dutch, Flemish, Hebrew, Turkish, Greek and English)\n* [Mônica da Silva](/wiki/M%C3%B4nica_da_Silva \"Mônica da Silva\") (English, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, and French)\n* [Justin de Dios](/wiki/Justin_de_Dios \"Justin de Dios\") (Filipino, English)\n* [Cristina D'Avena](/wiki/Cristina_D%27Avena \"Cristina D'Avena\") (Italian, French, Spanish)\n* [Anne\\-Marie David](/wiki/Anne-Marie_David \"Anne-Marie David\") (French, English, Turkish)\n* [Demon Kakka](/wiki/Demon_Kakka \"Demon Kakka\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Dead](/wiki/Dead_%28musician%29 \"Dead (musician)\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Fabrizio de André](/wiki/Fabrizio_de_Andr%C3%A9 \"Fabrizio de André\") (Italian, Genoese, Sardinian, Neapolitan, Spanish)\n* [Sanne Denotté](/wiki/Sanne_Denott%C3%A9 \"Sanne Denotté\") (Dutch, Flemish)\n* [Leonardo DiCaprio](/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio \"Leonardo DiCaprio\") (English, German)\n* [Marina Diamandis](/wiki/Marina_Diamandis \"Marina Diamandis\") (Welsh, English, Greek)\n* [Celine Dion](/wiki/Celine_Dion \"Celine Dion\") (French, English, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Japanese, Mandarin, German)\n* [D.O.](/wiki/D.O._%28entertainer%29 \"D.O. (entertainer)\") (Korean, Mandarin Chinese, English, Japanese, Spanish)\n* [Arielle Dombasle](/wiki/Arielle_Dombasle \"Arielle Dombasle\") (French, Spanish)\n* [Dotter](/wiki/Dotter_%28singer%29 \"Dotter (singer)\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Lila Downs](/wiki/Lila_Downs \"Lila Downs\") (Spanish, English, Mixtec, Zapotec, Mayan, Nahuatl, Purépecha)\n* [Juanita du Plessis](/wiki/Juanita_du_Plessis \"Juanita du Plessis\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Katerine Duska](/wiki/Katerine_Duska \"Katerine Duska\") (English, Greek)\n\n### E\n\n* [Elisa](/wiki/Elisa_%28Japanese_singer%29 \"Elisa (Japanese singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Elissa](/wiki/Elissa_%28Lebanese_singer%29 \"Elissa (Lebanese singer)\") (Arabic, French, English)\n* [Ensiferum](/wiki/Ensiferum \"Ensiferum\") (English, Finnish)\n* [Enya](/wiki/Enya \"Enya\") (Irish Gaelic, English, Welsh, Latin, Spanish, Japanese, Sindarin, Quenya, Loxian)\n* [Gloria Estefan](/wiki/Gloria_Estefan \"Gloria Estefan\") (Spanish, English, Portuguese, French)\n* [Jackie Evancho](/wiki/Jackie_Evancho \"Jackie Evancho\") (English, Italian, Latin, French)\n\n### F\n\n* [Lara Fabian](/wiki/Lara_Fabian \"Lara Fabian\") (French, English, Spanish, Italian)\n* [Myriam Fares](/wiki/Myriam_Fares \"Myriam Fares\") (Arabic, English, Kurdish, Berber)\n* [Brenda Fassie](/wiki/Brenda_Fassie \"Brenda Fassie\") (Zulu, English)\n* [Faudel](/wiki/Faudel \"Faudel\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Faylan](/wiki/Faylan \"Faylan\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Sogdiana Fedorinskaya](/wiki/Sogdiana_Fedorinskaya \"Sogdiana Fedorinskaya\") (Uzbek, Russian, Ukrainian, French, English, Chechen)\n* [José Feliciano](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano \"José Feliciano\") (Spanish, English)\n* [M. S. Fernando](/wiki/M._S._Fernando \"M. S. Fernando\") (Sinhala, Tamil, English)\n* [Tiziano Ferro](/wiki/Tiziano_Ferro \"Tiziano Ferro\") (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, English)\n* [Colin Firth](/wiki/Colin_Firth \"Colin Firth\") (English, Italian)\n* [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster \"Jodie Foster\") (English, French)\n* [Connie Francis](/wiki/Connie_Francis \"Connie Francis\") (English, Italian, Spanish, Yiddish, Portuguese, French, Japanese, Hebrew, Irish, Greek)\n* [Daði Freyr](/wiki/Da%C3%B0i_Freyr \"Daði Freyr\") (Icelandic, English, German)\n* [Marty Friedman](/wiki/Marty_Friedman \"Marty Friedman\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Conny Froboess](/wiki/Conny_Froboess \"Conny Froboess\") (English, Italian, German, Dutch)\n* [Annette Funicello](/wiki/Annette_Funicello \"Annette Funicello\") (English, Italian)\n* [Nelly Furtado](/wiki/Nelly_Furtado \"Nelly Furtado\") (English, Spanish, Portuguese)\n\n### G\n\n* [Lady Gaga](/wiki/Lady_Gaga \"Lady Gaga\") (English, Italian, French)\n* [Polina Gagarina](/wiki/Polina_Gagarina \"Polina Gagarina\") (Russian, Greek, English)\n* [Francesca Gagnon](/wiki/Francesca_Gagnon \"Francesca Gagnon\") (French, English, Spanish, Italian)\n* [France Gall](/wiki/France_Gall \"France Gall\") (French, Japanese, Italian, German)\n* [Elīna Garanča](/wiki/El%C4%ABna_Garan%C4%8Da \"Elīna Garanča\") (Spanish, Italian, English, German, French)\n* [Melody Gardot](/wiki/Melody_Gardot \"Melody Gardot\") (English, French)\n* [Garou](/wiki/Garou_%28singer%29 \"Garou (singer)\") (French, English)\n* [Anna German](/wiki/Anna_German \"Anna German\") (Polish, Russian, German, Italian, Spanish, English, Latin, Mongolian)\n* [Sarah Geronimo](/wiki/Sarah_Geronimo \"Sarah Geronimo\") (Filipino, English, Japanese)\n* [Enrique Gil](/wiki/Enrique_Gil \"Enrique Gil\") (Filipino, English)\n* [Bebel Gilberto](/wiki/Bebel_Gilberto \"Bebel Gilberto\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [David Gilmour](/wiki/David_Gilmour \"David Gilmour\") (English, French)\n* [Gisela](/wiki/Gisela_%28singer%29 \"Gisela (singer)\") (Spanish, Catalan)\n* [Gjon's Tears](/wiki/Gjon%27s_Tears \"Gjon's Tears\") (French, English, Albanian)\n* [Selena Gomez](/wiki/Selena_Gomez \"Selena Gomez\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Lesley Gore](/wiki/Lesley_Gore \"Lesley Gore\") (English, French, German, Italian)\n* [Martin Gore](/wiki/Martin_Gore \"Martin Gore\") (English, German)\n* [Edyta Górniak](/wiki/Edyta_G%C3%B3rniak \"Edyta Górniak\") (Polish, English)\n* [Yuko Goto](/wiki/Yuko_Goto \"Yuko Goto\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Karel Gott](/wiki/Karel_Gott \"Karel Gott\") (Czech, German, English)\n* [Ariana Grande](/wiki/Ariana_Grande \"Ariana Grande\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Ilaria Graziano](/wiki/Ilaria_Graziano \"Ilaria Graziano\") (Italian, English)\n* [Josh Groban](/wiki/Josh_Groban \"Josh Groban\") (English, Spanish, Italian)\n* [Gwenno](/wiki/Gwenno \"Gwenno\") (English, Welsh, Cornish) \n\n### H\n\n* [Sarit Hadad](/wiki/Sarit_Hadad \"Sarit Hadad\") (Hebrew, Arabic)\n* [Carola Häggkvist](/wiki/Carola_H%C3%A4ggkvist \"Carola Häggkvist\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Ria Hall](/wiki/Ria_Hall \"Ria Hall\") (English, Māori)\n* [Johnny Hallyday](/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday \"Johnny Hallyday\") (French, English)\n* [Ayumi Hamasaki](/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki \"Ayumi Hamasaki\") (Japanese, English, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Luca Hänni](/wiki/Luca_H%C3%A4nni \"Luca Hänni\") (German, English)\n* [Morten Harket](/wiki/Morten_Harket \"Morten Harket\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [David Hasselhoff](/wiki/David_Hasselhoff \"David Hasselhoff\") (English, German)\n* [Masato Hayakawa](/wiki/Masato_Hayakawa \"Masato Hayakawa\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Ofra Haza](/wiki/Ofra_Haza \"Ofra Haza\") (Hebrew, Arabic, English, French, German)\n* [Jerry Heil](/wiki/Jerry_Heil \"Jerry Heil\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Sonja Herholdt](/wiki/Sonja_Herholdt \"Sonja Herholdt\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [hide](/wiki/Hide_%28musician%29 \"Hide (musician)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Steve Hofmeyr](/wiki/Steve_Hofmeyr \"Steve Hofmeyr\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Ryō Horikawa](/wiki/Ry%C5%8D_Horikawa \"Ryō Horikawa\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Hozier](/wiki/Hozier \"Hozier\") (English, Irish)\n* [Hyde](/wiki/Hyde_%28singer%29 \"Hyde (singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n\n### I\n\n* [Ibeyi](/wiki/Ibeyi \"Ibeyi\") (English, French, Spanish, Yoruba)\n* [Enrique Iglesias](/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias \"Enrique Iglesias\") (Spanish, English, Italian)\n* [Julio Iglesias](/wiki/Julio_Iglesias \"Julio Iglesias\") (Spanish, French, English, Italian, Filipino)\n* [Inna](/wiki/Inna_%28singer%29 \"Inna (singer)\") (Romanian, English, Spanish, Arabic, French, Catalan)\n* [Joe Inoue](/wiki/Joe_Inoue \"Joe Inoue\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Jason Isaacs](/wiki/Jason_Isaacs \"Jason Isaacs\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Lidia Isac](/wiki/Lidia_Isac \"Lidia Isac\") (Russian, Moldovan, Romanian, English, French, Italian)\n* [Yoko Ishida](/wiki/Yoko_Ishida \"Yoko Ishida\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Yasushi Ishii](/wiki/Yasushi_Ishii \"Yasushi Ishii\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Ishtar](/wiki/Ishtar_%28singer%29 \"Ishtar (singer)\") (Arabic, Hebrew, French, Spanish, Bulgarian, Russian, English)\n* [Kanako Itou](/wiki/Kanako_Itou \"Kanako Itou\") (Japanese, English, French)\n* [Bera Ivanishvili](/wiki/Bera_Ivanishvili \"Bera Ivanishvili\") (Georgian, English, Russian, French)\n\n### J\n\n* [Bobby van Jaarsveld](/wiki/Bobby_van_Jaarsveld \"Bobby van Jaarsveld\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Hugh Jackman](/wiki/Hugh_Jackman \"Hugh Jackman\") (English, French)\n* [Jamala](/wiki/Jamala \"Jamala\") (Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar, Russian, English)\n* [Stella Jang](/wiki/Stella_Jang \"Stella Jang\") (Korean, English, French)\n* [Wyclef Jean](/wiki/Wyclef_Jean \"Wyclef Jean\") (Creole, English)\n* [Katherine Jenkins](/wiki/Katherine_Jenkins \"Katherine Jenkins\") (Welsh, English, Italian, Latin, French)\n* [Felip Jhon Suson](/wiki/Ken_%28SB19_member%29 \"Ken (SB19 member)\") (Filipino, Cebuano, English)\n* [Joji](/wiki/Joji_%28musician%29 \"Joji (musician)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Seu Jorge](/wiki/Seu_Jorge \"Seu Jorge\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Joselito](/wiki/Joselito \"Joselito\") (Spanish, Italian)\n* [Milla Jovovich](/wiki/Milla_Jovovich \"Milla Jovovich\") (Ukrainian, English)\n\n### K\n\n* [Hironobu Kageyama](/wiki/Hironobu_Kageyama \"Hironobu Kageyama\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Bente Kahan](/wiki/Bente_Kahan \"Bente Kahan\") (Yiddish, Ladino, Hebrew, Polish, Russian, Norwegian, Hungarian, German, English)\n* [Kajto](/wiki/Kajto \"Kajto\") (Esperanto, English, Dutch and Frisian)\n* [Sofia Källgren](/wiki/Sofia_K%C3%A4llgren \"Sofia Källgren\") (Swedish, English, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Takeshi Kaneshiro](/wiki/Takeshi_Kaneshiro \"Takeshi Kaneshiro\") (Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, English)\n* [Yoko Kanno](/wiki/Yoko_Kanno \"Yoko Kanno\") (Japanese, French)\n* [Kahimi Karie](/wiki/Kahimi_Karie \"Kahimi Karie\") (Japanese, French, English, Italian, Spanish)\n* [Khaled](/wiki/Khaled_%28musician%29 \"Khaled (musician)\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Khruangbin](/wiki/Khruangbin \"Khruangbin\") (Band) (English, Spanish, French)\n* [Hadiqa Kiani](/wiki/Hadiqa_Kiani \"Hadiqa Kiani\") (Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Siraiki, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, Persian, French, English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay, Turkish and Arabic)\n* [Troy Kingi](/wiki/Troy_Kingi \"Troy Kingi\") (English, Māori)\n* [Laila Kinnunen](/wiki/Laila_Kinnunen \"Laila Kinnunen\") (Finnish, Swedish, English, Russian, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Hungarian, Afrikaans)\n* [Karlie Kloss](/wiki/Karlie_Kloss \"Karlie Kloss\") (English, French)\n* [K'Maro](/wiki/K%27Maro \"K'Maro\") (Arabic, French, English)\n* [Kokia](/wiki/Kokia_%28singer%29 \"Kokia (singer)\") (Japanese, English, Irish, Latin)\n* [Psoy Korolenko](/wiki/Psoy_Korolenko \"Psoy Korolenko\") (Russian, Yiddish, French, English)\n* [Korpiklaani](/wiki/Korpiklaani \"Korpiklaani\") (English, Finnish)\n* [Kraftwerk](/wiki/Kraftwerk \"Kraftwerk\") (German, English)\n* [Isa Kremer](/wiki/Isa_Kremer \"Isa Kremer\") (Yiddish, Russian, French, Italian, English)\n* [Diane Kruger](/wiki/Diane_Kruger \"Diane Kruger\") (German, English, French)\n* [Dimash Kudaibergen](/wiki/Dimash_Kudaibergen \"Dimash Kudaibergen\") (Kazakh, Russian, English, Mandarin, Italian, French, Spanish, German, Serbian, Turkish, Ukrainian, Kyrgyz)\n* [Mila Kunis](/wiki/Mila_Kunis \"Mila Kunis\") (Russian, English)\n* [Maon Kurosaki](/wiki/Maon_Kurosaki \"Maon Kurosaki\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Hoko Kuwashima](/wiki/Hoko_Kuwashima \"Hoko Kuwashima\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Kylee](/wiki/Kylee \"Kylee\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Sissel Kyrkjebø](/wiki/Sissel_Kyrkjeb%C3%B8 \"Sissel Kyrkjebø\") (English, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Irish, Italian, French, Russian, Icelandic, Faroese, German, Neapolitan, Māori, Japanese, and Latin)\n\n### L\n\n* [Sandy Lam](/wiki/Sandy_Lam \"Sandy Lam\") (Cantonese, English, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese)\n* [Henry Lau](/wiki/Henry_Lau \"Henry Lau\") (English, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese)\n* [Sandra Lauer](/wiki/Sandra_Lauer \"Sandra Lauer\") (German, English)\n* [Daliah Lavi](/wiki/Daliah_Lavi \"Daliah Lavi\") (Hebrew, German, Swedish, Italian, French, Spanish, English)\n* [Lisa LeBlanc](/wiki/Lisa_LeBlanc \"Lisa LeBlanc\") (French, English)\n* [Coco Lee](/wiki/Coco_Lee \"Coco Lee\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, English)\n* [Lee Soo Young](/wiki/Lee_Soo_Young \"Lee Soo Young\") (Korean, Japanese)\n* [Ute Lemper](/wiki/Ute_Lemper \"Ute Lemper\") (German, French, English)\n* [Patricia Lewis](/wiki/Patricia_Lewis_%28singer%29 \"Patricia Lewis (singer)\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Dua Lipa](/wiki/Dua_Lipa \"Dua Lipa\") (English, Albanian)\n* [Anita Lipnicka](/wiki/Anita_Lipnicka \"Anita Lipnicka\") (Polish, English)\n* [Lira](/wiki/Lira_%28singer%29 \"Lira (singer)\") (Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, English, Afrikaans)\n* [Till Lindemann](/wiki/Till_Lindemann \"Till Lindemann\") (English, German, Russian)\n* [LiSA](/wiki/Lisa_%28Japanese_musician%2C_born_1987%29 \"Lisa (Japanese musician, born 1987)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Ani Lorak](/wiki/Ani_Lorak \"Ani Lorak\") (Ukrainian, Russian, English)\n* [Lorde](/wiki/Lorde \"Lorde\") (English, Māori)\n* [Loreen](/wiki/Loreen \"Loreen\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Sophia Loren](/wiki/Sophia_Loren \"Sophia Loren\") (Italian, English)\n* [Helmut Lotti](/wiki/Helmut_Lotti \"Helmut Lotti\") (Belgian Dutch, Afrikaans, English, German, Latin, Xhosa, Zulu, Swahili, Ndebele)\n* [Loud](/wiki/Loud_%28rapper%29 \"Loud (rapper)\") (Quebec French, English)\n* [Olivia Lufkin](/wiki/Olivia_Lufkin \"Olivia Lufkin\") (Japanese, English)\n\n### M\n\n* [Enrico Macias](/wiki/Enrico_Macias \"Enrico Macias\") (French, Hebrew, Arabic, Spanish, Italian)\n* [Mallu Magalhães](/wiki/Mallu_Magalh%C3%A3es \"Mallu Magalhães\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Miriam Makeba \"Mama Afrika\"](/wiki/Miriam_Makeba \"Miriam Makeba\") (Xhosa, Zulu, English)\n* [Siw Malmkvist](/wiki/Siw_Malmkvist \"Siw Malmkvist\") (Swedish, German, Spanish)\n* [Cheb Mami](/wiki/Cheb_Mami \"Cheb Mami\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Manizha](/wiki/Manizha \"Manizha\") (Russian, English)\n* [Ceylon Manohar](/wiki/Ceylon_Manohar \"Ceylon Manohar\") (Tamil, Sinhala, English)\n* [Margaret](/wiki/Margaret_%28singer%29 \"Margaret (singer)\") (Polish, English)\n* [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley \"Bob Marley\") (Jamaican, English)\n* [Maro](/wiki/Maro_%28Portuguese_singer%29 \"Maro (Portuguese singer)\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Teejay Marquez](/wiki/Teejay_Marquez \"Teejay Marquez\") (Filipino, English, Indonesian)\n* [Bruno Mars](/wiki/Bruno_Mars \"Bruno Mars\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Ricky Martin](/wiki/Ricky_Martin \"Ricky Martin\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Virginia Martínez](/wiki/Virginia_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Virginia Martínez\") (Spanish, Catalan)\n* [Mia Martini](/wiki/Mia_Martini \"Mia Martini\") (Italian, French, Spanish)\n* [Massari](/wiki/Massari \"Massari\") (Arabic, English)\n* [Souad Massi](/wiki/Souad_Massi \"Souad Massi\") (Algerian, Arabic, French)\n* [Mireille Mathieu](/wiki/Mireille_Mathieu \"Mireille Mathieu\") (French, English, German, Spanish, Russian)\n* [Seiko Matsuda](/wiki/Seiko_Matsuda \"Seiko Matsuda\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Takahiro Matsumoto](/wiki/Takahiro_Matsumoto \"Takahiro Matsumoto\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Méav Ní Mhaolchatha](/wiki/M%C3%A9av_N%C3%AD_Mhaolchatha \"Méav Ní Mhaolchatha\") (English, Gaelic, French, Latin, Italian, German)\n* [Mell](/wiki/Mell \"Mell\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Reinhard Mey](/wiki/Reinhard_Mey \"Reinhard Mey\") (German, French, Dutch, English)\n* [Mika](/wiki/Mika_%28singer%29 \"Mika (singer)\") (French, English, Italian, Spanish)\n* [Christina Milian](/wiki/Christina_Milian \"Christina Milian\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Milva](/wiki/Milva \"Milva\") (Italian, German, French, Spanish, Japanese, Korean, English, Greek)\n* [Mina](/wiki/Mina_%28Italian_singer%29 \"Mina (Italian singer)\") (Italian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, German)\n* [Minnie](/wiki/Minnie_%28singer%29 \"Minnie (singer)\") (Thai, English, Korean, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Miyavi](/wiki/Miyavi \"Miyavi\") (Japanese, English)\n* [MØ](/wiki/M%C3%98 \"MØ\") (Danish, English)\n* [Anika Moa](/wiki/Anika_Moa \"Anika Moa\") (English, Māori)\n* [Hinewehi Mohi](/wiki/Hinewehi_Mohi \"Hinewehi Mohi\") (English, Māori)\n* [Anna Moffo](/wiki/Anna_Moffo \"Anna Moffo\") (English, Italian)\n* [French Montana](/wiki/French_Montana \"French Montana\") (Arabic, English)\n* [Marisa Monte](/wiki/Marisa_Monte \"Marisa Monte\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Alexa Weber Morales](/wiki/Alexa_Weber_Morales \"Alexa Weber Morales\") (French, English, Spanish, Portuguese)\n* [Morissette](/wiki/Morissette_%28singer%29 \"Morissette (singer)\") (Cebuano, English, Filipino)\n* [Takahiro Moriuchi](/wiki/Takahiro_Moriuchi \"Takahiro Moriuchi\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Howard Morrison](/wiki/Howard_Morrison \"Howard Morrison\") (English, Māori)\n* [Nana Mouskouri](/wiki/Nana_Mouskouri \"Nana Mouskouri\") (Greek, French, English, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Hebrew, Welsh, Mandarin Chinese, Corsican)\n* [Anita Mui](/wiki/Anita_Mui \"Anita Mui\") (Cantonese, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, English)\n* [Marie Myriam](/wiki/Marie_Myriam \"Marie Myriam\") (French, English, Spanish, Portuguese, German)\n\n### N\n\n* [Murat Nasyrov](/wiki/Murat_Nasyrov \"Murat Nasyrov\") (Russian, Uyghur)\n* [Zuzana Navarová](/wiki/Zuzana_Navarov%C3%A1 \"Zuzana Navarová\") (Czech, Slovak, Spanish, Romani, Yiddish, Russian, Quechua)\n* [Youssou N'Dour](/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour \"Youssou N'Dour\") (Wolof, French, English)\n* [Nena](/wiki/Nena \"Nena\") (German, English)\n* [Anna Netrebko](/wiki/Anna_Netrebko \"Anna Netrebko\") (Russian, Italian, French, German, English, Czech)\n* [Nianell](/wiki/Nianell \"Nianell\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Minoru Niihara](/wiki/Minoru_Niihara \"Minoru Niihara\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Achinoam Nini](/wiki/Achinoam_Nini \"Achinoam Nini\"), a.k.a. Noa (Hebrew, English, Spanish)\n* [Siti Nurhaliza](/wiki/Siti_Nurhaliza \"Siti Nurhaliza\") (Malay, English, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese)\n* [Namewee](/wiki/Namewee \"Namewee\") (Chinese, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hainanese, Malay, English, Indian, Thai, Vietnamese, Arabic, Bengali, Burmese )\n\n### O\n\n* [Esther Ofarim](/wiki/Esther_Ofarim \"Esther Ofarim\") (Hebrew, English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Ladino, Neopolitan, and occasionally Portuguese, Russian, Romanian and others\n* [Masatoshi Ono](/wiki/Masatoshi_Ono \"Masatoshi Ono\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Yoko Ono](/wiki/Yoko_Ono \"Yoko Ono\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Rita Ora](/wiki/Rita_Ora \"Rita Ora\") (English, Albanian)\n* [Páll Óskar Hjálmtýsson](/wiki/Paul_Oscar \"Paul Oscar\") (Icelandic, English, Esperanto)\n* [Origa](/wiki/Origa \"Origa\") (Russian, Latin, English)\n* [Moishe Oysher](/wiki/Moishe_Oysher \"Moishe Oysher\") (Yiddish, Hebrew, English)\n\n### P\n\n* [Emanuela Pacotto](/wiki/Emanuela_Pacotto \"Emanuela Pacotto\") (Italian, Japanese)\n* [Daniel Padilla](/wiki/Daniel_Padilla \"Daniel Padilla\") (Filipino, English)\n* [Gwyneth Paltrow](/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow \"Gwyneth Paltrow\") (English, Spanish, French, Italian)\n* [Helena Paparizou](/wiki/Helena_Paparizou \"Helena Paparizou\") (Greek, English, Swedish)\n* [Vanessa Paradis](/wiki/Vanessa_Paradis \"Vanessa Paradis\") (French, English)\n* [Jay Park](/wiki/Jay_Park \"Jay Park\") (English, Korean)\n* [Sandara Park](/wiki/Sandara_Park \"Sandara Park\") (Korean, English, Filipino, Chinese, Japanese)\n* [Jack Parow](/wiki/Jack_Parow \"Jack Parow\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [John Paulo Bagnas Nase](/wiki/Pablo_%28singer%29 \"Pablo (singer)\") (Filipino, English, Spanish)\n* [Alina Pash](/wiki/Alina_Pash \"Alina Pash\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Laura Pausini](/wiki/Laura_Pausini \"Laura Pausini\") (Italian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, German, Latin, Chinese, Sicilian, Neapolitan, Romagnol, Catalan)\n* [Luciano Pavarotti](/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti \"Luciano Pavarotti\") (Italian, English, Spanish, French)\n* [Jan Peerce](/wiki/Jan_Peerce \"Jan Peerce\") (English, Italian, Yiddish, Hebrew)\n* [Ajda Pekkan](/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan \"Ajda Pekkan\") (Turkish, English, French, Italian, Arabic and Japanese)\n* [Carlos PenaVega](/wiki/Carlos_PenaVega \"Carlos PenaVega\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Indrani Perera](/wiki/Indrani_Perera \"Indrani Perera\") (Sinhala, Tamil)\n* [Anke Pietrangeli](/wiki/Anke_Pietrangeli \"Anke Pietrangeli\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Pitbull](/wiki/Pitbull_%28rapper%29 \"Pitbull (rapper)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Dawid Podsiadło](/wiki/Dawid_Podsiad%C5%82o \"Dawid Podsiadło\") (Polish, English)\n* [M. Pokora](/wiki/M._Pokora \"M. Pokora\") (French, English)\n* [Oleksandr Ponomaryov](/wiki/Oleksandr_Ponomaryov \"Oleksandr Ponomaryov\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Joël Prévost](/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Pr%C3%A9vost \"Joël Prévost\") (French, English)\n* [Dalvanius Prime](/wiki/Dalvanius_Prime \"Dalvanius Prime\") (English, Māori)\n* [Toše Proeski](/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski \"Toše Proeski\") (Macedonian, Serbian, English, Italian)\n* [Sława Przybylska](/wiki/S%C5%82awa_Przybylska \"Sława Przybylska\") (Polish, Yiddish)\n* [Psy](/wiki/Psy \"Psy\") (Korean, English)\n* [Alla Pugacheva](/wiki/Alla_Pugacheva \"Alla Pugacheva\") (Russian, English, German)\n\n### Q\n\n### R\n\n* [Eros Ramazzotti](/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti \"Eros Ramazzotti\") (Italian, Spanish, English)\n* [Laurika Rauch](/wiki/Laurika_Rauch \"Laurika Rauch\") (Afrikaans, English, Dutch)\n* [Lauris Reiniks](/wiki/Lauris_Reiniks \"Lauris Reiniks\") (Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Russian, English, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Turkish)\n* [ReoNa](/wiki/ReoNa \"ReoNa\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Cliff Richard](/wiki/Cliff_Richard \"Cliff Richard\") (English, German, Italian, Spanish)\n* [Maisey Rika](/wiki/Maisey_Rika \"Maisey Rika\") (English, Māori)\n* [Rita](/wiki/Rita_%28Israeli_singer%29 \"Rita (Israeli singer)\") (Hebrew, English, Persian)\n* [RM](/wiki/RM_%28rapper%29 \"RM (rapper)\") (Korean, English)\n* [Robyn](/wiki/Robyn \"Robyn\") (English, Swedish)\n* [Linda Ronstadt](/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt \"Linda Ronstadt\") (English, Spanish, Italian)\n* [Sofia Rotaru](/wiki/Sofia_Rotaru \"Sofia Rotaru\") (Ukrainian, Russian, Italian, Moldovan, English, Polish, Bulgarian, Romanian)\n* [Demis Roussos](/wiki/Demis_Roussos \"Demis Roussos\") (English, French, Greek, Italian, Spanish, German)\n* [Prince Royce](/wiki/Prince_Royce \"Prince Royce\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Paulina Rubio](/wiki/Paulina_Rubio \"Paulina Rubio\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Omar Rudberg](/wiki/Omar_Rudberg \"Omar Rudberg\") (Spanish, English, Swedish)\n* [Rob Ruha](/wiki/Rob_Ruha \"Rob Ruha\") (English, Māori)\n* [Bic Runga](/wiki/Bic_Runga \"Bic Runga\") (English, French, Māori)\n* [Ruslana](/wiki/Ruslana_%28singer%29 \"Ruslana (singer)\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Alexander Rybak](/wiki/Alexander_Rybak \"Alexander Rybak\") (Norwegian, Russian, English, Belarusian, Swedish)\n\n### S\n\n* [Eric Saade](/wiki/Eric_Saade \"Eric Saade\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Samira Said](/wiki/Samira_Said \"Samira Said\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Eizo Sakamoto](/wiki/Eizo_Sakamoto \"Eizo Sakamoto\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Maaya Sakamoto](/wiki/Maaya_Sakamoto \"Maaya Sakamoto\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Carole Samaha](/wiki/Carole_Samaha \"Carole Samaha\") (Arabic, French, English, Spanish)\n* [Aris San](/wiki/Aris_San \"Aris San\") (Greek, Hebrew, Spanish)\n* [Mustafa Sandal](/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal \"Mustafa Sandal\") (Turkish, English)\n* [Carlos Santana](/wiki/Carlos_Santana \"Carlos Santana\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Sarbel](/wiki/Sarbel \"Sarbel\") (Greek, English, Arabic)\n* [Jacopo Sarno](/wiki/Jacopo_Sarno \"Jacopo Sarno\") (Italian, English)\n* [Nozomu Sasaki](/wiki/Nozomu_Sasaki \"Nozomu Sasaki\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Hiroyuki Sawano](/wiki/Hiroyuki_Sawano \"Hiroyuki Sawano\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Joseph Schmidt](/wiki/Joseph_Schmidt \"Joseph Schmidt\") (German, Italian, English, French, Spanish, Dutch, Hebrew, Aramaic)\n* [Leon Schuster](/wiki/Leon_Schuster \"Leon Schuster\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Bobbejaan Schoepen](/wiki/Bobbejaan_Schoepen \"Bobbejaan Schoepen\") (Dutch, German, English, French)\n* [Jon Secada](/wiki/Jon_Secada \"Jon Secada\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Neil Sedaka](/wiki/Neil_Sedaka \"Neil Sedaka\") (English, Italian, Yiddish, Spanish, German, Hebrew, Japanese, French)\n* [Lhasa de Sela](/wiki/Lhasa_de_Sela \"Lhasa de Sela\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Selena](/wiki/Selena \"Selena\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Marija Šerifović](/wiki/Marija_%C5%A0erifovi%C4%87 \"Marija Šerifović\") (Serbian, Russian, English)\n* [Joan Manuel Serrat](/wiki/Joan_Manuel_Serrat \"Joan Manuel Serrat\") (Spanish, Catalan)\n* [Shakira](/wiki/Shakira \"Shakira\") (Spanish, English, Portuguese, Arabic, French, German)\n* [Sandie Shaw](/wiki/Sandie_Shaw \"Sandie Shaw\") (English, Spanish, German, French, Italian)\n* [Ringo Sheena](/wiki/Ringo_Sheena \"Ringo Sheena\") (Japanese, English, French, German, Portuguese)\n* [Kultur Shock](/wiki/Kultur_Shock \"Kultur Shock\") (English, Spanish, Serbian and many others)\n* [Heintje Simons](/wiki/Heintje_Simons \"Heintje Simons\") (Dutch, German, English)\n* [Hollie Smith](/wiki/Hollie_Smith \"Hollie Smith\") (English, Māori)\n* [Soap\\&Skin](/wiki/Soap%26Skin \"Soap&Skin\") (German, French, English)\n* [Luísa Sonza](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Sonza \"Luísa Sonza\") (Portuguese, Spanish, English)\n* [Soraya](/wiki/Soraya_%28musician%29 \"Soraya (musician)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Sowelu](/wiki/Sowelu \"Sowelu\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Bojana Stamenov](/wiki/Bojana_Stamenov \"Bojana Stamenov\") (Serbian, English, French, Spanish, German)\n* [Alexandra Stan](/wiki/Alexandra_Stan \"Alexandra Stan\") (Romanian, English)\n* [Stephanie](/wiki/Stephanie_%28singer%2C_born_August_1987%29 \"Stephanie (singer, born August 1987)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Cat Stevens / Yusuf Islam](/wiki/Cat_Stevens \"Cat Stevens\") (English, Greek, Arabic)\n* [Martina Stoessel](/wiki/Martina_Stoessel \"Martina Stoessel\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Natasha St\\-Pier](/wiki/Natasha_St-Pier \"Natasha St-Pier\") (French, English, Cantonese)\n* [Rita Streich](/wiki/Rita_Streich \"Rita Streich\") (German, Russian, French, Italian, Czech)\n* [Barbra Streisand](/wiki/Barbra_Streisand \"Barbra Streisand\") (English, French)\n* [Stromae](/wiki/Stromae \"Stromae\") (French, English, Flemish)\n* [Linda de Suza](/wiki/Linda_de_Suza \"Linda de Suza\") (Portuguese, French)\n* [SZA](/wiki/SZA \"SZA\") (English, Spanish)\n\n### T\n\n* [Taeyeon](/wiki/Taeyeon \"Taeyeon\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Rachid Taha](/wiki/Rachid_Taha \"Rachid Taha\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Tomoko Tane](/wiki/Tomoko_Tane \"Tomoko Tane\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Kisho Taniyama](/wiki/Kisho_Taniyama \"Kisho Taniyama\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Serj Tankian](/wiki/Serj_Tankian \"Serj Tankian\") (English, Armenian)\n* [Tarkan](/wiki/Tarkan_%28singer%29 \"Tarkan (singer)\") (Turkish, English)\n* [Hiba Tawaji](/wiki/Hiba_Tawaji \"Hiba Tawaji\") (Arabic, French, English, German)\n* [Corey Taylor](/wiki/Corey_Taylor \"Corey Taylor\") (English, Italian)\n* [Michel Teló](/wiki/Michel_Tel%C3%B3 \"Michel Teló\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Prince Tui Teka](/wiki/Prince_Tui_Teka \"Prince Tui Teka\") (English, Māori)\n* [Kiri Te Kanawa](/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa \"Kiri Te Kanawa\") (English, Māori, Latin, Italian, French, German)\n* [Teresa Teng](/wiki/Teresa_Teng \"Teresa Teng\") (Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, Japanese, Indonesian, English, French)\n* [Thalía](/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa \"Thalía\") (Spanish, English, Filipino, French, Portuguese)\n* [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron \"Charlize Theron\") (English, Afrikaans)\n* [Avi Toledano](/wiki/Avi_Toledano \"Avi Toledano\") (Hebrew, French)\n* [Jelena Tomašević](/wiki/Jelena_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Jelena Tomašević\") (Serbian, Spanish)\n* [Michie Tomizawa](/wiki/Michie_Tomizawa \"Michie Tomizawa\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Dayanara Torres](/wiki/Dayanara_Torres \"Dayanara Torres\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Umberto Tozzi](/wiki/Umberto_Tozzi \"Umberto Tozzi\") (Italian, English, French, Spanish)\n* [Karsten Troyke](/wiki/Karsten_Troyke \"Karsten Troyke\") (Yiddish, German, English)\n* [Basia Trzetrzelewska](/wiki/Basia_Trzetrzelewska \"Basia Trzetrzelewska\") (Polish, English)\n* [Jolin Tsai](/wiki/Jolin_Tsai \"Jolin Tsai\") (Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, English)\n* [Anna Tsuchiya](/wiki/Anna_Tsuchiya \"Anna Tsuchiya\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Luca Turilli](/wiki/Luca_Turilli \"Luca Turilli\") (Italian, English)\n\n### U\n\n* [Kali Uchis](/wiki/Kali_Uchis \"Kali Uchis\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Ricky Ullman](/wiki/Ricky_Ullman \"Ricky Ullman\") (Hebrew, English)\n* [Hikaru Utada](/wiki/Hikaru_Utada \"Hikaru Utada\") (Japanese, English)\n\n### V\n\n* [Ritchie Valens](/wiki/Ritchie_Valens \"Ritchie Valens\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Caterina Valente](/wiki/Caterina_Valente \"Caterina Valente\") (French, Italian, German, English, Spanish, Swedish, Dutch, Portuguese, Hebrew, Greek, Japanese)\n* [Giorgio Vanni](/wiki/Giorgio_Vanni \"Giorgio Vanni\") (Italian, English)\n* [Nia Vardalos](/wiki/Nia_Vardalos \"Nia Vardalos\") (English, Greek)\n* [Sylvie Vartan](/wiki/Sylvie_Vartan \"Sylvie Vartan\") (French, English, Italian, Bulgarian)\n* [Alexander Veljanov](/wiki/Alexander_Veljanov \"Alexander Veljanov\") (English, German, Macedonian, French)\n* [Caetano Veloso](/wiki/Caetano_Veloso \"Caetano Veloso\") (Portuguese, English, Spanish)\n* [Mike Vescera](/wiki/Mike_Vescera \"Mike Vescera\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Willemijn Verkaik](/wiki/Willemijn_Verkaik \"Willemijn Verkaik\") (Dutch, German, English)\n* [Varg Vikernes](/wiki/Varg_Vikernes \"Varg Vikernes\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_Georgieva \"Victoria Georgieva\") (Bulgarian, English)\n* [Violetta Villas](/wiki/Violetta_Villas \"Violetta Villas\") (English, French, German, Italian, Latin, Neapolitan, Polish, Spanish, Russian)\n* [Pabllo Vittar](/wiki/Pabllo_Vittar \"Pabllo Vittar\") (Portuguese, English, Spanish)\n* [Roch Voisine](/wiki/Roch_Voisine \"Roch Voisine\") (French, English)\n* [Vice Vukov](/wiki/Vice_Vukov \"Vice Vukov\") (Croatian, Italian)\n\n### W\n\n* [Stan Walker](/wiki/Stan_Walker \"Stan Walker\") (English, Māori)\n* [Jackson Wang](/wiki/Jackson_Wang \"Jackson Wang\") (English, Cantonese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Roksana Węgiel](/wiki/Roksana_W%C4%99giel \"Roksana Węgiel\") (Polish, English)\n* [Hayley Westenra](/wiki/Hayley_Westenra \"Hayley Westenra\") (English, Māori, Italian, Irish Gaelic, German, Japanese and Latin)\n* [Roger Whittaker](/wiki/Roger_Whittaker \"Roger Whittaker\") (English, German)\n* [Robbie Williams](/wiki/Robbie_Williams \"Robbie Williams\") (English, Spanish, French)\n* [Heinz Winckler](/wiki/Heinz_Winckler \"Heinz Winckler\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Karl Wolf](/wiki/Karl_Wolf \"Karl Wolf\") (Arabic, English)\n* [Faye Wong](/wiki/Faye_Wong \"Faye Wong\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, English)\n* [Kris Wu](/wiki/Kris_Wu \"Kris Wu\") (Mandarin Chinese, English, Korean)\n\n### X\n\n* [Xuxa](/wiki/Xuxa \"Xuxa\") (Portuguese, Spanish, English)\n\n### Y\n\n* [Mai Yamane](/wiki/Mai_Yamane \"Mai Yamane\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Nagi Yanagi](/wiki/Nagi_Yanagi \"Nagi Yanagi\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Savina Yannatou](/wiki/Savina_Yannatou \"Savina Yannatou\") (Greek, Ladino)\n* [Yohio](/wiki/Yohio \"Yohio\") (English, Japanese, Swedish)\n* [Yoshiki (musician)](/wiki/Yoshiki_%28musician%29 \"Yoshiki (musician)\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Tata Young](/wiki/Tata_Young \"Tata Young\") (Thai, English)\n\n### Z\n\n* [Batir Zakirov](/wiki/Batir_Zakirov \"Batir Zakirov\") (Uzbek, Russian, Arabic, Hindi)\n* [Rika Zaraï](/wiki/Rika_Zara%C3%AF \"Rika Zaraï\") (Hebrew, English, French, Italian, Spanish and German)\n* [Cristina Zavalloni](/wiki/Cristina_Zavalloni \"Cristina Zavalloni\") (Italian, English, Spanish, Russian)\n* [Željko Joksimović](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Joksimovi%C4%87 \"Željko Joksimović\") (Serbian, English, Russian, Spanish)\n* [Jane Zhang](/wiki/Jane_Zhang \"Jane Zhang\") (Mandarin, Cantonese, English, Spanish)\n* [Zivert](/wiki/Zivert \"Zivert\") (Russian, English)\n* [Karen Zoid](/wiki/Karen_Zoid \"Karen Zoid\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Lolo Zouaï](/wiki/Lolo_Zoua%C3%AF \"Lolo Zouaï\") (English, French)\n* [Zucchero](/wiki/Zucchero \"Zucchero\") (Italian, English)\n\n", "### 0–9\n\n", "### A\n\n* [Saara Aalto](/wiki/Saara_Aalto \"Saara Aalto\") (Finnish, English, French, Swedish, Japanese, Chinese)\n* [Salvatore Adamo](/wiki/Salvatore_Adamo \"Salvatore Adamo\") (Italian, French, Spanish, English, Japanese, German, Portuguese, Dutch, and Turkish)\n* [Chloë Agnew](/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Agnew \"Chloë Agnew\") (English, Irish Gaelic, Latin, Italian and German)\n* [Christina Aguilera](/wiki/Christina_Aguilera \"Christina Aguilera\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Ai](/wiki/Ai_%28singer%29 \"Ai (singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Aimer](/wiki/Aimer \"Aimer\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Atif Aslam](/wiki/Atif_Aslam \"Atif Aslam\") (Urdu, Punjabi, English)\n* [Stellvester Ajero](/wiki/Stell_%28singer%29 \"Stell (singer)\") (Filipino, English, Korean)\n* [Nancy Ajram](/wiki/Nancy_Ajram \"Nancy Ajram\") (Arabic, French, Armenian)\n* [Chava Alberstein](/wiki/Chava_Alberstein \"Chava Alberstein\") (Hebrew, Yiddish, English)\n* [Eden Alene](/wiki/Eden_Alene \"Eden Alene\") (English, Amharic, Hebrew, Arabic)\n* [Azam Ali](/wiki/Azam_Ali \"Azam Ali\") (Persian, Hindi, Turkish, Arabic, Latin, French, English)\n* [Alizée](/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9e \"Alizée\") (French, English)\n* [Alvan](/wiki/Alvan_%28singer%29 \"Alvan (singer)\") (Breton, English)\n* [Thomas Anders](/wiki/Thomas_Anders \"Thomas Anders\") (German, English, Spanish)\n* [Mayra Andrade](/wiki/Mayra_Andrade \"Mayra Andrade\") (Cape Verdean Creole, Portuguese, French, English)\n* [Anggun](/wiki/Anggun \"Anggun\") (Indonesian, French, English, Russian)\n* [Anitta (singer)](/wiki/Anitta_%28singer%29 \"Anitta (singer)\") (Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian, French)\n* [Marc Anthony](/wiki/Marc_Anthony \"Marc Anthony\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Anza](/wiki/Anza_%28singer%29 \"Anza (singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Zohar Argov](/wiki/Zohar_Argov \"Zohar Argov\") (Hebrew, Arabic)\n* [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\") (English, French)\n* [Arno](/wiki/Arno_%28singer%29 \"Arno (singer)\") (French, Dutch, English)\n* [Ásgeir](/wiki/%C3%81sgeir \"Ásgeir\") (Icelandic, English)\n* [Lys Assia](/wiki/Lys_Assia \"Lys Assia\") (German, French, Italian)\n* [Natacha Atlas](/wiki/Natacha_Atlas \"Natacha Atlas\") (Arabic, English, French)\n* [Albert Au](/wiki/Albert_Au \"Albert Au\") (Cantonese, English)\n* [Brian Auger](/wiki/Brian_Auger \"Brian Auger\") (English, Italian)\n* [Aya](/wiki/Aya_%28Japanese_singer%29 \"Aya (Japanese singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Charles Aznavour](/wiki/Charles_Aznavour \"Charles Aznavour\") (French, English, Spanish, German, Italian, Armenian)\n\n", "### B\n\n* [Joan Baez](/wiki/Joan_Baez \"Joan Baez\") (English, Spanish, Portuguese)\n* [Adrienne Bailon](/wiki/Adrienne_Bailon \"Adrienne Bailon\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Baekhyun](/wiki/Baekhyun \"Baekhyun\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Antonio Banderas](/wiki/Antonio_Banderas \"Antonio Banderas\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Azealia Banks](/wiki/Azealia_Banks \"Azealia Banks\") (English, Spanish, Portuguese)\n* [Max Barskih](/wiki/Max_Barskih \"Max Barskih\") (Ukrainian, Russian, English)\n* [Basshunter](/wiki/Basshunter \"Basshunter\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Christian Bautista](/wiki/Christian_Bautista \"Christian Bautista\") (Filipino, English)\n* [Zazie Beetz](/wiki/Zazie_Beetz \"Zazie Beetz\") (English, German)\n* [Rashid Behbudov](/wiki/Rashid_Behbudov \"Rashid Behbudov\") (Azerbaijani, Russian, Persian, Turkish, Armenian, Hindi, Urdu and Bengali)\n* [Alec Benjamin](/wiki/Alec_Benjamin \"Alec Benjamin\") (English, Mandarin)\n* [Dudley Benson](/wiki/Dudley_Benson \"Dudley Benson\") (English, Māori)\n* [Beverly](/wiki/Beverly_%28singer%29 \"Beverly (singer)\") (Tagalog, English, Japanese)\n* [Beyoncé](/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9 \"Beyoncé\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Asha Bhosle](/wiki/Asha_Bhosle \"Asha Bhosle\") (Hindi, Urdu, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi, Tamil, Malayalam, English)\n* [Big Time Rush](/wiki/Big_Time_Rush_%28band%29 \"Big Time Rush (band)\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Dima Bilan](/wiki/Dima_Bilan \"Dima Bilan\") (Russian, English)\n* [David Bisbal](/wiki/David_Bisbal \"David Bisbal\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Björk](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk \"Björk\") (Icelandic, English)\n* [Rubén Blades](/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Blades \"Rubén Blades\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Elvis Blue](/wiki/Elvis_Blue \"Elvis Blue\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [BoA](/wiki/BoA \"BoA\") (Korean, Japanese, English, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Bonnie Pink](/wiki/Bonnie_Pink \"Bonnie Pink\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Frida Boccara](/wiki/Frida_Boccara \"Frida Boccara\") (French, Spanish, German, English, Italian)\n* [Andrea Bocelli](/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli \"Andrea Bocelli\") (Italian, Spanish, English, French)\n* [Jacqueline Boyer](/wiki/Jacqueline_Boyer \"Jacqueline Boyer\") (French, German, English)\n* [Los Lonely Boys](/wiki/Los_Lonely_Boys \"Los Lonely Boys\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Mike Brant](/wiki/Mike_Brant \"Mike Brant\") (French, German, Hebrew, Spanish)\n* [Sarah Brightman](/wiki/Sarah_Brightman \"Sarah Brightman\") (English, Spanish, French, Latin, Italian, Japanese)\n* [Corry Brokken](/wiki/Corry_Brokken \"Corry Brokken\") (Dutch, French)\n* [Carla Bruni](/wiki/Carla_Bruni \"Carla Bruni\") (French, English)\n\n", "### C\n\n* [Montserrat Caballé](/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9 \"Montserrat Caballé\") (Catalan, Spanish, German, Italian, French, English)\n* [Camila Cabello](/wiki/Camila_Cabello \"Camila Cabello\") (Spanish, English, French)\n* [Cardi B](/wiki/Cardi_B \"Cardi B\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Mariah Carey](/wiki/Mariah_Carey \"Mariah Carey\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Roberto Carlos](/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_%28singer%29 \"Roberto Carlos (singer)\") (Portuguese, Spanish, English and Italian)\n* [Arno Carstens](/wiki/Arno_Carstens \"Arno Carstens\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Cameron Cartio](/wiki/Cameron_Cartio \"Cameron Cartio\") (Persian, Spanish, English)\n* [Enrico Caruso](/wiki/Enrico_Caruso \"Enrico Caruso\") (Italian, French, English)\n* [Tommy Cash](/wiki/Tommy_Cash_%28rapper%29 \"Tommy Cash (rapper)\") (Estonian, Russian, English)\n* [Sarah Chalke](/wiki/Sarah_Chalke \"Sarah Chalke\") (English, German, French)\n* [Jackie Chan](/wiki/Jackie_Chan \"Jackie Chan\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, English)\n* [Priscilla Chan](/wiki/Priscilla_Chan_%28singer%29 \"Priscilla Chan (singer)\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, English)\n* [Manu Chao](/wiki/Manu_Chao \"Manu Chao\") (Spanish, French, English, Catalan, Portuguese)\n* [Grégory Charles](/wiki/Gr%C3%A9gory_Charles \"Grégory Charles\") (French, English, Spanish)\n* [Cheloo](/wiki/Parazi%C8%9Bii \"Paraziții\") (Romanian, English)\n* [Edison Chen](/wiki/Edison_Chen \"Edison Chen\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, English)\n* [Kelly Chen](/wiki/Kelly_Chen \"Kelly Chen\") (Cantonese, Japanese, Mandarin, English)\n* [Sammi Cheng](/wiki/Sammi_Cheng \"Sammi Cheng\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, English)\n* [Cecilia Cheung](/wiki/Cecilia_Cheung \"Cecilia Cheung\") (Cantonese, Mandarin)\n* [Jacky Cheung](/wiki/Jacky_Cheung \"Jacky Cheung\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, English)\n* [Maurice Chevalier](/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier \"Maurice Chevalier\") (English, French)\n* [Charlene Choi](/wiki/Charlene_Choi \"Charlene Choi\") (Cantonese, Mandarin)\n* [Christine and the Queens](/wiki/Christine_and_the_Queens \"Christine and the Queens\") (French, English)\n* [Jon Christos](/wiki/Jon_Christos \"Jon Christos\") (English, Greek, Latin, Spanish, German, Russian)\n* [Gillian Chung](/wiki/Gillian_Chung \"Gillian Chung\") (Cantonese, Mandarin)\n* [Charlotte Church](/wiki/Charlotte_Church \"Charlotte Church\") (English, Welsh, French, Italian, Latin, German)\n* [Gigliola Cinquetti](/wiki/Gigliola_Cinquetti \"Gigliola Cinquetti\") (Italian, Spanish, French, German, English, Japanese)\n* [Petula Clark](/wiki/Petula_Clark \"Petula Clark\") (English, French, Italian)\n* [Jemaine Clement](/wiki/Jemaine_Clement \"Jemaine Clement\") (English, Māori)\n* [Tránsito Cocomarola](/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsito_Cocomarola \"Tránsito Cocomarola\") (Spanish, Guarani)\n* [Cœur de pirate](/wiki/C%C5%93ur_de_pirate \"Cœur de pirate\") (French, English)\n* [Phil Collins](/wiki/Phil_Collins \"Phil Collins\") (English, Spanish, French, German, Italian)\n* [Bradley Cooper](/wiki/Bradley_Cooper \"Bradley Cooper\") (English, French)\n* [Cécile Corbel](/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Corbel \"Cécile Corbel\") (French, Italian, Breton, English, German, Irish, Turkish, Cantonese, Japanese)\n* [Pilita Corrales](/wiki/Pilita_Corrales \"Pilita Corrales\") (Filipino, English, Visayan, Spanish)\n* [Annie Crummer](/wiki/Annie_Crummer \"Annie Crummer\") (English, Māori, Cook Islands Māori)\n* [Cuco](/wiki/Cuco_%28musician%29 \"Cuco (musician)\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Josh Cullen Santos](/wiki/Josh_%28SB19_member%29 \"Josh (SB19 member)\") (Filipino, English) \n\n", "### D\n\n* [Joe Dassin](/wiki/Joe_Dassin \"Joe Dassin\") (English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian and Greek)\n* [Dalida](/wiki/Dalida \"Dalida\") (French, Italian, Spanish, German, Arabic, Japanese, Dutch, Flemish, Hebrew, Turkish, Greek and English)\n* [Mônica da Silva](/wiki/M%C3%B4nica_da_Silva \"Mônica da Silva\") (English, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, and French)\n* [Justin de Dios](/wiki/Justin_de_Dios \"Justin de Dios\") (Filipino, English)\n* [Cristina D'Avena](/wiki/Cristina_D%27Avena \"Cristina D'Avena\") (Italian, French, Spanish)\n* [Anne\\-Marie David](/wiki/Anne-Marie_David \"Anne-Marie David\") (French, English, Turkish)\n* [Demon Kakka](/wiki/Demon_Kakka \"Demon Kakka\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Dead](/wiki/Dead_%28musician%29 \"Dead (musician)\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Fabrizio de André](/wiki/Fabrizio_de_Andr%C3%A9 \"Fabrizio de André\") (Italian, Genoese, Sardinian, Neapolitan, Spanish)\n* [Sanne Denotté](/wiki/Sanne_Denott%C3%A9 \"Sanne Denotté\") (Dutch, Flemish)\n* [Leonardo DiCaprio](/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio \"Leonardo DiCaprio\") (English, German)\n* [Marina Diamandis](/wiki/Marina_Diamandis \"Marina Diamandis\") (Welsh, English, Greek)\n* [Celine Dion](/wiki/Celine_Dion \"Celine Dion\") (French, English, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Japanese, Mandarin, German)\n* [D.O.](/wiki/D.O._%28entertainer%29 \"D.O. (entertainer)\") (Korean, Mandarin Chinese, English, Japanese, Spanish)\n* [Arielle Dombasle](/wiki/Arielle_Dombasle \"Arielle Dombasle\") (French, Spanish)\n* [Dotter](/wiki/Dotter_%28singer%29 \"Dotter (singer)\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Lila Downs](/wiki/Lila_Downs \"Lila Downs\") (Spanish, English, Mixtec, Zapotec, Mayan, Nahuatl, Purépecha)\n* [Juanita du Plessis](/wiki/Juanita_du_Plessis \"Juanita du Plessis\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Katerine Duska](/wiki/Katerine_Duska \"Katerine Duska\") (English, Greek)\n\n", "### E\n\n* [Elisa](/wiki/Elisa_%28Japanese_singer%29 \"Elisa (Japanese singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Elissa](/wiki/Elissa_%28Lebanese_singer%29 \"Elissa (Lebanese singer)\") (Arabic, French, English)\n* [Ensiferum](/wiki/Ensiferum \"Ensiferum\") (English, Finnish)\n* [Enya](/wiki/Enya \"Enya\") (Irish Gaelic, English, Welsh, Latin, Spanish, Japanese, Sindarin, Quenya, Loxian)\n* [Gloria Estefan](/wiki/Gloria_Estefan \"Gloria Estefan\") (Spanish, English, Portuguese, French)\n* [Jackie Evancho](/wiki/Jackie_Evancho \"Jackie Evancho\") (English, Italian, Latin, French)\n\n", "### F\n\n* [Lara Fabian](/wiki/Lara_Fabian \"Lara Fabian\") (French, English, Spanish, Italian)\n* [Myriam Fares](/wiki/Myriam_Fares \"Myriam Fares\") (Arabic, English, Kurdish, Berber)\n* [Brenda Fassie](/wiki/Brenda_Fassie \"Brenda Fassie\") (Zulu, English)\n* [Faudel](/wiki/Faudel \"Faudel\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Faylan](/wiki/Faylan \"Faylan\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Sogdiana Fedorinskaya](/wiki/Sogdiana_Fedorinskaya \"Sogdiana Fedorinskaya\") (Uzbek, Russian, Ukrainian, French, English, Chechen)\n* [José Feliciano](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano \"José Feliciano\") (Spanish, English)\n* [M. S. Fernando](/wiki/M._S._Fernando \"M. S. Fernando\") (Sinhala, Tamil, English)\n* [Tiziano Ferro](/wiki/Tiziano_Ferro \"Tiziano Ferro\") (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, English)\n* [Colin Firth](/wiki/Colin_Firth \"Colin Firth\") (English, Italian)\n* [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster \"Jodie Foster\") (English, French)\n* [Connie Francis](/wiki/Connie_Francis \"Connie Francis\") (English, Italian, Spanish, Yiddish, Portuguese, French, Japanese, Hebrew, Irish, Greek)\n* [Daði Freyr](/wiki/Da%C3%B0i_Freyr \"Daði Freyr\") (Icelandic, English, German)\n* [Marty Friedman](/wiki/Marty_Friedman \"Marty Friedman\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Conny Froboess](/wiki/Conny_Froboess \"Conny Froboess\") (English, Italian, German, Dutch)\n* [Annette Funicello](/wiki/Annette_Funicello \"Annette Funicello\") (English, Italian)\n* [Nelly Furtado](/wiki/Nelly_Furtado \"Nelly Furtado\") (English, Spanish, Portuguese)\n\n", "### G\n\n* [Lady Gaga](/wiki/Lady_Gaga \"Lady Gaga\") (English, Italian, French)\n* [Polina Gagarina](/wiki/Polina_Gagarina \"Polina Gagarina\") (Russian, Greek, English)\n* [Francesca Gagnon](/wiki/Francesca_Gagnon \"Francesca Gagnon\") (French, English, Spanish, Italian)\n* [France Gall](/wiki/France_Gall \"France Gall\") (French, Japanese, Italian, German)\n* [Elīna Garanča](/wiki/El%C4%ABna_Garan%C4%8Da \"Elīna Garanča\") (Spanish, Italian, English, German, French)\n* [Melody Gardot](/wiki/Melody_Gardot \"Melody Gardot\") (English, French)\n* [Garou](/wiki/Garou_%28singer%29 \"Garou (singer)\") (French, English)\n* [Anna German](/wiki/Anna_German \"Anna German\") (Polish, Russian, German, Italian, Spanish, English, Latin, Mongolian)\n* [Sarah Geronimo](/wiki/Sarah_Geronimo \"Sarah Geronimo\") (Filipino, English, Japanese)\n* [Enrique Gil](/wiki/Enrique_Gil \"Enrique Gil\") (Filipino, English)\n* [Bebel Gilberto](/wiki/Bebel_Gilberto \"Bebel Gilberto\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [David Gilmour](/wiki/David_Gilmour \"David Gilmour\") (English, French)\n* [Gisela](/wiki/Gisela_%28singer%29 \"Gisela (singer)\") (Spanish, Catalan)\n* [Gjon's Tears](/wiki/Gjon%27s_Tears \"Gjon's Tears\") (French, English, Albanian)\n* [Selena Gomez](/wiki/Selena_Gomez \"Selena Gomez\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Lesley Gore](/wiki/Lesley_Gore \"Lesley Gore\") (English, French, German, Italian)\n* [Martin Gore](/wiki/Martin_Gore \"Martin Gore\") (English, German)\n* [Edyta Górniak](/wiki/Edyta_G%C3%B3rniak \"Edyta Górniak\") (Polish, English)\n* [Yuko Goto](/wiki/Yuko_Goto \"Yuko Goto\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Karel Gott](/wiki/Karel_Gott \"Karel Gott\") (Czech, German, English)\n* [Ariana Grande](/wiki/Ariana_Grande \"Ariana Grande\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Ilaria Graziano](/wiki/Ilaria_Graziano \"Ilaria Graziano\") (Italian, English)\n* [Josh Groban](/wiki/Josh_Groban \"Josh Groban\") (English, Spanish, Italian)\n* [Gwenno](/wiki/Gwenno \"Gwenno\") (English, Welsh, Cornish) \n\n", "### H\n\n* [Sarit Hadad](/wiki/Sarit_Hadad \"Sarit Hadad\") (Hebrew, Arabic)\n* [Carola Häggkvist](/wiki/Carola_H%C3%A4ggkvist \"Carola Häggkvist\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Ria Hall](/wiki/Ria_Hall \"Ria Hall\") (English, Māori)\n* [Johnny Hallyday](/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday \"Johnny Hallyday\") (French, English)\n* [Ayumi Hamasaki](/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki \"Ayumi Hamasaki\") (Japanese, English, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Luca Hänni](/wiki/Luca_H%C3%A4nni \"Luca Hänni\") (German, English)\n* [Morten Harket](/wiki/Morten_Harket \"Morten Harket\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [David Hasselhoff](/wiki/David_Hasselhoff \"David Hasselhoff\") (English, German)\n* [Masato Hayakawa](/wiki/Masato_Hayakawa \"Masato Hayakawa\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Ofra Haza](/wiki/Ofra_Haza \"Ofra Haza\") (Hebrew, Arabic, English, French, German)\n* [Jerry Heil](/wiki/Jerry_Heil \"Jerry Heil\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Sonja Herholdt](/wiki/Sonja_Herholdt \"Sonja Herholdt\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [hide](/wiki/Hide_%28musician%29 \"Hide (musician)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Steve Hofmeyr](/wiki/Steve_Hofmeyr \"Steve Hofmeyr\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Ryō Horikawa](/wiki/Ry%C5%8D_Horikawa \"Ryō Horikawa\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Hozier](/wiki/Hozier \"Hozier\") (English, Irish)\n* [Hyde](/wiki/Hyde_%28singer%29 \"Hyde (singer)\") (Japanese, English)\n\n", "### I\n\n* [Ibeyi](/wiki/Ibeyi \"Ibeyi\") (English, French, Spanish, Yoruba)\n* [Enrique Iglesias](/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias \"Enrique Iglesias\") (Spanish, English, Italian)\n* [Julio Iglesias](/wiki/Julio_Iglesias \"Julio Iglesias\") (Spanish, French, English, Italian, Filipino)\n* [Inna](/wiki/Inna_%28singer%29 \"Inna (singer)\") (Romanian, English, Spanish, Arabic, French, Catalan)\n* [Joe Inoue](/wiki/Joe_Inoue \"Joe Inoue\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Jason Isaacs](/wiki/Jason_Isaacs \"Jason Isaacs\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Lidia Isac](/wiki/Lidia_Isac \"Lidia Isac\") (Russian, Moldovan, Romanian, English, French, Italian)\n* [Yoko Ishida](/wiki/Yoko_Ishida \"Yoko Ishida\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Yasushi Ishii](/wiki/Yasushi_Ishii \"Yasushi Ishii\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Ishtar](/wiki/Ishtar_%28singer%29 \"Ishtar (singer)\") (Arabic, Hebrew, French, Spanish, Bulgarian, Russian, English)\n* [Kanako Itou](/wiki/Kanako_Itou \"Kanako Itou\") (Japanese, English, French)\n* [Bera Ivanishvili](/wiki/Bera_Ivanishvili \"Bera Ivanishvili\") (Georgian, English, Russian, French)\n\n", "### J\n\n* [Bobby van Jaarsveld](/wiki/Bobby_van_Jaarsveld \"Bobby van Jaarsveld\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Hugh Jackman](/wiki/Hugh_Jackman \"Hugh Jackman\") (English, French)\n* [Jamala](/wiki/Jamala \"Jamala\") (Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar, Russian, English)\n* [Stella Jang](/wiki/Stella_Jang \"Stella Jang\") (Korean, English, French)\n* [Wyclef Jean](/wiki/Wyclef_Jean \"Wyclef Jean\") (Creole, English)\n* [Katherine Jenkins](/wiki/Katherine_Jenkins \"Katherine Jenkins\") (Welsh, English, Italian, Latin, French)\n* [Felip Jhon Suson](/wiki/Ken_%28SB19_member%29 \"Ken (SB19 member)\") (Filipino, Cebuano, English)\n* [Joji](/wiki/Joji_%28musician%29 \"Joji (musician)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Seu Jorge](/wiki/Seu_Jorge \"Seu Jorge\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Joselito](/wiki/Joselito \"Joselito\") (Spanish, Italian)\n* [Milla Jovovich](/wiki/Milla_Jovovich \"Milla Jovovich\") (Ukrainian, English)\n\n", "### K\n\n* [Hironobu Kageyama](/wiki/Hironobu_Kageyama \"Hironobu Kageyama\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Bente Kahan](/wiki/Bente_Kahan \"Bente Kahan\") (Yiddish, Ladino, Hebrew, Polish, Russian, Norwegian, Hungarian, German, English)\n* [Kajto](/wiki/Kajto \"Kajto\") (Esperanto, English, Dutch and Frisian)\n* [Sofia Källgren](/wiki/Sofia_K%C3%A4llgren \"Sofia Källgren\") (Swedish, English, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Takeshi Kaneshiro](/wiki/Takeshi_Kaneshiro \"Takeshi Kaneshiro\") (Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, English)\n* [Yoko Kanno](/wiki/Yoko_Kanno \"Yoko Kanno\") (Japanese, French)\n* [Kahimi Karie](/wiki/Kahimi_Karie \"Kahimi Karie\") (Japanese, French, English, Italian, Spanish)\n* [Khaled](/wiki/Khaled_%28musician%29 \"Khaled (musician)\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Khruangbin](/wiki/Khruangbin \"Khruangbin\") (Band) (English, Spanish, French)\n* [Hadiqa Kiani](/wiki/Hadiqa_Kiani \"Hadiqa Kiani\") (Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Siraiki, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, Persian, French, English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay, Turkish and Arabic)\n* [Troy Kingi](/wiki/Troy_Kingi \"Troy Kingi\") (English, Māori)\n* [Laila Kinnunen](/wiki/Laila_Kinnunen \"Laila Kinnunen\") (Finnish, Swedish, English, Russian, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Hungarian, Afrikaans)\n* [Karlie Kloss](/wiki/Karlie_Kloss \"Karlie Kloss\") (English, French)\n* [K'Maro](/wiki/K%27Maro \"K'Maro\") (Arabic, French, English)\n* [Kokia](/wiki/Kokia_%28singer%29 \"Kokia (singer)\") (Japanese, English, Irish, Latin)\n* [Psoy Korolenko](/wiki/Psoy_Korolenko \"Psoy Korolenko\") (Russian, Yiddish, French, English)\n* [Korpiklaani](/wiki/Korpiklaani \"Korpiklaani\") (English, Finnish)\n* [Kraftwerk](/wiki/Kraftwerk \"Kraftwerk\") (German, English)\n* [Isa Kremer](/wiki/Isa_Kremer \"Isa Kremer\") (Yiddish, Russian, French, Italian, English)\n* [Diane Kruger](/wiki/Diane_Kruger \"Diane Kruger\") (German, English, French)\n* [Dimash Kudaibergen](/wiki/Dimash_Kudaibergen \"Dimash Kudaibergen\") (Kazakh, Russian, English, Mandarin, Italian, French, Spanish, German, Serbian, Turkish, Ukrainian, Kyrgyz)\n* [Mila Kunis](/wiki/Mila_Kunis \"Mila Kunis\") (Russian, English)\n* [Maon Kurosaki](/wiki/Maon_Kurosaki \"Maon Kurosaki\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Hoko Kuwashima](/wiki/Hoko_Kuwashima \"Hoko Kuwashima\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Kylee](/wiki/Kylee \"Kylee\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Sissel Kyrkjebø](/wiki/Sissel_Kyrkjeb%C3%B8 \"Sissel Kyrkjebø\") (English, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Irish, Italian, French, Russian, Icelandic, Faroese, German, Neapolitan, Māori, Japanese, and Latin)\n\n", "### L\n\n* [Sandy Lam](/wiki/Sandy_Lam \"Sandy Lam\") (Cantonese, English, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese)\n* [Henry Lau](/wiki/Henry_Lau \"Henry Lau\") (English, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese)\n* [Sandra Lauer](/wiki/Sandra_Lauer \"Sandra Lauer\") (German, English)\n* [Daliah Lavi](/wiki/Daliah_Lavi \"Daliah Lavi\") (Hebrew, German, Swedish, Italian, French, Spanish, English)\n* [Lisa LeBlanc](/wiki/Lisa_LeBlanc \"Lisa LeBlanc\") (French, English)\n* [Coco Lee](/wiki/Coco_Lee \"Coco Lee\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, English)\n* [Lee Soo Young](/wiki/Lee_Soo_Young \"Lee Soo Young\") (Korean, Japanese)\n* [Ute Lemper](/wiki/Ute_Lemper \"Ute Lemper\") (German, French, English)\n* [Patricia Lewis](/wiki/Patricia_Lewis_%28singer%29 \"Patricia Lewis (singer)\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Dua Lipa](/wiki/Dua_Lipa \"Dua Lipa\") (English, Albanian)\n* [Anita Lipnicka](/wiki/Anita_Lipnicka \"Anita Lipnicka\") (Polish, English)\n* [Lira](/wiki/Lira_%28singer%29 \"Lira (singer)\") (Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, English, Afrikaans)\n* [Till Lindemann](/wiki/Till_Lindemann \"Till Lindemann\") (English, German, Russian)\n* [LiSA](/wiki/Lisa_%28Japanese_musician%2C_born_1987%29 \"Lisa (Japanese musician, born 1987)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Ani Lorak](/wiki/Ani_Lorak \"Ani Lorak\") (Ukrainian, Russian, English)\n* [Lorde](/wiki/Lorde \"Lorde\") (English, Māori)\n* [Loreen](/wiki/Loreen \"Loreen\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Sophia Loren](/wiki/Sophia_Loren \"Sophia Loren\") (Italian, English)\n* [Helmut Lotti](/wiki/Helmut_Lotti \"Helmut Lotti\") (Belgian Dutch, Afrikaans, English, German, Latin, Xhosa, Zulu, Swahili, Ndebele)\n* [Loud](/wiki/Loud_%28rapper%29 \"Loud (rapper)\") (Quebec French, English)\n* [Olivia Lufkin](/wiki/Olivia_Lufkin \"Olivia Lufkin\") (Japanese, English)\n\n", "### M\n\n* [Enrico Macias](/wiki/Enrico_Macias \"Enrico Macias\") (French, Hebrew, Arabic, Spanish, Italian)\n* [Mallu Magalhães](/wiki/Mallu_Magalh%C3%A3es \"Mallu Magalhães\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Miriam Makeba \"Mama Afrika\"](/wiki/Miriam_Makeba \"Miriam Makeba\") (Xhosa, Zulu, English)\n* [Siw Malmkvist](/wiki/Siw_Malmkvist \"Siw Malmkvist\") (Swedish, German, Spanish)\n* [Cheb Mami](/wiki/Cheb_Mami \"Cheb Mami\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Manizha](/wiki/Manizha \"Manizha\") (Russian, English)\n* [Ceylon Manohar](/wiki/Ceylon_Manohar \"Ceylon Manohar\") (Tamil, Sinhala, English)\n* [Margaret](/wiki/Margaret_%28singer%29 \"Margaret (singer)\") (Polish, English)\n* [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley \"Bob Marley\") (Jamaican, English)\n* [Maro](/wiki/Maro_%28Portuguese_singer%29 \"Maro (Portuguese singer)\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Teejay Marquez](/wiki/Teejay_Marquez \"Teejay Marquez\") (Filipino, English, Indonesian)\n* [Bruno Mars](/wiki/Bruno_Mars \"Bruno Mars\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Ricky Martin](/wiki/Ricky_Martin \"Ricky Martin\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Virginia Martínez](/wiki/Virginia_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Virginia Martínez\") (Spanish, Catalan)\n* [Mia Martini](/wiki/Mia_Martini \"Mia Martini\") (Italian, French, Spanish)\n* [Massari](/wiki/Massari \"Massari\") (Arabic, English)\n* [Souad Massi](/wiki/Souad_Massi \"Souad Massi\") (Algerian, Arabic, French)\n* [Mireille Mathieu](/wiki/Mireille_Mathieu \"Mireille Mathieu\") (French, English, German, Spanish, Russian)\n* [Seiko Matsuda](/wiki/Seiko_Matsuda \"Seiko Matsuda\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Takahiro Matsumoto](/wiki/Takahiro_Matsumoto \"Takahiro Matsumoto\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Méav Ní Mhaolchatha](/wiki/M%C3%A9av_N%C3%AD_Mhaolchatha \"Méav Ní Mhaolchatha\") (English, Gaelic, French, Latin, Italian, German)\n* [Mell](/wiki/Mell \"Mell\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Reinhard Mey](/wiki/Reinhard_Mey \"Reinhard Mey\") (German, French, Dutch, English)\n* [Mika](/wiki/Mika_%28singer%29 \"Mika (singer)\") (French, English, Italian, Spanish)\n* [Christina Milian](/wiki/Christina_Milian \"Christina Milian\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Milva](/wiki/Milva \"Milva\") (Italian, German, French, Spanish, Japanese, Korean, English, Greek)\n* [Mina](/wiki/Mina_%28Italian_singer%29 \"Mina (Italian singer)\") (Italian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, German)\n* [Minnie](/wiki/Minnie_%28singer%29 \"Minnie (singer)\") (Thai, English, Korean, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Miyavi](/wiki/Miyavi \"Miyavi\") (Japanese, English)\n* [MØ](/wiki/M%C3%98 \"MØ\") (Danish, English)\n* [Anika Moa](/wiki/Anika_Moa \"Anika Moa\") (English, Māori)\n* [Hinewehi Mohi](/wiki/Hinewehi_Mohi \"Hinewehi Mohi\") (English, Māori)\n* [Anna Moffo](/wiki/Anna_Moffo \"Anna Moffo\") (English, Italian)\n* [French Montana](/wiki/French_Montana \"French Montana\") (Arabic, English)\n* [Marisa Monte](/wiki/Marisa_Monte \"Marisa Monte\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Alexa Weber Morales](/wiki/Alexa_Weber_Morales \"Alexa Weber Morales\") (French, English, Spanish, Portuguese)\n* [Morissette](/wiki/Morissette_%28singer%29 \"Morissette (singer)\") (Cebuano, English, Filipino)\n* [Takahiro Moriuchi](/wiki/Takahiro_Moriuchi \"Takahiro Moriuchi\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Howard Morrison](/wiki/Howard_Morrison \"Howard Morrison\") (English, Māori)\n* [Nana Mouskouri](/wiki/Nana_Mouskouri \"Nana Mouskouri\") (Greek, French, English, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Hebrew, Welsh, Mandarin Chinese, Corsican)\n* [Anita Mui](/wiki/Anita_Mui \"Anita Mui\") (Cantonese, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, English)\n* [Marie Myriam](/wiki/Marie_Myriam \"Marie Myriam\") (French, English, Spanish, Portuguese, German)\n\n", "### N\n\n* [Murat Nasyrov](/wiki/Murat_Nasyrov \"Murat Nasyrov\") (Russian, Uyghur)\n* [Zuzana Navarová](/wiki/Zuzana_Navarov%C3%A1 \"Zuzana Navarová\") (Czech, Slovak, Spanish, Romani, Yiddish, Russian, Quechua)\n* [Youssou N'Dour](/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour \"Youssou N'Dour\") (Wolof, French, English)\n* [Nena](/wiki/Nena \"Nena\") (German, English)\n* [Anna Netrebko](/wiki/Anna_Netrebko \"Anna Netrebko\") (Russian, Italian, French, German, English, Czech)\n* [Nianell](/wiki/Nianell \"Nianell\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Minoru Niihara](/wiki/Minoru_Niihara \"Minoru Niihara\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Achinoam Nini](/wiki/Achinoam_Nini \"Achinoam Nini\"), a.k.a. Noa (Hebrew, English, Spanish)\n* [Siti Nurhaliza](/wiki/Siti_Nurhaliza \"Siti Nurhaliza\") (Malay, English, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese)\n* [Namewee](/wiki/Namewee \"Namewee\") (Chinese, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hainanese, Malay, English, Indian, Thai, Vietnamese, Arabic, Bengali, Burmese )\n\n", "### O\n\n* [Esther Ofarim](/wiki/Esther_Ofarim \"Esther Ofarim\") (Hebrew, English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Ladino, Neopolitan, and occasionally Portuguese, Russian, Romanian and others\n* [Masatoshi Ono](/wiki/Masatoshi_Ono \"Masatoshi Ono\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Yoko Ono](/wiki/Yoko_Ono \"Yoko Ono\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Rita Ora](/wiki/Rita_Ora \"Rita Ora\") (English, Albanian)\n* [Páll Óskar Hjálmtýsson](/wiki/Paul_Oscar \"Paul Oscar\") (Icelandic, English, Esperanto)\n* [Origa](/wiki/Origa \"Origa\") (Russian, Latin, English)\n* [Moishe Oysher](/wiki/Moishe_Oysher \"Moishe Oysher\") (Yiddish, Hebrew, English)\n\n", "### P\n\n* [Emanuela Pacotto](/wiki/Emanuela_Pacotto \"Emanuela Pacotto\") (Italian, Japanese)\n* [Daniel Padilla](/wiki/Daniel_Padilla \"Daniel Padilla\") (Filipino, English)\n* [Gwyneth Paltrow](/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow \"Gwyneth Paltrow\") (English, Spanish, French, Italian)\n* [Helena Paparizou](/wiki/Helena_Paparizou \"Helena Paparizou\") (Greek, English, Swedish)\n* [Vanessa Paradis](/wiki/Vanessa_Paradis \"Vanessa Paradis\") (French, English)\n* [Jay Park](/wiki/Jay_Park \"Jay Park\") (English, Korean)\n* [Sandara Park](/wiki/Sandara_Park \"Sandara Park\") (Korean, English, Filipino, Chinese, Japanese)\n* [Jack Parow](/wiki/Jack_Parow \"Jack Parow\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [John Paulo Bagnas Nase](/wiki/Pablo_%28singer%29 \"Pablo (singer)\") (Filipino, English, Spanish)\n* [Alina Pash](/wiki/Alina_Pash \"Alina Pash\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Laura Pausini](/wiki/Laura_Pausini \"Laura Pausini\") (Italian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, German, Latin, Chinese, Sicilian, Neapolitan, Romagnol, Catalan)\n* [Luciano Pavarotti](/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti \"Luciano Pavarotti\") (Italian, English, Spanish, French)\n* [Jan Peerce](/wiki/Jan_Peerce \"Jan Peerce\") (English, Italian, Yiddish, Hebrew)\n* [Ajda Pekkan](/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan \"Ajda Pekkan\") (Turkish, English, French, Italian, Arabic and Japanese)\n* [Carlos PenaVega](/wiki/Carlos_PenaVega \"Carlos PenaVega\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Indrani Perera](/wiki/Indrani_Perera \"Indrani Perera\") (Sinhala, Tamil)\n* [Anke Pietrangeli](/wiki/Anke_Pietrangeli \"Anke Pietrangeli\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Pitbull](/wiki/Pitbull_%28rapper%29 \"Pitbull (rapper)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Dawid Podsiadło](/wiki/Dawid_Podsiad%C5%82o \"Dawid Podsiadło\") (Polish, English)\n* [M. Pokora](/wiki/M._Pokora \"M. Pokora\") (French, English)\n* [Oleksandr Ponomaryov](/wiki/Oleksandr_Ponomaryov \"Oleksandr Ponomaryov\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Joël Prévost](/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Pr%C3%A9vost \"Joël Prévost\") (French, English)\n* [Dalvanius Prime](/wiki/Dalvanius_Prime \"Dalvanius Prime\") (English, Māori)\n* [Toše Proeski](/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski \"Toše Proeski\") (Macedonian, Serbian, English, Italian)\n* [Sława Przybylska](/wiki/S%C5%82awa_Przybylska \"Sława Przybylska\") (Polish, Yiddish)\n* [Psy](/wiki/Psy \"Psy\") (Korean, English)\n* [Alla Pugacheva](/wiki/Alla_Pugacheva \"Alla Pugacheva\") (Russian, English, German)\n\n", "### Q\n\n", "### R\n\n* [Eros Ramazzotti](/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti \"Eros Ramazzotti\") (Italian, Spanish, English)\n* [Laurika Rauch](/wiki/Laurika_Rauch \"Laurika Rauch\") (Afrikaans, English, Dutch)\n* [Lauris Reiniks](/wiki/Lauris_Reiniks \"Lauris Reiniks\") (Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Russian, English, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Turkish)\n* [ReoNa](/wiki/ReoNa \"ReoNa\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Cliff Richard](/wiki/Cliff_Richard \"Cliff Richard\") (English, German, Italian, Spanish)\n* [Maisey Rika](/wiki/Maisey_Rika \"Maisey Rika\") (English, Māori)\n* [Rita](/wiki/Rita_%28Israeli_singer%29 \"Rita (Israeli singer)\") (Hebrew, English, Persian)\n* [RM](/wiki/RM_%28rapper%29 \"RM (rapper)\") (Korean, English)\n* [Robyn](/wiki/Robyn \"Robyn\") (English, Swedish)\n* [Linda Ronstadt](/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt \"Linda Ronstadt\") (English, Spanish, Italian)\n* [Sofia Rotaru](/wiki/Sofia_Rotaru \"Sofia Rotaru\") (Ukrainian, Russian, Italian, Moldovan, English, Polish, Bulgarian, Romanian)\n* [Demis Roussos](/wiki/Demis_Roussos \"Demis Roussos\") (English, French, Greek, Italian, Spanish, German)\n* [Prince Royce](/wiki/Prince_Royce \"Prince Royce\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Paulina Rubio](/wiki/Paulina_Rubio \"Paulina Rubio\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Omar Rudberg](/wiki/Omar_Rudberg \"Omar Rudberg\") (Spanish, English, Swedish)\n* [Rob Ruha](/wiki/Rob_Ruha \"Rob Ruha\") (English, Māori)\n* [Bic Runga](/wiki/Bic_Runga \"Bic Runga\") (English, French, Māori)\n* [Ruslana](/wiki/Ruslana_%28singer%29 \"Ruslana (singer)\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Alexander Rybak](/wiki/Alexander_Rybak \"Alexander Rybak\") (Norwegian, Russian, English, Belarusian, Swedish)\n\n", "### S\n\n* [Eric Saade](/wiki/Eric_Saade \"Eric Saade\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Samira Said](/wiki/Samira_Said \"Samira Said\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Eizo Sakamoto](/wiki/Eizo_Sakamoto \"Eizo Sakamoto\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Maaya Sakamoto](/wiki/Maaya_Sakamoto \"Maaya Sakamoto\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Carole Samaha](/wiki/Carole_Samaha \"Carole Samaha\") (Arabic, French, English, Spanish)\n* [Aris San](/wiki/Aris_San \"Aris San\") (Greek, Hebrew, Spanish)\n* [Mustafa Sandal](/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal \"Mustafa Sandal\") (Turkish, English)\n* [Carlos Santana](/wiki/Carlos_Santana \"Carlos Santana\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Sarbel](/wiki/Sarbel \"Sarbel\") (Greek, English, Arabic)\n* [Jacopo Sarno](/wiki/Jacopo_Sarno \"Jacopo Sarno\") (Italian, English)\n* [Nozomu Sasaki](/wiki/Nozomu_Sasaki \"Nozomu Sasaki\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Hiroyuki Sawano](/wiki/Hiroyuki_Sawano \"Hiroyuki Sawano\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Joseph Schmidt](/wiki/Joseph_Schmidt \"Joseph Schmidt\") (German, Italian, English, French, Spanish, Dutch, Hebrew, Aramaic)\n* [Leon Schuster](/wiki/Leon_Schuster \"Leon Schuster\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Bobbejaan Schoepen](/wiki/Bobbejaan_Schoepen \"Bobbejaan Schoepen\") (Dutch, German, English, French)\n* [Jon Secada](/wiki/Jon_Secada \"Jon Secada\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Neil Sedaka](/wiki/Neil_Sedaka \"Neil Sedaka\") (English, Italian, Yiddish, Spanish, German, Hebrew, Japanese, French)\n* [Lhasa de Sela](/wiki/Lhasa_de_Sela \"Lhasa de Sela\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Selena](/wiki/Selena \"Selena\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Marija Šerifović](/wiki/Marija_%C5%A0erifovi%C4%87 \"Marija Šerifović\") (Serbian, Russian, English)\n* [Joan Manuel Serrat](/wiki/Joan_Manuel_Serrat \"Joan Manuel Serrat\") (Spanish, Catalan)\n* [Shakira](/wiki/Shakira \"Shakira\") (Spanish, English, Portuguese, Arabic, French, German)\n* [Sandie Shaw](/wiki/Sandie_Shaw \"Sandie Shaw\") (English, Spanish, German, French, Italian)\n* [Ringo Sheena](/wiki/Ringo_Sheena \"Ringo Sheena\") (Japanese, English, French, German, Portuguese)\n* [Kultur Shock](/wiki/Kultur_Shock \"Kultur Shock\") (English, Spanish, Serbian and many others)\n* [Heintje Simons](/wiki/Heintje_Simons \"Heintje Simons\") (Dutch, German, English)\n* [Hollie Smith](/wiki/Hollie_Smith \"Hollie Smith\") (English, Māori)\n* [Soap\\&Skin](/wiki/Soap%26Skin \"Soap&Skin\") (German, French, English)\n* [Luísa Sonza](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Sonza \"Luísa Sonza\") (Portuguese, Spanish, English)\n* [Soraya](/wiki/Soraya_%28musician%29 \"Soraya (musician)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Sowelu](/wiki/Sowelu \"Sowelu\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Bojana Stamenov](/wiki/Bojana_Stamenov \"Bojana Stamenov\") (Serbian, English, French, Spanish, German)\n* [Alexandra Stan](/wiki/Alexandra_Stan \"Alexandra Stan\") (Romanian, English)\n* [Stephanie](/wiki/Stephanie_%28singer%2C_born_August_1987%29 \"Stephanie (singer, born August 1987)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Cat Stevens / Yusuf Islam](/wiki/Cat_Stevens \"Cat Stevens\") (English, Greek, Arabic)\n* [Martina Stoessel](/wiki/Martina_Stoessel \"Martina Stoessel\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Natasha St\\-Pier](/wiki/Natasha_St-Pier \"Natasha St-Pier\") (French, English, Cantonese)\n* [Rita Streich](/wiki/Rita_Streich \"Rita Streich\") (German, Russian, French, Italian, Czech)\n* [Barbra Streisand](/wiki/Barbra_Streisand \"Barbra Streisand\") (English, French)\n* [Stromae](/wiki/Stromae \"Stromae\") (French, English, Flemish)\n* [Linda de Suza](/wiki/Linda_de_Suza \"Linda de Suza\") (Portuguese, French)\n* [SZA](/wiki/SZA \"SZA\") (English, Spanish)\n\n", "### T\n\n* [Taeyeon](/wiki/Taeyeon \"Taeyeon\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Rachid Taha](/wiki/Rachid_Taha \"Rachid Taha\") (Arabic, French)\n* [Tomoko Tane](/wiki/Tomoko_Tane \"Tomoko Tane\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Kisho Taniyama](/wiki/Kisho_Taniyama \"Kisho Taniyama\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Serj Tankian](/wiki/Serj_Tankian \"Serj Tankian\") (English, Armenian)\n* [Tarkan](/wiki/Tarkan_%28singer%29 \"Tarkan (singer)\") (Turkish, English)\n* [Hiba Tawaji](/wiki/Hiba_Tawaji \"Hiba Tawaji\") (Arabic, French, English, German)\n* [Corey Taylor](/wiki/Corey_Taylor \"Corey Taylor\") (English, Italian)\n* [Michel Teló](/wiki/Michel_Tel%C3%B3 \"Michel Teló\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Prince Tui Teka](/wiki/Prince_Tui_Teka \"Prince Tui Teka\") (English, Māori)\n* [Kiri Te Kanawa](/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa \"Kiri Te Kanawa\") (English, Māori, Latin, Italian, French, German)\n* [Teresa Teng](/wiki/Teresa_Teng \"Teresa Teng\") (Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, Japanese, Indonesian, English, French)\n* [Thalía](/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa \"Thalía\") (Spanish, English, Filipino, French, Portuguese)\n* [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron \"Charlize Theron\") (English, Afrikaans)\n* [Avi Toledano](/wiki/Avi_Toledano \"Avi Toledano\") (Hebrew, French)\n* [Jelena Tomašević](/wiki/Jelena_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Jelena Tomašević\") (Serbian, Spanish)\n* [Michie Tomizawa](/wiki/Michie_Tomizawa \"Michie Tomizawa\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Dayanara Torres](/wiki/Dayanara_Torres \"Dayanara Torres\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Umberto Tozzi](/wiki/Umberto_Tozzi \"Umberto Tozzi\") (Italian, English, French, Spanish)\n* [Karsten Troyke](/wiki/Karsten_Troyke \"Karsten Troyke\") (Yiddish, German, English)\n* [Basia Trzetrzelewska](/wiki/Basia_Trzetrzelewska \"Basia Trzetrzelewska\") (Polish, English)\n* [Jolin Tsai](/wiki/Jolin_Tsai \"Jolin Tsai\") (Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, English)\n* [Anna Tsuchiya](/wiki/Anna_Tsuchiya \"Anna Tsuchiya\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Luca Turilli](/wiki/Luca_Turilli \"Luca Turilli\") (Italian, English)\n\n", "### U\n\n* [Kali Uchis](/wiki/Kali_Uchis \"Kali Uchis\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Ricky Ullman](/wiki/Ricky_Ullman \"Ricky Ullman\") (Hebrew, English)\n* [Hikaru Utada](/wiki/Hikaru_Utada \"Hikaru Utada\") (Japanese, English)\n\n", "### V\n\n* [Ritchie Valens](/wiki/Ritchie_Valens \"Ritchie Valens\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Caterina Valente](/wiki/Caterina_Valente \"Caterina Valente\") (French, Italian, German, English, Spanish, Swedish, Dutch, Portuguese, Hebrew, Greek, Japanese)\n* [Giorgio Vanni](/wiki/Giorgio_Vanni \"Giorgio Vanni\") (Italian, English)\n* [Nia Vardalos](/wiki/Nia_Vardalos \"Nia Vardalos\") (English, Greek)\n* [Sylvie Vartan](/wiki/Sylvie_Vartan \"Sylvie Vartan\") (French, English, Italian, Bulgarian)\n* [Alexander Veljanov](/wiki/Alexander_Veljanov \"Alexander Veljanov\") (English, German, Macedonian, French)\n* [Caetano Veloso](/wiki/Caetano_Veloso \"Caetano Veloso\") (Portuguese, English, Spanish)\n* [Mike Vescera](/wiki/Mike_Vescera \"Mike Vescera\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Willemijn Verkaik](/wiki/Willemijn_Verkaik \"Willemijn Verkaik\") (Dutch, German, English)\n* [Varg Vikernes](/wiki/Varg_Vikernes \"Varg Vikernes\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_Georgieva \"Victoria Georgieva\") (Bulgarian, English)\n* [Violetta Villas](/wiki/Violetta_Villas \"Violetta Villas\") (English, French, German, Italian, Latin, Neapolitan, Polish, Spanish, Russian)\n* [Pabllo Vittar](/wiki/Pabllo_Vittar \"Pabllo Vittar\") (Portuguese, English, Spanish)\n* [Roch Voisine](/wiki/Roch_Voisine \"Roch Voisine\") (French, English)\n* [Vice Vukov](/wiki/Vice_Vukov \"Vice Vukov\") (Croatian, Italian)\n\n", "### W\n\n* [Stan Walker](/wiki/Stan_Walker \"Stan Walker\") (English, Māori)\n* [Jackson Wang](/wiki/Jackson_Wang \"Jackson Wang\") (English, Cantonese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Roksana Węgiel](/wiki/Roksana_W%C4%99giel \"Roksana Węgiel\") (Polish, English)\n* [Hayley Westenra](/wiki/Hayley_Westenra \"Hayley Westenra\") (English, Māori, Italian, Irish Gaelic, German, Japanese and Latin)\n* [Roger Whittaker](/wiki/Roger_Whittaker \"Roger Whittaker\") (English, German)\n* [Robbie Williams](/wiki/Robbie_Williams \"Robbie Williams\") (English, Spanish, French)\n* [Heinz Winckler](/wiki/Heinz_Winckler \"Heinz Winckler\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Karl Wolf](/wiki/Karl_Wolf \"Karl Wolf\") (Arabic, English)\n* [Faye Wong](/wiki/Faye_Wong \"Faye Wong\") (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, English)\n* [Kris Wu](/wiki/Kris_Wu \"Kris Wu\") (Mandarin Chinese, English, Korean)\n\n", "### X\n\n* [Xuxa](/wiki/Xuxa \"Xuxa\") (Portuguese, Spanish, English)\n\n", "### Y\n\n* [Mai Yamane](/wiki/Mai_Yamane \"Mai Yamane\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Nagi Yanagi](/wiki/Nagi_Yanagi \"Nagi Yanagi\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Savina Yannatou](/wiki/Savina_Yannatou \"Savina Yannatou\") (Greek, Ladino)\n* [Yohio](/wiki/Yohio \"Yohio\") (English, Japanese, Swedish)\n* [Yoshiki (musician)](/wiki/Yoshiki_%28musician%29 \"Yoshiki (musician)\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Tata Young](/wiki/Tata_Young \"Tata Young\") (Thai, English)\n\n", "### Z\n\n* [Batir Zakirov](/wiki/Batir_Zakirov \"Batir Zakirov\") (Uzbek, Russian, Arabic, Hindi)\n* [Rika Zaraï](/wiki/Rika_Zara%C3%AF \"Rika Zaraï\") (Hebrew, English, French, Italian, Spanish and German)\n* [Cristina Zavalloni](/wiki/Cristina_Zavalloni \"Cristina Zavalloni\") (Italian, English, Spanish, Russian)\n* [Željko Joksimović](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Joksimovi%C4%87 \"Željko Joksimović\") (Serbian, English, Russian, Spanish)\n* [Jane Zhang](/wiki/Jane_Zhang \"Jane Zhang\") (Mandarin, Cantonese, English, Spanish)\n* [Zivert](/wiki/Zivert \"Zivert\") (Russian, English)\n* [Karen Zoid](/wiki/Karen_Zoid \"Karen Zoid\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Lolo Zouaï](/wiki/Lolo_Zoua%C3%AF \"Lolo Zouaï\") (English, French)\n* [Zucchero](/wiki/Zucchero \"Zucchero\") (Italian, English)\n\n", "Bands\n-----\n\n### 0–9\n\n* [2NE1](/wiki/2NE1 \"2NE1\") (South Korean band) (Korean, English, Japanese)\n\n### A\n\n* [ABBA](/wiki/ABBA \"ABBA\") (Swedish, English, German, Italian, Spanish, French)\n* [After School](/wiki/After_School_%28band%29 \"After School (band)\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, English, Japanese)\n* [Aion](/wiki/Aion_%28band%29 \"Aion (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Alabina](/wiki/Alabina \"Alabina\") (Arabic, Hebrew, Spanish, French)\n* [Alexandros](/wiki/Alexandros_%28band%29 \"Alexandros (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Alien Weaponry](/wiki/Alien_Weaponry \"Alien Weaponry\") (English, Māori)\n* [Animetal](/wiki/Animetal \"Animetal\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Animetal USA](/wiki/Animetal_USA \"Animetal USA\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Anthem](/wiki/Anthem_%28band%29 \"Anthem (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Antique](/wiki/Antique \"Antique\") (Greek, English, Swedish)\n* [Apulanta](/wiki/Apulanta \"Apulanta\") (Finnish, English)\n* [Arcade Fire](/wiki/Arcade_Fire \"Arcade Fire\") (Mostly English, French)\n* Arka'n (Ewe, English, French)\n* [Asian Kung\\-Fu Generation](/wiki/Asian_Kung-Fu_Generation \"Asian Kung-Fu Generation\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Astro](/wiki/Astro_%28South_Korean_band%29 \"Astro (South Korean band)\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Ateez](/wiki/Ateez \"Ateez\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n\n### B\n\n* [B.A.P](/wiki/B.A.P \"B.A.P\") (Korean, Japanese)\n* [Babymetal](/wiki/Babymetal \"Babymetal\") (Japanese, English)\n* [The Backstreet Boys](/wiki/The_Backstreet_Boys \"The Backstreet Boys\") (English, Spanish)\n* [The Bala Brothers](/wiki/The_Bala_Brothers \"The Bala Brothers\") (Zulu, English, Afrikaans)\n* [Band\\-Maid](/wiki/Band-Maid \"Band-Maid\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Banghra](/wiki/Banghra \"Banghra\") (Spanish, English)\n* [The Barry Sisters](/wiki/The_Barry_Sisters \"The Barry Sisters\") (Yiddish, English, Hebrew, Spanish)\n* [Beat Crusaders](/wiki/Beat_Crusaders \"Beat Crusaders\") (Japanese, English)\n* [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") (English, French, German)\n* [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang_%28band%29 \"Big Bang (band)\") (Korean, Japanese, English)\n* [Blackpink](/wiki/Blackpink \"Blackpink\") (Korean, English, Thai, Japanese)\n* [Blonde Redhead](/wiki/Blonde_Redhead \"Blonde Redhead\") (English, French, Italian)\n* [Blood Stain Child](/wiki/Blood_Stain_Child \"Blood Stain Child\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Bobbysocks!](/wiki/Bobbysocks%21 \"Bobbysocks!\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [Brainstorm](/wiki/Brainstorm_%28Latvian_band%29 \"Brainstorm (Latvian band)\") (Latvian, English, Russian)\n* [Breed 77](/wiki/Breed_77 \"Breed 77\") (English, Spanish)\n* [BTS](/wiki/BTS \"BTS\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Buraka Som Sistema](/wiki/Buraka_Som_Sistema \"Buraka Som Sistema\") (Portuguese, English, Angolan Creole)\n* [Buranovskiye Babushki](/wiki/Buranovskiye_Babushki \"Buranovskiye Babushki\") (Russian, English)\n* [Burzum](/wiki/Burzum \"Burzum\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [B'z](/wiki/B%27z \"B'z\") (Japanese, English)\n* [BZN](/wiki/BZN \"BZN\") (Dutch, German, English, French)\n\n### C\n\n* [Capsule](/wiki/Capsule_%28band%29 \"Capsule (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Caravan Palace](/wiki/Caravan_Palace \"Caravan Palace\") (French, English, Spanish)\n* [Celtic Woman](/wiki/Celtic_Woman \"Celtic Woman\") (English, Irish Gaelic, Latin, Italian and German)\n* [China Dolls](/wiki/China_Dolls \"China Dolls\") (Thai, Chinese)\n* [Citi Zēni](/wiki/Citi_Z%C4%93ni \"Citi Zēni\") (Latvian, English)\n* [Clouseau](/wiki/Clouseau_%28band%29 \"Clouseau (band)\") (Dutch, English)\n* [CNCO](/wiki/CNCO \"CNCO\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Coldrain](/wiki/Coldrain \"Coldrain\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Corrupted](/wiki/Corrupted_%28band%29 \"Corrupted (band)\") (Japanese, Spanish, English, German)\n* [Cripple Bastards](/wiki/Cripple_Bastards \"Cripple Bastards\") (Italian, English)\n* [Cross Gene](/wiki/Cross_Gene \"Cross Gene\") (English, Mandarin, Korean, Japanese)\n* [Culcha Candela](/wiki/Culcha_Candela \"Culcha Candela\") (German, English, Spanish)\n\n### D\n\n* [Daniel Kahn \\& The Painted Bird](/wiki/Daniel_Kahn_%26_The_Painted_Bird \"Daniel Kahn & The Painted Bird\") (English, Yiddish)\n* [Darkthrone](/wiki/Darkthrone \"Darkthrone\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [Dead End](/wiki/Dead_End_%28band%29 \"Dead End (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Die Antwoord](/wiki/Die_Antwoord \"Die Antwoord\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Die Heuwels Fantasties](/wiki/Die_Heuwels_Fantasties \"Die Heuwels Fantasties\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Dir En Grey](/wiki/Dir_En_Grey \"Dir En Grey\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Die Toten Hosen](/wiki/Die_Toten_Hosen \"Die Toten Hosen\") (German, English, Spanish)\n* [Dimmu Borgir](/wiki/Dimmu_Borgir \"Dimmu Borgir\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [Drax Project](/wiki/Drax_Project \"Drax Project\") (English, Māori)\n* [The Dreams](/wiki/The_Dreams \"The Dreams\") (Faroese, Danish, English)\n* [Dschinghis Khan](/wiki/Dschinghis_Khan \"Dschinghis Khan\") (German, English)\n* [Duran Duran](/wiki/Duran_Duran \"Duran Duran\") (English, Spanish, French, Portuguese)\n* [DNCE](/wiki/DNCE \"DNCE\") (English, Japanese)\n\n### E\n\n* [Eden](/wiki/Eden_%28South_African_band%29 \"Eden (South African band)\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Envy](/wiki/Envy_%28band%29 \"Envy (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Eiffel 65](/wiki/Eiffel_65 \"Eiffel 65\") (English, Italian)\n* [Einstürzende Neubauten](/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten \"Einstürzende Neubauten\") (German, English)\n* [El Chombo](/wiki/El_Chombo \"El Chombo\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Ellegarden](/wiki/Ellegarden \"Ellegarden\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Esprit D'Air](/wiki/Esprit_D%27Air \"Esprit D'Air\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Esther \\& Abi Ofarim](/wiki/Esther_%26_Abi_Ofarim \"Esther & Abi Ofarim\") (Hebrew, English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Ladino, Neopolitan etc.)\n* [EXID](/wiki/EXID \"EXID\") (Korean, Mandarin Chinese, English, Japanese)\n* [Exo](/wiki/Exo \"Exo\") (Korean, Mandarin Chinese, English, Japanese)\n\n### F\n\n* [Fabrika](/wiki/Fabrika \"Fabrika\") (Russian, English, French, Italian, Kabardian)\n* [Fake?](/wiki/Fake%3F \"Fake?\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Faky](/wiki/Faky \"Faky\") (Japanese, English)\n* [.Feast](/wiki/.Feast \".Feast\") (Indonesian, English)\n* [Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas](/wiki/Fear%2C_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_%28band%29 \"Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas (band)\") (English, Japanese)\n* [FEMM](/wiki/FEMM_%28duo%29 \"FEMM (duo)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Foto na Dans](/wiki/Foto_na_Dans \"Foto na Dans\") \\& Flash Republic (colloquially known as \"Dans Republic\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Four Jacks and a Jill](/wiki/Four_Jacks_and_a_Jill \"Four Jacks and a Jill\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Freshlyground](/wiki/Freshlyground \"Freshlyground\") (Zulu, Sesotho, English, Swahili)\n\n### G\n\n* [Galneryus](/wiki/Galneryus \"Galneryus\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Gastunk](/wiki/Gastunk \"Gastunk\") (Japanese, English)\n* [The Gazette](/wiki/The_Gazette_%28band%29 \"The Gazette (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Girls' Generation](/wiki/Girls%27_Generation \"Girls' Generation\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Girugamesh](/wiki/Girugamesh \"Girugamesh\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Gjon's Tears](/wiki/Gjon%27s_Tears \"Gjon's Tears\") (Albanian, English, French)\n* [Gogol Bordello](/wiki/Gogol_Bordello \"Gogol Bordello\") (English, Russian, Romani)\n* [Goldfinger](/wiki/Goldfinger_%28band%29 \"Goldfinger (band)\") (English, German)\n* [Gorky's Zygotic Mynci](/wiki/Gorky%27s_Zygotic_Mynci \"Gorky's Zygotic Mynci\") (English, Welsh)\n* [Got7](/wiki/Got7 \"Got7\") (Korean, English, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Granrodeo](/wiki/Granrodeo \"Granrodeo\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Gregorian](/wiki/Gregorian_%28band%29 \"Gregorian (band)\") (English, German, French, Latin)\n* [Grimskunk](/wiki/Grimskunk \"Grimskunk\") (French, English)\n\n### H\n\n* [Haggard](/wiki/Haggard_%28band%29 \"Haggard (band)\") (German, Italian, Latin, English)\n* [Hanoi Rocks](/wiki/Hanoi_Rocks \"Hanoi Rocks\") (Finnish, English)\n* [Hello Sleepwalkers](/wiki/Hello_Sleepwalkers \"Hello Sleepwalkers\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Herbs](/wiki/Herbs_%28band%29 \"Herbs (band)\") (English, Māori)\n* [Herreys](/wiki/Herreys \"Herreys\") (Swedish, English)\n* [High and Mighty Color](/wiki/High_and_Mighty_Color \"High and Mighty Color\") (Japanese, English)\n* (Hungarian, English)\n* [Hi\\-Standard](/wiki/Hi-Standard \"Hi-Standard\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Howard Morrison Quartet](/wiki/Howard_Morrison_Quartet \"Howard Morrison Quartet\") (English, Māori)\n\n### I\n\n* [IC3PEAK](/wiki/IC3PEAK \"IC3PEAK\") (Russian, English)\n* [Ich Troje](/wiki/Ich_Troje \"Ich Troje\") (Polish, English, German, Russian)\n* [Icona Pop](/wiki/Icona_Pop \"Icona Pop\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Il Divo](/wiki/Il_Divo \"Il Divo\") (English, Italian, Spanish, French, Latin)\n* [Il Volo](/wiki/Il_Volo \"Il Volo\") (Italian, English, Sicilian, Spanish)\n* [Impaled Nazarene](/wiki/Impaled_Nazarene \"Impaled Nazarene\") (English, Finnish)\n* [Irie Révoltés](/wiki/Irie_R%C3%A9volt%C3%A9s \"Irie Révoltés\") (German, French)\n* [Iz\\*One](/wiki/Iz%2AOne \"Iz*One\") (Korean, Japanese, English)\n\n### J\n\n* [JAM Project](/wiki/JAM_Project \"JAM Project\") (Japanese, English)\n* [JKT48](/wiki/JKT48 \"JKT48\") (Indonesian, English)\n* [JO1](/wiki/JO1 \"JO1\") (Japanese, Korean, English)\n* [Joker Out](/wiki/Joker_Out \"Joker Out\") (Slovene, Serbian, English)\n* [Jump5](/wiki/Jump5 \"Jump5\") (English, Hawaiian)\n* [Junoon](/wiki/Junoon_%28band%29 \"Junoon (band)\") (Urdu, English)\n\n### K\n\n* [Ka Hao](/wiki/Ka_Hao \"Ka Hao\") (English, Māori)\n* [Katchafire](/wiki/Katchafire \"Katchafire\") (English, Māori)\n* [Kero Kero Bonito](/wiki/Kero_Kero_Bonito \"Kero Kero Bonito\") (English, Japanese)\n* [KMFDM](/wiki/KMFDM \"KMFDM\") (English, German, Russian, Spanish, French, Italian)\n* [Koza Mostra](/wiki/Koza_Mostra \"Koza Mostra\") (Greek, English)\n* [Kraftwerk](/wiki/Kraftwerk \"Kraftwerk\") (German, English, French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Russian) \n\n### L\n\n* [L'Arc\\~en\\~Ciel](/wiki/L%27Arc-en-Ciel \"L'Arc-en-Ciel\") (Japanese, English)\n* [L'Impératrice](/wiki/L%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice \"L'Impératrice\") (French, English)\n* [Ladaniva](/wiki/Ladaniva \"Ladaniva\") (French, Armenian)\n* [Little Big](/wiki/Little_Big_%28band%29 \"Little Big (band)\") (Russian, English)\n* [Lovebites](/wiki/Lovebites_%28band%29 \"Lovebites (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Loudness](/wiki/Loudness_%28band%29 \"Loudness (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Lynch](/wiki/Lynch_%28band%29 \"Lynch (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n\n### M\n\n* [Maimoa](/wiki/Maimoa \"Maimoa\") (English, Māori)\n* [Måneskin](/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin \"Måneskin\") (Italian, English)\n* [Man with a Mission](/wiki/Man_with_a_Mission \"Man with a Mission\") (Japanese, English)\n* [The Mars Volta](/wiki/The_Mars_Volta \"The Mars Volta\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Massilia Sound System](/wiki/Massilia_Sound_System \"Massilia Sound System\") (French, Occitan)\n* [Maximum the Hormone](/wiki/Maximum_the_Hormone \"Maximum the Hormone\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Mecano](/wiki/Mecano \"Mecano\") (Spanish, French)\n* [Mediæval Bæbes](/wiki/Medi%C3%A6val_B%C3%A6bes \"Mediæval Bæbes\") (Modern English, Latin, Middle English, French, Italian, Russian, Swedish, Cadenet, Scottish English, German, Manx Gaelic, Spanish, Welsh, Bavarian, Provençal, Irish Gaelic, Cornish)\n* [Milk \\& Honey](/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_%28Israeli_group%29 \"Milk and Honey (Israeli group)\") (Arabic, English, French)\n* [Minimum Serious](/wiki/Minimum_Serious \"Minimum Serious\") (French, English)\n* [Moana and the Moahunters](/wiki/Moana_and_the_Moahunters \"Moana and the Moahunters\") (English, Māori)\n* [Modern Māori Quartet](/wiki/Modern_M%C4%81ori_Quartet \"Modern Māori Quartet\") (English, Māori)\n* [Monsta X](/wiki/Monsta_X \"Monsta X\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Monsieur Periné](/wiki/Monsieur_Perin%C3%A9 \"Monsieur Periné\") (Spanish, French, English, Portuguese)\n\n### N\n\n* [Necrodeath](/wiki/Necrodeath \"Necrodeath\") (English, Italian)\n* [The New Christy Minstrels](/wiki/The_New_Christy_Minstrels \"The New Christy Minstrels\") (English, German)\n* [New Kids on the Block](/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block \"New Kids on the Block\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Nightwish](/wiki/Nightwish \"Nightwish\") (Finnish, English)\n* [Nocturnal Bloodlust](/wiki/Nocturnal_Bloodlust \"Nocturnal Bloodlust\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Nothing's Carved in Stone](/wiki/Nothing%27s_Carved_in_Stone \"Nothing's Carved in Stone\") (Japanese, English)\n* [No Mercy](/wiki/No_Mercy_%28pop_band%29 \"No Mercy (pop band)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [NCT](/wiki/NCT_%28band%29 \"NCT (band)\") (Korean, English, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, German)\n\n### O\n\n* [Oblivion Dust](/wiki/Oblivion_Dust \"Oblivion Dust\") (Japanese, English)\n* [One Ok Rock](/wiki/One_Ok_Rock \"One Ok Rock\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Os Mutantes](/wiki/Os_Mutantes \"Os Mutantes\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Os Paralamas do Sucesso](/wiki/Os_Paralamas_do_Sucesso \"Os Paralamas do Sucesso\") (Portuguese, Spanish)\n* [Outrage](/wiki/Outrage_%28band%29 \"Outrage (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [O\\-Zone](/wiki/O-Zone \"O-Zone\") (Romanian, English)\n\n### P\n\n* [Paraziții](/wiki/Parazi%C8%9Bii \"Paraziții\") (Romanian, English)\n* [Phoenix Rising](/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_%28band%29 \"Phoenix Rising (band)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Pink Martini](/wiki/Pink_Martini \"Pink Martini\") (English, Arabic, Chinese, Croatian, [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language \"Persian language\"), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Xhosa)\n* [Pixies](/wiki/Pixies_%28band%29 \"Pixies (band)\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Placebo](/wiki/Placebo_%28band%29 \"Placebo (band)\") (English, French)\n* [Pomplamoose](/wiki/Pomplamoose \"Pomplamoose\") (English, French)\n* [Powerwolf](/wiki/Powerwolf \"Powerwolf\") (German, English)\n* [Premiata Forneria Marconi](/wiki/Premiata_Forneria_Marconi \"Premiata Forneria Marconi\") (Italian, English)\n* [Pristin](/wiki/Pristin \"Pristin\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, English)\n* [Puffy AmiYumi](/wiki/Puffy_AmiYumi \"Puffy AmiYumi\") (Japanese, English)\n\n### Q\n\n* [Quarashi](/wiki/Quarashi \"Quarashi\") (Icelandic, English)\n\n### R\n\n* [Rammstein](/wiki/Rammstein \"Rammstein\") (German, English, Spanish)\n* [Red Elvises](/wiki/Red_Elvises \"Red Elvises\") (Russian, English)\n* [Rhapsody of Fire](/wiki/Rhapsody_of_Fire \"Rhapsody of Fire\") (Italian, English, French, German)\n* [Rize](/wiki/Rize_%28band%29 \"Rize (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Roxette](/wiki/Roxette \"Roxette\") (Swedish, English, Spanish)\n* [Root](/wiki/Root_%28band%29 \"Root (band)\") (Czech, English)\n* [Radwimps](/wiki/Radwimps \"Radwimps\") (Japanese, English)\n\n### S\n\n* [Sabaton](/wiki/Sabaton_%28band%29 \"Sabaton (band)\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Sabbat](/wiki/Sabbat_%28Japanese_band%29 \"Sabbat (Japanese band)\") (Japanese, English, Swahili, French)\n* [Santana](/wiki/Santana_%28band%29 \"Santana (band)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Sao Sao Sao](/wiki/Sao_Sao_Sao \"Sao Sao Sao\") (Thai, English, Japanese)\n* [Scandal](/wiki/Scandal_%28Japanese_band%29 \"Scandal (Japanese band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28band%29 \"Scorpions (band)\") (German, English)\n\n* [Seeed](/wiki/Seeed \"Seeed\") (German, English)\n* [Seekers](/wiki/Seekers \"Seekers\") (English, Fijian)\n* [Sepultura](/wiki/Sepultura \"Sepultura\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Seikima\\-II](/wiki/Seikima-II \"Seikima-II\") (Japanese, English)\n* [S.E.S](/wiki/S.E.S_%28band%29 \"S.E.S (band)\") (Korean, Japanese)\n* [Seventeen](/wiki/Seventeen_%28South_Korean_band%29 \"Seventeen (South Korean band)\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, Chinese Cantonese, English)\n* [Shonen Knife](/wiki/Shonen_Knife \"Shonen Knife\") (Japanese, English)\n* [SiM](/wiki/SiM_%28band%29 \"SiM (band)\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Sigh](/wiki/Sigh_%28band%29 \"Sigh (band)\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Simple Plan](/wiki/Simple_Plan \"Simple Plan\") (English, French)\n* [Six60](/wiki/Six60 \"Six60\") (English, Māori)\n* [Smokey Mountain](/wiki/Smokey_Mountain_%28band%29 \"Smokey Mountain (band)\") (Tagalog, English, Japanese)\n* [Sodom](/wiki/Sodom_%28band%29 \"Sodom (band)\") (German, English)\n* [Sons of Zion](/wiki/Sons_of_Zion \"Sons of Zion\") (English, Māori)\n* [Springbok Nude Girls](/wiki/Springbok_Nude_Girls \"Springbok Nude Girls\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Stereolab](/wiki/Stereolab \"Stereolab\") (English, French)\n* [Stray Kids](/wiki/Stray_Kids \"Stray Kids\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Street Academics](/wiki/Street_Academics \"Street Academics\") (Malayalam, English, Tamil)\n* [Sublime](/wiki/Sublime_%28band%29 \"Sublime (band)\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Sudden Lights](/wiki/Sudden_Lights \"Sudden Lights\") (Latvian, English)\n* [Sugar](/wiki/Sugar_%28South_Korean_band%29 \"Sugar (South Korean band)\") (Korean, Japanese)\n* [Super Junior](/wiki/Super_Junior \"Super Junior\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, Japanese)\n* [Super Junior\\-M](/wiki/Super_Junior-M \"Super Junior-M\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin)\n\n### T\n\n* [t.A.T.u.](/wiki/T.A.T.u. \"T.A.T.u.\") (Russian, English)\n* [T\\-ara](/wiki/T-ara \"T-ara\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, Japanese)\n* [The Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations \"The Temptations\") (English, Tagalog)\n* [The Warning](/wiki/The_Warning_%28band%29 \"The Warning (band)\") (English, Spanish, French)\n* [Tokio Hotel](/wiki/Tokio_Hotel \"Tokio Hotel\") (German, English)\n* [Tomorrow X Together](/wiki/Tomorrow_X_Together \"Tomorrow X Together\") (Korean, English, Chinese Mandarin, Japanese)\n* [Tvorchi](/wiki/Tvorchi \"Tvorchi\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Twice](/wiki/Twice \"Twice\") (Korean, Japanese, Chinese Mandarin, Taiwanese, English)\n* [Týr](/wiki/T%C3%BDr_%28band%29 \"Týr (band)\") (Faroese, English, Danish, Icelandic)\n\n### U\n\n* [U\\-KISS](/wiki/U-KISS \"U-KISS\") (English, Japanese, Spanish, Korean)\n* [Uniq](/wiki/Uniq_%28band%29 \"Uniq (band)\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, English, Japanese, Portuguese, Tagalog)\n\n### V\n\n* [Vader](/wiki/Vader_%28band%29 \"Vader (band)\") (Polish, English)\n* [Vamps](/wiki/Vamps_%28band%29 \"Vamps (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Victon](/wiki/Victon \"Victon\") (Korean, English)\n* [Voyager](/wiki/Voyager_%28Australian_band%29 \"Voyager (Australian band)\") (English, Russian, German, Latin)\n\n### W\n\n* [WayV](/wiki/WayV \"WayV\") (Chinese Mandarin, Chinese Cantonese, Thai, Korean, English, German, Japanese)\n* [Wonder Girls](/wiki/Wonder_Girls \"Wonder Girls\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n\n### X\n\n* [X Japan](/wiki/X_Japan \"X Japan\") (Japanese, English)\n\n### Y\n\n* [Yellow Claw](/wiki/Yellow_Claw_%28DJs%29 \"Yellow Claw (DJs)\") (English, Dutch)\n\n### Z\n\n* [Zeraphine](/wiki/Zeraphine \"Zeraphine\") (German, English)\n\n", "### 0–9\n\n* [2NE1](/wiki/2NE1 \"2NE1\") (South Korean band) (Korean, English, Japanese)\n\n", "### A\n\n* [ABBA](/wiki/ABBA \"ABBA\") (Swedish, English, German, Italian, Spanish, French)\n* [After School](/wiki/After_School_%28band%29 \"After School (band)\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, English, Japanese)\n* [Aion](/wiki/Aion_%28band%29 \"Aion (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Alabina](/wiki/Alabina \"Alabina\") (Arabic, Hebrew, Spanish, French)\n* [Alexandros](/wiki/Alexandros_%28band%29 \"Alexandros (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Alien Weaponry](/wiki/Alien_Weaponry \"Alien Weaponry\") (English, Māori)\n* [Animetal](/wiki/Animetal \"Animetal\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Animetal USA](/wiki/Animetal_USA \"Animetal USA\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Anthem](/wiki/Anthem_%28band%29 \"Anthem (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Antique](/wiki/Antique \"Antique\") (Greek, English, Swedish)\n* [Apulanta](/wiki/Apulanta \"Apulanta\") (Finnish, English)\n* [Arcade Fire](/wiki/Arcade_Fire \"Arcade Fire\") (Mostly English, French)\n* Arka'n (Ewe, English, French)\n* [Asian Kung\\-Fu Generation](/wiki/Asian_Kung-Fu_Generation \"Asian Kung-Fu Generation\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Astro](/wiki/Astro_%28South_Korean_band%29 \"Astro (South Korean band)\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Ateez](/wiki/Ateez \"Ateez\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n\n", "### B\n\n* [B.A.P](/wiki/B.A.P \"B.A.P\") (Korean, Japanese)\n* [Babymetal](/wiki/Babymetal \"Babymetal\") (Japanese, English)\n* [The Backstreet Boys](/wiki/The_Backstreet_Boys \"The Backstreet Boys\") (English, Spanish)\n* [The Bala Brothers](/wiki/The_Bala_Brothers \"The Bala Brothers\") (Zulu, English, Afrikaans)\n* [Band\\-Maid](/wiki/Band-Maid \"Band-Maid\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Banghra](/wiki/Banghra \"Banghra\") (Spanish, English)\n* [The Barry Sisters](/wiki/The_Barry_Sisters \"The Barry Sisters\") (Yiddish, English, Hebrew, Spanish)\n* [Beat Crusaders](/wiki/Beat_Crusaders \"Beat Crusaders\") (Japanese, English)\n* [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") (English, French, German)\n* [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang_%28band%29 \"Big Bang (band)\") (Korean, Japanese, English)\n* [Blackpink](/wiki/Blackpink \"Blackpink\") (Korean, English, Thai, Japanese)\n* [Blonde Redhead](/wiki/Blonde_Redhead \"Blonde Redhead\") (English, French, Italian)\n* [Blood Stain Child](/wiki/Blood_Stain_Child \"Blood Stain Child\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Bobbysocks!](/wiki/Bobbysocks%21 \"Bobbysocks!\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [Brainstorm](/wiki/Brainstorm_%28Latvian_band%29 \"Brainstorm (Latvian band)\") (Latvian, English, Russian)\n* [Breed 77](/wiki/Breed_77 \"Breed 77\") (English, Spanish)\n* [BTS](/wiki/BTS \"BTS\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Buraka Som Sistema](/wiki/Buraka_Som_Sistema \"Buraka Som Sistema\") (Portuguese, English, Angolan Creole)\n* [Buranovskiye Babushki](/wiki/Buranovskiye_Babushki \"Buranovskiye Babushki\") (Russian, English)\n* [Burzum](/wiki/Burzum \"Burzum\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [B'z](/wiki/B%27z \"B'z\") (Japanese, English)\n* [BZN](/wiki/BZN \"BZN\") (Dutch, German, English, French)\n\n", "### C\n\n* [Capsule](/wiki/Capsule_%28band%29 \"Capsule (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Caravan Palace](/wiki/Caravan_Palace \"Caravan Palace\") (French, English, Spanish)\n* [Celtic Woman](/wiki/Celtic_Woman \"Celtic Woman\") (English, Irish Gaelic, Latin, Italian and German)\n* [China Dolls](/wiki/China_Dolls \"China Dolls\") (Thai, Chinese)\n* [Citi Zēni](/wiki/Citi_Z%C4%93ni \"Citi Zēni\") (Latvian, English)\n* [Clouseau](/wiki/Clouseau_%28band%29 \"Clouseau (band)\") (Dutch, English)\n* [CNCO](/wiki/CNCO \"CNCO\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Coldrain](/wiki/Coldrain \"Coldrain\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Corrupted](/wiki/Corrupted_%28band%29 \"Corrupted (band)\") (Japanese, Spanish, English, German)\n* [Cripple Bastards](/wiki/Cripple_Bastards \"Cripple Bastards\") (Italian, English)\n* [Cross Gene](/wiki/Cross_Gene \"Cross Gene\") (English, Mandarin, Korean, Japanese)\n* [Culcha Candela](/wiki/Culcha_Candela \"Culcha Candela\") (German, English, Spanish)\n\n", "### D\n\n* [Daniel Kahn \\& The Painted Bird](/wiki/Daniel_Kahn_%26_The_Painted_Bird \"Daniel Kahn & The Painted Bird\") (English, Yiddish)\n* [Darkthrone](/wiki/Darkthrone \"Darkthrone\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [Dead End](/wiki/Dead_End_%28band%29 \"Dead End (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Die Antwoord](/wiki/Die_Antwoord \"Die Antwoord\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Die Heuwels Fantasties](/wiki/Die_Heuwels_Fantasties \"Die Heuwels Fantasties\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Dir En Grey](/wiki/Dir_En_Grey \"Dir En Grey\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Die Toten Hosen](/wiki/Die_Toten_Hosen \"Die Toten Hosen\") (German, English, Spanish)\n* [Dimmu Borgir](/wiki/Dimmu_Borgir \"Dimmu Borgir\") (Norwegian, English)\n* [Drax Project](/wiki/Drax_Project \"Drax Project\") (English, Māori)\n* [The Dreams](/wiki/The_Dreams \"The Dreams\") (Faroese, Danish, English)\n* [Dschinghis Khan](/wiki/Dschinghis_Khan \"Dschinghis Khan\") (German, English)\n* [Duran Duran](/wiki/Duran_Duran \"Duran Duran\") (English, Spanish, French, Portuguese)\n* [DNCE](/wiki/DNCE \"DNCE\") (English, Japanese)\n\n", "### E\n\n* [Eden](/wiki/Eden_%28South_African_band%29 \"Eden (South African band)\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Envy](/wiki/Envy_%28band%29 \"Envy (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Eiffel 65](/wiki/Eiffel_65 \"Eiffel 65\") (English, Italian)\n* [Einstürzende Neubauten](/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten \"Einstürzende Neubauten\") (German, English)\n* [El Chombo](/wiki/El_Chombo \"El Chombo\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Ellegarden](/wiki/Ellegarden \"Ellegarden\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Esprit D'Air](/wiki/Esprit_D%27Air \"Esprit D'Air\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Esther \\& Abi Ofarim](/wiki/Esther_%26_Abi_Ofarim \"Esther & Abi Ofarim\") (Hebrew, English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Ladino, Neopolitan etc.)\n* [EXID](/wiki/EXID \"EXID\") (Korean, Mandarin Chinese, English, Japanese)\n* [Exo](/wiki/Exo \"Exo\") (Korean, Mandarin Chinese, English, Japanese)\n\n", "### F\n\n* [Fabrika](/wiki/Fabrika \"Fabrika\") (Russian, English, French, Italian, Kabardian)\n* [Fake?](/wiki/Fake%3F \"Fake?\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Faky](/wiki/Faky \"Faky\") (Japanese, English)\n* [.Feast](/wiki/.Feast \".Feast\") (Indonesian, English)\n* [Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas](/wiki/Fear%2C_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_%28band%29 \"Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas (band)\") (English, Japanese)\n* [FEMM](/wiki/FEMM_%28duo%29 \"FEMM (duo)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Foto na Dans](/wiki/Foto_na_Dans \"Foto na Dans\") \\& Flash Republic (colloquially known as \"Dans Republic\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Four Jacks and a Jill](/wiki/Four_Jacks_and_a_Jill \"Four Jacks and a Jill\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Freshlyground](/wiki/Freshlyground \"Freshlyground\") (Zulu, Sesotho, English, Swahili)\n\n", "### G\n\n* [Galneryus](/wiki/Galneryus \"Galneryus\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Gastunk](/wiki/Gastunk \"Gastunk\") (Japanese, English)\n* [The Gazette](/wiki/The_Gazette_%28band%29 \"The Gazette (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Girls' Generation](/wiki/Girls%27_Generation \"Girls' Generation\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Girugamesh](/wiki/Girugamesh \"Girugamesh\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Gjon's Tears](/wiki/Gjon%27s_Tears \"Gjon's Tears\") (Albanian, English, French)\n* [Gogol Bordello](/wiki/Gogol_Bordello \"Gogol Bordello\") (English, Russian, Romani)\n* [Goldfinger](/wiki/Goldfinger_%28band%29 \"Goldfinger (band)\") (English, German)\n* [Gorky's Zygotic Mynci](/wiki/Gorky%27s_Zygotic_Mynci \"Gorky's Zygotic Mynci\") (English, Welsh)\n* [Got7](/wiki/Got7 \"Got7\") (Korean, English, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese)\n* [Granrodeo](/wiki/Granrodeo \"Granrodeo\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Gregorian](/wiki/Gregorian_%28band%29 \"Gregorian (band)\") (English, German, French, Latin)\n* [Grimskunk](/wiki/Grimskunk \"Grimskunk\") (French, English)\n\n", "### H\n\n* [Haggard](/wiki/Haggard_%28band%29 \"Haggard (band)\") (German, Italian, Latin, English)\n* [Hanoi Rocks](/wiki/Hanoi_Rocks \"Hanoi Rocks\") (Finnish, English)\n* [Hello Sleepwalkers](/wiki/Hello_Sleepwalkers \"Hello Sleepwalkers\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Herbs](/wiki/Herbs_%28band%29 \"Herbs (band)\") (English, Māori)\n* [Herreys](/wiki/Herreys \"Herreys\") (Swedish, English)\n* [High and Mighty Color](/wiki/High_and_Mighty_Color \"High and Mighty Color\") (Japanese, English)\n* (Hungarian, English)\n* [Hi\\-Standard](/wiki/Hi-Standard \"Hi-Standard\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Howard Morrison Quartet](/wiki/Howard_Morrison_Quartet \"Howard Morrison Quartet\") (English, Māori)\n\n", "### I\n\n* [IC3PEAK](/wiki/IC3PEAK \"IC3PEAK\") (Russian, English)\n* [Ich Troje](/wiki/Ich_Troje \"Ich Troje\") (Polish, English, German, Russian)\n* [Icona Pop](/wiki/Icona_Pop \"Icona Pop\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Il Divo](/wiki/Il_Divo \"Il Divo\") (English, Italian, Spanish, French, Latin)\n* [Il Volo](/wiki/Il_Volo \"Il Volo\") (Italian, English, Sicilian, Spanish)\n* [Impaled Nazarene](/wiki/Impaled_Nazarene \"Impaled Nazarene\") (English, Finnish)\n* [Irie Révoltés](/wiki/Irie_R%C3%A9volt%C3%A9s \"Irie Révoltés\") (German, French)\n* [Iz\\*One](/wiki/Iz%2AOne \"Iz*One\") (Korean, Japanese, English)\n\n", "### J\n\n* [JAM Project](/wiki/JAM_Project \"JAM Project\") (Japanese, English)\n* [JKT48](/wiki/JKT48 \"JKT48\") (Indonesian, English)\n* [JO1](/wiki/JO1 \"JO1\") (Japanese, Korean, English)\n* [Joker Out](/wiki/Joker_Out \"Joker Out\") (Slovene, Serbian, English)\n* [Jump5](/wiki/Jump5 \"Jump5\") (English, Hawaiian)\n* [Junoon](/wiki/Junoon_%28band%29 \"Junoon (band)\") (Urdu, English)\n\n", "### K\n\n* [Ka Hao](/wiki/Ka_Hao \"Ka Hao\") (English, Māori)\n* [Katchafire](/wiki/Katchafire \"Katchafire\") (English, Māori)\n* [Kero Kero Bonito](/wiki/Kero_Kero_Bonito \"Kero Kero Bonito\") (English, Japanese)\n* [KMFDM](/wiki/KMFDM \"KMFDM\") (English, German, Russian, Spanish, French, Italian)\n* [Koza Mostra](/wiki/Koza_Mostra \"Koza Mostra\") (Greek, English)\n* [Kraftwerk](/wiki/Kraftwerk \"Kraftwerk\") (German, English, French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Russian) \n\n", "### L\n\n* [L'Arc\\~en\\~Ciel](/wiki/L%27Arc-en-Ciel \"L'Arc-en-Ciel\") (Japanese, English)\n* [L'Impératrice](/wiki/L%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice \"L'Impératrice\") (French, English)\n* [Ladaniva](/wiki/Ladaniva \"Ladaniva\") (French, Armenian)\n* [Little Big](/wiki/Little_Big_%28band%29 \"Little Big (band)\") (Russian, English)\n* [Lovebites](/wiki/Lovebites_%28band%29 \"Lovebites (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Loudness](/wiki/Loudness_%28band%29 \"Loudness (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Lynch](/wiki/Lynch_%28band%29 \"Lynch (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n\n", "### M\n\n* [Maimoa](/wiki/Maimoa \"Maimoa\") (English, Māori)\n* [Måneskin](/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin \"Måneskin\") (Italian, English)\n* [Man with a Mission](/wiki/Man_with_a_Mission \"Man with a Mission\") (Japanese, English)\n* [The Mars Volta](/wiki/The_Mars_Volta \"The Mars Volta\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Massilia Sound System](/wiki/Massilia_Sound_System \"Massilia Sound System\") (French, Occitan)\n* [Maximum the Hormone](/wiki/Maximum_the_Hormone \"Maximum the Hormone\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Mecano](/wiki/Mecano \"Mecano\") (Spanish, French)\n* [Mediæval Bæbes](/wiki/Medi%C3%A6val_B%C3%A6bes \"Mediæval Bæbes\") (Modern English, Latin, Middle English, French, Italian, Russian, Swedish, Cadenet, Scottish English, German, Manx Gaelic, Spanish, Welsh, Bavarian, Provençal, Irish Gaelic, Cornish)\n* [Milk \\& Honey](/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_%28Israeli_group%29 \"Milk and Honey (Israeli group)\") (Arabic, English, French)\n* [Minimum Serious](/wiki/Minimum_Serious \"Minimum Serious\") (French, English)\n* [Moana and the Moahunters](/wiki/Moana_and_the_Moahunters \"Moana and the Moahunters\") (English, Māori)\n* [Modern Māori Quartet](/wiki/Modern_M%C4%81ori_Quartet \"Modern Māori Quartet\") (English, Māori)\n* [Monsta X](/wiki/Monsta_X \"Monsta X\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Monsieur Periné](/wiki/Monsieur_Perin%C3%A9 \"Monsieur Periné\") (Spanish, French, English, Portuguese)\n\n", "### N\n\n* [Necrodeath](/wiki/Necrodeath \"Necrodeath\") (English, Italian)\n* [The New Christy Minstrels](/wiki/The_New_Christy_Minstrels \"The New Christy Minstrels\") (English, German)\n* [New Kids on the Block](/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block \"New Kids on the Block\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Nightwish](/wiki/Nightwish \"Nightwish\") (Finnish, English)\n* [Nocturnal Bloodlust](/wiki/Nocturnal_Bloodlust \"Nocturnal Bloodlust\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Nothing's Carved in Stone](/wiki/Nothing%27s_Carved_in_Stone \"Nothing's Carved in Stone\") (Japanese, English)\n* [No Mercy](/wiki/No_Mercy_%28pop_band%29 \"No Mercy (pop band)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [NCT](/wiki/NCT_%28band%29 \"NCT (band)\") (Korean, English, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, German)\n\n", "### O\n\n* [Oblivion Dust](/wiki/Oblivion_Dust \"Oblivion Dust\") (Japanese, English)\n* [One Ok Rock](/wiki/One_Ok_Rock \"One Ok Rock\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Os Mutantes](/wiki/Os_Mutantes \"Os Mutantes\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Os Paralamas do Sucesso](/wiki/Os_Paralamas_do_Sucesso \"Os Paralamas do Sucesso\") (Portuguese, Spanish)\n* [Outrage](/wiki/Outrage_%28band%29 \"Outrage (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [O\\-Zone](/wiki/O-Zone \"O-Zone\") (Romanian, English)\n\n", "### P\n\n* [Paraziții](/wiki/Parazi%C8%9Bii \"Paraziții\") (Romanian, English)\n* [Phoenix Rising](/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_%28band%29 \"Phoenix Rising (band)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Pink Martini](/wiki/Pink_Martini \"Pink Martini\") (English, Arabic, Chinese, Croatian, [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language \"Persian language\"), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Xhosa)\n* [Pixies](/wiki/Pixies_%28band%29 \"Pixies (band)\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Placebo](/wiki/Placebo_%28band%29 \"Placebo (band)\") (English, French)\n* [Pomplamoose](/wiki/Pomplamoose \"Pomplamoose\") (English, French)\n* [Powerwolf](/wiki/Powerwolf \"Powerwolf\") (German, English)\n* [Premiata Forneria Marconi](/wiki/Premiata_Forneria_Marconi \"Premiata Forneria Marconi\") (Italian, English)\n* [Pristin](/wiki/Pristin \"Pristin\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, English)\n* [Puffy AmiYumi](/wiki/Puffy_AmiYumi \"Puffy AmiYumi\") (Japanese, English)\n\n", "### Q\n\n* [Quarashi](/wiki/Quarashi \"Quarashi\") (Icelandic, English)\n\n", "### R\n\n* [Rammstein](/wiki/Rammstein \"Rammstein\") (German, English, Spanish)\n* [Red Elvises](/wiki/Red_Elvises \"Red Elvises\") (Russian, English)\n* [Rhapsody of Fire](/wiki/Rhapsody_of_Fire \"Rhapsody of Fire\") (Italian, English, French, German)\n* [Rize](/wiki/Rize_%28band%29 \"Rize (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Roxette](/wiki/Roxette \"Roxette\") (Swedish, English, Spanish)\n* [Root](/wiki/Root_%28band%29 \"Root (band)\") (Czech, English)\n* [Radwimps](/wiki/Radwimps \"Radwimps\") (Japanese, English)\n\n", "### S\n\n* [Sabaton](/wiki/Sabaton_%28band%29 \"Sabaton (band)\") (Swedish, English)\n* [Sabbat](/wiki/Sabbat_%28Japanese_band%29 \"Sabbat (Japanese band)\") (Japanese, English, Swahili, French)\n* [Santana](/wiki/Santana_%28band%29 \"Santana (band)\") (Spanish, English)\n* [Sao Sao Sao](/wiki/Sao_Sao_Sao \"Sao Sao Sao\") (Thai, English, Japanese)\n* [Scandal](/wiki/Scandal_%28Japanese_band%29 \"Scandal (Japanese band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28band%29 \"Scorpions (band)\") (German, English)\n\n* [Seeed](/wiki/Seeed \"Seeed\") (German, English)\n* [Seekers](/wiki/Seekers \"Seekers\") (English, Fijian)\n* [Sepultura](/wiki/Sepultura \"Sepultura\") (Portuguese, English)\n* [Seikima\\-II](/wiki/Seikima-II \"Seikima-II\") (Japanese, English)\n* [S.E.S](/wiki/S.E.S_%28band%29 \"S.E.S (band)\") (Korean, Japanese)\n* [Seventeen](/wiki/Seventeen_%28South_Korean_band%29 \"Seventeen (South Korean band)\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, Chinese Cantonese, English)\n* [Shonen Knife](/wiki/Shonen_Knife \"Shonen Knife\") (Japanese, English)\n* [SiM](/wiki/SiM_%28band%29 \"SiM (band)\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Sigh](/wiki/Sigh_%28band%29 \"Sigh (band)\") (English, Japanese)\n* [Simple Plan](/wiki/Simple_Plan \"Simple Plan\") (English, French)\n* [Six60](/wiki/Six60 \"Six60\") (English, Māori)\n* [Smokey Mountain](/wiki/Smokey_Mountain_%28band%29 \"Smokey Mountain (band)\") (Tagalog, English, Japanese)\n* [Sodom](/wiki/Sodom_%28band%29 \"Sodom (band)\") (German, English)\n* [Sons of Zion](/wiki/Sons_of_Zion \"Sons of Zion\") (English, Māori)\n* [Springbok Nude Girls](/wiki/Springbok_Nude_Girls \"Springbok Nude Girls\") (Afrikaans, English)\n* [Stereolab](/wiki/Stereolab \"Stereolab\") (English, French)\n* [Stray Kids](/wiki/Stray_Kids \"Stray Kids\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n* [Street Academics](/wiki/Street_Academics \"Street Academics\") (Malayalam, English, Tamil)\n* [Sublime](/wiki/Sublime_%28band%29 \"Sublime (band)\") (English, Spanish)\n* [Sudden Lights](/wiki/Sudden_Lights \"Sudden Lights\") (Latvian, English)\n* [Sugar](/wiki/Sugar_%28South_Korean_band%29 \"Sugar (South Korean band)\") (Korean, Japanese)\n* [Super Junior](/wiki/Super_Junior \"Super Junior\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, Japanese)\n* [Super Junior\\-M](/wiki/Super_Junior-M \"Super Junior-M\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin)\n\n", "### T\n\n* [t.A.T.u.](/wiki/T.A.T.u. \"T.A.T.u.\") (Russian, English)\n* [T\\-ara](/wiki/T-ara \"T-ara\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, Japanese)\n* [The Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations \"The Temptations\") (English, Tagalog)\n* [The Warning](/wiki/The_Warning_%28band%29 \"The Warning (band)\") (English, Spanish, French)\n* [Tokio Hotel](/wiki/Tokio_Hotel \"Tokio Hotel\") (German, English)\n* [Tomorrow X Together](/wiki/Tomorrow_X_Together \"Tomorrow X Together\") (Korean, English, Chinese Mandarin, Japanese)\n* [Tvorchi](/wiki/Tvorchi \"Tvorchi\") (Ukrainian, English)\n* [Twice](/wiki/Twice \"Twice\") (Korean, Japanese, Chinese Mandarin, Taiwanese, English)\n* [Týr](/wiki/T%C3%BDr_%28band%29 \"Týr (band)\") (Faroese, English, Danish, Icelandic)\n\n", "### U\n\n* [U\\-KISS](/wiki/U-KISS \"U-KISS\") (English, Japanese, Spanish, Korean)\n* [Uniq](/wiki/Uniq_%28band%29 \"Uniq (band)\") (Korean, Chinese Mandarin, English, Japanese, Portuguese, Tagalog)\n\n", "### V\n\n* [Vader](/wiki/Vader_%28band%29 \"Vader (band)\") (Polish, English)\n* [Vamps](/wiki/Vamps_%28band%29 \"Vamps (band)\") (Japanese, English)\n* [Victon](/wiki/Victon \"Victon\") (Korean, English)\n* [Voyager](/wiki/Voyager_%28Australian_band%29 \"Voyager (Australian band)\") (English, Russian, German, Latin)\n\n", "### W\n\n* [WayV](/wiki/WayV \"WayV\") (Chinese Mandarin, Chinese Cantonese, Thai, Korean, English, German, Japanese)\n* [Wonder Girls](/wiki/Wonder_Girls \"Wonder Girls\") (Korean, English, Japanese)\n\n", "### X\n\n* [X Japan](/wiki/X_Japan \"X Japan\") (Japanese, English)\n\n", "### Y\n\n* [Yellow Claw](/wiki/Yellow_Claw_%28DJs%29 \"Yellow Claw (DJs)\") (English, Dutch)\n\n", "### Z\n\n* [Zeraphine](/wiki/Zeraphine \"Zeraphine\") (German, English)\n\n", "See also\n--------\n\n* [Multilingualism](/wiki/Multilingualism \"Multilingualism\")\n", "References\n----------\n\n[Multilingual bands and artists](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_musicians \"Lists of musicians\")\n[multilingual](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_people_by_language \"Lists of people by language\")\n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 917354 ], "name": [ "Phuzion" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n***Devario apogon*** is a fish from the [Yunnan](/wiki/Yunnan \"Yunnan\") province of [China](/wiki/China \"China\") which is not dissimilar to *[Devario shanensis](/wiki/Devario_shanensis \"Devario shanensis\")*. The fish appears to grow to a maximum of 5–6 cm and is found in the [Irrawaddy](/wiki/Irrawaddy_River \"Irrawaddy River\") drainage in [Yunnan](/wiki/Yunnan \"Yunnan\"), China.\n\n", "References\n----------\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [*Devario apogon*](http://www.danios.info/fish/apogon.aspx)\n\n[Category:Devario](/wiki/Category:Devario \"Devario\")\n[Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia](/wiki/Category:Cyprinid_fish_of_Asia \"Cyprinid fish of Asia\")\n[Category:Fauna of Southeast Asia](/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Southeast_Asia \"Fauna of Southeast Asia\")\n[Category:Fish of China](/wiki/Category:Fish_of_China \"Fish of China\")\n[Category:Fish described in 1981](/wiki/Category:Fish_described_in_1981 \"Fish described in 1981\")\n\n \n\n" ] }

{ "id": [ 45463547 ], "name": [ "Tmashwiki" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Wiscombe Park Hill Climb past winners", "Footnotes", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 2 ], "content": [ "\n\n**Wiscombe Park Hillclimb** is a British [hillclimb](/wiki/Hillclimbing \"Hillclimbing\"), situated in [Colyton](/wiki/Colyton%2C_Devon \"Colyton, Devon\"), [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\"). The course, which is 1000 yards (914 metres) in length — the same as [Shelsley Walsh](/wiki/Shelsley_Walsh_Speed_Hill_Climb \"Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb\") — was opened in 1958\\. The course was extended in 1961 when the record was held by Addicott in a Lotus at 49\\.3 secs.*Motor Sport*, June 1961, Page 448\\. Wiscombe has been hosting rounds of the [British Hill Climb Championship](/wiki/British_Hill_Climb_Championship \"British Hill Climb Championship\") since the May meeting in 1962\\.*Motor*, May 23, 1962, Page 643\\.\n\nThe outright hill record currently stands at 31\\.77 seconds, set by Matthew Ryder in July 2024\\.\n\n", "Wiscombe Park Hill Climb past winners\n-------------------------------------\n\n| Year | Driver | Vehicle | Time | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **1960** | D. G. Addicott | Lotus Eleven\\-Climax | 33\\.94 sec | *Motor Sport*, October 1960, Page 814\\. 18 September; 735 yard course. |\n| **1961** | D. G. Addicott | Lotus | 49\\.3 sec **R** | 1,000 yard course. |\n| [David Good](/wiki/David_Good_%28driver%29 \"David Good (driver)\") | Cooper\\-J.A.P. | 46\\.98 sec **R** | *Motor Sport*, September 1961, Page 736\\. 13 August |\n| **1962** | [T. Marsh](/wiki/Tony_Marsh_%28racing_driver%29 \"Tony Marsh (racing driver)\") | Marsh\\-B.R.M. | 45\\.44 sec **R** | *Motor Sport*, July 1962, Page 532\\. Ray Fielding, B.R.M., was first in the R.A.C. Championship class in 51\\.60 sec. 20 May |\n| Wally Cuff | Cooper\\-J.A.P. | 46\\.51 sec | *Motor Sport*, September 1962, Page 680\\. 12 August |\n| Chris Summers | Cooper\\-Chevrolet 4,750 c.c. | 44\\.64 sec **R** | *Motor Sport*, November 1962, Page 864\\. 14 October |\n| **1963** | [Peter Westbury](/wiki/Peter_Westbury \"Peter Westbury\") | Felday\\-Daimler 2½\\-litre S/C | 46\\.82 sec | *Motor Sport*, May 1963, Page 352\\. 6–7 April |\n| | | | 1 September |\n| Peter Westbury | Felday\\-Daimler 2½\\-litre S/C | 43\\.54 sec **R** | *Motor Sport*, November 1963, Page 916\\. 13 October |\n| **1964** | Peter Westbury | Ferguson P99 4\\-w\\-d | 42\\.53 sec **R** | *Autosport*, May 29, 1964, Page 780; *Motor Sport*, June 1964, Page 420\\. Tony Marsh, Marsh\\-Climax 2\\-litre, was first in the R.A.C. Championship class in 43\\.06 sec. 17–18 May |\n| **1965** | Tony Marsh | Marsh\\-Special Oldsmobile V8 | | *Motor Sport*, September 1965, Page 745\\. 16 May |\n| **1966** | | | | 14–15 May |\n| **1967** | Bryan Eccles | Brabham BT18\\-Oldsmobile V8 3\\.5\\-litre | FTD | *Motor Sport*, August 1967, Page 702\\. David Good, BRM P67 4wd 2\\.0\\-litre, was first in the R.A.C. Championship class. 13–14 May |\n| **1968** | | | | 11–12 May |\n| **2006** | [Round 23](/wiki/British_Hill_Climb_Championship \"British Hill Climb Championship\") : Simon Durling | [Gould](/wiki/Gould_Racing \"Gould Racing\")\\-NME GR55B 2\\.65\\-litre | 35\\.61 sec | *Autosport*, August 3, 2006, Page 117\\. 30 July |\n| [Round 24](/wiki/British_Hill_Climb_Championship \"British Hill Climb Championship\") : Martin Groves | Gould\\-NME GR55B 3\\.5\\-litre | 35\\.57 sec |\n| **[2008](/wiki/2008_British_Hill_Climb_Championship_season \"2008 British Hill Climb Championship season\")** | [Round 21](/wiki/British_Hill_Climb_Championship \"British Hill Climb Championship\") : Martin Groves | Gould | 35\\.09 sec | 27 July |\n| [Round 22](/wiki/British_Hill_Climb_Championship \"British Hill Climb Championship\") : Scott Moran | Gould | 35\\.02 sec |\n| **2012** | Trevor Willis | OMS 25 Powertec | 33\\.92 sec **R** | 29 July |\n\nKey: **R** \\= Course Record; S/C \\= Supercharged.\n\n### Footnotes\n\n", "### Footnotes\n\n", "External links\n--------------\n\n* [Wiscombe Park Hillclimb](http://www.wiscombepark.co.uk/)\n\n[Category:Hillclimbs](/wiki/Category:Hillclimbs \"Hillclimbs\")\n[Category:Auto races in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Auto_races_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Auto races in the United Kingdom\")\n\n \n\n" ] }