q_id
stringlengths 5
6
| title
stringlengths 3
301
| selftext
stringlengths 0
39.2k
| document
stringclasses 1
value | subreddit
stringclasses 3
values | url
stringlengths 4
132
| answers
dict | title_urls
list | selftext_urls
list | answers_urls
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3mp3x9
|
For a typical box fan, does the air move because the blades "push" it or because of the Bernoulli Effect?
|
A typical box fan has flat blades that are set at an angle. When they spin, do the blades "push" the air or do they cause low pressure in front of the fan which "pulls" the air through?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3mp3x9/for_a_typical_box_fan_does_the_air_move_because/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvh8jnt"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Fan blades work the same way screws work. As the blade turns about it's axis, the pitch of the blades forces air to move in the direction of the fan's axis (as well as spinning with the fan, but that's irrelevant here).\n\nBernoilli's principle is just a way of expressing conservation of energy in a flow of fluid, so it can be applied here, but it's not necessary to explain how fans generate thrust.\n\nIf you examine the shape of the fan blades, it should be apparent that angle of attack is the primary reason fans drive air forward. Airplane propellers use a more complex blade cross-section, more like a wing, which helps with efficiency, but angle of attack is a huge factor there as well - it's not just an airfoil moving at zero attack angle.\n\nAlso, the low pressure is on the back side of the blade, just as low pressure is on the top of the wing - it sounds like you may be a bit confused there."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
emdcyh
|
why does depression increase a lot when you happen to fall in love ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/emdcyh/eli5_why_does_depression_increase_a_lot_when_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fdnvzc4"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"From personal experience, depression seems to happen because the brain is focused on itself and it’s perception of itself from an outside perspective. Falling in love with someone is heavily emotional and depends largely on how the person you are in love with treats you. A depressed brain heavily relies on positive validation, as without it, it identifies a lack of interaction from others to that of worthlessness. \n\nAnother someone that you are in love with is more valuable to you than the ones you normally interact with on a daily basis. I myself can receive positive validation from others on a daily basis, but for me only the validation from the girl I love matters most and can lift me out of a funk. Unfortunately this girl I love lives very far from me and our communication has become difficult, making me feel depressed as although her perspective of me have not changed, her thoughts about me are not shared frequently.\n\nBasically, the feedback you get from the one you love has a significant influence on your mental state due to the way you value their thoughts, moods, opinions, and perception of you. And the worst part is that you have no control over it, so if it’s not perfect then it can really be damaging to your mental health. I hope you don’t have the same experience I do where you are lost in hopeless love, and remember that you deserve to feel loved no matter what kind of person you think you are. No human life is undeserving of love!\n\nThis may not be easily understood by a 5-year old, but anyways I hope this helps!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3ztn1x
|
why is lemmy such a big deal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ztn1x/eli5_why_is_lemmy_such_a_big_deal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cyoxv06",
"cyozj8a",
"cyp09vm",
"cyp2v3w",
"cyp5hw8",
"cyp8a3l"
],
"score": [
20,
8,
5,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"First off, I hate Motorhead.\n\nHowever, most metal fans and musicians loved the band. They had a unique sound forged in the early days of metal. Lemmy was the front man and only consistent member of the band. He was an icon. \n\nOh, and [Lemmy was God.](_URL_0_)",
"Never been a big fan of Lemmy/Motorhead. But they were very influential and they helped shaped what hard rock/metal is today.\nPlus the guy didn't give a fuck about anything.",
"He influenced a lot of bands but most notably Metallica. He also wrote music for a number of bands including the Ramones and Ozzy. ",
"He was pure rock and roll, he started off in Hawkwind and was kicked out for doing the wrong drugs he did speed when they were all about the organics (pot, mushrooms, peyote etc) he formed Motorhead a band that played pure rock and roll but with a touch of distortion and a very fast bass. Lemmy was fueled by speed, jack daniels and meat nothing else. Totally no nonsense and a true legend. I met him once and saw the band 7 times, he shall be missed as being influential to hard rock, metal and punk and being one of the few artists respected in all genres. ",
"When Motörhead appeared, they were the hardest band around. No one else was close to their noisy, no compromise metal sound.\n\nOthers have since surpassed them, but they were first. That's how you become an icon.",
"First off, I love Motorhead.\n\nLemmy was as rock and roll in flesh. He lived rock and roll, not just sing about it. His music influenced a lot of bands. \n\nThe thing most people admire about him, even the ones who do not listen to this kind of metal is that he was a rebel, a type of person who lives by his own rules. He didn't care about trends, about what people think. He did things his own way. He even said that the music he does is for him, what they like, they release. If people love it, that is a bonus. \n\nDon't forget he is so deep in rock and roll that he influenced a lot of bands. He said he remembers a time before rock and roll, that should give you an idea how old he and his music are.\n\nHe was a roadie for Jimmy Hendrix, was in Hawkwind, Lars Ulrich, from Metallica, was the president of his fan club (don't know if this one is a rumor or truth). He wrote music for a lot of famous people like Ozzy. Made a lot of songs with a lot of them too.He is basically admired and loved by every famous rocker.\n\nSorry if I made any mistakes, I'm at work but I hope I answered your question.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkBDkwa_WrU"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2venb7
|
what effects do electronic devices, wi-fi, electromagnetic fields, etc. really have on human health?
|
I'm just a little tired of hearing people talk about this without providing any evidence, but I can't answer them because I'm equally ignorant about it, so please, educate me.
edit: thanks for the answers, guys, I feel a bit less stupid now.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2venb7/eli5_what_effects_do_electronic_devices_wifi/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cogy0ij",
"cogy1yh",
"cogyp5j",
"coh585s"
],
"score": [
7,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"To date, there is no proof that there is any effect whatsoever. Doesn't mean that it's impossible, though. ",
"The effects they have on humans is immeasurably small, at least from a pure electromagnetic sense. When I was a kid, I could hear the whine of a CRT display, which got quite annoying in elementary school, because teachers would leave the TV on with no signal (so it displayed a black screen) after the video they wanted to show was over, and it was distracting. And they never really believed me when I asked them to turn it off because I could hear it (despite being able to 100% tell when it was on and off...). It's also quite possible to hear the buzz of a fluorescent light or see the flicker of one.\n\nOther than that, people with \"electromagnetic hypersensitivity\" who could *actually* tell when the so-called cause of their symptoms was actually present or not in scientific tests are exceedingly rare, if they exist at all.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThe World Health Organization has concluded that, whatever the sufferers thinks, it's not electromagnetic fields doing it, it's something else -- which could be related to EMF, such as glare, noise, or whatever.",
"It is important to make sure we know what these fields are and how they rank in danger to us.\n\nThings like Wi-Fi, cell phones, TV, Radio, et cetera communicate through Electromagnetic Radiation. Humans are very familiar with this, as light is a form of EM Radiation. Scientists have categorized all EM radiation and placed them in a spectrum displaying them by wavelength, energy, and frequency. \n\nSmaller wavelength = Higher freq. = more energy = greater \"danger.\" \n\nThose devices I listed operate in the range of microwaves and radio waves. Now look at this chart and notice the positions of microwaves and radio waves compared to visible light.\n\n[EM Spectrum](_URL_0_)\n\nRadio waves and microwaves have less energy than visible light. They have greater wavelengths and lower frequencies. This means they are less dangerous than visible light, so to speak. The honest answer, **EM waves less than ultraviolet likely have little to no effect on human health.** One way to look at this is that natural selection likely wouldn't have allowed a creature vulnerable to radio waves to exist very long. \n\nUV, X-Ray, and Gamma radiation is dangerous because the wavelengths are small enough to pass through skin and corrupt DNA and other genetic materials. In nuclear explosions or power plant meltdowns like Chernobyl, there is a blast of such intense radiation that people in the vicinity mutate and become disfigured. ",
"Seeing as how we live inside a gigantic electromagnetic field produced by the Earth, and also a much larger one produced by the sun, I would say electromagnetic fields are pretty harmless."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/facts/fs296/en/"
],
[
"http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/images/EM_Spectrum3-new.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
mc7di
|
the fda and its role in tobacco regulation
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mc7di/eli5_the_fda_and_its_role_in_tobacco_regulation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2zsb8o",
"c2zsb8o"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I'm not knowledgeable on this subject, but I think the ATF (Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms) regulates tobacco, not the FDA.",
"I'm not knowledgeable on this subject, but I think the ATF (Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms) regulates tobacco, not the FDA."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
c6biha
|
how can manure/hay self combust in hot temperatures even though they're nowhere near 200+ degrees celsius?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c6biha/eli5_how_can_manurehay_self_combust_in_hot/
|
{
"a_id": [
"es7lovz"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"hay is more than just dried grass... it’s actually undergone a natural curing process which locks in nutrients and makes it keep better. This happens because grass doesn’t die the moment it’s been mowed...its cells (and certain microbes on it) continue to respire, and this creates some heat. \n\nnow imagine this grass is a little bit damp... it gets made into hay bales and theyre stacked sky-high in a sealed barn. the middle of each bale has little chance to cool down (low air flow) and the cellular respiration... and maybe even now some fermentation... go on and on. this is like having a pile of oily rags in a hot room. the temperature inside the bale can climb to the tipping point where it starts smoldering. nobody notices. it’s packed can’t-reach-it deep in a barn full of fuel. ay yi yi."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
44ohbm
|
i have acid reflux. what is happening inside of my body that makes it feel like i am softly belching molten lava?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44ohbm/eli5_i_have_acid_reflux_what_is_happening_inside/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czrmlnl"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"You are burping up a strong stomach acid and while your stomach has a protective lining, your throath has not.\n\nThe acid is corroding your throath and that feels like belching molten lava."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3pwpgl
|
Physiology Blood type question, how can universal recipient receive any type of blood and universal donor can donate to any blood type without the transfused blood cells being attacked and destroyed?
|
Explain why a) the UNIVERSAL DONOR can donate red blood cells to any of the blood types and b) the UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT can receive red blood cells from any of the blood types without the transfused blood cells being attacked and destroyed.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3pwpgl/physiology_blood_type_question_how_can_universal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwa3hdy",
"cwagki0"
],
"score": [
15,
3
],
"text": [
"Blood type describes the type of antigens (structures used in immune system response) found on a person’s red blood cells. The letters (A, B, & O) refer to sugar-based antigens. There are A antigens and B antigens. We use type O to refer to blood cells with neither A or B antigens. The plus/minus (Rh D) refers to a protein-based antigen. Plus blood types have the Rh D antigen, while minus types do not have it. \n\nThe immune system recognizes antigens as either native or foreign to the body. Any blood cells with foreign antigens will be attacked by the immune system; this is why blood types must be taken into account for blood transfusions. Red blood cells without these antigens will be accepted by any immune system. This is why O- is the universal donor; it does not have the A, B, or Rh D antigens, allowing it to avoid detection. In contrast AB+ is the universal recipient; it has all 3 antigens and therefore the immune system will be accepting of any blood type. \n\nAs a quick example, we can think about a type A- person (only have the A antigen) donating to our universal donor (O-) and our universal recipient (AB+). The universal recipient has A antigens in its blood already. So the universal recipient’s immune system is accepting of the A- blood. On the other hand, the universal donor does not have A antigens in its blood. So the universal donor’s immune system will attack the type A red blood cells. This will cause a transfusion reaction which can range from mild to life-threatening.\n\n[Source 1]( _URL_0_), [Source 2]( _URL_1_)",
"You've gotten a few detailed answers here, but the short is whole blood is no longer transfused regularly. Instead we transfuse blood components (red cells, plasma, platelets, etc). If you transfuse whole blood there will be some degree of reaction unless donor and recipient have the same blood type (and even then there might be if the blood is not crossmatched, as there are hundreds of blood group antigens outside of A, B, and D aka Rh)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2264/",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2265/"
],
[]
] |
|
2cgde6
|
What would happen if a soldier in the U.S. military from the south, was stationed in the north during the start of the civil war, but he support the confederacy and wanted to go fight for them? Would he be arrested or allowed to leave?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2cgde6/what_would_happen_if_a_soldier_in_the_us_military/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjf8353",
"cjffele"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Some of them were allowed to leave at least.\n\nLewis Armistead for instance, resigned his commissioned in late May 1861, a month after the bombardment of Fort Sumter. His fellow officers knew full well that he was doing so to join the South. He traveled to Texas and was commissioned a colonel in the Confederate army.",
"Fun fact, only officers really defected to the Confederacy. I am aware of no rank and file soldier defecting after secession, and even if one or two did, there was no mass exodus out of the Regular Army.\n\nThats important, because Officers were held to a different standard. Firstly, many of the men who became prominent officers during the war were civilians during the secession movement. Obviously, in that weird political limbo, it was pretty easy to slip away to their state of choice. But for active officers even, there was a different code of \"honor\", and many of these men knew each other socially. Its not like today, where tens of thousands of officers served in active duty in the Army. With a small army, the officer corps naturally grew intimate in a way were not familiar with. And when your friend, a drinking buddy, a West Point classmate, a social acquaintance said they were heading south, it was a lot harder to arrest them for treason. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5huhfz
|
what is the difference between a president, a chancellor, and a prime minister?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5huhfz/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_a_president_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"db33zk0",
"db381vn"
],
"score": [
14,
2
],
"text": [
"It varies from nation to nation. In general, many nations have both a head of government and a head of state.\n\nIn the Westminster system (UK, Canada, Australia), the Prime Minister is the head of the government and is in charge of all executive policy. The prime minister and other government ministers are also often, but not always, sitting members of the legislature. The head of state is largely a cerimonial role, often filled by a king, queen, or governor general.\n\nIn the United States of America, the president is the head of state and the head of the government's executive branch. However, the USA observes strict separation between the executive branch and the legislature. The president does not sit in the house, cannot vote on legislation (although he or she must either veto it or sign it into law), and cannot whip his or her party. However, the Vice President does have a tie-breaking role in the Senate.\n\nIn countries that have both a President and a Prime Minister, the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. What duties belong to whom varies from country to country however it is common for the President to handle foreign affairs, non-political affairs, and exercise discretionary reserve powers.\n\nChancellor is a title in Germany that is equivalent to Prime Minister.",
"There are several different system, but in the end there is a sort of pattern:\n\nMost countries have two highest offices: The Head of State and the Head of Government.\n\n* The Head of State often is a monarch like a Queen or King, or in many countries an elected position that fills the same general role often called a president. \nThis Office in many countries only has a symbolic and little actual power.\n* The Head of Government is usually an elected position and filled by someone with actual power who does the actual running of the country. It can be a Chancellor or Prime Minister or Premier or similar name.\n\nIt originated in many way in the transition form monarchies to democracies where Kings of old had advisers and viziers and chancellors or similar running much of the day to day businesses or when they had some parliament that they gave some power to which elected a leader. Eventually the kings became mere figureheads and the chancellors or whatever got more and more power and while the kings in theory still appointed them and could in some cases overrule them those power became more and more on paper and only in theory.\n\nIn some countries the monarchy was abolished but the actual point where the monarch slotted into the system was kept as an elected position.\n\nSome countries have a system where both head of state and head of government are united in the same office. The Presidents of both the USA and Brazil are examples for this Presidential system that uses on person for both jobs.\n\nIf you see a country fiddling with the balance of power between the two roles or trying to merge them into one office that is usually a sing that someone is consolidating power. An often cited example is a certain Adolf Hitler uniting the offices of Reichskanzler (imperial chancellor) and Reichspräsident (imperial president) in one office simply called Führer (Leader). Currently Turkey's Erdogan has been letting it know that he would like to have a similar arrangement."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
8a9mkg
|
why are there so many fake movie trailers trending on youtube?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8a9mkg/eli5_why_are_there_so_many_fake_movie_trailers/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dwwushy"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Majority of them are getting tricked, it's like people watching those GTA 6 videos. The people posting them do it on purpose for views, this one guy had practically made a living by making videos like \"Rockstar accidentally sent me GTA 6!\" If you throw some ads on you can make some pretty easy money"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4eyb38
|
What was life like in Rome's provinces? How different would life be in a province compared to Rome itself?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4eyb38/what_was_life_like_in_romes_provinces_how/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d24dtxt"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"This is a very, very vast and complicated question. Not only does the meaning of what a province actually *is* change considerably over the course of Roman history, but the provinces themselves have an internal history and considerable variation, from Britannia to Egypt or Baetica to Syria. There can be more variation in a provicne itself than between Rome and a province, meaning, life in Augusta Treverorum/Trier in the 3rd/4th century would be more similar to life in Rome than to life in a small village 10 km away, or a villa rustica outside the gates of the citry. \n\nIf you could narrow it down to an area or time-frame that interests you, that would be very helpful since otherwise this is just too vast a question to answer easily (to give you an idea consider a modern analogy - switch provinces with U.S. states and Rome with Washington, even if it's a poor analogy - and try to answer that question over only some 300 years of history)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
52d95b
|
why does gravity influence objects with larger mass, even though they're farther away, more than those with smaller mass
|
Astronauts on the international space station work in zero gravity, 250 miles above earth's surface, but earth's gravity has an effect on the moon, which is 1000 times farther, and traps it in orbit.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/52d95b/eli5_why_does_gravity_influence_objects_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7jbhzr",
"d7jcwlb",
"d7jcwx1",
"d7jdhuh"
],
"score": [
2,
4,
4,
4
],
"text": [
"The ISS and its astronaut's are also \"trapped in orbit\" around earth, and earth's gravity does influence both; more than it does the moon, because it's farther away.",
"The thing with space station is not that they're so far away or anything. If you build a tower as high as to reach ISS, you would experience about 90% of normal surface gravity on top of that building. You would not float, things would fall down almost as fast as on Earth.\n\nThe difference is that on ISS, people are on free fall. That's what makes weightlessness happen. In fact, that's how you train astronauts for weightlessness as well, you climb high up with aeroplane, and then just dive at free fall speed for as long as possible. People inside remain weightless until plane has to stop dive to avoid crashing.\n\nISS however is not gonna crash. Orbiting basically happens when you're moving sideways fast enough that on free fall you miss the Earth. That means everyone will remain weightless there.\n\nThe moon orbits Earth just the same, it falls towards Earth but keeps missing because of sideways motion",
"Astronauts are in orbit - that means they are constantly falling, but also moving forward fast enough that the Earth bends away and they kinda miss the ground all the time. If they wared pulled in by gravity they could fall. \n\nThe technical term is micro gravity. They feel as if they are floating because everyhing around them is falling at thr same speed.",
"You are misunderstanding way astronauts experience microgravity. It is not because they are far from the Earth. It is because they are in freefall.\n\nIf you could build a tower to the ISS’s altitude and stood on a scale at its top, you’d find that weigh more than 80% of what you weigh at Earth’s surface.\n\nNow imagine the power was instantly demolished below you. You’d suddenly weigh nothing according to the scale, which would fall with you in vacuum.\n\nEssentially the same thing is happening with the astronauts and the space station, except that instead of falling straight down and hitting thick atmosphere or solid ground, they’re moving so fast sideways that the curvature of the Earth keeps them hitting the Earth, or deviating from the same altitude at all.\n\nAt the height of the Moon’s orbit, however, the strength of Earth’s gravity is significantly diminished. You could calculate it from Newton’s law of gravity, but I don’t remember the mass of the Moon or Earth offhand so let’s take a different approach. I know the Moon orbits 400 000 km up, I know it takes 28.5 days to orbit, and I know Earth’s gravity supplies the centripetal force.\n\nFrom the formula for centripetal acceleration, (2π÷(28.5 days × 86400 s∕day))^2 × 400000000 m = .0026 m∕s^2\n\nSo each kilogram of the Moon’s matter is subject to less than three hundredths of one percent as a kilogram of matter on Earth’s surface. The Earth’s gravity is indeed feeble out there, but it’s enough to keep the Moon orbiting. The Moon is orbiting much slower (1.0 km/s vs. ISS’s 7.7 km/s), and the Earth’s gravity has 28.5 days to bend its orbit rather than 90 minutes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1hiplk
|
what are the differences between the electricity in the usa vs. europe.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1hiplk/eli5_what_are_the_differences_between_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cauq53n",
"cauqwfm"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Europe uses a 220 volt system, whereas the United States uses a 110 volt system. The 220 volt system is just more powerful, but can also be more dangerous if you are shocked by it.",
"Europe uses 230V AC at 50 Hz, the US uses 115V AC at 60 Hz.\n\n\nMost devices with switching power supplies (laptops, computers, cell phones) can use either just fine, some other devices would need a voltage converter, and some won't work properly at all even with a voltage converter (old school alarm clocks, devices with certain types of AC motors) because of the 50/60Hz difference."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3txun4
|
how are new data points created in a video such that a video filmed in 30 fps can be viewed at 60 fps?
|
How does interpolation work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3txun4/eli5_how_are_new_data_points_created_in_a_video/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxa40b3",
"cxain9j"
],
"score": [
14,
3
],
"text": [
"Interpolation is a process where a display unit (TV/Monitor) takes two frames and puts them together (similar to an \"average\") to generate an extra frame in the middle. By inserting an extra frame between each one that was recorded, you effectively double the frames per second and can bring 30 to 60.",
"Wait I'm confused what's the actual method of getting that \"average\" frame like how do you gather pixels to make sense ... So does that mean that mean I can make smooth slow-motion by doing introlpation over and over again "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6m3wxb
|
If a Tsunami is coming inland would it be better to attempt to go upward into skyscraper, or try to go inland?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6m3wxb/if_a_tsunami_is_coming_inland_would_it_be_better/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dk06uc3"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"That depends on your location on the beach, the structural integrity of the beach-side buildings and the size of the tsunami. \n\nMost tsunami travel a fairly short distance once beached, think of how quickly a big wave stops when walking on sand. The flooding can reach 300 meters or more from the coastline, the average human can sprint this distance in 30 seconds to a minute so this is likely your best bet. \n\nIf you heppen to be in a skyscapper near the beach when a tsunami hits, you are likely safe (or really, really not safe; depends on the engineers who built it).\n\nOtherwise it is probably not worthwhile to try to cram into one, as it will wase time you could spend running. Just make sure you don't get stuck in the horde and evacuate as soon as you hear a tsunami warning. If you can see the wave and are not in safe high groung, you are doing it wrong. \n\nAlso, mabe don't go to the beach after an earthquake. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ycm1w
|
richard the lionheart. how did brits know what lions were if at that point they had never been to africa?
|
Just thought about it. If Brits didn't go to Africa until like the 17/1800s, why did they call Richard the first Richard the lionheart? How would they actually know what a lion was?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ycm1w/eli5_richard_the_lionheart_how_did_brits_know/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp891t7",
"cp893z2",
"cp897ea",
"cp8997e",
"cp8cm4g",
"cp8ft80"
],
"score": [
37,
11,
38,
14,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"There used to be lions in Europe but they were hunted to extinction.\n\n_URL_0_",
"_URL_0_\n\nThe British would have seen or heard of lions from any of the southern states of Europe, most likely the Romans.",
" > If Brits didn't go to Africa until like the 17/1800s, why did they call Richard the first Richard the lionheart? \n\nHere's your problem - this is untrue. It's true that there was less travel back then... but there was travel. Don't forget the Crusades were on during this time... which I believe is where Richard earned that moniker. \n\nThe English (calling them Brits is just incorrect historically) knew about lions. ",
"When the Romans spread their Empire across Europe, including the British Isles, they also spread their knowledge of the world. They spread knowledge from the Mediterranean, northern Africa, and the Middle East. The knowledge of lions came from this information. Furthermore, lions are mentioned in the Bible. Since religious study was important back then, lions were well known from that as well.",
"\nThe Bible contains a story involving lions: _URL_0_\n",
"While Europeans didn't really probe into the innards of Africa until the Age Of Exploration, Africa and Europe traded with one another all throughout the middle ages. Even if the average European had never seen an African lion with his eyes, he surely would have heard tales of their ferocity via traders, if not seen art depicting them. \n\nAlso, there were Lions in the southern bits of Europe until they were hunted to extinction. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_lions_in_Europe"
],
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_lions_in_Europe"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den"
],
[]
] |
|
22joy9
|
Historic Document Translation?
|
I am having trouble translating a document from 1865. I have the beginning: "the following is a list of the sales of the personal estate of ______ ______ deceased sold by me as administrator on the 21st day of June 1865 on a credit of 6 months"
The document then has three columns with items, titled "names", "articles", and "amounts".
There is a reoccurring item that says "do" and I cannot figure out what they mean by this. It occurs in both the "names" and "articles" columns. And has prices associated with it. I was thinking it might be similar to saying ditto, same as above (SAA), or using the " ".
Here is an example of how "do" would occur in a row:
name: Mrs. Smith, article: 1 do do do, amount: 170.00.
Anyone ever seen this before? Thanks for any help :-)
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/22joy9/historic_document_translation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgnhs1k"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You are correct, it means 'ditto'\n\nIt shows up very commonly in passenger and freight manifests for ships. Other things said would be 'same', 'above', 'SAA', a single or double quotation mark or a carrot.\n\nSource: Pg 4, [Immigration Research Guide from _URL_0_](_URL_1_)\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"Ancestry.com",
"http://c.mfcreative.com/email/newsletters/amu/092010/ImmigrationResearchGuide.pdf"
]
] |
|
3mr0nj
|
why do so many apps require sign-up these days?
|
I find there are a lot of apps that I go through the trouble of downloading require an email address, access to social media, or location permissions to be turned on. I can understand where certain apps would need this information (for example, chat programs, or apps where you create an account), but I find a lot of apps (even games) have begun demanding emails.
Why is this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mr0nj/eli5why_do_so_many_apps_require_signup_these_days/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvhced7"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"They require this information so they or their partners can send you marketing information based on what you so on you phone, where you are, what time it is, etc. If you want to use these apps most of the time you don't have a choice. Some of the app owners may also sell on the information they gather from you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4x8m8n
|
Why were there so many different names for the ancient greeks? Lacedemonians, hellenes, etc...
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4x8m8n/why_were_there_so_many_different_names_for_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6dkmdl"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text": [
"In the Classical period, there is only one name for the Greeks: *hoi Hellênes*, the people of Hellas.\n\nThere were, however, numerous ways to refer to the Greeks in earlier times. In the works of Homer, the most common name for the Greeks is *hoi Akhaioi*, the Achaeans; this may have been an archaising way to refer to the Greeks, which originally dates back to the Mycenaean period. In Classical times, the name referred only to the people of Achaea, an unremarkable region in the north of the Peloponnese.\n\nAdditional names found in the Iliad and Odyssey are *hoi Danaoi*, the Danaans, and *hoi Argeioi*, the Argives. Like \"Achaeans\", the latter is a *pars pro toto* elision - the name of one part is used as a name for the whole. The city of Argos was one of the largest and most prominent cities in mainland Greece, and so its people were apparently used as a shorthand to mean all the Greeks.\n\nNone of the Homeric names remained in widespread use. For most of Antiquity, the standard Greek name for the Greeks was *hoi Hellênes*. However, the Greek world consisted of many hundreds of smaller states, regions, and dialect groups, all of which had their own names (and sometimes several names). Your example, \"Lacedaemonians\", does not mean \"the Greeks\" as a whole - it is the name for the inhabitants of Lacedaemon, a region in the southeastern Peloponnese of which the main urban centre was the town of Sparta.\n\nThere are certainly many names for the full citizens of Sparta. As citizens they were known as Equals and as Spartiates; as inhabitants of their region they were called Spartans and Laconians and Lacedaemonians; as speakers of Doric Greek, they were called Dorians; and finally, as inhabitants of Hellas, they were called Hellenes. But only that final word described the ancient Greeks as a whole."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6jcbjc
|
Why don't Americans eat very much sheep?
|
[deleted]
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6jcbjc/why_dont_americans_eat_very_much_sheep/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djdsk8h"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Hi, not discouraging further contributions here, but you may be interested in some previous threads on sheep in the USA\n\n* [If sheep were so numerous and popular in medieval times, why do we use so few sheep products now? What happened to the sheep?](_URL_0_), with a few follow-on comments here [Why do I not eat mutton?](_URL_2_)\n\n* [Why/how did North Americans stop eating lamb in favour of other meats?](_URL_1_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1wiexg/if_sheep_were_so_numerous_and_popular_in_medieval/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1vwnjt/whyhow_did_north_americans_stop_eating_lamb_in/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/406uqn/why_do_i_not_eat_mutton/"
]
] |
|
f768x7
|
how was the chris hanson predator show not entrapment?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f768x7/eli5_how_was_the_chris_hanson_predator_show_not/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fi9czyj",
"fi9e7tn"
],
"score": [
9,
2
],
"text": [
"Entrapment involves inducing someone to commit a crime they otherwise would not be inclined to carry out. For example threatening someone to get them to buy drugs. However posing as a drug dealer and arresting those attempting to buy drugs is not entrapment, as people not inclined to illegally purchase drugs would not do so even if the opportunity was presented by the undercover officer.\n\nIn the case of To Catch a Predator the police were simply posing as underage children. Someone who was not a pedophile wouldn't be caught up in such an act, so it isn't entrapment.",
"Entrapment is when the police (or other law enforcement agency eg the FBI) persuade or pressure you to commit a crime you probably wouldn't have committed otherwise. Note that this doesn't mean that specific *instance* of the crime, because obviously you couldn't have committed that without them, but that crime in general.\n\nIf a cop walks up to you and says \"Hey, got any meth I can buy?\", and you say \"Hell yeah, it's $30 a gram\", then that's not entrapment. They didn't persuade or pressure you, they just gave you the opportunity to commit a crime, and you chose to take it. You would've sold that meth to anyone so setting a simple no-pressure trap like that is a good way to catch people who commit crimes or are ready to commit crimes at any opportunity.\n\nNow if you say no, they say \"I've got a 100g of meth here, wanna buy it from me and sell it on the streets for 3x what you paid?\", you say you're not interested, and they keep hounding you and trying to talk you into it for ages, pushing you, persuading you, or intimidating you, until you eventually give in, then *that's* entrapment, because they're prosecuting you for doing something you probably would never have done without them. You weren't ready to sell meth or take any opportunity to commit a crime.\n\nOn *To Catch a Predator*, the stings weren't done by police, so it can't be entrapment to start with. But even if they were, the actors pretending to be kids never pressure or persuade the adults to have sex with them. They just hang around online acting like normal kids, and wait for the would-be-abusers to start grooming or propositioning them. The pedophiles on the show can't really say \"I never would've done this if Chris Hansen & friends hadn't pressured me!\" if the 'kid' was never the one to bring up sex, meeting in person, etc. If you look at the conversations, the bait/'kid' never provokes or initiates any of that stuff, and never mentions anything sexual or anything about meeting in person except in direct response to prompts from the would-be-abuser.\n\nIt's similar to what police sometimes do in areas with frequent car burglaries. They'll leave a car out with a phone or a laptop on the seat, then sit and watch it from somewhere discreet. When someone smashes the window and steals the items, they get arrested. It's a trap, but is that entrapment? They didn't trick you into doing anything you weren't already predisposed to doing. If you did it to that car, you likely already had a habit of doing it, or would do it at the next opportunity, and you had complete freedom to *not* commit that crime."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3tbth5
|
why does reddit have such a bad reputation amongst non-redditors
|
Like seriously, my friend asked me to tell him a joke and I said beforehand "I found this on Reddit" and he's like "OOOOH MY GOD DON'T TELL ME I'LL KILL MYSELF"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tbth5/eli5_why_does_reddit_have_such_a_bad_reputation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cx4st92",
"cx4u3ak",
"cx4u6c0"
],
"score": [
9,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"a lot of the big things reddit gets known for (the events that blow up) paint reddit in a bad light. The most popular probably is the witch hunt on the wrong guy for the Boston bombings, which made reddit look extremely racist. The other is the nazi flag on the front page (which is still the 6th most upvoted thing of all time) which..i mean you can see how that looks. And the other big one is the massive outpouring of anti-fat hatred and anti-woman hatred during the ellen pao fiasco ",
"There are some great people here, but there are a lot of misogynists and racists and all-around shitty people here too. The impression is based on the assholes. ",
"Because of its past associations with 4chan and its vocal contingent of MRAs, white supremacists, conspiracy theorists and other assorted \"internet people\". You are the company you keep, after all. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5ow3e8
|
what action could navient take if all borrowers stopped paying our student loans?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ow3e8/eli5_what_action_could_navient_take_if_all/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcmhz8b"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I am sure there would be instant penalties for late payment. The borrowers would eventually have to pay extra interest. The debts are legal. Their manner of operation was not fair. If all the borrowers stopped paying the worth of the company would increase due to expected increased future revenue.\n\nThe company is good at collecting debt owed. They would just do it efficiently and make more money."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6hbhd8
|
Hello. I would like to expand my knowledge about the general history of Europe
|
Hello, my name is Rigmar, I live in the Netherlands and I am currently 15 years old. I'm hoping to become a historian in my adult life. This is my first post here so I am quite nervous. I never got proper history lessons at school, and to make things worse I am unable to go to school at the moment.
History has been a huge interest if not passion of mine ever since I was 9 years old. I have always struggled to find good sources of information.
I know there are plenty of books out there, but I simply do not know where to start.
I was wondering if anyone can give me some tips on where to start, because I'm very eager to learn.
Thank you for reading my question!
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6hbhd8/hello_i_would_like_to_expand_my_knowledge_about/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dix2md1",
"dix3dla",
"dix3uxa"
],
"score": [
9,
9,
7
],
"text": [
"Hi! Glad you're taking an interest in history. SO, you like Europe but don't know where to start. I'll give you a good list to get started but we have to cover two things first: Historical Interpretation and Historiography.\n\nHistory isn't an exact retelling of the past, instead, it is an argument about the past; this is because we only have a certain number of sources and they don't all line up perfectly and they are all biased. Therefore the historian's job is to take a look at these sources and compare them to one another and tease out the truth as best as possible. The facts and truths are just that--facts and truths--they don't mean anything on their own. Julius Caesar is assassinated in 44 BCE. Big deal. What does it mean? This what the historian tries to explain! After uncovering facts and truths from the sources, these are then lined up into a narrative of whatever event they are studying, and in the process of creating a narrative, the historian interprets the facts in a way that makes sense.\n\nIn the process of interpretation, the historian has an argument about the past they are trying to make: Edward Gibbon looked at the third through sixth centuries and to him, the facts made it evident that Rome was collapsing. Therefore this is what stands out to him and this what he writes about. Peter Brown took another look at it and while he saw decay, he also saw growth, so that is the argument he made.\n\nThere are all of these different arguments, and that is what history is characterized by--this isn't something fully touched on in school until the college level. As more evidence and sources are uncovered these arguments and views change over time. To re-use my previous example, the standard view of what happened to the Roman Empire--that it declined and fell in fire and blood and war and whatnot--comes from Edward Gibbon's work The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire because this was what the evidence available at the time (1700s) led him to believe. More evidence is uncovered and debates move forward until, in 1971, Peter Brown writes The World of Late Antiquity, which challenges the notion of a decline and fall, and which emphasized the cultural legacy of Rome and revitalization of Europe in that era.\n\nThese arguments and the state of the field of history is something called Historiography: how historians have seen a certain event or era over time, as well the general written body of works on a given topic (anything written on the Roman Empire is part of Roman Historiography, for example).\n\nNow that that's out of the way I'll give you a list of works, and I'll explain how to read the works like a historian!",
"I'm going to give you a small list of European history books that try to cover as much history as possible. Once you read...five or six of these, you will have a decent enough background in general history to be able to pick a subfield--like the Roman Republic, or the Viking raids--to start going in-depth.\n\nEurope: A History--Norman Davies\n\nA History of Modern Europe--John Merriman\n\nThe History of the Ancient World--Susan Bauer\n\nThe History of the Medieval World--Susan Bauer\n\nThe History of the Renaissance World--Susan Bauer\n\nA Short History of the Middle Ages--Barb Rosenwein\n\nNow for how to read like a historian. So, these are general histories, they're not really going to have an argument about the past, just trying to lay out some general facts. Once you get through these, pick a field that has sparked your interest and start reading through that stuff. \n\nOpen up an Excel spreadsheet if you have a Windows computer, or a Numbers spreadsheet if you have an Apple. Create four columns, with the last being very wide. I know Roman stuff very well so we'll use that as a guide for how this is going to work. Title the spreadsheet Roman Historiography (or Norse, or German, or Medieval, or whatever you choose to read at that time). Far left column: Title of the book. Next column is the author. Next is the year of publication. The far right column will be titled Historical Argument/Interpretation. In this one you will summarize what the book was about and what the main argument the book was trying to make is (the book's thesis is usually in the introduction). \n\nNot everyone uses this method, but I find it a useful way to keep track of everything I am reading--be sure to organize it by publication year so you can easily find stuff!\n\nWhen you are actually reading the work, keep a pen or pencil handy, or a notebook if you prefer. Be sure to make a note of any interesting points or comments the historian makes (if they describe someone as a really good guy, for example, you may wish to make note of this, read some other stuff on whoever that historian was writing about, and come back to it and make your own judgment as to whether or not so and so was actually a \"good guy\" and hence form your own opinion on history).\n\nI'm going to give you one more list.\n\n",
"This last list is on Historiography and Historical Interpretation. It's somewhat advanced, but if you really do have a passion for history you should have no trouble!\n\nA Student's Guide to History--Jules Benjamin\n\nHistory on Trial--Gary Nash\n\nTelling the Truth about History--Joyce Appleby\n\nThe Landscape of History--John Gaddis\n\nHistoriography--Eileen Cheng\n\nThe Story of Historiography--Jeremy Popkin\n\nAn Introduction to the theory, method and practice of History--Peter Claus\n\nHow to Study History--Norman Cantor\n\nThe Essential Historiography Reader--Caroline Hoefferie (this is a VERY good book)\n\nThe Philosophy of History--Mark Day\n\nThe Lessons of History--Will Durant\n\nWhat is History--Edward Carr\n\nI hope I helped! If you have any questions about books for particular areas, please feel free to message me or check the booklist on the sub!\n\nAlso!!!! Since you want to pursue this professionally, a tip: If possible, study both history and archaeology, as it will help give you a versatilty in the field!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1aa3rq
|
how old is the notion of the political party?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1aa3rq/how_old_is_the_notion_of_the_political_party/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8vh4qk",
"c8vl6pg",
"c8vlw6s"
],
"score": [
4,
12,
11
],
"text": [
"UK perspective here. It's important to note that the ideal of personal independence - moral, financial and political - was paramount as parties took shape in the late 18th and early 19thC. To be dependent on some kind of party line was seen almost as disreputable. You're into the 1830s and 40s before parties mean something other than a very loose collection of interests.",
"Many of the answers that have been given focus on the machinery of the modern political party, but the question is about the *notion* of the political party, which is rather different. As with many of the central ideas of modern liberal-democratic politics, this concept can be traced, broadly speaking, to 17th and 18th-century England. It's no surprise that David Hume, writing in the mid-18th century, comments on the novelty of the concept, listing beside \"factions of interest\" and \"affection\" the \"parties from principle\":\n\n > Parties from principle, especially abstract speculative principle, are known only to modern times, and are, perhaps, the most extraordinary and unaccountable phænomenon, that has yet appeared in human affairs. [[Source](_URL_0_)]\n\nHenry Bolingbroke was instrumental in formulating the idea, being one of the first figures to argue for the need for a systematic opposition. In his *On the Idea of a Patriot King*, Bolingbroke argued for a formal opposition party to scrutinise and oppose government policies. He used this argument to support the unity of the so-called \"Country Party\", a coalition that was formed to oppose the government at the time. \n\nBy the time of Edmund Burke in the later 18th century, the idea of the party had been firmly established: \"a body of men united ... upon some particular principle\".\n\nThis idea is closely linked to, and to a large extent enabled by, the development of British liberalism. The Enlightenment liberals essentially upheld the idea that it was possible to reasonably disagree on the common good -- this was rather in contrast to many previous arguments which had seen the definition of the common good as an inherent function of sovereignty (Hobbes, for instance, thought along these lines). On this basis it was possible to articulate the idea of factions of people united not because of venal interest or obligations, but because of their principled agreement on some particular issue. \n\nIt is interesting that in more recent history the idea of the party has swung back in the opposite direction, becoming seen not as a mechanism for legitimate disagreement but, as Hume would put it, a \"faction of interest\" (Marx, of course, was instrumental in triggering this change with his reduction of all political discourse to an economic 'base').",
"You can find political factions and movements wherever you have a democracy or a vocal aristocracy with rights. These factions are sometimes called parties (I've seen the Roman [*optimates*](_URL_4_), \"the best men\", and [*populares*](_URL_3_), \"of the people\", called \"parties\" before), but these were often orientations, common bases of powers and interests, sets of alliances and affiliations, political philosophies, etc. rather than political parties as we think of them today (for me, the best comparison for these is the orientations within a party, like the factional jockeying within the Politburo of the USSR). People could and did switch between the two (Pompey, for example).\n\nThe United States, Revolutionary France, and Constitutional UK are where most people start seeing \"factions\" becoming \"parties\" (what this means depends, and I don't claim enough knowledge to give the competing standpoints). In the United States, you have the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, but again these were more factions than centrally organized parties (while the Federalists were somewhat united and networked, it is my understanding the Anti-Federalists were not). In the UK, fairly well organized and established factions had a long, illustrious role dating at least back to the [English Civil War](_URL_0_), though the boundaries kept shifting (as in Revolutionary France) as more and more people got kicked out. In Revolutionary France, you get the terms \"left\", \"right\", and \"center\" coming about *based on where they actually sat in the constitutional assembly* (a fact which I always thought was so cool). The constant meeting for government affairs allowed the establishment of more or less fixed blocs, proto-parties if you word, but the unstable political situation meant these blocs were changing. From [Wiki](_URL_2_):\n\n > The terms \"left\" and \"right\" appeared during the French Revolution of 1789 when members of the National Assembly divided into supporters of the king to the president's right and supporters of the revolution to his left. One deputy, the Baron de Gauville explained, \"We began to recognize each other: those who were loyal to religion and the king took up positions to the right of the chair so as to avoid the shouts, oaths, and indecencies that enjoyed free rein in the opposing camp.\" However the Right opposed the seating arrangement because they believed that deputies should support private or general interests but should not form factions or political parties. The contemporary press occasionally used the terms \"left\" and \"right\" to refer to the opposing sides.\n\n > When the National Assembly was replaced in 1791 by a Legislative Assembly composed of entirely new members the divisions continued. \"Innovators\" sat on the left, \"moderates\" gathered in the centre, while the \"conscientious defenders of the constitution\" found themselves sitting on the right, where the defenders of the Ancien Régime had previously gathered. When the succeeding National Convention met in 1792, the seating arrangement continued, but following the coup d'état of June 2, 1793, and the arrest of the Girondins, the right side of the assembly was deserted, and any remaining members who had sat there moved to the centre. However following the Thermidorian Reaction of 1794 the members of the far left were excluded and the method of seating was abolished. The new constitution included rules for the assembly that would \"break up the party groups.\"\n\nThis institutional impetus against parties was actually common. See above, with the new French constitution trying to \"break up the party groups\". In the American context, [George Washington's Farewell Address](_URL_1_) famously condemns political parties, saying that they will lead to \"despotism\". Jefferson's Republicans were becoming organizationally opposed to Hamilton's Federalists, so it wasn't like this was idle speculation about a situation that \"might emerge\". \n\n > In contemplating the causes, which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by Geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing men may endeavour to excite a belief, that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence, within particular districts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heart-burnings, which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other those, who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. [...]\n\n > All obstructions to the execution of the Laws, all combinations and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental principle [that \"a Government for the whole is indispensable\"], and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force; to put, in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community; and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans digested by common counsels, and modified by mutual interests. [...]\n\n > I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally.\n\nIt goes on from there. Those are three paragraphs, but [most of at least paragraphs 15-26 is about parties](_URL_5_). I feel like every high school U.S. history textbook covers speech and then finishes this section with some sentiment like \"But it was already too late.\"\n\nNone of these are parties (except maybe the ones Washington is railing against). None of them have central offices, united platforms, fixed formal affiliation, party names on ballots, etc., but I thought it was useful to give some sense of what existed before parties to better help understand them. \"Political clubs\" of the late 18th and early 19th century in all three countries probably help establish parties, as it ties voters to institutional political identities in a different way. There's a lot more, of course, that turns factions to parties, but I just wanted to give a little bit of background to the whole debate. I hope someone will help pick up where I left off (or correct any overly broad brush strokes)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Hume/hmMPL8.html"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address#Political_parties",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_politics",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populares",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimates",
"http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Farewell_Address"
]
] |
||
1myvmv
|
Why did the pikemen of the Hellenistic phalanxes carry shields, while the medieval European pikemen didn't?
|
Just a little question that has been bugging me for some time. The pike phalanxes of the antiquity and the pike formations of the middle ages were very similar, so why this difference?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1myvmv/why_did_the_pikemen_of_the_hellenistic_phalanxes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cce0q7c",
"cce1t1j"
],
"score": [
22,
7
],
"text": [
"I don't know a ton about ancient pikemen, but as for the Swiss:\n\nThe massive pikes they used required two hands to use effectively, but that still could have allowed the use of a small shield. The Swiss pike formation adopted very aggressive tactics - the goal was to use a combination of speed, surprise, and shock to overrun the enemy force before they knew what hit them. Still, this doesn't necessarily preclude the use of a small shield.\n\nI think a better answer would note that shields in general were in decline in European warfare at this time, or at least radical transformation when it came to their traditional function. First, the introduction of steel plate armor made shields increasingly redundant, as anything capable of getting through your breastplate would probably pierce a shield. Men-at-arms began to use two-handed weapons almost exclusively, and shields like the buckler became more associated with light armor. Second, the increasing use of firearms made the anti-archery function of shields less useful and prompted a focus on thick armor to deflect bullets over large shields to catch arrows.\n\nSo, in the time that the pike were rising (mid 15th to early 16th centuries) shields were on their way out due to better armor and a change in the likely threat from ranged attacks. The pikemen of the era wore plate corselets (and possibly more, up to three quarters or full plate armor if they could get it) to defend themselves, which provided more protection than shields were likely too against gunfire and enemy blades and gave them good protection while keeping their hands free.\n\nNote that this is simplified - this is also the era of the buckler and Spanish \"sword and buckler men\" (who, despite the name, used full shields rather than bucklers). But the shields of that time focused more on complementing a maneuverable soldier who could use it in melee against a close-quarters opponent - not exactly a situation a pikeman is likely to find himself in.\n\nInterested in anyone's comments, especially someone familiar with Hellenistic phalanxes - I'd love to compare and contrast.",
"It's all about the specifics, but I'll try here. \n\nAny military is going to be the product of its time and circumstances. On one hand, yes, the spear was shorter and therefore lighter, enabling the use of a shield, but the Macedonian phalangite formations used a massive pike, comparable to the Swiss, but had a small shield they slung over the shoulder and strapped to the forearm. \n\nThe Mediterranean phalanxes really saw their major actions against the Persians. The Persian armies used massed archers as a large part of their tactical toolbox, and an effective counter to these archer blocks was the shielded, armored phalanx. There were societal and technological forces at work as well (later Persian generals went so far as to import Greek mercenaries to train 'imitation' hoplites, which met with little success), but facing an archer with a shielded formation is an effective means of defeating that archer. \n\nThe Swiss pike blocks evolved around pressures of facing heavy shock cavalry charges instead of massed archery. Since the main threat to the formation is a heavily armored charging knight, the Swiss formations were built around repelling that threat. The pike and the mobility and discipline of the men wielding that pike was a weapon system that suited its time period. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3qdgf6
|
Who is the current "Lineal Champion" of military history?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3qdgf6/who_is_the_current_lineal_champion_of_military/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwe8vls"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I don't think this is answerable (even if it didn't break the rules).\n\nThe greatest military minds in history are by definition generals who performed exceptionally well. They won wars after wars, beat all those around them, and by these feats are labelled as exceptional military leaders. In this sense they are considered exceptional military minds because they are the champions of their place and time.\n\nThat means there's no way to have a show down between these metaphorical champions. Alexander the Great, Bai Qi, Caesar, Ashoka, Napoleon, Uesugi Kenshin, Genghis Khan and a whole bunch of talented generals and admirals did not fight each other. They existed at different times and/or places. So there is simply no way to answer your question."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
abzdnx
|
why does the federal reserve pay interest to banks? what is the impact of this?
|
I've heard it's because they want to limit banks from lending, which is pretty understandable bc of the 2008 crisis. If anyone can explain more reasons as to why the fed pays interest and implications of it that would be great!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/abzdnx/eli5_why_does_the_federal_reserve_pay_interest_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ed44gcw"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"It's the other way around: the banks pay interest to the Federal Reserve Bank on money they borrow from the FRB.\n\nA higher rate on those loans makes it more expensive for banks to borrow money, which makes those banks charge more for loans (discouraging borrowers) or be more cautious about the loans they make."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
786z5b
|
Why is Hitler's Muder of USSR Civilians never talked about?
|
So I was reading a long and found some Statics that really shocked and quite confused me. So we all know that the Estimated for Jews killed by Hitler is approx 6 Million right. But I just looked and everywhere shows me that when The Nazi's invaded Russia, they murdered 7 million Soviet Civilians as well as 3 Million Soviet Prisoners of War., as well as another 2 million civilians who died in forced labour camps sent in Germany. So if The Nazi's killed 9 Million Innocent USSR Civilians why does nobody mention that but only mention The Jewish deaths. My parents are both Russian and grew up in the U.S.S.R and I never knew any of this, all everyone knows is Hitler kills Jews. Why is this never talked about, if it was objectively worse?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/786z5b/why_is_hitlers_muder_of_ussr_civilians_never/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dorlsa9",
"dornzwo",
"dorpmb6",
"dos0wek"
],
"score": [
11,
72,
57,
6
],
"text": [
"Related to your question, you might be interested in [this](_URL_0_) earlier answer by u/commiespaceinvader, which doesn't specifically focus on Soviet civilians, but does explain why there's a tendency to highlight the fate of the Jews in particular.",
"[This thread](_URL_1_) from /u/commiespaceinvader discusses Generalplan Ost, which is the larger planned campaign of murder in the East, beyond simply the Holocaust. It doesn't specifically address \"why is it never talked about\" in the way you might be wondering, but I would caution you about *any* question which is premised in that way, as the answer is rarely one that can be approached entirely objectively, as it, in reality, says more about where and when you were in school, and what kind of media you generally have been exposed to, so the answer can vary wildly for, say, someone with a basic high school education who graduated in 1960, and someone like this /u/Georgy_K_Zhukov guy who has read extensively about the Eastern Front of World War II. [This answer I wrote a little while ago](_URL_0_) is *not* about Generalplan Ost, but it is about another topic on the Eastern Front, and I think is relevant for you here. The sum which carries over is that, while Generalplan Ost *is* a bigger deal than the Night Witches, it still is something which brief coverage - if any - is the best I would expect to see in a high school environment, and given how cursory education of even the Holocaust often is at that level (I'm failing to find it, but there have been some useful discussion chains between myself, /u/kugelfang52, and several others, about the poor quality of Holocaust education in the American school system, which perhaps he can remember the thread for), skipping over it is not at all surprising.",
"/u/Iphikrates already linked my [previous answer](_URL_2_) related to this subject (thank you!) but there are some problems with your premise:\n\nFirst of all, both the number of civilians killed in the USSR (7 million) and the number of killed Soviet POWs (3 million) include the number of Jewish victims that are also counted towards the approximately 6 million Jewish victims of the Holocaust. In this case they represent 1.3 million in case of the civilians and at least 50.000 (in case of the POWs) respectively.\n\nSecondly, \"objectively worse\" is not a category that can be applied here, in my opinion. There is no scale of mass atrocity. Both the murder of millions of Jewish victims in Europe and the murder of millions of Soviet civilians and POWs (including the Jewish ones) are crimes that are just beyond imagination for us and any scale applied here about which was worse, is basically useless because it doesn't contribute in any meaningful way to our understanding of what these crimes meant or why they were carried out. Simply put, as I have written before, when you deal in the category of Nazi atrocities against all its victims \"worse\" is not really a category that can cover it anymore.\n\nThirdly, that the crimes of the Nazis against the population of the Soviet Union are not talked about is simply not the case in any meaningful sense. Various institutions charged with remembrance and research into the crimes of the Nazis deal quite extensively with the atrocities in the Soviet Union. E.g. the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum makes specific mention of the Soviet POWs in their [Intro into the Holocaust](_URL_1_) and deals with both the Einsatzgruppen shootings, the hunger policy, and the crimes committed in the course of Partisan warfare extensively in their exhibition.\n\nSimilarly, both German and English language academia has produced a wealth of books that could fill whole libraries about the crimes committed by the Germans against the Soviet populace. This goes as far back as the late 70s with Helmtuh Krausnick's publication about the Einsatzgruppen but also includes Christian Streit's *Keine Kameraden*, which is still the definitive book about the crimes committed against the Soviet POWs but also more recent publications such as Omer Bartov's books about the Wehrmacht in the Soviet Union. Crimes against the Soviet populace even took center stage in one of the most hard-fought historiographical debates in recent German memory in the form of the so-called \"war of annihilation\" debate.\n\nIn 1991 various German scholars put together the so-called Wehrmacht exhibition, which premiered in 1995. It dealt with the various criminal activities of the Wehrmacht and thus focused mainly on the Soviet Union. Not only was this exhibition seen by thousands upon thousands of people in subsequent years, it also sparked a debate among German and also English language historians, namely, did the Wehrmacht set out with plans for annihilator warfare into their war in the USSR or was this something that arose from the situational circumstances of the war. Historians such as Manfred Messerschmidt and also the aforementioned Omer Bartov posited that the Wehrmacht was fighting a \"partisan war without partisans\", meaning that they employed brutal and ruthless policy against Soviet civilians, regardless if they were involved in partisan warfare or not, simply because they were Soviets. And while this did receive some backlash, mostly from conservative historians, by now, this has become a pretty accepted model with which to explain the German crimes in the Soviet Union – as motivated by racism, hatred and Nazi ideology.\n\nAdditionally, it ought to be kept in mind that virtually all of the scholarship produced in the former Eastern Bloc during the period of existing socialism (and some of that is still surprisingly useful and therefore read today) placed a strong emphasis on the plight of the Soviet people – to such a degree in fact that other victim groups unrelated to socialist political activity were left out or subsumed in official political memory of the Nazi crimes: Within this nexus of memory, places like Belzec, Treblinka and Sobibor were not remembered as places where people were killed because the Nazis persecuted them for being Jewish but places of socialist Soviet suffering. This was a problem within itself from a historiogrpahical standpoint (and a political one seeing the continuation of such trends under new auspices today in many formerly socialist countries) but it goes to show that there was and is a lot of research and dealings with Nazi crimes against the Soviet populace.\n\nWhile I can't address the American school curriculum and its probable shortcomings (where I suspect there are many concerning WWII and the Holocaust), as I've said, there are various institutions out there who make the effort to deal with German crimes against the Soviet Union and its populace and there is far from a dearth of information out there – rather the opposite.\n\nFor more information, I'd suggest the following books among others:\n\n* Omer Bartov: The Eastern Front, 1941–45 : German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare, 2001.\n\n* Richard Evans: The Third Reich at War.\n\n* Waidman Beorn: Marching into Darkness (Beorn did an AMA with us [here](_URL_0_))\n\n* Edward B. Westerman: Hitler's police battalions.\n\n* Stephen G. Fritz: Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East, 2011.\n\n* Jürgen Förster: \"The Wehrmacht and the War of Extermination Against the Soviet Union\".\n\n* Alex J. Kay: Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political And Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940-1941. 2011.\n\n* Lee Baker: The Second World War on the Eastern Front. \n\n* Ben Shepherd: Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich.\n\n* Mark Mazower: Hitler's Empire.\n\n* Dieter Pohl: Die Herrschaft der Wehrmacht in der Sowjet Union.\n\n* Christian Gerlach: Kalkulierte Morde.\n\n\n\n\n",
"It is also worth pointing out that the traditional, Soviet portrayal of German crimes during WWII was to focus on crimes against all civilians, downplaying the particular suffering of Jews (what we would today refer to as the Holocaust) by calling victims “peaceful soviet citizens” or “peaceful soviet residents”. This trend of subsuming Jewish suffering into a wider story of people who died in bombings, as a result of German reprisal killings in response to partisan activity, from illness, or as part of other campaigns of German violence (which did exist, and were directed against so-called “gypsies”, the mentally ill, Communists, etc) began in 1943 and continued until the mid-nineteen-eighties, when Gorbachev came to power and *glastnost’* began. So OP, when your parents were young, if they were growing up in the USSR, they would have heard no public discussions of Jewish suffering, and only broader descriptions of German crimes against the Soviet people as a whole.\n\nIt is important to remember that the way we commemorate and remember events today is not necessarily the way it has always been."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/564gvm/eli5_when_people_discuss_the_holocaust_why_do/d8g92dz/"
],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/72w8v1/why_arent_the_night_witches_thought_in_schools_in/dnly8mj/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6eqm99/why_is_the_generalplan_ost_considered_different/dicrr5p/"
],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5qhz7o/ama_the_german_armys_role_in_the_holocaust/",
"https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/564gvm/eli5_when_people_discuss_the_holocaust_why_do/d8g92dz/"
],
[]
] |
|
fognqu
|
Is the optic nerve stretchy or is there some slack to let your eye move?
|
When you move your eye to look around, does the optic nerve stretch or is there a little bit of slack inside your skull to allow the nerve to be pulled?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/fognqu/is_the_optic_nerve_stretchy_or_is_there_some/
|
{
"a_id": [
"flf7hk7"
],
"score": [
160
],
"text": [
"The optic nerve in an adult has about 8mm of slack to allow the eye to move. \n\nNerves in general do not stretch very much, and the optic nerve in particular cannot stretch at all. That's because it is part of the central nervous system. \n\nBecause the nerve connects directly to the brain, it is covered in an extension of the brain's protective membrane envelope. Those membranes are called the \"meninges,\" and consist of three layers: the dura, the arachnoid, and the pia mater. The dura is the outermost layer. It's relatively thick and consists of tough, fibrous, connective tissue, to protect the other membrane layers and the underlying nerve itself. It doesn't stretch significantly, and that means the whole bundle has to stay a pretty much constant length."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
vnm69
|
Would inhabitants of the ISS be able to see with their bare eyes if a nuclear war started on earth?
|
Or in other words: Are the flashes of explosions of regular sized a-bombs bright and long enough to be seen from space?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vnm69/would_inhabitants_of_the_iss_be_able_to_see_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c560ork",
"c560s3y",
"c562w45",
"c564b6d",
"c567ezy"
],
"score": [
8,
7,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"oh yeah, no doubt they could see it and the fires burning after.. \n\ntalking about things which explode brighter than the sun.. \n\nISS is only 350 kilometers up or so.. not very far \n",
"Most definitely. A nuclear fusion bomb is orders of magnitude hotter than the sun, so is much brighter. The mushroom cloud is also full of burning gas, so would be clearly visible from space. ",
"Depending on the intended target, high-altitude nuclear explosions could be used to generate an EMP. Would likely be very visible to someone on the ISS.\n\nFrom [wiki](_URL_1_):\n\"The worst effects of a Soviet high-altitude test occurred on 22 October 1962 (during the Cuban missile crisis), in ‘Operation K’ (ABM System A proof tests) when a 300 kt missile-warhead detonated near Dzhezkazgan at 290-km altitude. The EMP fused 570 km of overhead telephone line with a measured current of 2,500 A, started a fire that burned down the Karaganda power plant, and shut down 1,000-km of shallow-buried power cables between Aqmola and Almaty.\"\n\n\nTests were conducted anywhere between 22 and 540 km altitude.\n\nAs an example of how visible they were, [here](_URL_0_) is a photo taken 1300 km away from the detonation of the Starfish Prime test (detonation was 400 km up from the surface)",
"Absolutely, because astronauts regularly see lightning from space, which I'd imagine is MUCH, MUCH dimmer than a nuclear explosion.\n\n[Here](_URL_0_) is a video showing what it looks like.",
"Almost certainly yes. NASA has published many photos taken by astronauts of forest fires on earth, much smaller in scale and size than the detonation of 100 kiloton+ class nuclear weapons."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Starfish_Prime_aurora_from_Honolulu_1.jpg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPv7SxtvBaU"
],
[]
] |
|
1evxvc
|
How does your brain know how to assemble the signals from the individual cells in your retina into a spatial image?
|
Are the spatial coordinates of each rod and cone cell hard-wired into the neurons connecting them to the brain? Or does the developing brain have to learn which neurons are adjacent to each other from the way their signals are correlated?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1evxvc/how_does_your_brain_know_how_to_assemble_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ca4jfq7"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It is both hard-wired and partly plastic.\n\nThe basic organization is hard-wired, particularly in the crossing of some neurons from the right eye to the left side of the brain and some neurons from the left eye to the right side of the brain (while some from the right eye stay on the same side of the brain, and the same for the left!). The visual field is broken down into small areas and organized in a visuotopic map in the primary visual cortex, by which a particular area of the visual field is always handled by the same area of the brain. A great deal of this is organized based on orientation - close areas of the visual field are represented nearby in the visual cortex. These areas in the visual cortex are organized into columns in the outside layer of the brain, the gray matter, in the occipital lobe.\n\nBut there are some complications. For instance, much of the visual field can be seen with both eyes simultaneously. In these instances, the two areas of the retina corresponding to a particular point in the visual field - one from each eye - are mapped to adjacent areas in the visual cortex. So you have patterns of columns that are organized so that the areas of the visual field are mapped to columns that are adjacent to each other or very nearby.\n\nBut this basic organization is also somewhat plastic - it can be changed, particularly if there is a problem with the eyes at a very young age. If one eye is faulty or destroyed very early in life, we see that the columns of the visual cortex for the normal eye will expand, \"eating into\" the areas for the damaged eye (which are not receiving meaningful input). The later in life this happens, the less the brain is able to repurpose the unused portions of the visual cortex.\n\nEdit: But despite all this hard-wiring, the human brain can, amazingly, adapt to functioning in a world that is completely inverted, for instance, even if the inversion happens well into adulthood. All day, every day, George Stratton wore glasses that inverted the world - everything was upside down. By the 5th day, the inverted images appeared to be upright to him, and it was only when he concentrated that he was able to tell that they were inverted. His brain had seemingly reorganized its interpretation of the visual field to account for the change in orientation so that his mental image _seemed_ correct, even though it was inverted relative to the normal way light waves strike the retina."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1a9x19
|
Did any countries in the Middle East play any roll in WWI or WWII? If so, what?
|
I've never heard anything about the Middle East being involved at all in WWI or WWII. Did any Middle Eastern country play any roll in any of these wars? If so, which country or countries? And what did they do and for which sides?
I know that the UK and Germany fought in certain parts of Africa, though I don't know if it had anything to do with any muslim factors.
What are some other countries that had no roll in WWI or WWII and why did they stay out of it?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1a9x19/did_any_countries_in_the_middle_east_play_any/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8venmn",
"c8veo92",
"c8vf6bl",
"c8vg4je"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"There were a number of allied invasions in the region during 1941, as Britain pre-emptively dealt with potential threats to their oil supplies and lines of communications. At the time, the British position in North Africa was looking somewhat dire, as German forces under Rommel started to advance into Egypt itself.\n\nIran (formerly Persia) was occupied by Britain and the USSR from 1941 through the end of the war, and the Shah was forced to abdicate in favour of his son. Iraq was also invaded by Britain in 1941 after a military coup there lead the British to worry about the safety of the oil supply. During that conflict, German and Italian aircraft were given permission to aid Iraq by staging through the Vichy French territories of Lebanon and Syria, leading to an allied invasion of those two.\n\n[edit] I missed the fact that you were also asking about WWI. My mistake. As others have already covered that, I'll leave it at that.",
"The Ottoman Empire was one of the [major belligerents in WWI](_URL_2_). There was a lot of fighting on various fronts, ranging from a British-French-Anzac attempted invasion of the Dardanelles (the sea route to Istanbul, connecting, ultimately, the Mediterranean to the Russia Black Sea ports), the Russian invasion of Eastern Anatolia, and [Arab nationalist revolt](_URL_3_) against the Ottoman Empire sponsored by France and especially Britain (this is where T. E. Lawrence, \"Lawrence of Arabia\", got famous). [Wikipedia puts it this way](_URL_2_):\n\n > There were five main campaigns: the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, the Mesopotamian Campaign, the Caucasus Campaign, the Persian Campaign, and the Gallipoli Campaign. There were the minor North African Campaign, the Arab Campaign, and South Arabia Campaign. \n\nTurkey stayed neutral in WWII, until the very end. Iran was neutral, but was [invaded](_URL_4_) by the British and the Soviets to make sure it stayed out of the war, because it had a leader who sympathized with the Axis powers. Much of the rest of the Middle East was under French or British mandates so these were not that many independent countries that could play independent roles, really. [*edit*: Egypt and Iraq were independent, but I believe both of their military affairs were forcefully taken over by Britain]. There was a good bit of fighting in North Africa, famously featuring the [Afrkia Korps](_URL_1_) commanded by [Erwin Rommel](_URL_0_) (\"the Desert Fox\").",
"During WW1, Max Freiherr von Oppenheim led the Intelligence Bureau for the East and was closely associated with German plans to initiate and support a rebellion in India and in Egypt.\n\nLast year, two books about him were published in Germany, but I could not google any English language sources. \n\nAlexander Will: Kein Griff nach der Weltmacht. Geheime Dienste und Propaganda im deutsch-österreichisch-türkischen Bündnis 1914-1918. Köln: Böhlau 2012, 339 S.\n\nStefan M. Kreutzer: Dschihad für den deutschen Kaiser. Max von Oppenheim und die Neuordnung des Orients (1914–1918). Graz: Ares 2012, 191 S.",
"The Middle East had already started to become a key oil territory by World War I through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (which later became BP). As the main supplier of oil to the Royal Navy, the Allies, the Germans and Ottomans all saw the region as a key strategy territory - probably the first time that oil supply became a vital war aim. \n\nThe Brits launched a pre-emptive strike against the Ottomans, landing at Basra, mainly to protect the pipeline out to the Euphrates and the weakest point in their war supply chain. \n\nHad they lost this, the Brits wouldn't have been able to supply oil to the navy which had been converted from coal to oil only a few years earlier. There would have been no way the Royal Navy could then have maintained itself against the German, coal burning, High Seas Fleet .\n\n "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Rommel",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Korps",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
63uzc2
|
why is everyone blaming the current ad revenue problems on youtube on youtube itself?
|
Isn't YouTube pretty much beholden to the advertisers willing to advertise on their platform? I've been seeing a ton of hate directed AT YouTube solely for the issues being caused, but AFAIK they are having issues with major advert providers not wanting to provide those adverts, and that ad revenue is down across the board - even for fairly innocuous content creators as well. Why is this YouTube's fault?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63uzc2/eli5_why_is_everyone_blaming_the_current_ad/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfx7wn7"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It's a very complicated subject to be honest.\n\nYoutube is responsible to where those ads will be put on. If an ad is put on a video promoting violence, then it's the responsibility of youtube. The advertisers had confidence in youtube that their ads won't be used on inappropriate video. \n\nThat said. There is a lot going on behind the curtain and everybody want to take advantage of the situation. Basically, youtube have blood in the sea and a lot of shark are going after it now.\n\nConventional media : They are losing audience and ad revenue because of youtube. Hurting youtube credibility and advertiser will spend the money they use to spend on youtube in other platform like in conventional media. So those media are putting more attention against youtube, even changing facts of some story to fit their agenda.\n\nMedia Advertiser and competition of youtube : The first and biggers advertiser to stop using youtube are media telecom. Compagnies like AT & T, Verizon, etc. Those company are competitor to youtube. Those own media company like HBO, TNT, TBS, Warner bros, CNN. Right now, those company need to put add on youtube if they want to reach a larger public. But if they hurt enough youtube, their own company could take the place of youtube.\n\nI also heard of Eric Feinberg. Some people think that he have a big part to play into all of this. He believe that the only way youtube can fix the problem is with AI to identify video that shouldn't get ads on, but he also believe that youtube can't achieve that would either violating his patent in AI technology or buying the AI product from his own company. He made several media appearance that started this whole thing.\n\nBasically, youtube have problems controlling on which video ads go so there is some situation where ads go in inappropriate video. That should be negotiate between youtube and their clients, but a lot of actors have to gain with this so they go public with it and embellish the situation so much that now advertiser without anything to gain in this are forced to remove their ads from youtube because they fear for their public image."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2mhwy8
|
how can a [computer] screen keep track of each and every pixel? how can it be this specific?
|
EDIT: And yes I know what a GPU is; but I don't understand how it's [physically] possible to keep track of each pixel. Surely its a: if( X & & Y ) { activate(); }. But I don't understand how this is done with things as small as pixels.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mhwy8/eli5_how_can_a_computer_screen_keep_track_of_each/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm4evc7"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"The idea, or perhaps model, is that every pixel on your screen can be identified with its own address. For pixels, addresses are usually in the form of coordinates. A bit (or a lot) as how points are identified in a mathematical graph.\n\nIt is customary to assign one of the four corners of your screen device the coordinates (x=0, y=0) and address all other pixels on your screen relative to that. Let us assume that the lower left corner is (0,0) and your screen resolution is x*y = 1080*1920. A point somewhere near the middle of your screen would have coordinates (x=539, y=959).\n\nSo far, all the coordinates I spoke of are *physical* coordinates. You can take a ruler to your display device, and provided it has a proper scale, use it to identify the individual pixels.\n\nNow, the software that is responsible for rendering an image on your display device has a region of computer memory dedicated to mirror the actual physical pixels of your display device.\n\nLet us say your program wants the pixel at coordinate (33, 22) set to an intense red. It instructs the *driver* (the bit of program that actually controls your display device) to set a certain value in a certain memory location. The value being \"intense red\" and the memory location coresponding to the pixel located at (33,22) on your display device.\n\nThis is how things are aranged on the threshold between your program and the driver for your display device.\n\nNow, how does the driver drive the display device? Here we enter into the realm of hardware. Physically, the pixels in colour displays have three distinct settings, being the amount of red, blue and green light they emit. By varying the relative amounts of these three primary colours, you can pretty much create the illusion of any other colour. At least good enough to fool a human eye.\n\nSo what the driver program does to drive the display hardware is it says \"for the pixel at (33,22) I want the settings to be 80% green, 4% blue and 76% red\".\n\n*How* exactly the driver program manages to convey this message to the display device is a whole different kind of magic. The ususal scheme is that you send the information from the driver program to the display device at a pace that is fixed in time. So at 0.01 milliseconds you send the info for pixel (x=0, y=0) and at 0.02 milliseconds you send the info for the next pixel at (x=0, y=1).\n\nClearly, the driver program and the display device somehow must agree on when the sequence starts, so that both understand that a certain set of (red green blue) values is meant for a certain physical pixel. Rather than having each computer and/or display device manufacturer think up their own original way of getting synchronized, industry standards have been layed down.\n\nAlso, sending data to be displayed on a device is not a static activity. When you are watching a video, movie or playing a game, you expect what you see to change from moment to moment. This is accomplished by continuously updating the information sent from the driver program to the display device. In general, the speed and smoothness that this happens with is refferred to as \"frames per second\".\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8ybqnh
|
how do refrigerants like hfcs and hfos work?
|
I’ve been learning about Air Conditioning and Commercial HVAC systems at work. I don’t understand why, on an atomic level, HFCs / HFOs absorb heat better than other substances.
Bonus: If both HFCs and HFOs absorb heat, why is one a more potent greenhouse gas than the other?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8ybqnh/eli5_how_do_refrigerants_like_hfcs_and_hfos_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e29m6nx",
"e29nqkx",
"e29tuex",
"e29wah5"
],
"score": [
2,
5,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Think of it like a cup of steaming hot water in an insulated cup. As long as the lid is on, the heat is contained, it stays in the cup. Not harming anything.\n\nBut take the lid off and now the heat is escaping into the air.\n\nIt's the same concept, the heat gets absorbed, then it wants to be released again, except these gasses have more capacity and conductivity than just water.",
"The way they absorb heat to act as greenhouse gases (absorption of infrared radiation) and the way they absorb heat to act as refrigerants (phase change at convenient temperatures and pressures) are unrelated to each other. They don't correlate because there is no reason for them to correlate.\n\nMany substances are good at absorbing heat during phase changes. But most of them do so at temperatures or pressures which aren't practical to use in everyday refrigeration. Or, they are toxic, explosive, or corrosive.",
" > I don’t understand why, on an atomic level, HFCs / HFOs absorb heat better than other substances.\n\nThey don't, necessarily. \n\nIn fact, water is a fantastic refrigerant. Just not at the temperatures we would want to exploit phase changes. \n\nA refrigerant is chosen for the desired temperature. You want to choose a chemical that condenses and evaporates at temperatures that best result in your desired refrigeration temperature. \n\nFor humans, that means you want something that best produces 70 F. For a -20 C freezer you would use a different refrigerant. For a -80 C you would often use two distinct refrigerants in a sequence. \n",
"Note their big issue and CFCs even more wasnt their greenhouse gas property. Its that when in the upper atmosphere they degrade into smaller components. The Chlorine atoms break off as free radicals from these compounds. They then act as a catalyst in the degradation of ozone. Rather than get consumed though because they are a catalyst they just break down the ozone but stay for many many years"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2v2a28
|
what is the difference between weapons grade and non-weapons grade nuclear material?
|
.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2v2a28/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_weapons_grade/
|
{
"a_id": [
"codtzxl",
"codv1dx"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Weapons grade fuels have high enrichment, power-grade fuels are low enrichment.\n\nEnrichment is what % of the nuclear material is capable of a chain reaction on its own. Power reactor fuel is < 5% Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239. The other 95% is a filler material. \n\nWeapons grade fuel is > 90% Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239. \n\nIf the enrichment is low ( < 10%) it is virtually impossible to make a nuclear bomb, because there's just not enough fuel there to do it. But it does a hell of a good job boiling water. ",
"99% of naturally occurring uranium is U-238, which is not suitable for weapons or power generation. Less than 1% is U-235, and that is the stuff you want. \n\nFor a chunk of uranium to be useful, it has to be enriched, essentially getting rid of the U-238 to a greater portion of the U-235 is present.\n\nPower generation grade requires moderate enrichment. Weapons grade requires high enrichment."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
c0kfsw
|
If all ship's radars operate on the same frequency (S & X band), why don't they interfere with one another?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/c0kfsw/if_all_ships_radars_operate_on_the_same_frequency/
|
{
"a_id": [
"era8pgz"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They generally would. Though specific bands are rather large, antennas/radars can operate in narrow frequency ranges within a band, and the frequency space required to prevent interference between two bands can be, by design, very narrow (you could have a radar operating at 9.985 GHz and another at 9.920 GHz). The amount of received power drops off dramatically as the received frequency deviates from an antenna's designed frequency.\n\nFurther, antennas on radars are frequently highly directional, both focusing energy emitted in one direction and highly attenuating energy received from directions other than the intended receiving direction.\n\nFurther, advanced radars can encode their transmissions using algorithms such as Binary Phase Shift Keying. This allows the receiver to filter out noise from its own signals."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
32y5bz
|
how all the counting numbers can be interesting at once
|
So I was given an argument for the case that all counting numbers (integers of 1 and up) are interesting and it goes similar to this.
You can say 1 is interesting because it is the first number and 2 because its the first prime number and then you keep on counting up and saying why it is interesting until you reach x.
You can't think of any reason why x is interesting. So it becomes the first 'boring' number which in itself causes it to be interesting.
Then you go counting and giving reasons again until you come to y, which like x has nothing interesting about it. But since you showed that x was interesting, y is now the first 'boring number' and you countinue like that.
But once you have y, doesn't it take x's reason for being interesting and hence only one of them can be interesting?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32y5bz/eli5how_all_the_counting_numbers_can_be/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqfpovy",
"cqfq6hp"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Well, you've simply created a paradox for yourself. By defining 'the first boring' as 'interesting' you've created an unbreakable loop, where your two classifications refute one another. \n\nIf it's the first boring number, it's not interesting. But if that makes it interesting, it's not the first boring number.",
"'X' would be \"the first OTHERWISE uninteresting number\": we're saying that it's interesting because it has nothing else interesting about it. Then Y would be \"the second otherwise uninteresting number\"; and so on.\n\nIf something being boring is a reason for it to be interesting, you can't use \"boring\" as an adjective."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1b78bo
|
A couple of rudimentary physics questions my teachers never could really answer, for some reason or another, that I'd like to still know. [Big post warning]
|
Instead of doing a bunch of threads over time I thought I might as well make one where if people knew a solid answer to, could help me out with.
**1)** If light can literally push an object, but it in on it self doesn't have any mass and moves at the speed of light, how would that pushing actually happen especially without breaking Newton's third law of motion. How and what gets pushed back at the instant the force is applied?
-------------------------------------------------
**2)** If two electrons suddenly came into existence near each other having initial relative speed to one another at 0. What would their path of motion look like and how would the magnetic field lines come into play when they start moving if there were no third frame of reference to observe it from. Can the change of initial distance cause wildly different results or would it just be the same with just less energy involved(?), if so what is the cause?
-------------------------------------------------
**3)** I was told that every particle can be destroyed if the energy is high enough. Can you do this to an electron too without breaking the conservation of charge and if not what would happen if a large group of electrons only were to fall into a blackhole? Wouldn't that break the universe?
-------------------------------------------------
**4)** Another electron question: If neutron stars are a real thing, could you pack a bunch of electrons tight enough together for it to form a some kind of....*solid*....*liquid* or *gas*? If so, what would that actually look like if at all?
-------------------------------------------------
**5)** If the speed of light is slower in a medium because it is absorbed and re-emitted randomly, taking an indirect path contributing to the time delay, how can an image travelling through a thick chunk of glass still be coherent and not completely scrambled up?
-------------------------------------------------
**6)** If blackholes curve spacetime so much that literally nothing can ever come out or interact with anything outside of the event horizon ever again, how can matter still be said to exist in its center (*everyone keeps telling it is still there*) and how can it have an influence on anything outside....if not even information can travel through the horizon?
-------------------------------------------------
**7)** I keep hearing this everywhere I go: "*we only see the images of the PAST when we look at the edges of the visible universe*", wouldn't that imply that there is an absolute frame of reference outside the universe? I'm being told that time, motion and even the timing of various events is only relative to how you are moving, where you are and what kind of gravitational field you are in, in relation to everything else...doesn't that mean that when something travels at the speed of light at us (*light from a supernova or the cosmic microwave background radiation*), it is literally and practically happening then and right then to us and not in any other time in the "past"? What I mean by this is: if the Sun suddenly vanished, wouldn't it practically and literally happen to us instantly **when we actually see it** vanish? Because if you say: "it really happened in the past it just took time to get to us", isn't that invoking some kind of an absolute frame of reference that everything ticks by at regardless of relativity? This one is really hard to explain properly, with English not being my native language so I don't blame you if I make absolutely no sense here.
-------------------------------------------------
**8)** If gravitational lensing actually **bends** light, physically interacts with it as it is said in pretty much everywhere, with what does it interact with it with? Wouldn't light then also cause a gravitational pull on the object bending it? How would that even work?
-------------------------------------------------
**9)** I'm being told that if something moves near the speed of light relative to you, you'd see its time slow down as it travels. How can this be possible if the object was coming towards you instead of away? I tried explaining to the teacher that if a ship sent out a flash of light when it was launched from Andromeda towards us and instantly accelerated to near c, wouldn't he appear to reach me just a few seconds after the initial flash from the launch from my point of view and wouldn't I have to see everything he did in that time he was travelling compressed into that few second difference?
-------------------------------------------------
**10)** Is biology technically a science?
-------------------------------------------------
**11)** I was told you can't know if you are orbiting an object if you couldn't see outside of your spaceship. How can this be true if I placed four apples at the opposite ends of the ship along each axis, if one of them was closer to the gravitational well wouldn't that one have the shortest orbital period and move faster around the well than the rest...eventually colliding with something first?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1b78bo/a_couple_of_rudimentary_physics_questions_my/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9493j4",
"c94ecyz"
],
"score": [
11,
6
],
"text": [
"1) Light has no *rest* mass but has momentum based on it's frequency. Newton's laws don't describe it as it wasn't discovered yet. Newtonian laws only apply to Newtonian physics.\n\n2) They would repel one another as a function of distance squared.\n\n3) Falling into a black hole is not destruction but compaction. At high enough energies non-fundamental particles can be broken down into their constituent particles by breaking the nuclear bonds that hold them together.\n\n4) This is called a degenerate gas. It exists at the core of White Dwarf stars.\n\n5) The time delay is the absorption and emission not the indirect path. The clarity depends on the composition of the material and whether the light is reflected/refracted (and at what angle) internally.\n\n6) The nature of matter at the center is unknown, but the black holes still bends space so we assume the matter is still there and take the center of mass to do calculations.\n\n7) Yes. From some frames of reference the Sun hasn't gone out and from others it has. Either one could be considered correct. This is called the relativity of simultaneity and it is indeed relative if the events are not causal.\n\n8) Gravity bends space and light travels through space.\n\n9) He would only have a few seconds to do anything in his spaceship.\n\n10) If they apply the scientific method yes. If they count how many shrimp are in a bucket of water for fun then no.\n\n11) The one that was farther away would be moving faster with respect to the surface, but colliding with something is equivalent to \"seeing\" outside.",
" > 1) If light can literally push an object, but it in on it self doesn't have any mass and moves at the speed of light, how would that pushing actually happen especially without breaking Newton's third law of motion. How and what gets pushed back at the instant the force is applied?\n\nLight has energy and momentum. (Things can have energy and momentum without having mass.) And Newton's second law in its full form says that force is the rate of change in momentum. Now, Newton's laws don't apply perfectly to light, but they work well enough that you can consider a force acting on the light beam, and the effect of that force is to change its momentum.\n\n > 2) If two electrons suddenly came into existence near each other having initial relative speed to one another at 0. What would their path of motion look like and how would the magnetic field lines come into play when they start moving if there were no third frame of reference to observe it from. Can the change of initial distance cause wildly different results or would it just be the same with just less energy involved(?), if so what is the cause?\n\nThere is always a third frame of reference. There are always an infinite number of frames of reference - they're basically just coordinate systems. In any case, if you put two electrons near each other and release them from rest, they will simply push each other apart. The closer they are, the faster they'll wind up moving, but nothing weird will happen at any particular distance.\n\n > 3) I was told that every particle can be destroyed if the energy is high enough. Can you do this to an electron too without breaking the conservation of charge and if not what would happen if a large group of electrons only were to fall into a blackhole? Wouldn't that break the universe?\n\nUh, I'm not sure about particles being destroyed. Particles can react and turn into other particles, but I wouldn't call that destruction. (Maybe you would, in which case yes, particles can be destroyed.) However, electric charge (and some other kinds of charges) will always be conserved in these reactions.\n\nIf you drop a lot of electrons into a black hole, eventually the black hole will accumulate enough charge that it repels any further electrons which would fall into it. A black hole with such a strong charge is called an extremal black hole.\n\n > 4) Another electron question: If neutron stars are a real thing, could you pack a bunch of electrons tight enough together for it to form a some kind of....solid....liquid or gas? If so, what would that actually look like if at all?\n\nJust electrons? No, they'd fly apart as soon as you put them near each other. (Well, technically yes you can pack them together, but they won't stay packed.) But if you have other things to balance out the negative charge in the same region of space, like atomic nuclei for instance, then yes, electrons can constitute a gas, or even a somewhat liquid-like system known as a superfluid. (I think. That last one is out of my specialty, I just happened to hear a talk on it today.)\n\n > 5) If the speed of light is slower in a medium because it is absorbed and re-emitted randomly, taking an indirect path contributing to the time delay, how can an image travelling through a thick chunk of glass still be coherent and not completely scrambled up?\n\nIt's not _really_ because light is absorbed and re-emitted. That's just a toy model people use to make it seem plausible that light can slow down inside a material, but the true story is much more complicated, involving quantum mechanics and electromagnetic waves.\n\n > 6) If blackholes curve spacetime so much that literally nothing can ever come out or interact with anything outside of the event horizon ever again, how can matter still be said to exist in its center (everyone keeps telling it is still there) and how can it have an influence on anything outside....if not even information can travel through the horizon?\n\nWe don't really know anything about the center of a black hole. Maybe the matter doesn't exist anymore. However, when it collapses into the black hole it leaves behind a gravitational \"echo\" which we see as the event horizon and the gravity well around it. (I've glossed over a lot of subtleties here. Black holes are _highly_ counterintuitive.)\n\n > 7) I keep hearing this everywhere I go: \"we only see the images of the PAST when we look at the edges of the visible universe\", wouldn't that imply that there is an absolute frame of reference outside the universe?\n\nNo.\n\n > I'm being told that time, motion and even the timing of various events is only relative to how you are moving, where you are and what kind of gravitational field you are in, in relation to everything else...doesn't that mean that when something travels at the speed of light at us (light from a supernova or the cosmic microwave background radiation), it is literally and practically happening then and right then to us and not in any other time in the \"past\"? What I mean by this is: if the Sun suddenly vanished, wouldn't it practically and literally happen to us instantly when we actually see it vanish?\n\nSure, I guess you could say that, but it's not as useful for calculations as saying that it happened 8 minutes ago and the light just took 8 minutes to get to us.\n\n > Because if you say: \"it really happened in the past it just took time to get to us\", isn't that invoking some kind of an absolute frame of reference that everything ticks by at regardless of relativity?\n\nIn your example of the sun going out, it's understood that the time it takes the light to get to us is measured in a reference frame where the Sun and Earth are pretty much at rest. When people talk about seeing images from X years in the past when they look toward the edge of the visible universe, it's understood that they're talking about a reference frame in which all the matter of the universe is more or less at rest.\n\n > 8) If gravitational lensing actually bends light, physically interacts with it as it is said in pretty much everywhere, with what does it interact with it with?\n\nThe metric tensor field which describes the curvature of spacetime. You can think of this field as spacetime itself, as long as you're not getting too technical. The massive object \"tugs\" on the spacetime it's in and bends it a little bit, and that bending of spacetime causes the spacetime just a little further out to bend, which causes the spacetime just a little further out to bend, and so on like a wave propagating through space. (Actually it _is_ a wave.) Then you have this whole region of slightly bent spacetime. Later on some light travels through it and follows the curve of the spacetime.\n\n > Wouldn't light then also cause a gravitational pull on the object bending it? How would that even work?\n\nYeah, just a tiny bit. It's the same process in reverse.\n\n > 9) I'm being told that if something moves near the speed of light relative to you, you'd see its time slow down as it travels. How can this be possible if the object was coming towards you instead of away? I tried explaining to the teacher that if a ship sent out a flash of light when it was launched from Andromeda towards us and instantly accelerated to near c, wouldn't he appear to reach me just a few seconds after the initial flash from the launch from my point of view and wouldn't I have to see everything he did in that time he was travelling compressed into that few second difference?\n\nYou have to correct for the time it takes light to travel from the spaceship to you. After that's done, then you would notice the spaceship's time running slower than your own.\n\n > 10) Is biology technically a science?\n\nYes. Biology is one of what many people would consider to be the \"big three\" branches of science, the others being physics and chemistry. But of course there are many others, no less important.\n\n > 11) I was told you can't know if you are orbiting an object if you couldn't see outside of your spaceship. How can this be true if I placed four apples at the opposite ends of the ship along each axis, if one of them was closer to the gravitational well wouldn't that one have the shortest orbital period and move faster around the well than the rest...eventually colliding with something first?\n\nYou're right. The precise statement is that, if you're orbiting an object _and your spaceship is small enough to be considered a single point_, you can't tell the difference between orbiting and floating in empty space. But if you are able to compare the behavior of objects at different points in space, you can tell the difference. The smaller your spaceship is, the more precisely you will have to measure the apples' behavior to determine whether you are orbiting or floating. (If you want some buzzwords: the precise statement is that a locally inertial reference frame exists at every point. \"Locally\" is the key word here, it basically means \"over some region of negligible spatial extent.\")"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
jt3r4
|
the plot of atlas shrugged
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jt3r4/eli5_the_plot_of_atlas_shrugged/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2ewy0e",
"c2ewy23",
"c2exh5i",
"c2exn4w",
"c2eytjr",
"c2ez7y3",
"c2f12j2",
"c2ewy0e",
"c2ewy23",
"c2exh5i",
"c2exn4w",
"c2eytjr",
"c2ez7y3",
"c2f12j2"
],
"score": [
11,
7,
265,
25,
4,
3,
2,
11,
7,
265,
25,
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"There are only about 15 people (I am guestimating) in the entire world who are able to do anything good. These people are the captains of industry because they worked hard, made themselves extremely smart, and earned every single penny they ever got. They also hate being forced to help people, because those that want to make them help people are only trying to take away what they earned for themselves. So these 15 people run away to a special little town in Colorado where they use their exceptional skills to live happily while teaching society a lesson: that the world cannot live without them, so they need to let them do whatever they want and accumulate unchecked masses of wealth.\n\nAlso, all of the men in the special little town have sex with Dagny Taggart.",
"This has [already been done for you](_URL_0_)",
"Wow. I'm looking at thirteen complete non-answers right now. I'll try to add something constructive, but no promises.\n\nThe basic plot of the book is actually in the title. Atlas (yeah, like the book full of maps) is a figure from Greek mythology. He's what's called a Titan, a race of very old, very powerful god-like figures. They gave birth to another generation of god-figures called the Olympians. The Olympians fought a war against the Titans, and won. Atlas, for his part in the war, was sentenced to stand at the edge of the world and hold the sky on his shoulders. That was his punishment for being on the losing side.\n\nExcept in art, over the past few thousand years, Atlas has often been depicted as holding the *Earth* on his shoulders. This isn't really what the original myths said, but it's become so widely recognized that it's how Atlas is generally thought of today.\n\nWell, the title of the book is \"Atlas Shrugged.\" Which, if you imagine a god holding the world on his shoulders, should be a pretty evocative image.\n\nAs far as the details go, the book is set in a world that's running down. Industries are being nationalized, people are apathetic and unambitious. But a couple people aren't happy about that. There's Dagny Taggart, who runs a railroad, and Hank Reardon, who runs a steel foundry. They both feel really strongly that people should work hard and do important things. Dagny wants to expand her railroad to move freight around the country, and Hank has just invented a new metal alloy that's going to make really good rails for trains to run on. But each of them encounters resistance along the way from people who resent their ambition and their drive, and they have a hard time of it.\n\nEventually, prominent industrialists and business leaders start to disappear. Like literally disappear: it's like they've been kidnapped or something. Their companies are gutted, their business commitments abandoned … it reaches the point of being a real national crisis. Imagine if the heads of companies like Wal Mart and UPS and Home Depot and a bunch more just shut down their companies all on the same day, and left millions of people out of work. It'd be a catastrophe a lot like the one depicted in the book.\n\nDagny and Hank end up stumbling across an abandon invention. I forget the details, but it's something really important, like a perpetual-motion machine or something. Just left laying in the corner of some abandoned factory. They start to wonder what the hell's been going on, and whether this has anything to do with the disappearing business and industry leaders. So they go on a hunt. This part of the book is basically a mystery story, as Dagny and Hank try to track down the person who invented the perpetual-motion machine, and see if they can get to the bottom of the disappearances.\n\nDagny follows the trail of clues, but ends up crashing her small plane in a valley way up high in the mountains. There, to her surprise, she finds all the \"kidnapped\" business leaders, and more. Scientists, artists, engineers, all kinds of brilliant, ambitious people. They've all created this new town there, organized by a guy named John Galt. Galt explains to Dagny that he got fed up with the way the world is going, so he decided to try to do something about it. He went, quietly, to all these smart people and persuaded them to quit. Just quit. Just walk out on their jobs, their companies, their families, everything, and come start this new town with him.\n\nSee, Galt figured that most of the good things that go in the world are the result of the hard work of a pretty small number of people. It's what they sometimes call the \"80/20 rule.\" Eighty percent of the work gets done by twenty percent of the people, that kind of thing. Well, Galt didn't think that was a very good idea, so he decided to change it. His plan was to get all of those \"twenty percent\" people to join him in withdrawing from society. Once all those people quit, the world would just grind to a halt, because everybody who was making important things happen would've stopped. After everything collapsed, Galt and his friends would come out and start building from scratch, with the intention of creating a more just world where everybody contributes and nobody slacks off.\n\nSo that's what he did. He convinced all these smart people to \"go on strike.\" Only it gets ugly. The government, panicked at the economic disaster, starts trying to nationalize industries. They seize companies, force inventors to give over their ideas, basically try all these completely wrongheaded ideas, never understanding the real cause of the problem. Eventually they track Galt down and arrest him. They torture him to try to get him to call off the strike, but he doesn't give in, until his friends manage to rescue him and take him back to the valley.\n\nAnd then everything just goes downhill. The big turning point in the book is the moment, right at the end of the story, where the electricity supply finally quits, because there was nobody to keep the generators running. And all at once, the lights of New York City go out.\n\nSometime later, having weathered the collapse in their valley, Galt and his friends decide it's time to go back out into the world and start rebuilding.\n\nPeople love to complain about the book and make fun of it for political reasons. I always wonder whether the people who do have ever actually read it. Cause while it's got flaws, overall it's a really cool story.",
"You really want those damn cookies. For some reason, Mom isn't going to just give them to you. She sets up something called an \"allowance\". For every house carpet you clean, you get 2$. Your older brother, who wants an RC car, has the same deal. So you guys get to work - you work hard, cleaning every carpet in the house. At the end of the day, Mom gives you 6$ and your brother 8$ (he's older, so he's able to clean a bit faster). Everything is great: the house is clean, and you and your brother have what you wanted (cookies! rc car!)\n\nBut your younger sisters (two of them), don't want to work. Don't want to do their chores. But they still want things (root beer! basketball!) They complain to Dad that the competition is unfair; they're too little too compete with you and your brother. So Dad, always the generous, makes it easier for your sisters: For every carpet they clean, they get 4$, *and*, after a little haggling, get a minimum of 2$ a day.\n\nAt the same time, your brother, a smart one, builds a more efficient vacuum cleaner. He's able to clean carpets twice as fast, and guess what, he even goes over to the neighbors' houses and cleans them too. Wow! He's working hard, and he's making 20$ a day!\n\nThe little sisters hate this. They tell Dad it's not fair that your brother makes so much. Eventually, Dad starts imposing a limit to how much your brother can make. Anything over 15$ goes to the sisters. Also, he must share his super-awesome vacuum cleaner with them whenever they like. The brother, who just wants to work hard and make a dime, decides to run away and live under a bridge selling lemonade. \n\n/ELI5\n\nEssentially, that's the gist of Atlas Shrugged. Dagny Taggert is the brilliant, hardworking railroad runner, and the \"looters\" (the government, various slouches) want to take everything from her and the other hardworking innovators and make it \"fair\". Eventually, the entire system breaks down; there is no incentive for people to innovate if they can't capitalize monetarily, and the slouchers just get lazier. So essentially, no one's doing anything. These enlightened just say \"screw it\" and go start their own country in Colorado - based on the principles of laissez-faire capitalism.\n\n*disclaimer: not an expert in oboectivism, only read atlas shrugged once. please correct if there's something missing or wrong.",
"Not for a 5 year old:\n\n**Atlas Shrugged TL;DR:\nThe purpose of our lives is to achieve happiness. The way the author suggests we do this as individuals and as a society is to be productive individuals who pursue self-interest.**\n\nExample: A long time ago the combustion engine was created. Think about all the benefits this engine gave society as a whole. It made everyones life much, much easier. We could travel great distances in short times, transport goods, and more. The author thinks the creator of that engine deserves all the wealth he can get from the product, for the highest price people are willing to pay for it. The author also thinks that no one has the right to remove that wealth for any reason (taxing).\n\nWhen we are very productive we innovate, create, invent, and this will make life easier. No longer do we toil crops by hand under the sun; we invented engines and tractors to farm large areas of land by just one person. This means we have more time to find fulfillment and happiness. This means life will be easier for all of us.\n\nThe heroes of the tale are the most productive members of society and have worked hard to earn their success. The are very happy from their work. Their work is in itself - the means to their happiness. They don't make things with the primary intention to help others. The first thought is self-interest, how to make *their* life easier. In most cases though, the benefit to society would be or is pretty staggering. \n\nONTO THE PLOT\n\nThere is one man who created something very groundbreaking. He created a machine while he worked for a company. However, the company introduced a policy that said, \"From Each According to His Ability, To Each According to His Need.\" This means that every person should contribute to society to the best of his or her ability and consume from society in proportion to his or her needs (communism). This kind of means we're all equal. The author disagrees and says no, some people are way smarter, some really stupid. The smart people who are productive deserve all the wealth they earn. The creator of the groundbreaking thing, opposes this policy goes on strike that day. He claims infront of all the employees (who are angry at him - the only opposer) that he will find the motor of the world and shut if off. The creation is destroyed and the creator vanishes. The company falls into self-destruction and is like a ghost town after all is done. Just ruins, poverty, and looking like Detroit. \n\nThen over many months and years - producers of industries (those happy productive leaders) begin to vanish. The hero is taking them away (but no one knows this). They come from all callings and industries: philosophers, bankers, actors, steel, railroads, shipping and more. The hero is doing this because to him he is just speeding things up. He realizes that the country/world has adopted the policy: \"From Each According to His Ability, To Each According to His Need.\" And the country/world will collapse just like the old company, but if no one went on strike it could take a 1000 years or more but it would put the world into another dark-ages (period after Rome and before the Renaissance where shit did not get done). So the hero would put the world into darkness faster - and be there to lead it into the light (which we dont see).\n\nThe title Atlas Shrugged comes to mean that as another leader of industry vanishes, the weight of keeping the world functioning (the motor running) gets put on the shoulders of the next leader of industry until they vanish (shrug). This weight gets more and more as leaders vanish. And it's not easy for them at first to shrug because they give a fuck. However, the government or someone eventually does something to these Atlases that is basically a giant FUCK YOU. And the Atlases respond with a \"Fuck this shit,\" and finally shrug. We find that the motor of the world is production. He removes the most productive leaders to stop the motor. \n\nThe government does indeed try to replace them with other \"leaders\" but they are all phonies and all the companies the government takes over fail terribly. Also, the Hero makes a speech on the radio that causes controversy. Not everyone is a genius leader of industry, but regular joe's who are productive (happy) in their craft also go on strike from this speech. That means that all productive labor vanishes too. Only incompetent people are left to run the world. This causes a lot of accidents, deaths, and destruction. Stuff goes down hill and the world is covered in darkness. \n\nAt the end the author suggests the way to prevent this from happening in the future is to separate economics and state, just like their is a separation of religion and state. A leader of law at the end of the tale, modifies the constitution to include the separation of economics and state.",
"After reading some of the responses here, I have to ask: Do you guys recommend Atlas Shrugged?",
"While Rand is a controversial figure, and quite extreme in some of her ideas, you should read Atlas Shrugged. Especially with what is going on in the world right at this very moment. ",
"There are only about 15 people (I am guestimating) in the entire world who are able to do anything good. These people are the captains of industry because they worked hard, made themselves extremely smart, and earned every single penny they ever got. They also hate being forced to help people, because those that want to make them help people are only trying to take away what they earned for themselves. So these 15 people run away to a special little town in Colorado where they use their exceptional skills to live happily while teaching society a lesson: that the world cannot live without them, so they need to let them do whatever they want and accumulate unchecked masses of wealth.\n\nAlso, all of the men in the special little town have sex with Dagny Taggart.",
"This has [already been done for you](_URL_0_)",
"Wow. I'm looking at thirteen complete non-answers right now. I'll try to add something constructive, but no promises.\n\nThe basic plot of the book is actually in the title. Atlas (yeah, like the book full of maps) is a figure from Greek mythology. He's what's called a Titan, a race of very old, very powerful god-like figures. They gave birth to another generation of god-figures called the Olympians. The Olympians fought a war against the Titans, and won. Atlas, for his part in the war, was sentenced to stand at the edge of the world and hold the sky on his shoulders. That was his punishment for being on the losing side.\n\nExcept in art, over the past few thousand years, Atlas has often been depicted as holding the *Earth* on his shoulders. This isn't really what the original myths said, but it's become so widely recognized that it's how Atlas is generally thought of today.\n\nWell, the title of the book is \"Atlas Shrugged.\" Which, if you imagine a god holding the world on his shoulders, should be a pretty evocative image.\n\nAs far as the details go, the book is set in a world that's running down. Industries are being nationalized, people are apathetic and unambitious. But a couple people aren't happy about that. There's Dagny Taggart, who runs a railroad, and Hank Reardon, who runs a steel foundry. They both feel really strongly that people should work hard and do important things. Dagny wants to expand her railroad to move freight around the country, and Hank has just invented a new metal alloy that's going to make really good rails for trains to run on. But each of them encounters resistance along the way from people who resent their ambition and their drive, and they have a hard time of it.\n\nEventually, prominent industrialists and business leaders start to disappear. Like literally disappear: it's like they've been kidnapped or something. Their companies are gutted, their business commitments abandoned … it reaches the point of being a real national crisis. Imagine if the heads of companies like Wal Mart and UPS and Home Depot and a bunch more just shut down their companies all on the same day, and left millions of people out of work. It'd be a catastrophe a lot like the one depicted in the book.\n\nDagny and Hank end up stumbling across an abandon invention. I forget the details, but it's something really important, like a perpetual-motion machine or something. Just left laying in the corner of some abandoned factory. They start to wonder what the hell's been going on, and whether this has anything to do with the disappearing business and industry leaders. So they go on a hunt. This part of the book is basically a mystery story, as Dagny and Hank try to track down the person who invented the perpetual-motion machine, and see if they can get to the bottom of the disappearances.\n\nDagny follows the trail of clues, but ends up crashing her small plane in a valley way up high in the mountains. There, to her surprise, she finds all the \"kidnapped\" business leaders, and more. Scientists, artists, engineers, all kinds of brilliant, ambitious people. They've all created this new town there, organized by a guy named John Galt. Galt explains to Dagny that he got fed up with the way the world is going, so he decided to try to do something about it. He went, quietly, to all these smart people and persuaded them to quit. Just quit. Just walk out on their jobs, their companies, their families, everything, and come start this new town with him.\n\nSee, Galt figured that most of the good things that go in the world are the result of the hard work of a pretty small number of people. It's what they sometimes call the \"80/20 rule.\" Eighty percent of the work gets done by twenty percent of the people, that kind of thing. Well, Galt didn't think that was a very good idea, so he decided to change it. His plan was to get all of those \"twenty percent\" people to join him in withdrawing from society. Once all those people quit, the world would just grind to a halt, because everybody who was making important things happen would've stopped. After everything collapsed, Galt and his friends would come out and start building from scratch, with the intention of creating a more just world where everybody contributes and nobody slacks off.\n\nSo that's what he did. He convinced all these smart people to \"go on strike.\" Only it gets ugly. The government, panicked at the economic disaster, starts trying to nationalize industries. They seize companies, force inventors to give over their ideas, basically try all these completely wrongheaded ideas, never understanding the real cause of the problem. Eventually they track Galt down and arrest him. They torture him to try to get him to call off the strike, but he doesn't give in, until his friends manage to rescue him and take him back to the valley.\n\nAnd then everything just goes downhill. The big turning point in the book is the moment, right at the end of the story, where the electricity supply finally quits, because there was nobody to keep the generators running. And all at once, the lights of New York City go out.\n\nSometime later, having weathered the collapse in their valley, Galt and his friends decide it's time to go back out into the world and start rebuilding.\n\nPeople love to complain about the book and make fun of it for political reasons. I always wonder whether the people who do have ever actually read it. Cause while it's got flaws, overall it's a really cool story.",
"You really want those damn cookies. For some reason, Mom isn't going to just give them to you. She sets up something called an \"allowance\". For every house carpet you clean, you get 2$. Your older brother, who wants an RC car, has the same deal. So you guys get to work - you work hard, cleaning every carpet in the house. At the end of the day, Mom gives you 6$ and your brother 8$ (he's older, so he's able to clean a bit faster). Everything is great: the house is clean, and you and your brother have what you wanted (cookies! rc car!)\n\nBut your younger sisters (two of them), don't want to work. Don't want to do their chores. But they still want things (root beer! basketball!) They complain to Dad that the competition is unfair; they're too little too compete with you and your brother. So Dad, always the generous, makes it easier for your sisters: For every carpet they clean, they get 4$, *and*, after a little haggling, get a minimum of 2$ a day.\n\nAt the same time, your brother, a smart one, builds a more efficient vacuum cleaner. He's able to clean carpets twice as fast, and guess what, he even goes over to the neighbors' houses and cleans them too. Wow! He's working hard, and he's making 20$ a day!\n\nThe little sisters hate this. They tell Dad it's not fair that your brother makes so much. Eventually, Dad starts imposing a limit to how much your brother can make. Anything over 15$ goes to the sisters. Also, he must share his super-awesome vacuum cleaner with them whenever they like. The brother, who just wants to work hard and make a dime, decides to run away and live under a bridge selling lemonade. \n\n/ELI5\n\nEssentially, that's the gist of Atlas Shrugged. Dagny Taggert is the brilliant, hardworking railroad runner, and the \"looters\" (the government, various slouches) want to take everything from her and the other hardworking innovators and make it \"fair\". Eventually, the entire system breaks down; there is no incentive for people to innovate if they can't capitalize monetarily, and the slouchers just get lazier. So essentially, no one's doing anything. These enlightened just say \"screw it\" and go start their own country in Colorado - based on the principles of laissez-faire capitalism.\n\n*disclaimer: not an expert in oboectivism, only read atlas shrugged once. please correct if there's something missing or wrong.",
"Not for a 5 year old:\n\n**Atlas Shrugged TL;DR:\nThe purpose of our lives is to achieve happiness. The way the author suggests we do this as individuals and as a society is to be productive individuals who pursue self-interest.**\n\nExample: A long time ago the combustion engine was created. Think about all the benefits this engine gave society as a whole. It made everyones life much, much easier. We could travel great distances in short times, transport goods, and more. The author thinks the creator of that engine deserves all the wealth he can get from the product, for the highest price people are willing to pay for it. The author also thinks that no one has the right to remove that wealth for any reason (taxing).\n\nWhen we are very productive we innovate, create, invent, and this will make life easier. No longer do we toil crops by hand under the sun; we invented engines and tractors to farm large areas of land by just one person. This means we have more time to find fulfillment and happiness. This means life will be easier for all of us.\n\nThe heroes of the tale are the most productive members of society and have worked hard to earn their success. The are very happy from their work. Their work is in itself - the means to their happiness. They don't make things with the primary intention to help others. The first thought is self-interest, how to make *their* life easier. In most cases though, the benefit to society would be or is pretty staggering. \n\nONTO THE PLOT\n\nThere is one man who created something very groundbreaking. He created a machine while he worked for a company. However, the company introduced a policy that said, \"From Each According to His Ability, To Each According to His Need.\" This means that every person should contribute to society to the best of his or her ability and consume from society in proportion to his or her needs (communism). This kind of means we're all equal. The author disagrees and says no, some people are way smarter, some really stupid. The smart people who are productive deserve all the wealth they earn. The creator of the groundbreaking thing, opposes this policy goes on strike that day. He claims infront of all the employees (who are angry at him - the only opposer) that he will find the motor of the world and shut if off. The creation is destroyed and the creator vanishes. The company falls into self-destruction and is like a ghost town after all is done. Just ruins, poverty, and looking like Detroit. \n\nThen over many months and years - producers of industries (those happy productive leaders) begin to vanish. The hero is taking them away (but no one knows this). They come from all callings and industries: philosophers, bankers, actors, steel, railroads, shipping and more. The hero is doing this because to him he is just speeding things up. He realizes that the country/world has adopted the policy: \"From Each According to His Ability, To Each According to His Need.\" And the country/world will collapse just like the old company, but if no one went on strike it could take a 1000 years or more but it would put the world into another dark-ages (period after Rome and before the Renaissance where shit did not get done). So the hero would put the world into darkness faster - and be there to lead it into the light (which we dont see).\n\nThe title Atlas Shrugged comes to mean that as another leader of industry vanishes, the weight of keeping the world functioning (the motor running) gets put on the shoulders of the next leader of industry until they vanish (shrug). This weight gets more and more as leaders vanish. And it's not easy for them at first to shrug because they give a fuck. However, the government or someone eventually does something to these Atlases that is basically a giant FUCK YOU. And the Atlases respond with a \"Fuck this shit,\" and finally shrug. We find that the motor of the world is production. He removes the most productive leaders to stop the motor. \n\nThe government does indeed try to replace them with other \"leaders\" but they are all phonies and all the companies the government takes over fail terribly. Also, the Hero makes a speech on the radio that causes controversy. Not everyone is a genius leader of industry, but regular joe's who are productive (happy) in their craft also go on strike from this speech. That means that all productive labor vanishes too. Only incompetent people are left to run the world. This causes a lot of accidents, deaths, and destruction. Stuff goes down hill and the world is covered in darkness. \n\nAt the end the author suggests the way to prevent this from happening in the future is to separate economics and state, just like their is a separation of religion and state. A leader of law at the end of the tale, modifies the constitution to include the separation of economics and state.",
"After reading some of the responses here, I have to ask: Do you guys recommend Atlas Shrugged?",
"While Rand is a controversial figure, and quite extreme in some of her ideas, you should read Atlas Shrugged. Especially with what is going on in the world right at this very moment. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged#Plot"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged#Plot"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
gonw4
|
Is there really no way to know whether or not a shelter dog has rabies until/unless symptoms arise?
|
Last week I adopted a shelter dog from Los Angeles County. The dog had come into the shelter as a stray. Adoption process was normal.
I wanted to bring him in to a local vet for a checkup, so I was reviewing the information the shelter gave me about the medical care he'd already received there.
I noticed there was no indication about whether he'd been tested for rabies. I called the shelter up, and they said there was no possible test for rabies, except for decapitating the dog and testing its brain tissue. I asked them if they held strays (like my dog) for a quarantine period and they said no. They did however give him a rabies vaccine.
I looked online, and found out the incubation period for rabies can be over a year.
I was surprised. *If you adopt an animal, there is no way to know whether they have incubating rabies or not?* I just have to wait and see for a year or more if my dog ends up developing rabies symptoms? I'm just surprised because it seems unlikely that nobody would be bothered by this, especially people with kids (I don't have any personally).
*The shelter giving my dog the regular rabies vaccine for dogs wouldn't do anything if he was already infected with rabies, right?*
I already have the dog, he is mine and I will take care of him regardless, I'm just curious about information on this.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/gonw4/is_there_really_no_way_to_know_whether_or_not_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c1p4c8k"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Yup. Only way to test for rabies is observation in quarantine or brain tissue. And the latter is the only real, definitive way. \n\n > The shelter giving my dog the regular rabies vaccine for dogs wouldn't do anything if he was already infected with rabies, right?\n\nDepends on progression of the disease. \n\n\nIdeally, the shelter should do quarantine before putting animals up for adoption, but it's a 90 day quarantine for an unowned, unvaccinated animal, so it's not really feasible. It's kind of...'assumed' that the dog doesn't have rabies though, since it's relatively rare in the grand scheme of things. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2r91i0
|
Were there other attempts at peace during World War 1?
|
Often a conflict isn't ended the first time a party attempts to negotiate peace. Given the massive casualties on all sides during the conflict, were there any attempts at peace prior to the final settlement?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2r91i0/were_there_other_attempts_at_peace_during_world/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cndmik7",
"cndsay4",
"cndu8kp"
],
"score": [
15,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"There were two notable attempts by the papacy to broker a peace deal. In January of 1915, Benedict XV sent a papal diplomat as an envoy to Austrian emperor Franz Joseph. That diplomat was Eugenio Pacelli (who in 1939 would be elected pope and would take the name Pius XII). The goal was to try to keep Italy out of the war by having Austria agree to Italian territorial demands. This initiative was a failure. \n\nIn 1917, Pacelli was again selected to try to get Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany to agree to Benedict XV's 7-point peace plan. As Robert Ventresca says, \n\n > [i]n the end, the discussions of the summer of 1917 went nowhere. Benedict XV's peace plan was effectively dead in the water. Despite some promising starts made by Pacelli in his first meeting with the German chancellor, the German military high command was in no mood for the concessions Bethmann-Hollweg had seemed ready to accept earlier that summer. (*Soldier of Christ*: The Life of Pope Pius XII*, pg 48)\n\nSo, early papal efforts to call for peace and keep the war from expanding were unsuccessful, as was the 1917 7-point proposal by Benedict XV.",
"Woodrow Wilson made a number of attempts to mediate some sort of peace agreement between the Entente and the Central Powers. This ran into obstruction and denial of varying levels from both sides. Wilson (never a fan of Britain or placing much emphasis on US-UK relations) abandoned any hope of constructing peace on a basis of close relations with the UK and apparently even toyed with an alliance with Germany simply to fight the UK.\n\nLloyd George also attempted to make peace a number of times over the course of his wartime coalition government, but never with Germany. Instead, given his preference for attempting to avoid bloodshed on the western front as much as possible to preserve the state of the British arm for the final, victorious campaign, he hoped constantly to sway Bulgaria, or the Ottoman Empire, or Austria-Hungary to make peace. In this he was obviously unsuccessful. However, at times the British (largely the Foreign Office, of whom Ll.G. tended to act independently as he loathed diplomats) still considered peace with Germany, sometimes on the basis of accepting (some) German territorial claims in the east (such as Latvia and Lithuania but not Estonia or Finland) in return for ceding Alsace-Lorraine back to the French.\n\nSource: *British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy, 1914-1918*, Victor H. Rothwell.\n\nUltimately, the nature of coalition warfare means that coalitions tend to fail only when their strongest member capitulates. In WW1, that was Germany for the Central Powers and Germany was only willing to capitulate (rather than impose terms) after the hundred days and the collapse of the German army in autumn 1918.",
"It may not be quite what you mean, but there were attempts to *avoid* the first world war by diplomats on both sides of the conflict. The time between the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and the cascading of war declarations in August is known as the July Crisis. During the July Crisis, efforts were made by Edward Grey, the British foreign secretary, to mediate the Austro-Serbian dispute. He proposed that Austria-Hungary occupy Belgrade as a temporary solution without declarations of war or ultimatums. He also was hoping for international cooperation in this. \n\nSource: *Great Power Diplomacy*, Norman Rich"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
rf5xm
|
What causes the pale greenish tint we get when we are nauseous?
|
Whenever I get nauseous or I'm about to be sick, I notice my face is very pale and has a green tint to it. What causes this?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/rf5xm/what_causes_the_pale_greenish_tint_we_get_when_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c45cras"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I googled that and got the answer pretty fast. it apparently has to do with the blood leaving your face leaving you with the yellow of your skin and the blue of your capillaries. \n "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2cpdws
|
how did letters like g and j, or c and k, come about? why do they share a common sound?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2cpdws/eli5how_did_letters_like_g_and_j_or_c_and_k_come/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjhpjrc"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I think it's best expressed by a quote from James Nicoll:\n\n*The problem with defending the purity of the English language is that English is about as pure as a cribhouse whore. We don't just borrow words; on occasion, English has pursued other languages down alleyways to beat them unconscious and riffle their pockets for new vocabulary.*\n\nBottom line, some of the languages we've beaten unconscious used C, and others used K. Some used G, and some used J. When they all were brought together in the English language, there was a bit of redundancy. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4xjphh
|
how do sports commentators know all the players and their backgrounds so readily? i realize they are fed the info beforehand but they seem to spit out the info at appropriate times and so easily.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xjphh/eli5_how_do_sports_commentators_know_all_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6fzpe0",
"d6fzpz1",
"d6g0cv0",
"d6g1l3c",
"d6g1m7w",
"d6g1ndn",
"d6g1yvw",
"d6g2o84",
"d6g3b51",
"d6g3gza",
"d6g3s0b",
"d6g4f2u",
"d6g6bpa",
"d6g6kw8",
"d6g6ppw",
"d6g7stm",
"d6g7wkr",
"d6g8p5u",
"d6gaodr"
],
"score": [
244,
3,
42,
3,
158,
93,
221,
14,
3,
2,
6,
3,
2,
2,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"They typically have notes on hand during the broadcast, additionally they have a producer in the truck feeding them information.",
"They get very well organized packets before a game and they are also being fed stats throughout the game that are applicable to the current game state",
"That's their job... The best commentators are the most prepared and skilled at referencing the most relevant info at the best times. ",
"As mentioned, it's their job to know names/numbers. \n\nThere was a post in /r/nba that had a cheat sheet the announcers get before a game. It had obscure facts and stories for each player. It was a few pages long and actually quite interesting. Here's the post _URL_0_\n\nAs for in-game stats, those are fed to them throughout the game by people keeping stats. \n\n",
"I'm sure they have helpful material but also they're extremely knowledgeable. My sister is an absolute monster at sports commentary/facts - mainly football but baseball and soccer are easy for her as well. We use to laugh because she'd tell us a funny story about some NFL guys high school career and then the commentator moments later would repeat the same story. Happens a lot. ",
"They have a real-time touchscreen system feeding them anything they want: _URL_0_. I've seen it, its pretty cool and super easy to use.\n\n > The results systems are available across the Olympic Venues, in the Main Press Center, the International Broadcasting Center and even remotely in the studios of the broadcasters to support the media in telling their story as it happens: \n\n > CIS: Managed centrally from the Technology Operations Centre, the Commentator Information System provides commentators and journalists with touch-screen technology that gives results in real time, so quick they can see the results before they hear the roar of the crowd. It is also the first time broadcasters will have access to the system for all Olympic and 12 Paralympic sports.\n\n > myInfo+: An internet application that enables accredited media, sports officials and athletes to access information available to them. For the first time live results will be available for the first time for all Olympic and Paralympic sports. It also provides information on competition schedules, medal ranking tables, transport news and sports records. All is available via laptops with users able to tailor their homepage so that it highlights the countries that they want to follow during the Games.",
"60 minutes did a feature on Chris Collinsworth a couple years ago. He does not just show up and announce the game. He spent over 60 hours a week preparing for the game he was going to call by watching every game that both team has played, sometimes multiple years worth, interviewing with players and coaches etc. In his broadcasts you'll often here him say \"When I talked to X, he felt they really had to get pressure on the qb early in this game\" or something to that effect. That's what he was doing during the week.",
"Others have made great points, but I wanted to point out another key to being able \"to spit out the info at appropriate times and so easily\": **Practice**. \n\nOlympic and major league sports announcers are often the best in the business (with a few notable exceptions, obviously). They've often been doing it for dozens of years, and they got their start in front of much smaller audiences. \nHave you ever heard a minor league baseball game or a D2 football game on the radio? It can be painful. ",
"They can also youtube it. Joe Rogan does this for debuting fighters. He checks their fights on youtube and makes his analysis based off of that.. \"He likes to throw a right leg kick when his opponent rushes him\" shit like that",
"Well: I don't know any sports commentators but my boyfriend is a huge tennis fan. He often comments on the games and a few minutes later the commentator says the same thing. He knows all players including background and can even remember all scores ( including games) for like the last 20 years. Maybe if you love something it's not hard to remember this stuff.",
"A couple of different thibgs. First off the commentators work hard during the week to prepare. Study rosters, memorize numbers. They will watch old games, and breakdown stoeylines. They will always interview the coaches and key players beforehand for insight. Usually the night before the game. On game day they have production meetings and research teams to prep them. For in game stats and around the leafue stats that is given to them by a producer or stat researcher. \n\nThese guys are pros and this is their job. So take the NFL the game is 3 hours per week so in a typical job you work 40 hours per week which leaves 37 for prep and review after the game.\n\nI did some broadcasting as a student in university. For that probably spent 5 hours per game on prep on play by play. It takes time. But we interviewed coaches and when we could watxhed old games. And spent time memorizing rosters.",
"They say it effortlessly and at the right time because it's their job to speak on television",
"[Here's an example of a cheat sheet for a commentator commentating a football/soccer game](_URL_0_)\n\nThere's also the fact that they're often commentating on a sport that they've adored since a young age and followed for decades both in a personal and a professional way. If you spend 9-5 on keeping up with the industry you ought to know who's done what and when off the top of your head\n\nExcept for Michael Owen, who for some reason gets paid to say meaningless tautologies every 8 minutes",
"Big announcers like Mike Emerick will prep with notes before a game. \n\nPierre McGuires is a huge hockey nerd.\n\nI met someone who does F1 stats behind the US speed and now NBC team, and is basically the information feeder and timekeeper. He could name the winner to f1 races over twenty years ago. Course records, ect. He never speaks live on TV but he was super interesting to listen to. ",
"Because the Vin Scullys, Al Michaels, Bob Costases and even the hated Joe Buck are actually very good at what they do and know a lot about the teams and players. This is doable thanks to the local guys who tell them \"this guy is having a great season after breaking a bone his last year in college, we picked the best player in the draft for sure!\" \n\nHow much do you know about people you've never met? Phelps? Ichiro? Trump? Hillary? There actually is a bit of journalism done by broadcasters. I know a lot of responses are saying it's all notes on computers, but trust me, they had to start somewhere when they didn't have that stuff. It's mostly pretty easy to absorb stuff, too. Especially when they meet the player and put a face, voice, and mind to the bio/stats. \n\nI'm sure it's not an easy job. That's why we know a great one at work. Vin Scully has called Dodger games on radio/tv mostly by himself since 1950. I just don't think you can thank a computer for what he has done since the typewriter.",
"I worked at a bookstore in St Louis in the nineties. Bob Costas used to come in with his kids. There was frequently some asshole who'd corner him and try to beat him in a sports trivia pissing contest. Dumb shit like who do you think was the greatest left handed third baseman born in Canada? And then Bob would say, there's only two, and even though he only batted .198 I'd say Harvey Dungelmunch, because the reason he played left handed was because in June 1972 when he was 14 years old he injured his shoulder while saving a rodeo clown who had a heart attack in the middle of a performance in Manitoba. And that rodeo clown, funny thing, his grandson is Bobby De La Mar, who plays third base for the Blue Jays.\n\nAnd the asshole would come away, not feeling spanked or humiliated, but feeling like he'd just made a friend.",
"_URL_0_\n\n\nGood look into how Doc Emrick does it, in my humble opinion he's the best in the business.",
"My ex knew the college, background, and stats for most football players. He could break any number (phone #, time, etc) down into specific players' numbers and would never forget. It was impressive. \nHope he now remembers to keep his girlfriends away from each other. Asshole.",
"I think people often underestimate just how much prep goes into their trade of work. Like with any profession, they study, a LOT. They often have piles or even binders full of information beforehand, to the point they can recognize players and plays no matter what the circumstances are. In short, the answer is: TONS of prep work."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/nba/comments/4qmz0r/here_it_is_the_full_and_ridiculously_statfilled/"
],
[],
[
"http://www.nbc-2.com/story/32487471/atos-delivers-it-backbone-to-rio-2016"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://8by8mag.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/CheatSheet_Web_Nick_2-1024x791.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kocedBmTbo&sns=em"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
1tw16s
|
During the Cold War, why was it necessary for the USA and the USSR to build arsenals of literally thousands of nuclear weapons, enough to destroy all human life multiple times over?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1tw16s/during_the_cold_war_why_was_it_necessary_for_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cec0xus",
"cec2gge",
"cec3jqb",
"cecfr7m"
],
"score": [
76,
33,
21,
3
],
"text": [
"This is more of a question about nuclear war strategy than history but here goes:\n\nThe buildup has to do with theories on nuclear war that require establishing enough of a strategic nuclear force to ensure a second strike capability. Theoretically, one side would attempt a counter-force first strike to nullify enemy strategic nuclear assets, which would leave the enemy country at the mercy of the aggressor. As a result, each side would have to build up enough of a strategic deterrent, through land based silos, SLBMs, and strategic bombers, to ensure that it would be able to reciprocate to any first strike with massive nuclear retaliation, hence the second strike. Since building up additional nuclear assets would require additional weapons to destroy them, both sides were caught in an arms race that resulted in many thousands of nuclear weapons. Arsenals basically kept growing until the introduction of the SALT I (1972) and SALT II (Effectively 1979) treaties and eventually the START (1991) treaties. You should keep in mind that the vast majority of nuclear warheads are tactical warheads which would be deployed on the tactical or operational level rather than the strategic warheads equipped on the ICBMs. ",
"CountrySteakSauce captured a major strategic driver for the arms race, but there a number of other factors worth highlighting:\n\n* It's important to realize that nuclear weapons are not weapons of absolute destruction, contrary to many people's impression. It can actually be much harder to destroy a specific target than you might expect. CountrySteakSauce mentioned that the vast majority of warheads were tactical--one reason is that it takes a lot of weapons if you are trying to destroy tank units. Of course, using that many weapons on the battlefield introduces a lot of other operational and strategic issues that the US never solved, but the US built a sizeable tactical arsenal by the time folks began to internalize that.\n\n* At a strategic level, weapon effects, targeting strategies and technical factors also drive what we know as overkill. Again, to dramatically over-simplify--Say you have three command bunkers around Moscow. Military planners might determine each requires a direct hit to destroy. Given US missile accuracy, you might need to target two warheads against each bunker to enusre one direct hit. The Soviets have missile defense around Moscow that will destroy half of the incoming warheads--now you need four against each target. Say that this warhead has a reliability problem, so only 2/3 of them will reach the target. Now you need 6 against each target. So now we're firing 18 warheads at Moscow to destroy three targets. Maybe planners want the option to choose between ICBMs, submarine-launched missiles and bombers to attack the target. That might mean buiilding 54 warheads, even when you only plan to launch 18 to ensure that three land exactly where you want them to.\n\n* Institutional factors--such as inter-service rivaleries, the nuclear development complex, Soviet bureaucratic politics, etc--also drove weapons production, as well as domestic politics (the non-existant \"missile gap\" for example). \n\nAgain, it's known as \"overkill\" for a reason and many recognized early on that the numbers were absurd. But most of the decisions at the time that led to the increases had specific justifications that seemed sensible to those making the choices.\n\nEdit: [Origins of Overkill](_URL_0_) is a good history of US nuclear planning in the '50s available for free on JSTOR that covers how strategic thinking, operational planning and institutional factors interacted to drive the growth of the US arsenal. If any has anything similar for the Soviets, I'd love to read it.",
"The calculation for how many nuclear weapons one needs works roughly like this:\n\n* Let _A_ be the total number of strategic or military targets. How many there are depends on the adversary in question, and what one defines as a strategic or military target. Some options include the obvious ones like centers of population, centers of industrial or military production, or bombers/ICBM bases whose destruction would reduce the total retaliatory capability. Less-obvious but perhaps important options would include forward radar bases, SAM sites, communications centers, or bunkers full of politicians. At different points in the Cold War, US policy embraced some of these options more than others. As a rough estimate for how many targets there might be, in the late 1950s the US war plans considered there to be roughly 1,000 strategic/military targets in the USSR and China that would be hit in an all-out nuclear war. \n\n* Let _B_ be the percentage of weapons that you think will not get to their target, not detonate correctly over the target, or be destroyed before launching.\n\n* Let _C_ be any other tactical weapons you may want to use in the field against troops, tanks, etc.\n\nSo your final, minimum warhead count looks something like: \n\n* A * (1/B) + C \n\nSo with some example numbers, let's say that we assume we have 1,000 targets, that we assume that only one half of the warheads will successfully detonate over their targets. Plugging those numbers in, we get 2,000 strategic weapons as a minimum strategic requirement, which is a sensible number for a US-USSR all-out nuclear confrontation. During the Cold War, the US fielded between 1,000-2,100 strategic bombers or missiles, though note that by the later Cold War both could carry multiple bombs or warheads, so their total destructive power could be a multiple of those numbers. \n\nAs for tactical weapons needed, it depends on the scenario. During the late 1960s the US had many thousands of tactical weapons. Today it has very few in a tactical role. \n\nYou might feel that these numbers are far lower than the traditional \"total numbers of warheads\" cited. This is because not all warheads are fielded. Many are kept in storage, not ready for use. Total warheads possessed _is_ a meaningful number, because it does tell you about capabilities and intent, but it does not tell you how many would _actually be used_ in a nuclear war.\n\nEven so, the US deployed nuclear forces are pretty overkill. There are many historical reasons for this, including inter-service rivalry (the Air Force, Army, and Navy each had their own nuclear arsenals that were redundant and not coordinated), overly pessimistic estimates of the USSR's capabilities (the US was notorious for over-estimating Soviet military strength), and theoretical models that assumed a much higher rate of failure than was likely, among other factors. \n\nBut I would note that while the layman might think that one or two nukes, much less a hundred, much less many thousands, would be enough to deter an enemy, this isn't how a military planner thinks of it. They really think that you have to plan to _use_ the weapons, and that means not just blowing up one or two major population centers but possibly waging an all-out, destroy-all-infrastructure war of strategic attrition. They also really believe that the difference between an 80% confidence level and a 90% confidence level could mean the difference between war and peace. (This applies even today — I have had military analyst types tell me that whether they think North Korea had a 60% chance of being able to nuke Seoul or a 80% chance would really, really affect how they dealt with them, whereas I think most people would, like myself, think that even a 25% chance to lose a city of 10 million would be too high to mess with.)\n\nIf you want to see some of the logic played out \"in real time,\" as it were, I have found [the document I uploaded here](_URL_0_) to be a good, rare glimpse into actual military reasoning about the number of nuclear arms to have, even though it is quite early. Things get much more complicated when you take into account tactical weapons, hard and soft military targets, submarines, ICBMs, \"use it or lose it\" tactical weapons, and so forth.",
"Just for general knowledge:\n\nThe first legitimate policy of this was seen during Eisenhower's presidency with his doctrine of \"massive retaliation.'\n\nIn time, this policy became know as \"Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD),\" which was used as nuclear deterrence under the presidency's of Kennedy to Carter."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2626731?uid=3739256&uid=2460338175&uid=2460337855&uid=2&uid=4&uid=83&uid=63&sid=21103175700171"
],
[
"http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2012/05/09/weekly-document-the-first-atomic-stockpile-requirements-september-1945/"
],
[]
] |
||
1z414c
|
What is the "speed limit" beyond the event horizon of a black hole?
|
Most people know that nothing can escape a black hole, not even light. It is also known that the "speed limit of the universe" is the speed of light. So my question is, if light crosses the event horizon of a black hole, does it speed up beyond the speed of light on its way to the center? Also, if the answer could be as simple as possible, please?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1z414c/what_is_the_speed_limit_beyond_the_event_horizon/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfqh856",
"cfql6mh"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"In classical general relativity (ignoring all the recent business with firewalls), nothing special happens as you cross the event horizon from the point of view of an observer falling in. The laws of relativity don't disappear, so you still cannot travel locally faster than light.",
" > if light crosses the event horizon of a black hole, does it speed up beyond the speed of light on its way to the center?\n\nNot really. What happens is that past the event horizon, the escape velocity (think: how fast would something, say, a rocket, need to go to \"lift off\") becomes faster than the speed of light. The photon itself won't speed up. It just can't escape the gravity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
29f45q
|
What was the Value of a Knight and other warriors?
|
Assuming a Knight had a War Horse with armor for it, Full Plate Armor Covering the most it can, with Chainmail covering the not plated portians, A Sword and Shield, and a mace incase of Knight vs Knight combat. How much would that be in Medieval Cost; and if it can be equated to todays prices, how much in todays USD? Also, what would the prices equal for say, a Viking with a Hauberk an Iron helmet, a Seax, a shield, a 7-10 foot spear, and a Yew Bow (and or Sling). And if they were wealthy enough, a sword.
The Time scale of this is: Knight, 1300-1400 AD; Viking 800-1000AD.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/29f45q/what_was_the_value_of_a_knight_and_other_warriors/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cikcpqe",
"cikl87t"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"The main issue with your question is the range. The medieval time period lasted a LONG time. Also, the quality and locaton of the armor and knight affected a lot. Europe had many vast economies. If you could narrow down the question, I'm sure the question could be answered.",
"This is a very complicated question to answer, and there isn't really a definitive price-list for armor and weapons. I'm not sure that there is an answer at all for the Viking, as we don't really have financial records from Vikings. \n\nFor the knight, the availability of materials and quality of materials and craftsmanship would factor into the price quite heavily. There was new armor intended to be sold to average soldiers and old armor that was still being worn second-hand, and these could be quite cheap. On the other hand, the fine parade armor worn for display by the kings and great magnates of Europe was incredibly expensive. The type and amount of armor that you've described here would have been at the high end of armor intended for use in battle, which means that it would be quite expensive.\n\nThat said, it's nearly impossible to provide an itemized accounting of how much these items would have cost. This is because usually if we have records for how much somebody spent on armor, it's all jumbled into one amount. So it's not very easy to tease out what the individual pieces cost. Take for example Joinville's accounting of how much his armor cost. He remarks in the *Life of Louis* that he would need 800 pounds to mount and arm himself and feed himself and two knights. A livre is a monetary unit like a dollar or a pound. However, this doesn't really help us figure out how much the armor itself or any particular piece actually cost! It's not easy to find the range of the cost of armor, either, but I can try to give you some touch-stones.\n\nFirst, a word on currency. Medievalists work in solidi, pounds, and livres for the most part. These are all kind of sort of equivalent such that a livre in France in 1350 was probably roughly worth a pound in England in 1350. It's a lot harder to account for inflation/deflation across time.\n\nIt's easiest to tease out numbers on the horse. In the fourteenth century, a good horse fit for battle would cost around 25 pounds. On the other hand, in the mid 13th century Joinville remarks that Louis wouldn't give him the horse of a disgraced knight because it was still worth \"eighty to a hundred pounds, which was no small sum.\" In 1337 Edward III paid 168 pounds for a warhorse, and that seems to be at the very high end.\n\nThe average knight would have purchased a hauberk or mail shirt, a sword, and a horse in preparation for battle, along with other necessary items. Andrew Ayton estimates that the average cost for a simple knight to outfit himself during the hundred year's war was approximately 40 to 50 pounds. The list of armor you've given far exceeds this. It would probably cost, including the horse and horse's armor, between 100 and 150 pounds, at the low end.\n\nNow, the final part of your question is the hardest! It's nearly impossible to calculate an exchange rate between medieval currency and modern currency. Too many economic and social factors have changed. Instead, we tend to make comparisons to things like income from land (via rents). So, the 40 pounds that it would take the average knight to equip himself is actually roughly equal to the amount of income the average knight would receive from land rent in a year! You could think of this like the average middle class person in the US going to buy a new, mid-range mercedes. It's going to cost them their entire salary for the year so they'll either have to save up for it or take out a loan. Comparatively, a peasant family would earn somewhere around 2 pounds per year, and could never afford a war horse or armor.\n\nOf course, some knights were wealthier and therefore could afford more expensive sets of armor. There was a trial by combat in 1386 between a knight and a squire, and we know that the knight had a set of armor similar to what you've described. Although we don't know how much the knight's armor cost, we do know that his estates produced roughly 400 to 500 livres in a year. That's ten times what the average knight would earn and more that 200 times what the average peasant family would!\n\nsources:\n\n[Memoirs of the Crusades](_URL_0_) by Jean de Joinville and Geoffroi de Villehardouin\n\n[Medieval Warfare: A History](_URL_3_) by Maurice Keen. I especially quoted from Andrew Ayton's article *Arms, Armour, and Horses*.\n\n[Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of their Impact](_URL_2_) by Kelly DeVries and Robert D Smith.\n\n[The Last Duel: A True Story of Crime, Scandal, and Trial by Combat in Medieval France](_URL_1_) by Eric Jager."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/memoirs-of-the-crusades/oclc/346844&referer=brief_results",
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/last-duel-a-true-story-of-crime-scandal-and-trial-by-combat-in-medieval-france/oclc/54806068&referer=brief_results",
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/medieval-weapons-an-illustrated-history-of-their-impact/oclc/163587639&referer=brief_results",
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/medieval-warfare-a-history/oclc/41581804&referer=brief_results"
]
] |
|
45zunb
|
why do even numbers feel safer and more pleasing than odd numbers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45zunb/eli5_why_do_even_numbers_feel_safer_and_more/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d01cdsm",
"d01emoh",
"d01fge5",
"d01fgvx",
"d01four",
"d01fqug",
"d01gpjz",
"d01i5vg",
"d01jtvw"
],
"score": [
250,
4,
111,
9,
14,
3,
12,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Because it is more familiar to you. You have 10 fingers, 10 toes, two eyes, two ears, two arms, two legs, etc. Yes, you have one nose and one mouth but the number two satisfies your natural sense of symmetry more easily. The reason that five is comfortable is because of five fingers and five toes.",
"Hi, sorry for bothering but the alarm of my OCD detector went on and the signal is coming from here..",
"You've been conditioned to think this way.\n\nGrowing up, you learned a certain kind of math, and you learned it in such a way that even numbers were always easier to understand.\n\n* 1 (odd) x 2 (even) = 2 (even)\n* 2 (even) x 2 (even) = 4 (even)\n* 3 (odd) x 2 (even) = 6 (even)\n* 4 (even) x 2 (even) = 8 (even)\n* 5 (odd) x 2 (even) = 10 (even)\n* ...\n\nodd/even x even = even. Everything comes out even. BOOM! You learned that quick shit and have it on lock. Piece of cake. \n\nThen they throw this curve ball at you.\n\n* 1 (odd) x 3 (odd) = 3 (odd)\n* 2 (even) x 3 (odd) = 6 (even)\n* 3 (odd) x 3 (odd) = 9 (odd)\n* 4 (even) x 3 (odd) = 12 (even)\n* 5 (odd) x 3 (odd) = 15 (odd)\n* ...\n\nWell now evens and odds multiply out differently... uh oh. Shits not so simple. odds x even/odd = even/odd?!\n\nThen 5 comes along and he's your bro. He's got your back. He's like, I'm going to be easy for you. I'm half way to 10. 10's your baseline for everything. You mult me, add me, anything, you know I'm going to work with 10's real well.\n\n* 5 * 1 = 5\n* 5 * 2 = 10\n* 5 * 3 = 15\n* 5 * 4 = 20\n* 5 * 5 = 25\n* 5 * 6 = 30\n*....\n\nAdd me up. 5 + 8 = 13... because 8 is just 5+3 and 5+5 = 10... so you add 3+10... 13. Simple.\n\nMult me. 9 * 5... That's just 10 * 5 - 5. You know 10 5's 50... thats easy, now step back 5. 45. This is crazy simple.\n\nMult me a different way. 5 * 6. 5 is half of 10. So 6 * 10 = 60... half of that is 30. 10's and 5's are your bros.\n\nDo that with 7 and its not so easy. 7 is 7/10ths of 10... so thats some weird fraction stuff that doesn't work in your head so easy. 7 * 6... well 7 * 5 = 35 ... add 7... 42. But check that... you got there with 5 being your bro. He's always got your back.\n\n\nIf you learned your math a different way, like todays math, you would not be taught to add/mult in this way, and your affinity to even numbers/5 may not be a part of your life. How you learned:\n\n36 * 24 | | | |\n---|---|---|---\n4 * 6 | 24\n4 * 3 | 12 + 2 from above | 14 and tack on that top 4|144\n2 * 6 | 12\n2 * 3 | 6 + 1 from above | 7 and tack on that 2 | 72, but this was the number in the 10 spot, so put a 0 at the end... so its really 720\nAdd dat shit | not here | not here either | **864**\n\nHow kids today learn math:\n\n36 * 24| | \n---|---|\n20 x 30 | 600 \n20 * 6 | 120\n4 * 30 | 120 \n4 * 6 | 24\nAdd dat shit | **864**\n\nSee how much more dependent on 10's they are? 10's are easy to deal with, twice as easy as 5s.\n\n_____________________________________\n\n**Stop here for the ELI5 answer - we going to crazyville now! CHOO CHOO!!!**\n\n_____________________________________\n\nNow there's an even crazier number system called base 12. Base 12 adds 2 numbers at the end of 10 and asks you to use them as the new 10. Whaaaat? Crazy right. \n\nBase 10| | | | | | | | | |\n---|---|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----\n0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9 \n10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 18| 19\n\nBut using base 12:\n\nBase 12| | | | | | | | | | ||\n---|---|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----\n0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9 |Dec|El\nDo| Do1| Do2| Do3| Do4| Do5| Do6| Do7| Do8| Do9|1Dec|1El\n\nSeems crazy right... but lets look at a multiplication table:\n\n\nmult | result | pattern\n---|---|----\n4x0 = 0 | 0|\n4x1 = 4 | 4 |\n4x2 = 8 | 8 |\n4x3 = 12 | 12 |\n4x4 = 16 | 16 |\n4x5 = 20 | 0 | Reset Pattern\n4x6 = 24 | 4 |\n4x8 = 28 | 8 |\n\nNow do it with base 12:\n\nmult | result | pattern\n---|---|----\n4x0 = 0 | 0|\n4x1 = 4 | 4 |\n4x2 = 8 | 8 |\n4x3 = 12 | Do | Reset Pattern\n4x4 = 16 | Do4 |\n4x5 = 20 | Do8 |\n4x6 = 24 | 2Do | Reset Pattern\n4x8 = 28 | 2Do8 | \n\nEasier pattern, happens more often. \n\nBut fractions gets amazeballs. \n\nBase 10| result\n---|---\n1/1 | 1\n1/2 | .5\n1/3 | .3333....\n1/4 | .25\n1/5 | .2\n1/6 | .16666... \n1/7 | .142857\n1/8 | .125 \n\nBase 12 | fraction | result\n---|---|---\n1/1 | Do/Do | 1\n1/2 | 6/Do| .6\n1/3 | 4/Do| .4\n1/4 | 3/Do| .3\n1/5 | 5/Do| .25\n1/6 | 2/Do| .2\n1/7 | 7/Do| 0.186\n1/8 | 8/Do| 0.16\n\nThere's lots of easy to understand splits there. Remember how useful splits are with even numbers and 5's? If you grew up with this system, you might have more numbers that work into the way you think, and you would have more numbers to create a pattern you could use/see more clearly. Crazy right?",
"This is funny I used to be like this when I was younger, I remember playing Ocarina of Time and shooting extra arrows to have the stack end in 5 or 0.",
"I have a weird affinity for numbers divisible by 3. I think it's because I think it's cool that the sum of their digits is also divisible by 3. This doesn't directly answer your question except to point out that I think it's different for all people.",
"Certain numbers \"feel\" right, I suppose. I, too, often feel more comfortable with even numbers, but I also usually do things that involve multiples of 3. Like, if I'm adjusting the radio volume, I'll put it at 15, or 21, or 24, because those numbers just feel \"better\" to me than 17, 23, or 31. \n\nI don't know what it is, but I do know that cultures have been obsessed with numbers for as long as cultures have existed. Different cultures have valued different numbers. The ancient Mesopotamians had a counting system based around 60 (and giving us the basis for minutes and hours), while the Bible often mentions the number 40. In more modern times, of course, the decimal system revolves around 10, so that number has come to accrue a psychological powerful, sound amount. (i.e. Top 10 lists, things like that).",
"A professor in art school years back told me his personal theory about this, and it seemed sound to me. He felt that even numbers were \"resolved\" and odd numbers \"dynamic\". He explained it like this: say you and a friend were to share a box of donuts . If there are an even amount, you simply divvy them up equally and that's that. If there are an odd number, the debate between the two of you over who gets the odd one is never-ending. (I think that he may just have been really hungry, though.)",
"I prefer prime numbers for things like these. It's so much fun to see how uncomfortable it makes some people to set the volume on 17 or 31!",
"On the T.V. volume. I go crazy when it's on an odd number. To this day, I still don't know why. But only T.V. volume."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
ec826u
|
how do latrines flush away stool but get blocked because of tissie/toilet paper?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ec826u/eli5_how_do_latrines_flush_away_stool_but_get/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fb9qt7q"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Toilets have pipes. A lot of paper will be difficult to compress and fit through those pipes. Turds, meanwhile, are relatively small and squishy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1uom8z
|
What did knights/lancers do with their lance after a successful charge?
|
I imagine that they'd drop it and use a different hand weapon, but I just got really curious after playing more Mount and Blade and running riot with a lance.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1uom8z/what_did_knightslancers_do_with_their_lance_after/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cekcf4r"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Typically a lance is used once in a battle, you charge, the lance either becomes embedded in your target, breaks or misses, in either case you drop it and draw a sidearm for close quarters fighting. There have of course been cases where lancers or knights have wheeled around, gone back to their original starting point, rearmed and charged again but I would consider this an exception to the rule. Typically a charge was intended to be the deciding move in a battle, shattering all or a crucial part of the enemy formation and thus ending the battle. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8fbjxh
|
how elevators know what floor to go to and how they stop perfectly *nearly* every single time
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8fbjxh/eli5_how_elevators_know_what_floor_to_go_to_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dy23kxj"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"A certain number of rotations of the gears causes a specific change in height of the elevator. This isn't something that has any drift to it, it's pretty constant on the kind of scale we care about.\n\nA little tuning and you have it set with all the heights. Not much to it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2fqe36
|
Upon launch, what kept the Space Shuttle from tilting backwards towards the orbiter?
|
It looks like there is much more mass on the Shuttle side of the main fuel tank than the other. How was it kept moving straight upwards?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2fqe36/upon_launch_what_kept_the_space_shuttle_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckbu29w"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"If the rocket nozzles generate a thrust that points through the center of mass of the shuttle, then it won't rotate."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
37chy0
|
special economic zones
|
A lot of news about this recently.. Especially the one about China.. I can't seem to understand it tho :P
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37chy0/eli5_special_economic_zones/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crlhdcm"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It basically means the country or state has declared certain areas to have separate trade/regulation/economic policy than the rest of the country or state. It is typically done to encourage trade and boost their economy.\n\nHere is an example. Two islandic countries fish for widgets. Country A has a socialist economy and very high taxes and regulation on businesses. Country B is capitalist and has a free market mentality. The cost to get the widget out of country A is much higher and they cannot compete on the global market. So the country declares a special economic zone for the industry/port. The widget company now has a separate set of laws and taxation than the rest of their country."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8y246v
|
After the Stanford Prison Experiment, what happened to all the ‘prisoners’ and ‘guards’ who were involved? Did any of them sue/have long term mental health issues from what went on in there?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8y246v/after_the_stanford_prison_experiment_what/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e27giiu",
"e2847es",
"e28yfs2"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
7
],
"text": [
"Any interveiw sorces would be greatly appreciated if anybody has any",
"Although Zimbardo did not conduct an immediate debriefing, which could have uncovered harm caused by the experiment, none of the prisoners displayed long-term mental health issues. In the years following the experiment, the participants engaged in post-experimental questionnaires and interviews that (according to Zimbardo) confirms this. \n\nTo my knowledge, none of the participants sued or took any lethal action. The intense 6-day ordeal did cause signs of depression in one participant and severe emotional distress in others, but it seems that most of those involved have lived relatively obscure lives since then. \n\nSource: McLeod 2008",
"I think it's well worth pointing out here that the Stanford experiment is highly controversial among psychologists, and the high reputation it has among the general public is by no means reflected in its reception by professionals.\n\nThere are numerous critiques of the experiment from the point of view of its design and, perhaps more seriously, several recent \"exposés\", and a film, [based on interviews with participants, ](_URL_5_)which contain significant charges regarding the degree to which the results were deliberately engineered by the \"prisoners\" and \"guards\", out of boredom or mischief.\n\nIn addition, the psychologist responsible for the experiment, Zimbardo, has been attacked for [giving out incorrect information about the trial design and the conditions under which the student participants took part](_URL_2_).\n\nFnally, [an attempt by a team of British psychologists](_URL_4_) to replicate the experiment under the same conditions that Zimbardo asserts he applied [failed miserably](_URL_1_).\n\nAs a result of all this, the Stanford experiment is actually not very widely taught in psychology classes and d[oes not appear in quite a number of standard textbooks](_URL_0_).\n\nAll of these charges would tend to suggest not only that the famous experiment was, at best, severely comprised, but also that it was much less likely than you might expect to inflict long term damage on the participants. For balance, you might like to know that Stanford maintains a resource that links to both [major critiques of the study](_URL_6_), and Zimbardo's [defences of it](_URL_3_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/freedom-learn/201310/why-zimbardo-s-prison-experiment-isn-t-in-my-textbook",
"http://www.bbcprisonstudy.org/pdfs/bjsp(2006)tyrannny.pdf",
"https://www.rawstory.com/2018/06/subjects-infamous-stanford-experiment-human-cruelty-admit-acting/",
"http://www.prisonexp.org/links/#responses",
"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/oct/16/medicalscience.realitytv",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/19/magazine/philip-zimbardo-thinks-we-all-can-be-evil.html",
"http://www.prisonexp.org/links/#criticisms"
]
] |
||
1l919g
|
Were there "baby boomer" generations as a result of large armies returning from battle in ancient times?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1l919g/were_there_baby_boomer_generations_as_a_result_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbx55zp",
"cbx63fe"
],
"score": [
11,
4
],
"text": [
"Its important to remember that the Baby Boom in 1950s America was not simply caused by troops returning from WW2. Remember there was no real Baby Boom in Britain or France in response to WW2 and even within America after WW1 there was no real \"boom\" in population. David Faber in *The Age of Great Dreams* argues that the boom was more caused by availability of housing in the suburbs and widespread consumer goods in the economy which a huge amount of young couples feel confident enough to start families at the same time especially when you consider many of them came through the Great Depression. They saw the new opportunities as a great chance also considering the uncertainty in America due to the Cold War starting.\n\nI know I did exactly answer your question and I don't have much data on battles in ancient times, but I would answer no since even America's baby boom was not the result of a large army returning, that is just an oversimplification of history.",
"Information on the ancient period isn't available to me, so please pardon the reference to Modern History. \n\nWhile a somewhat contentious source, Simon Huntington makes reference to the demographics inherent in warfare. He draws points to the correlation between 'youth bulges' (where groups of fifteen to twenty four year old males exceed 20% of the nation's population) and ensuing warfare. For example, the collapse of the Lebanese government in the 70's is attributed to the rise in Shi'ite birthrates about 20 years before. \n\nDrawing from memory, Dupuy's *Evolution of Weapons and Warfare* refers to the boom in population following the First World War and cites it as a contributing factor to the Second. Unfortunately this book seems to have escaped from my living room after multiple rooms, but perhaps another can cite directly?\n\nInterestingly, this assertion runs contrary to your question. Baby booms may not be the result of wars, but rather a structural cause. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
162w76
|
Were there black KKK members?
|
Just a question that popped up in my randomly. I know it sounds ridiculous but were there any black KKK members? Why did they join? How did they justify being in the KKK while being black? How were they treated?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/162w76/were_there_black_kkk_members/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7s7reg",
"c7s8i3p"
],
"score": [
7,
16
],
"text": [
"The KKK had membership rules which prohibited blacks, Jews, homosexuals, atheists and Catholics from joining. Or to be more exact, they only allowed white, protestant, Anglo-Saxon men to join. Later, in the 1920s, they did start a women's organization that allowed only WASP women to join.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n > Here are Twenty Reasons WHY you should, if qualified,\njoin, aid and support the White Knights of the\nKU KLUX KLAN of Mississippi:\n\n > \\10. Because it is composed of native-born, white, gentile and protestant American citizens who are sound of mind and of good moral character.\n\n > We are looking for, and enlisting ONLY: Sober, Intelligent, Courageous, Christian, American, White men who are consciously and fully aware of the basic FACT that the physical life and earthly destiny are absolutely bound up with the Survival of this Nation, under God. Our governmental principles are precisely those of the ORIGINAL U.S. Constitution. Our members are Christians who are anxious to preserve not only their souls for all Eternity, but who are MILITANTLY DETERMINED, God willing, to save their lives, and the Life of this Nation, in order that their descendants shall enjoy the same, full, God-given blessings of True Liberty that we have been permitted to enjoy up to now.\n\n > We do not accept Jews, because they reject Christ, and, through the machinations of their International Banking Cartel, are at the root center of what we call \"communism\" today. \n\n > We do not accept Papists, because they bow to a Roman dictator, in direct violation of the First Commandment, and the True American Spirit of Responsible, Individual Liberty. \n\n > We do not accept Turks, Mongols, Tarters, Orientals, Negroes, nor any other person whose native background of culture is foreign to the Anglo-Saxon system of Government by responsible, FREE individual citizens.",
"Maybe. Take a look at this 1920s [application](_URL_0_)(warning, PDF) to join the order. Note question 9: \"are you of the white race or of a colored race?\" Keep in mind that these forms are for vetting members. However, the question is tantalizing when we realize that the 1920s Klan, which has received the most scholarly attention, had several auxiliaries. The only auxiliary that has received any sustained attention is the Women's Ku Klux Klan (WKKK), beginning with Blee's work. But there are references to other Klan auxiliaries. There was the Junior Ku Klux Klan, Tri-K Girls, the American Krusaders, and the Ku Klux Kiddies. However, there are also references to another Klan auxiliary, the Klan's Colored Man auxiliary. It is unclear how successful the Klan was at organizing this auxiliary. One should not take the lack of archival deposits as evidence of their inability to organize the auxiliary; the Klan was very secretive and destroyed many of their documents. There are scattered references about membership, especially secondary resources, but it is uncertain how reliable these sources are. One such compendium of references is [this](_URL_1_) Klan website (WARNING: NSFW, KLAN WEBSITE). So, I'm afraid we cannot answer your questions right now. It is a big maybe. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/klan.html"
],
[
"http://www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu/jstratton/Outside%20documents/KKK%20Application%20from%201920s.pdf",
"http://www.kkklan.com/negroklan.htm"
]
] |
|
a50gsh
|
how do sodas travel the country all carbonated but as soon as you get one alone and it shakes up, its flat?!
|
I’m confused and have been thinking of this for a while. They get shaken and dropped all across the country on their wooden pallets and in trucks and crates and are just fine. But as soon as you get one, of you shake it it gets flat! Is this like how when bicyclists ride bikes in close proximity, they use less energy or something? So maybe because all the sodas are all close together they absorb all the movement or something?!
IDK! Lol just throwing it out there!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a50gsh/eli5_how_do_sodas_travel_the_country_all/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ebiw6a7",
"ebixgqb",
"ebiytfp",
"ebje425"
],
"score": [
13,
5,
14,
2
],
"text": [
"When you shake a carbonated beverage, a bunch of the carbon dioxide which is the cause of the \"fizz\" goes out of the liquid and into the air.\n\nIf you then let it sit still for long enough, the carbon dioxide will dissolve back into the solution.\n\nSo if you shook a can of soda and let it be for a while (probably not even a day) the carbon dioxide will dissolve back into the soda and it'll be the same.",
"First off, you can't just drop a bottle of soda and have it be okay. Try it out if you want, but I'm warning you, do it outside. That being said, you can disturb them somewhat without losing it's fizzyness, as long as it remains sealed. \n\nLet's start with why soda is fizzy in the first place. There is dissolved gas inside the liquid. That gas doesn't like being there though. It is constantly trying to escape out into the atmosphere. In order for it to escape though, it needs two things: \n\n1) nucleation. This just means it needs to be disturbed in some way. Lot's of things can cause nucleation, such as microscopic scratches in the glass, but the most common, and the one we're concerned with is shaking and/or pouring. When you move the drink, the gas gets disturbed, and can escape, as long as it has...\n\n2) Space. This is the key to why you can shake a closed bottle a bit, and it will still be fine. Even if you disturb the gas, if the gas has nowhere to go, it can't escape. When a soda bottle is full, there is very little air in the bottle for the gas to escape to. So when the bottle is filled, a little gas will escape the drink, but once that tiny space is full, that's it, no more gas can escape until the bottle is opened.",
"I would like to add that soda in its final form rarely if ever makes a cross-country trip. What happens with the big companies is they stir up the beverage base at their own place (this is JUST the flavorings and stuff), then ship *that* to the various regional bottling factories who then mix it with carbonated water, and then ship the final product out.\n\nThis is why when you see Coke and Pepsi delivery trucks, they're *always* driving a \"day cab\" semi, which doesn't have the sleeper area in the back. Don't need the sleeper area if you clock in make your rounds and clock out and go home each day.",
"Not sure if you've done high school chem covering equilibrium, but pretty much the carbon comes from a carbonic acid that can \"transform\" into carbon dioxide and water. This transformation is set to go towards an equilibrium state within a confined space and is influenced by factors such as temperature. For example all bodies of water are actually fighting to reach an equilibrium with vapor.\n\nWater becomes vapor, and the higher the temperature, the more water will be vapor, the lower the temperature, the more vapor would be water. That's why clothes still dry when you hang them out despite it's no where near boiling temperature.\n\nInside a fixed volume such as that of the soda can, the acid won't have space to turn into carbon dioxide, therefore it won't \"fizz\". However if you get one alone and shake it up, you are stimulating the release of all of the carbon dioxide, and there will be no more acid in the soda. If the cap is on the bottle will bulge up and build up pressure, if the cap is off the gas will be released as quickly as possible."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
10p5hk
|
How exactly is a photograph actually stored as 1's and 0's on a computer?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/10p5hk/how_exactly_is_a_photograph_actually_stored_as_1s/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6ffg4i",
"c6fg0db"
],
"score": [
31,
16
],
"text": [
"Let's talk about [bitmaps](_URL_0_). \n\nThe simplest case is a black and white bitmap (which will literally be a bit-map... the 0s will be black and the 1s will be white. And it will be 32 by 16 pixels.)\n\nYou have to tell the computer at least one thing about the bitmap:\n\n1. How many pixels wide is it\n\nSo you need to put that in a file. So there's a number at the front of the file. So the computer needs to be able to make an assumption about how big that number might be, so it knows when to stop reading \"how wide is this bitmap\" and starts reading the zeros and ones that make the picture. Maybe you and the computer agree \"the first four bytes of the file are the width\", so your file goes like this:\n\n 00000000 00000000 00000000 00100000\n\nAnd the computer says \"0h, that means 32 to me, so everything after this is the picture\". Then you want to make a white dot (because black is \"zero\" or \"none), so you set the next numbers to\n\n 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000\n 00000000 00001111 11110000 00000000\n 00000000 11111111 11111111 00000000\n 00000011 11111111 11111111 11000000\n 00001111 11111111 11111111 11110000\n 00111111 11111111 11111111 11111100\n 01111111 11111111 11111111 11111110\n 01111111 11111111 11111111 11111110\n 01111111 11111111 11111111 11111110\n 01111111 11111111 11111111 11111110\n 00111111 11111111 11111111 11111100\n 00001111 11111111 11111111 11110000\n 00000011 11111111 11111111 11000000\n 00000000 11111111 11111111 00000000\n 00000000 00001111 11110000 00000000\n 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000\n\nAnd there you have your bitmap. For this example I ordered the numbers in columns so you could see them on the screen, but to the computer they'd just be bits.\n\nNow if you want to do a color bitmap, it gets more complicated. Because there are many [ways to mix colors](_URL_2_). There's Red/Green/Blue, then there's Hue/Saturation/Brightness, and several others. So you'll need a number for each of those, to say (for \"RGB\": \"how much red, and how much green, and how much blue\") So instead of using one bit, you need to save several, for each color. Commonly bitmaps use 8 bits (or 1 byte) to measure each color. So if you made the same image using RGB, black would be\n\n [ R ] [ G ] [ B ]\n 00000000 00000000 00000000\n\nand white (or \"all the colors\") would be\n\n [ R ] [ G ] [ B ]\n 11111111 11111111 11111111\n\nSo the file becomes ~~3~~ **24** times larger. But now it can be in color. I'm not going to type out a 32-by-16 pixel RGB bitmap, because, well, that would be silly.\n\nCommonly, bitmaps can be compressed (GIF files are compressed) so that instead of writing all those 1's, you have a part at the top of the file (before the actual bits) where you say--for instance--\"any time you see 00000001 00011000, I really mean that the next 24 bytes are all 1's\", which saves you 22 bytes worth of space. So the simple way to make smaller images is to keep a list of \"shortcuts\" that you can expand out later. \n\nNow for JPEG, things get more complicated, because there it's more like a tiny program, ~~that goes over the picture and not only finds runs of things that are the same, but patterns that repeat, and it says \"this part of the picture is a lot like this other part of the picture, so we'll just save it once and refer to it later\" but it can also say \"this tiny part looks a lot like this bigger part. So throw away the bigger part to save space\" or other ways of looking at individual areas of a photo and deciding if they're alike enough to save as shortcuts. Then the computer takes all of those instructions (which are part of \"The JPEG standard\") and interprets them to reproduce something that's more or less like the original.~~ What [tugs_cub says below](_URL_1_) (Though I thought that for the results of the tiling, it would only keep one copy of each distinct tile?)\n\n\n",
"The first thing to know (which you may know already) is that a digital image consists of a bunch of little squares, each having a single color, and each of which is called a [pixel](_URL_0_). In general, an image file (technically: a _raster_ image, as opposed to _vector_ images, which are something else entirely) stores the colors of these pixels in some defined order. But the order in which the pixels' colors are stored, as well as _how_ exactly the colors correspond to bits (1's and 0's), depends on the image format.\n\nIt's usually easy to figure out an ordering of pixels: you can just go left to right and then top to bottom, just like we read English. You can try other orderings, but you don't really gain anything by changing the ordering. This ordering will need a bit of _metadata_ (information other than the actual content of the image) to specify at least how long a row is. Accordingly, image files start off with a header section that stores any necessary metadata, including the image dimensions. But that's not the actual image content that you care about, so I won't say any more about it.\n\nThe interesting part is how to represent the colors. A method of mapping a color to a sequence of bits is called a [color space](_URL_1_). There are several common ones; the simplest is called RGB, because it represents colors as a mixture of red, green, and blue components. For each component, the amount by which it contributes to the color is represented on a scale from 0 to 255, with 0 being \"none\" and 255 being some maximum. In other words, a color in RGB is represented by three integers, giving the amounts of red, green, and blue in that color. The three integers can be written as binary numbers, giving a sequence of 24 bits that represent the color of the pixel.\n\nFor example, let's consider a small image, two pixels by two pixels:\n\n -----------------\n | red | green |\n -----------------\n | black | white |\n -----------------\n\nThe top-left pixel of this image is pure red of the maximum possible intensity. This color would be represented by having the maximum possible red component, and zero for the other components. This corresponds to the numbers (255, 0, 0), or in binary,\n\n 11111111 00000000 00000000\n\n(the spaces aren't part of the image data, I just put them in to help you parse the bits). The next pixel would be the one to the right, which is pure green of the maximum possible intensity, corresponding to the numbers (0, 255, 0), or\n\n 00000000 11111111 00000000\n\nMoving on to the next row, you have black, which has none of red, green, or blue - which makes sense because black is what you see when it's dark, i.e. when no light is reaching your retina at all. So black will be represented by the numbers (0, 0, 0), or\n\n 00000000 00000000 00000000\n\nAnd finally, white is what you see when you're looking at something that gives off all frequencies of light, so it will have all the components at their maximum: (255, 255, 255) or\n\n 11111111 11111111 11111111\n\nSo this image, in our super-simple file format, might be represented by these bits:\n\n 00000010 00000010 11111111 00000000\n 00000000 00000000 11111111 00000000\n 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111\n 11111111 11111111\n\nThe first two groups of 8 bits represent the width and height (both 2) of the image, and the remaining ones are the color data.\n\nNaturally, a realistic image contains a _lot_ of pixels, and so if you try to store image data this way, the resulting files will be _huge_. (This is in fact roughly what the BMP format does, and if you try saving a photograph as a bitmap, you'll see that the file size is gigantic.) So it's to our advantage to try to find some way to reduce the amount of data it takes to represent an image. Now, there's not much we can do for this tiny image I used as an example, but for a larger image, it stands to reason that there might be a bunch of pixels with the same color. If this is the case, then you can \"abbreviate\" a sequence of, say, 20 green pixels in a row by encoding \"20 (0, 255, 0)\" instead of actually writing \"(0, 255, 0)\" 20 times. In binary, this might look like so:\n\n 00010100 00000000 11111111 00000000\n\nHere I've written the number 20 followed by the RGB code for green. An image file format could specify that all pixels are encoded this way: always the number of consecutive pixels of that color, followed by the color itself. If you have a lot of isolated pixels which don't share a color with their neighbors, then this could add as much as 25% to the file size compared to the simple file format from above, but it usually works out that there are enough repeated pixels that you do get a net reduction in file size. This technique is called [run-length encoding](_URL_3_) and it is used in many different image file formats.\n\nAnother thing you can do to reduce the number of bits needed is to take advantage of the fact that in the specification of each color, there is a lot of wasted data. For example, the RGB color space I've been using allows for 2^24 or 16.7 million different colors in each pixel. An image normally will only use a few of those 16.7 million possible colors. So what you can do is make a _color table_ which assigns a much smaller number to each of the few colors the image _does_ use, and instead of writing out all 24 bits of a pixel's color, you just write its index in the color table.\n\nLet's take the small sample image from above as an example. There are four colors in this image, so we will need a color table that has at least four \"slots.\" There are a couple ways to do this: we could either actually use a color table that has just as many entries as there are colors in the image, which would mean we'd also have to include the color table as metadata in the image file, or we could pick a fixed size of color table and have it be part of the image file format that the color table is always that size, and just put in dummy entries for colors we're not using. I'll demonstrate using the former method, even though the latter one finds use in a number of real image file formats.\n\nFor this small four-color sample image, we would encode the color table as follows: first the number of distinct colors in the table, which let's say will be represented by 8 bits.\n\n 00000100\n\nThen each of the individual colors involved in the table, one by one. Suppose we decided to make black the first color (index 0), then red, then green, then white. The rest of the color table would look like this:\n\n 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111\n 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111\n 00000000 11111111 11111111 11111111\n\nThe first three bytes encode black (0, 0, 0), the next three encode red (255, 0, 0), then green (0, 255, 0), then white (255, 255, 255). Now that the color table exists, instead of having to give three numbers from 0-255 to specify each pixel's color, we can just give a single number from 0 to 3. And that only takes two bits per pixel. The first pixel is red, index 1, or 01 in binary; the second is green, 10; the third is black, 00; and the last is white, 11.\n\n 01100011\n\nSo in this format, the image would take the form\n\n 00000010 00000010 00000100 00000000\n 00000000 00000000 11111111 00000000\n 00000000 00000000 11111111 00000000\n 11111111 11111111 11111111 01100011\n\nAgain, it begins with the width and height, then the length of the color table, then the color table itself, then the image data. Written using this format, it takes a few more bits than in the super-simple format, but hopefully you can see that for a larger image with more same-colored pixels, it could be a _lot_ smaller using this kind of encoding.\n\nSomething that can be done, and that works quite well for larger image files, is to use variable-length indices into the color table. For example, instead of each pixel being represented by two bits, we could make white be encoded by 0, red be encoded by 10, green by 110, and black by 111. This would be pretty pointless for our small example image, but for larger images, you can arrange this so that the most common colors are precisely the ones that have the shortest representation, which can cut a chunk off the file size even if there are a lot of individual colors in the image. This is called [Huffman coding](_URL_2_) and it is used in many real image formats. (to be continued)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/10p5hk/how_exactly_is_a_photograph_actually_stored_as_1s/c6fj5d6",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman_coding",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-length_encoding"
]
] |
||
r854y
|
irc
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/r854y/eli5_irc/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c43obwi",
"c43or0k",
"c43ouir",
"c43oy41",
"c43oyy2",
"c43p6qs",
"c43p8vm",
"c43pkeo",
"c43pp9q",
"c43pqtm",
"c43qd79",
"c43qo3y",
"c43qzbb",
"c43rmqd",
"c43stzo",
"c43ts32",
"c43v1t3"
],
"score": [
208,
2,
222,
92,
15,
3,
3,
20,
2,
7,
2,
8,
10,
2,
6,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"IRC is a way for groups of people to chat to each other. \n\nFirst, you connect to an IRC network. IRC networks have many different channels on them; an IRC channel is the original \"chatroom\". Channels are named with a hash beginning them; for example, #Cars or #Politics or #Cooking. So you enter the #Cooking channel, where there are 30 other people. Everything you type is visible by those 30 people, and everything they type is visible to you. So you hold a group conversation. You can be in as many channels as you like simultaneously; each will have their own tab on your IRC program, like websites in a browser. Additionally, anybody can initiate a one-to-one chat with any other user on the network.\n\nTypically, any user can create their own channel. You could wander onto EFnet (one of the major IRC networks), and create your own #Saxopwn channel. As the creator of the channel, you have the ability to kick other users out of the channel and ban them from returning. You can also designate other users as \"operators\" or \"ops\", which function like moderators on a forum; they too can kick/ban people who act like jerks.\n\nAn IRC network can have hundreds or thousands of different channels on it, each run by different people with different ops. But there are hundreds of different IRC networks, each completely separate from the others; #Ducks on the EFnet network is totally separate from #Ducks on the DALnet network. Anybody who wants can found an IRC network and try to get people to use it; the people who run the network are called IRC Operators or \"opers\". While channel operators can ban people from specific channels, IRC operators can ban people from *the entire network*.\n\n\nLet me know if there's anything else you're wondering.\n\n",
"Thanks I was curious about irc as well ",
"My favorite description of IRC has always been \"Multiplayer Notepad\"",
"well, I feel old now that people don't know what IRC is",
"For a more technical explanation of it, like you're five:\n\nImagine there's a lot of people you want to talk to, but they're all in different locations in the world. All of these people use their telephone and call a person we'll call the moderator (this is the IRC server). Every time someone wants to send a message, they send the message to the moderator. The moderator then sends that same message out to every other user who is telephoned in. This allows many people to speak and at once without needing to connect to each other. (That's why it's called IRC - Internet *Relay* Chat; the server relays the messages out to everyone else.) Additionally, there are sometimes multiple moderators (servers) which are linked together to further increase the capacity of the network. The moderators communicate between eachother and then to their respective callers. There are also channels, which are basically subjects which a certain group of people want to talk about. A moderator will only send messages to people if they say that they want to talk about that certain subject (joining the channel).",
"Relevant:\nInternational Rescue Committee....\n_URL_0_\n",
"I've always seen it as just a chatroom. ",
"Here, let Numb3rs explain it\n\n_URL_0_",
"_URL_0_\n\nwait for the boat explanation",
"One of the last few refuges of the real nerd internet.",
"I remember I used to download music through IRC back in the day.\n\nI wouldn't remember how to now, nor do I know if that's even a thing anymore but it made me feel pretty cool when I was younger.",
"Could someone explain the motivation behind IRC Bots which archive and distribute a large number of files?\n\nI don't mean to be a cynic, but I don't understand why so many people (especially in the anime community) have XDCC bots which are rarely fully funded by the users through donations, and the owners of the bots, I assume, end up paying for their bandwidth, which simply distributes files they already have to other people. All of the liability is on their end, and the bandwidth costs are all to them, yet these bots are virtually anonymous. Is it really something as simple as generosity from giving people? Are the bandwidth costs actually a lot smaller than I imagine them to be (one of the most popular bots has distributed 480TB to date)?\n\ntl;dr is there some motivation behind hosters of IRC bots, or are they just really generous people?",
"Idle Relay Chat",
"You know that big dry erase board in your kindergarten class. Yeah, the one with all the markers that everyone can draw on. Well an IRC is like that for grown-ups and it's on the computer. But instead of drawing, we write.",
"IRC is a way for people on the Internet to talk to one another in real-time. To connect to an IRC server, you need a special program called a \"client\". This client program connects to the server and allows you to send and receive messages being sent on the server.\n\nBasically imagine it like a huge chatroom with thousands of people connected to it. Every time you type a message and press \"Send,\" it gets sent to those thousands of people.\n\nHowever, this would get confusing pretty fast if those thousands of people were trying to hold a bunch of different conversations at once! That's why IRC messages have a special prefix attached to them, a prefix we call a \"channel name\". Usually the channel names describe whatever the people in that channel are talking about. (#/r/writing, for instance, is a channel on freenode for Redditors who want to talk about writing.)\n\nWhen you first join IRC, you won't receive any messages. That's because you haven't joined a channel yet. Once you join a channel, you will receive all the messages people are sending into that channel. (Funnily enough, you do not always have to be inside a channel to send a message inside the channel! Most IRC networks make this a rule, though, because it's kind of strange otherwise.)\n\nYou can join other channels as well, and you will receive all the messages that people are sending to those channels too. If this seems confusing, don't worry! Your client will sort this out for you. Usually different channels are sorted into different tabs in your client program, so you can follow the conversation in each.\n\nOf course, such an open system like this is open to abuse. So, in each channel, some people are granted special powers to stop people from sending messages into the channel, or stop them from sending *or* receiving messages from the channel. These are called \"ops\". If there are a lot of bad people who are causing lots of trouble in all sorts of different channels, the people in charge of the IRC server will step in and boot them off the whole network!\n\nMany IRC networks will allow you to start your own channel, too. You can register a channel name and immediately become that channel's \"op,\" in charge of everything about it. You can set up the channel however you like! You can make it a public channel or a special channel that only people who get an invite from you can join. You can even set something called a \"topic,\" which is a special message the server sends to people when they join your channel. And if your channel gets really big, you can share some of your op powers with other people you trust, while still retaining the ultimate power of being able to retake your channel whenever you want.\n\nIf you'd like to test it out and you don't have an IRC client, check out [Freenode's client](_URL_0_) that runs right in your browser!",
"a nerds favorite style of internet communication. think of it as a chat-room where you can use script and commands. ",
"So apparently I'm the only one who thought OP was asking about the Internal Revenue Code?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.rescue.org/"
],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2rGTXHvPCQ"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2rGTXHvPCQ"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://webchat.freenode.net"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
1gwnwf
|
AMA: Vikings
|
Vikings are a popular topic on our subreddit. In this AMA we attempt to create a central place for all your questions related to Vikings, the Viking Age, Viking plunders, or Early Medieval/Late Iron Age Scandinavia. We managed to collect a few of our Viking specialists:
* /u/einhverfr, Anglo-Saxon England and Northern European Prehistory
* /u/eyestache, Norse literature and weapons
* /u/wee_little_puppetman, Viking Age archaeologist
* /u/Aerandir, Danish Late Iron Age archaeologist
For questions about Viking Age daily life, I can also recommend [the Viking Answer Lady](_URL_0_).
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1gwnwf/ama_vikings/
|
{
"a_id": [
"caok0eh",
"caok3xd",
"caoka7c",
"caokbla",
"caokcg6",
"caokfr5",
"caokg13",
"caokjy4",
"caokkgj",
"caokkrz",
"caokoxe",
"caoks37",
"caoky2h",
"caoky6s",
"caol02q",
"caol6yd",
"caol859",
"caolank",
"caolbq9",
"caolde4",
"caolh90",
"caolhx9",
"caollmr",
"caolpxx",
"caols40",
"caolwis",
"caolwqa",
"caolxlm",
"caolxu0",
"caolzos",
"caom0yg",
"caom421",
"caom4pi",
"caom4sn",
"caom5yv",
"caom6c4",
"caom6y3",
"caom7jq",
"caom7mb",
"caoma1v",
"caomied",
"caomikz",
"caomipd",
"caommck",
"caommh1",
"caomnkb",
"caomp9x",
"caompi7",
"caomu4d",
"caon66y",
"caon8bp",
"caonbf6",
"caonbxa",
"caonfzi",
"caonj0v",
"caonjyy",
"caono7w",
"caonpgn",
"caonutn",
"caooa4x",
"caooalw",
"caooaxy",
"caooddi",
"caoog5f",
"caooxo7",
"caop4du",
"caop7ky",
"caop7zj",
"caopaft",
"caopjdr",
"caoprgz",
"caoq0yb",
"caoqvmm",
"caou7f3",
"caow8mr",
"caowi9d",
"caowk89",
"caox0yz",
"caoz7os",
"cap1msz"
],
"score": [
103,
91,
168,
57,
54,
54,
19,
16,
5,
35,
2,
29,
4,
6,
10,
9,
22,
5,
5,
12,
9,
8,
2,
4,
14,
2,
7,
8,
13,
3,
11,
3,
11,
10,
2,
4,
2,
2,
13,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
3,
2,
5,
7,
3,
3,
3,
4,
4,
2,
13,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
2,
4,
2,
2,
2,
2,
6,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"As I'm sure you all know, pretty much everything we know about Norse mythology comes from Christian sources, written hundreds of years after its practices had been banned (eg. the Edda and the Codex Regius).\n\nDo you think Norse mythology as depicted in the literature we have is reflective of how the belief structure was like at the time it was actually being practiced? To what extent do you think it has been modified by Christianity (eg. Baldur as Jesus, the second-to-last verse of Völuspá)?",
"How far the stereotype of the bearded berserker with an axe and a horned helmet is accurate ?",
"How far east did the Vikings go? I'm aware of the Volga Vikings and their visits to Baghdad but did they go further east? How accurate is Ibn Fadlan's description of the Ship Burial he described?\n\n\n\n",
"What's the most surprising piece of Viking technology that has ever been found?",
"How accurate is the portrayal of viking culture in the History channel show \"vikings\"?",
"The *Annals of Ulster* record that in 845, Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid had the viking chieftain Turgesius drowned in a lake, and later the same High King has the rebellious petty king Cinaed of Cianacht (who hired Scandinavians to aid his rebellion) drowned in a pool as well. \n\nThese deaths were pretty much unprecedented in Christian Ireland (the entry for Cinaed's death makes this clear, and stresses the cruelty of the act and the revulsion of Irish nobles & Armagh), and I've heard it suggested that death by drowning might have been a conscious insult to pre-Christian Scandinavians, because it would have prevented them from going to Valhalla while Cinaed's execution might have been an insult by comparing him to a foreigner & a pagan. Is there any basis in that statement? Did death by drowning have any significance in Norse religion? I've literally been wondering this for a year.",
"What did Vikings tend to think of other cultures and ethnic groups? Did they view themselves as superior to other cultures they came into contact with? ",
"I've always seen Vikings associated with a particular time period (maybe 800CE-1200CE), but was there a longstanding sea-raiding culture in Scandinavia before this period? Were there \"Vikings\" or similar predecessors during Roman or pre-Roman times?",
"How common was the knowledge of runes? I know they were used for short messages and name tags later on, but would the average male farmer know them? ",
"1)Did the vikings have a ritual towards manhood?Something like \"after this the boy becomes a man\". \n2)Did they have strict training regimens? \n3)what did the guys eat to be strong?did they have some \"power dish\"?(like the spartan broth) \n4)how did they prepare physically and spiritually before a battle? \n5)did they had the notion of brotherhood amongst the warriors? \n6)how did they celebrate after a great battle? \n7)How did they view aggression and blood lust? I've read about the greeks/spartans that going crazy in battle was viewed as a dishonor. \n8)did they view conquering/war/aggressiveness as part of their heritage?Did they actually enjoy these acts or where they forced by the climate/circumstances? \nI've got more,i'm really interested in this subject.I hope I didn't ask to much,good luck with the ama!",
"Quick question, would the TV Vikings be an accurate description of viking times?",
"1) How much better would an Ulfbert (ULFBEHRT? ULFBE+RT? I can't remember) sword be than an average sword made in Scandinavia? Would they be used in battle, or were they mainly ceremonial or for personal defence? What is the leading theory on who made them and where they came from? Is it even a real thing or just something people would scratch onto their swords because it was popular?\n\n2) What effect did they have on Scotland, specifically the east coast and lowands? Colonies, trade, conquest, etc. I've often heard they mainly left the east coast alone and concentrated on Ireland and England, but I'm not sure why (or where I heard it).\n\n3) Do we know of a real immediate ancestor to what we know as Viking culture? What was happening in Scandinavia before they built longships and started trading with half of the world?\n\n4) Were there any specific battle tactics that the Vikings often used? The Romans fought in maniples (among other things), the Greeks fought in phalanxes (among other things). What was the classic Viking battle formation?\n\n5) What was the daily (or weekly, whatever, disregarding things like annual holidays) religious life of a Norse family at home in Scandinavia? Did this differ much from Norway to Sweden to Denmark? Was their a priestly caste?\n\n6) I often hear of exotic goods from the Med or Persia being found in a Viking village, but what is the furthest afield expensive Viking artifacts have been found? Did any jewellery trickle it's way to China or India?\n\n7) Sorry for asking so many questions, but Vikings are awesome.",
"[Rebellion - Runes](_URL_0_)\n\nAs I understand it they sing about a story where odin was pierced by his own spear for 9 days, died and was reborn to discover runes or something. Is this how the story goes, where runes seen as magical ancient things or just like letters. \n\nAlso, is there any good webbsite for finding these old storys in normal english?",
"Did the vikings bring women from raided lands back to Scandinavia? If so did they discriminate by appearence?",
"What's the lowdown on bloodeagles? If they were used as a punishment, what sort of crimes were involved? How did they fit into the Viking view of discipline?",
"What are viking notions of morality? Good and evil? Are they all pirates? What sort of weapons do they prefer? \n\nYes, I know little of Vikings. ",
"In crusader kings 2, when playing as a norse nation, you have the option to hold a ceremony called a blot. As far as I can tell it was a feast with sacrifices. Can you elaborate on,exactly what a blot was and why it was held?",
"If the Vikings visited North America, why didn't they stay there? It must've been much nicer than their homeland. ",
"What are the best historical sites to visit in Norway and western Sweden related to the viking period.",
"Just how mighty were the Vikings? I used to always hear about how they were unstoppable warriors, second to none and striking fear into everyone. Later history professors have told me that is entirely not the case, and the Vikings were more like cowardly bandits than bloodthirsty raiders, only targeting weak, undefended villages and monasteries and fleeing at the first sign of armed resistance. I'm sure the truth is somewhere in the middle.",
"Did any vikings have elective monarchical institutions like Germanic peoples did?",
"1. On campaign how did a viking army supply itself?\n2. How was a viking army formed? Were they very much feudal in nature?\n3. What was the social hierarchy like? How important were their priests, merchants, artisans, farmers, etc?\n4. What were the important roles of women in their society?\n5. What did the average viking eat?",
"How much have the Vikings influenced today's culture and how much of that is still present in the different parts of Europe?\n\nAlso, are there any good documentaries (I don't mind subtitles or French/German audio) about Vikings?",
"How prevalent were occupations besides raiding, farming, and skilled labor? Were there any Norse natural scientists or philosophers? How advanced was their medicine?",
"Is it true that vikings probably landed in North America about 500 years before Christopher Columbus?",
"is there any indication as to how aware vikings were of their reputation as bloodthirsty raiders?",
"If I were to be interested in learning about vikings, where would be best to start? (Like what books?)\n\nAre there any important Viking Sagas that I should read, or learn about? ",
"i heard viking swords used crucible steel which was the strongest steel at the time and steel of equal quality would be seen for 100s of years.\n\nany truth to that?",
"What do you guys think about neo-paganism, specifally Ásatrú. Do you consider it a real religion and do you think it's alright for U.S. veterans putting Mjölnir on their gravestones.\n\nBasically, do you think there is any merit to Ásatrú or do you think it's only used for a \"coolness\" factor.\n\nFollow up question: Being here on Reddit and sometimes here on r/askhistorians it seems to me that Snorri gets a lot of bad rep. Do you think he deserves it?\n\nEdit: /u/einhverfr, I assume you're using old norse here but, do you know what your username would mean in modern Icelandic?",
"Is it true that Vikings sometimes used crystals that were sensitive to the polarized light of the sky for orientation, when other means of orientation were unavailable?\n\nAlso, what was Viking religion like?",
"How much do we know, if anything at all, about Ragnar Lodbrok as a historical figure? I've read about him and his purported progeny only in passing, and it seemed to me there isn't much consensus.",
"This might be on the periphery of the subject, but a Dr. Patricia Boulhosa has advanced the theory that the Old Covenant between Iceland and the Norwegian king was essentially a 15th century fabrication after the formation of the Kalmar Union, rather than a historical document from the 13th century. Are her observations warranted, or what's up?",
"Do we know of any primary source or archeological evidence of Viking mead production in the early middle ages? (aside from Beowulf)",
"1) How significant culturally and militarily was it for a man to have a hauberk of ringmail?\n\n2) Are there any cases of Vikings using partial plate or scale armour?\n\n3) Where did the (edit: incorrect) association of horned helmets with Vikings originate?",
"Are there any lasting cultural impacts of the vikings in northern Scotland? I know there are lots of linguistic carryovers from the Vikings in the British Isles, but especially in the main island, are there cultural differences because of Viking rule? ",
"How big were Viking political units? Were there a lot of \"kings\" ruling small groups or just a few ruling large groups? Did the various Viking groups see themselves are a larger culture or was it like the gaulish celts who were basically just related by language and material culture but were different groups?",
"As I understand it, \"viking\" originally comes from a word meaning \"a raider or a pirate\". So, it originally referred to a *what* rather than a *who*. However, \"Viking\" evolved into a term referring more to a *who*--how correct is that? Were Vikings a homogeneous cultural and linguistic group that would have viewed *themselves* as mostly similar/related? ",
"What is the strangest custom in Norse culture that you know of?",
"did the Varagian Guard adopt a fighting style that was different from their kinsman back in Scandinavia?",
"What is the predominate theory of what a Berserker's 'trace' is? Why?",
"As far as I understand many Norse were switching back and forth between trading and raiding. Are there any Christian sources reflecting on the possibility that christian merchants were trading with people that might very well return as raiders the following year?",
"Fascinating reading thus far!\n\nNot quite about the Vikings but could you recommend good general reading on the Nordic bronze age and early iron age? ",
"1.what advice would you give to someone who hopes to have a career in archeology specifically in the viking age?\n\n2.A mod for a game i play called Vikingr depicts the seax being worn on the back of the outfit, the creators of the mod strive for historical accuracy, but books i have read depict the seax being worn on the front which depiction is correct, or more correct?\n\n3.\n What books would you say contain the most accurate information that a regular person would be able to buy?",
"How culturally similar was early midieval Viking society, to early medieval society in general in the former western half of Roman Empire?\n\nWhat are the earliest intact pieces of norse literature? How does Beowulf relate to earlier norse myths and what does it say about how the English in that period saw themselves in relation to the norse?\n\nHow did the norse interact socially with the Irish when they had their long ports their?\n\nSuggestions of books on early medieval norse, and any age related to them before that?",
"After a lot of the Scandanavian lands became Christian, did people try to retain their Viking heritage and culture, and remained fearless warriors?",
"Why did Norse religion fall? Is there still people who practice it?",
"What are, in your opinion(s), the best introductory-ish texts to Viking history? I see the sidebar has Brink's *The Viking World* and Hall's *Exploring the World of The Vikings*, but are there any others that you'd recommend? I'm not a historian (but still an academic) and so semi-difficult texts are welcome.\n\nAlso on that note: could you recommend some of the best translations for the key texts, e.g. the Eddas? By \"best\" I have in mind not only readability but also commentary, notes, etc.",
"As the Varangian guard was made almost exclusivly of Scandinavians, how common was it for young men to leave home with the intention to join up with the Varangians, and was there ever any attempts to stop this practice? \nAfter all, Scandinavia was not very densely populated, and it is not hard to understand how even small groups of men leaving could damage smaller communities.",
"I once heard the claim that Tir was a god of ritualized battle whereas Thor was largely a god of disorderly battle and raiding. It was claimed that Tir used to be the most popular god of battle, but that he fell out of favor during the viking age.\n\nIs there any evidence to support this claim?",
" Did the Vikings ever raid the Arab world? If so, how did they fare against the local tactics and weapons? ",
"Can you point me in the direction of where to find a Viking period mead recipe? ",
"Do we know what kind of interaction the vikingr had with the sami people? (trade/warfare)",
"In Harold R Foster's comic book Prince Valiant, there's a native american woman traveling with a group of Vikings. I know they landed on North America, but are there any evidence that they \"brought home\" some native american people with them?",
"A question for every one of you in the panel; What is your favorite book in relation to your topic, and where would it be found? (I've noticed it's incredibly hard to find books on the subjects of Vikings and mythology of that area of the world) .",
"Thanks for doing this AMA!\n\n\n* In Scandinavia, surnames like Eriksson and Svensson have been common through history. Was it common back in the Viking age as well? Did surnames have the same role as today?\n\n\n* I live in Sweden and my family have lived here for centuries. I have traced the family history as far as the 1400's. How likely is it that I have Viking-age heritage? \n\n\n* How common was it to be able to read runes? Did they serve any political purpose?\n\n\n* Were there any ethnical/cultural differences between Svear, Geats and Danes?\n\n\n* Was pagan priests common at the time? Did they hold any political power?\n\n\n* Scandinavia is known for being one of the least religious regions today. Was it common for people in the Viking-age to be atheists/not believing in the gods? ",
"This is my kind of AMA.\n\nI don't have a question, but because of my username, perhaps you could bestow upon us some informaiton about their drunking habits? Was mead really a big thing for them?",
"I would like to know more about the relationship between Scandinavian vikings and Estonians. \n\nA bit of back-story about a theory Lennart Meri, the late president of Estonia, had which he described in his book Hõbevalge (Hopeanvalkea in Finnish language version, means silverlight in English): \n\nAbout 3-7 thousand years ago (some studies report more recent, 7th century BC) [Kaali meteor](_URL_0_) crossed on low orbit the whole Estonia from east to west (we know because bits fell off over the course of the flight) and landed in Saaremaa, the most western island of Estonia, in the middle of the Baltic Sea. It is one of the largest meteors that has landed to Europe (especially so recently and to a populated areas) and it is considered huge. With impact energy of about 80 TJ (20 kilotons of TNT), it is comparable with that of the Hiroshima bomb blast. The largest crater it created is 110 m wide with a depth of 22 m. Vegetation was incinerated up to 6 km from the impact site. Estimated to have been heard and seen for hundreds of km-s, the dust it sent to the atmosphere is thought to have covered the sun for at least a day in the whole of Baltic Sea region. Late Estonian president Lennart Meri believed that this major event helped give birth to many aspects of the Norse mythology regarding fire, thunder, lightning and iron.\n\nThe meteorite is estimated to have been about 60-80 tonnes in total mass, but only 1.5 kg of iron has been found. On Iron Age a wall was kept around the whole crater and updated regularly. Estonians were described as very good with iron, but the only natural iron ore in Estonia is located in swamps, making it very inaccessible. Many Northern European iron artifacts have been found to be made of a meteorite origin iron. Estonia (like Gotland) has a much higher rate of silver treasures found compared to neighboring countries. He also suggested that Finno-Ugric people were a very important part of a heavily used trade route to the east through Volga river. \n\nIn Estonian mythology there's a god called Taara, which is believed to have a connection with Thor. In Norse mythology Thor travels in a flying chariot that brings brings fire, thunder and loud noise when it rides over the sky. Finnish mythology has stories that may originate with the formation of Kaali. One of them is in runes 47, 48 and 49 of the Kalevala epic: Louhi, the evil wizard, steals the Sun and fire from people, causing total darkness. Ukko, the god of the sky, orders a new Sun to be made from a spark. The virgin of the air starts to make a new Sun, but the spark drops from the sky and hits the ground. This spark goes to an \"Aluen\" or \"Kalevan\" lake and causes its water to rise. Finnish heroes see the ball of fire falling somewhere \"behind the Neva river\" (the direction of Estonia from Karelia). The heroes head that direction to seek fire, and they finally gather flames from a forest fire. \nAccording to a theory first proposed by Lennart Meri, it is possible that Saaremaa was the legendary Thule island, first mentioned by ancient Greek geographer Pytheas, whereas the name \"Thule\" could have been connected to the Finnic word *tule* (\"(of) fire\") and the folklore of Estonia, which depicts the birth of the crater lake in Kaali. Kaali was considered the place where \"The sun went to rest.\"\n\nLennart Meri based many of this ideas on the linguistic evidence and folklore he gathered while visiting the ancient native Finno-Ugric tribes, now my question is: how does this somewhat unknown and controversial theory fit in to the currently accepted history, 1) the possibility of the meteorite having a huge impact on Norse mythology and 2) Gotland and Estland (Estonia) being part of a very important a busy trade route to the east through Baltic Sea and Volga river?",
"Can you tell me anything about traditional Viking-age tattoos? ",
"This is more of a pre-Viking question, but it fits into the establishment of Vikings and the people along the Volga river.\n\nMy question is related to the Great Migration following the collapse of the West Roman Empire and invasion of the Huns into the Balkan region. Where were the Slavs during this period, and what were their migration patterns, and what Germanic groups migrated to the east and north into the Volga region? Basically, what ethnic group inhabited the Volga during the Viking Age?\n\nFeel free to ignore/downvote if too irrelevant. It was my understanding that the Slavs were originally in the Balkan Peninsula, and I was unsure of how/when they spread up through Russia.",
"How come Columbus has been given all the credit for discovering America in 1492, when the Vikings discovered it first?",
"What modern representation of the vikings in the media is the most accurate?",
"How different are old Norse languages from modern Scandinavian languages? ",
"I would be very interested to hear an objective assessment from a non-Norwegian historian about the city of Trondheim/Nidaros and the Jarls of Lade.\n\nHow important was Nidaros in the viking age? How much power and respect did the Jarls of Lade have, were they know all across the Norse world (perhaps even as far away as Jorvik, Holmgard and Miklagard)?\n\nTrondheim as a city was founded in 997 by Olav Tryggvason but I understand that Lade and other areas pre-dates the formation of the city? For instance; Harald Fairhair was crowned King of Norway (a tradition still in use today) in Trondheim in 872?",
"Besides the character assassination of Aethelred of Merica, how accurate is Bernard Cornwell's Saxon series?",
"How accurate are most viking metal lyrics to viking life or more commonly mythology. Specifically Amon Amarth because I am a fan of them. [Here](_URL_1_) is a good example of Amon Amarth. [Here are the lyrics if you prefer to read them](_URL_0_).",
"Is it true that Vikings bred dogs with short legs and stout bodies that later became the modern day Welsh Corgi?",
"What can you say about Viking culture and having -son tagged on to the end of your name? (Erikson, Johnson, Olson). Is this a product of that culture or just Scandinavian in general?",
"What really happened with the abolition of slavery in Iceland? Wikipedia gives the date as 1117. My memory is a bit sketchy but I think that I read that the law passed by the Althing was more a reflection of the state of affairs that slaves were no longer so needed than a noble and tolerant action. Earlier in the commonwealth, land for grazing or some industries more suited to slave labor was more available, but later on there was enough non-slaves to do the work. Is that correct?",
"This might be a bit obscure, but how accurate are the Hrafn Gunnlaugsson Viking films (Shadow of the Raven, The White Viking, When the Raven Flies)?",
"As I've oft heard it, Viking is a profession, not a race! So my question is, what is the potential for non-scandinavian Vikings? \n\nFor instance, Tyrkir the German that accompanied Leif Erikson. Or- and this is what I'm really curious about- could Sami folk have potentially joined a Viking raid? ",
"How religious were the Vikings? Were there severe laws predicated on religious beliefs?",
"This is a question I've had for a long time that I'm still trying to get answered.\n\nI'm lead to understand that sacrifice was not uncommon among the Norsemen, both of animals and of humans. What did they believe about their sacrifices and how did they practice them??",
"I have a few questions.\n\nFirst, hungarians:\n\nLooking at maps, it seems there was about a century when both vikings and hungarians did raids in western europe. Is there evidence they ever met? If yes what kind of interaction they had?\n\nIn western europe did any source make connection between the vikings and hungarians. The totally different culture, transportation, etc. was enough to distinguish, or to put it in another way: as they might have been both seen as god's revenge for being sinful (by the way were they seen this way or is it a later addition by scholars?), was a connection made between them by western europeans?\n\nI read somewhere that a few hundred viking warriors served in Stephen I.'s court. Any of you know, whether it is true, and if yes were they bodyguards, elite soldiers or something else? How did they end up in Hungary?\n\nThe second topic is about the eastern mediterranean. Vikings reached Byzantium and Sicily. Did any group ever ventured further west/east and ended up meeting other vikings? And if yes how was the relationship between them? And in general how was the relationship between vikings from different areas meeting in far away lands? Cultural similarities were sufficient to keep an amicable relationship or to give an example, someone from Gotland seen others from the Feröes as alien as someone from Egypt?\n\nAnd a long shot for the end: was there ever a viking circumnavigation of Europe? If yes, was it an \"accident\" or a conscious decision to do it?\n",
"Who and when was the last practitioner of the Norse religion? Not the new reborn one, Ásatrú.",
"Were there people from north Germany going on vikings as well? Would one be justified to call them vikings? Would they use the same term or is viking a word of Scandinavian origin.",
"Ah yes! I have been waiting for this. Thank you so much for doing this ama! \n\n1. How important was Charlemagne in making scandinavia poor due to charlemagne warring with countries that the norse traded with?\n2. How strong is Sverres claim to being of Harald fairhairs descent?\n3. Were the longboats as impressive as they were made out to be, or was it the crew steering them?\n4. Is the assumption about the four stages of the viking age correct(Exploration/early raids, more organized raids, settlement and colonization, unification and king raids and invasion) and when in your opinion, did each stage begin and end?\n5. When did vikings start to loose their edge militarily? At what point were they no longer considered a threat?\n6. Why did the vikings not succeed in neither conquering england, scotland or ireland considering at various points they would have been able to do so. Was the attention split that much?\n7. How much infighting was there among the vikings overseas, did they believe in the common enemy and avoided attacking eachother, or was viking towns free game aswell?\n8. The skald culture was very important, but how many skalds were there at any time, my impression is that there was only a few skalds traveling internationally(In gunnlaugssaga ælthered 'the unready' gives his cloak to gunnlaug, and i would assume he couldnt do that if there were too many). Were most simply court poets, and if so, how did they react when traveling skalds were visiting, did they envy those in higher rank much?\n9. How true is that the vikings were more clean than those they conquered, could they be compared to those living in say greece or italy?\n10. Why did the vikings never continue west further south into mainland us? Why wasnt there any more exploration sparked like it did with colombus?\n11. When did the viking age truly end in your opinion? For me i would say 1066/1067 with harald hardråde and the danish king(Cant remember his name) since after that, the vikings didnt undertake any more king raids that were significant and europe had become alot more guarded against viking attacks. \n\nThank you for the answers, hope it wasnt too much(And considering its 4am in CETland, this might not go answered :( )",
"How did the general population and the ruling authorities of Scandinavia during the Viking age view Iceland?\nAnd directly related to that, when did the Scandinavian people who immigrated to Iceland start identifying themselves as Icelandic?\n\nAnd on a completely different note: Could any of you give me some examples about Vikings who joined the Varangian guard and became *væringjar*?",
"Really bad question but: A history told my class a story when we were about 11 to try and show how different morals and culture were in different times. \n\nShe told us that there was a myth about a Viking boy who was playing with his friend. The friend starts annoying him and says dishonourable things his family. The boy went home, picked up an axe and then beheaded his friend. Apparently most Vikings thought this was a noble thing to do. \n\nDoes anyone know the source for this story or anything about it? ",
"What weapon did the Viking use most often?\n\nWere Estonians Vikings?\n\nHow often did Vikings raid each other?",
"Might not be completely relevant, but I got this pendant from my dad after he went to a viking-fair and I was wondering about the historical authenticity of the design. What he was told was that it's a Thor's Hammer in the shape of an upside-down cross. It was supposedly used as a resistance symbol against the christians. Found an image: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwXZnVhHVbQ"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaali_crater"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.metrolyrics.com/twilight-of-the-thunder-god-lyrics-amon-amarth.html",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3WJX1cIuY4"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MTOxGf03jK8/TatniPOhQrI/AAAAAAAAAK0/_V5-fEdiQ9o/s1600/Thor%2527s+hammer+pendant+from+Fossi%252C+Iceland.jpg"
]
] |
|
51a46z
|
'weight cutting' in combat sports
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/51a46z/eli5_weight_cutting_in_combat_sports/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7adtdu",
"d7aetr0",
"d7an4pu",
"d7beiiu"
],
"score": [
4,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Many combat sports are divided into weight classes. Being at the top of your weight class can give a slight advantage, so if you can lose a few pounds and drop into the next lower class you'll be at the top of that rather than the bottom of your original one.",
"This was asked several times in the past. Use the search function! _URL_0_",
"Fighters want as much weight as they can while staying within their weight class. They weight train to build muscle and put themselves slightly over the limit for their class. Adding and losing fat and water is a lot faster than muscle, so they then drop fat and water weight right before the fight to make weight, because they can rehydrate and eat a lot of calories between the weigh in and the match. This means that when the match starts, they're often actually a little over the weight limit.",
"Weight in combat sports is a huge advantage. When you are on the ground, being able to put all your weight on someone makes it much harder for them submit or get out from underneath you. Having more muscle and being taller is an advantage, both of which make you heavier. So It's good to be heavy, in general.\n\nHowever, we don't want the sport to be something that only the Icelandic Giant and Brock Lesnar can participate in. So we set weight classes, which is a maximum weight you can be to compete in that weight class. So someone who is 5'10'' and 155 lbs can compete against someone of similar size, and it's about your ability, no their size.\n\nBut remember how weight is such a huge advantage? So fighters will try to lose a bunch of weight temporarily to fit into a weight class. I fighter's normal weight is called the weight they \"walk\" at. So let's say someone walks at 170 lbs. If they can lose 15 lbs in a week of water and whatnot and make 155 at just the weigh in, than jump back up to 170 lbs before the fight, they now have a 15 lbs advantage. Now, pretty much everyone does that and it's the norm. However, dehydrating and starving your body for a week is taxing, and fighters are finding, in some cases, that they aren't able to compete as well. So it's a balancing act of cutting enough weight to gain an advantage but not so much weight that they aren't able to fight well."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/search?q=weight+cutting"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
t0hxm
|
what is the point of the catcher in the rye?
|
Just finished reading it (on my own time, not for school), and I am not entirely sure how I feel about it. I flew through it, but once I got to the end I realized there wasn't really a story. I understand most of the themes and all that, but I think I may be missing some sort of main, overarching point. Why did Salinger write this book?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/t0hxm/eli5_what_is_the_point_of_the_catcher_in_the_rye/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4iiqe8",
"c4iix0x",
"c4imi0g",
"c4iowez"
],
"score": [
3,
44,
2,
4
],
"text": [
"It's very debatable, but this is the gist of what I got from it. Salinger was a big fan of children, and Holden had an issue with the corruption of people. Holden struggled with the idea of preserving the innocence of society, while containing his disdain for the corruption of it. This is why he doesn't like curse words written at random places, this is why he spends his time talking to prostitutes, this is why he talks on and on about ducks at a lake, and this is why he loves his sister and is weary of her reaching for things out of her grasp. I was told once (could be a total fabrication) that the metaphor for a catcher in the rye is someone who stands in a rye field (tall for children) as children play, and prevents them from falling off a hill or what not by keeping track of where they run around in it, and catching them before they cause harm to themselves.",
"There really isn't a point, if you want to know the truth. It's just this old crumby book that a whole bunch of phonies _say_ they like even though they don't really understand it for one second. You can always tell when someone's that kind of phoney 'cause they try to impress you with big talk about themes and points and morals and you know the second they start up with that crap that they can't even tell you anything about anything _real_, like a baseball glove or a talk with your sister, or where the ducks go when the lake freezes over. They go on and on about all that lousy crap instead of the _in_teresting parts, where it's nice and exciting and all, it's nice when somebody tells you about their life. But these sad old bastards, they don't have a clue about what the goddam book's about. It's pretty dumb, really, if you think about it.",
"As of right now, I am terribly disappointed in explainlikeimfive. The point of the entire book is about a young boy who is confused and lost. He wants to know where the ducks go when the pond freezes because he can relate to the ducks. The freezing of the pond is dangerous for the ducks and he is heading towards danger. He frequently mentions about how he liked the museum because NOTHING EVER CHANGED and he sees that as a means of safety. He wants to be the catcher in the rye because he wants to stop the kids from falling off the edge and getting into a situation like he is in. The book is AWESOME!",
"This post makes my chest hurt. Salinger beautifully captures the tension we all felt in the transition from childhood to adulthood, noticing the difficulties of life and not yet able to cope with them. Holden is heartbroken by the immense tragedies he encounters-the death of his brother- as well as the small moments of apathy in his society-the \"fuck\" scrawled on the wall of his sister's school. Holden sees the innocence of the children around him and desperately wants to protect them, hoping to save them where life failed him. He sees the adults around him as indifferent to the aspects of life that torment him. When he was pushed into reality by his brothers death, he became angry at society's refusal to devote time to tragedies of any degree, and sees the unchanged behavior of those around him as disgusting and confusing. Perhaps you are not of the right age to remember the feeling that Salinger created so spectacularly- the clawing at any remaining innocence, the inner struggle to accept the apathy of society, the desire to be seen as an equal in the eyes of adults, combined with the constant yearning for weightless childhood happiness. I fucking love this book. \nEdit: I forgot to explain it like you're five. I get excited about this book--sorry!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3kj62k
|
how it is that we exert the same gravity on earth as earth exerts on us?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kj62k/eli5_how_it_is_that_we_exert_the_same_gravity_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuxtepu",
"cuxtje1"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Because gravity works both ways with any two objects. The earth is pulling on you with a force equal to your weight, and you're pulling on earth by the same amount. It's just that, even if those forces weren't cancelung eathother out, a few hundred pounds of force has a tiny effect on something as big as the earth",
"Your phrasing is a bit off. To be a bit precise, gravity attracts us and the Earth *to each other*. \n\nThe force of gravity between two objects is measured by three things: the mass (weight, for ease of reference) of the first object, the mass (weight) of the second, and the distance between their centres. That force **acts equally** on both objects, attracting them to each other and pulling them together. But if one object is much lighter than the other, the same force will move it more.\n\nImagine you somehow turn gravity off for a second, move three feet (1 meter) up from the Earth's surface, and then gravity back on. You two attract each other until you touch.\n\nBut the Earth is MASSIVE, so massive that the little bit of attractive force that pulls it to you is not really gonna move it at all. Instead, the force that pulls you to it brings you downward toward it because you're much lighter. You're much much easier to move, so the force more-or-less is only moving you.\n\nIf you were blown up instead so you were the exact same mass and size as the Earth, you two would move together instead."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
7bba6o
|
Were people in Victorian times actually as weak health-wise as they are portrayed in novels from the time period?
|
I'm currently on a Victorian era fiction binge, and it seems like every book has women fainting left and right, perfectly healthy people dying from getting rained on, being overwhelmed to death from emotion, and other seemingly ridiculous maladies.
Did people during this time period really have such weak constitutions? If so, was it just from harsh their living conditions? Or, since most novels tend to portray upper class characters, was their poor health related to all of the basically inbreeding going on between well-off English families? Or is it all just a literary trope from the time?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7bba6o/were_people_in_victorian_times_actually_as_weak/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphb3yw",
"dphoqum"
],
"score": [
5,
5
],
"text": [
"I cannot speak to the actual, physical health of Victorians, but I did once write an answer on the related subject of why one shouldn't take representations of fainting in period fiction as just a reflection of what people were actually doing:\n\n[How did fainting in the Victorian era become so gendered? What social conventions led to the loss of consciousness to be so strongly identified with women?](_URL_0_)",
"Part of the answer to your question is that it really was quite easy to fall ill and die in the Victorian period, certainly in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, before the development of germ theory and well before the arrival of antibiotics. But of course this applied to every previous period – and yet we do seem to hear more about the weakness of women in Victoria's time than we did before.\n\nThe explanation for this lies in the medical theories of the age, which viewed women's bodies as especially problematic. I wrote about this in [an essay about Philippa Fawcett](_URL_0_), who astounded her contemporaries and gave many people pause for thought by becoming the first woman to take first place in the Cambridge mathematics tripos - then widely viewed as the most demanding intellectual test that could be sat anywhere in the world. The whole essay is, I hope, worth reading (and it has a nice punch-the-air conclusion), but the portion that helps to explain your observation is this one:\n\n > To be a woman in the Victorian age was to be weak: the connection was that definite. To be female was also to be fragile, dependent, prone to nerves and—not least—possessed of a mind that was several degrees inferior to a man’s. For much of the 19th century, women were not expected to shine either academically or athletically, and those who attempted to do so were cautioned that they were taking an appalling risk. Mainstream medicine was clear on this point: to dream of studying at the university level was to chance madness or sterility, if not both...\n\n > Today, the science that underpinned those views seems crackpot. To the Victorians, it was breakthrough stuff. Central to the 19th-century concept of human development was the idea that the adolescent body was a closed system; there was only so much energy available, and so a body in which resources were diverted to mental development was one in which physical development necessarily suffered. This was thought to be a particular problem for women, because their reproductive system was far more complicated than men’s and so consumed a greater proportion of the body’s resources. A young woman who studied hard during puberty was believed to be taking special risks since “the brain and ovary could not develop at the same time,” as historian Judith Walzer Leavitt points out. \n\nThe same problem very much applied to illness; women were considered to be more prone to disease than men because their bodies devoted a higher proportion of their limited energies to the demands of motherhood."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5a0pyc/how_did_fainting_in_the_victorian_era_become_so/d9d5am5/"
],
[
"https://mikedashhistory.com/2011/10/31/above-the-senior-wrangler/"
]
] |
|
bfpbio
|
Before Einstein, did nobody else consider there was a deep relationship between gravity and space time?
|
It's right there in newton's laws of motion. Mass. The property related to gravity. Why would it be mass and not charge? Or some other property? Just seems like a link between these disciplines in science is sorely missing.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/bfpbio/before_einstein_did_nobody_else_consider_there/
|
{
"a_id": [
"elfhvuw",
"elggz4c",
"elle64l"
],
"score": [
3,
9,
3
],
"text": [
"If you don't get an answer here, you can also try /r/historyofscience, /r/philosophyofscience, or /r/historyofideas",
"Depending on how you see it, there is also no deep relationship between gravity and spacetime in General Relativity. GR is originally just a generalization of Special Relativity, such that two reference frames relate to one another by Lorentz transformation when acceleration (which means force) is involved. This means, if you switch from one point of view to another, the translation of the physical system into your new point of view is given by the Lorentz transformations.\n\nIf you use Minkowski's geometric formulation of Special Relativity, acceleration is the same as a curvature of spacetime. Regardless of what is causing the acceleration, it is necessary to formulate it as curvature in a relativistic framework.\n\nThe common interpretation is that mass \"causes\" a curvature of spacetime. But GR also works as a theory of each other interaction, if you interpreted the associated charge as causing a curvature in spacetime. To associate charge with curvature is actually also the basis for the Kaluza-Klein approach and Yang Mills theory that underlies the standard model.\n\nThe difference between GR and a Newtonian theory of gravity is just the Lorentz-invariance, which means: no speed bigger than the speed of light in all reference frames. If you calculate the Lorentz invariance out of GR, you still get the Newtonian gravity potential.\n\nThus, the big progress of Relativity is that all physical systems have to obey Lorentz transformations. The stuff with mass producing a curvature in spacetime is just an interpretation based on the mathematical formulation, so to speak taking the mathematics literally.",
"There were many speculative theories of gravity both before and after Einstein. The question is not whether people considered them (e.g., there are even electromagnetic theories of gravity that have been advocated by very intelligent people), but whether they could convince anyone else of their utility. In between Newtonian \"gravity as a force that accompanies mass that drops off as an inverse square law\" and General Relativity there were not any really competitive contenders. GR managed to both harmonize a lot of theory while at the same time providing experimentally-testable deviations from the Newtonian approach.\n\nSeparately it is worth noting that very few people were thinking about space and time as being as linked as they are in relativity theory (hence, \"spacetime\"). There were some. Henri Poincaré is often cited as someone who got very close to Einstein's ideas in this area but never made the final jumps; Einstein was himself very interested in this kind of work when he was a young man. It is a deeply unintuitive way to think about the world if you are not introduced to it at a young age, and keeping time and space quite separate was a hallmark of the Newtonian approach (because they believed there was some kind of universal \"time\"). Einstein was not the only one thinking in this area at the time, but he was the one who managed to put all of the pieces together first and in a compelling way. \n\nIf you want to read more about this, I would recommend Peter Galison's _Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps_, which does a great job of constructing what high-level thinking about this looked like at the end of the 19th century and why Einstein's approach was so radical (but also not totally \"out of context\")."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2jkq1t
|
What causes the scars on the ocean floor?
|
For clarification, I followed an /r/InternetIsBeautiful link to [this page](_URL_0_), and saw what appeared to be scars on the ocean's floor. In case the view has changed and you can't see them, I took a [screenshot](_URL_1_)
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2jkq1t/what_causes_the_scars_on_the_ocean_floor/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clcobd1",
"cld1xlj"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Do you mean the near-perfectly straight lines, like the ones [seen in this goog map?](_URL_1_) When you're on the actual google maps site, you can [zoom in on one of those \"lines\"](_URL_0_).",
"The long linear irregularities in your image look image look like what we call \"artifacts\", a direct result of the mapping techniques. Most of what we have for the vast ocean floor bathymetry is fairly low resolution, thus there is a lot of smoothing. When a ship makes a single pass through a poorly mapped area and gathers higher resolution data it creates what looks like a more rough strip.\n\nThere are plenty of natural processes which create seafloor lineations.\n\n[The mid-ocean ridge system](_URL_0_) is composed of off-set linear segments. At [Oceanic Core Complexes](_URL_1_) you get striations in the seafloor.\n\n[Ice](_URL_2_) can scour the seabed in sometimes straight lines.\n\nI really think what you are seeing is an artifact of merging data sets though.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://iss.astroviewer.net/",
"http://imgur.com/0ToDmZ0"
] |
[
[
"http://goo.gl/maps/YINZO",
"http://goo.gl/maps/3Re53"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge",
"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1104/background/tectonic/tectonic.html",
"http://www.csr-marine.com/pages/marine_ice_scour_studies.html"
]
] |
|
6gl8jv
|
what is the difference between baking powder and baking soda?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6gl8jv/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_baking_powder/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dir4nzf",
"dir7olf"
],
"score": [
35,
282
],
"text": [
"Gonna just use the internet for this one. [Differences](_URL_0_)\n\nBaking soda is sodium bicarbonate only and it acts as a weak base. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda, an acid that's usually cream of tartar and a little cornstarch.\n\n > Aka bicarbonate of soda or sodium bicarbonate. Let’s start with baking soda because it’s the most confusing. I’m going to geek out for a sec. First, baking soda is a BASE. Do you remember the science experiment we all did in school? Mixing baking soda with vinegar and watching an eruption of bubbles? Usually we did this in some sort of model volcano contraption. I know you know. When you mix baking soda (BASE) with vinegar (ACID) you get a chemical reaction (an eruption of bubbles!). A product of this reaction is carbon dioxide.\n\n > Baking powder contains baking soda. It is a mixture of baking soda, cream of tartar (a dry acid), and sometimes cornstarch. These days, most baking powder sold is double acting. This means that the first leavening occurs when baking powder gets wet– like when you combine the dry and wet ingredients in the recipe. (This is why you cannot prepare some batters ahead of time to bake later– because the baking powder has already been activated.) The second leavening occurs when the baking powder is heated.\n\n > Since baking powder already contains an acid to neutralize its baking soda, it is most often used when a recipe does not call for an additional acidic ingredient. Like my sugar cookies. However, this isn’t always the case. You can still use baking powder as the leavening agent in recipes calling for an acidic ingredient. Like my lemon cake. In my recipe development, I based my lemon cake recipe off of my vanilla cake recipe. I used buttermilk (acid) instead of regular milk for added moisture and a little tang and subbed a little brown sugar (acid) for granulated sugar– again, for added moisture. I was pleased with the rise and taste of the cake, so I did not experiment with using baking soda.",
"The top comment is correct, but in case it's too technical:\n\nBoth baking powder and baking soda are used to create a rise in baked goods. The chemical reaction they cause makes bubbles that puff up the dough. Baking soda needs an acid added to the dough to make that reaction happen (like your grade school volcano). Baking powder is baking soda plus an acid that activates when it gets wet. Which one you use depends on the recipe (is there an acid?) and how much rise you want (baking soda is stronger but too much of either powder can affect tastes so sometimes you want a big rise and you use both)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://sallysbakingaddiction.com/2015/06/11/baking-powder-vs-baking-soda/"
],
[]
] |
||
82rrv7
|
How do polarizing filters “know” the orientation of incoming photons?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/82rrv7/how_do_polarizing_filters_know_the_orientation_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dvcbvo3",
"dvcparo"
],
"score": [
13,
2
],
"text": [
"It's hard to do better than this 60 Symbols video:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIt's not about \"knowing\" it's that if the incoming light is not perfectly polarized already then no matter what angle you choose it will have SOME component along that axis and that is the component that survives the filter, which is made of long conductive molecules that only efficiently transmit the portion of an oscillating electric field (i.e. light) that is oscillating in the direction ~~of~~ **perpendicular to** their length.",
"It's worth noting that polarizing filters aren't exactly \"filters\" - i.e. instead of letting some photons through and others not, they actively *change* the polarization of them as they pass through.\n\nThat explains the three-filter \"spooky\" action (if you have two filters perpendicular to each other, then nothing passes through, but if you insert an *extra* filter between them at 45 degree angle, then suddenly some light starts getting through).\n\nThis - _URL_0_ - is a decent explanation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM2TkM0hzW8"
],
[
"http://alienryderflex.com/polarizer/"
]
] |
||
3jdvph
|
why are the refugees blocking the eurotunnel in callais not arrested/kicked out/processed/in france? surely they are illegally staying there too? is the french govn't just lazy or is there some technical reason?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jdvph/eli5why_are_the_refugees_blocking_the_eurotunnel/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuoe7ch"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They aren't exactly tolerated - the local police break up the camps and arrest people whenever the numbers start to rise significantly, as over this last summer. The current Mayor of Calais seems determined to see something done now that numbers are rising again, and has threatened to blockade the port if the UK doesn't help with the problem.\n\nThe problem, as ever with refugees, is what to do with them if you do arrest them. Some will refuse to state which country they originated from, some will have fled a country where they are genuinely at risk. You can't lock them up without building a lot more expensive prisons, and sending them back may be a waste of money too if they will be free to return straight away. Neither of the leading political parties pretend to have an answer to this problem, while the Front National is sure that it would deport illegal immigrants (regardless of their personal safety) but as far as I can see, isn't clear on where to, how many times, or how much it would cost.\n\nThe FN says it would only deport *illegal* migrants anyway. Some of the refugees are illegally in France - they refuse to apply for asylum in France because then they'd lose the right to apply for asylum if they reached the UK - but many more are legally there, waiting for their asylum claims to be processed. They live rough around Calais simply because they have no money. There used to be a refugee camp at Sangatte for such people, but Sarkozy closed it, so he's responsible for the homeless refugee problem too. I have read that French law states that asylum seekers are entitled to accommodation, but the existing accommodation is full. So there is no room for more, even though - according to the UN refugee agency - a quarter of the refugees in Calais are children.\n\nThe local police and local authorities tolerate them because France is a country with highly centralised authority. The locals do not want these 'migrants,' and I reckon that if left to their own devices, the local authorities would quickly deal with the situation. But the PS (Parti Socialiste) are in charge in Paris, and they are to say the least, quite soft on illegals. With maybe the exception of the PM, Manuel Valls, who is largely not trusted or liked by other more leftist members if the PS. A vote of confidence in fact was held here yesterday, and Valls barely got through, with several of the left wing of his own party either abstaining or voting no. And the Verts (Greens) who are part of his coalition almost uniformly opposed him because he is seen as a right wing wolf in sheep's clothing.\n\nTHIS is why the FN are polling so well, by the way. Everyone knows that having thousands (approximately 100,000 or so illegals have crossed into Italy this year alone, with reports of another half million waiting in North Africa) are a huge social and economic problem, and yet the leading parties do not even pretend to have any answers. \n\nNature abhors a vacuum."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2g1nxx
|
Is there a reason that baldness in babies follows the same general pattern as Male Pattern Baldness?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2g1nxx/is_there_a_reason_that_baldness_in_babies_follows/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckf1s2f",
"ckf4wvw",
"ckff26n"
],
"score": [
57,
41,
19
],
"text": [
"I think you may have a flawed premise here. Babies generally don't follow male pattern baldness. If they have very thin hair, it is generally very uniform. \n\nMaybe someone else can give you a better answer, but I haven't been able to find a single example of a male pattern baldness newborn for about an hour now. ",
"Wow, really disapointed right now. As the father of a 7 month I know exactly what you're talking about and was hoping someone had posted a scientific reason that answered your question, being curious about this myself.",
"**TL:DR** - it's probably because estrogen and androgen have opposing effects, and babies experience a drop in estrogen when they leave the womb because they are no longer getting estrogen from mom (androgens cause male pattern hair loss).\n\n---\n\nBabies have hair if they get a heavy dose of [estrogen](_URL_1_) from Mom's womb. Once they leave her womb, those hormones go away and they lose the hair.\n\n Men go bald in a specific pattern [because](_URL_2_) androgens have different effects at different follicles. Women [often](_URL_0_) get baldness in the same pattern if they have shifts in estrogen/androgen ratios (so, lower estrogen would be sufficient to cause baldness in a male pattern). \n\nTestosterone and estrogen often inhibit each other in various pathways, so this isn't surprising. My educated guess is that just as androgens inhibits follicles on the hairline and crown while encouraging beard growth, estrogens encourage follicles on the hairline and crown while inhibiting beard growth. (We might know the precise mechanism concerning how that happens but I'm not going to research it. It would probably just be a lengthy description of X inhibiting Y and activating Z and so on.)\n\nIf this were true, baby's drop in estrogen would influence hormonal levers and buttons on their hair follicles in a manner comparable to androgens in a male. \n\n(This is all assuming the premise that babies have that pattern is actually true. I've admittedly never paid close attention to a baby's balding pattern.)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.everydayhealth.com/hair-loss/hormone-replacement-therapy-as-a-hair-loss-treatment.aspx",
"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/health/20really.html",
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/exd.12024/abstract"
]
] |
||
1iilko
|
I read about children working underground in coal mines during the Industrial Revolution. Is that accurate?
|
I read elsewhere that children were only used for coal breaking, and that they weren't allowed underground at all until they were 18.
EDIT: I should mention that I want to know as much about child labor in coal mines as possible.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1iilko/i_read_about_children_working_underground_in_coal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cb4te55"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Until 1842, children did work underground in substantial numbers.\n\n[An accident at Huskar Colliery in Silkstone](_URL_1_), near Barnsley in 1838 clearly shows this. A stream overflowed into the ventilation drift after violent thunderstorms causing the death of 26 children; 11 girls aged from 8 to 16 and 15 boys between 9 and 12 years of age.\n\nThe Royal Commission of Inquiry into Children’s Employment of 1842 found that over 5000 children were employed for underground work, some as young as four years old.\n\nYou can read the conclusions on employment of children in mines [here](_URL_0_)\n\n* Children (mostly boys, but also girls) did work underground from a very young age.\n\n* The youngest often worked opening and shutting ventilation doors, a job where they spend almost the entire working day alone and in the dark.\n\n* From the age of six, they would be employed hauling coal carriages, sometimes in very low tunnels.\n\n* Working days were 11 to 14 hours. The better-regulated mines had some breaks, the worst not at all and many children complained of a constant, often painful fatigue.\n\n* In case of mine accidents, young children died in explosions, were crushed under tonnes of stone or drowned. Entrusting jobs essential for mine safety to young children was actually a cause of accidents.\n\n[This list of mining accidents 1820-1839](_URL_2_) shows many teenage and younger workers killed.\n\n\n\nAll this led to the Mines and Collieries Act 1842:\n\n* No female was to be employed underground (as women miners wore trousers and shifts or even went topless, this work was an affront to Victorian sensibilities)\n\n* No boy under 10 years old was to be employed underground.\n\n* Parish apprentices between the ages of 10 and 18 could continue to work in the mines.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2191/",
"http://www.dmm-pitwork.org.uk/html/daz.htm",
"http://www.cmhrc.co.uk/cms/document/1820_39.pdf"
]
] |
|
1paagj
|
A question on Cosmic Radiation and Electromagnetic Shielding
|
It is known that the cosmic radiation in interplanetary space is far too high for safe human travel. It is also known that the Earth's geo-magnetic field is what protects us from exposure to that radiation on the planet surface. Is it possible to use a large Electromagnet as part of a spacecraft to protect us from cosmic (and solar) Radiation?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1paagj/a_question_on_cosmic_radiation_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd0zdlt"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"While the earth's magnetic field does help with cosmic rays, you are forgetting the massive attenuation that occurs due to our atmosphere. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
45juvp
|
why can a light tap or flick or what have you on my testicles hurt pretty bad, but ball-slapping sex doesn't hurt at all?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45juvp/eli5why_can_a_light_tap_or_flick_or_what_have_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czydtwt",
"czye2gy",
"czyivpd",
"czykx1l",
"czyl5k1",
"czyln9l",
"czyoa5i",
"czypd94",
"czypitj",
"czyqcf5",
"czyrnlr",
"czyrzz3",
"czytyny",
"czyuj5p",
"czyw061",
"czyzxpe"
],
"score": [
321,
1684,
67,
3,
24,
650,
182,
3,
6,
5,
2,
2,
2,
7,
5,
4
],
"text": [
"Because the impact is directed onto a smaller surface area. \n\nCan I ask why nut shot pain takes a few seconds to really kick in? ",
"Well, during ball slapping sex, things hurt less. Hormones, adrenaline, etc. For me at least, it's common for them to be a bit sore after. ",
"When you're horny at least from what I've noticed you're sort of inured by a lot of things. Somethings that might usually seem gross to you aren't gross anymore. Things that might hurt don't really as much since you're gettin your peeper tugged.",
"Oh, it still hurts. But its a good kind of pain. Plus i hope the giving end isn't punching or slapping as hard as anu regualr joe would nut tap a poor bastard.",
"It's really not all about the hormones and more about the duration and intensity of both acts. When you say \"flick\", it implies that there is some signficant velocity with the fingers all directed at a very small area of your balls. This leads to concentrated pain.\n\n\"Ball slapping sex\" doesn't involve nearly as much velocity, and the slapping action targets the entire front face of the sack leading to more \"diluted\" force.\n\nThe only thing your hormones are affecting is your perception of how much violence your sack is subjected. I'm sure that even during ball-slapping sex, if someone flicked you in the balls, it'd still hurt way more.",
"Med student here- Many people have covered it with endorphins/hormones/etc but are forgetting some important parts-- > the dartos and cremasteric muscles can contract to reposition the testicles so you aren't directly slamming and jostling them as badly. ",
"When I was 18, I had epididymitis, inflammation of the epididymis. It felt like I was constantly kicked in the nuts. When I went to Dr., he asked if I was sexually active and if so was I having a lot of hard sex. I said yes. He told me to slow down, my balls and girlfriend will thank me. Which to me was hilarious since my Dr. was close 80 years-old.",
"Yeah, it's the same thing when it comes to your nose hairs: pull one out and it hurts like a bitch, but if you use wax to pull out a bunch, it's not as painful.",
"I honestly feel it's because during sex your balls contract a little bit inwards. When you are just hanging around and you get flicked, the things that connect your balls to your body are exposed, but during sex you are high and tight.",
"Do it on the counter while you're standing up and tell me your balls don't hurt after slapping porcelain/cabinets for twenty minutes",
"Know what hurts worse? Having a doctor give you a shot in the cord attached to your testicle. \n\nSource- had to get one Tuesday. ",
"Ball-slapping sex hurts me...I just deal with it. But I will agree that it's not the same hurt. A flick to the sack will put a man down. ",
"Because you last shorter in bed than the times it takes to lightly tap or flick it?",
"Eli5 sex question? Awkward, but ok,i guess I'll try. \n \nA flick is like poking a balloon with a nail. It pops because the area you are touching is directed at a very small place on the balloon, nails are sharp so it hurts the balloon.\n\nThe ball-slapping sex is like squishing a balloon between your hands. The balloon squished but is usually ok. The area that you are touching is much greater. ",
"Who else flicked their nuts because of this?",
"Your balls aren't really slapping as hard as you think they are. When you get flicked, that finger starts with resistance and has built up energy before being released, transferred it to your nut with astounding speed. It's concentrated and usually only hits one. When you're doing the dirty, your junk is usually (hopefully) pretty wet by that point, so once your balls \"slap\" they have the ability to slide around every so slightly and absorb or mitigate some of that impact. Furthermore, your jewels are suspended and by the time your nuts slap your lover's taint, you're already pulling back out so you can go back in for another thrust.\n\nSource: professional sex thinker-about-er."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7mt0xl
|
why we can't see a full circle rainbow?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7mt0xl/eli5_why_we_cant_see_a_full_circle_rainbow/
|
{
"a_id": [
"drwgq5u",
"drwgqra",
"drwgtzp",
"drwiy1q",
"drwjamo",
"drxzchs"
],
"score": [
7,
4,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Because of the physical properties of rain droplet, the light entering and leaving forms an angle of about 42^(o). That means a rainbow is going to be a ring \"around\" the sun at 180^o - 42^o = 138^(o), or 42^o from the point exactly opposite the sun. Since that point is below the horizon, the earth itself blocks the lower portion of the rainbow.\n\n[But not always](_URL_0_). If you are at a high enough altitude, the can be enough water droplets between you and the ground for a full 360^o rainbow to appear.",
"You can if you get a garden sprayer and put it in most more and shoot in into the air in a sunny day. The reason you can't see one with rain in the distance us that you are seeing a very large version of the same thing being cut off by the horizon. Every person sees a different rainbow in the sky",
"You can under the right circumstances, but it's rare.\n\nThe problem is that a rainbow has to be centered on the point opposite the sun, because it's caused by light being reflected by water droplets. From most places on Earth, when the sun is above the horizon (and thus generating light), the point opposite the sun is below the horizon, and thus only the bits of the rainbow that are above the horizon are visible, since the ground blocks the sun's light for the rest of it.\n\nHowever, you can get around this by getting to a very high location. The most common place circular rainbows are seen is on airplanes, since from tens of thousands of feet above the ground you can have plenty of water droplets below you that reflect the light and give you the bottom portion of the rainbow. It's also sometimes seen by mountain climbers at the top of mountains and from the top of skyscrapers.\n\nThe other way you can see a circular rainbow is that there can sometimes be rainbows that are centered on the sun rather than the point opposite the sun, so when the sun is away from the horizon you can see the entire circle. However, this doesn't usually happen so that the naked eye can see it, and looking directly at the sun is very bad for your eyes, so it's not recommend to seek them out.",
"Under the right circumstances you can see a full rainbow around the moon when there is a slight amount of moisture in the air.\nI spotted them more frequently on colder nights or even just winter, they are called moonbows, and they have another name but i cant remember it.",
"Fun fact, the full circle rainbow that you can see from airplanes and high mountains is called a Solar Glory. If the moon is making the light, it's obviously a Lunar Glory. See also Brocken Spectre. ",
"Because the horizon prevents you from seeing the lower half of the rainbow.\n\nIf you were in an airplane and the right conditions, you could see [a circular rainbow](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.birdseyeviewphotography.com.au/blog/wp-content/uploads/BVP12168-copy.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://s-i.huffpost.com/gen/2124800/images/o-FULL-CIRCLE-RAINBOW-facebook.jpg"
]
] |
||
3lq4oa
|
why do sites sometimes give an error, but if you refresh it a second after it works?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lq4oa/eli5_why_do_sites_sometimes_give_an_error_but_if/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv8cubb"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Here's an example.\n\nLet's assume the Google server that I access is in California. I type something into a Google search bar, hit search, and it goes from here in New York State to the Google California Office in 13 milliseconds (0.013 seconds).\n\nThe server in California then has to look for what I put in, which takes a couple milliseconds, and then sends that data back to me once it finds it.\n\nThis is an entire search done in less than 3% of a single second, and is the timescale we need to remember.\n\n-----\n\nWhen a site gives an error, that means the site couldn't be accessed. Or that within the couple milliseconds the server couldn't find the part that had the site you wanted.\n\n-----\n\nIf the error is because there's too many people accessing it, then over the next couple seconds 50 to 100 people will be processed. And once they are done, there's space for your search.\n\nThis is exactly like when you are looking for a parking lot at a mall on the weekends. Every spot is filled, so you have to wait until someone leaves their spot before you can park into a spot.\n\n-----\n\nIf it's because the server can't find the literal part where the site is hosted, then it sometimes takes a couple tries for it to finally find what you are looking for. I mean, look at Reddit. There's hundreds of subreddits with hundreds of pages and posts. Finding a specific post the search function means looking through all those posts on all those subs until the desired post is found. Does that sound like an easy thing to do? No it does not, because it's not an easy thing to do. Even for a program designed to search, it's going to be difficult."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
17zu41
|
Reading about the WWII pacific theather. Why the huge difference in losses?
|
I finished reading the book (With the old breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa)[_URL_0_] and was baffled by the losses the japanese had.
An example is the battle for Okinawa, JPN had 95k dead while U.S. had 12,513 dead. A 7.6 to 1 ratio.
Why the japanese took such a beating(sorry for the expression), didn't they rule the pacific some time before, what changed so much that they couldn't handle?
EDIT: Thanks for all the great infos.
It seems to me now that what afflicted the Japanese was poor outdated tactics and a sense of impending success, due to the early ones.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/17zu41/reading_about_the_wwii_pacific_theather_why_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8aby68",
"c8ackut",
"c8aicpa",
"c8bhkox"
],
"score": [
9,
7,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"A fast deteriorating supply situation for the Japanese and the industrial might and adaptibility of the US happend. What followed was what always follows when ideology, honor culture and courage clashes with superior firepower. \n\nQuite simply, the IJN didn't surrender when almost any other force would have. They fought until they ran out of everything. Food, ammo, equipment, reinforcements. Usually, being cut of and running out of things it what makes a normal army surrender. The IJN fought on, sometimes even resorting to \"banzai tactics\" (in essence, a suicide charge) rather than surrender.",
"By Okinawa, a late war battle, the technological difference between the US and the IJN/IJA was *massive*.\n\nThe IJA was just barely beyond a ww1 era army, they were not mechanized in a meaningful way, they used bolt-action rifles, had minimal amounts of light tanks, and no air cover. Even their MMG's and HMG's were fed by small capacity stripper clips, where the american browning 1919 could use a belt with bullets in it that was something like 300 rounds before having to reload.\n\nBy contrast, the US army was using sqaud automatic weapons (the BAR), submachine guns (the thompson) and even the basic infantry rifleman had a semi-automatic rifle in the M1 garand. This translates to a single american infantry section having a massive advantage in volume of fire against a single japanese infantry section. What this means in practical terms is that a bayonet charge at american lines was tactical suicide, as even a lowly private could still bang out 8 7.62mm rounds from the hip in close quarters before engaging with his own bayonet. I don't need to get into the effect the thompson and the BAR have on a line of charging infantry, do I?\n\nWhy did the japanese use the \"Banzai tactic\" of bayonet charges so often? For a number of reasons: 1) against an undisciplined enemy, it works brilliantly. 2) when backed into a corner, out of ammo, out of food, out of time, it's the only thing you can do 3) even on a level playing field the japanese knew their weapons were outmatched at every single level from the private to the tanks to the artillery. Closing with the enemy and forcing hand to hand combat neutralizes all of this. The artillery wont bomb it's own soldiers, neither will the tanks, and the automatic weapons can't be fired if their crews are fighting with bayonets to survive. The problem is you still have to get across that field/river/rice paddy/etc to get into the melee.\n\nSo in theory it makes sense, get in close where the enemy's advantage is neutralized, and go to work. However, the american infantry happens to be really, really good at adapting. It didn't take long for tactics to evolve overlapping fields of fire, coordinated fall back positions, pre-sighted light artillery (mortars, etc) zones, and all sorts of things that really just nullify an infantry charge by turning large amounts of territory into shrapnel filled exploding fiery death. The problem: the japanese didn't have any other choice. They *had* to charge. It was the only chance they had, even though they knew it was near suicide. The end result being that the banzai charge almost always resulted in massive losses for the japanese as they would send wave after wave after wave at the american lines.\n\nThen there is all the other stuff in war. The japanese on any given island would suffer through days of unending naval bombardment by some of the biggest guns in the war. Air raids were a constant threat. Starvation and disease are an ever present danger that claim many lives on both sides.\n\n\nBut ultimately? The japanese didn't surrender. They just chose death before dishonor, and didn't have the firepower to stagger their enemy. So they hid in caves, they raided at night, they starved, they never gave up, and they died.",
"At the Kokoda Track the Japanese figured that since they had the advantage early on in numbers that they would conduct frontal charges against the Australian positions to hold the Australians and then they'd send troops around the Australian flanks. The Australians though would fall back if they were in danger of the flanking attacks getting around them and fought a fighting withdrawal for months along the Kokoda Track. This meant the Japanese suffered huge casualties compared to the Australians.\n\nLater on in the battle the Australians took the initiative with freshly arrived soldiers while the Japanese were exhausted from months of fighting and were also running out of food and other supplies.\n\n",
"[New Guinea campaign also shows this:](_URL_0_)\nApproximately 202,100 Japanese soldiers, sailors and airmen died during the New Guinea campaign. The largest number of deaths, 127,600, occurred in Papua and New Guinea with a further 44,000 dying on Bougainville and the remaining 30,500 dying on New Britain, New Ireland, and the Admiralty Islands.\n\nApproximately 7,000 Australian and 7000 American soldiers, sailors and airmen died during the New Guinea Campaign.\n\nThat's a 14.4 to 1 ratio.\n\nMany Japanese died of disease and starvation during this campaign. Japanese logistics were sparse at the best of times, and supplying the large army on the island became increasingly difficult.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.amazon.com/Old-Breed-At-Peleliu-Okinawa/dp/0891419195"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/58EBD6D993E15CE8CA256D05002671FD?OpenDocument"
]
] |
|
6c28m1
|
why is it called the "secret service" when it isn't secret at all? how did they get that name officially?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6c28m1/eli5_why_is_it_called_the_secret_service_when_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhrcb2t",
"dhrd8vv"
],
"score": [
11,
2
],
"text": [
"In 1865, the \"Secret Service Division\" of the US Treasury Department was formed as a federal police agency devoted to investigating and preventing money counterfeiting, which was a huge problem at the time. In it's early years it ended up doing all kinds of law-enforcement and intelligence/counter-intelligence duties. At the time, the only other federal law enforcement agencies that existed were the Post Office police and the US Marshals, both of whom have legally limited jurisdiction (US Marshals are responsible for carrying out the decisions of federal courts, such as serving arrest warrants). Later after the 1901 assassination of President McKinley, the SS would be officially tasked with protecting the President, other high officials, and foreign diplomats. Now it's two main jobs are security for the President and investigating financial crime, including but not limited to money counterfeiting. Since 2003 it's been moved from the Department of the Treasury over to the new Department of Homeland Security. \n\nFrom what I've read, historians aren't exactly quite sure why it was called the Secret Service, but it might have had to do with the undercover and secretive nature of intelligence-gathering. But it was never intended to actually be a *secret* agency that the public isn't supposed to know about or anything like that. ",
"The secret service in it's original form was a spy agency run by Allan Pinkerton during the Civil War. When Pinkerton was fired from the agency it was handed over to a man named Lafayette Baker. Baker ran the secret service with the same purpose, as a spy network against the confederacy, changing to rooting out confederate hangers on after the war. At this point their role was focused heavily on eliminating counterfeiters, preventing businesses from accepting confederate bills, and beating the heck out of deserters and people who didn't support the union in the civil war.\n\nAnd that's how a spy agency with a spy agency name became treasury department enforcers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
byj9vy
|
if horse racing tips had any merits, why wouldn't the bookies adjust their odds to match?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/byj9vy/eli5_if_horse_racing_tips_had_any_merits_why/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eqi7dhi",
"eqi96i9",
"eqifl5p",
"eqiqm6e",
"eqiubpk",
"eqiwy4y"
],
"score": [
110,
55,
16,
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Betting on horse races is fairly straight forward. If more people bet on a particular horse because they think it has a good chance to win, odds will adjust. The horses with low odds stay that way because few people will bet on them. The bookies do adjust the odds, in horse racing and pretty much any sporting event.",
"Horse racing is pari-mutuel betting. You are betting against the other punters not the bookie. The bookie takes a fee called the vigorish or vig for holding the bet. The odds are based on the spread of the bets and the favorite is more likely to win than the odds show because of the perverse desire to bet on longshots.",
"Odds are calculated on-the-fly based on how people have bet. Basically, it's the amount of dollars in the pool divided by the number of people who would win if X happens (subtracting a percentage for the house, first). If more people bet on a particular horse, the pool will have to be split more ways to pay out, meaning less money paid per winner.\n\nSometimes odds are published BEFORE any betting, and I wonder if this is what you're asking about. Odds prior to betting are simply estimates made by someone (an expert, in theory) based on how they think the public will bet. They estimate how the public will bet based on varying criteria, but mostly on the horses' track times and prior performances. These odds aren't particularly meaningful, because payouts are based on how the actual bets go, not on these pre-betting odds. They're really there for entertainment and education purposes -- to give ill-informed bettors some indication of how they might want to bet.\n\nA boring example of odds: All of the bets on all of the horses TO WIN totals $1000. The track (or OTB facility, casino, or other entity) takes a percentage, let's pretend it's 10%. The remaining $900 will be paid not matter which nag wins. If 450 people bet $1 on the favorite and it wins, they will all receive $2. If only one person bet on a long-shot and it wins, that person gets the whole $900. Oddly, it doesn't matter how much he bet on the horse if he was the only winner. You won't see a single winner at a well-attended race very often, but I used to work at an OTB in a small town that had its own pools and a single person would win regularly. Note that each type of bet has its own pool -- win, place, show, trifecta, quinella, pick 6, etc all use their own separate pool.",
" > why wouldn't the bookmarkers reduce their odds, and thus balance out the probability of them winning?\n\nThe probability of the horse winning doesn't change, only the amount of the payout changes.\n\nThe bookies are always trying to balance their book so that for every £5 wagered, they only pay out £4. With that margin built in, they usually don't care which horse wins. \n\nIt can go wrong for them sometimes. If a favourite is heavily backed, they don't always get enough bets on the other horses to cover the cost of the favourite winning.",
"“A tip” is inside information that most others dont know. Tho these others appear correct in their assessments. They treat bettors like idiots. When u have a tip ... u dont goto the bookies a week ahead of time and bet a huge sum. This gives “the system” time to equalize. You assess the situation at the last minute and then decide if its worth it. \nSo u know that horse is going to be running on METH and COCAINE. Sure the horse will die. But man o man its gonna run fast. So at the last minute u asses the odds. If it makes sense to bet enough to make some money with the risk that the horse dies before the end of the race. Go for it. But if the horse is going off at 2/1 id pass. But if its 25/1 id def give it a shot. \n\nThats how “tips” work.",
"Its already been explained that bookies prices are set on what the betting public are betting on, so if everybody is getting something wrong then that leaves room for a smarter person to get it right. That plus a lot of other factors allow professionals to bet profitably. \n\nBookies can't combat this, so instead they'll recognise which punters are constantly winning and will either just ban them from betting with them or limit the bets they make on specifics sports. Some bookies limit really good betters to insignificant amounts (\\~$50\\~ per bet) and happily give him the small amount of money they'll make for the information they provide when they make a bet. The professional betters essentially tell the bookie they have an incorrect price for a small fee. \n\nUsually for online booker makers these days you'll get limited or banned pretty quickly once you show 'irregular'/profitable betting habits. \n\nProfessionals invest a lot of time and money in getting their hands on accounts in other peoples names so they can bet."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
375y8z
|
what is that carbon fiber pattern? why is it so appealing?
|
I'm talking about something like [this](_URL_0_)
Edit: I'd also be interested in the science of it if anyone would care to share.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/375y8z/eli5_what_is_that_carbon_fiber_pattern_why_is_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crk132z"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Carbon fibers have extreme tensile strength to weight ratio. This is good in that a light weight component can support a larger load. However, its strength is highly directional i.e. it is strong only in one direction. So the fibers are woven into a matrix like the pattern you see commonly. The pattern also varies by the purpose it is designed for. Then a resin is added to solidify the pattern. This prevents sliding among the fibers and gains considerable strength because of that. \n\nThink of it as a cotton fabric with glue smeared on it. When the glue dries, the fabric will be less flexible (more rigid) like thin sheet metal. \n\nEDIT: It also looks super cool too!! [And check out the cool highlights that can be added](_URL_0_)!!"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/VlsqDBb"
] |
[
[
"http://compositeenvisions.com/composite-reinforcement-fabrics-2/reflections-carbon-fiber-145/?zenid=pavt1hkabalfcpvu2csnvfca24"
]
] |
|
xgfn7
|
- water towers
|
Ok so for some reason the concept escapes me. I've heard it explained something like "well it makes irrigation and water distribution easier because of gravity", but... water doesn't grow in towers, you'd have to get it up there. I don't think it rains enough to fill them, but I still don't get how they work or why we need them.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xgfn7/eli5_water_towers/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5m4ei3",
"c5m4fsg"
],
"score": [
11,
8
],
"text": [
"Water towers make it so that, instead of pumping water *all* the time, you just have to pump water to the top of the tower. This means you can still get water when the power goes out, and that's very important in areas where the power is likely to go out.",
"You're absolutely right, you do have to get the water up there -- and that's why it seems that whoever explained it to you doesn't get it. The idea is, during the night, and whenever people aren't using much water, you can pump the water up there -- then during the day, and when demand for water outstrips the ability of pumping stations to pump water, you can let water down from the water tower to supplement the water being pumped. It's like a battery for water pressure -- when there's less demand, you can use the excess supply to fill it up, and when there's more demand, you can use it to supplement the supply of pressurized water."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
7n1ffe
|
why do some foods taste just as good (or better) as leftovers the next day, when others are horrible?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7n1ffe/eli5_why_do_some_foods_taste_just_as_good_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"drygoqo"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's hard to generalize it because it's different for each food. A lot of chemical processes happen constantly even after food is cooked, and it depends on it's chemical makeup, how it was cooked, how it was stored, and how it was reheated. \n\nFirstly, reheating anything often ends up cooking it as well. Some foods care about this and some don't. A medium cooked steak can become well-done and a piece of fish can become rubber. Stew meat, on the other hand, usually only gets more tender the longer you cook it. Additionally with microwaves, because of how they work, they tend to dry and therefore toughen foods reheated in them, especially wheat products. For many breads, however, a little extra toughness is sometimes desirable. \n\nFor some foods, their quality starts to degrade as soon as they're cooked. Fries, for instance, get limp over time as the water in them dissolve it's starchy structure that gives it it's crispness, especially in the humidity of the fridge or if they are sealed in an airtight container where their own steam will do the job. The salt on them then drives that moisture to the surface making them at first slimy and then dry and stale. The oil coating the fry accelerates this process by preventing the water's reabsorption. Lastly, even when trying to reheat the fries, a microwave can never get them crispy again, and even a deep fryer will create an inferior version of the original.\n\nYet other foods only get better with aging, much like a fine wine. Curry and most stews get better as the flavors involved (spices, meats, aromatic vegetables, etc) have time to combine and the harsher notes give way to more subtle ones. Stewed meat also tends to get more tender as it sits and cooks as long as it doesn't dry out.\n\nA side note about meat in general, meat that is slow cooked like stew or pot roast are cooked that way because long exposure to heat dissolves the connective tissue that holds the muscle fibers together, tenderizing the meat. The dissolved connective tissue is collagen, and is what gelatin is made of. Anyway, this dissolved protein gives soups, stocks, and stews a thickness and weight on the tongue that is unique. When made cold, it solidifies much like gelatin, and if not entirely dissolved from the meat will return it to its tough texture. However, reheating the meat with enough moisture present should redissolve the collagen and return it to its tender state.\n\nLastly, food tastes differently at different temperatures. Cold tends to suppress flavors both good and bad, as well as bitterness, while heat enhances more aromatic flavors. As bitterness goes down, sweet tastes are more noticeable which is why many bitter things are made more palatable when cold like coffee and beer, and sweet things all the sweeter like ice cream. Sometimes though you want those flavors, bitter and all. Still others are best between the two, at room temperature, like cake, and of course some foods taste good whether hot or cold, like fried chicken for instance. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2wcs9f
|
"Blacks" or "African-Americans"?
|
for context, i'm writing a paper on the reconstruction era. are both terms okay to use, or is "African-American" more correct? thankz!
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2wcs9f/blacks_or_africanamericans/
|
{
"a_id": [
"copq13d",
"copvpfd"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"You might split the difference and go with Black Americans. No one is likely to get mad about that sort of thing in an undergrad paper so long as you're making a good faith effort. Also the general trend is to [capitalize the B in Black Americans](_URL_0_) these days, though that is a hot topic. ",
"Just be consistent. Most writings on race use black with little to no qualms, but I think it comes down to your own stylistic decision. To me, African American or Black American is quite clunky, and if the paper is on America, highly unnecessary unless your work is transnational in nature. In regards to the last comment, if you do capitalize the B in black you need to capitalize the W in white, in my opinion for consistencies sake, and I haven't read anything convincing on why one would be capitalized while the other not. I don't capitalize either when writing, but ultimately that is your decision to make. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/opinion/the-case-for-black-with-a-capital-b.html"
],
[]
] |
|
2klr5z
|
does massage really work to get rid of the 'knots'? what are the knots and why do you sometimes feel worse after a deep tissue massage?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2klr5z/eli5_does_massage_really_work_to_get_rid_of_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clmitmc",
"clmk94n",
"clmm05d",
"clmps1v",
"clmu5hv",
"clmxiqd",
"cln11lj"
],
"score": [
79,
41,
14,
6,
1667,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"Knots are muscles that are contracted (bunched up) after over use or injury. As far as I know, massage is the best way to get rid of knots. There are a few reasons you could feel worse after a deep tissue massage: you could be bruised, your body was so used to your muscles being tensed up and it needs to adjust, you were dehydrated during the massage.",
"Student massage therapist here. A palpable knot can be a couple different things. It could be a group of muscle fibers that aren't relaxing easily. It could also be a a fascial adhesion. Where you connective tissue gets bunched up. \nMassage is similar to working out in that it puts stress on the tissue. So the muscles that were worked on may be sore or bruised, especially if the therapist over treated an area. After some time to recuperate the areas that were worked on usually feel better. \nAdditionally all sorts of things get trapped in our tissues, lactic acid like has been mentioned, but also neural peptides and a whole manner of other chemicals. So when those areas get treated those chemicals get released. Drinking water is one of the best steps to aiding your body's recovery.\n\nEdit: I uncorrected an autocorrect.",
"There is actually very little scientific knowledge around massage therapy. We know it works but we aren't sure why or even what it is fixing. \n\nA lot of sciency words are used but it is mostly bunkum - there is no scientific evidence that these things exist. ",
"I interned for a PT who specialized in this sort of thing. \n\nEver heard of dry needling? Its when they take a needle, 30 gauge say 70mm, and push it into the muscle where the knot is. The needling causes instant release of the knot--and lactic acid. I had my pec done for a demo and I couldn't even lift my arm after. The next day though, I felt great, and the knot was gone.",
"Actual scientific explanations of knots: \n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_3_\n\nand massage:\n\n_URL_2_\n\n**ELIF version-** \"Knots\" are caused by a damaging muscle/connective tissue combined with swelling/sensitivity from the following immune response. From the papers above, massage often doesn't work in controlled trials, massage hasn't been conclusively shown to increase blood flow/removal of toxins/introduction of __ by a significant amount, soreness has nothing to do with lactic aid (and lactic acid is not even removed faster via massage vs cool-down stretching, and lactic acid injections actually help recover from fatigue faster), and massage doesn't help muscle flexibility/alignment/etc more than stretching. \n\nMassage *has* been shown to decrease stress/stress hormone levels, help with relaxation, and a lot of other \"it's all in your head, but what's in your head actually really really matters\" factors.\n\nYou sometimes feel worse after a deep tissue massage because the mechanical stress damages other cells and pain is stressful.\n\nSource: biomedical engineer, microbiologist/geneticist, neuroengineer, and apparently someone willing/able to spend two+ hours browsing google scholar for the hell of it.",
"Just a personal story. I once threw out my back so bad I couldn't walk. I went in and got a massage at a YWCA and afterward I was sore a little. The next day I felt perfect again. ",
"Can anyone explain to me why my knots never go away despite weekly massages and bi monthly myofascial release type massages? "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://faculty.uca.edu/fletcher/physicalagents/Dry-Needling/Shah_Biological_milieu_of_MTP.pdf",
"http://drsvanderveen.info/PDF/PDF-2/Myofascial%20trigger%20points%20_%20Lavelle%20_%202007.pdf",
"http://www.sportstherapyuk.com/images/docs/journal1-801.pdf",
"http://jurchperformanceeducation.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Delayed-Onset-Muscle-Soreness-Treatment-Streategies.pdf"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
8jsbzh
|
why is the australian dollar so weak against the british pound?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8jsbzh/eli5_why_is_the_australian_dollar_so_weak_against/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dz25dsn"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"No, the Aussie dollar is pretty strong against the pound, currently sitting at 55 pence.\n\nIt is always a mistake to compare currencies absolute values, as these are a result of history. The difference in this case is because Australia switched to decimal currency back in 1966, and with currency being more valuable back then, they chose to make the new dollar equal to 10 shillings, or half the previous non-decimal currency, the Australian Pound. England changed to decimal currency in 1971, and retained the name 'pound' for their currency - which meant that they started with their decimal pound equal to 20 shillings.\n\nWith ups and downs since then the relative values of the Australian dollar and the English Pound hasn't really changed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2jtajb
|
Why does water that you carry feel heavier than water that you consumed?
|
If you go hiking carrying a bottle of water, you will feel lighter after drinking the water, even though you are carrying the same weight (now inside rather than outside). Is this is a psychological issue or based on some kind of physical principle like the distribution of the water?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2jtajb/why_does_water_that_you_carry_feel_heavier_than/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clf2wb3",
"clfi3rd"
],
"score": [
9,
2
],
"text": [
"When you drink it, the water is at the near center of your body, in your backpack it's not. There i more support at the center of your body so it feels lighter. Carrying it on your back also requires a posture that is harder to maintain and thus requires more energy and may exhaust your muscles more.",
"Added to the other answer also any water that is consumed is actually relatively rapidly distributed evenly around the body. You won't notice that your hand or foot is a few grams heavier as opposed to a single weight. Also the body is designed (skeleton/muscles) to support the bodies own weight it copes less well with an external weight."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
xww2c
|
How certain are we of what year it is? Were there every any disagreements, like during the Dark Ages or afterwards, of the exact year?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/xww2c/how_certain_are_we_of_what_year_it_is_were_there/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5qb6vs",
"c5qbb79",
"c5qbfpf",
"c5qcs5k",
"c5qhqie",
"c5qiezf",
"c5ql0uo"
],
"score": [
39,
164,
14,
28,
14,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"On the subject of disagreeing about the year, an intriguing, if grossly flawed, fringe theory about chronology: _URL_0_",
"Well, it's one thing to be off by a day or so, but by a year? That's a massive mistake for an entire population to make. But it wasn't until 525 AD that the AD numbering system began. And there are a couple discrepancies in figuring out when Jesus was born, to start counting. The gospels (for those who take them literally) describe two things that are mentioned elsewhere and let us date it. Matthew says that after Jesus was born, King Herod (the Great) is still alive, because he massacred children in an attempt to kill Jesus. (There's no evidence of any such massacre, though Herod was very bloody). Luke says that Mary and Joseph were in Bethlehem only because of the Census of Quirinius. (That they would have to travel to Joseph's ancestral home of Bethlehem instead of staying in Nazareth makes no sense. The Romans would never have demanded that, and it's completely impractical.) ANYWAY... King Herod died in 4 BC, and the Census took place in 6/7 AD. So one, if not both of these is wrong. And if either of them is right, then our AD 1 is wrong. Basically, though the modern consensus is that Jesus was a real person, any attempt to figure out what year he was actually born in is a shot in the dark. So in that sense, we don't know if this really \"should\" be 2012 or not. But since 525, when they started the AD system, no. No, there's no doubt that it's been kept correctly. And there are enough documents and histories for the previous thousand years that when we label something \"44 BC\" we're confident that they didn't miss a year.\n\ntl;dr- Year 1 AD is arbitrary, and frankly just a guess as to Jesus's birth year, but accepting that, yes, this is 2012.",
"The seven-day week cycle was propagated throughout Eurasia in the early centuries AD, and nobody [edit: meaning no culture or civilization which was keeping track of the days, often for astrological purposes] anywhere in the world ever lost a day. It stands to reason that there was no time in written history when an entire year was lost.\n\nThis is separate from debates over the dating of the Anno Domini calendar, and disputes over the month when the year began (January, February, or March depending on who you ask).\n\nedit: Oops! I forgot about the great Gregorian calendar dispute, which was indeed a big disagreement over what day it was. Also, the old Roman and Arabic calendars had big problems which caused issues like this:\n\n > If too many intercalations were omitted, as happened after the Second Punic War and during the Civil Wars, the calendar would drift rapidly out of alignment with the tropical year. Moreover, because intercalations were often determined quite late, the average Roman citizen often did not know the date, particularly if he were some distance from the city. For these reasons, the last years of the pre-Julian calendar were later known as \"years of confusion\". The problems became particularly acute during the years of Julius Caesar's pontificate before the reform, 63–46 BC, when there were only five intercalary months, whereas there should have been eight, and none at all during the five Roman years before 46 BC.\n",
"Does anyone else remember that episode of Duck Tales where Scrooge McDuck accidentally says it's Wednesday when it was actually Tuesday, and since he was so influential, everyone just agreed with him, and it spread from there until everyone in the town just accepted that it was Wednesday?\n\nI think what OP is asking is: Could this happen?",
"We're 100% sure. Most of the arguments in this thread are based on agreements between different civilizations and consistency within civilizations, but there's a stronger argument: astronomy. \n\nAstronomy is incredibly precise. Like mind-blowingly precise. We can easily figure out based on the laws of physics and the current positions of the planets exactly where they were and will be, at any time up to around 40 million years from now (I believe that's the limit, but I might be off by a bit.) So if the written history says that there was a lunar eclipse in 320 BC during the harvest in Greece, and that during a speech in Rome in the spring of 372 BC there was a solar eclipse, we can just run the motion of the planets and figure out exactly when those things happened. And in every case, the written dates line up exactly with what astronomy predicts.",
"akyser has already explained how the Anno Domini calendar started, being invented by the monk Dionysius Exiguus in what we now call 525 AD. This \"Anno Domini\" (\"In the Year of Our Lord\") year-counting method was invented to assist with the calculation of Easter each year. In fact, Dionysus went so far as [to calculate the dates of Easter for the next 532 years](_URL_0_) (ending in 1057 AD).\n\nSo, even though it wasn't used for date-keeping across much of Europe until hundreds of years later, it *was* used by monks and Christian scholars to keep track of the most important festival in the Christian calendar. By aligning the actual dates of Easter with the dates in Dionysius' tables, we know which year is year, from 525AD to 1057AD - by which time the Anno Domini calendar was widely used across Europe. \n",
"This has nothing to do with actual history, so please don't upvote me, but if you want a fun read and a good laugh, look up the [Phantom Time Hypothesis.](_URL_0_)\n\nThis is one of the most fun conspiracies ever, it holds that the years between roughly 600 and 900 AD, and all the events therin, were complete fabrications after the fact, and we're actually only in the 1700s currently."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_time_hypothesis"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.polysyllabic.com/?q=calhistory/easter/addating"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_time_hypothesis"
]
] |
||
trm8w
|
meta plea to eli5 about the upcoming elections.
|
As election season is upon us, I sense the number of posts about it will increase. And since most will be 'ELI5 The Electoral College" or "ELI5 American Politics" or "ELI5 The Difference Between Obama and Romney" repeated over and over, can we please get a one stop shop **ELI5: Guide to the 2012 election** in the side bar so that we can direct all these redundant questions there.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/trm8w/meta_plea_to_eli5_about_the_upcoming_elections/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4p7dit",
"c4p8p6y",
"c4p8w1g",
"c4pap7o",
"c4pc2c2"
],
"score": [
10,
2,
6,
22,
3
],
"text": [
"Suggestions for the quick explanations:\n\nElectoral college: States have a number of electoral college seats based on their population size. Voters in the state choose a candidate, and the one with the most votes gets all the seats. When all states have chosen their candidates, the seats are tallied and the one with the most seats wins.\n\n\nAmerican Politics: Candidates X vs. Candidate Y:\n\nCandidate X is on my team - > good.\n\nCandidate Y is not on my team - > bad. \n\nInsert Romney or Obama in for X or Y as you see fit.",
"one might also suggest doing something with filters in RES, no?",
"I'd be happy to help edit that guide. I don't trust my political knowledge enough to write it, but I'd be glad to make sure it looks as presentable as possible.",
"Also, can we have active moderation? ELI5 will have more and more questions of the \"push-poll\" variety as the election nears. It will become unusable if half of the posts are \"ELI5 why Mitt Romney hates gay babies\" and \"ELI5 how President Obama can hold office if he's a secret Kenyan Nazi?\"",
"This is a great idea."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3s524l
|
why does it take minutes to take money from my bank account but days to put it back?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3s524l/eli5_why_does_it_take_minutes_to_take_money_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwu44xr",
"cwu6m5t"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"What takes minutes is the authorization for somebody to take money from your account, not the time for the money to actually be removed from yours and into theirs. However, once a transaction has been authorized, your bank will show your account as having that much less money, so it can seem like it is final to you (and for most intents and purposes, it is).\n\nFor money incoming into your account, it's the same thing, but you see the other side of the story. Money is authorized to be removed from somebody else's account, though the money isn't actually moved to your account for a while.\n\nReturns and other things often suffer another delay before this as the system that processes returns to accounts often isn't \"run\" until the end of the day, (or even once every few days/a week in many cases).\n\n",
"It's all about liability. From the bank's point of view, they're fine with taking your money as soon as possible, but what advantage is there for them to hand you refunded money immediately?\n\nSometimes requests are not legitimate, and of the bank gives you that money right away, *they* are on the hook for it. The banks have all the power in this situation, and they use it to their advantage. They only give you the money once everything is settled and they know they won't be screwed over."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
16qlln
|
what is "doping" in cycling and why is it illegal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16qlln/eli5_what_is_doping_in_cycling_and_why_is_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7yfuoy",
"c7yfv9z",
"c7yfvqm"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Doping in cycling typically refers to the use of any kind of performance enhancing drug. The actual term doping, I believe, comes from the term \"blood doping\" which means to artificially increase your red blood cell count. A lot of cyclists that have been caught cheating recently have been using something called EPO which allows your body to produce red blood cells faster and to keep the levels of red blood cells higher than normal. This is important to cyclists because red blood cells transport oxygen to and from muscles so the more red blood cells the faster this can happen. The reason this is illegal in cycling is that it gives an artificail advantage to those that use it.",
"Doping is a form of cheating that has to do with altering your body in ways that are banned by the rules. This can include PEDs (Performance Enhancing Drugs) which could be steroids, painkillers, marijuana, stimulants, etc. It also includes procedures that enhance the bodies ability to recover or store oxygen such as blood transfusions.",
"\"doping\" in cycling refers to \"blood doping\". One would \"donate\" a pint of blood, then have all the red blood cells spun out in a centrifuge. After a while once the person has made new blood to recover what was taken, before a race the extra red blood cells would be injected back into the blood stream, effectively concentrating the blood. More red blood cells can carry more oxygen to the muscles helping them work harder. And i believe it also helps alleviate the burning sensation from the lactic acid build up when muscles are over worked. \n\nEdit: yes, also steroids and those kinds of drugs as well. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
41uufm
|
why have desktop app stores not gotten similar development as mobile app stores?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41uufm/eli5_why_have_desktop_app_stores_not_gotten/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cz59tyu",
"cz5atez"
],
"score": [
2,
6
],
"text": [
"Mobile devices make it difficult to download apps from random places, like someone's website, and easy to download from a centralized store. This means that there is some exclusivity to mobile devices, and that they have things like ratings, etc.\n\nDesktop systems are different because you can get an app from anywhere from anyone, without the need for a central store. And if there were a store, one could potentially pirate the paid apps anyways and not use the store in the first place.\n\nSo, it's more of a money issue. Mobile devices have a focus on app stores because most people just use the suggested methods, but on desktops, you can download an app from wherever, so a desktop store is only optional.",
"Developers don't like app stores. They take a 30% cut, restrict what your app can do, make you wait to get your app released, don't allow upgrade versions, etc. You don't get direct access to your customer, you can't get their email to try and sell them more crap. \n\nOn most mobile devices developers don't have any choice but to use the app store. Or if they can work around it (Android) it not worth the effort because everybody expects the apps to be in the app store.\n\nOn the desktop, users expect to get applications directly from the developer, so there is no reason to put up with the downsides of the app stores."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5gkzds
|
How does a single membrane in an earphone generate multiple frequency sounds at the same time instant? (For example, high hats with vocals)
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5gkzds/how_does_a_single_membrane_in_an_earphone/
|
{
"a_id": [
"daukeai"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"When a complex sound or mixture of sounds is heard, there is really only one wave that hits your ear. The waves of sound in the air are able to interfere both destructively and constructively, and the function of the final wave is the sum of those of all the individual waves. The result is not a series of waves traveling to your ear in parallel but a single wave describing the pattern of vibrations in the air corresponding to peaks and troughs of various amplitudes and periods. A graphical representation of the wave can be seen on a computer or phone with a simple oscilloscope program or \"sound wave\" app. One way of thinking of it is getting the air that is already distorted by the wave produced by one tone and further distorting it in the same way flat air would be distorted by the second tone. Analogue media like record players and gramophones record this final wave by electronically or mechanically translating the motion of a membrane into inscriptions on a surface or in the case of tapes recorders, variations in magnetic charge along a length of tape. They can then translate this back into the motion of an oscillator and reproduce the same complex wave that they originally \"heard\" within their technical limitations. \n\nAll your earphones have to do is to replicate the vibration in the air that would have reached your ear if your ear were near the recording device. It simply vibrates according to the electrical signal in approximately the right way to produce this complex wave that contains all the notes of a chord, all the sounds of a street, etc. What is really amazing is that your brain can pick apart the wave into its constituent sounds and recognise them in isolation. \n\nI really recommend using an oscilloscope or something similar to look at sine waves, saw waves and and square waves to see how waveform affects sound volume tone colour and pitch. Also, try multiple sounds at once. One octave of separation means the notes' frequencies are in the ratio of about 1:2. Compare tuned sounds to percussive sounds. It' really fun and helps you undesirable how what you hear is related to the vibrations in the air."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
c5o78l
|
nowadays we are starting to use more paper products than plastic (straws , bags etc) will this his not create a problem in the future because paper is made out of trees ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c5o78l/eli5_nowadays_we_are_starting_to_use_more_paper/
|
{
"a_id": [
"es2x4sn",
"es2x5he",
"es2x5rw",
"es2xv2c",
"es2yvku",
"es33g69"
],
"score": [
14,
3,
8,
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I think the idea is that we can farm trees, wood is a renewable resource. Also so long as this wood isn’t burnt and instead is turned into paper, it should in theory soak up CO2 from the atmosphere and leave us better off.",
"Fuck the trees! Giving us oxygen when we didn’t ask for it, making all these jungles and woods that all them rapists and murderers hide in. Entitled pieces of shit them trees man.",
"Almost all paper is biodegradable. This along with the fact that trees are a renewable source and more people are planting trees, we should be fine!",
"Paper is easier to recycle than plastic, but we should be finding alternatives to single use. Humans must put sustainability over comfort.",
"Good point. Also we have to turn soil, plant seeds, cut trees, transport wood, covert to product and then transport to consumers. That’s a lot of green house gases.",
"Yes, it will.\n\nWhen we switched from paper to plastic decades ago, this was put forth as great for the environment as it would save so many trees from being cut down.\n\nIn another few decades, we'll switch back to plastic again for the same reason."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
84ow73
|
how can only one jet engine fly a twin engine airplane for hours after the other has shut down?
|
Wouldn't the thrust from one engine just propel the plane in a rather large circle?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/84ow73/eli5_how_can_only_one_jet_engine_fly_a_twin/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dvr5te0",
"dvr66mr",
"dvr6keg",
"dvr6yo3",
"dvr7j0g",
"dvr89cf"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
2,
4,
9,
2
],
"text": [
"All things being equal, yes. But planes have the ability to turn and this can be used to counter the effect of having an engine out.",
"Most times, either the engines are close enough together not to make any noticable difference, or you can easily \"trim\" the aircraft to counter the rotation if they are farther apart, like an airliner. Even then, it's never a significant enough amount to throw the aircraft out of control. Aircraft are naturally very balanced, and most are designed so that one engine can power the internal electronics and provide enough thrust to maintain stable flight.",
"Look at videos of planes landing with side wind.\n\n\nBecause the plane is being trusted forward on 1 side, and not the other, the plane has the tendency to turn to the side with the shut down engine. \n\n(among other things) by using the rudder, the pilot can compensate this. Bringing the plane back towards centerline \n\n",
"The thrust from one engine is enough to turn the plane. In fact, there was a flight that lost it's hydraulic power and they attempted to land it exclusively using alternating engine power. [United Airlines Flight 232](_URL_0_).\n\nIf a plane is operating under only one engine, it will use it's turning mechanisms to counter the imbalanced thrust. \n\nAs for how long they can fly, every plane has what is called an ETOPS rating. This is the number of minutes they are allowed to be away from a diversion airport. For instance, the Boeing 787 has an ETOPS rating of 330 minutes, meaning it is allowed to be in a place that, if an engine failure occurs, it has 5 and a half hours to reach a diversion airport. \n\nHowever, that doesn't mean you fly to that maximum duration. There will be a specific airport to defer to for any given location on your flight, considering both how far you are from the airport, and how suitable that airport is to handle your passengers. As an example, Cold Bay Alaska is a diversion airport for trans-pacific flights, but airlines also need a plan for how to get the passengers away from there (as well as housing, meals, etc.).",
"For large passenger jets, the aircraft is designed to be able to fly with one engine shut down (an “in-flight shutdown, or IFSD). That’s why they’re designed with at least two engines.\n\nThere’s a concept called ETOPS (Extended Twin Engine Operations, or, more humorously, “Engines Turn Or People Swim”) which means that if a two-engine aircraft has a single engine shut down, statistically-speaking it is a good bet that the other engine will NOT shut down by an independent cause within a certain number of minutes. How many minutes depends on things like engine reliability data, maintenance records, and maintenance crew experience. A twin-engine commercial aircraft is allowed to fly a certain route only if diversion airports are within the range of the aircraft, flying on a single engine, for less time than the ETOPS time limit at all points during the route.\n\nModern twin-engine aircraft are ETOPS certified for quite a large number of minutes, making long flight times after an engine failure (thankfully) possible.\n\nHope this helps. You can always do a search for ETOPS to get more info.\n\nEdits: minor grammar",
"If no changes are made to correct the plane's path, then yeah, you've got it right.\n\nBut it's possible to adjust the rudder and controls so that even though the thrust is only coming from one side, the plane keeps moving forward. And planes are built so that the remaining engine can power the electronics and keep the plane going for just such a situation - although unless the plane's over the ocean, the pilot would immediately reroute to the closest airport for an emergency landing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
1dvpcx
|
It's generally understood that a good deal of dangerous animals have bright colors to act as a "warning" (poison dart frogs, coral snakes, etc.), but aren't most of their natural predators colorblind? Wouldn't this diminish the effectiveness of this defense mechanism?
|
I can understand that "stay away from certain animals with bright colors" makes sense for humans, but aren't most animals limited in terms of what colors they can see? I feel like this would diminish the effectiveness of these deterrent colors used by venomous/poisonous animals.
Also, wouldn't defense mechanism be hindered by the fact that many fruits and flowers have similarly bright colors and aren't poisonous (for the most part)? Admittedly this would probably only apply to predators who are omnivores, but I can imagine a bird going after a poison dart frog because it looks like his favorite berry, or possibly even avoiding certain berries that are colored like the frog.
Some links related to this topic, for those interested:
_URL_0_
_URL_2_
_URL_3_
_URL_1_
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1dvpcx/its_generally_understood_that_a_good_deal_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9ubd1v",
"c9udldk"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"Birds (which are common predators of insects and frogs) have some of the best vision and color detection of any animal. If they were colorblind we wouldn't have colorful birds (color helps them mate and show dominance), because the duller colored ones would be less likely to be eaten by predators, and thus color would have no evolutionary benefit. \n\nSnake (another main predator of frogs) vision varies greatly, with most not being able to see very sharply, but they are able to track movement, and others use smell, heat, or vibration to track prey. Many brightly colored animals will also have a scent that's detectable, and serves as a warning.\n\n\n\nEDIT: A letter",
"Few animals are completely color blind. Most mammals can see two of the three primary colors we see. Birds can usually see a similar range to us. Also, animals in places where creatures have developed these warning signs generally have better color vision, as that helps then spot things hiding in the undergrowth."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ky1ot/why_would_fruit_be_both_poisonous_and_brightly/",
"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1844/why-are-poisonous-bugs-brightly-colored",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/xdje9/if_bright_colors_in_nature_usually_serve_as_a/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/patu4/why_do_poisonous_things_in_nature_tend_to_be_red/"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
yql3h
|
the whole controversy around goldman sachs.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/yql3h/eli5_the_whole_controversy_around_goldman_sachs/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5yer45"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Read Griftopia. Sorry, it's not that simple. That's why it went on for so long."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1hcrng
|
What causes a gun barrel to rise when I shoot? If I hang upside-down and shoot, will the barrel "rise" away from the anchor point (i.e. my feet) or away from the source of gravity (i.e. the Earth)? What would happen if both are absent (i.e. in space)? Or is something else going on?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1hcrng/what_causes_a_gun_barrel_to_rise_when_i_shoot_if/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cat58bc",
"cat5cqv",
"cat9cfn"
],
"score": [
20,
5,
5
],
"text": [
"The bullet doesn't leave along the line that passes the center of the gravity for the gun. Because of this, the device will experience a torque from the gas that pushes back in the firing chamber, and it will attempt to begin rotating, which is what you should see in space.",
"Does that mean that if guns were designed like this, they'd be better?\n\n_URL_0_",
"It has to do with where you are holding the gun and the direction of force from the recoil. The recoil force should be in line with the barrel, since it's a reaction to the acceleration of the bullet. There are also some forces associated with gases exiting the barrel, but since the propellant is usually lighter than the bullet, lets ignore that for simplicity now.\n\nNext you have to look at where the gun is anchored on your body or hand and the center of gravity of the gun. For most guns the anchor point and center of gravity will be below the barrel. If you simplified the problem and said that the gun was anchored at a single point on the grip there is a torque around that point. To keep the gun still you have to provide a linear reaction force in the direction of the bullet, plus a torque corresponding to the bullet force time the distance between the bullet force vector and the grip point. (torque = force x radius). Here's a crude Paint drawing:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThe red line represents the bullet force, the blue line is the anchor point or center of gravity. If you only provide the green force to counter the recoil, the gun will rotate around the anchor point because of the torque induced between the anchor point and the bullet force. The distance R, is given by the line that is perpendicular to the bullet force and runs through the anchor point. The torque causes the gun to rotate and you see that as the barrel rising.\n\nWhether the center of gravity or the anchor point dominates the dynamics of the recoil depends on all the details of the situation. (Mass of the gun, location of anchor, location of center of gravity, magnitude of the bullet reaction force, strength of the support forces.) In reality your hands are not rigid enough to completely keep the gun from moving, so the center of gravity/inertia become relevant. If you sat the gun on a stand and triggered with no anchor, then center of gravity would dominate what happened.\n\nAlso, if you were to completely support the gun in line with the barrel and the center of gravity were in line with the barrel, there'd be no torque and the gun wouldn't rotate and the barrel wouldn't rise.\n\n**TL;DR The barrel rises because of the rotation of the gun from the torque between the bullet reaction force and anchor/center of gravity of the gun.**"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.steadiy.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/800x800/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/t/n/tn_2338_2.jpg"
],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/1hoBGjh.png"
]
] |
||
33g1p1
|
what makes an expensive product so expensive? is it more related to the brand, or the materials?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33g1p1/eli5_what_makes_an_expensive_product_so_expensive/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqkk2zm",
"cqkk548"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"It's really depends on the product. Some are expensive because of the brand, some are expensive because of msterials. But both and neither can apply.\n\nThe better question is what product are you refering to?",
"Everyone prices their product at the maximum amount people are willing to pay for it. So, in one sense, what determines this price is the general perceived value and willingness to spend money on it by the products market.\n\nNow, there is some level of rationality in the world of customers - they do often value quality, they do often value brand, they do often value materials, or utility, or durability etc. It doesn't really matter if these are real or not, or that you think they are _really_ valuable, so long as someone else does...that'll be the price."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.