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Q: C# Json Deserialization I have been asked to work with json data in order to create a quiz game in windows phone. I knew that I had to use json.net to achive this which I have previously used in the past but the method I used in the past is no useful here. My question is this. I have this json string [{"corr":"1","q":"text.","type":"0"}, {"corr":"0","q":"text.","type":"0"}, {"corr":"1","q":"text.","type":"0"}, {"corr":"0","q":"text.","type":"0"}, {"corr":"0","q":"text.","type":"0"}, {"corr":"1","q":"text.","type":"0"}, {"corr":"4","q":"text","a":["text","text","text","text"],"type":"1"}, {"corr":"2","q":"text","a":["text","text","text","text"],"type":"1"}, {"corr":"1","q":"text","a":["text","text","text","text"],"type":"1"}, {"corr":"2","q":"text","a":["22,2%","45%","54%","67%"],"type":"1"}] and as you can image I want to fill some List with the properties above. I have created the following class in order to represent the json objects public class QuizObj { public string corr { get; set; } public string q { get; set; } public string type { get; set; } public List<string> a { get; set; } } but I don't really know how to use it and can't find something really relevant. A: Something like this should do the trick: var quizObjs = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<QuizObj>>(serializedStringValue); string corr = quizObjs.First().corr; // or foreach(var quizObj in quizObjs) { string corr = quizObj.corr; // etc } You will need to add a reference to NewtonSoft.Json, which you can get via NuGet (if you haven't already).

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. A 50-year-old female patient with a long history of Raynaud's phenomenon and rapidly deteriorating right-sided cardiac failure is presented. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease was diagnosed from typical clinical and hemodynamic findings using a Swan-Ganz balloon catheter. The diagnosis was definitely confirmed at necropsy. There was no clinical, laboratory, or histologic evidence of a connective tissue disease.

Fucking draw everything. Don't fucking take this site so seriously. It's satire.You wouldn't take Couragewolf seriously. This site shouldn't be taken seriously either.

Kristie Kenney Kristie Anne Kenney is a former senior U.S. diplomat who served as the 32nd Counselor of the United States Department of State from 2016 to 2017. She is a recipient of the Secretary of State's Distinguished Service Award and held the nation's highest diplomatic rank of Career Ambassador in the United States Foreign Service. She served as the Department of State Transition Coordinator for the 2016-17 Transition. Ambassador Kenney previously served as the United States Ambassador to the Republic of Ecuador, as United States Ambassador to the Philippines, and most recently as United States Ambassador to Thailand. She was the first female U.S. ambassador to the latter two countries. Kenney holds a masters degree in Latin American studies from Tulane University and a bachelor's degree in political science from Clemson University. Diplomatic career U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry appointed Ambassador Kenney as Counselor of the State Department on February 12, 2016. In this role, Ambassador Kenney "provides strategic guidance to the Secretary on foreign policy, undertakes efforts to enhance U.S. diplomacy and public outreach, and conducts special diplomatic assignments as directed by the Secretary." In July 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Kenney as the United States ambassador to the Kingdom of Thailand. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 29, 2010. Prior to being the U.S. ambassador to Thailand, Kenney served as the U.S. ambassador to Ecuador and the Philippines. Before working for the United States Foreign Service, she worked in United States Senate, a tour guide in the United States capitol, an intern in the House of Representatives, and as a staff member of the Senate Human Resources Committee. At the State Department, she was appointed overseas as economic counselor at the United States Mission to International Organizations in Geneva, economic officer at the U.S. Embassy in Argentina, and consular officer at the U.S. embassy in Jamaica. Back home, she was appointed as director of the State Department Operations Center, a detail to the White House as a member of the National Security Council staff, and political-military officer in the Office of NATO Affairs. Kenney served as Executive Secretary of the State Department before becoming senior advisor to the assistant secretary for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement. She worked for both Secretaries of State Madeleine Albright and Colin Powell and led the State Department's transition team from the Clinton to George W. Bush administration. Kenney announced her retirement from the State Department in April 2017. Counselor of the State Department As Counselor, she provided strategic advice to Secretary of State John Kerry, and took on special assignments on foreign policy and on improving the State Department. In January 2016, she became the first high-level diplomatic visitor to Argentina and Uruguay in many years, following the 2015 elections in Argentina, among other overseas trips on behalf of the Secretary. She made similar early visits to engage new governments and leaders in Myanmar, the Philippines, Peru, and Panama. In addition to policy outreach, she has focused on reaching out to women and minority groups to encourage interest in public service careers. She has undertaken domestic travel, including to discuss careers in public service with young Americans. She launched the State Department's first podcast, "Conversations on Leadership," which "gives a behind the scenes insights from Department leaders" and "offer a window into various thought and decision-making processes." In advance of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, Kenney was designated by Secretary Kerry as the lead Transition Coordinator for the State Department. In this role, she represented the State Department on the White House's Agency Transition Directors Council (ATDC) to ensure the Federal Government and the State Department implemented a transition from the Obama Administration to the Trump Administration that was smooth, well-managed, and efficient. She was retained in her position for an extra month by the Trump Administration to help manage the arrival of Secretary Rex Tillerson and his team. In January 2017, she was awarded the Distinguished Service Award by Secretary Kerry "in recognition of exceptionally outstanding leadership, professional competence, and significant accomplishment over a sustained period of time in the field of foreign affairs". First woman ambassador to the Kingdom of Thailand Kenney was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the first female U.S. Ambassador to Thailand on September 29, 2010. In her confirmation testimony before the Senate, Kenney noted the long U.S.-Thai treaty alliance "based on a common set of values that define our two peoples" and noted that the relationship "provides important benefits to both countries in health, security, trade and investment, in law enforcement cooperation, and in humanitarian assistance to refugees. As Ambassador to Thailand, Kenney managed the bilateral relationship and led a large U.S. Mission during the consequential 2011 Thai elections, historic 2011 Thai floods, and the 2014 Thai coup. Kenney was known in Thailand for her active use of social media for official and personal diplomacy and use of Thai language for social media messages and videos. The Thai public reacted positively, with her outreach called a "charm offensive" and resulting in a great deal of social engagement with the U.S. Embassy. In 2011, she was awarded the National Thai Language Day award by the prime minister for her high-profile use of the Thai language. First woman U.S. ambassador to the Philippines Kenney was nominated by U.S. President George W. Bush on November 3, 2005 to succeed Francis J. Ricciardone, Jr.. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 16, 2006, and was sworn into office by Secretary Condoleezza Rice on March 6, 2006. Kenney arrived in the Philippines on March 17 and submitted her credentials to Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 22. Following the 2007 Manila Peninsula rebellion, Kenney voiced support for Arroyo, a key Bush ally in the Southeast Asian theatre of the U.S.-led war on terror. She congratulated Philippine authorities for their quick action that led to the arrest of suspects behind the 2007 Batasang Pambansa bombing, and she praised the Metro Manila Development Authority for keeping the capital clean and orderly. Regarding the question of U.S. bases, she said: "We are not building any bases in the Philippines, we don't have any plans to have bases, and we don't need any bases." On December 4, 2007, Kristie Kenney turned over seven Navy utility boats and two Boston whalers to the Philippine Navy in ceremonies held at its headquarters along Roxas Boulevard, City of Manila. Also, Kenney and World Bank country director for the Philippines Bert Hoffman signed the grant agreement of US$750,000 (±₱32mn) at the International Finance Corporation offices in Makati City, for the Bangsang Moro Mindanao Trust Fund agency. She earlier announced a US$3mn grant to the Philippines to help promote family planning in the workplace and American donation of US$38,000 for the preservation of Banaue Rice Terraces. On November 19, 2009 U.S. President Barack Obama designated Harry K. Thomas, Jr. to replace Kenney. Philippine media reported that Kenney, widely known to have become fond of her post, felt "heartbroken" at the thought of leaving it, quoting her Facebook status update, which reportedly read: Heart broken to think of leaving the Philippines but know it is time for me to plan to return to be with my family. Calling on my FB friends to help me not be sad but to enjoy and savor my remaining months in this lovely country. Personal life Ambassador Kenney is married to Assistant Secretary of State William Brownfield, who is also a Career Ambassador. She speaks both Spanish and French. She grew up in the suburbs of Washington, D.C. and obtained a bachelor's degree from Clemson University and a master's degree from Tulane University in New Orleans. She also attended the National War College in Washington, D.C. References External links |- |- |- |- Category:1955 births Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Ecuador Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Thailand Category:American women diplomats Category:Living people Category:United States Career Ambassadors Category:United States Foreign Service personnel

Everyone is out having fun on Spring break And i'm just sitting here masturbating 369 shares

Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to the field of adjusting the fly height of a sensor and, more particularly, to contact detection. Magnetic storage disk drives includes one or more disks having a magnetic surface for storing data on concentric tracks. The disks are rotated about a central spindle at a spin rate that depends on the particular disk drive. Data is written to and read from the magnetic disk by a magnetic transducer positioned above the disk surface. The transducer typically includes a read head to read data from the disk and a write head for writing data to the disk. To write data to or read data from the storage disk, the transducer is positioned above the storage disk while the storage disk is spinning. The transducer is positioned on a slider which is generally mounted on a gimbaled flexure portion. The gimbaled flexure portion is attached to one end of a suspension's load beam assembly. An opposite end of the suspension's load beam assembly is attached to the in-line rotary voice coil actuator, which provides pivotal motion to slider. A spring biases the load beam and slider with the read/write transducer towards the storage disk, while the air pressure beneath slider developed by storage disk rotation relative to slider pushes slider away from the storage disk. The gimbaled flexure enables slider to present a “flying” attitude toward the storage disk surface and follow its topology. An equilibrium distance defines an “air bearing” and determines the “flying height” of the transducer. Although the separation between the transducer and storage disk created by the air bearing reduces transducer efficiency, the avoidance of direct contact of the slider with the storage disk improves reliability and extends the useful life of the read/write transducer and storage disk. For typical disk drives, nominal flying heights are on the order of 0.1 to 0.5 micro inches. For a given transducer, the magnetic storage density of the disk increases as the space between the transducer and the storage surface of the storage disk is reduced. Thus, a very low flying height is desirable and must be balanced with transducer reliability over a reasonable service life of the storage disk drive. During operation, flight height adjustments occur through the use of a thermal control module. The thermal control module typically includes a heater circuit which, when heated, actuates the transducer. As a voltage is applied to the thermal control module and the heater circuit is heated, the transducer is moved downward toward the surface of the disk. With sufficient voltage or power applied, the transducer or the slider on which the transducer is mounted may make contact with the disk surface. Conventional disk drives detect contact between the slider and the disk surface via detection of friction between the transducer and the disk surface. The friction is detected by way of a position error signal from the disk drive resulting from the contact. This manner of detecting contact requires sufficient contact to be made to cause the friction. Such hard contact can result in reduced reliability of the disk drive.

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FNC Add Culture has signed a new supply contract with Netflix. On March 14, a source from FNC Add Culture stated, “The drama ‘My Only Love Song’ will be revealed through Netflix. After working on the post-production as well as the subtitles, it will be offered on Netflix all over the world.” FNC Add Culture’s new contract with Netflix is notable since a show that is branded as a Netflix original is broadcast in all countries except the domestic market, making it a worthwhile deal beyond simple content distribution. Ahn Seok Joon, the CEO of FNC Add Culture stated, “‘My Only Love Song’ was previously scheduled to air in China during February of this year, but there was some uncertainty regarding the launch date of China’s platform services. Due to the uncertainty of the broadcast date, we have decided to sign a deal with Netflix. This contract with Netflix will be a new opportunity for FNC Add Culture’s dramas to enter the global market.” Meanwhile, Netflix is the world’s largest video streaming service company with more than 90 million subscribers located in more than 190 countries. A source from FNC Add Culture also added, “In addition to ‘My Only Love Song,’ there is a drama lineup prepared including the upcoming SBS weekend drama ‘Sister Is Alive’ (tentative title) in April. 2017 is set to be a year of successful content creation.” Source (1)

Fantastic Four: Director Responds to Alarming Rumors, But Were They True in the First Place? There's been a lot of noise surrounding the supposed production woes plaguing this year's Fantastic Four reboot, much of it centered around the alleged unruly behavior of director Josh Trank. Despite being a relative newcomer to the film industry, Trank has found himself involved in no shortage of controversy, with allegations ranging from the $100,000 worth of damages he racked up on his studio rented home, to his general incommunicativeness with the cast and crew. Trank also grabbed headlines earlier in the year when he was reportedly fired from a Star Wars standalone project because of his divisive working methods, although he himself claimed this to be a personal decision. Trank Given the Boot...again? Josh Trank But now these accusations have become much more severe, with Superhero News claiming that his own movie is currently being wrestled away from him!

Sanitary cubicles of the aforementioned type have of late been set up at busy points in cities. They are constructed as a type of spatial cell and generally comprise a reinforced concrete body with a trough-like base and a roof mounted thereon. The reinforced concrete body is internally subdivided into two rooms, namely the sanitary room and the cleaning room, at least the sanitary room being provided with its own inner wall structure, e.g. of high-grade steel, aluminium or plastic in order to satisfy hygienic requirements. The sanitry room is provided with a water closet or lavatory pan, a washbasin with mirror and optionally with depositing points and is equipped with a generally arcuately guided outer door, which closes a cutout in the reinforced concrete body. The cleaning room contains all the functional parts for supply, disposal and cleaning purposes. This cleaning room generally has a separate access door for maintenance and repair purposes. Access to sanitary cubicles of this type is by inserting a coin, which unlocks the outer door and possibly sets into operation certain operational parts such as flushing, exhaust ventilation, etc. When the user leaves the sanitary room, generally automatically the cleaning thereof is commenced and this in particular involves a complete cleaning of the water closet and the washbasin. The cleaning cycle also includes a drying process, so that following users are provided with a clean, dry sanitary room. The outer door remains locked during the cleaning cycle. At the end of the cleaning cycle unlocking automatically takes place, so that the outer door can again be opened by inserting a coin. The drain of sanitary cubicles of this type at the point of installation is directly connected to the sewer, so that in normal operation it can function in maintenance-free manner as an autonomous sanitary unit. There are essentially three basic constructions for such sanitary cubicles. In the first construction (DE-OS 33 32 356) the sanitary room and the cleaning room are arranged concentrically, all the operational parts being located between the outer shell and the inner shell surrounding the sanitary room. For cleaning purposes corresponding water ducts are passed from the outer shell into the sanitary room and the water is distributed over the water closet, the washbasin and the lower part of the inner wall. Following cleaning with water, a fan blows dry air into the lower region of the sanitary room. This construction does not satisfy the requirements made on public toilets. Thus, due to the special nature of the water supply cleaning is inadequate. No precautions are taken for the case frequently occurring in connection with public toilets of the user throwing objects into the lavatory pan and which, either as a result of their size or their weight, cannot be removed by standard toilet flushing. There is also no removal possibility if objects or waste are placed on the floor. Moreover, due to the conventional construction of the lavatory pan with siphon account is not taken of the always existing risk of blockages. It is known that a completely satisfactory cleaning of a water closet is not possible by water alone and in fact there must be a mechanical cleaning, e.g. by using brushes. This fact is taken into account by the two other constructions. In one case (EP-OS 0 109 496, DE-OS 28 51 036 and DE-OS 30 27 207) the rear area of the water closet is pivotably mounted on a horizontal spindle. In addition, there is a recess in the lower region of the partition between the sanitary room and the cleaning room, through which the complete water closet can be tilted rearwards into the cleaning room and can be partly supported. Thus, the water closet does not have a direct drain and is instead emptied after pivoting into the cleaning room. Moreover, in the titled position, the water closet comes into contact with revolving brushes, which carry out the necessary mechanical cleaning. The tilting of the toilet content takes place directly into the drain located in the cleaning room. Although to a certain extent this takes adequate account of the hygienic requirements with regards to the lavatory pan, there is no cleaning of the outsides of said pan, as well as adjacent wall areas and the floor, so that objects deposited there are not removed. It is also unsuitable for removing coarse material thrown into the lavatory pan. Admittedly such coarse material can be emptied after tilting the toilet, but then drops into the drain in the cleaning room, which once again leads to a risk of blockages. Finally, the user considers that it is unpleasant for the lavatory pan not to be fixed and instead due to its pivotable mounting and necessary arresting it tends to rock or wobble after a certain amount of time. As a result of the large pivoting radius of the lavatory pan, there must be a corresponding cutout in the partition, which must be sealed in the use position, which causes certain problems. In the third construction (DE-OS 30 22 778) part of these problems are removed in that the sanitary room is constructed as a cylindrical cabin inserted in the sanitary cubicle, on whose wall is fixed the water closet and which on the opposite side has a cutout corresponding to the outer door of the sanitary cubicle. The water closet is connected by means of a flexible drain pipe to the drain of the sanitary room and provided with a suction or vacuum pump. The cabin is rotatable about a vertical axis in such a way that in the cleaning position the cutout in the cabin wall is directed towards the cleaning room, whilst the water closet on the opposite side is in the vicinity of the outer door. Cleaning appliances, such as brushes and the like can be introduced into the sanitary cabin from the cleaning room through the cabin wall cutout. Different cleaning appliances are provided for the different cleaning processes (inside of the water closet, outside of the water closet and cabin walls) and these are taken up and guided by a robot located in the cleaning room. Although this permits a completely satisfactory cleaning of the sanitary cabin, it involves very considerable constructional expenditure and fault-prone equipment. There is also an increase in the cleaning period involved, because the individual cleaning processes have to be carried out successively. With the knowledge of the problems resulting from a standard toilet drain or even a corresponding suction system, in one constructional embodiment of the known sanitary cubicle a relatively flat or shallow water closet is provided, which in its rear region is permanently connected to the cleaning room via a wall opening. Through said large-area opening the robot can pass by means of a corresponding arm, so as to firstly transport rearwards through said opening thick and coarse materials from the water closet prior to the turning of the cubicle for the actual cleaning process. Behind the opening in the cleaning room is provided a drain pipe, which leads to the drain. Above the access opening for the drain pipe is arranged a grid or grating, so as to hold back coarse material and pass it into a separate trough. According to a further variant the shallow water closet comprises the actual pan part and the seat frame fitted to the partition. The front of the lavatory pan is pivotably mounted, so that it can be tilted downwards from a use position inclined downwards towards the sanitary room, so that in this way emptying is facilitated by gravity and with the aid of the manipulator. Here again coarse and thick materials, as well as liquid undergo separation by a corresponding grating upstream of the drain pipe. Both constructions suffer from the disadvantage that it is firstly necessary to empty the water closet prior to rotating the cubicle and bringing same into the cleaning position, so that a long time is required for the cleaning process. If excessively large items are thrown into the water closet, in certain circumstances the cleaning arm cannot pass into the same and consequently cannot clean the coarse material therefrom. This leads to the additional risk of operational faults. The problem of the invention is to so construct a water closet that, in the case of a fixed arrangement thereof, a completely satisfactory, simple cleaning thereof is possible, together with other parts of the sanitary room requiring cleaning and whilst using simple, operationally reliable appliances. According to a first feature of the invention this problem is solved in that the water closet has a substantially flat base downwardly inclined from the sanitary room to the partition and having a rear drainage edge and a rear wall formed by the partition or its movable part, and that the drain is located in the cleaning room in the vicinity of the partition below the drainage edge of the base of the water closet and is exposed by moving away the partition or its movable part. The invention differs from the known constructions in that the water closet does not have the conventional construction and instead its shape is adapted to the present circumstances. This is in particular obtained through the flat or planar, rearwardly falling away base and the movable rear wall, as well as by the fact that the water closet does not have a conventional drain or outlet. By moving away the partition or the part thereof forming the water closet rear wall, the water closet is rearwardly open into the cleaning room with a large cross-section, so that as a function of the slope of the base, the content of the water closet largely automatically drains away or drops rearwards and directly into the cleaning room drain located below the drainage edge. Above the drain can be optionally arranged a grating or grid in order to retain coarse material. As a result of the large-area opening of the water closet in the rearwards direction and the planar construction of the water closet base, the inside of the water closet can easily be perfectly cleaned with a simple brush roller or rotary brush moved up to the water closet from the cleaning room. According to an embodiment of the invention in the lower region of the partition has the movable part which there is a size necessary for forming the rear wall of the lavatory pan, said part being movable into the cleaning room whilst freeing the rear drainage edge of the lavatory pan. The construction can be such that the cleaning appliance, e.g. a rotary brush simultaneously cleans the inner area of the lavatory pan, as well as the movable partition part, or the latter is cleaned within the cleaning room by a separate cleaning appliance. In a further variant the movable partition part can be provided at its lower end with a portion inclined downwards into the sanitary room and which forms part of the base of the lavatory pan and whose front edge is connected to its drainage edge. In this variant the bottom of the lavatory pan and the base part on the movable partition part are inclined towards one another and form a gap between them. After removing the partition part the latter and the lavatory pan can be cleaned. According to another feature of the invention the sanitary room has a movable floor, which can be tilted or moved in the direction of the cleaning room for cleaning purposes. In the case of a tiltable construction the floor arranged roughly horizontally is tilted rearwards during the cleaning process when the sanitary room is in use, so that water injected into the sanitary room for cleaning the walls or the like can drain away perfectly and objects, paper or the like left on the floor are rinsed away rearwards. In the movable construction the floor can be cleaned during movement or after reaching its end position in the cleaning room. Objects or the like lying on the base are stripped away from the top surface during this movement and drop at the leading edge of the floor into a zone below the sanitary room. Optionally the movable partition part, which forms the rear termination of the water closet, together with the floor of the sanitary room can be moved towards the cleaning room, in that said two components are appropriately interconnected and joined to a drive. The cleaning of the movable floor can take place in simple manner by a cleaning appliance arranged below the water closet extending to the floor and which is put into operation when the floor moves past it. As has already been intimated, it is advantageous to arrange a grating for holding back coarse material above the drain in the cleaning room and this is advantageously inclined into said cleaning room. In a preferred construction said grating is pivotably mounted on the side remote from the water closet and can be pivoted from a position above the drain during the cleaning of the water closet into the cleaning room towards the end of the cleaning process. The coarse material initially retained on the grating is tilted rearwards into the cleaning room after pivoting said grating, so that the latter is again free after pivoting back onto the drain. For this purpose the cleaning room has a collecting trough for coarse material and is emptied every so often. According to an advantageous embodiment the cleaning appliance for the water closet and for the fixed partition and sanitary room rear wall portions laterally connected thereto is constituted by a rotary brush, which is adapted to the contour of the aforementioned wall parts and is movable along the same over the height of the sanitary cubicle. As a result of this further feature of the invention not only is the inside of the water closet and the wall area surrounding it which is most exposed to dirt cleaned with water, but they are also cleaned mechanically, which to a particular extent takes account of the hygienic requirements. The rotary brush can be arranged in a chamber above the ceiling of the sanitary room and can be lowered into the sanitary room after opening a ceiling trap or skylight and advantageously runs in guides on opposite side walls of the sanitary room. The rotary brush can be subdivided into portions and they can optionally form different travel paths, e.g. in order to be lowered to the floor. It is admittedly desirable to clean the walls of the entire sanitary room after use, so that the following user is provided with an absolutely hygienically clean toilet. However, due to the size of the sanitary room this causes problems as regards the cleaning and the subsequently necessary drying. Thus, according to another feature of the invention the facing side walls comprise in each case two cubicle-high wall parts and the two parts of each side wall close to the outer door are mounted there on vertical spindles in such a way that in the sanitary room use position they terminate flush with the two other side wall parts, whilst in the cleaning position they can be swung inwards until they abut, thereby separating with the outer door the access area of the sanitary cubicle from the remaining sanitary room. Thus, as a result of this inventive construction the sanitary room undergoes a size reduction during the cleaning process by pivoting the side wall parts. This reduced area is then cleaned to the necessary extent, whilst the access area of the sanitary room with the inside of the outer door does not undergo cleaning. In a modified construction the partition comprises two parts separated in the vertical plane of symmetry of the lavatory pan, which are mounted on vertical spindles and can be pivoted from the use position by 180.degree. into the sanitary room in front of the lavatory pan in such a way that the part of the sanitary room having the latter is separated from the remaining part thereof and is simultaneously opened with respect to the cleaning room. The partition located behind the fixed lavatory pan consequently forms, after pivoting forwards, a type of screen with respect to the remaining sanitary room and consequently the inside thereof can be easily cleaned from the cleaning room. According to a further variant the partition forms part of a cylinder forming the entire inner wall of the sanitary room and which is rotatable about a vertical spindle in the sanitary cubicle and has a cutout corresponding with the outer door in the use position and which faces the cleaning room in the cleaning position. This per se known construction (DE-OS 30 22 778) makes possible or necessary a cleaning of the complete sanitary room, which is generally not required. In the case of the aforementioned constructions, in which the sanitary room or part thereof is open with respect to the cleaning room, the cleaning appliance for the water closet can once again be constituted by a driven rotary brush arranged in the cleaning room. According to an embodiment, the rotary brush can be located between two support arms mounted in the cleaning room and which, after moving away the partition, can be pivoted towards the water closet and the rotary brush passes into the latter. This leads to a particularly simple and operationally reliable kinematics for the rotary brush. In a further development of this embodiment the support arms can in each case have an extension extending beyond the mounting support for the rotary brush and which is constructed as a water duct, the extensions or a connection bridging the same can in the cleaning position be located in front of the water closet for the cleaning of the outside thereof. It is possible in this way simultaneously with the pivoting of the rotary brush into the water closet to bring into the working position a cleaning implement for the outside thereof. For this purpose several water nozzles can be fitted to the extensions of the support arms or the connection bridging the same. According to another embodiment the rotary brush is mounted in the cleaning room level with the water closet and can be introduced horizontally from the rear into the water closet. Finally, according to another preferred embodiment the cleaning room contains a water high pressure pump and there are several, optionally movably guided water nozzles for spraying at least part of the inner wall of the sanitary room. Practical tests have shown that a satisfactory cleaning of the sanitary room is only possible with high pressure water. The invention, is described in greater detail hereinafter relative to embodiments and the attached drawings.

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Novidade que promete agitar o público ligado na Netflix, a série brasileira “O Mecanismo”, feita com base nos desdobramentos da Operação Lava Jato, já tem continuidade garantida na plataforma de streaming. De acordo com o jornalista Fernando Oliveira, do jornal “Agora SP”, a produção, dirigida por José Padilha, mesmo diretor de “Tropa de Elite” e “Narcos”, está com a segunda temporada praticamente fechada. Pesou para decisão o fato de que a produção, que explora os meandros das investigações políticas promovidas pela Polícia Federal, surgir em um momento propício no país, onde as pessoas criam expectativa e curiosidade ao tema. Por ora, executivos da plataforma acham que a série, cuja primeira temporada estreou nesta sexta-feira (23), tem tudo para emplacar. Para uma nova leva de episódios, é esperada a permanência de Selton Mello no elenco. Saiba Mais: Nova série da Netflix, “O Mecanismo”, tem elenco global. Confira Sucesso na Netflix, “Narcos” virará jogo de videogame e PC

Q: wrong count on php date_diff I'm doing a date-diff on 2015-03-01 and 2017-01-31 (using php7.2) and it returns 1 year, 11 months and 2 days. But it should (obviously) be either 11 months and 0 days or 10 months and 30 days. Why is that? Please don't tell me, that php is dividing by 30 or something - I don't need a calendar-function if it is less reliable than a manual solution!.. that would be just crazy, right? $diff = date_create('2015-03-01')->diff(date_create('2017-01-31')); // returns DateInterval Object ( [y] => 1 [m] => 11 [d] => 2 [h] => 0 [i] => 0 [s] => 0 [weekday] => 0 [weekday_behavior] => 0 [first_last_day_of] => 0 [invert] => 0 [days] => 702 [special_type] => 0 [special_amount] => 0 [have_weekday_relative] => 0 [have_special_relative] => 0 ) // and that's simply just wrong UPDATE it works when switching the timezone from 'Europe/Berlin' to 'UTC' date_default_timezone_set('UTC'); but yeah, 'Europe/Berlin' should actually work, too... A: it's just a bug. known, old, never solved. at least it was re-opened in 2017... PHP DateTime Timedifference only correct in UTC Timezone?

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Introduction ============ The efficiency of +1 ribosomal frameshifting at a specific codon is used as a sensor to regulate polyamine levels in mammalian cells. The frameshifting occurs in decoding the gene antizyme 1, which has two partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). Protein sequencing showed that the reading-frame shift occurs at the last codon of ORF1, causing a proportion of ribosomes to enter ORF2 to synthesize a transframe protein ([@cdd187c22]). ORF2 encodes the main functional domains ([@cdd187c21]; [@cdd187c26]) of antizyme but has no ribosome initiation site of its own. The antizyme 1 protein binds to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) ([@cdd187c28]; [@cdd187c18], [@cdd187c19]), inhibits it ([@cdd187c10]) and targets it for degradation by the 26S proteosome without ubiquitylation ([@cdd187c29], [@cdd187c30]). ODC catalyzes the first and usually rate-limiting step in the synthesis of polyamines, conversion of ornithine to putrescine. Putrescine is a substrate for the synthesis of spermidine and spermine. Because of its inhibition of ODC, antizyme 1 is a negative regulator of the synthesis of polyamines. In addition, antizyme 1 is a negative regulator of the polyamine transporter ([@cdd187c25]; [@cdd187c39]; [@cdd187c37]). As discovered by Matsufuji and colleagues ([@cdd187c8]) and [@cdd187c35], increasing polyamine levels elevate frameshifting in decoding antizyme 1 mRNA and so increase the level of antizyme 1. Since antizyme 1 negatively regulates the synthesis and uptake of polyamines, the frameshifting is the sensor for an autoregulatory circuit. A second mammalian paralog of antizyme, antizyme 2, has very similar properties to antizyme 1, including the regulatory frameshifting, but does not stimulate degradation of ODC under certain conditions where antizyme 1 is active ([@cdd187c11]; [@cdd187c46]; Y.Murakami, S.Matsufuji, I.P.Ivanov, R.F.Gesteland and J.F.Atkins, in preparation). Just like antizyme 1, antizyme 2 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in the body but is 16 times less abundant than mRNA of antizyme 1 ([@cdd187c11]). In addition to antizyme 1 and 2, mammals have a third paralog of the gene, antizyme 3 (also encoded by two ORFs), which is expressed only during spermatogenesis ([@cdd187c15]). Zebrafish also have multiple antizyme genes, which differ in their expression patterns and activities ([@cdd187c36]). Numerous studies have addressed the regulation of fungal ODC in response to exogenously added polyamines. In the cases examined, *Physarum polycephalum* ([@cdd187c24]), *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* ([@cdd187c6]; [@cdd187c42]) and *Neurospora crassa* ([@cdd187c3]; [@cdd187c45]), added polyamines, especially spermidine, result in significant repression of ODC activity. The mechanisms of repression seem to vary from fungus to fungus and are apparently different from the mechanism of polyamine-dependent regulation of ODC in higher eukaryotes. In some cases, the existence of an antizyme-like protein has been suggested but has either been disproved, as in the case of *N.crassa* ([@cdd187c3]), or has never been substantiated, as is the case with *S.cerevisiae*. As expected from their small cationic nature and ability to neutralize negative charges locally, polyamines play key roles in processes ranging from the functioning of certain ion channels ([@cdd187c44]), nucleic acid packaging, DNA replication, apoptosis, transcription and translation. The role of polyamines can be complex as illustrated by the transfer of the butylamine moiety of spermidine to a lysine residue to form hypusine in mammalian translation initiation factor eIF-5A, the only known substrate for this reaction ([@cdd187c41]; [@cdd187c17]). Spermine negatively regulates the growth of prostatic carcinoma cells at their primary site ([@cdd187c38]), but at later stages of tumor progression it fails to induce antizyme, which correlates with cells becoming refractory to spermine ([@cdd187c16]). Lack of antizyme function is also important in the early de-regulation of cellular proliferation in oral tumors ([@cdd187c43]) and probably others. The levels of polyamines are altered in many tumors, and inhibitors of polyamine synthesis are being tested for antiproliferative and cell death effects. The synthesis of ODC varies during the cell cycle in normal cells ([@cdd187c20]; [@cdd187c7]). It is induced by many growth stimuli and is constitutively elevated in transformed cells ([@cdd187c32]; [@cdd187c2]) with some phosphorylated ODC being translocated to the surface membrane where it is important for mitotic cytoskeleton rearrangement events ([@cdd187c9]). Antizyme is one example of certain mRNA-contained signals that can elevate specific frameshifting \>1000-fold above the background level of normal translational errors. In addition to antizyme, frameshifting is also involved in the decoding of some bacterial and yeast genes and especially in many mammalian Retroviruses and Coronaviruses, plant viruses and bacterial insertion sequences ([@cdd187c1]). The site of frameshifting in both mammalian antizyme 1 and 2 mRNAs is [UCC U]{.ul}GA, where quadruplet translocation occurs at UCCU (underlined) to shift reading to the +1 frame, immediately before the UGA stop codon of the initiating frame ([@cdd187c22]; [@cdd187c11]). For the frameshifting to occur with an efficiency of 20% or more, it is important that the 3′ base of the quadruplet is the first base of a stop codon. Other important features are a pseudoknot just 3′ of the shift site and a specific sequence 5′ of the shift site ([@cdd187c22]; [@cdd187c11]). A pseudoknot 3′ of the shift site is a common stimulator for eukaryotic --1 frameshifting, but the synthesis of antizyme is the only known case utilizing +1 frameshifting. Comparative analysis of RNA sequences from different organisms is informative about important features and the different options selected by evolution. Since most of the known examples of programmed frameshifting are in viruses or chromosomal mobile elements, the opportunity for comparison of frameshift cassettes in divergent organisms where the time of divergence can be approximated is limited. A start has been made with the frameshifting required for bacterial release factor 2 expression ([@cdd187c34]), but antizyme provides the first opportunity for such a comparison in eukaryotes. Antizyme genes in genetically tractable lower eukaryotes would be helpful for understanding the functionally important interactions responsible for autoregulatory programmed frameshifting. Results ======= Identification of an antizyme gene in Schizosaccharomyces pombe --------------------------------------------------------------- A search for DNA sequences encoding protein sequences homologous to *Drosophila melanogaster* antizyme ([@cdd187c12]) and *Homo sapiens* antizyme 1 identified the same *S.pombe* anonymous cDNA clone (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession No. D89228). The similarity is limited (∼10% identity, 24% similarity to both human antizyme 1 and *D.melanogaster* antizyme); however, it is highest in regions that are most highly conserved among the previously identified antizymes (Figure [1](#cdd187f1){ref-type="fig"}A). Closer examination of the cDNA nucleotide sequence provided further evidence that it encodes an *S.pombe* homolog of antizyme. The initiating AUG codon for the ORF that is similar to higher eukaryotic antizymes (ORF2 of those genes) is not the 5′-most AUG in this cDNA. In fact, there are eight AUGs closer to the 5′ end. The first or the second AUGs would initiate translation of an ORF (ORF1) that overlaps the longer downstream ORF (ORF2) such that a +1 translational frameshifting event in the overlap would generate a protein product analogous to the products of antizyme genes from higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, the last 12 nucleotides of ORF1 (UGG-UGC-UCC-UGA) are identical to the last 12 nucleotides of mammalian antizyme 1 ORF1s, including the frameshift site. Eleven of these 12 nucleotides are identical to the corresponding regions of all previously identified antizyme genes (Figure [1](#cdd187f1){ref-type="fig"}B). Previous experiments with the mammalian frameshift sequence tested in *S.pombe* have shown that this short 12 nucleotide sequence, by itself, is sufficient to stimulate measurable levels (up to 0.5%) of +1 frameshifting ([@cdd187c13]). To confirm the ORF configuration of the putative *S.pombe* antizyme gene, a region corresponding to the two overlapping ORFs plus ∼80 nucleotides of the 5′ UTR and 370 nucleotides of the 3′ UTR, was amplified from both *S.pombe* genomic DNA and a cDNA library. The sequence of the amplified DNA confirmed that there are indeed two overlapping ORFs with the deduced configuration. This sequence (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession No. AF217277) differs from the previously sequenced cDNA clone by three nucleotides (two in the coding region and one in the 3′ UTR); one changes an alanine codon to proline, another is a silent mutation within a proline codon. Since the sequences from the cDNA library and genomic DNA are identical, we conclude that the differences with clone No. D89228 are most likely due to strain variation. This gene contains no introns within the amplified region. The *S.pombe* protein was tested for antizyme activity using a gene fusion with glutathione *S*-transferase (*GST*). In this construct, ORF1 and ORF2 of antizyme are fused in-frame by deleting the T nucleotide that encodes U of the stop codon of ORF1. This GST--antizyme fusion gene was expressed in *Escherichia coli* and the protein was purified by affinity chromatography. ODC inhibitory activity was tested by incubating the recombinant antizyme protein with an *S.pombe* crude extract and then assaying the mixture for ODC activity. The results (Figure [2](#cdd187f2){ref-type="fig"}) show that the recombinant protein can inhibit *S.pombe* ODC. GST alone (1 µg) does not inhibit *S.pombe* ODC (data not shown). In light of these results, the *S.pombe* gene will be called [S.[p]{.ul}ombe]{.ul} ODC [a]{.ul}ntizyme (*SPA*). Interestingly, the *S.pombe* ODC was also inhibited by mouse antizyme 1 and antizyme 2 (both expressed as GST fusions); however, the yeast fusion protein did not inhibit mouse ODC (data not shown). Deletion and overexpression of SPA ---------------------------------- Although the effects of overexpression of antizyme on cellular physiology have been tested previously in mammalian cells, the physiological changes associated with complete absence of antizyme activity have not yet been investigated because of the complication of multiple antizymes. The single *S.pombe* antizyme provides the chance to explore a knockout. *SPA* deletion strains were generated by replacing the two ORFs of the gene with the ORFs of either *URA4* or *LEU2* (see Materials and methods). Complete deletion of *SPA* (both ORFs) did not affect the viability of *S.pombe* cells in rich (YE) or minimal (MM) media. Temperature had no differential effect on mutant and wild-type cell growth. Similarly, the growth rates, mating efficiencies and overall morphology of the knockout strains are apparently indistinguishable from those of wild-type cells (results not shown). In wild-type *S.pombe* cells the most abundant polyamine is spermidine followed by putrescine (Figure [3](#cdd187f3){ref-type="fig"}). Spermine and cadaverine are found in much smaller amounts. This distribution of polyamine content is very similar to that in other fungi for which polyamine concentrations have been measured (for references, see review by [@cdd187c40]). The effect of *SPA* deletion on cellular polyamine contents was examined in both exponentially growing and stationary phase cells (Figure [3](#cdd187f3){ref-type="fig"}). The cellular concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and cadaverine (but not spermine) were higher in the knockout strains than in wild-type cells. The greatest effect was seen on putrescine and cadaverine content, with smaller effects on spermidine, presumably because eukaryotic ODC activity directly catalyzes decarboxylation of both ornithine and lysine to produce putrescine and cadaverine, respectively ([@cdd187c33]), but subsequent regulatory events affect homeostasis of spermidine and spermine. The effect of inactivating antizyme on the polyamine contents in exponentially growing cells is modest (\<2-fold in all cases). The effect becomes very pronounced in cells in stationary phase with up to 40- and 10-fold increases of putrescine and cadaverine contents, respectively, in the knockout strains. To test overexpression of *SPA*, two versions of the gene were cloned into pREP3 expression vector behind a strong, thiamine-repressible promoter (nmt1). One had the wild-type *SPA* sequence while in the second, ORF1 and ORF2 are fused in-frame. *SPA* wild type and an *SPA* deletion strain were transformed with each of the overexpression constructs. Derepression of the nmt1 promoter is a gradual process since it requires dilution of the intracellular pool of thiamine (the repressor) through cell division. After 2.5 days of exponential growth under derepressed conditions, yeast strains transformed with either *SPA* overexpression construct show significant increases in doubling time (Figure [4](#cdd187f4){ref-type="fig"}A). The growth inhibition is greater with the construct expressing the in-frame version of *SPA* and after prolonged incubation (5--7 days); these cells cease growth and accumulate in G~1~ as determined by flow cytometry (data not shown). The fact that the in-frame overexpression construct, which differs by a single nucleotide from the wild-type construct, confers a more severe phenotype is consistent with the hypothesis that translational frameshifting is required for expression of *SPA*. The growth phenotype associated with *SPA* overexpression is only partially relieved by adding 100 µM putrescine to the media (1 mM had no further effect) (data not shown). To see whether the slower growth is correlated with aberrant polyamine levels the polyamine contents of the deletion strain carrying in-frame *SPA* overexpression vector were measured under derepressed and repressed conditions, in both cases after 2 days of exponential growth (Figure [4](#cdd187f4){ref-type="fig"}B). As expected, overexpression of *SPA* results in significant reduction in the intracellular levels of all four polyamines. After longer (4--5 days) incubation under derepressed conditions, no putrescine and cadaverine can be detected (data not shown). Translational frameshifting during expression of SPA ---------------------------------------------------- Previously, we developed an assay for measuring antizyme translational frameshifting in both *S.cerevisiae* ([@cdd187c23]) and *S.pombe* ([@cdd187c13]). Briefly, the nucleotide sequence to be assayed is inserted between *GST* and *lacZ*, such that ORF1 of the assayed sequence is fused in-frame to *GST*, while ORF2 is fused in-frame to *lacZ*. β-galactosidase activity provides a measure of frameshifting efficiency. To determine whether translational frameshifting occurs in the overlap of ORF1 and ORF2 of *SPA*, a region of *SPA* including all but the first codon of ORF1 plus 180 nucleotides downstream of the ORF1 stop codon was tested. +1 frameshifting occurred at 2.2% compared with a construct in which ORF1 and ORF2 are fused in-frame. This result is consistent with +1 frameshifting being crucial for expression of *SPA*. Previous experiments have shown that the frameshift cassette of mammalian antizyme 1 can direct efficient +1 frameshifting when tested in *S.pombe*. The reverse experiment was conducted here. The *SPA* gene was translated *in vitro* in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and its resulting frameshift efficiency measured. With no addition of polyamines, frameshifting efficiency is ∼1.5%. Addition of spermidine to the translation mixture to a final concentration of 1 mM results in a 3.7-fold increase in frameshifting to ∼5.5%, a level even higher than that observed in the endogenous system *in vivo* (autoradiogram not shown). The observed efficiency of frameshifting with the *SPA* frameshifting cassette *in vivo* in *S.pombe* is significantly more than that expected from its limited nucleotide similarity to the antizyme frameshift sites of higher eukaryotes. This prompted a search for additional stimulatory elements within the *SPA* frameshift cassette. The following experiments were done in a strain carrying deletion of *SPA* (high polyamines) because it gives higher frameshifting and higher β-galactosidase activity in general; however, we obtained similar ratios for mutant to wild-type frameshifting efficiency in a strain with the intact *SPA* gene. Deleting 5′ sequences up to the third to last sense codon of ORF1 has little or no effect on frameshifting efficiency. Deleting all but the last sense codon (UCC) of ORF1 leads to a 4- to 5-fold reduction in frameshifting efficiency (Figure [5](#cdd187f5){ref-type="fig"}A). This implies that the conservation of the six nucleotides 5′ of the UCC-UGA frameshift site is due to their importance for stimulating +1 frameshifting. It also suggests that no additional ORF1 sequences of *SPA* stimulate the +1 recoding event. The 180 nucleotide 3′ region was searched for possible structure by computer RNA folding algorithms plus visual inspection. The algorithms predicted several minimal structures in that region. 3′ deletion constructs (constructs del.3,3′--81,3′) tested the importance of any putative structure on the frameshifting efficiency. The results (Figure [5](#cdd187f5){ref-type="fig"}B and C) show that all of these deletions lead to a significant (∼10-fold) reduction in +1 frameshifting, indicating the presence of a major 3′ stimulatory element in the 180 nucleotide region immediately following the frameshift site of *SPA*. However, the results indicate that none of the putative RNA structures in this region are sufficient for the activity of this element. Several additional 3′ deletions delineated the boundaries of this stimulatory element from the frameshift site to 150 and 180 nucleotides downstream (since construct del.150,3′ stimulates 5.5-fold more +1 frameshifting than del.129,3′, 150 nucleotides downstream probably contain most of the 3′ stimulator). In the experiments described above, two of the characteristics of the autoregulatory circuit of mammalian antizyme 1 were confirmed: *SPA* inhibition of ODC and the +1 translational frameshifting. The key question left is whether the recoding event is responsive to polyamine levels in cells. As shown above, overexpression of *SPA* leads to significant reduction of polyamine levels in *S.pombe*. An *SPA*^+^ strain was co-transformed with an *SPA* wild-type overexpressing plasmid (cells overexpressing wild-type *SPA* grow slowly but continuously) and a construct that monitors the +1 frameshifting from an *SPA* frameshift sequence. The +1 frameshifting was compared with that in *SPA* non-overexpressing cells (in both cases frameshifting was measured relative to in-frame control). The results (Figure [6](#cdd187f6){ref-type="fig"}) show a significant reduction (6.5-fold) in frameshifting efficiency in *SPA*-overproducing cells that correlates with a decrease of polyamine content (4.5-fold for putrescine and 3.9-fold for spermidine). This indicates that polyamines modulate the frameshifting efficiency of *SPA*. An alternative but less likely possibility is that SPA overexpression reduces frameshifting because high levels of SPA transcript titrate some factor limiting for frameshifting. The *SPA* frameshift signals direct 2-fold more frameshifting in Δ*spa*::*LEU2* cells (4.4%) than in *SPA*^+^ cells (in both cases the measurement is done during stationary phase); however, the relatively high standard deviations for both measurements make it difficult to draw firm conclusions from this particular result. Identification of antizyme genes in nematodes --------------------------------------------- A search of *Caenorhabditis elegans* expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences with mammalian antizyme 1 sequence identified 20 clones. These sequences could be deconvoluted into a contiguous cDNA sequence. Primers designed on the basis of this sequence were used to PCR amplify and subclone this cDNA from a *C.elegans* cDNA library. The sequence of the subcloned cDNA was confirmed (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession No. AF217278); the subsequently released genomic sequence of this *C.elegans* gene (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession No. AF040659) confirms our cDNA data. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA sequence revealed that the longer ORF has similarity to previously reported antizyme sequences (overall 27% identity, 39% similarity to human antizyme 1; 19% identity, 34% similarity to *Drosophila* antizyme). These similarities are higher than that of *SPA* to these two antizyme genes and again are concentrated in the regions most highly conserved among previously identified antizymes (Figure [1](#cdd187f1){ref-type="fig"}A). Just like mammalian antizymes, the longer ORF (ORF2) lacks an appropriate in-frame initiation codon, and expression could be provided by initiation in a short upstream overlapping ORF (ORF1) leading to +1 ribosomal frameshifting in the overlap. The putative *C.elegans* antizyme frameshift site (the nucleotides proximal to the end of ORF1) has 18 of 26 nucleotides identical to the consensus sequence for antizyme frameshift sites (Figure [1](#cdd187f1){ref-type="fig"}B). Frameshifting for expression of *C.elegans* antizyme was investigated in heterologous systems. Two constructs containing the entire antizyme cDNA, one with the wild-type sequence and one with a single nucleotide deletion that fuses ORF1 to ORF2 in-frame (in-frame control), were transcribed *in vitro* and the RNA was translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The products were examined by SDS--PAGE (Figure [7](#cdd187f7){ref-type="fig"}). The main product from both constructs has an apparent *M*~r~ of 21 kDa, slightly greater than the predicted *M*~r~ of 17.7 kDa \[aberrant, slower than expected, mobility is observed with antizyme proteins from other species ([@cdd187c11])\]. From the ratio of wild-type to in-frame product, we estimate that the efficiency of frameshifting of *C.elegans* antizyme in reticulocyte lysate is ∼0.8%, which is somewhat lower than *SPA* frameshifting in the same system. Addition of spermidine to the translation reactions almost doubles the efficiency of frameshifting to ∼1.5% (the exact numbers are not easy to determine because of difficulty in defining background values). The frameshifting properties of *C.elegans* antizyme mRNA were also tested *in vivo* in *S.pombe* cells. A sequence including all but the first codon of ORF1 plus 180 nucleotides downstream was inserted between *GST* and *lacZ* of the PIU-LAC plasmid. Comparison of the β-galactosidase activity of cells (Δ*spa*::*LEU2* strain) transformed with the wild-type construct and the in-frame control constructs indicated 3.5% +1 frameshifting. From the frameshifting observed in the heterologous systems, as well as the sequence considerations discussed above, we conclude that expression of this *C.elegans* gene requires ribosomal frameshifting. Searching the EST database with the newly discovered *C.elegans* antizyme identified antizyme orthologs in four other nematode species. In two cases (*Necator americanus* and *Haemonchus contortus*), the cDNA sequences in the database were sufficient to make contigs of the complete coding regions. In the other two cases \[*Onchocerca volvulus* (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession No. AF217279) and *Pristioncus pacificus* (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession No. AF217280)\] the complete cDNA sequences were obtained by PCR amplifying and sequencing the full genes from cDNA libraries. As with the previously identified eukaryotic antizyme genes, the ORF configuration of the newly found nematode orthologs implies the necessity for +1 frameshifting for synthesis of full-length protein. The *C.elegans* antizyme mRNA frameshift site UUU-UGA is unique, differing from the UCC-UGA of previously known antizyme mRNAs. The *C.elegans* antizyme gene shares this feature with *N.americanus* and *H.contortus* but not with *P.pacificus* and *O.volvulus* antizymes. The phylogenetic tree of nematode antizyme protein sequences matches exactly the phylogenetic relationship ([@cdd187c4]) of the nematodes expressing them, indicating that these gene sequences are the result of divergent evolution within the nematode lineage (data not shown). These results also show that the UUU-UGA frameshift site evolved after the last common ancestor of *P.pacificus* and *C.elegans* but before the divergence of *C.elegans, N.americanus* and *H.contortus* (probably 450--500 million years ago). The ability of UUU-UGA sequence to direct +1 frameshifting was further tested in a mammalian system in the context of the mammalian antizyme mRNA (i.e. in the presence of the 3′ RNA pseudoknot and 5′ stimulator). A BMV-coat-protein--antizyme 1 gene fusion construct, which has a TCC-TGA to TTT-TGA substitution, was transcribed and then translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Eleven percent frameshift efficiency was seen in the absence of exogenously added polyamines, 2.2 times the efficiency seen with the UCC-UGA transcript. The frameshift efficiency becomes 18% when 0.6 mM spermidine is added, which is 1.3 times that with the wild type ([@cdd187c22]). Similar results were obtained in cultured mammalian (Cos7) cells transfected with TTT-TGA mutant construct, the frameshift being higher than that of wild-type construct in both high- and low-polyamine conditions (our unpublished results). These results demonstrate that the putative *C.elegans* frameshift site (UUU-UGA) is, if anything, shiftier than UCC-UGA in the antizyme 1 context and is subject to polyamine stimulation. Discussion ========== The results presented show that the yeast *S.pombe* has a homolog of mammalian antizyme. This is the first documented example of antizyme-type regulation of ODC in a lower eukaryote. Deleting *SPA* from the yeast genome has no detectable effect on viability or any other overt phenotypic effect but, as expected, it results in altered accumulation of polyamines in the cell. Interestingly, the effect is most pronounced in cells in stationary phase, where the knockout cells accumulate up to 40 times more putrescine than wild-type counterparts. This compares with a \<2-fold increase of putrescine in exponentially growing cells. A likely explanation for this observation is that the usual rate of ornithine decarboxylation in exponentially growing cells is close to capacity given 'normal' concentrations of substrate, enzyme and product. At the same time, all newly synthesized polyamines are continuously diluted through cell growth and division at a rate that is almost identical to the rate of maximum capacity synthesis. Cells in stationary phase can no longer dilute newly synthesized polyamines, and more importantly lack an effective antizyme- independent mechanism of shutting off ODC. This suggests that SPA is the primary regulator of ODC activity in *S.pombe*, not only during cell growth (short term regulation) but also in non-dividing cells (longer term regulation). Overexpression of *SPA* (5--7 days derepression) leads to complete depletion of intracellular putrescine. This result implies that in *S.pombe* ornithine decarboxylation is the only source of putrescine synthesis (the pathway from arginine via agmatine is not utilized). The complete depletion of cadaverine in *SPA* overexpressing cells suggests that ODC is the only enzyme in *S.pombe* that can decarboxylate lysine, which is also the case in rat tissues ([@cdd187c33]). It is somewhat perplexing that addition of putrescine to the media leads to only partial relief of the growth phenotype associated with SPA overexpression. There are two likely explanations. (i) Perhaps *S.pombe* imports putrescine poorly. (ii) Alternatively, like the mammalian system, maybe SPA inhibits not only ODC but also the polyamine transporter. Further experiments will help to distinguish between these two models. It is unclear how widespread the antizyme gene is within the fungal kingdom. We have identified and cloned antizyme homologs from two other fission yeasts (*Schizosaccharomyces octosporus* and *Schizosaccharomyces japonicus*) and from two distantly related fungi (*Botryotinia fuckeliana* and *Emericella nidulans*) (our unpublished results). The antizyme frameshift site of the latter two fungi has evolved in a unique way different from all other known antizymes, but nevertheless even these two distantly related fungi have conserved the autoregulatory +1 frameshifting. The fact that the yeast *S.pombe* has an antizyme gene suggests the possibility that the higher eukaryotic metazoans may all have an antizyme gene. The only previously reported antizyme activity in unicellular organisms is from *E.coli*, but recent analyses suggest that *E.coli* does not have a true antizyme ([@cdd187c14]). This makes *SPA* the first bona fide antizyme in a unicellular organism. The remarkable similarity of the core sequence important for antizyme frameshifting from *S.pombe* to humans could be due to convergent or divergent evolution. The near identity of this sequence in worms, *Drosophila, Xenopus*, zebrafish and humans argues against convergent evolution, as if antizyme frameshifting arose in a common ancestor perhaps more than one billion years ago. Three *cis*-acting RNA elements are known to stimulate mammalian antizyme 1 frameshifting. One is a 50 nucleotide sequence immediately 5′ of the shift site ([@cdd187c22]; our unpublished results). A second stimulator is the UGA stop codon of ORF1 and the third is an RNA pseudoknot starting 3 nucleotides 3′ of the UGA stop codon. Among frameshift sites of the previously identified antizymes from mammals all the way to *Drosophila*, there is substantial similarity in the sequences immediately 5′ of the shift site. Sixteen of the last 18 nucleotides of ORF1 are completely conserved in these genes. *Schizosaccharomyces pombe* and *C.elegans* antizymes have 9 of 9 and 6 of 9 (14 out of 19 in *O.volvulus*) nucleotides identical to the consensus, respectively. For the 5′ sequences, generally, the more distantly related two antizymes are, the more the similarity is confined to the 3′ end of that region. Our *SPA* ORF1 deletion data show that mutation of nucleotides that are part of the 5′ consensus sequence leads to reduced frameshifting efficiency. This is another indication that conservation of nucleotide sequence in this region is because of its importance for stimulating efficient +1 frameshifting. It is quite striking that in all antizyme gene sequences identified so far, including a number of unpublished ones, ORF1 ends with a UGA stop codon. This is particularly surprising since any of the other two stop codons can substitute for UGA to stimulate antizyme 1 frameshifting, although slightly less efficiently, *in vitro* ([@cdd187c22]) and *in vivo* (our unpublished results). The 3′ pseudoknot that stimulates frameshifting in antizyme 1 is highly conserved in all known vertebrate antizymes, including mammalian antizyme 2 (Figure [1](#cdd187f1){ref-type="fig"}B). None of the invertebrate antizyme mRNAs identified so far, including those presented here, has a sequence in the equivalent region that can be simply folded to a comparable RNA structure. However, sequences immediately 3′ of the frameshift site are conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates. The conservation of this region between *Drosophila* and the vertebrate counterparts has already been noted ([@cdd187c12]). The *C.elegans* antizyme gene contains the sequence YGYCCCYCA (Y = pyrimidine) in this region, which is identical to the consensus. The antizyme genes from the other four nematodes also have a similar sequence (Figure [1](#cdd187f1){ref-type="fig"}B). The significance of this similarity is not clear \[in fact, sequences in this region appear to play no role in antizyme 1 *in vitro* frameshifting outside of the RNA pseudoknot context ([@cdd187c22])\]. Only two examples are known where RNA elements 3′ of the frameshift site stimulate +1 frameshifting. One is the RNA pseudoknot of mammalian antizyme 1 and the second is a short RNA sequence immediately following the frameshift site of Ty3 ([@cdd187c5]). Additional examples would be very helpful in deciphering the role such elements play in the mechanism of +1 frameshifting. It is currently not known how many and which of the invertebrate antizyme genes contain 3′ frameshift stimulators. The results presented here show that an *S.pombe* 3′ stimulator enhances frameshifting ∼10-fold. This stimulator appears completely different from the 3′ RNA pseudoknot in vertebrates. Our deletion experiments indicate that none of the predicted RNA structures contained within the minimally required 3′ region \[up to 150--180 nucleotides downstream of the frameshift site (Figure [5](#cdd187f5){ref-type="fig"}C)\] are sufficient to confer the stimulatory effect. The *SPA* 3′ stimulator may act directly through sequence or may have an unusual RNA structure involving non-Watson--Crick base pairing. More detailed mutagenesis combined with phylogenetic analysis would be required to discern the nature of the 3′ stimulator of *SPA*. The nematode antizymes were analyzed for the presence of possible 5′ or 3′ stimulators flanking the core frameshift site. Computer RNA folding programs did not identify any potentially interesting structure. More importantly, phylogenetic analysis with the five identified nematode antizymes failed to identify any conservation of primary RNA sequence (or for that matter potential secondary structure) outside of the core region that is shared between two or more members. This could indicate that no such extra *cis*-acting stimulators exist in nematode antizymes or that they are located in a very different place within the mRNA, for example the 3′ untranslated region (the latter suggestion is not supported by our sequence analysis). A common mechanism for frameshifting is re-pairing of the peptidyl tRNA in the new reading frame. However, an alternative mechanism whereby the peptidyl tRNA merely occludes the first base of the next codon, has been documented for yeast Ty3 frameshifting ([@cdd187c5]). Results of experiments with some mutants of the mammalian antizyme 1 shift site pointed to an occlusion mechanism ([@cdd187c22]). However, the mechanism with the wild-type, UCC-UGA, shift site is not clear. For *C.elegans* antizyme the UUU-UGA sequence would be an obvious candidate for a re-pairing since Phe-tRNA could pair perfectly with UUU in both frames. But with UCC-UGA the Ser-tRNA first reading UCC could at best pair two out of three with CCU. This important problem warrants further investigation. The frameshift efficiency of *SPA* frameshift site is lower than that observed with mammalian antizyme 1 even when both are tested in the same organism (*S.pombe*) \[for the frameshift efficiency of antizyme 1 cassette in *S.pombe*, see [@cdd187c13]\]. It is possible that the observed efficiencies for *S.pombe* antizyme are artificially low because the constructs do not include all the *cis*-acting stimulatory elements. On the other hand there is no reason why a lower level of frameshifting does not correctly reflect the evolved balance with the other characteristics of the complex system such as relative protein stabilities. Like other core cellular processes, the antizyme polyamine regulatory scheme is conserved from yeast *S.pombe* to human. It is not obvious why this very special mechanism is so exquisitely preserved over vast evolutionary time. Perhaps there is another whole aspect to the system that our experiments do not yet detect. From this viewpoint it would seem very important to exploit the genetics systems of *S.pombe* and *C.elegans* to understand more thoroughly the physiological effects of perturbing the antizyme system. Materials and methods ===================== DNA manipulation and sequencing ------------------------------- The *SPA* gene was amplified using the following primers: 5′-CAAAACAAGTTTTCATTATTGGTTTTTTTTAAATCAATCCCC (sense) and 5′-CGTAAATCCAATCTAAATTTAATCTTCAACTAAATCATGAAAAGCCTC (antisense). The *S.pombe* cDNA library used as a template in the amplification was kindly provided by R.Rowley (University of Utah). The *C.elegans* antizyme gene was amplified using the following primers: 5′-CCCAG[GAATTC]{.ul}CTCGAGTATTTTGA GTATAATTTTAC (sense) and 5′-CGGCCG[CTCGAG]{.ul}TTAGACCTT GTAGCTCATGATG (antisense). This same amplified DNA was used to make the constructs for *in vitro* transcription and translation of *C.elegans* antizyme by cloning it into pTZ18U plasmid using the *Sac*I and *Hin*dIII sites incorporated in the two primers. The in-frame construct was made using a two-step PCR. The cDNA sequences of *O.volvulus* and *P.pacificus* antizyme genes were obtained by performing 5′ and 3′ RACE PCR with cDNA libraries, which were kindly provided by Ralf Sommer (*P.pacificus*) and Susan Haynes (*O.volvulus*). The *SPA* overexpression constructs were made by amplifying the gene with the primers 5′-GCATCCGAATTCCCAAATCCAAGCATCATACGCC (sense) and 5′-GCATCC[GGATCC]{.ul}GCCAGTGTTCTTACTTTGAGA TGC (antisense), and then inserting *Bam*HI-digested product between the *Msc*I and *Bam*HI sites of pREP3 plasmid. The in-frame construct was made by two-step PCR and subsequently all in-frame *SPA* constructs described below were made by one-step PCR using this plasmid's DNA as a template. To make the constructs for frameshift assays in *S.pombe*, DNA fragments with a given nucleotide length (as described in the main text), were amplified from both the *SPA* and *C.elegans* antizyme constructs described above. These fragments were then cloned between the *Kpn*I and *Bst*EII sites of PIU-LAC plasmid ([@cdd187c13]). The PCR primers included an 'AC' spacer between the 5′ cloning site (*Bst*EII) and the antizyme sequences in order to correct the reading frame. The *in vivo* frameshifting assays in *S.pombe* (strains *ura4*-*D18 leu1*-*32 ade6*-*M216 h*^--^ and Δ*spa*::*LEU2 ura4*-*D18 leu1*-*32 ade6*-*M216 h*^--^) were done as described ([@cdd187c13]). The plasmid for *GST*--*SPA* expression was made by PCR amplifying *SPA* (all but the first codon of ORF1 through the downstream ORF2) from an in-frame template and cloning the product into the *Eco*RI and *Xho*I restriction sites of pGEX-5X-3 plasmid. The antizyme frameshift site in the BMV-coat-antizyme fusion construct (C3NE) ([@cdd187c22]) was mutated with a two-step PCR. To generate the two knockout strains, Δ*spa::URA4* and Δ*spa*::*LEU2*, both ORFs of *SPA* were replaced exactly with the ORF of either *URA4* or *LEU2*. To accomplish this, two pairs of primers amplified *URA4* and *LEU2* such that 50--60 nucleotides, which normally flank the two ORFs of *SPA*, flank the ORFs of the two genes. The amplified DNA products were gel purified and 2 µg of each were used to electroporate into *ura4*-*D18 leu1*-*32 ade6*-*M216 h*^--^ cells. URA^+^ and LEU^+^ transformants were selected by growth on URA^--^ and LEU^--^ media, respectively. PCR screen and partial sequencing, with primers flanking the regions used for the homologous recombination, confirmed the *SPA* disruptions. All DNA clones were sequenced with automated sequencing machines (ABI 100). ODC antizyme assays ------------------- *Schizosaccharomyces pombe* ODC active crude extracts were prepared as follows: *S.pombe* (strain 1519, *leu1*-*32, h*^--^) provided by R.Rowley was grown to OD~600~ 0.7 in 50 ml of minimal media + LEU. Ten milligrams of lysing enzymes (Sigma) were added, followed by continued incubation for 30 min at 30°C. Cells were harvested and washed once with cold homogenization buffer \[25 mM Tris--HCl pH 7, 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 20 µM pyridoxal-5-phosphate, 2 mM EDTA\] then resuspended in 0.75 ml of homogenization buffer. Cells were broken open and the lysate was clarified by centrifugation at 10 000 r.p.m. for 15 min at 4°C. Extracts were dialyzed overnight in dialysis buffer (25 mM Tris--HCl pH 7.4, 1 mM DTT, 20 µM pyridoxal-5-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA). A volume of 25 µl of extract was used for each ODC assay. ODC activity was assayed by measuring the release of ^14^CO~2~ from [l]{.smallcaps}-\[1-^14^C\]ornithine (Amersham) as described ([@cdd187c31]). Each reaction took 1 h. Pre-incubation of *S.pombe* extract with 0.1 mM difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) for 15 min led to \>99% inhibition of ^14^CO~2~ release. Polyamine measurements ---------------------- The cells were collected by centrifugation, washed twice with 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and then the pellet was frozen at --80°C until use. The pellet was resuspended in 0.1 ml of PBS. An aliquot of the suspension was mixed with an equal volume of 8% perchloric acid, vortexed for 1 min, kept on ice for 5 min and centrifuged at 15 000 r.p.m., 4°C for 5 min. Ten microliters of the supernatant were subjected to polyamine analysis using fluorometry on high-performance liquid chromatography as described previously ([@cdd187c27]). Protein concentrations were determined with the BCA protein assay kit (Pierce). In vitro transcription and translation -------------------------------------- The experiments with the BMV-coat-antizyme fusion constructs were performed as described previously ([@cdd187c22]). All other plasmid DNA templates were prepared using QIAGEN Miniprep Kit and then digested with *Hin*dIII. Transcripts for SPA *in vitro* translation were made from PCR templates that had a T7 promoter incorporated into the PCR primers. Linearized DNA (1 µg) was used as a template for *in vitro* transcription with Ambion MEGAshortscript^TM^ T7 Kit. The DNase-treated RNAs were recovered and resuspended in 40 µl of RNase-free water. One microliter of each specified transcript suspension was used in each *in vitro* translation reaction \[0.5 µl of 1 mM amino acid mix --Met, 7 µl of reticulocyte lysate (Promega), 0.5 µl of \[^35^S\]Met (Amersham)\] to a total volume of 10 µl. The reactions were stopped by adding 1 µl of RNase (10 mg/ml). The frameshift efficiencies were quantified as described ([@cdd187c11]). Figures and Tables ================== ###### **Fig. 1.** Sequence comparison of different antizyme genes. (**A**) Amino acid comparison. Black background indicates amino acid identity among at least eight proteins. Shaded background indicates amino acid similarity among at least eight proteins. An arrow indicates the position of the frameshift site and the two most highly conserved regions are underlined. (**B**) Nucleotide sequence comparison of the frameshift sites. Black background indicates nucleotide identity among at least eight antizyme genes. The frameshift site is indicated. The stems of the vertebrate antizyme 3′ RNA pseudoknot and the 'core' sequence are underlined (PKS1 = vertebrate antizyme RNA pseudoknot stem 1; PKS2 = stem 2 of the same pseudoknot). Species abbreviations are as follows: *S.p*., *Schizosaccharomyces pombe*; *C.e*., *Caenorhabditis elegans*; *H.c*., *Haemonchus contortus*; *N.a*., *Necator americanus*; *P.p*., *Pristioncus pacificus*; *O.v*., *Onchocerca volvulus*; *D.m*., *Drosophila melanogaster*; *D.r*., *Danio rerio*; *X.l*., *Xenopus laevis*; *G.g*., *Gallus gallus*; *M.m*., *Mus musculus*; *H.s*., *Homo sapiens*.   {#cdd187f2} {#cdd187f3} ###### **Fig. 4.** Effects of SPA overexpression \[with wild type (*SPA* WT) orin-frame (*SPA* IF) constructs\] on cell growth of Δ*spa*::*URA4* and *SPA*^+^ strains (**A**) and cellular polyamine contents of Δ*spa*::*URA4* strain overexpressing *SPA* IF construct (**B**) (all in MM media).   ###### **Fig. 5.** Effects of 5′ and 3′ deletions (relative to the frameshift site) on the +1 frameshifting efficiency of *SPA*. The constructs were transformed in Δ*spa*::*LEU2 ura4*-*D18 leu1*-*32 ade6*-*M216 *h^--^ strain (high polyamine levels). (**A**) 5′ deletion data. Numbers on the *x*-axis indicate *SPA* ORF1 sense codons left \[wild type (WT) = 66 codons left\]. (**B**) 3′ deletion data. *x*-axis numbers indicate nucleotides left 3′ of the frameshift site (WT = 180 nucleotides left). \* marks constructs for which in-frames were not made. In these cases frameshifting was calculated relative to the closest available in-frame construct. (**C**) Graphical representation of the deletion data in which the deletions are shown to scale relative to the coding region of *SPA* (ORF1 + ORF2). The position and size of the WT standard is also depicted. The frameshift site is indicated by an arrow.   {#cdd187f6} {#cdd187f7} Acknowledgements ================ We thank Roy Rowley for invaluable help with *S.pombe*. We thank Jasmine Parvaz and Rebecca Sharp for technical help. This work was supported by NIH Genetics Training Grant \# 5T32GM07464-23 to I.P.I., Grants-in-Aid from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture to Y.M. and S.M., Department of Energy grant DEFG03-99ER62732 to R.F.G. and NIH grant GM48152 to J.F.A. [^1]: Corresponding author e-mail: <[email protected]>

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In the art of metal forming and, as an example, the art of metal container forming, material is fed into a reciprocating press, either in sheet form or from a coil. The press reciprocates and tooling carried by the upper and lower members of the press cooperate to stamp or blank out and subsequently form various articles from the sheet of material which is usually metal and, especially in the container industry, quite thin on the order of 0.010" thick. One of the continuing goals in the industry is to reduce the metal thickness so far as possible for economic reasons. Another object common to the industry is to increase speed and to thus obtain more finished products for each cycle of the press. Finally, the presses, particularly, again, in the container industry, have multiple sets of tooling, and these are disposed so as to make maximum use of the material, leaving only a very minimal amount of unused material. The result is to form a sheet of scrap which is sometimes referred to as a "skeleton" which is a very flimsy piece of material having a plurality of holes in it and consisting of extremely narrow interconnecting pieces of material. This material is moved through the press during operations at relatively high speeds, of course, and ultimately exits at one end. As is common in the prior art, the material is then cut for further disposition, such as recycling or disposal. As described more specifically in the following specification, the prior art generally includes a cutter blade on the reciprocating ram and a complemental cutter edge mounted on the base. The ram, as it reciprocates and forms the material, also cuts the scrap into pieces as the end of the sheet exits the press. Opposite the ram-mounted cutter is, conventionally, a backup member which is spring mounted and, in the prior art, as the press reciprocates, this member is depressed as the cutter comes down and springs back to its original position under the force of the spring. Galling often occurs as the backup member reciprocates within a bore in the press base in response to forces from the ram. This constant movement requires lubrication of the backup member as it moves up and down. Furthermore, there is a tendency to break off the head of the bolts holding the backup member after a period of use. Finally, this arrangement is subject to spring wear and ultimate failure. The current solution to problems caused by the damage or failure of the components of the backup member above noted is to virtually disassemble the top portion of the base in order to replace the backup member or the failed component. Accordingly, it is believed desirable to provide a cutter assembly which can be retrofit onto existing presses or provided as original equipment which is faster, less expensive and requires less or at least easier maintenance than the existing prior art.

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import os from platypush.context import get_plugin def get_all_plugins(): return get_plugin('inspect').get_all_plugins().output def get_all_backends(): return get_plugin('inspect').get_all_backends().output def get_all_events(): return get_plugin('inspect').get_all_events().output def get_all_responses(): return get_plugin('inspect').get_all_responses().output # noinspection DuplicatedCode def generate_plugins_doc(): plugins_index = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'docs', 'source', 'plugins.rst') plugins_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'docs', 'source', 'platypush', 'plugins') all_plugins = sorted(plugin for plugin in get_all_plugins().keys()) for plugin in all_plugins: plugin_file = os.path.join(plugins_dir, plugin + '.rst') if not os.path.exists(plugin_file): plugin = 'platypush.plugins.' + plugin header = '``{}``'.format(plugin) divider = '=' * len(header) body = '\n.. automodule:: {}\n :members:\n'.format(plugin) out = '\n'.join([header, divider, body]) with open(plugin_file, 'w') as f: f.write(out) with open(plugins_index, 'w') as f: f.write(''' Plugins ======= .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 :caption: Plugins: ''') for plugin in all_plugins: f.write(' platypush/plugins/' + plugin + '.rst\n') # noinspection DuplicatedCode def generate_backends_doc(): backends_index = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'docs', 'source', 'backends.rst') backends_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'docs', 'source', 'platypush', 'backend') all_backends = sorted(backend for backend in get_all_backends().keys()) for backend in all_backends: backend_file = os.path.join(backends_dir, backend + '.rst') if not os.path.exists(backend_file): backend = 'platypush.backend.' + backend header = '``{}``'.format(backend) divider = '=' * len(header) body = '\n.. automodule:: {}\n :members:\n'.format(backend) out = '\n'.join([header, divider, body]) with open(backend_file, 'w') as f: f.write(out) with open(backends_index, 'w') as f: f.write(''' Backends ======== .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 :caption: Backends: ''') for backend in all_backends: f.write(' platypush/backend/' + backend + '.rst\n') # noinspection DuplicatedCode def generate_events_doc(): events_index = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'docs', 'source', 'events.rst') events_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'docs', 'source', 'platypush', 'events') all_events = sorted(event for event in get_all_events().keys()) for event in all_events: event_file = os.path.join(events_dir, event[len('platypush.message.event.'):] + '.rst') if not os.path.exists(event_file): header = '``{}``'.format(event) divider = '=' * len(header) body = '\n.. automodule:: {}\n :members:\n'.format(event) out = '\n'.join([header, divider, body]) with open(event_file, 'w') as f: f.write(out) with open(events_index, 'w') as f: f.write(''' Events ====== .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 :caption: Events: ''') for event in all_events: f.write(' platypush/events/' + event[len('platypush.message.event.'):] + '.rst\n') # noinspection DuplicatedCode def generate_responses_doc(): responses_index = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'docs', 'source', 'responses.rst') responses_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'docs', 'source', 'platypush', 'responses') all_responses = sorted(response for response in get_all_responses().keys()) for response in all_responses: response_file = os.path.join(responses_dir, response[len('platypush.message.response.'):] + '.rst') if not os.path.exists(response_file): header = '``{}``'.format(response) divider = '=' * len(header) body = '\n.. automodule:: {}\n :members:\n'.format(response) out = '\n'.join([header, divider, body]) with open(response_file, 'w') as f: f.write(out) with open(responses_index, 'w') as f: f.write(''' Responses ========= .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 :caption: Responses: ''') for response in all_responses: f.write(' platypush/responses/' + response[len('platypush.message.response.'):] + '.rst\n') generate_plugins_doc() generate_backends_doc() generate_events_doc() generate_responses_doc() # vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

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Medulloblastoma. The utilization of multi-modal therapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma has improved survival rates and overall outcome. Recent large clinical trials have supported the use of radiation and chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment. Treatment advances have been made despite a poor understanding of the biological underpinnings of medulloblastoma. Current laboratory investigations are shedding light on the oncogenesis of medulloblastoma and may lead to improved treatments.

The Making of the East Area Rapist Before he was the Golden State Killer or East Area Rapist, prosecutors say Joseph DeAngelo was the Visalia Ransacker. Lilia Luciano looks at the case with former Visalia police sergeant John Vaughan.

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Glutathione-peroxidase-1 null muscle progenitor cells are globally defective. Mice lacking glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1) have decreased resistance to systemically administered oxidants as well as infections, and sustain increased damage after ischemia-reperfusion injuries. However, stem or progenitor cell function in these animals has not been studied. We characterized patterns of proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of primary muscle progenitor cells (myoblasts) from Gpx1(-/-) mice. Myoblasts are the transit amplifying compartment of skeletal muscle. All aspects of myoblast biology are negatively affected by deletion of Gpx1. In particular, passaged, proliferating Gpx1(-/-) myoblasts, when induced to differentiate into fused multinucleated myotubes, show significant impairment, and form only a few immature myotubes. This defect occurs despite increased expression of the core regulators of muscle differentiation, the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, in the Gpx1(-/-) myoblasts. Furthermore, Gpx1(-/-) myoblasts exhibited decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis compared to wild-type cells. In vivo, muscle fiber areas are decreased in Gpx1(-/-) vs wild-type mice. These data suggest that Gpx1 is important for adult muscle progenitor cell function at many levels, is necessary for integrity of muscle differentiation, and that quiescent resident stem cell populations may be particularly vulnerable to peroxide-mediated damage.

Ecomaps (drawing-based assessments of social networks) were administered to primary school-aged children in order to ascertain whether Ecomaps might be useful in universal screening. Participants included 61 children (40.9% female) aged six to ten... This study examines the relationship between parental personal mastery, parents' depressive symptoms and children's internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. Respondents in this study included 282 four- year old children randomly sampled... The present study examined the relationships between anxiety, cognitive functioning, weak central coherence, and social skills in a group of 102 children diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD; Autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, and... Louisiana. Department of Social Services. Office of Community Services--Periodicals.; Family services--Louisiana--Periodicals.; Child welfare--Louisiana--Periodicals.; Family policy--Louisiana--Periodicals.; HW 30.1: CFS/ Parent-child conversations in science museums may support children's interest and understanding of science. Researchers have been investigating programs to optimize parental guidance and deepen families' scientific exploration in museums. Inquiry... A large body of evidence suggests that short inter-pregnancy intervals negatively impact birth outcomes; however, relatively little is known about the extent to which these impacts persist beyond birth or affect children's post-natal growth and... Background: Despite the contraceptive prevalence of 67.4% in Morocco, one woman out of 10 has unmet need for birth spacing or limiting and, only one woman out of two is using modern contraception. Although, Moroccan national family program [FP] was... Louisiana. Department of Social Services. Office of Community Services--Periodicals.; Family services--Louisiana--Periodicals.; Child welfare--Louisiana--Periodicals.; Family policy--Louisiana--Periodicals.; HW 30.1: CFS/ Louisiana. Department of Social Services. Office of Community Services--Periodicals.; Family services--Louisiana--Periodicals.; Child welfare--Louisiana--Periodicals.; Family policy--Louisiana--Periodicals.; HW 30.1: CFS/ This study investigated potential ways in which student-reported stress and support levels, represented by the Ecomap stress-support index (SSI), could inform school-based universal screening efforts. Participants included 260 students in grades K... Louisiana. Department of Social Services. Office of Community Services--Periodicals.; Family services--Louisiana--Periodicals.; Child welfare--Louisiana--Periodicals.; Family policy--Louisiana--Periodicals.; HW 30.1: CFS/ Knowledge about how body parts are configured is crucial in determining appropriate strategies for achieving desired goals. Prior work suggests that this knowledge is evident in later infancy (Brownell et al., 2010; Slaughter et al., 2004),...

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Brian Spillett Brian Spillett GC (July 21st 1937 – 16 January 1965) was posthumously awarded the George Cross, the highest British (and Commonwealth) award for bravery out of combat. Spillett died of burns he received while trying to save a neighbour in Lodge Crescent, Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire in Chase Farm Hospital in Enfield. He was a Territorial Army Lance-Bombardier in P Battery, 289 Parachute Light Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery and in civilian life worked as a fitter. His George Cross was announced in a supplement to the London Gazette of 25 June 1965, and dated 29 June 1965. The London Gazette citation describes how Spillett became aware that there was a fire at a neighbouring house where three generations of a family lived. Spillett arrived, still only partly dressed, to learn that the father Mr Palmer of the family was still in the house. The whole house was already well alight, but he went in despite being held back by other neighbours. He managed to fight his way upstairs but was unable to get through to the trapped man. He himself became trapped and had to escape the flames by jumping from a first floor window. Once the fire was over, he was found in the garden of a neighbour after crawling down the garden, through the alley and thinking he was crawling to his own back door to his wife , ended up at the back door of a neighbour, badly burned and with other serious injuries, from jumping and falling through the leanto. He was taken to hospital but died a week later. He was survived by a young wife Jean and four-month-old daughter, Jacqueline Spillett. References See also List of George Cross recipients Category:1937 births Category:1965 deaths Spillet, Brian Spillet, Brian Category:Accidental deaths in England Category:People from Edmonton, London Category:Deaths from fire

Serial lumbar punctures for at least temporary amelioration of neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Serial lumbar punctures for the management of neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus without intracranial hypertension were evaluated in 16 infants. Cranial ultrasonography to evaluate ventricular size and the Ladd monitor at the anterior fontanel to measure intracranial pressure were utilized immediately before and after lumbar puncture. In 12 patients, a decrease in ventricular size and in anterior fontanel pressure could be effected with each lumbar puncture. In these infants, cessation of progression of the hydrocephalus and intermittent decreases in ventricular size were accomplished. In four patients, lumbar punctures were not successful in decreasing ventricular size or lowering intracranial pressure. Two criteria could be defined to determine whether lumbar puncture could provide at least temporary benefit for the treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. The first of these is to establish the presence of communication between lateral ventricles and lumbar subarachnoid space by effecting a decrease in ventricular size and a decrease in intracranial pressure by removal of CSF. The second criterion is to ascertain a critical volume of CSF (usually relatively large) that must be removed in order to effect the above changes. Cranial ultrasonography and measurement of intracranial pressure by application of the Ladd monitor to the anterior fontanel are extremely valuable in the evaluation of lumbar punctures in the management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.

Australia’s Best Beaches There are an awful lot of beaches in Australia and most of them are deserted. Australia boasts some of the best beaches on the planet and the huge coastline stretches for nearly 37,000 km, which includes 11,011 beaches, more than any other nation. Most of Australia’s cities and towns are situated on the coast, within a few kilometres of the ocean, which amounts to 12 million people, or 85% of Australia’s population living within one hour’s drive of the coastline. The following are just some of Australia’s best beaches. Agnes Water is Queensland’s northern most surf beach and is last in a line of beautiful, unspoilt beaches that sweep up the coast from Bundaberg. Agnes Water is also one of the closest points on the mainland to the outer Great Barrier Reef, with tours departing to Lady Musgrave Island and Fitzroy Reef. … READ MORE » Bells Beach is one of Australia’s best known beaches. If Australian surfers had their own country, Bells Beach would be the capital. Everything about Bells Beach is geared for surfing. From the shops, to the number of major surf goods manufacturers who base their global operations there, to the chilled-out disposition of the locals themselves, it’s clear that Bells Beach is a surf town. … READ MORE » Arguably Australia’s most famous beach, Bondi Beach is a mecca for tourists, lifesavers, surfers and sun worshippers. Bondi is a definitive example of Sydney’s city beach culture being only a few minutes drive from the city. Bondi Beach is home to the Bondi Surf Bathers, the oldest life saving club in Australia established in 1906. … READ MORE » Byron Bay is the easterly most point of the Australian continent, and one of the most popular surfing beaches in New South Wales. In the last 40 years, Byron Bay has transformed into a popular beach resort and alternative lifestyle. Renowned for its surfing beaches and beautiful rainforests, Byron Bay enjoys a relaxed and informal lifestyle that has become a favourite for many travellers. … READ MORE » Cable Beach is renowned as one of the most stunning beaches in the world, with twenty-two kilometres of pristine white sands fringing the tropical turquoise waters of the Indian Ocean. Washed clean every day by tides that can reach over nine metres, Cable Beach provides the ideal safe environment for swimming and relaxation. They say that the sunset at Cable Beach is the one of the most magnificent you can see in the world. The blazing red orb of the sun sets the sky alight as it sinks in the west, below the boundless horizon of the Indian Ocean. … READ MORE » One of Perth’s most popular beaches, Cottesloe is a wonderful spot to visit. Swimming, surfing, snorkelling, fishing and just sitting in the sun are all favourite pastimes at this premier beach location. The suburb abounds with old, well preserved homes from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Norfolk Pine trees, some more than 70 years old, line the streets. … READ MORE » Four Mile Beach, aptly named for the four miles of clean white sand, curves around one side of Port Douglas. Located just an hour north of Cairns, along one of Australia’s most scenic coastal routes, against a backdrop of rainforest mountains with a foreground of the Coral Sea, Port Douglas is the perfect base to explore the exceptional World Heritage areas of the Daintree and the Great Barrier Reef. … READ MORE » The Gold Coast is south-east Queensland’s playground and a holiday destination of wonderful contrasts – from the sophistication of Main Beach, the glamour of Surfers Paradise, action-packed theme parks and wildlife sanctuaries to championship golf courses, fabulous shopping and rainforest wonderlands right at the back door! It really is…the coast with the most!. … READ MORE » Hyams Beach is renowned as having the whitest sand in the world, the sun seems to reflect off of the water and sand even more so at this beach than others because it is so brilliant. It is an excellent holiday area for families. The Jervis Blue Cafe is open for breakfast and lunch and also has a great range of gourmet delights. … READ MORE » A visit to Manly by ferry provides you with the quintessential Sydney experience. The thirty-minute cruise across Sydney Harbour puts you in a relaxed mood to enjoy this easy-going and cosmopolitan suburb. With the famous surf beach on the Pacific Ocean side and a serene inner harbour beach on the other, Manly has the best of both waterfront worlds and is a popular place to swim, windsurf, parasail, snorkel, kayak, surf and scuba dive. … READ MORE » Monkey Mia is located on a unique section of World Heritage coastline only 30 minutes’ drive northeast from the town of Denham. It has a relaxed atmosphere and those who love nature will delight at the huge variety of animal and bird life found nearby. … READ MORE » Ninety Mile Beach itself is the ocean-facing edge of one giant sand dune and is the perfect place to stretch your legs and go for a short stroll. Located just over 250 kilometres from Melbourne, Ninety Mile Beach is home to some of Australia’s biggest surf fishing and provides ample opportunities for swimming, fishing, boating and sailing. … READ MORE » Visitors flock to Noosa from all over the world, many as frequent visitors and some returning to live in this exceptional coastal village. Noosa attracts a broad mix of sun-seekers from surfers and families to fashionable foodies and executive couples wanting to get away from it all. …READ MORE » Palm Beach is the exclusive, high-end of Sydney’s long stretch of the northern beaches; it’s everything you’d expect from the insular-peninsula amid the playground of the nation’s rich and famous. Palm Beach still retains traces of its early character; although mansions dominate the southern corner. Barrenjoey Head looms over North Palm Beach, which is unpatrolled at its furthest tip. … READ MORE » Scarborough is located on the west coast, just a short 15 minute drive west from the heart of Perth and is famous for its sunny weather, popular beaches and relaxed lifestyle. …READ MORE » When surf fanatics find a good thing, they stick to it. That’s why they return to Margaret River’s Surfers Point in droves. The people who named Surfers Point weren’t joking. This place looks like it was made for wave riders. The massive, powerful waves can carry for up to 500 metres on a good day. The surf can be daunting to the novice, but if you’ve got a bit of experience on a board, then you’ll find most likely find the surf the best you’ve ever come across. … READ MORE » On uninhabited Whitsunday Island near Queensland’s Great Barrier Reef, Whitehaven Beach is a four-mile (6km) expanse of pure white silica sand sloping into azure water. The beach, so dazzling that it hurts to look at without sunglasses, can be reached on a day-trip from Airlie Beach on the mainland. … READ MORE »

Departments Senior Association - Event Bereavement Support Group 05/14/14Bereavement Support for Widowed Persons – Widowed Person Outreach - Helping and Healing offers support groups for people who have been widowed two years or less: an ongoing group that meets on the 2nd and 4th Wednesdays of the month, 2:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m. at Metropolitan Memorial United Methodist Church (MMUMC)

Novel high-gluten flour physically cross-linked graphene oxide composites: Hydrothermal fabrication and adsorption properties for rare earth ions. Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were immobilized and cross-linked by high-gluten flour (HGF), and a series of biomass-GO composites with various HGF-to-GO mass ratios were fabricated through a one-step hydrothermal method. The HGF-GO composites were used as novel adsorbents to adsorb rare earth ions (REE3+: La3+, Yb3+, Y3+, Er3+ and Nd3+) from aqueous solutions, and their adsorption properties were also investigated detailly. To evaluate the physicochemical properties of HGF-GO composites and further understand the mechanisms of adsorption of REE3+ onto HGF-GO composites, the HGF-GO composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Several important condition parameters including contact time, initial REE3+concentrations, solution pH values and temperature that might affect the adsorption process were studied in detail. The maximum adsorption capacities of HGF-GO1:1 composite toward La3+, Yb3+, Y3+, Er3+ and Nd3+ were 30.32, 36.64, 32.84, 42.36 and 48.68 mg g-1, respectively. The experimental data indicated that the adsorption of REE3+ onto HGF-GO1:1 was well fitted by the pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, and the adsorption process was a spontaneous and endothermic reaction. The HGF-GO1:1 composite could be well regenerated and reused after five adsorption-desorption cycles, and its removal efficiency for Yb3+ remained as a constant of 100%.

Overcoming protein denaturation caused by irradiation in a high-flux synchrotron radiation circular dichroism beamline. It has been established that the new circular dichroism beamline CD12 has sufficiently high flux at low wavelengths to cause apparent irradiation problems with protein samples while their synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectra are being collected. The cause of this effect has been extensively investigated and is reported in an accompanying paper [Wien et al. (2005). J. Synchrotron Rad. 12, 517-523.]. Experiments suggest that localized heating of the protein sample, leading to denaturation, is the probable cause. Methods to circumvent this problem by limiting the beam flux are reported. This was achieved using either an attenuation cell of water placed beam-side of the sample cell, or limiting the beam cross-sectional area hitting the sample. Such methods are shown to result in substantial reduction or apparent complete removal of this protein denaturation over the course of collecting three successive spectra. Elimination of this denaturation problem enables multiple SRCD scans for protein samples to be collected, which are vital both for good practice and for statistically valid results.

An Earthquake in Kashmir An earthquake shook parts of Northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was of magnitude 7.6 on the Richter scale and had its epicentre in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. The death toll is expected to run into the thousands in Pakistan and scores in India. 2 thoughts on “An Earthquake in Kashmir” Yup, I guess it is time for India to directly support the jihadists in PoK instead of only indirect support. I suggest that the Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh donate $5 million to Pakistan immediately for rebuilding the jihadi camps in PoK. Indians are not be taxed enough to support those killing Indians, and more specifically those who have ethnically cleansed Kashmir of Kashmiri pandits. Search across INI Yup, I guess it is time for India to directly support the jihadists in PoK instead of only indirect support. I suggest that the Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh donate $5 million to Pakistan immediately for rebuilding the jihadi camps in PoK. Indians are not be taxed enough to support those killing Indians, and more specifically those who have ethnically cleansed Kashmir of Kashmiri pandits. The heirs of Prithviraj Chauhan are still around. Sachin Kumar Atanu, Heirs of Prithviraj Chauhan are around in Pakistan too, although converted to Muslim faith.

Drug-induced male sexual dysfunction. Many commonly used drugs can interfere with male sexual function, either by decreasing libido, interfering with erectile function, or causing absent seminal emission or retrograde ejaculation. Although drug-related effects on sexual function may be difficult to distinguish from the effects of organic disease, anxiety, or depression, it is important for the physician to be aware of the drugs most commonly associated with sexual dysfunction. This article considers these drugs and the potential mechanism by which they exert their adverse effects.

ILFC Signs LOI for up to 100 E-Jets E2 from Embraer ILFC Signs LOI for up to 100 E-Jets E2 from Embraer PR Newswire PARIS, June 17, 2013 PARIS, June 17, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Embraer S.A. (NYSE: ERJ; BM&FBOVESPA: EMBR3) signed a Letter of Intent (LOI) with International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC), a global leader in the leasing and remarketing of jet aircraft to commercial airlines, for the sale of 25 E190-E2 and 25 E195-E2. The LOI also contains options for an additional 25 E190-E2 and 25 E195-E2. "This order demonstrates the huge market potential that ILFC sees for the E2," said Paulo Cesar Silva, President and CEO, Embraer Commercial Aviation. "We thank ILFC for becoming a new E-Jets customer and for endorsing the program. As the launch customer, among leasing companies for the E2, ILFC's global footprint and its diversified operator base will ensure access for even more airlines around the world to the aircraft." With approximately 1,000 owned and managed aircraft and a range of innovative customized leasing programs, ILFC pioneered the aircraft leasing business and has maintained its leadership position for four decades offering its customers full-service advisory capabilities and invaluable knowledge of the global aircraft fleet. "We are pleased to be a lessor launch customer for the new E-Jets E2 and look forward to growing our relationship with Embraer," said ILFC Chief Executive Officer, Henri Courpron. "The introduction of the E-Jets family to our fleet is an exciting prospect, as we believe these new aircraft would bring operational efficiencies to our global customers and further strengthen our company's position as the most responsive and resourceful aircraft lessor today." The E-Jets E2 represent Embraer's commitment to continuously invest in the company's line of commercial jets and maintain its leadership in the 70 to 130 seats market. The three new airplanes (E175-E2, E190-E2, E195-E2) carry the designator "E2" which signifies generational changes in technology that have been incorporated in the design. Each of the three aircraft has the versatility for a range of single class, multi-class or high-density seat capacities to suit operator requirements with new 'look and feel' and improved comfort levels. State-of-the-art engines in combination with new aerodynamically advanced wings, new engines, full fly-by-wire flight controls, and advancements in other systems will result in double-digit improvements in fuel burn, maintenance costs, emissions and external noise. The first delivery of an E-Jets E2 (the E190-E2) is planned for the first semester of 2018. The E195-E2 is slated to enter service in 2019 and the E175-E2 in 2020. Over 950 E-Jets have been delivered to date. Currently, 65 customers from 47 countries have added Embraer E-Jets to their fleets. Follow us on Twitter: @EmbraerSA PRESS OFFICES Headquarters (Brazil) Rosana Dias [email protected] Cell: +55 12 9724 4929 Tel.: +55 12 3927 1311 Fax: +55 12 3927 2411 North America Robert Stangarone [email protected] Cell: +1 954 260 9939 Tel.: +1 954 359 3101 Fax: +1 954 359 4755 Europe, Middle East and Africa Herve Tilloy [email protected] Cell: +33 6 0864 3545 Tel.: +33 1 4938 4530 Fax: +33 1 4938 4456 China Mirage Zhong [email protected] Cell: +86 138 1191 8053 Tel.: +86 10 6598 9988 Fax: +86 10 6598 9986 Asia Pacific [email protected] Tel.: +65 6305 9955 Fax: +65 6734 8255 SOURCE Embraer S.A.

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Q: Python BeautifulSoup can't identify div tag Here I'm doing web-scraping with Python bs4. I want to filter out the div tag whose class attribute's value is a-column a-span6 a-span-last. This div tag indeed exists (as in the picture), but BeautifulSoup can't identify div tag. Wondering why? Here is the screenshot. link EDIT: Code Attached: from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import urllib.request import ssl ctx = ssl.create_default_context() ctx.check_hostname = False ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE url='https://www.amazon.com/Acer-SB220Q-Ultra-Thin-Frame-Monitor/dp/B07CVL2D2S/ref=zg_bs_electronics_35?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=YGK101A649HEC8NXXM1T' req=urllib.request.Request(url=url, headers={'User-Agent':'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'}) response=urllib.request.urlopen(url=req,context=ctx) html=response.read().decode('utf-8') soup=BeautifulSoup(html,'html.parser') soup.find_all('div','a-column a-span6 a-span-last',recursive=True) A: Ah ok. I see it. The issue is with html.parser. Depending on the parser used, you could get back different results. Read more about it here. But change to 'lxml' gave me an output: from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import urllib.request import ssl ctx = ssl.create_default_context() ctx.check_hostname = False ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE url='https://www.amazon.com/Acer-SB220Q-Ultra-Thin-Frame-Monitor/dp/B07CVL2D2S/ref=zg_bs_electronics_35?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=YGK101A649HEC8NXXM1T' req=urllib.request.Request(url=url, headers={'User-Agent':'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'}) response=urllib.request.urlopen(url=req,context=ctx) html=response.read().decode('utf-8') soup=BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml') # <----- CHANGE MADE HERE soup.find_all('div',{'class':'a-column a-span6 a-span-last'})

/* * libwebsockets - small server side websockets and web server implementation * * Copyright (C) 2010 - 2019 Andy Green <[email protected]> * * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public * License as published by the Free Software Foundation: * version 2.1 of the License. * * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU * Lesser General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, * MA 02110-1301 USA * * This is included from core/private.h if LWS_WITH_TLS */ #if !defined(__LWS_TLS_PRIVATE_H__) #define __LWS_TLS_PRIVATE_H__ #if defined(LWS_WITH_TLS) #if defined(USE_WOLFSSL) #if defined(USE_OLD_CYASSL) #if defined(_WIN32) #include <IDE/WIN/user_settings.h> #include <cyassl/ctaocrypt/settings.h> #else #include <cyassl/options.h> #endif #include <cyassl/openssl/ssl.h> #include <cyassl/error-ssl.h> #else #if defined(_WIN32) #include <IDE/WIN/user_settings.h> #include <wolfssl/wolfcrypt/settings.h> #else #include <wolfssl/options.h> #endif #include <wolfssl/openssl/ssl.h> #include <wolfssl/error-ssl.h> #define OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT #endif /* not USE_OLD_CYASSL */ #else /* WOLFSSL */ #if defined(LWS_WITH_ESP32) #define OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT #undef MBEDTLS_CONFIG_FILE #define MBEDTLS_CONFIG_FILE <mbedtls/esp_config.h> #include <mbedtls/ssl.h> #include <mbedtls/aes.h> #include <mbedtls/gcm.h> #include <mbedtls/x509_crt.h> #include "tls/mbedtls/wrapper/include/openssl/ssl.h" /* wrapper !!!! */ #else /* not esp32 */ #if defined(LWS_WITH_MBEDTLS) #include <mbedtls/ssl.h> #include <mbedtls/aes.h> #include <mbedtls/gcm.h> #include <mbedtls/x509_crt.h> #include <mbedtls/x509_csr.h> #include <mbedtls/ecp.h> #include <mbedtls/ecdsa.h> #include "tls/mbedtls/wrapper/include/openssl/ssl.h" /* wrapper !!!! */ #else #include <openssl/ssl.h> #include <openssl/evp.h> #include <openssl/err.h> #include <openssl/md5.h> #include <openssl/sha.h> #include <openssl/rsa.h> #include <openssl/bn.h> #include <openssl/aes.h> #ifdef LWS_HAVE_OPENSSL_ECDH_H #include <openssl/ecdh.h> #endif #if !defined(LWS_HAVE_EVP_MD_CTX_free) #define EVP_MD_CTX_free EVP_MD_CTX_destroy #endif #include <openssl/x509v3.h> #endif /* not mbedtls */ #if defined(OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER) #if (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x0009080afL) /* * later openssl defines this to negate the presence of tlsext... but it was * only introduced at 0.9.8j. Earlier versions don't know it exists so don't * define it... making it look like the feature exists... */ #define OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT #endif #endif #endif /* not ESP32 */ #endif /* not USE_WOLFSSL */ #endif /* LWS_WITH_TLS */ enum lws_tls_extant { LWS_TLS_EXTANT_NO, LWS_TLS_EXTANT_YES, LWS_TLS_EXTANT_ALTERNATIVE }; #if defined(LWS_WITH_TLS) typedef SSL lws_tls_conn; typedef SSL_CTX lws_tls_ctx; typedef BIO lws_tls_bio; typedef X509 lws_tls_x509; #if defined(LWS_WITH_NETWORK) #include "tls/private-network.h" #endif LWS_EXTERN int lws_context_init_ssl_library(const struct lws_context_creation_info *info); #define LWS_SSL_ENABLED(vh) (vh && vh->tls.use_ssl) extern const struct lws_tls_ops tls_ops_openssl, tls_ops_mbedtls; struct lws_ec_valid_curves { int id; const char *jwa_name; /* list terminates with NULL jwa_name */ }; LWS_EXTERN enum lws_tls_extant lws_tls_use_any_upgrade_check_extant(const char *name); LWS_EXTERN int openssl_websocket_private_data_index; LWS_EXTERN void lws_tls_err_describe(void); LWS_EXTERN int lws_tls_openssl_cert_info(X509 *x509, enum lws_tls_cert_info type, union lws_tls_cert_info_results *buf, size_t len); LWS_EXTERN int lws_tls_check_all_cert_lifetimes(struct lws_context *context); LWS_EXTERN int lws_tls_alloc_pem_to_der_file(struct lws_context *context, const char *filename, const char *inbuf, lws_filepos_t inlen, uint8_t **buf, lws_filepos_t *amount); LWS_EXTERN char * lws_ssl_get_error_string(int status, int ret, char *buf, size_t len); int lws_gencrypto_bits_to_bytes(int bits); void lws_gencrypto_destroy_elements(struct lws_gencrypto_keyelem *el, int m); /* genec */ struct lws_gencrypto_keyelem; struct lws_ec_curves; LWS_EXTERN const struct lws_ec_curves lws_ec_curves[4]; const struct lws_ec_curves * lws_genec_curve(const struct lws_ec_curves *table, const char *name); LWS_VISIBLE void lws_genec_destroy_elements(struct lws_gencrypto_keyelem *el); int lws_gencrypto_mbedtls_rngf(void *context, unsigned char *buf, size_t len); int lws_genec_confirm_curve_allowed_by_tls_id(const char *allowed, int id, struct lws_jwk *jwk); #endif #endif

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“Apple is being mischievous here,” two national security experts at the Brookings Institution warned in a blog post last week, “and the company’s self-presentation as crusading on behalf of the privacy of its customers is largely self-congratulatory nonsense.” Two days after Apple announced that it would challenge the FBI’s request for help bypassing the auto-erase function on the San Bernardino shooter’s iPhone 5c, national security scholars Susan Hennessey and Benjamin Wittes chimed into the debate with their blog post titled “Apple is Selling You a Phone, Not Civil Liberties.” “… the problem is not just that Apple is refusing all possible solutions—though the company is certainly doing that,” Hennessey and Wittes argue in their post. “The problem is that Apple is actively—and we think somewhat duplicitously—using its various positions … to map out a zone of immunity for itself, a kind of legal black hole in which nobody can force it to do anything.” After publishing their article, the pair said they received some negative responses, so they turned to Reddit to give the “Apple v. FBI” debate some expert testimony by opening themselves to users’ questions through an AMA (Ask Me Anything): “[Our article] made many of you feel feelings and evoked some strong opinions,” they explained on Reddit. “But part of our job is to put forward ideas so they can be vigorously debated and vigorously challenged and we all get smarter in the process. So here we are.” Here are the highlights from their AMA. Should Apple Have Complied? Is Creating a “Back Door” Worth the Risk? Is the FBI Telling the Truth? When redditor ElectronTwistor posed a series of questions—including whether the FBI is truly incapable of decrypting a phone and why the agency won’t accept one hacker’s offer to do it pro bono—the Brookings scholars responded pragmatically: Is “Writing Code” the Same as “Compelled Speech”? Is It Worth the “Vast Amounts of Money and Human Effort”? Redditor abiggerhammer took issue with one statement in particular from the “Apple is Selling You a Phone, Not Civil Liberties” piece, writing in a comment that they were “shocked by the uncharitability and obsequiousness” of the following quote: “And that was a matter of its own choosing made despite repeated warnings from the government that this choice would cause substantial problems for law enforcement, national security investigators, and public safety.” Abiggerhammer concluded their comment by asking the piece’s authors this question: “Is it worth trying to set this kind of precedent—the vast amounts of money and human effort it will cost, the bad precedent it will set—so that the government can save face over a destruction-of-evidence mistake?” The duo offered this response: To read all of Wittes and Hennessey’s answers to redditors’ questions, check out the original AMA thread.

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; RUN: llc < %s target datalayout = "e-p:32:32:32-i1:8:32-i8:8:32-i16:16:32-i32:32:32-i64:32:32-f32:32:32-f64:32:32-v64:64:64-v128:128:128-a0:0:32" target triple = "thumbv6t2-elf" %struct.dwarf_cie = type <{ i32, i32, i8, [0 x i8], [3 x i8] }> declare i8* @read_sleb128(i8*, i32* nocapture) nounwind define i32 @get_cie_encoding(%struct.dwarf_cie* %cie) nounwind { entry: br i1 undef, label %bb1, label %bb13 bb1: ; preds = %entry %tmp38 = add i32 undef, 10 ; <i32> [#uses=1] br label %bb.i bb.i: ; preds = %bb.i, %bb1 %indvar.i = phi i32 [ 0, %bb1 ], [ %2, %bb.i ] ; <i32> [#uses=3] %tmp39 = add i32 %indvar.i, %tmp38 ; <i32> [#uses=1] %p_addr.0.i = getelementptr i8* undef, i32 %tmp39 ; <i8*> [#uses=1] %0 = load i8* %p_addr.0.i, align 1 ; <i8> [#uses=1] %1 = icmp slt i8 %0, 0 ; <i1> [#uses=1] %2 = add i32 %indvar.i, 1 ; <i32> [#uses=1] br i1 %1, label %bb.i, label %read_uleb128.exit read_uleb128.exit: ; preds = %bb.i %.sum40 = add i32 %indvar.i, undef ; <i32> [#uses=1] %.sum31 = add i32 %.sum40, 2 ; <i32> [#uses=1] %scevgep.i = getelementptr %struct.dwarf_cie* %cie, i32 0, i32 3, i32 %.sum31 ; <i8*> [#uses=1] %3 = call i8* @read_sleb128(i8* %scevgep.i, i32* undef) ; <i8*> [#uses=0] unreachable bb13: ; preds = %entry ret i32 0 }

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Remarks as prepared for delivery Thank you, Attorney General [Loretta E.] Lynch, for those powerful words. Throughout the arc of our country’s history – from tragedies of injustice to marches for equality – there have been pivotal moments when America’s leaders chose to stand up and speak out to safeguard the ideal of equal justice under law. And history will record your inspiring words and our forceful action today as one of these moments. I also want to take a moment to thank the entire team throughout the Civil Rights Division and the Department of Justice, who have worked tirelessly over the last several weeks to ensure that everyone in North Carolina has the full protections of our laws. Today, we filed a federal civil rights complaint in federal court in the Middle District of North Carolina. Before I discuss the details of our legal argument, I want to make one thing clear. Calling H.B. 2 a “bathroom bill” trivializes what this is really about. H.B. 2 translates into discrimination in the real world. The complaint we filed today speaks to public employees who feel afraid and stigmatized on the job. It speaks to students who feel like their campus treats them differently because of who they are. It speaks to sports fans who feel forced to choose between their gender identity and their identity as a Tar Heel. And it speaks to all of us who have ever been made to feel inferior – like somehow we just don’t belong in our community, like somehow we just don’t fit in. Let me reassure every transgender individual, right here in America, that you belong just as you are. You are supported. And you are protected. Our complaint brings legal claims under three different civil rights statutes. Two of these statutes are long-standing protections against discrimination in the employment and education contexts: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. It is fitting that these statutes – which emerged from our nation’s long struggle to banish a legacy of legal discrimination – are now being used to defend, to uphold and to reaffirm the progress that resulted from that struggle; progress that represents America at its best, at its brightest and at its strongest. Title IX and Title VII prohibit discrimination based on sex. The Department of Justice has for some time now made clear that sex discrimination includes discrimination against transgender people – that is, discrimination based on gender identity. That is consistent not only with the language of the statutes, but also with the legal interpretations adopted by federal courts – including the appellate court with jurisdiction over the state of North Carolina. There is nothing radical or even particularly unusual about the notion that the word “sex” includes the concept of “gender.” Transgender people are discriminated against because their gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth. H.B. 2 denies transgender people something that all non-transgender people enjoy and take for granted: access to restrooms consistent with their gender identity. That’s sex discrimination, plain and simple. This view is only confirmed when proponents of measures like H.B. 2 misinterpret or make up facts about gender identity. Here are the facts. Transgender men are men – they live, work and study as men. Transgender women are women – they live, work and study as women. Our Title VII claim is brought against the state and governor of North Carolina, the North Carolina Department of Public Safety and the University of North Carolina because of sex discrimination in employment. Our Title IX claim is brought against the University of North Carolina because of sex discrimination in its education programs. We also bring a claim under the Violence Against Women Act, or VAWA, a more recent statute specifically designed to prevent discrimination against transgender people by entities that accept certain federal funds. As with Title IX, entities that accepted federal funds under VAWA – including UNC and the North Carolina Department of Public Safety – pledged that they would not discriminate on the basis of sex or gender identity. Our complaint seeks to enforce that pledge and hold those entities accountable for the discrimination required by H.B. 2. Even as we seek that compliance, we remain committed to working with any agency receiving federal funding to develop a plan to ensure their compliance with federal law. For the reasons I just highlighted, H.B. 2 violates the law. But H.B. 2 also threatens the values that define us as a people. These values are timeless. These values say to all people that you can be who you are, and you deserve to live with dignity. The complaint filed today seeks to enforce these laws and protect these values. At this time, the Attorney General and I would be happy to answer any questions you may have.

Q: Value of a degree from an unknown univeristy Possible Duplicate: University rank/stature - How much does it affect one’s career post-Ph.D? I graduated with a Bacholars from a top university and did quite well, however, I was recommended to a professor in an unknown (read as not highly ranked) university for a PhD program. I had certainly not heard of the university before, and I don't believe that it has much of a reputation. It is not a new university by any means (established 1800s). Is a degree from such an University likely to add value to me? Also, how do I know whether this is a step in the right direction (before I take it)? Edit: I am considering it because the research that is performed by the professor there interests me. A: Your publication record at the end is what will count most.

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William is a character first encountered in Issue 157 of Image Comics' The Walking Dead. He is a survivor living in and trusted member of The Kingdom. Following the death of their former leader, Ezekiel, William is urged to take the position as the de-facto leader of the community. Though reluctant, William agrees to the position and aids Rick Grimes' militia from within the community by supplying him with troops, much to the dismay of some of the other Kingdom residents. As a leader, William respects his people as they do him, but prefers general respect in place of the terminology set in place by Ezekiel in the past. He refuses to be called "good sir" and treats his people equally and respectfully. Contents Pre-Apocalypse Location Unknown Post-Apocalypse William is seen arguing with Zachary about how many troops they should send to Alexandria to help with the war. Zachary argues that Rick didn't send help when their leader died, therefore they shouldn't send troops to Rick, however William says that Rick was Ezekiel's friend and it's what he would have wanted. Zachary urges William to lead the Kingdom, saying that people will demand it. William says that until that day comes, they will deal with the problems at hand. He is then seen rethinking the situation. Later, as William sits on the primary throne with Zachary nearby, he relieves another member of the community after hearing a status regarding patrol. Zachary asks what the point is, and when William asks for clarification, Zachary responds with why William is bothering to check on patrols when the best of their soldiers have already been sent to fight alongside Rick. William tells Zachary to leave, and the man says he will regret his decisions, but William denies this. William attacks and threatens Zachary telling him he will do anything to keep The Kingdom safe including killing him. Later, when patrolling, Taylor approaches William, greeting him with "good sir" and asking him what he's doing outside. William tells him to knock the "good sir" shit off and tells him he's patrolling, saying "we could all do well to keep watch when we can". Relationships Though they are never seen interacting, William is shown to have a great amount of respect for Ezekiel. He makes his decisions with Ezekiel's wishes in mind. His thought process revolves around what Ezekiel would have done. William and Zachary's relationship is not explored in depth, however Zachary seems to respect William as evident by his desire to see William lead. He is mad when William refuses, arguing that Rick is sending the person who broke Ezekiel's heart to lead them. This causes William to rethink the situation. Later, Zachary is seen by his side while William has sent out troops to aid in the battle against The Whisperers, as well as check on patrol statuses around the community, implying that William trusts Zachary enough to allow him to be an adviser to him. William later surprises Zachary and pulls a knife to his throat. He says that he isn't fucking around and sent his soldiers to Rick for the good of the Kingdom. He warns Zachary never to threaten him again. Though never seen interacting on screen, it is implied that Rick knows of Williams leadership and the two respect one another. William sends his best troops to fight alongside the militia, showing he is willing to help Rick in his battle and that he trusts what he is hoping to achieve. William has a very good relationship with Maggie. Ever sense his appearance in the series William has shown a lot of kindness and care towards Maggie. And is willing to help her out whenever or whoever he can. From sending his soldiers to help fight The Whisperers, to sending supplies to help rebuild Hilltop.

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Peri-operative blood transfusion in gastric cancer surgery: prognostic or confounding factor? The relationship between peri-operative blood transfusions (PBTs) and poor prognosis in gastric cancer (GC) patients is still debated. The aim of this study is to examine the real prognostic impact of PBTs in comparison to well-known prognostic factors. We retrospectively analyzed a series of 224 patients who underwent surgery with curative intent for GC from January 1995 to December 2011. Among 224 patients, 46 (20%) required PBTs. The overall 5-year survival was 77% in non-transfused patients and 65% in patients who received PBTs (p = 0.03). PBTs did not further stratify any recognized prognostic category (such as pT or pN according to the 7th edition of the TNM staging system). Multivariate analysis including all known prognostic variables (both cancer- and non-cancer-related) did not select PBTs as an independent prognostic factor. Only preoperative hemoglobin and albumin level, pT and operative time were significantly associated with the requirement for PBTs. The study showed a worse prognosis for transfused patients, but PBTs seem a confounding factor more than a prognostic indicator, as they are obviously affected by other variables.

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Reclaiming sexuality in female incest survivors. This paper presents a comparison of female incest survivor sex therapy patients and other sex therapy patients. The focus is on family-of-origin dynamics and processes of teaching about sexuality, self-image and resulting interpersonal issues. The study also discusses nonincest survivor and incest survivor sex therapy clients with low sexual desire, their evaluation and treatment.

# coding=utf-8 # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. # Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for license information. # Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator. # Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated. # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- from ._template_specs_operations import TemplateSpecsOperations from ._template_spec_versions_operations import TemplateSpecVersionsOperations __all__ = [ 'TemplateSpecsOperations', 'TemplateSpecVersionsOperations', ]

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package org.papervision3d.objects.parsers { import flash.events.Event; import flash.events.IOErrorEvent; import flash.net.URLLoader; import flash.net.URLLoaderDataFormat; import flash.net.URLRequest; import flash.utils.ByteArray; import flash.utils.Endian; import org.papervision3d.Papervision3D; import org.papervision3d.core.geom.TriangleMesh3D; import org.papervision3d.core.geom.renderables.Triangle3D; import org.papervision3d.core.geom.renderables.Vertex3D; import org.papervision3d.core.math.NumberUV; import org.papervision3d.core.proto.MaterialObject3D; import org.papervision3d.events.FileLoadEvent; import org.papervision3d.materials.BitmapFileMaterial; import org.papervision3d.materials.ColorMaterial; import org.papervision3d.materials.utils.MaterialsList; import org.papervision3d.objects.DisplayObject3D; /** * 3DS File parser. * * @author Tim Knip (based on Away3D's Max3DS class : http://away3d.com) */ public class Max3DS extends DisplayObject3D { /** */ public var filename:String; /** * Constuctor * * @param name */ public function Max3DS(name:String=null) { super(name); _textureExtensionReplacements = new Object(); } /** * Load. * * @param asset * @param materials * @param textureDir */ public function load(asset:*, materials:MaterialsList=null, textureDir:String="./image/"):void { this.materials = materials || new MaterialsList(); _textureDir = textureDir || _textureDir; if(asset is ByteArray) { this.filename = "NoName.3ds"; parse(ByteArray(asset)); } else if(asset is String) { this.filename = String(asset); var loader:URLLoader = new URLLoader(); loader.dataFormat = URLLoaderDataFormat.BINARY; loader.addEventListener(Event.COMPLETE, onFileLoadComplete); loader.addEventListener(IOErrorEvent.IO_ERROR, onFileLoadError); loader.load(new URLRequest(this.filename)); } else throw new Error("Need String or ByteArray!"); } /** * Replaces a texture extension with an alternative extension. * * @param originalExtension For example "bmp", "gif", etc * @param preferredExtension For example "png" */ public function replaceTextureExtension(originalExtension:String, preferredExtension:String="png"):void { _textureExtensionReplacements[originalExtension] = preferredExtension; } /** * Build a mesh * * @param meshData */ private function buildMesh(meshData:MeshData):void { var i:int; var mesh:TriangleMesh3D = new TriangleMesh3D(null, meshData.vertices, [], meshData.name); for(i = 0; i < meshData.faces.length; i++) { var f:Array = meshData.faces[i]; var v0:Vertex3D = mesh.geometry.vertices[f[0]]; var v1:Vertex3D = mesh.geometry.vertices[f[1]]; var v2:Vertex3D = mesh.geometry.vertices[f[2]]; var hasUV:Boolean = (meshData.uvs.length == meshData.vertices.length); var t0:NumberUV = hasUV ? meshData.uvs[f[0]] : new NumberUV(); var t1:NumberUV = hasUV ? meshData.uvs[f[1]] : new NumberUV(); var t2:NumberUV = hasUV ? meshData.uvs[f[2]] : new NumberUV(); if(Papervision3D.useRIGHTHANDED) mesh.geometry.faces.push(new Triangle3D(mesh, [v2, v1, v0], null, [t2, t1, t0])); else mesh.geometry.faces.push(new Triangle3D(mesh, [v0, v1, v2], null, [t0, t1, t2])); } for(i = 0; i < meshData.materials.length; i++) { var mat:MaterialData = meshData.materials[i]; var material:MaterialObject3D = this.materials.getMaterialByName(mat.name) || MaterialObject3D.DEFAULT; for(var j:int = 0; j < mat.faces.length; j++) { var faceIdx:int = mat.faces[j]; var tri:Triangle3D = mesh.geometry.faces[faceIdx]; tri.material = material; } } mesh.geometry.ready = true; mesh.rotationX = Papervision3D.useDEGREES ? -90 : -90 * (Math.PI/180); //mesh.rotationY = Papervision3D.useDEGREES ? 180 : 180 * (Math.PI/180); addChild(mesh); } /** * * @param event */ private function onFileLoadComplete(event:Event=null):void { var loader:URLLoader = event.target as URLLoader; parse(ByteArray(loader.data)); } /** * * @param event */ private function onFileLoadError(event:IOErrorEvent):void { dispatchEvent(new FileLoadEvent(FileLoadEvent.LOAD_ERROR, this.filename)); } /** * Parse. * * @param data */ private function parse(data:ByteArray):void { if(!data) throw new Error("Invalid ByteArray!"); _data = data; _data.endian = Endian.LITTLE_ENDIAN; _data.position = 0; //first chunk is always the primary, so we simply read it and parse it var chunk:Chunk3ds = new Chunk3ds(); readChunk(chunk); parse3DS(chunk); dispatchEvent(new FileLoadEvent(FileLoadEvent.LOAD_COMPLETE, this.filename)); } /** * Read the base 3DS object. * * @param chunk * */ private function parse3DS(chunk:Chunk3ds):void { while (chunk.bytesRead < chunk.length) { var subChunk:Chunk3ds = new Chunk3ds(); readChunk(subChunk); switch (subChunk.id) { case EDIT3DS: parseEdit3DS(subChunk); break; case KEYF3DS: skipChunk(subChunk); break; default: skipChunk(subChunk); } chunk.bytesRead += subChunk.length; } } /** * Read the Edit chunk * * @param chunk */ private function parseEdit3DS(chunk:Chunk3ds):void { while (chunk.bytesRead < chunk.length) { var subChunk:Chunk3ds = new Chunk3ds(); readChunk(subChunk); switch (subChunk.id) { case MATERIAL: parseMaterial(subChunk); //skipChunk(subChunk); break; case MESH: var meshData:MeshData = new MeshData(); meshData.name = readASCIIZString(_data); subChunk.bytesRead += meshData.name.length + 1; meshData.vertices = new Array(); meshData.faces = new Array(); meshData.uvs = new Array(); meshData.materials = new Array(); parseMesh(subChunk, meshData); buildMesh(meshData); break; default: skipChunk(subChunk); } chunk.bytesRead += subChunk.length; } } /** * Read a material chunk. * * @param chunk */ private function parseMaterial(chunk:Chunk3ds):String { var ret:String = null; var mat:Object = new Object(); var subChunk:Chunk3ds = new Chunk3ds(); var colorChunk:Chunk3ds = new Chunk3ds(); mat.textures = new Array(); while (chunk.bytesRead < chunk.length) { readChunk(subChunk); var p:uint = 0; switch(subChunk.id) { case MAT_NAME: mat.name = readASCIIZString(_data); //trace(mat.name); subChunk.bytesRead = subChunk.length; break; case MAT_AMBIENT: p = _data.position; readChunk(colorChunk); mat.ambient = readColor(colorChunk); _data.position = p + colorChunk.length; //trace("ambient:"+mat.ambient.toString(16)); break; case MAT_DIFFUSE: p = _data.position; readChunk(colorChunk); mat.diffuse = readColor(colorChunk); _data.position = p + colorChunk.length; //trace("diffuse:"+mat.diffuse.toString(16)); break; case MAT_SPECULAR: p = _data.position; readChunk(colorChunk); mat.specular = readColor(colorChunk); _data.position = p + colorChunk.length; //trace("specular:"+mat.specular.toString(16)); break; case MAT_TEXMAP: mat.textures.push(parseMaterial(subChunk)); break; case MAT_TEXFLNM: ret = readASCIIZString(_data); subChunk.bytesRead = subChunk.length; break; default: skipChunk(subChunk); } chunk.bytesRead += subChunk.length; } if(mat.name && !this.materials.getMaterialByName(mat.name)) { if(mat.textures.length) { var bitmap:String = mat.textures[0].toLowerCase(); for(var ext:String in _textureExtensionReplacements) { if(bitmap.indexOf("."+ext) == -1) continue; var pattern:RegExp = new RegExp("\."+ext, "i"); bitmap = bitmap.replace(pattern, "."+_textureExtensionReplacements[ext]); } this.materials.addMaterial(new BitmapFileMaterial(_textureDir+bitmap), mat.name); } else if(mat.diffuse) { this.materials.addMaterial(new ColorMaterial(mat.diffuse), mat.name); } } return ret; } private function parseMesh(chunk:Chunk3ds, meshData:MeshData):void { while (chunk.bytesRead < chunk.length) { var subChunk:Chunk3ds = new Chunk3ds(); readChunk(subChunk); switch (subChunk.id) { case MESH_OBJECT: parseMesh(subChunk, meshData); break; case MESH_VERTICES: meshData.vertices = readMeshVertices(subChunk); break; case MESH_FACES: meshData.faces = readMeshFaces(subChunk); parseMesh(subChunk, meshData); break; case MESH_MATER: readMeshMaterial(subChunk, meshData); break; case MESH_TEX_VERT: meshData.uvs = readMeshTexVert(subChunk); break; default: skipChunk(subChunk); } chunk.bytesRead += subChunk.length; } } /** * * @param chunk */ private function readMeshFaces(chunk:Chunk3ds):Array { var faces:Array = new Array(); var numFaces:int = _data.readUnsignedShort(); chunk.bytesRead += 2; for (var i:int = 0; i < numFaces; i++) { var v2:uint = _data.readUnsignedShort(); var v1:uint = _data.readUnsignedShort(); var v0:uint = _data.readUnsignedShort(); var visible:Boolean = (_data.readUnsignedShort() as Boolean); chunk.bytesRead += 8; faces.push([v0, v1, v2]); } return faces; } /** * Read the Mesh Material chunk * * @param chunk */ private function readMeshMaterial(chunk:Chunk3ds, meshData:MeshData):void { var material:MaterialData = new MaterialData(); material.name = readASCIIZString(_data); material.faces = new Array(); chunk.bytesRead += material.name.length +1; var numFaces:int = _data.readUnsignedShort(); chunk.bytesRead += 2; for (var i:int = 0; i < numFaces; i++) { material.faces.push(_data.readUnsignedShort()); chunk.bytesRead += 2; } meshData.materials.push(material); } /** * * @param chunk * * @return */ private function readMeshTexVert(chunk:Chunk3ds):Array { var uvs:Array = new Array(); var numUVs:int = _data.readUnsignedShort(); chunk.bytesRead += 2; for (var i:int = 0; i < numUVs; i++) { uvs.push(new NumberUV(_data.readFloat(), _data.readFloat())); chunk.bytesRead += 8; } return uvs; } /** * * @param chunk */ private function readMeshVertices(chunk:Chunk3ds):Array { var vertices:Array = new Array(); var numVerts:int = _data.readUnsignedShort(); chunk.bytesRead += 2; for (var i:int = 0; i < numVerts; i++) { vertices.push(new Vertex3D(_data.readFloat(), _data.readFloat(), _data.readFloat())); chunk.bytesRead += 12; } return vertices; } /** * Reads a null-terminated ascii string out of a byte array. * * @param data The byte array to read from. * * @return The string read, without the null-terminating character. */ private function readASCIIZString(data:ByteArray):String { var readLength:int = 0; // length of string to read var l:int = data.length - data.position; var tempByteArray:ByteArray = new ByteArray(); for (var i:int = 0; i < l; i++) { var c:int = data.readByte(); if (c == 0) { break; } tempByteArray.writeByte(c); } var asciiz:String = ""; tempByteArray.position = 0; for (i = 0; i < tempByteArray.length; i++) { asciiz += String.fromCharCode(tempByteArray.readByte()); } return asciiz; } /** * */ private function readColor(colorChunk:Chunk3ds):int { var color:int = 0; switch(colorChunk.id) { case COLOR_RGB: color = readColorRGB(colorChunk); break; case COLOR_F: color = readColorScale(colorChunk); break; default: throw new Error("Unknown color chunk: " + colorChunk.id); } return color; } /** * Read Scaled Color * * @param chunk */ private function readColorScale(chunk:Chunk3ds):int { var color:int = 0; for (var i:int = 0; i < 3; i++) { var c:Number = _data.readFloat(); var bv:int = 255 * c; bv <<= (8 * (2 - i)); color |= bv; chunk.bytesRead += 4; } return color; } /** * Read RGB * * @param chunk */ private function readColorRGB(chunk:Chunk3ds):int { var color:int = 0; for (var i:int = 0; i < 3; i++) { var c:int = _data.readUnsignedByte(); color += c*Math.pow(0x100, 2-i); chunk.bytesRead++; } return color; } /** * Read id and length of 3ds chunk * * @param chunk */ private function readChunk(chunk:Chunk3ds):void { chunk.id = _data.readUnsignedShort(); chunk.length = _data.readUnsignedInt(); chunk.bytesRead = 6; } /** * Skips past a chunk. If we don't understand the meaning of a chunk id, * we just skip past it. * * @param chunk */ private function skipChunk(chunk:Chunk3ds):void { _data.position += chunk.length - chunk.bytesRead; chunk.bytesRead = chunk.length; } //>----- Color Types -------------------------------------------------------- public const AMBIENT:String = "ambient"; public const DIFFUSE:String = "diffuse"; public const SPECULAR:String = "specular"; //>----- Main Chunks -------------------------------------------------------- public const PRIMARY:int = 0x4D4D; public const EDIT3DS:int = 0x3D3D; // Start of our actual objects public const KEYF3DS:int = 0xB000; // Start of the keyframe information //>----- General Chunks ----------------------------------------------------- public const VERSION:int = 0x0002; public const MESH_VERSION:int = 0x3D3E; public const KFVERSION:int = 0x0005; public const COLOR_F:int = 0x0010; public const COLOR_RGB:int = 0x0011; public const LIN_COLOR_24:int = 0x0012; public const LIN_COLOR_F:int = 0x0013; public const INT_PERCENTAGE:int = 0x0030; public const FLOAT_PERC:int = 0x0031; public const MASTER_SCALE:int = 0x0100; public const IMAGE_FILE:int = 0x1100; public const AMBIENT_LIGHT:int = 0X2100; //>----- Object Chunks ----------------------------------------------------- public const MESH:int = 0x4000; public const MESH_OBJECT:int = 0x4100; public const MESH_VERTICES:int = 0x4110; public const VERTEX_FLAGS:int = 0x4111; public const MESH_FACES:int = 0x4120; public const MESH_MATER:int = 0x4130; public const MESH_TEX_VERT:int = 0x4140; public const MESH_XFMATRIX:int = 0x4160; public const MESH_COLOR_IND:int = 0x4165; public const MESH_TEX_INFO:int = 0x4170; public const HEIRARCHY:int = 0x4F00; //>----- Material Chunks --------------------------------------------------- public const MATERIAL:int = 0xAFFF; public const MAT_NAME:int = 0xA000; public const MAT_AMBIENT:int = 0xA010; public const MAT_DIFFUSE:int = 0xA020; public const MAT_SPECULAR:int = 0xA030; public const MAT_SHININESS:int = 0xA040; public const MAT_FALLOFF:int = 0xA052; public const MAT_EMISSIVE:int = 0xA080; public const MAT_SHADER:int = 0xA100; public const MAT_TEXMAP:int = 0xA200; public const MAT_TEXFLNM:int = 0xA300; public const OBJ_LIGHT:int = 0x4600; public const OBJ_CAMERA:int = 0x4700; //>----- KeyFrames Chunks -------------------------------------------------- public const ANIM_HEADER:int = 0xB00A; public const ANIM_OBJ:int = 0xB002; public const ANIM_NAME:int = 0xB010; public const ANIM_POS:int = 0xB020; public const ANIM_ROT:int = 0xB021; public const ANIM_SCALE:int = 0xB022; private var _data :ByteArray; private var _textureDir :String = "./image/"; private var _textureExtensionReplacements:Object; } } class Chunk3ds { public var id:int; public var length:int; public var bytesRead:int; } class MeshData { public var name:String; public var vertices:Array; public var faces:Array; public var uvs:Array; public var materials:Array; } class MaterialData { public var name:String; public var faces:Array; }

1988 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championships The 1988 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championships were the 42nd annual championships to determine the national champions of NCAA Division I men's singles, doubles, and team collegiate tennis in the United States. Stanford defeated LSU, 5–2, in the final of the team championship, the Cardinal's ninth overall title. Host site The tournaments were played at the Dan Magill Tennis Complex at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. The men's and women's tournaments would not be held at the same venue until 2006. See also NCAA Division II Tennis Championships (Men, Women) NCAA Division III Tennis Championships (Men, Women) References External links List of NCAA Men's Tennis Champions Category:NCAA Division I tennis championships Ncaa Division I Tennis Championships Ncaa Division I Tennis Championships

DS6: anticandidal, antibiofilm peptide against Candida tropicalis and exhibit synergy with commercial drug. Antifungal peptides have gained interest as therapeutic agents in recent years because of increased multidrug resistance against present antifungal drugs. This study designed, synthesized and characterized antifungal activity of a small peptide analogue, DS6. This peptide was designed using the template from the N-terminal part of the antifungal protein, Aspergillus giganteous. DS6 inhibited Candida tropicalis (ATCC 13803), as well as its clinical isolates. DS6 was found to be a fungicidal, killing the fungus very rapidly. DS6 is also non-toxic to human cells. Synergistic interactions of DS6 with amphotericin B and fluconazole were also evident. DS6 is membrane lytic and exhibits antibiofilm activity against C. tropicalis. In conclusion, DS6 may have utility as an alternative antifungal therapy for C. tropicalis. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Swamulavaari Lingotam Swamulavaari Lingotam is a village in Nalgonda district in Telangana, India. It falls under Nampally Mandal, Telangana, India 508373. References Political Leaders:- Sarpanch : Angirekula Pandu (He won the Lingotam Sarpanch seat by a margin of 21 votes. He contested on a ticket from Indian National Congress Party. Opponent- Bekkam Ramesh (TRS)) Sarpanch : Angirekula Pandu ZPTC : Elugoti Venkateswara Reddy MLA : Komatireddy Rajagopal Reddy M.P : Komatireddy Venkat Reddy Category:Villages in Nalgonda district

Favourite Disney Princesses funkymonkey The Contenders: Page 2 21TinkerbellTinker Bell, is a fictional character from J. M. Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan and its 1911 novelization Peter and Wendy. I have three things to say to you people.1: Tinkerbell is not a princess.2:If we are talking about Nala from Lion King then she is not a princess. She is a queen later on but was never a princess.3: Fiona is a Dreamworks character not a Disney you idiots! - Pikachulover1 She builds things from junk, is clever, takes risks and is successful, shows the girls that they can face any challenge as long as they put their mind to it. Go Tink Tinkerbell has wings, can fly, has pixie dust, a bit of a stubborn attitude. What's not to like? Plus she saved the fairies a bunch of times and is curious. Tinker Bell should be on this lisy because she is kind nice and independendent Moana, on top of the fact that she's beautiful, is really interesting despite some of the typical disney cliches that the company's know for. He has good intentions, she loves her home and family, she isn't afraid to get her hands dirty, and she is very,very determined on her quest to discover not just what's truly beyond her reef, but to figure out what's truly inside her, what she likes, and who is as a person. From her design and her home, to her personality and determination, moana has my vote for the best disney princess. I even think she's better than Elsa and Tiana, which is saying something because I love those 2. Moana has a great personality: she is always determined. She cares for her family and loves them with all her heart. She isn't scared to get her hands dirty and her dream is completely different from all the other Disney princesses. All she wants to do is sail. The ocean is her friend and she knows when she's wrong. She is so brave that she will actually risk her life to save those of her family, friends and all the other people on her island, along with the animals. No other princess would do that, believe me! Moana deserves this! Moana is definitely the best princess. Even she isn't a princess (She's the village chief's daughter, close enough! ) she doesn't act like one and she's the first Hawaiian princess! She 's supposed to be a mixture of Pocahontas and Merida but I find she's mostly like Mulan and Belle too. The water animation in the movie was amazing and the designs on her shirt and skirt are so nice and unique! Her pet pig is so cute too! I find the rooster a bit stupid though... She is just so much better than all those horible thin and feble princesses I'm 14 and I watch Sofia too! It helps me shockingly because when she wants to be alone with her mom on Mother's Day it makes me realize that we are in the same boat. I wanted to be with my dad all alone but it made my realize that I now have to share my dad with my step siblings Kida is amazing. She doesn't have to wear the material things in life, like beautiful dresses and things like that. She has magical powers and a magical necklace that define who she is. If anybody asks you who is the Disney Princess with the single blue gem necklace, everybody will know that it is Princess Kida. Not only that but she can get her hands dirty, when the time has come to it because she is just kickass like that. Also, she loves her people and she loves her father... She is a grand ruler of the people of Atlantis and she gets along with everybody. That is why I LOVE Princess Kida. Just because she doesn't wear a poufy dress DOESN'T mean she's not a princess. And a cool one at that! Not only does she have magic powers and the coolest kingdom (Atlantis. ' ATLANTIS! ), but she sacrifices herself for the good of her people. Brave, smart, and strong, she kicks Belle's ball gowned butt ANY day. Kida is pretty legit. She was willing to sacrifice herself for her kingdom, and she eventually married the outsider ( Milo) Not top ten but amazing nonetheless. Charlotte was given a lot. But, she is selfless and nice. She cares deeply about Tiana and would never jeopardize her friendship with her. She puts friendship first which I like.(that shows loyalty) Charlotte makes me laugh. She may be pretty spoiled, but she was willing to give up her life long dream, just so Tiana, her bff, could live out hers. All in all, she's an awesome friend. She is also 27 on this list, but she should be higher. Maybe she would be if the votes for her two entries were merged. That's what I am going to tell myself, because there is no way she shouldn't be at least top 10. Especially if Dot is higher on the list than her. From the princess and the frog. She is a fun-loving princess and even though is very rich, she had a friend irrespective of her poverty. This makes her a good hearted princess although se looks as if she is spoiled. When Tiana says Naveen that her dream would be incomplete qithout 30Faline I love faline. She's adorable and playful. I like how, as a fawn, she is such a tomboy and totally beats up Bambi. She survives the hunters alone, without Bambi. And she and Bambi have such a sweet love. Back off, Nala, this is the original animal princess. I know everybody's going to be like: Malificent is a villain not a princess. So sure she's not a princess but neither is Elsa, Alice, an more. But she is technically a Queen. She is confident, funny, strong, powerful, beautiful, and very independent. Who's with me? She should be way higher on this list! She kicks butt! I love maleficent in the movie but in sleeping beauty I hate her Lol I know she's villain NOT a princess but come on this is Maleficent we're talking about she kicks butt if had to chose my favorite princess on this list I have to pick Nala and Kida lol Despite her wealth, she is kind, loving, caring and funny. She lives in the racist 20's, but dares to have an African American best friend. She teaches Tiana that hey, it can't hurt to wish upon a star and keep childhood dreams alive. Also, she is fabulous! Her beautiful, quirky clothes are definitely princess worthy. I agree, she is so kind and so fearless. She and Tiana are just like me and my best friend: I keep her grounded and she helps me be brave and go to parties. She is so great and even though she comes across as a little spoiled, she still gives what she can to her friends and seems to really care about her best friend and her father. She's one of the kindest people in Robin Hood. She's nice and clever. Plus, Robin Hood certainly likes her, and who doesn't love Robin Hood? She is so sweet kind and thoutful she is not my favorit but she is my 5or 6th 35Elena 36Jessica RabbitJessica Rabbit is a fictional character in Who Censored Roger Rabbit? and its loose film adaptation, Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Shes beautiful and all but I pretty much sure agree that shes in the place she really belongs "He makes me laugh"That's love right there, and anyone who can deal with Rodger's wackiness, is cool to me She is inappropriate for kids I hate how people say she's a slut or not appropriate for kids, because she says in the movie that she was drawn like that. She could've just went around and slept with several hot guys, but instead chose to marry Roger Rabbit, the guy who made her laugh. So stop calling her a slut. - SmashPrincess Wendy from Peter Pan is so caring, kind and brave. She's genuine and the same age of most of the viewers giving them someone to relate to. The way she is like a mother to The Lost Boys and reads them stories is adorable. She also teaches us that it's okay to grow up, but our childhood never leaves us. She is prettier than the rest on this list from 11-40. other than Alice because she's great Is always trying to do what is right even if it means losing her life Wendy is laid back and thinks Peter is cute and I love her night gown.

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/* * Copyright (c) 2013, Peter Thorson. All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * * Neither the name of the WebSocket++ Project nor the * names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products * derived from this software without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL PETER THORSON BE LIABLE FOR ANY * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. * */ #ifndef WEBSOCKETPP_UTILITIES_HPP #define WEBSOCKETPP_UTILITIES_HPP #include <websocketpp/common/stdint.hpp> #include <algorithm> #include <string> #include <locale> namespace websocketpp { /// Generic non-websocket specific utility functions and data structures namespace utility { /// Helper functor for case insensitive find /** * Based on code from * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3152241/case-insensitive-stdstring-find * * templated version of my_equal so it could work with both char and wchar_t */ template<typename charT> struct my_equal { /// Construct the functor with the given locale /** * @param [in] loc The locale to use for determining the case of values */ my_equal(std::locale const & loc ) : m_loc(loc) {} /// Perform a case insensitive comparison /** * @param ch1 The first value to compare * @param ch2 The second value to compare * @return Whether or not the two values are equal when both are converted * to uppercase using the given locale. */ bool operator()(charT ch1, charT ch2) { return std::toupper(ch1, m_loc) == std::toupper(ch2, m_loc); } private: std::locale const & m_loc; }; /// Helper less than functor for case insensitive find /** * Based on code from * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3152241/case-insensitive-stdstring-find */ struct ci_less : std::binary_function<std::string, std::string, bool> { // case-independent (ci) compare_less binary function struct nocase_compare : public std::binary_function<unsigned char,unsigned char,bool> { bool operator() (unsigned char const & c1, unsigned char const & c2) const { return std::tolower (c1) < std::tolower (c2); } }; bool operator() (std::string const & s1, std::string const & s2) const { return std::lexicographical_compare (s1.begin (), s1.end (), // source range s2.begin (), s2.end (), // dest range nocase_compare ()); // comparison } }; /// Find substring (case insensitive) /** * @param [in] haystack The string to search in * @param [in] needle The string to search for * @param [in] loc The locale to use for determining the case of values. * Defaults to the current locale. * @return An iterator to the first element of the first occurrance of needle in * haystack. If the sequence is not found, the function returns * haystack.end() */ template<typename T> typename T::const_iterator ci_find_substr(T const & haystack, T const & needle, std::locale const & loc = std::locale()) { return std::search( haystack.begin(), haystack.end(), needle.begin(), needle.end(), my_equal<typename T::value_type>(loc) ); } /// Find substring (case insensitive) /** * @todo Is this still used? This method may not make sense.. should use * iterators or be less generic. As is it is too tightly coupled to std::string * * @param [in] haystack The string to search in * @param [in] needle The string to search for as a char array of values * @param [in] size Length of needle * @param [in] loc The locale to use for determining the case of values. * Defaults to the current locale. * @return An iterator to the first element of the first occurrance of needle in * haystack. If the sequence is not found, the function returns * haystack.end() */ template<typename T> typename T::const_iterator ci_find_substr(T const & haystack, typename T::value_type const * needle, typename T::size_type size, std::locale const & loc = std::locale()) { return std::search( haystack.begin(), haystack.end(), needle, needle+size, my_equal<typename T::value_type>(loc) ); } /// Convert a string to lowercase /** * @param [in] in The string to convert * @return The converted string */ std::string to_lower(std::string const & in); /// Replace all occurrances of a substring with another /** * @param [in] subject The string to search in * @param [in] search The string to search for * @param [in] replace The string to replace with * @return A copy of `subject` with all occurances of `search` replaced with * `replace` */ std::string string_replace_all(std::string subject, std::string const & search, std::string const & replace); /// Convert std::string to ascii printed string of hex digits /** * @param [in] input The string to print * @return A copy of `input` converted to the printable representation of the * hex values of its data. */ std::string to_hex(std::string const & input); /// Convert byte array (uint8_t) to ascii printed string of hex digits /** * @param [in] input The byte array to print * @param [in] length The length of input * @return A copy of `input` converted to the printable representation of the * hex values of its data. */ std::string to_hex(uint8_t const * input, size_t length); /// Convert char array to ascii printed string of hex digits /** * @param [in] input The char array to print * @param [in] length The length of input * @return A copy of `input` converted to the printable representation of the * hex values of its data. */ std::string to_hex(char const * input, size_t length); } // namespace utility } // namespace websocketpp #include <websocketpp/impl/utilities_impl.hpp> #endif // WEBSOCKETPP_UTILITIES_HPP

Q: Dimension of a space of matrices Let $m,n\in\mathbb{Z}$ and $r<\min$(m,n). Denote by $M$ the set of $m\times n $ matrices over a field $k$, and let $M_r$ be the subset of matrices of rank at least equal to $r$. Now fix a matrix $A\in M_r$ and a subspace $W\in G(n-r,n)$ of dimension $n-r$ in $k^n$, such that $A\cdot W = 0$. Consider the set $$ T= \left\{ B\in M \mid B\cdot W \subset A\cdot k^n \right\}. $$ What is the easiest/more elegant way to see that $T$ has dimension $(n-r)(m-rank[A])$ ? EDIT: $T$ doesn't have dimension, but CO-dimension $(n-r)(m-rank[A])$ inside $M$. A: That's not the answer I get. Let's assume that the rank of $A$ is $r$. Select a basis for $k^n$ such that $k^n\cong W_1\oplus V_1$, where $W_1=\operatorname{ker}(A)$ and $A$ restricted to $V_1$ is an isomorphism with the image of $A$. Now select a basis for $k^m$ such that $k^m\cong W_2\oplus V_2$, where $V_2=\operatorname{Im}(A)$. With respect to these bases, $A$ looks like $$ \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0\\ 0& A_{22} \end{pmatrix} $$ where $A_{22}$ is an $r\times r$ block matrix with determinant nonzero. Suppose we have the special case where $W=W_1$. Then a $B$ satsifying what you want looks like $$ \begin{pmatrix} 0 & B_{12}\\ B_{21} & B_{22} \end{pmatrix}. $$ But, the dimension of the set of such matrices is $r(m-r)+r(n-r)+r^2$, which is not the same as $(n-r)(m-r)$. EDIT: With the added information and the assumption the book is asking for the codimension of the subspace of matrices, here is an answer. Everything is as above, but the rank of $A$ may not be $r$. Thus $A_{22}$ will be a block matrix of size $s\times s$. Adjust accordingly for $B_{12}$, $B_{21}$, and $B_{22}$. Then the dimension we are looking for is the dimension of the block matrix $0$, which is exactly what is asked.

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--- abstract: 'This paper is the first part in our series on the influence of tidal interactions and minor mergers on the radial and vertical disk structure of spiral galaxies. We report on the sample selection, our observations, and data reduction. Surface photometry of the optical and near infrared data of a sample of 110 highly-inclined/edge-on disk galaxies are presented. This sample consists of two subsamples of 61 non-interacting galaxies (control sample) and of 49 interacting galaxies/minor merging candidates. Additionally, 41 of these galaxies were observed in the near infrared. We show that the distribution of morphological types of both subsamples is almost indistinguishable, covering the range between $0 \le T \le 9$. An improved, 3-dimensional disk modelling- and fitting procedure is described in order to analyze and to compare the disk structure of our sample galaxies by using characteristic parameters. We find that the vertical brightness profiles of galactic disks respond very sensitive even to small deviations from the perfect edge-on orientation. Hence, projection effects of slightly inclined disks may cause substantial changes in the value of the disk scale height and must therefore be considered in the subsequent study.' author: - 'U. Schwarzkopf [^1]' - 'R.-J. Dettmar' date: 'Received 22 July 1999 / Accepted 6 March 2000' subtitle: 'I. Observations and disk models' title: | The influence of interactions and minor mergers\ on the structure of galactic disks [^2] --- Introduction ============ Considering the fact that the majority of (spiral) galaxies is not completely isolated but located in an environment which enables repeated close encounters or even merging processes with small companions it seems to be meaningful to systematically investigate the properties of galaxies affected by such processes. The investigation of their structural and dynamical changes caused by tidal interactions or low-mass satellite infall – hence “minor merger” – can help to clarify how far the evolution of disk galaxies was modified or even dominated by environmental effects. Several N-body simulations were performed during the last decade in order to study the influence of minor mergers on galactic disks in greater detail (e.g. Quinn et al. [@quinn1993]; Mihos et al. [@mihos1995]; Walker et al. [@walker1996]). It was possible to use more realistic, multiple-component models for the galaxy-satellite system – usually consisting of disk, bulge, and halo – as well as a large number of particles ($n_{\rm disk} \geq 32 \, 000$). One of the main conclusions was that even merging processes in the range between $M_{\rm sat}/M_{\rm disk} \approx 0.05 - 0.2$ can cause a vertical thickening of the stellar disk component by a factor between 2 and 4, depending on the galactocentric distance. It was found that this vertical heating is due to a gain of kinetic energy of the disk stars by enhanced two-body relaxation. According to a series of papers on the frequency of these so called “soft merging” events (e.g. Toth & Ostriker [@toth1992]; Zaritsky [@zaritsky1995], [@zaritsky1996]) a large number of present-day (disk-) galaxies were affected by merging- or accretion processes of this magnitude since they have formed. As a consequence, interactions and minor mergers within this mass range might modify our picture of galaxy formation and evolution. However, the enormous parameter space of such a complex scenario makes it difficult to derive general conclusions from a set of few specific simulations. The quantitative results still crucially depend on the chosen parameters such as the content and behaviour of gas in the disk, the mass ratio between bulge and disk, induced star formation, or the satellite orbit (Quinn et al. [@quinn1993]; Mihos et al. [@mihos1995]; Velazquez & White [@velazquez1999]). Statistical studies of galaxy interactions – based on optical photometry of disk galaxies (Reshetnikov & Combes [@reshetnikov1996], [@reshetnikov1997]) – focused on the effects of tidally-triggered disk thickening between systems of comparable mass. They found that the ratio $h/{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$ of the radial exponential scale length $h$ to the constant scale height ${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$ is only about twice smaller for interacting galaxies – a lower value than derived from the minor mergers simulations. However, the small number of objects in their sample (7 non-interacting and 24 interacting galaxies) did not permit to study these questions in detail. Therefore, we started a project based on a larger sample of edge-on disk galaxies in both optical and near infrared passbands. This combination offers a number of advantages: First, observations in the near infrared particularly benefit from the much lower dust extinction near the galactic plane, i.e. at small $z$. Second, the presence of a dust lane along the major axis of most edge-on disk galaxies still presents one of the best methods to determine precise inclinations of the disks – two facts that will become very important in order to derive reliable scale parameters from a disk fitting procedure. Third, this combination enables us to make conclusions on disk populations of different ages. The main questions of this study can be summarized as follows: - Are interactions/minor mergers able to change the radial and vertical structure of affected galactic disks? - Is there a substantial vertical disk thickening? - Of which order are the differences and similarities in the disk parameter distribution for a sample of interacting/non-interacting galaxies, respectively? - To what extent are the disk properties of galaxies in the local universe influenced by interactions/minor mergers? Due to the complexity of these questions the paper is split into three parts: in this first part (Paper I) we present deep optical and near infrared photometric data of a total sample of 110 highly-inclined/edge-on disk galaxies. This sample consists of two subsamples of 61 non-interacting galaxies (control sample) and of 49 minor merging candidates. Additionally, 41 of these galaxies were observed in the near infrared. In Sect. 2 the criteria of the sample selection will be described briefly. Sect. 3 gives an overview on the observations and data reduction. The disk modelling- and fitting procedure applied to derive the disk parameters will be reviewed in Sect. 4. In Sect. 5 we summarize and conclude the paper. In the second part (Schwarzkopf & Dettmar [@schwarzkopf2000_II], Paper II) the results of a detailed analysis of the structure of galactic disks will be presented. The third part (Schwarzkopf & Dettmar in preparation, Paper III) will be focused on the influence of accompanying minor merger features – like disk “warping” and “flaring” – on the vertical disk structure. 1.55mm [llccccccccccccccccc]{} &&\ &&\ && -5 & -4 & -3 & -2 & -1 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11\ && E & – & E-S0 & S0 & – & S0/a & Sa & Sa-b & Sb & Sb-c & – & Sc & – & Sc-Irr & – & IrrI & –\ && E & – & E-S0 & S0 & – & S0-a & Sa & Sa-b & Sb & Sb-c & S... & Sc, Sc-d & S.../Irr & Sd & – & Irr & unknown\ (8.8,7.7) [{width="80mm"}]{} (8.8,7.7) [{width="80mm"}]{} [**Fig. 1a and b.**]{} The distribution of morphological types [**(a)**]{} for the total galaxy sample and [**(b)**]{} for both subsamples of non-interacting (normal) and interacting/merging galaxies (merger). Sample selection ================ General remarks --------------- The selection of two separate subsamples of highly-inclined disk galaxies – consisting of a large number of interacting/merging candidates in the mass range $M_{\rm sat}/M_{\rm disk} \approx 0.1 $, and of relatively isolated disk galaxies – is a crucial point for the comparison of disk parameters. Since presumably not all of the merging processes of this order of magnitude – compared to large merging events – are able to change the structure of affected galaxy disks completely, two facts must be considered in order to classify both subsamples: First, only merging events in a more progressed phase will have any appreciable effect on the disk structure. We therefore did not consider candidates in an early stage of interaction. Instead, the sample contains some highly-inclined disk galaxies that show no separate satellite merging with the disk component, but strong evidence for accretion in the recent past (indicated by both a disturbed disk structure and characteristic effects such as warping and tidal tails). Most of these objects are located in galaxy groups with a few members, e.g. NGC 3628, NGC 4634, or NGC 4762. Due to their perturbed structure a morphological classification is difficult. Second, a control sample of non-interacting edge-on disk galaxies must include all morphological types in the range $0 \le T \le 9$ (Table \[types\]). The galaxies should be isolated without indication of interaction and accretion. In particular, it is important to include the latest type spirals like Sd – so called “superthin” galaxies – since they belong to a class of disk galaxies having the smallest known axis ratios (between 1:9 and 1:20). These galaxies are characterized by velocity curves of modest gradient (Goad & Roberts [@goad1981]; Griv & Peter [@griv1996a],[@griv1996b],[@griv1996c]), indicating that the “superthins” represent kinematically almost unheated galaxy disks. Beyond these “limitations” and the specific criteria described in the next section. it seems difficult to give a generalized definition of the selection criteria. As a consequence, it is unavoidable that the sample of non-interacting galaxies is slightly “polluted” by some galaxies that were affected by interactions/minor mergers during their past but show no indication of these effects today. This effect would, however, only influence the non-interacting galaxies and lead to an underestimation of the actual differences between both samples. The sample of interacting/merging galaxies ------------------------------------------ In this study, the notation “interacting/merging” refers closely to the classification scheme introduced by Arp & Madore ([@arp1987]) and will therefore be used as a synonym for all galaxies which fulfil the following criteria:\ Galaxies with interacting companions, interacting doubles, galaxies with peculiar disks, galaxies with tails, loops of material or debris, irregular or disturbed galaxies, chains and groups of galaxies. A more detailed description of these classifications is given in Arp & Madore ([@arp1987]). With these limitations in mind, we selected interacting/merging candidates with an inclination $i \ge 85 \degr$ (derived from a first visual inspection). During this pre-selection we did not impose any morphological restrictions except that their type should be not much earlier than $T \approx 0$. The candidates were chosen from optical prints in “A Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies and Associations” (Arp & Madore [@arp1987]), “Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies” (Arp [@arp1966]), and the NASA “Atlas of Galaxies” (Sandage & Bedke [@sandage1988]). We also selected some systems from the catalogue “Satellites of Spiral Galaxies” (Zaritsky et al. [@zaritsky1993], [@zaritsky1997]). Another selection criterion for the minor mergers and those galaxies in the subsample with very close companions was the mass ratio between the main bodies. For all the candidates which could be separated into two individuals (i.e. for $\approx 20$ galaxies of the interacting/merging sample) this ratio was checked by an estimation of their total fluxes within a certain aperture or ellipse that contains all intensities down to the sky brightness. The resulting mean ratio is $M_{\rm sat}/M_{\rm disk} \approx 0.08 \pm 0.035$. Typical examples (with errors of $\approx 0.005$) are NGC 1531/32 ($\approx 0.05$), NGC 128 ($\approx 0.045$) or NGC 1888 ($\approx 0.07$). For interacting galaxies located a less dense group or for those with a remote companion this mass ratio can be larger. The sample of non-interacting galaxies -------------------------------------- The selection criteria for disk inclination and morphological types were the same as described for the interacting/merging galaxies. Our principal sources for the subsample of highly-inclined, non-interacting galaxies were the ESO-Uppsala catalogue (Lauberts & Valentijn [@lauberts1989]), the RC3- (de Vaucouleurs et al. [@vaucouleurs1991]) and UGC (Nilson [@nilson1973]) catalogues, the “Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies” (Sandage & Bedke [@sandage1994]), and “The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies” (Sandage [@sandage1961]). To check their isolation, larger fields $(\approx 10' - 15'$, depending on the distance of individual objects) were inspected visually using the Digitized Sky Survey [^3]. In order to benefit from a better spatial resolution of some closer objects there was only a lower limit in apparent angular disk diameter of $\ge 2 \arcmin$ for both galaxy samples. Finally, the sample of non-interacting galaxies was filled up by 11 edge-on galaxies of the Barteldrees & Dettmar ([@barteldrees1994]) data set. Distribution of morphological types ----------------------------------- Several studies of the properties of edge-on galaxies argued that some of the disk parameters of spiral galaxies, e.g. the ratio of disk scale length to scale height, might be correlated with the morphological type (de Grijs & van der Kruit [@grijs1996]; de Grijs [@grijs1997]; Schwarzkopf & Dettmar [@schwarzkopf1998]). Therefore, it was also important to ensure that both subsamples investigated in this study are not affected by selection effects. This applies, in particular, to the distribution of morphologigal types and to the redshifts/distances of selected objects. Due to their relation to the absolute properties of galactic disks the latter will be discussed in detail in Paper II. The distribution of morphological types (according to NED [^4]) is shown in Fig. 1a for the complete galaxy sample, and in Fig. 1b for both subsamples of non-interacting and interacting/merging galaxies, respectively. The statistical test of Kolmogorov & Smirnov (Darling [@darling1957]; Sachs [@sachs1992]) – hereafter KS – quantifies the similarity of both subsamples with a result of 0.04. That is significantly lower than the value necessary for the 20%-limit (0.2), which is the strongest of the KS-criteria. Considering also the unavoidable errors ($\Delta T \approx \pm 1$) introduced by an automated type classification (Corwin et al. [@corwin1985]; Lauberts & Valentijn [@lauberts1989]) both distributions are statistically indistinguishable. The gross of galaxies covers the range between $3 \le T \le 7$, with a strong peak at $T=3$. This peak can also be observed in the frequency distribution of galaxy types in the available catalogues. The effect is caused by the selection criteria of the classification programs used in the catalogues (Sect. 6 in Lauberts & Valentijn (1989)). Observations and data reduction =============================== Optical observations -------------------- Due to the large number of galaxies needed for reliable statistics the optical observations were obtained with different telescopes and during several observing runs between February 1996 and June 1998. The following telescopes were used: 1.54m Danish and 61cm Bochum telescope on La Silla, Chile; 42-inch telescope at Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff; 1.23m telescope at Calar Alto Observatory, Spain; 1.06m telescope at Hoher List Observatory, Germany. The used passbands were Johnson $R$ and Thuan & Gunn $r$, with a central wavelength at $\lambda_{\rm c} = 652$ nm and 670 nm, bandpass $\Delta \lambda = 162$ nm and 103 nm, respectively. All observing runs and the used telescope/detector characteristics are listed in Table \[telescopes\]. The seeing conditions are given as averaged FWHM values. Details of the optical observations are listed in Table \[samples\]. Additionally for most of the sample galaxies the total blue surface brightness, $B_{\rm T}$, and the morphological type $T$ (revised Hubble type, according to Lauberts & Valentijn ([@lauberts1989]), Table \[types\]) are given. Near infrared observations -------------------------- The near infrared observations were obtained with the MAGIC camera of the MPIA attached to the 2.2m and 1.23m telescopes of the Calar Alto Observatory, Spain, and with the IRAC2b camera on the ESO/MPIA 2.2m telescope of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), Chile, respectively. Both the MAGIC and IRAC2b cameras are equipped with a Rockwell $256 \times 256$ $\rm pixel^{2}$ NICMOS3 HgCdTe array. The data were acquired during several observing runs between February 1996 and June 1998. For all runs we used the $K$ filter (central wavelength $\lambda_{\rm c} = 2.20 {\mbox{$ \mu \rm m $}}$, bandpass $\Delta \lambda = 0.40 {\mbox{$ \mu \rm m $}}$), or the $K'$ filter ($\lambda_{\rm c} = 2.15 {\mbox{$ \mu \rm m $}}, \Delta \lambda = 0.32 {\mbox{$ \mu \rm m $}}$). For some objects images in the $H$ filter were obtained ($\lambda_{\rm c} = 1.65 {\mbox{$ \mu \rm m $}}, \Delta \lambda = 0.30 {\mbox{$ \mu \rm m $}}$). We recorded object and sky frames alternately, with typical single integration times of $10 \times 5$s per sequence, and spatially separated by $\approx 6'$. To eliminate bad pixels, the telescope “on source”-positions were dithered by a few arcseconds between subsequent exposures. Since many of the sample galaxies are faint objects it was required to reach at least $30 - 40$ min integration time “on source”, which corresponds to $\approx 9 - 12$ cycle repetitions and a resulting observing time of $\approx 2.5 - 3$ hours. Therefore, only one third of our total optical galaxy sample was observed in the near infrared. Since our study is aiming at an investigation of the structure and geometrical properties of galactic disks, we could make use of observations obtained under non-photometric conditions. For that reason the optical and near infrared contour maps of the sample galaxies shown in Figs. 3 and 4 are not flux calibrated. As for the optical observations, the telescope/detector characteristics as well as a list of all galaxies observed in the near infrared are given in Tables \[telescopes\] and \[samples\], respectively. 0.8mm [llclrcllc]{} && & && & &\ && & && & &\ && & && & &\ \ Mar & 1996 && 1.1 LO & 4.9 && 0.729${\mbox{$ ^{\rm a)} $}}$ & TI 800 & 2.0\ May & 1996 && 1.0 HL & 27.0 && 0.825 & LORAL 2048 & 3.0\ Jun & 1996 && 1.2 CA & 8.6 && 0.503 & TEK 1024 & 2.0\ Aug & 1996 && 1.0 HL & 27.0 && 0.825 & LORAL 2048 & 3.0\ Sep & 1996 && 1.2 CA & 8.6 && 0.503 & TEK 1024 & 2.0\ Dec & 1996 && 0.6 BO & 4.8 && 0.496 & TH 7882 & 1.8\ Jan & 1997 && 1.2 CA & 8.6 && 0.503 & TEK 1024 & 2.0\ Feb & 1997 && 1.0 HL & 6.8 && 0.800${\mbox{$ ^{\rm a)} $}}$ & LORAL 2048 & 3.2\ Apr & 1997 && 1.5 DA & 13.7 && 0.390 & LORAL 2048 & 1.5\ May & 1997 && 1.1 LO & 9.9 && 0.730${\mbox{$ ^{\rm a)} $}}$ & SITe 2k & 2.0\ Sep & 1997 && 1.0 HL & 27.0 && 0.825 & LORAL 2048 & 3.0\ Jun & 1998 && 1.5 DA & 13.7 && 0.390 & LORAL 2048 & 1.6\ \ Mar & 1996 && 1.2 CA & 5.1 && 1.200 & NICMOS3 & 1.8\ Sep & 1996 && 2.2 CA & 2.7 && 0.642 & NICMOS3 & 1.8\ Jan & 1997 && 2.2 CA & 2.7 && 0.642 & NICMOS3 & 1.5\ Apr & 1997 && 2.2 ESO & 3.0 && 0.708 & NICMOS3 & 1.6\ Feb & 1998 && 2.2 CA & 2.7 && 0.642 & NICMOS3 & 1.8\ May & 1998 && 2.2 ESO & 3.0 && 0.708 & NICMOS3 & 1.5\ Pixel binning $2 \times 2$.\ Data reduction -------------- The optical data were reduced using the MIDAS software package, developed by ESO. Following the standard reduction procedures (bias subtraction, flat fielding with sky flats) the remaining gradients in the background of galaxies that covered a major fraction of the field of view were removed using a two-dimensional polynomial. For some of the frames that were affected by bad columns these columns were also removed by the standard MIDAS fitting routine. In order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio S/N (important for an investigation of faint disk features) the images of fainter objects were binned ($2 \times 2$). Finally, the frames were rotated in such a way that the galaxy planes are in a horizontal position (assuming symmetrical light distribution of the vertical disk profiles). It should be stressed that the remaining small rotation error – which is typically $\pm 0.4 \degr$ for most of the relatively uniform disks of non-interacting galaxies – can be considered by the disk fitting routine (Sect. 4). For galactic disks affected by strong disk warping (mostly interacting objects) precise rotation was more difficult. For these cases, only the inner parts of the galaxy disk were considered to determine the rotation. For standard reduction of the near infrared data, the IRAF software package was used. In particular, the sky frame subtraction, the flat fielding, and the combining of the flat-fielded images was done with the ARNICA (Arcetri Near-Infrared Camera) add-on package. The sky frames used for the flat field subtraction were obtained from a set of the nearest frames in time, filtered by a median. The median filtering also removed the stars in the sky frames. To produce a final source frame, the reduced, flat-fielded images were combined using the ARNICA standard “mosaic” task (this task includes both median filtering, and centering of frames by stars in the field). Due to the small detector size – the resulting field of view was $\approx 3'$ on average (Table \[telescopes\]) – images of larger fields were produced by mosaicing. Since this is a time-expensive procedure, it was only applied in order to obtain images of some larger objects. For precise adjustment of each of the frames we used either stars in the field or the sharp central bulge regions of the galaxies themselves. Image rotation was applied as explained for the optical images. Isophote maps of the complete samples of interacting/merging and non-interacting galaxies, respectively, are shown in Figs. 3 and 4 of this paper. Disk modelling ============== Overview on the disk model properties ------------------------------------- In order to analyze and to compare the radial and vertical disk structure of a large sample of highly-inclined/edge-on spiral galaxies, it is necessary to apply a disk model that enables both a good quantitative and very flexible description of the 3-dimensional luminosity distribution. Although mathematical simplicity is also a desired property of disk models, there should be a firm physical basis. Therefore, a disk modelling- and fitting procedure was developed based on the results of a fundamental study of edge-on spiral galaxies by van der Kruit & Searle ([@kruit1981a],[@kruit1981b]; [@kruit1982a],[@kruit1982b]) as well as on other observational studies thereafter (e.g. van der Kruit [@kruit1988]; Barteldrees & Dettmar [@barteldrees1994]; de Grijs & van der Kruit [@grijs1996]; Just et al. [@just1996]). The disk model presented here also considers the effects of an inclined disk ($i\neq 90 \degr$) as well as 3 different vertical luminosity distributions. Using the following notation for disk model parameters $L_{0}$ = $\ldots \,$ = central luminosity density\ $i$ $\ldots \,$ inclination angle of the disk\ ${\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}}$ $\ldots \,$ disk cut-off Radius\ $h$ $\ldots \,$ disk scale length\ ${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$ $\ldots \,$ disk scale height\ $f_{n}(z,{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}})$ $\ldots \,$ vertical distribution, see (2) to (4)\ $\Theta({\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}}-r)$ $\ldots \,$ truncation (Heaviside-) function\ (1 for $ r < {\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}}$; 0 for $ r \geq {\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}}$) the 3-dimensional luminosity distribution $L_{n}$ ($n=1,2,3$) of the disk can be described in cylindrical coordinates by $$L_{n}(r,z) \; = \; L_{0} \; \exp (-r/h) \; \; f_{n}(z,{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}) \;\; \Theta({\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}}-r) \; .$$ A set of 3 functions $f_{n}(z,{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}})$ with the same asymptotic behaviour for $ z/{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}\gg 1 $ – proposed by van der Kruit ([@kruit1988]); Wainscoat et al. ([@wainscoat1989], [@wainscoat1990]); Burkert & Yoshii ([@burkert1996]) – is used to describe the vertical luminosity distribution $L(z)$: $$f_{1}(z,{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}) \; = \; 4 \, \exp \; (-2 \, |z|/{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}) \; ,$$ $$f_{2}(z,{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}) \; = \; 2 \; {\mbox{$ \rm sech $}}\; (2 \, z/{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}) \; ,$$ $$f_{3}(z,{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}) \; = \;\;\;\, {\mbox{$ \rm sech^{2} $}}\; (z/{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}) \; .$$ Thus, for large $z$, a comparison between different scale heights is possible via $${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}_{\, (\rm sech^{2})} \; = \; \sqrt{2} \; {\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}_{\, (\rm sech)} \; = \; 2 \; {\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}_{\, (\rm exp)} \; .$$ The use of this combination of 3 different vertical luminosity distributions meets the mentioned specifications and allows also very flexible description of a large variety of vertical profiles of galactic disks. In order to obtain a final disk model, i.e. a two-dimensional intensity distribution, integration of (1) along the line-of-sight through the disk is required. But there exist only two possible disk models – the projection face-on ($i=0 \degr$) and edge-on ($i=90 \degr$), combined with the isothermal disk model (4) – which would allow an analytical solution of (1) using a modified Bessel function (van der Kruit & Searle [@kruit1981a]). Therefore, integration of (1) must be calculated numerically. Hence, the intensity $I(Y,Z)$ of one point (pixel) of the disk – as it can be seen by an observer at the projected coordinates $Y$ and $Z$ on the CCD – can be written in cartesian coordinates in the following form (for example, only the double exponential disk model (2) is given here in its explicit form, for $i \not= 0 $; integration of models (3) and (4) is analogous): $$\begin{aligned} I(Y,Z) \, = \, 4 \: L_{0} \: \int \limits^{r_{\rm max}}_{r_{\rm min}} \: \: \exp \Bigg(- \: \frac{\sqrt{r^{2} \sin^{2}(i) + Y^{2}}}{h} \, \Bigg) \: \: \nonumber\\ \hspace{5mm} * \exp \Bigg(- \: \frac{2 \; (|r \cos(i) + Z / \sin(i)|)}{z_{0}} \, \Bigg) \; dr \; .\end{aligned}$$ The integration limits are, in a direction of the line-of-sight, given by the geometry of the “galaxy-cylinder”: $$r_{\rm max,min} \; = \; \pm \; \sqrt{\, {\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}}^{2} - Y^{2}} \; / \; \sin(i) \;\; ,$$ and can be approximated for $i \approx 0 \degr$ by $$r_{\rm max,min} \; = \; \pm \; 10 \: {\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}\, ,$$ i.e. by a cylinder with a height of about 10 scale heights. At larger distances above the disk plane the contribution of luminosity, acc. to (2)–(4), becomes negligibly. The integration of (6) along the line-of-sight through the disk-“cylinder” is realized by a modified Newton-Cotes rule. According to $(1), (6)$, and (7) the intensity $I_{n}$ of any disk model can be described by an integral of a family of 3 different density laws $L_{n}$, depending on 5 free parameters each: $$I_{n}(Y,Z) \; = \; \int \; L_{n} \, (L_{0},i,{\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}},h,{\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}) \; \, dr \; .$$ In practice, this is still a large parameter space. It therefore requires a further, step-by-step restriction, realized in the following disk fitting procedure. (14,10) [{width="150mm"}]{} \ [**Fig. 2.**]{} Example of the disk fitting procedure: Set of typical radial (left panels) and vertical (right panels) profiles used for disk fitting of the Sc-galaxy ESO 461-G06 ($r$-band, see also Fig. 5). The galaxy profiles (averaged) are displayed together with the final disk model, the used parameters are: $i=88.5\degr; {\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}}=60\farcs8; h=16\farcs0; {\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}=3\farcs0; f(z) \propto \rm exp$ (further explanation see text). (8,7.3) [{width="62mm"}]{} (8,7.3) [{width="62mm"}]{} (8,7.3) [{width="62mm"}]{} (8,7.3) [{width="62mm"}]{} (8,7.3) [{width="62mm"}]{} (8,7.3) [{width="62mm"}]{} (8,7.3) [{width="62mm"}]{} (8,7.3) [{width="62mm"}]{} (8,7.3) [{width="62mm"}]{} [**Fig. 3.**]{} The influence of inclination on the shape of vertical disk profiles, shown for 3 different edge-on galaxies and their corresponding models (columns from left to right): $f(z) \propto$ exp (IC 2531); $f(z) \propto$ sech (NGC 1886); $f(z) \propto {\mbox{$ \rm sech^{2} $}}$ (ESO 187-G08). Although the disk inclination is varied between $i=86\degr ... \, 90\degr$, for each of the vertical profiles a quantitative good fit can be found by changing only the scale height ${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$ and the central luminosity density $L_{0}$ (as indicated; further explanation see text). The disk fitting procedure -------------------------- In order to derive relible disk parameters we developed two independent disk fitting procedures that were designed to comply the special tasks proposed for the first (Paper I+II) and second (Paper III) part of this study (see Sect. 1). The first fitting procedure was realized semi-automatically. It uses different graphs enabling a direct comparison by eye of a set of radial and vertical profiles within a preselected disk area with those of an underlying disk model. To take advantage of symmetrical light distribution of galactic disks the profiles used for modelling are averaged over two quadrants. They are usually displayed equidistantly and cover the whole fitting area. The size of the fitting area vastly depends on the properties of the individual image, i.e. on both the image quality and some special features of the galaxy disk itself. Therefore the program allows – after a first inspection of the profiles – an interactive selection of a qualified fitting area. Depending on the S/N ratio and the spatial resolution of the images it is also possible to use a desired pixel binning for both image and model (as an example Fig. 2 shows one of the sets of radial and vertical disk profiles). This kind of modelling allows fast and flexible, but reliable disk fitting of a large number of galaxies – in particular of interacting/merging galaxies – whose disk profiles do often show considerable deviations from the simple model. Such galaxies are therefore difficult to handle with conventional least squares fitting methods. The second fitting procedure uses the same set of disk models as described before but a least square fitting in order to fit the scale height as a function of the galactocentric distance. The properties of the program will be described in detail in Paper III. To ensure homogenity of the fitting results the fit quality reached with this method was compared with that of the above described semi-automated disk modelling (for this purpose the data of non-disturbed disk profiles of galaxies in the non-interacting sample were used). It was found that both methods give consistent results with errors on (or below) a 10%-level. The errors found for the fits of the scale height only are even smaller than 5%. The remaining discrepancies are not due to the individual method itself but rather to the following two reasons: first, the fitting areas are slightly different (i.e. they are usually more restricted for the least square method as a result of its sensibility against the error sources described in the following). Second, the scale height of a large fraction of galaxy disks investigated shows variations of different absolute size (both irregularly and systematically, i.e. gradients) along the galactocentric distance. Therefore this point will be discussed in detail in Paper III. A detailed comparison of the semi-automated disk modelling with another, independent developed least square fitting routine will be given in Pohlen et al. ([@pohlen2000]). After comparison of both fitting methods we choose to use the semi-automated disk modelling for this part of the study because it combines the advantages of fast and flexible fitting with a high accuracy. In view of the existing data the point of flexible fitting is very important since – despite all structural similarities – the radial and vertical profiles of induvidual (disk) galaxies are unique. The profiles investigated here are often heavily contaminated by light from, e.g., a bulge and/or a bar, a nearby companion, other disk components, foreground stars or reflections from bright stars. In addition, the modelling may be complicated by strong dust extinction along the galactic plane, by a low S/N ratio, or a considerably warped disk (mainly interacting/merging galaxies). Since most of the foregoing deviations can not be easily quantified their complete consideration by an automated fitting procedure thus seems almost impossible and would cause unpredictably errors. In the following step-by-step procedure the disk parameters of the semi-automated disk fitting procedure are reduced systematically: as a first step, the inclination is determined by using the axis ratio of the dust lane in the disk plane of optical images. Given a relatively sharp dust lane, an accuracy of less than $\pm 0.5 \degr$ can be reached. The central luminosity density, $L_0$, is calculated automatically by the fitting program for each new parameter set by using a number of preselected reference points along the disk (outside the bulge- or bar-light contaminated regions). Given a sufficient S/N ratio, the cut-off radius ${\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}}$ can be fitted to the major axes profiles with an accuracy between $(5-10)\%$. The cut-off is determined by a significant decrease of the intensity extrapolated to $I=0$ (left panels in Fig. 2). For highly-inclined disks such as the ones studied here, the effect of a variation of ${\mbox{$ R_{\rm max} $}}$ on the slope of radial disk profiles is negligible. Thus, the remaining “real” fitting parameters are the disk scale length and height, $h$ and ${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$, as well as the set of 3 functions $f_{n}(z)$. Within the following procedure both the scale length and the scale height are fitted in an iterative process until a first good convergence of the “global” fit is achieved. During this process, the quality of the corresponding fits can be checked simultaneously using a small set of radial and vertical disk profiles (usually 3 profiles each, see Fig. 2 as an example). For further small corrections, if necessary, both parameters can be considered as independent and thus separated without any loss of accuracy. For this “fine tuning” a set with more disk profiles (usually 6-8) is used for both parameters. During the iterative process of modelling the scale length is fitted to a set of averaged major axes profiles in a radial region typically between $(0.7 - 2.8)h$ and vertically outside strong dust extinction (left panels in Fig. 2). The fit quality of the vertical profiles along the disk can be used as a cross-check for the scale length (right panels in Fig. 2). As a result of the error sources mentioned at the beginning the disk scale length of a galaxy can be reproduced (with the same method) with an accuracy of $(5-10)\%$. In contrast to this, the scale lengths derived with different methods can in some cases differ by $(25-50)\%$. The disk scale height ${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$ is estimated by fitting the $z$-profiles inside the previously selected radial regions, which are outside the bulge- or bar contamination (right panels in Fig. 2). The vertical region used for the fits is typically between $(0.2 - 2){\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$, but depends strongly on the individual characteristic of the dust lane. If the disk inclination is known precisely, this fitting method works reliably. Otherwise, additional errors may be introduced (see next Sect.). The vertical disk profiles of most of the galaxies investigated in optical passbands enable a reliable choice of the quantitatively best fitting function $f_{n}(z)$. This is because deviations between different models become visible at vertical distances larger than that of the most sharply-peaked dust regions. For those disks that are affected by strong dust extinction, the choice was made easier by using a combination of both optical and near infrared profiles. For these cases profiles of both passbands were, if available, used for fitting. The influence of inclination on vertical disk profiles ------------------------------------------------------ If a large sample of disk galaxies is investigated statistically – as is the case in this study – moderate deviations from edge-on orientation of the order of $\pm 5\degr$ are common (Sect. 2). It was found in this study and in Schwarzkopf & Dettmar ([@schwarzkopf1998]) that, if reliable values for the scale height are desired, deviations from $90\degr$ larger than $4\degr - 5\degr$ can not be neglegted. Therefore in this section the influence of small changes of inclination on vertical disk profiles and on the resulting parameters will be investigated in detail. For that purpose we selected 3 $r$-band images of galaxies in the non-interacting sample with well known disk parameters, but with different vertical profiles: $f(z) \propto$ exp (IC 2531); $f(z) \propto$ sech (NGC 1886); and $f(z) \propto {\mbox{$ \rm sech^{2} $}}$ (ESO 187-G08). At 3 different inclinations ($i=90\degr$; $88\degr$; and $86\degr$) the vertical profiles of each model were best-fitted to the observed disk profiles (see left, middle, and right panels of Fig. 3). To compensate for the effect of inclination, both the disk scale height, ${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$, and the central luminosity density, $L_{0}$, must be changed. As can be seen in the disk parameters (middle raw in Fig. 3 and Table \[inclination\]) the effect for ${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$ is, at $i=88\degr$, around the $5\%$-level for all vertical models, whereas for $i=86\degr$ (Fig. 3 bottom) the error amounts to $\approx 30\%$ for the exp-model and, after all, to $\approx 13\% - 18\%$ for the ${\mbox{$ \rm sech^{2} $}}$ and sech-models. At smaller inclinations the quality of all vertical fits decreases rapidly and allows no more qualitative good fits. As expected, the effect of slight changes of inclination on both the scale height and the shape of vertical profiles near the disk plane is the strongest for the exp-model (left panels in Fig. 3). The effect shown above is due to the fact that the slope of the vertical disk profiles – in a region that is relevant for fitting (previous section) – remains nearly unchanged in the range between $i \approx 85\degr - 90\degr$, whereas this is not true for the width of the vertical profiles. Hence, to obtain reliable disk parameters for ${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$ and $L_{0}$ it is required that both - the inclination of the disk is known precisely (within $\pm2\degr$) and - a disk model with a flexible inclination is used. Otherwise, substantial errors for ${\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$ and $L_{0}$ are introduced (Table \[inclination\] lists averaged errors $\Delta {\mbox{$ z_{0} $}}$ and $\Delta L_{0}$, obtained by fitting 5 galaxies with 3 different vertical disk models each). 1.2mm [ccrrccrrccrr]{} && &&& &&&\ && & &&& & &&& &\ && & &&& & &&& &\ $88\degr$ && $ 7\%$ & $ 5\%$ &&& $ 5\%$ & $ 5\%$ &&& $ 5\%$ & $\;\;7\%$\ $86\degr$ && $30\%$ & $11\%$ &&& $18\%$ & $18\%$ &&& $13\%$ & $ 18\%$\ Summary and conclusions ======================= Optical and near infrared photometric data of a sample of 110 highly-inclined/edge-on disk galaxies are presented. This sample consists of two subsamples of 61 non-interacting galaxies and 49 minor merging candidates. Additionally, 41 of these galaxies were observed in the near infrared. The sample selection, observations, and data reduction are described. We show that – although the subsamples are naturally slightly polluted due to unavoidable selection effects – the distribution of their morphological types is almost indistinguishable, covering the range between $0 \le T \le 9$. This is important for the forthcoming detailed statistical study focused on the influence of interaction and minor merger on the radial and vertical disk structure of spiral galaxies. Moreover, a 3-dimensional disk modelling- and fitting procedure is described in order to analyze and to compare the disk structure of our sample galaxies by using characteristical parameters. We find that the vertical brightness profiles of modelled galaxy disks respond very sensitive even to small changes of inclination around perfect edge-on orientation. Therefore, projection effects of highly-inclined disks must be considered. This work was supported by [*Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft*]{}, DFG, under grant no. 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Richtler, Shaker Publ., Aachen, p. 297 Schwarzkopf U., Dettmar R.-J., 2000, A&A paper II, submitted Toth G., Ostriker J.P., 1992, ApJ 389, 5 Vaucouleurs G. de, Vaucouleurs A. de, Corwin Jr. H.G., Paturel G., Fouque P., 1991, Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies Vol. I-III, Springer Velazquez H., White S.D.M., 1999, MNRAS 304, 254 Wainscoat R.J., Freeman K.C., Hyland A.R., 1989, ApJ 337, 163 Wainscoat R.J., Hyland A.R., Freeman K.C., 1990, ApJ 348, 85 Walker I.R., Mihos C., Hernquist L., 1996, ApJ 460, 121 Zaritsky D., Smith R., Frenk C., White S.D.M., 1993, ApJ 405, 464 Zaritsky D., 1995, ApJ 448, L17 Zaritsky D., 1996, ApJ 462, 50 Zaritsky D., Smith R., Frenk C., White S.D.M., 1997, ApJ 478, 39 2.35mm [rllllcccrrc]{} & & & & & & & & & &\ & & & & & & & & & &\ & & & & & & & & & &\ \ 1 & NGC 7 & 00 08 20.6 & $-$29 54 54 & 0.6 BO & Dec 27 96 & $R$ & 75 & 14.40 & 4.5 & 1\ 2 & UGC 260 & 00 27 03.0 & +11 35 03 & 1.0 HL & Sep 04 97 & $R$ & 65 & 13.71 & 6.0 & 1\ 3 & NGC 128 & 00 29 15.0 & +02 51 55 & 1.2 CA & Sep 08 96 & $R$ & 30 & 12.77 & -2.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Sep 03 96 & $K$ & 4 & — & -2.0 & 1\ 4 & AM 0107-375 & 01 09 42.0 & $-$37 42 27 & 0.6 BO & Dec 28 96 & $R$ & 65 & — & 3.5 & 1\ 5 & ESO 296-G17 & 01 23 55.0 & $-$38 00 44 & 0.6 BO & Dec 29 96 & $R$ & 60 & 16.38 & 3.0 & 1\ 6 & ESO 354-G05 & 01 52 07.0 & $-$33 31 46 & 0.6 BO & Jan 05 97 & $R$ & 75 & 15.95 & 4.0 & 1\ 7 & ESO 245-G10 & 01 56 44.0 & $-$43 58 23 & 0.6 BO & Dec 31 96 & $R$ & 75 & 14.28 & 3.0 & 1\ 8 & ESO 417-G08 & 02 58 47.0 & $-$32 05 52 & 0.6 BO & Jan 04 97 & $R$ & 75 & 13.64 & 0.7 & 1\ 9 & ESO 199-G12 & 03 03 25.0 & $-$50 29 43 & 0.6 BO & Dec 28 96 & $R$ & 88 & 15.52 & 8.0 & 1\ 10 & ESO 357-G16 & 03 19 34.0 & $-$32 27 53 & 0.6 BO & Jan 02 97 & $R$ & 75 & 14.34 & 3.0 & 1\ 11 & ESO 357-G26 & 03 23 56.0 & $-$36 27 50 & 1.2 CA & Jan 01 97 & $R$ & 75 & 11.37 & -1.0 & 1\ 12 & ESO 418-G15 & 03 39 23.0 & $-$31 19 19 & 0.6 BO & Dec 28 96 & $R$ & 55 & 12.40 & 4.0 & 1\ 13 & NGC 1531/32 & 04 11 59.0 & $-$32 50 57 & 1.5 DA & Apr 08 97 & $r$ & 30 & 10.65 & 2.7 & 1\ 14 & ESO 202-G04 & 04 17 46.0 & $-$50 09 51 & 0.6 BO & Dec 26 96 & $R$ & 80 & 13.47 & 2.0 & 1\ 15 & ESO 362-G11 & 05 16 39.0 & $-$37 06 00 & 0.6 BO & Jan 05 97 & $R$ & 75 & 13.04 & 4.0 & 1\ 16 & NGC 1888 & 05 22 35.0 & $-$11 29 58 & 1.5 DA & Apr 08 97 & $r$ & 40 & 12.83 & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 10 97 & $K'$ & 40 & — & 5.0 & 1\ 17 & ESO 363-G07 & 05 33 13.0 & $-$36 23 59 & 0.6 BO & Dec 30 96 & $R$ & 75 & 13.25 & 5.5 & 1\ 18 & ESO 487-G35 & 05 42 01.0 & $-$22 56 43 & 0.6 BO & Jan 01 97 & $R$ & 90 & 13.39 & 7.8 & 1\ 19 & NGC 2188 & 06 10 10.0 & $-$34 06 22 & 1.5 DA & Apr 09 97 & $r$ & 75 & 12.14 & 9.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 12 97 & $K'$ & 33 & — & 9.0 & 1\ 20 & UGC 3697 & 07 11 21.3 & +71 50 06 & 1.1 LO & Mar 16 96 & $R$ & 33 & 13.50 & 7.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Mar 01 96 & $H$ & 53 & — & 7.0 & 1\ 21 & ESO 060-G24 & 09 02 40.3 & $-$68 13 38 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 30 & 13.95 & 2.5 & 1\ 22 & ESO 497-G14 & 09 07 42.0 & $-$23 37 15 & 0.6 BO & Dec 26 96 & $R$ & 75 & 14.16 & 3.0 & 1\ 23 & NGC 2820 & 09 21 47.0 & +64 15 29 & 1.2 CA & Mar 01 96 & $H$ & 53 & 13.28 & 5.0 & 1\ 24 & NGC 3044 & 09 53 40.0 & +01 34 46 & 1.5 DA & Apr 08 97 & $r$ & 45 & 12.46 & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 10 97 & $K'$ & 40 & — & 5.0 & 1\ 25 & NGC 3187 & 10 17 48.0 & +21 52 25 & 1.5 DA & Apr 09 97 & $r$ & 30 & 13.91 & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 11 97 & $K'$ & 28 & — & 5.0 & 1\ 26 & ESO 317-G29 & 10 27 44.0 & $-$40 26 08 & 0.6 BO & Dec 28 96 & $R$ & 50 & 13.74 & 1.0 & 1\ 27 & ESO 264-G29 & 10 40 12.0 & $-$47 06 11 & 0.6 BO & Jan 06 96 & $R$ & 60 & 15.68 & 5.6 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 12 97 & $K'$ & 11 & — & 5.6 & 1\ 28 & NGC 3432 & 10 52 31.0 & +36 37 08 & 1.1 LO & May 31 97 & $R$ & 40 & 11.67 & 9.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 13 98 & $K'$ & 60 & — & 9.0 & 1\ 29 & NGC 3628 & 11 20 16.0 & +13 35 22 & 1.5 DA & Apr 09 97 & $r$ & 95 & 10.28 & 3.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 15 98 & $K'$ & 13 & — & 3.0 & 1\ 30 & ESO 378-G13 & 11 37 08.0 & $-$32 49 13 & 0.6 BO & Jan 07 97 & $R$ & 60 & 15.45 & 1.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 12 97 & $K'$ & 38 & — & 1.0 & 1\ 31 & ESO 379-G20 & 12 00 59.0 & $-$35 11 36 & 0.6 BO & Jan 08 97 & $R$ & 75 & 15.44 & 1.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 11 97 & $K'$ & 36 & — & 1.0 & 1\ 32 & NGC 4183 & 12 13 18.0 & +43 41 55 & 1.1 LO & Jun 02 97 & $R$ & 25 & 12.86 & 6.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 14 98 & $K'$ & 40 & — & 6.0 & 1\ 33 & NGC 4631 & 12 42 08.0 & +32 32 28 & 1.1 LO & May 31 97 & $R$ & 30 & 9.75 & 7.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 16 98 & $K'$ & 13 & — & 7.0 & 1\ [**Table 4.**]{} continued.\ [rllllcccrrc]{} & & & & & & & & & &\ & & & & & & & & & &\ & & & & & & & & & &\ 34 & NGC 4634 & 12 42 40.4 & +14 17 47 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 45 & 13.16 & 6.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 15 98 & $K'$ & 25 & — & 6.0 & 1\ 35 & NGC 4747 & 12 51 45.0 & +25 46 27 & 1.1 LO & Jun 02 97 & $R$ & 72 & 12.96 & 6.0 & 1\ 36 & NGC 4762 & 12 52 56.3 & +11 13 48 & 1.5 DA & Apr 08 97 & $r$ & 30 & 11.12 & -2.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 15 98 & $K'$ & 27 & — & -2.0 & 1\ 37 & ESO 443-G21 & 12 59 46.0 & $-$29 35 58 & 1.5 DA & Apr 08 97 & $r$ & 45 & 14.41 & 6.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 11 97 & $K'$ & 15 & — & 6.0 & 1\ 38 & NGC 5126 & 13 24 54.0 & $-$30 20 00 & 0.6 BO & Jan 10 97 & $R$ & 40 & 14.06 & 0.0 & 1\ 39 & ESO 324-23 & 13 27 29.0 & $-$38 10 26 & 1.5 DA & Apr 08 97 & $r$ & 45 & 13.07 & 6.5 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 10 97 & $K'$ & 32 & — & 6.5 & 1\ 40 & ESO 383-G05 & 13 29 23.8 & $-$34 16 23 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 45 & 14.21 & 3.7 & 1\ 41 & NGC 5297 & 13 46 24.0 & +43 52 25 & 1.1 LO & Jun 03 97 & $R$ & 3 & 12.47 & 4.5 & 1\ 42 & ESO 445-G63 & 13 52 07 & $-$30 49 41 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 40 & 15.78 & 5.3 & 1\ 43 & NGC 5529 & 14 15 34.1 & +36 13 36 & 1.1 LO & Jun 01 97 & $R$ & 50 & 12.75 & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Mar 05 96 & $H$ & 12 & — & 5.0 & 1\ 44 & NGC 5965 & 15 34 02.0 & +56 41 10 & 1.1 LO & Jun 03 97 & $R$ & 60 & 12.60 & 3.0 & 1\ 45 & NGC 6045 & 16 05 08.0 & +17 45 22 & 1.2 CA & Sep 06 96 & $R$ & 30 & 14.87 & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Sep 03 96 & $K$ & 30 & — & 5.0 & 1\ 46 & NGC 6361 & 17 18 40.0 & +60 36 32 & 1.2 CA & Jun 02 96 & $R$ & 37 & 13.87 & 3.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.0 HL & May 20 96 & $nf{\mbox{$ ^{\rm a)} $}}$& 5 & — & 3.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Sep 03 96 & $K$ & 20 & — & 3.0 & 1\ 47 & Arp 121 & 00 59 24.0 & $-$04 48 13 & 1.2 CA & Sep 04 96 & $R$ & 60 & — & 2.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Sep 04 96 & $K$ & 16 & — & 2.0 & 1\ 48 & ESO 462-G07 & 20 18 23 & $-$27 27 18 & 2.2 ESO & Apr 12 97 & $K'$ & 41 & 15.48 & 4.0 & 1\ 49 & IC 4991 & 20 18 23.0 & $-$41 03 01 & 1.5 DA & Apr 08 98 & $r$ & 30 & 11.56 & -2.0 & 1\ \ 1 & UGC 231 & 00 24 02.6 & +16 29 09 & 1.0 HL & Aug 19 96 & $R$ & 30 & 13.91 & 6.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Sep 05 96 & $K$ & 40 & — & 6.0 & 1\ 2 & ESO 150-G07 & 00 25 37.0 & $-$57 11 28 & 1.5 DA & Jun 04 98 & $r$ & 30 & 15.28 & 1.0 & 1\ 3 & ESO 112-G04 & 00 28 04.0 & $-$58 06 13 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 15.86 & 5.6 & 2\ 4 & ESO 150-G14 & 00 36 38.0 & $-$56 54 24 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 14.90 & 0.4 & 2\ 5 & UGC 711 & 01 08 37.0 & +01 38 29 & 0.6 Bo & Dec 25 96 & $R$ & 118 & 14.39 & 6.7 & 1\ 6 & ESO 244-G48 & 01 39 09.0 & $-$47 07 42 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 30 & 15.55 & -2.0 & 1\ 7 & UGC 1839 & 02 22 30.2 & $-$00 37 07 & 1.2 CA & Sep 08 96 & $R$ & 75 & 15.26 & 7.3 & 1\ 8 & NGC 891 & 02 22 33.1 & +42 20 48 & 1.0 HL & Sep 05 97 & $R$ & 30 & 10.81 & 3.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 14 98 & $K'$ & 20 & — & 3.0 & 1\ 9 & ESO 416-G25 & 02 48 41.0 & $-$31 32 10 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 14.64 & 3.0 & 2\ 10 & UGC 2411 & 02 58 00.9 & +75 45 00 & 1.1 LO & Mar 17 96 & $R$ & 20 & 16.50 & 8.5 & 1\ 11 & IC 1877 & 03 03 10.0 & $-$50 30 43 & 0.6 BO & Dec 28 96 & $R$ & 88 & 16.30 & 3.0 & 1\ 12 & ESO 201-G22 & 04 09 00.4 & $-$48 43 35 & 0.6 BO & Dec 25 96 & $R$ & 148 & 14.69 & 5.0 & 1\ 13 & NGC 1886 & 05 12 48.7 & $-$23 48 45 & 0.6 BO & Jan 06 97 & $R$ & 30 & 13.60 & 3.5 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 15 98 & $K'$ & 20 & — & 3.5 & 1\ 14 & UGC 3474 & 06 32 00.6 & +71 33 00 & 1.1 LO & Mar 17 96 & $R$ & 10 & 15.40 & 6.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 14 98 & $K'$ & 27 & — & 6.0 & 1\ 15 & NGC 2310 & 06 53 53.6 & $-$40 51 44 & 0.6 BO & Jan 05 07 & $R$ & 30 & 12.74 & -2.0 & 1\ 16 & UGC 4278 & 08 13 59.0 & +45 54 43 & 1.1 LO & Mar 16 96 & $R$ & 10 & 13.07 & 7.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Mar 02 96 & $H$ & 67 & — & 7.0 & 1\ 17 & ESO 564-G27 & 09 11 54.4 & $-$20 07 03 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 14.35 & 6.3 & 2\ 18 & UGC 4943 & 09 19 58.1 & +37 11 27 & 1.1 LO & Mar 16 96 & $R$ & 6 & 14.80 & 3.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Mar 06 96 & $H$ & 8 & — & 3.0 & 1\ 19 & IC 2469 & 09 23 00.9 & $-$32 26 59 & 1.5 DA & Jun 02 08 & $r$ & 5 & 13.03 & 2.0 & 1\ 20 & UGC 5341 & 09 56 36.6 & +20 38 53 & 0.6 BO & Jan 02 97 & $R$ & 134 & 15.03 & 6.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 15 98 & $K'$ & 27 & — & 6.0 & 1\ [**Table 4.**]{} continued.\ [rllllcccrrc]{} & & & & & & & & & &\ & & & & & & & & & &\ & & & & & & & & & &\ 21 & IC 2531 & 09 59 55.7 & $-$29 36 55 & 1.5 DA & Apr 08 97 & $r$ & 30 & 12.90 & 5.3 & 1\ 22 & NGC 3390 & 10 48 04.0 & $-$31 31 57 & 1.5 DA & Jun 02 98 & $r$ & 30 & 12.85 & 3.0 & 1\ 23 & ESO 319-G26 & 11 30 20.0 & $-$41 03 57 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 14.58 & 5.3 & 2\ 24 & NGC 3957 & 11 54 01.1 & $-$19 34 06 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 15 & 12.81 & -1.0 & 1\ 25 & NGC 4013 & 11 58 31.7 & +43 56 48 & 1.1 LO & Jun 01 97 & $R$ & 18 & 12.19 & 3.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 15 98 & $K'$ & 33 & — & 3.0 & 1\ 26 & ESO 572-G44 & 12 01 09.0 & $-$20 29 18 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 20 & 15.04 & 3.0 & 1\ 27 & UGC 7170 & 12 10 37.0 & +18 49 24 & 1.1 LO & Mar 17 96 & $R$ & 15 & 14.96 & 6.0 & 1\ 28 & ESO 321-G10 & 12 11 42.0 & $-$38 32 53 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 14.22 & 1.4 & 2\ 29 & NGC 4217 & 12 15 50.9 & +47 05 32 & 1.1 LO & Jun 01 97 & $R$ & 30 & 12.04 & 3.0 & 1\ 30 & NGC 4244 & 12 17 30.0 & +37 48 27 & 1.1 LO & Jun 01 97 & $R$ & 20 & 10.88 & 6.0 & 1\ 31 & UGC 7321 & 12 17 34.1 & +22 32 21 & 1.1 LO & Mar 16 96 & $R$ & 20 & 14.15 & 7.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Mar 02 96 & $H$ & 59 & — & 7.0 & 1\ 32 & NGC 4302 & 12 21 42.5 & +14 36 05 & 1.0 HL & May 19 96 & $R$ & 10 & 12.50 & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Mar 02 96 & $H$ & 53 & — & 5.0 & 1\ 33 & NGC 4330 & 12 23 16.5 & +11 22 06 & 1.5 DA & Apr 09 97 & $r$ & 40 & 13.09 & 6.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 10 97 & $K'$ & 32 & — & 6.0 & 1\ 34 & NGC 4565 & 12 36 20.6 & +25 59 05 & 1.0 HL & May 20 96 & $R$ & 10 & 10.42 & 3.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 16 98 & $K'$ & 13 & — & 3.0 & 1\ 35 & NGC 4710 & 12 49 39.0 & +15 09 55 & 1.1 LO & Jun 03 97 & $R$ & 15 & 11.91 & -1.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 16 98 & $K'$ & 20 & — & -1.0 & 1\ 36 & NGC 5170 & 13 29 49.0 & $-$17 57 59 & 1.5 DA & Apr 08 97 & $r$ & 45 & 12.06 & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Mar 03 96 & $H$ & 11 & — & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Mar 05 96 & $K$ & 8 & — & 5.0 & 1\ 37 & ESO 510-G18 & 13 55 32.0 & $-$27 24 47 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 30 & 16.21 & 1.0 & 1\ 38 & UGC 9242 & 14 25 20.9 & +39 32 22 & 1.1 LO & Mar 15 96 & $R$ & 21 & 14.09 & 7.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Mar 04 96 & $H$ & 60 & — & 7.0 & 1\ 39 & NGC 5775 & 14 53 57.7 & +03 32 40 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 15 & 12.24 & 5.0 & 1\ 40 & NGC 5907 & 15 15 53.8 & +56 19 46 & 1.2 CA & Jun 02 96 & $R$ & 30 & 11.12 & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 1.2 CA & Jun 04 96 & $H$ & 6 & — & 5.0 & 1\ 41 & NGC 5908 & 15 16 43.5 & +55 24 40 & 1.2 CA & Sep 08 96 & $R$ & 45 & 12.79 & 3.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Feb 16 98 & $K'$ & 33 & — & 3.0 & 1\ 42 & ESO 583-G08 & 15 57 50.5 & $-$22 29 47 & 1.5 DA & Jun 04 98 & $r$ & 35 & — & 4.0 & 1\ 43 & NGC 6181 & 16 32 20.9 & +19 49 30 & 1.1 LO & Jun 03 97 & $R$ & 15 & 12.49 & 5.0 & 1\ 44 & ESO 230-G11 & 18 46 24.0 & $-$52 09 23 & 1.5 DA & Jun 04 98 & $r$ & 30 & 13.74 & 4.0 & 1\ 45 & NGC 6722 & 19 03 40.0 & $-$64 53 41 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 13.54 & 3.0 & 2\ 46 & ESO 461-G06 & 19 51 55.9 & $-$31 58 52 & 1.5 DA & Jun 04 98 & $r$ & 40 & 16.21 & 5.0 & 1\ 47 & ESO 339-G16 & 20 00 07.0 & $-$40 43 03 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 16.50 & 1.0 & 2\ 48 & IC 4937 & 20 05 18.0 & $-$56 15 20 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 14.86 & 3.0 & 2\ 49 & ESO 187-G08 & 20 43 25.2 & $-$56 12 17 & 1.5 DA & Jun 04 98 & $r$ & 30 & 15.69 & 6.0 & 1\ 50 & IC 5052 & 20 52 06.3 & $-$69 12 14 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 35 & 11.16 & 7.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 ESO & Apr 10 97 & $K'$ & 31 & — & 7.0 & 1\ 51 & IC 5096 & 21 18 22.0 & $-$63 45 41 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 30 & 13.30 & 4.0 & 1\ 52 & ESO 466-G01 & 21 42 32.0 & $-$29 22 10 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 14.63 & 2.0 & 2\ 53 & ESO 189-G12 & 21 55 38.7 & $-$54 52 33 & 1.5 DA & Jun 04 98 & $r$ & 30 & 15.59 & 5.0 & 1\ 54 & UGC 11859 & 21 58 07.3 & +01 00 34 & 2.2 ESO & June 87 & $r$ & & 15.16 & 4.0 & 2\ 55 & ESO 533-G04 & 22 14 03.2 & $-$26 56 18 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 70 & 14.18 & 4.8 & 1\ 56 & IC 5199 & 22 19 33.0 & $-$37 32 01 & 1.5 DA & Jun 04 98 & $r$ & 30 & 15.00 & 3.0 & 1\ 57 & UGC 11994 & 22 20 53.4 & +33 17 34 & 1.0 HL & Sep 07 97 & $R$ & 54 & 14.85 & 4.0 & 1\ 58 & UGC 12281 & 22 59 12.4 & +13 36 21 & 1.2 CA & Sep 07 96 & $R$ & 60 & 14.79 & 8.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Sep 04 96 & $K$ & 20 & — & 8.0 & 1\ 59 & UGC 12423 & 23 13 06.0 & +06 24 00 & 1.2 CA & Sep 07 96 & $R$ & 60 & 14.53 & 5.0 & 1\ & & & & 2.2 CA & Sep 03 96 & $K$ & 27 & — & 5.0 & 1\ 60 & NGC 7518 & 23 13 12.9 & +06 19 16 & 1.1 LO & Jun 02 97 & $R$ & 40 & 14.24 & 1.0 & 1\ 61 & ESO 604-G06 & 23 14 54.0 & $-$20 59 44 & 1.5 DA & Jun 03 98 & $r$ & 40 & 15.00 & 4.0 & 1\ nf= no filter used.\ (4.0,10.5) [{width="44mm"}]{} (4.0,11) [{width="44mm"}]{} (4.0,11) [{width="44mm"}]{} \ (4.0,11) [{width="44mm"}]{} (4.0,11) [{width="44mm"}]{} (4.0,11) [{width="44mm"}]{} \ \ [^1]: *Present address:* Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA [^2]: Based on observations obtained at the European Southern Observatory (ESO, La Silla, Chile), Calar Alto Observatory operated by the MPIA (DSAZ, Spain), Lowell Observatory (Flagstaff/AZ, USA), and Hoher List Observatory (Germany). [^3]: The Digitized Sky Survey was produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute under U.S. Government grant NAG W-2166. [^4]: The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

I fucking love her original design (blue’s original look has been killing me)

The world’s largest futures exchanges, CBOE and CME Group, have given their imprimatur to Bitcoin futures trading, but South Korea wants none of it. The South Korean government seems to be struggling to understand these currencies which are unlike anything else in the financial world. Recently, South Korea has announced its plans to begin regulating digital currency exchanges and taxing cryptocurrency profits. The country has also banned initial coin offerings (ICOs). Citizens of the Asian nation have been aggressive buyers of Bitcoin and other digital currencies, often paying substantial premiums over the price on Western exchanges. Tony Lyu, CEO of South Korean exchange Korbit, explained: “Word just spreads really fast in Korea. Once people are invested, they want everyone else to join the party. There’s been this huge, almost a community movement around this.” Futures markets If CBOE and CME Group don’t sound familiar, your average person-in-the-street is certain to know this one: Nasdaq. The well-known tech exchange is preparing to offer Bitcoin futures next summer. In Japan, the world’s largest Bitcoin market, the Tokyo Financial Exchange is laying a foundation for offering futures as well. South Korean exchanges were also preparing to do so, until South Korea’s regulators nixed the idea. On December 5, the country’s Financial Services Commission ordered members of the Korea Financial Investment Association to stand down their plans to offer Bitcoin futures. Two Korean securities firms had already planned seminars for Bitcoin futures investors.

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User menu This Google™ translation feature is provided for informational purposes only. The Office of Attorney General's website is provided in English. However, the "Google Translate" option may assist you in reading it in other languages. Google Translate cannot translate all types of documents, and it may not give you an exact translation all the time. Anyone relying on information obtained from Google Translate does so at his or her own risk. The Office of Attorney General does not make any promises, assurances, or guarantees as to the accuracy of the translations provided. The State of New York, its officers, employees, and/or agents shall not be liable for damages or losses of any kind arising out of, or in connection with, the use or performance of such information, including but not limited to, damages or losses caused by reliance upon the accuracy of any such information, or damages incurred from the viewing, distributing, or copying of such materials. Schneiderman: Those Who Fail To Return Funding That Isn’t Rightfully Theirs Will Be Held Accountable NEW YORK – Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman today announced that his office has filed a lawsuit alleging that Continuum Health Partners, Inc., Beth Israel Medical Center and St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, headquartered in New York, failed to return money to the New York State Medicaid Program that they knew they had no right to have received. “This lawsuit sends the message that those who violate the New York State False Claims Act and fail to return funding that isn’t rightfully theirs will be held accountable,” Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman said. “My office will continue working diligently on all fronts to protect the integrity of the Medicaid Program.” The complaint in intervention alleges that between 2009 and 2010 Beth Israel and St. Luke’s-Roosevelt, submitted improper claims to Medicaid for services rendered to Healthfirst enrollees as a result of a computer error. In 2010, the New York State Comptroller’s office informed Continuum (which at the time of the conduct operated Beth Israel and St. Luke’s-Roosevelt) that it had identified a handful of improper claims stemming from the computer problem. After learning of this from the Comptroller’s Office, Continuum conducted an internal investigation. The complaint also alleges that in February of 2011, Continuum identified over 900 potentially improper claims to Medicaid, totaling approximately $1,000,000. It also alleges that nonetheless, Continuum failed to take steps to repay all of the affected claims within 60 days after these claims had been identified, and that Continuum proceeded to repay only small batches of affected claims, some of which were brought to its attention by the Comptroller, over the next two-plus years. Final repayments were not made until March 2013, and repayments were made for more than 300 of the claims only after the United States, through the United States Attorneys’ Office for the Southern District of New York, issued a Civil Investigative Demand to Continuum concerning these payments in June 2012. The complaint against Continuum, Beth Israel and St. Luke’s-Roosevelt was filed under the New York False Claims Act and other statutes in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The Attorney General’s Medicaid Fraud Control Unit and the United States Attorneys’ Office for the Southern District of New York coordinated on the investigation. The New York investigation was conducted by Special Auditor-Investigator Elliot Hirshon and Special Auditor Investigator Deowattie Persaud. The matter is being handled by Special Assistant Attorney General Jacob M. Bergman of the Attorney General’s Medicaid Fraud Control Unit, led by Acting Director Amy Held, and Executive Deputy Attorney General of the Division of Criminal Justice Kelly Donovan.

Zion Williamson completes the alley-oop jam off a pass that first hits the backboard before the No. 1 pick dunks it down. (0:18) METAIRIE, La. -- For a split second, New Orleans Pelicans guard Frank Jackson couldn't believe his eyes. As the Pelicans worked on inbounds plays on the second day of training camp Wednesday, Lonzo Ball floated a pass toward the hoop that looked like it was going to hit off the backboard. But Zion Williamson leaped up, grabbed it and threw it down, sending coach Alvin Gentry into a turnaround fist pump of excitement. Jackson said he was shocked but, "Then you're like, 'Oh, it's Zion.'" After a first day in which he didn't throw down any windmill dunks, Williamson made his mark with the alley-oop. But Jackson said it's something his teammates have already gotten used to. "I've seen it," Jackson said. "It's crazy. He's an incredible athlete. That thing hit the backboard, he caught it and then he dunked it. What? C'mon man. That's not fair." Ball admitted the pass was a little off. He said last week on The Woj Pod that he was already practicing full-court lobs with Williamson, while adding that he just needed to "put it wherever the backboard is and he'll catch it." That played out on Wednesday. "That wasn't the best pass, but you saw what he did with it," Ball said. "It's really hard to throw him a bad lob." Count Pelicans forward Brandon Ingram as one of the onlookers who wasn't amazed at the end-of-practice dunk. Not because Ingram wasn't impressed, but because he's seen it from Williamson already. "I've seen highlights," Ingram said. "I've seen pretty much everything from him, so I don't think anything more is gonna amaze me unless he just puts it between his legs twice or something." Gentry and vice president of basketball operations David Griffin have been trying to keep expectations down for Williamson, but letting the media in for a peek at practice showed the world Williamson's dunking ability. When asked about the dunk, Gentry said Williamson has had moments like that but so have other players. "Nicolo Melli, I don't think he missed a shot today," Gentry said. "And there's other guys; I think Josh Gray has played well. Obviously Zion has the ability to make the ooh, aah plays, and he'll make a few of them every practice." At the end of his interview, Jackson -- who like Williamson was a one-and-done player at Duke -- was asked if he's ever seen someone with the size and agility combo that Williamson possesses. Jackson started to laugh while shaking his head from side to side. "No, no, no," Jackson said. "I'll keep it that simple. He's one of one. So watch out. Just keep watching."

Q: Using ruby to find frames in a binary protocol and store each frame in an array I have a binary file, inside of which has multiple frames. Each frame starts with FF FF FF followed by random data of varying length. For example: FF FF FF XX XX XX XX ......... FF FF FF XX XX XX XX XX XX ......... FF FF FF XX XX XX .... FF FF FF XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX ........ It's safe to assume that FF FF FF will only appear in the frame header and not as part of the random data. I'm looking for a way of parsing this binary file and extracting each frame into an array using ruby. Can anyone help? A: For Ruby 1.8, you can just split the input string on "\xFF\xFF\xFF". The first entry will be before the first frame, and with such a format you cannot know whether the last frame is complete or not. They are simple enough to remove, though: input.split("\xFF\xFF\xFF")[1..-2]

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Distribution of marine birnavirus in cultured marine fish species from Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. To determine the distribution of marine birnavirus (MABV) in cultured populations of different marine fish species, 1291 pooled tissue samples from 2672 fish belonging to 22 species and one hybrid were collected from Kagawa Prefecture, Japan, during 1999-2001. Using cell-culture MABV was isolated from three species: yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel (positive number/sample number, 10/419), amberjack, S. dumerili (Risso) (4/72), and Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) (41/481). Using PCR on MABV-negative samples, the MABV genome was detected in the same three species [yellowtail (9/409), amberjack (4/68) and Japanese flounder (93/440)] and two additional species, spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus (Temminck & Schlegel) (5/11), and goldstriped amberjack, S. lalandi Valenciennes (1/5). These MABV-positive species can be taxonomically divided into two groups: the genus Seriola and flatfish. In Japanese flounder, MABV was detected during all seasons, and the infection rate was correlated with water temperature. Aquaculture sites with MABV-positive fish were evenly distributed over the surveyed area, suggesting that MABV is widely distributed at aquaculture sites in Kagawa Prefecture. The nucleotide sequence at the variable region, the VP2/NS junction, revealed that the 39th base mutation occurs host-specifically for flatfish. Flatfish are suspected to be the main reservoir of MABV and might be responsible for establishing the infection cycle in aquaculture environments.

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