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2ywedq
|
Were presidents Garfield and McKinley "sainted" after their assassinations in the same way as Lincoln and Kennedy?
|
There is much talk about how Kennedy would have been regarded if he had lived, and how Reconstruction might have been different under Lincoln, but I rarely hear much about Garfield or McKinley.
So, did their reputations change much in the aftermath of their deaths, or were Lincoln and Kennedy exceptions?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2ywedq/were_presidents_garfield_and_mckinley_sainted/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpdl1tn"
],
"score": [
29
],
"text": [
"Garfield was already a beloved national hero due to his service in the American Civil War. He was only president for a few months before his assassination.\n\nSource: Destiny of the Republic\n\nThat being said, I believe his reputation has actually suffered due to his assassination. He wasn't in office long enough to create any sweeping legislative changes like Kennedy or Lincoln, so there is less memory of his achievements. Any that were made have certainly not been as long lasting.\n\nI made short write up of it here as well. _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2n6r0t/why_are_the_assassinations_of_jfk_and_lincoln/cmay88r?context=3"
]
] |
|
3l7eyp
|
how does this "cure" for tinnitus work?
|
_URL_0_
How exactly does this work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l7eyp/eli5_how_does_this_cure_for_tinnitus_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv42mb9"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Tinnitus isn't fully understood, but one of the hypothesis for its cause include a problem in the amplifier part of our ear.\n\nOur ears are pretty sophisticated, and including in them essentially a biological amplifier which, when there's no ambient sound around, increases sensitivity so that we can pick up quiet sounds, but when there's a lot of ambient noise tamps back on the sensitivity so that we're not overwhelmed.\n\nA problem with that leads to what is essentially feedback hum.\n\nI would imagine that this little trick helps to properly calibrate this system for at least a short time, eliminating the feedback."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://np.reddit.com/r/WTF/comments/3l3uri/these_guys_lighting_a_mortar_shell_in_their_garage/cv3474n"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
eyvg3t
|
what is that line in the roof of your mouth and what is it for?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eyvg3t/eli5_what_is_that_line_in_the_roof_of_your_mouth/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fgjlpvi",
"fgjlvng"
],
"score": [
3,
8
],
"text": [
"That’s left over from when your hard palate fused as it should in infancy (otherwise it would be a cleft). They aren’t fused to start off, maybe in case baby’s head gets a little squeezed and bones need to shift? At any rate, you need it to make certain sounds “correctly.”",
"You mean the ridge on your palate that runs from front to back? That's called the palatine raphe. It's just where the 2 halves of our face meet. When we're embryos, our faces are 2 separate halves that sort of fold in and meet in the middle. The palatine raphe is just where the bone and soft tissue of the mouth meet and fuse. Sometimes it doesn't quite close all the way and you can end up with a cleft palate or a cleft lip."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3b9dtm
|
Are lightnings three-dimensional or two-dimensional?
|
Of course I can see they have length and, let's say, width; but do they have depth?
In case of being 3D, what's the essential form of a lightning? Are they "cylindrical", "prismatic"?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3b9dtm/are_lightnings_threedimensional_or_twodimensional/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cskea46",
"cskhx4v"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Certainly, [this guy](_URL_0_) recreated a lightning bolt in 3 dimensions based on a couple pictures of the same lightning bolt taken at different locations. \n\nFollow up question, do we know what the cross-section of a lightning bolt is like? Is it just circular? ",
"The shape you are looking for is [\"dendritic\"](_URL_1_). That's greek for tree-like, and it is the term used for anything that branches (crystals, nerve cells, lightning strikes, fractures, and so on).\n\nAs has already been mentioned, lightning typically follows a complex 3D path, but it can also be 2D if you confine it (see [these images](_URL_0_)).\n\nThe lightning channel itself tend to be very narrow. We can model it as a series of cylinders, but I hesitate to call it cylindrical because that implies a lightning surface, which is not the case. Lightning is simply defined by where the electrons flow - there will be more electrons toward the center of the narrow cylinder, and less towards the edges. And the electrons don't all move in the same direction together, that's why you get the branching effect as different pockets of charge move in very erratic patterns."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://calculatedimages.blogspot.com/2013/05/3d-lightning.html"
],
[
"https://www.google.com/search?q=dendritic+lightning+in+glass&es_sm=91&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=Q7OOVYjrKsjt-QG2zoD4DQ&ved=0CB4QsAQ&biw=1744&bih=1001",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite_\\(crystal\\)"
]
] |
|
3km6ef
|
why do some chemicals change colours when mixed with other chemicals?
|
I'm pretty curious about this :) Also, please try to mention what chemicals mixed together make what colour :D
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3km6ef/eli5why_do_some_chemicals_change_colours_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuykl5j"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"These changes are do to new molecules being formed, making light react differently to the product. Different atoms and molecules radiate different colors of light, and the colors they radiate depend on their particular atomic and molecular structure. Specifically, the more electrons are confined, the closer the spacings between their energy levels allowing shorter wavelengths to be absorbed. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7x96ip
|
when completing in luge, what exactly are the athletes doing to control themselves and maximize their speed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7x96ip/eli5_when_completing_in_luge_what_exactly_are_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"du6gews"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"The sled rides on two sharp-bottomed blades known as runners, the only part of the sled that makes contact with the ice.\n\nIn order to steer the sled, the slider uses his or her calves to apply pressure to one of the runners, or shifts their weight using their shoulders. Considering the extreme speed, athletes only need to make slight adjustments in order to steer.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ougkr
|
why is latin, arguably a dead language, is still so prevalent in medicine, law, and even science?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ougkr/eli5_why_is_latin_arguably_a_dead_language_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmqm8t6"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"That is one of the reasons they started using it, because dead languages doesn't change!\n\nTo make it short, a swede named Carl Linnaeus got tired of the confusion that plants having different names in different languages caused, so he gave them all latin names. Most scientists at that time knew latin anyway. \nThat removed a lot of confusion, causing other branches of science to follow suit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2b6nqh
|
in the usa, what are the guidelines on having a lawyer during interactions with law enforcement?
|
Do you need to be a suspect in a crime? Or under arrest, or simply detained? Does is matter what level of law enforcement one is interacting with?
For example, if police find a meth lab in my neighbor's house and want me to come down to the station and answer some questions about my neighbor, do I still have a right to a lawyer even though I'm not the suspect and the questions aren't about me?
Similarly, does it matter what enforcement agency you're interacting with? For example, do I have the right to a lawyer before speaking to enforcement officers of the IRS or Office of the Inspector General, etc?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2b6nqh/eli5_in_the_usa_what_are_the_guidelines_on_having/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cj2aqin",
"cj2aqr0"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"You don't have to go down to the station at all.\n\nIf they ask you to come down to answer questions, just ask \"Am I being arrested?\" if they say no, then say \"Then please leave me alone\" if they say yes just say \"I want a lawyer\"",
"You have the right to a lawyer no matter the circumstances. No one is ever going to punish you for bringing a lawyer along whenever you're dealing with something that involves the law. That's what they are there for, to help you maneuver through legal situations, at any level, in any jurisdiction.\n\nWhether you're under suspicion of murder, or just signing a lease on an apartment. Lawyers are always a good idea."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
68d1lj
|
why is the dead sea not overflooding?
|
Just wondering if the dead sea only has tributaries, why doesnt it overflood
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/68d1lj/eli5_why_is_the_dead_sea_not_overflooding/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dgximks"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The dead sea evaporates away leaving salt. It only has tributaries which is why the salt content is so high. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7kklg6
|
Can Dogs Count?
|
I was watching a video in which a labrador father is teaching his pups how to swim. Great content, very adorable. But at one point, they all run off leaving one slightly worried and confused pup behind.
But after a few seconds (long enough for the daddy dog to realise) the rest of them come back to collect the lost puppy before taking off again.
So does the daddy dog just *know* that one of his dogs is missing, or is he keeping track of how many he can see? Is this a visial, cognitive process of "Let's re-count the puppies so I know none of them are lost or in danger" or is it more instinctive than that?
Thanks nerds.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/7kklg6/can_dogs_count/
|
{
"a_id": [
"drga4ki",
"drga9s8"
],
"score": [
4,
17
],
"text": [
"Anecdotally, stray dogs in some cities have been observed riding the subways and successfully navigating the stops...unless they fall asleep and miss a stop or two. I don't think that could be explained without some ability to count assuming there wasn't some unseen confounding variable. ",
"Important to note that there's a difference between counting *n* entities and realizing it should be *n+1*, and seeing a group of familiar people and noting that one or more are absent.\n\nLike I show you a picture of Larry and Curly, you aren't counting them, you are *identifying* them and basing your conclusion that Moe is missing from that, not from the much more abstract conversion to pure number theory.\n\nTake [these](_URL_1_) guys. There's some controversy around the specifics, but basically they don't have words for exact numbers at all, just \"many\" and \"fewer\". So if you asked them how many people lived in the tribe (or even just how many fingers are on each of their hands), they couldn't tell you. But if you asked to name them all, or identify which ones were missing from a photo, no problem.\n\nIn many ways, counting puppies would be an inferior technique for a daddy dog. Recall the head-counting snafu from Home Alone. Numbers are generic and anonymous. Recognition and identity is a much surer thing, at least [within the range that you can keep it all in your head](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar%27s_number",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3"
]
] |
|
5i40fa
|
why do people put salt in cakes meant to be sweet?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5i40fa/eli5_why_do_people_put_salt_in_cakes_meant_to_be/
|
{
"a_id": [
"db55etr",
"db55oyv"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"Salt removes bitterness. I add salt to coffee and lemonade as well. Since dark chocolate, fresh citrus, etc can be pretty bitter it allows the cake to have flavor without the bite.",
"Salt is an interesting ingredient, especially in baking. It heightens other flavors, slows the chemical reactions happening in the dough, and in pastry-making, it helps cut the oily mouthfeel of buttery doughs and encourages browning.\n\nAlso, the salty-sweet juxtaposition is really pleasant for a lot of people. Think chocolate covered pretzels.\n\nNow, if you're adding too much salt (which can also mean using the wrong kind of salt), or not mixing the dough/batter properly before baking, then you're going to taste it. If done right, you shouldn't taste the salt at all."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2m0pnv
|
When listening to music, individual areas of the brain are "activated" for melody, rhythm and pitch. Are these areas in the exact same place in my brain and yours?
|
Just a question which came to mind when watching a documentary on the abilities of the human brain.
[This part](_URL_0_) (only lasts 30 seconds or so) illustrates the idea.
Are these, and other distinct areas of the brain used for other activities, always in the same "position" within the brain and are they activated by the same stimuli?
Could be a stupid question, but many thanks in advance!
Edit: grammar
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2m0pnv/when_listening_to_music_individual_areas_of_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm08m1y"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Okay, so first, caveat, I'm a bit of an fMRI skeptic. This is not to say I think it's all lies, but it is the number 1 area of neuroscience that science writers tend to run with, and the authors never make any attempt to correct them.\n\nWhenever you read anything the that talks about fMRI, you need to remember they are reporting to you a *difference*. Everything in fMRI is a difference. What do I mean? I mean that those glowing areas of brain you see are areas where the activity is different between two situations. For instance, the \"melody\" part was probably \"found\" when the played the subjects a melodious tune, and one where they chopped up the sound, so that it no longer had melody, but had all the same pitch and rhythm components. Then the bit of brain that was active in the first case, and not the second is now supposed to be coding for melody. Maybe it just codes for \"I'm sick of listening to the nonsense noise\"? Who knows? Moreover, this is a best case example. The scientists could have been stupid and just played a highly melodious piece of music and an atonal piece of music, and looked at the brain difference. Maybe one was louder than the other, or higher pitched, or different timbre?\n\nSo the point is, fMRI experiments are really difficult to design, because you can only ever look at difference in activation.\n\nAlso: _URL_0_\n\nBut to answer your other question, are these parts the same in everyone? See the bit that is highlighted at 6:02. That is primary auditory cortex. Is is in the same part of the brain in everyone (well, 99%), as are all the primary cortices. What about other areas? Here is it harder to say because it is harder to design experiments to activate parts of the brain that might code for \"The smell of the slightly shinny red handbag my grandmother had\" across different subjects, but it certainly appears that there is some degree of overlap between people."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=et-cnKqPFFw&t=5m54s"
] |
[
[
"http://www.wired.com/2009/09/fmrisalmon/"
]
] |
|
fvxol5
|
How did the fallen angel Lucifer end up as Satan/the Devil - red-faced, horned, hooved and not what he originally was?
|
ELIF please? I didn't grow up in a religious community so whenever I try to research this I have no idea where to even start because everyone says different stuff!
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/fvxol5/how_did_the_fallen_angel_lucifer_end_up_as/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fmmrg5f"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Different people say different stuff because it's a form of Christian mythology, and different people have different explanations depending on where they were raised, the denomination or congregation they attend. It's the same reason why folk songs have many different lyrics, e.g. whether Barbary Allen's boyfriend is named William Green or Jimmy Green or Johnny Green, and whether the rose grows from his grave or her grave. Another popular example would be how the four Gospels do not tell precisely the same Passion story or Nativity -- in no gospel do the \"three wise men\" and the shepherds appear at the same time.\n\nLast year, I addressed this question as [How did the mythology of the Bible develop...?](_URL_2_), also featuring the work of /u/sunagainstgold, /u/lcnielsen and /u/idjet. You might like [this thread about whether to take Dante seriously.](_URL_0_)\n\nI have not encountered more answers addressing *Paradise Lost* since then, so an answer derived from Milton in particular would be good.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEDIT: This is not /r/eli5, others may go into greater depth than I, aiming for nuance and rich detail.\n\nEDIT2: Found [another answer about Paradise Lost/Lucifer](_URL_1_) by sunagainstgold"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8m5ddi/should_dantes_divine_comedy_be_read_as_a_story/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7zl4wk/dantes_satan_is_guilty_of_treason_miltons_satan/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/d7gkk9/how_did_the_mythology_of_the_bible_develop_not/"
]
] |
|
mp0fg
|
How does the theory of wave/particle duality do away with the need to find a wave medium for light, i.e. ether?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/mp0fg/how_does_the_theory_of_waveparticle_duality_do/
|
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"text": [
"The aether was supposed to be some sparse gas through which light was an oscillation. But modern physics has things called [fields](_URL_0_). And you can think of the universe as all of these overlaid fields for electrons and quarks and electromagnetism and gluons and so on. And light, photons, are an oscillation in the electromagnetic field.",
"It doesn't. You can do away with ether by understanding that electromagnetic waves are perturbations in the fields that propagate from charged particles.",
"The aether was supposed to be some sparse gas through which light was an oscillation. But modern physics has things called [fields](_URL_0_). And you can think of the universe as all of these overlaid fields for electrons and quarks and electromagnetism and gluons and so on. And light, photons, are an oscillation in the electromagnetic field.",
"It doesn't. You can do away with ether by understanding that electromagnetic waves are perturbations in the fields that propagate from charged particles."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/iokwd/what_is_physical_vacuum/c25eybx"
],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/iokwd/what_is_physical_vacuum/c25eybx"
],
[]
] |
||
5t34aj
|
Just how much of an impact did Alexander Hamilton have?
|
I'm asking this in regards to both the revolutionary war itself and the proceeding governmental debates.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5t34aj/just_how_much_of_an_impact_did_alexander_hamilton/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ddkcq17"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Although I'm not an expert on the American Revolutionary War, I am an economic historian and have extensively studied Alexander Hamilton's absolutely pivotal role in the creation of the modern american political and economic system. \n\nHamilton's close personal relationship with Washington and his role as Secretary of the Treasury (the government's money guy) led several scholars to call him Washington's \"Prime Minister.\" In spite of opposition by the likes of influential figures like Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton managed to construct a large, powerful Federal government to the detriment of individual states, with a consolidated national debt structure and a standing army. John L. Harper in his \"The American Machiavelli,\" concludes that Hamilton not only was a central, indispensable figure in the construction the apparatus of the American government, but also lay the foundation for the underlying philosophies which would guide American foreign policy: opportunistic but pragmatic, both imperialist and isolationist, \"strength through peace and peace through strength.\" \n\nI'm sorry if this sounds vague, but Hamilton's exploits has filled entire volumes, like Harper's book cited above. Is there anything specific you're interested in? "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6tdc2v
|
Theoretical physics- What if there was no speed limit like the speed of light?
|
I think that this may be a silly question, but what would happen in a universe where there was no speed limit? I understand that speed affects time dilation, etc., but what else would we lose?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6tdc2v/theoretical_physics_what_if_there_was_no_speed/
|
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"text": [
"TL;DR: In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, particles can't decay.\n\nIf you take the limit where the speed of light goes to infinity, but you keep [\"Galilean relativity\"](_URL_0_) (the notion of relativity we'd been using before special relativity), a very large change occurs at the level of elementary particle physics. \n\nIn particular, there's a theorem that allows you to classify what kind of states you can have in a quantum mechanical theory given the symmetries of your system. If you apply the symmetries associated with special relativity, you find that states \"look like\" particles - they're characterized by a mass and a spin, massless particles move at the speed of light, and particles can be created and destroyed. You can also define the \"chirality\" of particles.\n\nIn contrast, if you use the symmetries associated with just Galilean relativity, some of this changes. First, you have no massless particles, and everything must be massive. Second, chirality goes away, though spin is still there. Most drastically, you cannot have any particle decays - every particle must be infinitely stable. So a non-relativistic quantum theory of particle physics is extremely different from a relativistic one like our universe, where everything but the least massive particles decay very quickly.",
"Here is a nice video with some discussion on that _URL_0_",
"can some one explain to me the whole if your travelling at 100mph and throw a tennis ball at 50mph, the tennis ball travels at 150mph, but when your taveling at 100mph, and turn your head lights on the light doesnt travel at the speed of light + 100mph?",
"One thing I can think of is dark skies at night. If light traveled instantaneously, there's would be no limit to the observable universe. All the light created would reach earth the instance it was created (not sure if it would be red shifted at those speeds), making the sky much brighter. The amount would depend on how much there is past the current observable universe."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_invariance"
],
[
"https://youtu.be/Xo232kyTsO0"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
1zc10q
|
when i'm about to fall asleep, i sometimes have a semi-dream that i'm walking. then i stumble and my leg jerks and wakes me up. why?
|
This rarely happens to me.. I tried to Google it but I came up with sleep disorders that don't explain this because I very rarely have these "stumbling semi-dreams" Usually it's when I'm just about to drift off and am on the edges of consciousness.
Not necessarily walking and stumbling, I could be in free fall to begin with and then I suddenly and unexpectedly run into the ground :S
Basically something physically startling and unexpected happens in the semi-dream and my leg(s) jerk really hard and uncomfortably.
I asked around and turns out a lot of my friends have experienced this.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zc10q/eli5_when_im_about_to_fall_asleep_i_sometimes/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"It's called a [hypnic jerk](_URL_0_). They're associated with anxiety, but they occur essentially at random even if you're not stressed. Personally, I enjoy them.",
"I remember reading a paper about this saying that it is some sort of mammalian reflex that primates/apes have as a precaution during sleeping to avoid falls when sleeping up on tree branches.\n\nThe truth is that there isn't a clear explanation for this other than it's a reflex but what triggers it depends from on a lot of different hypothesis.",
"It is your body's defense mechanism. This is called a hypnic jerk, and occurs when you fall asleep to fast. Your body panics a little bit when all your vitals drop so suddenly, so your body gives itself a little jolt to wake you up. I dont know about the dream part, but that could be your brain's way of processing it. ",
"I always heard it was a mechanism where your brain was verifying whether or not you were asleep before you started dreaming to prevent you from getting up to act out your dreams. Your body goes into a state of sleep paralysis to prevent just such a thing from happening, so the jerk is simply a verification to see if the paralysis has kicked in yet."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnic_jerk"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
idvjf
|
So... does every (soft drink/water) bottle I drink from have BPA in it? If so, just how bad is this shit for you, and does anyone know what brands do not use a BPA-laden plastic?
|
Asked the whole thing in the title.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/idvjf/so_does_every_soft_drinkwater_bottle_i_drink_from/
|
{
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"c22y9g4"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Many do not these days, at least to my knowledge. The most common way to find out in my experience is to check the number on the bottle. Look for a 7 in the recycle sign, if it has a that, the bottle most likely has BPA in it.\n\nAs far as brands, not so sure. \n\nEdit: typos "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6o00fg
|
why is it that sounds that would normally drive is to murder, become perfectly bearable when we are the ones making them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6o00fg/eli5why_is_it_that_sounds_that_would_normally/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkdi1o0"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"You may have something called Misophonia. This is a psychological condition where certain sounds trigger your fight or flight response. So you hear someone chewing loudly, and either you want to leave or you want to hit them. \n\nThese sounds don't actually bother the other people. \n\nfrom _URL_0_\n\n\"Exposure to a trigger sound elicits an immediate negative emotional response from a person with sound sensitivities. The response can range from moderate discomfort to acute annoyance or go all the way up to full-fledged rage and panic. Fight or flight reactions can occur. While experiencing a trigger event, a person may become agitated, defensive or offensive, distance themselves from the trigger or possibly act out in some manner.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"Misophonia.com"
]
] |
||
7n7k77
|
internet cookies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7n7k77/eli5_internet_cookies/
|
{
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"drzofow",
"drzp3ae"
],
"score": [
9,
4
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"text": [
"Imagine you're reading a book. You're at a specific part of the book, somewhere in the middle. You decide \"that's enough book for today\" and you close the book. Next time you open your book, you're going to have to flip through all those pages again and manually find your page. Rather than having to remember what page you're on, why not just have the book remember for you? So you decide to put a bookmark in the book. You can also write down little notes on this bookmark, like \"This character just did this\" so that next time you open the book you can easily remember what you just read and pick up exactly where you left off. \n\nCookies are essentially bits of data that websites leave in your browser so that they can quickly easily access them next time you visit. For example, if you sign into Facebook and say \"Remember Me\", Facebook leaves a cookie that remembers that you logged in on this machine and that you want to be logged in automatically in the future.",
"Yarr! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained:\n\n1. [ELI5: How does internet cookies work, exactly? ](_URL_5_) ^(_9 comments_)\n1. [ELI5 what internet cookies are. ](_URL_1_) ^(_2 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: What are (internet) cookies and why am I supposed to clear them periodically? ](_URL_7_) ^(_8 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: What are internet cookies? ](_URL_8_) ^(_4 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: what actually are internet cookies, what do they do and why are they called 'cookies'? ](_URL_6_) ^(_2 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: What are internet cookies? ](_URL_3_) ^(_7 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: What exactly is a \"cookie/s\" when it comes to the internet? ](_URL_4_) ^(_7 comments_)\n1. [ELI5:Why are cookies (as in the things that track your internet history) called cookies? ](_URL_0_) ^(_4 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: What exactly are \"cookies\" in regards to internet browsing history? ](_URL_2_) ^(_2 comments_)\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/73071d/eli5why_are_cookies_as_in_the_things_that_track/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/145xfm/eli5_what_internet_cookies_are/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nx6u4/eli5_what_exactly_are_cookies_in_regards_to/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1i6lc2/eli5_what_are_internet_cookies/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3p3b4j/eli5_what_exactly_is_a_cookies_when_it_comes_to/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3wp0i2/eli5_how_does_internet_cookies_work_exactly/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2augbg/eli5_what_actually_are_internet_cookies_what_do/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/x1olr/eli5_what_are_internet_cookies_and_why_am_i/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1iifkq/eli5_what_are_internet_cookies/"
]
] |
||
6lml2a
|
why do kids love bright colors so much, but as they get older, bright colors seem less important?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6lml2a/eli5_why_do_kids_love_bright_colors_so_much_but/
|
{
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"djv0kab",
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"djve4x3"
],
"score": [
2,
14,
91,
2
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"text": [
"As a child, bright colors are more eye-catching and attention-grabbing. A child will typically want a bright red shirt that reminds them of a fire truck over a pastel red shirt, for example. \n\nAs you get older, most people tend to shift towards a more \"professional\" style, which, thanks to the \"dandy\" color palate in England, consists of more muted and less vibrant colors.",
"One theory is because these colors are new. Babies can only see red, black, and white for a short time after they're born. Gradually color \"appears\" and then they have all of these colors they haven't seen before. Also because kid's attention is grabbed by things out of the ordinary. Bright colors are generally out of the ordinary and eye-catching. \nSource: am developmental psych researcher ",
"While growing, humans use attention to collect useful information. In early childhood attention is mostly focused on easily perceivable differences between events and things like contrast, brightness, loudness, primary tastes etc When you grow older you already collected that information and unless some part of your focus got permanently attracted to some of it, like getting hobby of collecting colorful things, your attention moves onto other, more complex and nuanced differences like differences in art style, subtle tastes, refined music styles etc. \nWhy is it working this way? Because brain builds more complex concepts using more simple ones increasing neural network complexity for their representation.",
"Another factor in this phenomenon is that as a young child, the brain is making connections based off of input and using it to establish who a person is as an individual. Basically from the age of about 2-7, children begin to discover and distinguish what elements of their environment are important to them. Bright colors play a factor in this because they allow for children to easily express themselves and distinguish items that are favorable to them. Between age 6-7 there is a major shift in thinking and children begin to use social cues as the majority of their decision making. Children begin to prefer games with rules, packs of friends, and blending in. Bright colors serve to ostracize them from matching everyone else. As we age, we begin to conform because it is essential to acceptance in society. I'm just speaking from my work in Early Childhood Development and obviously every person is slightly different."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
gu1ke
|
Could it ever be possible to "download" our brains and assemble a "Wiki" of an individual's knowledge, memories, etc?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/gu1ke/could_it_ever_be_possible_to_download_our_brains/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c1qbjz7"
],
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"text": [
"No.\n\n\nA number of other threads in /r/askscience recently have been on the same, or similar topics.\n\n\nUsing the search feature with these keywords will show those:\n\n* download/downloading\n\n* upload/uploading\n\n* transfer\n\n* singularity\n\n* brain\n\n\n\nTo give you the short version: we don't know how brains work, contrary to what we like to claim. Beyond that, we have no idea how to create a technology (or algorithms) that would be anything remotely brain like. It's not just a matter of more RAM/storage/processors."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5e9c1x
|
How bad was the economic/social state in Britain before Thatcher?
|
So, I'm having this debate with my friend who says that Britain was in complete economic turmoil and socially destabilizing on all fronts. He says that Britain was headed towards a potential anarchy if it wasn't for Thatcher's administration and her economic reforms, which he claims it basically saved Britain and elevated them back up to a status of prominence in the international stage. Was Britain in such a bad situation before Thatcher?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5e9c1x/how_bad_was_the_economicsocial_state_in_britain/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dab1tut"
],
"score": [
4
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"text": [
"The problem we get before going into the question is that we need an adequate benchmark to judge the economic performance be it by economic growth, productivity, macroeconomic parameters, competitiveness, social indicators of Britain. I think the most relevant comparison would be Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and France. By using this metric, I think it would certainly be fair to say that economic state of Britain was poor. Again, I would want to stress that this is relative because Britain being an Industrialized country offered a better quality of life than most other countries.The roots of the problem goes much deeper than merely economic policy that was adopted by the previous Government.\n\nThe most important factor was that the quality of technical management was much poorer in Britain than in other advanced European countries. One of the reasons for this was that people who would normally go into Industry in France or Germany would choose instead to enter into financial services or in public service which placed British Industry at a major disadvantage as compared to their peers. Part of the reason was that salaries for a person in middle management was almost half of France and Germany adjusted for cost of living. Britain did not stress upon the quality of technical, engineering and scientific education as did France (the Polytechnique and the Ponts et Chaussees, etc). The effect was this most noticeable in transportation. The British Government had undertaken two large public projects in 1960's but had to cancel both.\n\nThe second was the organization of trade unions with respect to their management. In Britain, there were 115 trade unions as compared to 6 major trade confederations in France and 17 major Industrial unions that were integrated into DGB in Germany. This prevented one craft in Industry to pursue it's interests as against others. Closed shops was illegal in both France and Germany as it was against the Constitution. In Germany it was illegal to go on a strike before the wage agreement had expired. This further compounded the problem in securing Industrial development in Britain. British trade unions had played a very key role in securing safer conditions for workers but they had not secured higher wages (as productivity was lower) nor shorter working hours.\n\nBritain also made a very major mistake in it's foreign policy. After World War 2, Britain wanted to be an independent power that was separate from USSR and the United States by associating itself with the Commonwealth. This was supported as early as 1920’s by Ramsay MacDonald by stating that he supported free association between free people as the model of relationship between the colonies and Britain. The Labour Party actually tried their hardest to keep colonial powers within the British sphere of influence and declared that they felt closer to Australia, New Zealand and US rather than Continental Europe. Britain had hoped to be the chief power in Europe and organize it along a British-French axis. It was for this reason that Britain refused to join the European Single Market in 1954. However, Britain continued to lose it's influence because of Suez Canal misstep and the and consequent decolonization. When Britain had finally joined the Single Market, Europe had reconstituted along a German-French axis.\n\nBritain had over extended and over estimated itself economically by refusing to join Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Netherlands who created the Treaty of Rome. Hence, it missed the opportunity to use it for it's advantage.The six participants of the Treaty were able to increase their trade with each other while Britain was left out and thus British Industry could not face the discipline of market forces and the high standards of quality control for Industries which would have forced it develop further particularly in high technology products. Britain's offer for a free trade deal with Canada was also turned down by Ottawa.\n\nUltimately, this made the crisis in 1970's much worse and contributed to the general sense of Britain's decline.\n\nReferences:\n\nBritain's decline; its causes and consequences by Nicholas Henderson\n\nRelative Decline and British Economic Policy in the 1960s by Hugh Pemberton\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3hagj5
|
What are some examples of historic deals which were done over beer?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3hagj5/what_are_some_examples_of_historic_deals_which/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"score": [
2
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"text": [
"Sorry, we don't allow [throughout history questions](_URL_0_). These tend to produce threads which are collections of trivia, not the in-depth discussions about a particular topic we're looking for. If you have a specific question about a historical event or period or person, please feel free to re-compose your question and submit it again. Alternatively, questions of this type can be directed to more appropriate subreddits, such as /r/history or /r/askhistory."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/rules#wiki_no_.22in_your_era.22_or_.22throughout_history.22_questions"
]
] |
||
j8laq
|
Dear Scientists, How hard is it to synthesis Diesel or Petrol or other fuels obtain by crude oil?
|
* Why have we not been able to do it?
* Given world's concern for the lasting natural oil, how actively is this being researched?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/j8laq/dear_scientists_how_hard_is_it_to_synthesis/
|
{
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2
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"text": [
"Not hard, just not worth it while there's cheap oil to burn.\n\nBasically, you use a [gasifier](_URL_1_) to generate a mixture of H2 and CO gasses, called \"synthesis gas\". This is basically done by burning a chunk of carbon (which can come from coal or biomass) in an oxygen-starved atmosphere, and then passing hot steam over the coals. The water molecule will yield its oxygen atoms to two different carbon atoms, so the overall reaction looks like:\n\nH2O(g) + C(s) - > H2(g) + CO(g)\n\nThis process produces other products, too, depending on the composition of your feed stock.\n\nAnyways, once you have your synthesis gas, you pass it through a [Fischer-Tropsch reactor](_URL_0_), which uses high temperatures, high pressures, and a metal catalyst to condense the hydrogen and carbon monoxide into hydrocarbons. The length of the carbon chain can be controlled by varying the reactor parameters mentioned above in addition to the \"cooking\" time.\n\nI don't know enough about chemistry to tell you how the whole catalytic process works, but hopefully somebody will come in here and enlighten both of us. Point is, the technology does exist to do what you mention and it's fairly mature; it's just not (yet) economically competitive.",
"Not hard, just not worth it while there's cheap oil to burn.\n\nBasically, you use a [gasifier](_URL_1_) to generate a mixture of H2 and CO gasses, called \"synthesis gas\". This is basically done by burning a chunk of carbon (which can come from coal or biomass) in an oxygen-starved atmosphere, and then passing hot steam over the coals. The water molecule will yield its oxygen atoms to two different carbon atoms, so the overall reaction looks like:\n\nH2O(g) + C(s) - > H2(g) + CO(g)\n\nThis process produces other products, too, depending on the composition of your feed stock.\n\nAnyways, once you have your synthesis gas, you pass it through a [Fischer-Tropsch reactor](_URL_0_), which uses high temperatures, high pressures, and a metal catalyst to condense the hydrogen and carbon monoxide into hydrocarbons. The length of the carbon chain can be controlled by varying the reactor parameters mentioned above in addition to the \"cooking\" time.\n\nI don't know enough about chemistry to tell you how the whole catalytic process works, but hopefully somebody will come in here and enlighten both of us. Point is, the technology does exist to do what you mention and it's fairly mature; it's just not (yet) economically competitive."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification"
]
] |
|
1k5de1
|
Is there any material that allows light to pass through without any interference? Is it possible to manufacture such a material?
|
This has bugged me for a bit, but, seeing as I'm not all that knowledgable in this field, I thought I could ask someone else over here
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1k5de1/is_there_any_material_that_allows_light_to_pass/
|
{
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"cbljjs1",
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"text": [
"Even a completely transparent substance still has an index of refraction that bends light that goes through it and I assume that refraction would count as \"interference.\"\n\nI don't believe there's anything other than a vacuum that has a refractive index of zero, so I think the answer to your question is \"no.\"\n\nEdit: value of refractive index of a vacuum is 1, not 0.",
"Probably not in the general sense that you're after, but it would be possible to construct a metamaterial with such behavior, though it would only work for a limited band of frequencies and incidence angles. \n\nOne way you could do it is intersperse layers of refractive index greater than unity (e.g., glass) and less than unity (e.g., underdense plasma) in a fashion where the spacings between layers are smaller than the wavelength of the incident light. By tuning the spacings and plasma densities appropriately, incident light could pass through without any net phase shifts. Such a metamaterial could be fabricated with today's technology."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3f76tn
|
Female Suffrage in France
|
I'm in class about WWI, and we're currently discussing its democratizing effect on society and how it was a catalyst for women finally gaining the right to vote in America in 1919. What I don't understand is why women's suffrage took so long in France. At the time, France was was known as very socially progressive, and they were one of the first countries in Europe to introduce universal male suffrage. So why did female suffrage take so much longer than the US or Britain? I know the Napoleonic code stripped women of virtually all rights, but there was a flurry of social change around WWI, and the term "feminism" even started in France. Why also is it that up until the 1990s women had very little representation in French politics?
Edit: 1990s not 1890s.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3f76tn/female_suffrage_in_france/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctmj2ru"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"There was actually quite some activity towards women's suffrage in interwar France; for example, Léon Blum's government made a proposal for this (Léon Blum had probalby the best feminist pedigree in that time period), which was voted by the (left-wing) Assemblée nationale, but rejected by the (right-wing) upper house (this being one of the few ways it could actively impede government policy). There were other propositions, coming from the far-right, such as giving the vote to war widows (as a compensation for the vote of their defunct husband).\n\nA standard argument against women suffrage was that:\n1) men were better educated than women (this went back to the late XIXth century and had, among other, military reasons),\n2) women were thought to be more church-going than men,\n3) therefore, the Radicals (= anticlerical - but socially conservative - center-left, and in control of a lot of parliamentary majorities) thought that women would at best vote like their husbands - and, at worst, like their priest."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7uuhdm
|
how does a bill that passed overwhelmingly in the house and senate (98%+) not get enforced by the executive branch?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7uuhdm/eli5_how_does_a_bill_that_passed_overwhelmingly/
|
{
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5
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"text": [
"Executive branch has the power to decide how they enforce a bill.\n\n\nWhich bill are you talking about?",
"In response to the title, since the Executive branch has sole authority in enforcing the law, as a consequence it can choose not to enforce the law at all.\n\nIn response to the post, since I do not know what specific bill you are talking about I can describe the two vetoes.\n\nFirst, the President can outright veto a bill on his/her desk and send it back to Congress within 10 days (or it defaults into a law) to vote on it again. If they get a two-thirds majority it becomes a law without having to go back to the President, if they do not get a two-thirds majority, it does not become a law.\n\nSecond, a pocket veto is when a President does not sign a bill into law at the end of the 10 day time limit **and** Congress is not in session at the end of the 10 day time limit to override it with a two-thirds vote."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3etaon
|
would the screen rotation function work in space?
|
I did try to tweet an astronaut about this but I only got a reaction from someone I don't know and I didn't understand what he was talkin about:
****
@xxxxxxxxxxx @xxxxxxxxx it works, but in a weird way, considering the variability of the coriolis acceleration on #ISS: not useful
****
Can anyone explain this like I'm 5?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3etaon/eli5would_the_screen_rotation_function_work_in/
|
{
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"text": [
"Phones have devices called accelerometers which feel the pull of gravity similar to how we do. Take one of these devices on a bungee jump, and it will record the increased force that you feel at the bottom of the cord.\n\nIn orbit, everything is in constant free-fall, so there is very little apparent gravity for people on-board the ISS, but the ISS is spinning slightly, creating something called the coriolis effect. Just like those carnival rides which spin and push you up against the wall, people and objects on the ISS are ever-so-slightly pushed toward the outside of the station's spin. The accelerometers can detect this and the effect can be used to force the screen to rotate. However, the force is so much less than gravity on Earth and astronauts don't really use it very much, it is likely more of an inconsistent annoyance than a useful feature.",
"Depends how it is coded. Phones often have accelerometers AND gyroscopes.\n\nAccelerometers won't be able to detect the rotation due to no gravity being present . The gyroscopes however will detect the twisting of the device. (Integrating gyro values can give you angle of rotation)\n\nSo it depends on whether the programmer based the rotation on accelerometer or gyro. Very often they are based on both.",
"Righty. You're trying to fall down, because you weigh something. But your legs are strong – strong enough to hold the rest of you up so you don't end up in a little pile on the floor. Your phone is pretty clever – it's got a little device inside that can detect how quickly it's trying to fall (physicists will call this the *acceleration due to gravity*), even when your hand underneath is strong enough to prevent it from dropping towards the ground. You can actually feel this acceleration when you go in an elevator (lift, if you're British, like me) – it makes your insides feel heavy when it's pulling you up (or slowing down on the way down), and light when it's letting you drop down (or slowing down on the way up). The acceleration is what makes you feel heavy, and what makes everything hard to lift – the weight is everything trying to go down while your feet and legs hold it up.\n\nIn the space station, you don't accelerate as quickly towards the ground any more – the further away you go from something big like a planet, the less it pulls you towards it with gravity. In fact the ISS is in something called freefall, which is where something is accelerating towards the ground at the same rate you would be if you weren't in it, so there's no acceleration left to make you feel your weight like normal. You phone can't tell that it's falling any more, either – it works the same way that the feeling in your stomach in the lift comes about.\n\nBut, you know when you lie down on your side and the screen turns? That's because your phone feels like down is sideways, towards the ground. But maybe you don't know that, because you've got a fancy new phone that's clever enough to look at you on the little camera above the screen, and see your face – it'll know that you're lying down, too, and decide not to swivel the display. If your phone is like that, the screen will try to align with your face so it looks the right way up to you, and if you have a phone like that in space, then it'll always know what way around to display everything, even if it's not sure which way is down!",
"There are a lot of small effects that your smartphone could pick up on and potentially rotate the screen. However, if the effect isn't strong enough the phone will ignore it. \n\nFor example, if I hold my phone vertically, set it down on a flat table, and then slowly pick it back up along the horizontal side, at some point it will change orientation, but not right away. For me at about 10 degrees off the table it decides the signal is strong enough and rotates the screen. \n\nThe gyroscopes will still detect the rotation just fine, and if the phone is programmed to primarily use the gyros, it may rotate the screen when you rotate the phone quickly. However, once again, if the signal isn't strong enough it will be ignored. If you rotate then phone slowly it may ignore the signal and fail to rotate the screen. \n\n(Technical break: Typically in attitude sensors, gyros are relied upon to detect the transient behavior and accelerometers are used to zero out steady state error. without accel. data the attitude is likely to drift)\n\nFor this reason, I personally think it is very unlikely that the screen rotation function would work consistently in space. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
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|
st1e0
|
If a human got shrunk to a minuscule size, would physics act on him in the same way?
|
Would being much, much smaller affect how the way the world would affect us? All the time you see bugs and smaller mammals fall large distances and be perfectly fine. Would it work that way for a human too, or would it be just like plummeting from the sky to earth?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/st1e0/if_a_human_got_shrunk_to_a_minuscule_size_would/
|
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"text": [
"You would probably be fine. What matters here is terminal velocity, which is proportional to mass. With the smaller mass of an insect like an ant, even falling at terminal velocity the ant won't reach a speed high enough to harm it. A smaller human would probably have the mass of an ant and may be able to escape unharmed, though this would depend on how much damage the human body can take as compared to an ant's body.",
"I'm no expert in this by any means, but I seem to remember a biology textbook saying that the size of our cells are such because a certain ratio of surface area to volume is required to preform certain cellular functions. \n\nSo I'm assuming that if we were truly \"shrunk\" are bodies wouldn't be able to function normally. ",
"My experience and knowledge is specific to water, but the principles of how bodies interact with fluids is independent of the media type.\n\nSince the physics of the fluid, air in this case, remains constant your interaction with it changes as your relative size changes. We describe the ratio of your size to the fluid viscosity by [Reynolds Number](_URL_1_)\n\nEven though old, I recommend \"The Physics of Life: Life at Low Reynolds Number\" as an introduction to what life is like for very small organisms.\n\n[Here is the video](_URL_2_)\n\n[Here is the paper](_URL_0_) warning: pdf. \n\nTo answer your question; depending on how small you get, you could be just fine. However, get too small and you would behave like a dust particle, and might take a while to settle."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.math.duke.edu/~alayton/math387/hosoi.pdf",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZk2bMaqs1E"
]
] |
|
7jtwtu
|
how do brackets move teeths from their cavity?
|
Hello. Short story. I've been using brackets for almost 4 months and the dentist had to extract some pieces (before the ortodoncist put me the brackets on). So I wonder myself, how is it posible that another tooth moves so much distance so it can replace the extracted tooth. (I imagine my teeths like if they were on a cavity)
PS: sorry for my s**** english
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7jtwtu/eli5_how_do_brackets_move_teeths_from_their_cavity/
|
{
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"dr9jjot"
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"Your bone isn't a static structure, the hard mineral deposits that gives it its strength is constantly being repaired and remodeled by specialized cells.\n\nApplying force in one direction on the tooth stimulates the removal of bone on one side (by osteoclasts) and deposited on the other (by osteoblasts) so the entire cavity can be slowly shifted, similar to how your teeth erupted out of your jaw bone originally. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1fm1tn
|
Before the American war of independence, did the residents of the colonies consider themselves American, or as British colonists living in America?
|
In popular culture, the war is portraying is often portrayed as being about the British oppressing the Americans, and the Americans break away from their cruel masters. But I feel it makes a difference in how we see history if we see it as some British people rebelling against their British government.
So: what did the residents of America consider themselves at the time?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1fm1tn/before_the_american_war_of_independence_did_the/
|
{
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"Many of them considered themselves to be British before and during the American Revolution, and actively fought against the Colonists on the side of the British. These people were known as Loyalists. The others did not view themselves as Americans either though. They identified themselves as Virginians or Pennsylvanians or Georgians ect. depending on which colony they were from. This mentality carried on long after the Revolution for many Americans too. Even during the Civil War there are examples of this such as When Robert E. Lee declined the offer to lead the Union Army in favor of leading the Army of Northern Virginia on the side of the Confederacy. He did so even though he was strongly opposed to the idea of slavery, due to the fact that Virgina had seceded from the Union and he considered himself a Virginian before anything else. ",
"Modern estimates for the number of loyalists in America at the time are 20%. So one in five Americans at the time of the war considered themselves as much British as American. That figure was likely higher in the decades previous to the outbreak of hostilities.\n\nA favorite tidbit of history of mine is, after the fall of Quebec to the British in 1759 which was received with much celebration in Britain itself, Americans in the northern provinces celebrated just as much as their brothers over the ocean with bonfires, bell ringing and sermons of thanksgiving. \"...I am a Briton\" said Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the Scottish Lord Kames a few months after French surrender. Some even contributed to memorials for fallen heroes of the battle such as one in Westminster Abbey for Brig.Gen. Lord Howe payed for by the people of Massachusetts in recognition of the role the British army played in the defeat of the hated Roman Catholic French. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3ain9b
|
How could a backdoor be put into a random number generator?
|
Intel is accused of putting backdoors into their CPU random number generators, specifically the RdRand function. For those who are unfamiliar, RdRand uses a [specialized circuit](_URL_0_) that uses thermal noise to generate (supposedly) true random numbers.
How could a backdoor be implemented in this system? I'm interested the mathematics of how this could work.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3ain9b/how_could_a_backdoor_be_put_into_a_random_number/
|
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"Conceptually, it's somewhat straightforward. Let's say we have a deterministic RNG which requires some sort of seed. If, for some reason, someone were able to manipulate the seed source, the output of the RNG would no longer be pseudorandom.\n\nCriticisms of RdRand were the following:\n\n1. You had to put trust in Intel's CPU and its microcode.\n\n2. Under extremely heavy loads, Intel states it is theoretically possible for the demand for random numbers to exceed the rate at which the HW can supply them. This could potentially be exploited by an attacker who runs a program on the same hardware that attempts to overload the RNG while the victim is attempting to generate a key in parallel.\n\n3. (This is, I think, what you're really asking) The concern is that some combination of microcode modifications could enable seed data with low entropy to be used to generate the random bits, hence giving some attacker the ability to narrow down the possible set of keys generated for any number of crytpographic algorithms (for instance, an RSA key or an initial vector for a hash).\n\nThe solution to this, if you do not completely trust Intel, is to use RdRand in combination with some other source of entropy to make random numbers. This is, AFAIK, what Linux is currently doing.\n\nTo recap: A \"backdoor\" in a random number generator could take the form of a modification to the seed going in, thereby making the RNG output's resemblance to a completely random number less than [negligible](_URL_0_). If enough entropy is removed, then an attacker who knows the inner workings of the RNG will be able to predict with greater accuracy what keys will be generated.",
"/u/HeadspaceA10 gives a good overview, but let me contribute a specific example.\n\nRSA is one common encryption algorithm. The starting point for RSA is to randomly generate two large prime numbers. These numbers constitute the \"secret\" that makes the encryption secure, and they have to be truly random so it is hard to find them.\n\nAs an example of how this could be broken with a backdoor, imagine you hardwire the random number generator to always return the numbers 5 and 7. Then you can decrypt the messages of anyone who is using your system by simply assuming they are encrypting with these numbers. The encryption is essentially removed for anyone who knows about the backdoor.\n\nOf course, something that simplistic would be easily discovered. But you can get almost the same result by making the random number generator restricted in some way, so that it only generates numbers following some pattern but otherwises appears random to the casual observer. For example, you could only produce numbers that are squares of other numbers (1, 4, 9, 16, 25...). Then you could only check for these numbers to find the secret key, which is _much_ faster than checking every possible number. (This example is also simplistic, but you get the idea.)\n\nThe concern is that Intel may have done something similar with their random number generator, hamstringing it in some way that makes its output predictable for those who have the secret key. Because we have no way of verifying the hardware implementation in the chips we are using (it's not enough to trust Intel's word or even their code), its insecure.",
"The trick is that Intel's RdRand is a black box that we have to trust. So, conceptually, what is something they could do to \"backdoor\" the system?\n\nIn cryptography, a secure stream cipher is *indistinguishable from random* by an adversary (that is limited to probabilistic polynomial time, but details details). In other words, if you have a stream cipher, you have a way of generating a practically infinite bitstream that an attacker thinks is random, but is really not. That infinite bitstream is generated *solely* from a secret key and a random seed. \n\nSo RdRand could actually just be using a stream cipher with a baked-in secret key and a seed that Intel (or the NSA or whatever) can predict - maybe the seed is the time at which the machine booted. An RdRand user cannot determine if the bitstream is \"truly\" random, so if they use RdRand, they implicitly trust that it is not maliciously designed. On the other hand, the backdoor user knows the secret key and can test for some predictable seeds, eventually find the seed in question, and then use that key+seed to determine all of RdRand's output.\n\nThat's one possible scenario.\n\n*In general*, it's also possible for pseudorandom algorithms themselves to contain \"mathematical backdoors\" that aren't easily discovered even if you know the algorithm. An example of that is [Dual_EC_DRBG](_URL_0_). For a simplified version of the attack, view D.W.'s post [here](_URL_2_) - the section that says \"I see that you want to explain the mathematics\". In that section, he attacks a simplified version of Dual_EC_DRBG. If you want to see the real attack explained, with all of the nitty-gritty details, view my post [here](_URL_1_). "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://electronicdesign.com/learning-resources/understanding-intels-ivy-bridge-random-number-generator"
] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligible_function"
],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_EC_DRBG",
"http://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/14798/2454",
"http://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/10430/2454"
]
] |
|
2bb4pl
|
who makes direct-to-video movies and how do they make money?
|
How do they make profit? Do people actually buy these movies, and how is it okay that they [seemingly](_URL_0_) rip off other movies? I am curious about this world of direct-to-video films. Are any of them any good?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bb4pl/eli5_who_makes_directtovideo_movies_and_how_do/
|
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"They make a profit off of people who either don't know better (grandparents who vaguely remember the title of the movie that little Jimmy wanted for Christmas), people who enjoy mocking them for their poor quality(20-somethings), or possibly strange families who have an aversion to showing their kids \"popular\" movies.\n\nIs it legal? Yes. They are not technically interfering with any sort of legally protected property or trademarks. You can make movies about monsters/robots/whatever as long as you don't include anything that's trademarked or copyrighted, no matter how similar they may seem on a macro scale.\n\nThey know perfectly well that they aren't going to make the same amount of money as the \"real thing\", but they also don't put the same budget into making it, so it works out fine for them. They spend less than 1% of the budget of the real movie, and hope to make 1% of the return of the real movie. If that.\n\nThey set a low bar, then try to jump over it based on people mistakenly buying it, or buying it to mock. Either way, it's money in their pockets. They don't care why you buy it. The dollars still spend the same.\n\nAre they good? The majority of people will say no. Maybe you can enjoy them if you really want to zone out and enjoy a movie without regard to quality. What can you expect when someone tries to make a CG heavy movie at .05% the budget of the real thing?",
"not all direct to video movies are bad.. \nboondock saints anybody...?",
"The Asylum, the studio that made _Transmorphers_ and a steady stream of other \"rip-off\" titles, has apparently never lost money on one of their films. According to [this account](_URL_0_), they tend to break even in three months. ",
"Not all direct to video movies are the blatant knockoffs you're referring to. There's actually a big market for B movies, video rental stores used to buy up any they could get and now it's mostly cable/satellite tv.\n\n[Troma Studios](_URL_1_) has been making independent mostly direct to video \"B\" movies for decades. They're mostly shoestring budget, campy over the top horror but Troma fans love them. \n\nMost Troma films are made under the supervision of [Lloyd Kaufman](_URL_0_) who's produced 94 films, directed 38, written 31 and appeared in 250. He's a hero to would be indy horror movie makers and a popular guest at conventions.\n\nThe direct to DVD market is workable if you can make something watchable at a reasonable price, but then there's cable/satellite. Let's say you sell the rights to your \"B\" movie to an American cable provider but don't quite break even. No problem because then you sell it to the UK cable market. Then France, Spain, etc etc and pretty soon you've got a pretty nice paycheck for a mediocre movie that never saw a big screen. And you can usually sell your flick to all those people over the course of a few days in a single location like Cannes. ",
"Filmmaker here. To understand how studios such as \"The Asylum\" make money on movies like Transmorphers you have to understand a bit about the industry.\n\nThere are approximately 7 major studios who make the major pictures you've heard of eg. Transformers. The majors have the vast money to fund, make and distribute their own movies. But they make very few films and they're very expensive. \n\nBut internationally there is a huge demand for original content to fill television time slots. Think midnight on an obscure Japanese channel. They have to air something and they have a small budget to buy content with. Ideally but not necessarily something people will want to watch.\n\nSo below the 7 majors are approximately 300+ \"mini-majors\" who are movie distributors (\"sellers\") with the connections to these international networks (\"buyers\") but not enough money to actually make the films themselves. But they constantly need new content (\"product\") to sell to them. \n\nSo the buyers want content, the sellers want content to sell, and studios like The Asylum turn out pre-sold product to fill the demand. As long as it sounds like something people might watch they can pre-sell it. \n\nStudios like Asylum know that the foreign film buyers need to buy *something* to fill their theaters/time slots, and the mini-major distributors need *something* to sell to those hungry buyers. By aping an upcoming major release, Asylum gets all the publicity for their movies for free and are guaranteed pre-arranged sales. The distributor pre-sells the movie (\"Transmorphers\") to a multitude of the buyers based on the title and concept alone without regards to the quality. Nobody cares because they need to spend their budgets and they know Asylum will deliver *something* that's in 90 minutes and in rough focus.\n\n**tl;dr** The rights are pre-sold overseas and these movies are profitable before they're ever made. Quality doesn't matter, they're just filling an order."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0960835/"
] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jul/30/asylum-hollywood-z-movies"
],
[
"http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0442207/?ref_=fn_al_nm_6",
"http://www.troma.com/"
],
[]
] |
|
2kdb6l
|
what's the difference between a state and a province?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kdb6l/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_a_state_and_a/
|
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"They're essentially the same. Just different names to describe the divisions of land within a specific country.",
"Technically, a state is an independent political entity, while a province is a sub-section of a state.\n\nThe confusion arises from nomenclature not keeping pace with politics. The United States was, when founded, similar to the modern European Union. It was a union of various sovereign entities. However, after the Civil War, the entire union became a nation of its own and the 'state' label wasn't updated to reflect this fact.\n\nYou see the same issue with the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is actually the United Kingdoms - of Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England. So you've got a nation state that's actually the union of 4 'kingdom's that are neither sovereign nor ruled by a king.",
"The only consistent difference is the spelling.\n\nSome countries/nations/thingies/kingdoms choose to spell their subdivisions one way, and others choose to spell it a different way.\n\nIf you wish to understand the exact political relationship between the parts and whole, you have to study the politics of that country in detail, you can't just check which word it happens to use.",
"It depends on the specific country. Different countries have different names for the administrative subdivisions within their country, and these administrative divisions may have varying degrees of authority or responsibilities in comparison to the federal government."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
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||
2szq9q
|
as a heavy ( > 1pack/day) smoker, why don't i wake up from nicotine withdrawals when i can barely make it two hours without a smoke?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2szq9q/eli5_as_a_heavy_1packday_smoker_why_dont_i_wake/
|
{
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"Most smokers *DO* wake up after a night's sleep with nicotine withdrawal. I do not know why you do not. That is not the usual pattern for addicted smokers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
23kaa4
|
What were Louis XVI's plans of counterrevolution and were they realistic?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/23kaa4/what_were_louis_xvis_plans_of_counterrevolution/
|
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"I believe that I can only answer the first half of the question - I feel as though I am not competent enough to expound on the second.\n\nIt is without a doubt that Louis XVI's plans of counter-revolution were in fact due to his disaffection with the changes to the Church, the limitations of his power, and the support from the aristocrats who supported counterrevolutionary activities. After all, the aristocrats wanted to restore the old social privilege that was dismantled during the 'peaceful' (as I will say it) years of the revolution - which they were only concerned with the fate of the King. \n\nSo the plans of the counterrevolution was this: On June 20 1791, the King was to escape from the Tuileries to Montedy near the Belgian border, part of the Austrian empire at that time. It is only from there onwards that with the aid of Marie Antoinette's brother, Joseph II the Holy Roman Emperor and the supporting émigrés would they initiate a counter revolution. Norman Hampson says that the aristocrat, especially those who supported counter revolution were primarily the émigrés, and that they were prepared for civil war and foreign invasion. Of course, as we all know how the narrative goes, a series of mishaps and failures lead to the royal family being recognised by Douret, the postmaster from Ste Menehould. After witnessing the King did he dash to Varennes to warn the guards to get him arrested.\n\nA primary account of the escape can be read [here](_URL_0_). It also gives you a path of where they will be taking.\n\nHowever, I think the most beneficial and necessary part to understand in this event is seismic repercussions it generated. Different historians give a similar, yet different response when it comes to the significance.\n\nWilliam Doyle for instance, states that:\n > “The flight to Varennes opened up the second great schism of the revolution. There had been hardly any republicanism in 1789, and what there had been abated once the king was back in Paris and accepting all the Assembly sent to him. But after Varennes, the mistrust built up by his long record of apparent ambivalence burst out into widespread demands from the populace of the capital and a number of radical publicists for the king to be dethroned.”\n\nSimilarly, Hampson states that:\n\n > \"The point at issue, itself primarily constitutional, in act divided Parisian opinion along social lines, with the wealthier and more educated supporting the Assembly in its fiction that the king had been 'kidnapped' and those whom their opponents were beginning to call sans-cullotes demanding the kind of clear and forceful measures that corresponded to their view of the situation. Inevitably ,therefore, the pursuit of a compromise with the king led the Assembly to prepare for conflict with the sans-cullotes, who were organizing petitions against any hasty rehabilitation of Louis XVI.\" \n\nOther effects was the repudiation of the direction of the Revolution and many of the acts Louis XVI previously endorsed. Louis XVI himself was humiliated, compromised ad discredited Louis XVI. It showed not only did he misread the political situation of France, but one may also argue that it was the first steps into Republicanism and radicalism. After all, it was at this point at time that ministers became divided over the punishment of the King. Others called for Republicanism, others still wanted to maintain a sense of monarchy, and others called for his abdication.\n\nOne of the reactions can be seen in writing expressed by figures such as Abbe Greogire, who was in the now torn-apart Jacobins, argued that Louis XVI should be forced to abdicate:\n > \"The premier public servant abandons his post; he arms himself with a false passport; after having said, in writing to the foreign powers, that his most dangerous enemies are those who pretended to spread doubts about the monarch's intentions, he breaks his word, he leaves the French a declaration which, if not criminal, is at least -however is envisaged - contrary to the principles of our liberty. He could not be unaware that his flight exposed the nation to the dangers of civil war; and finally, in hypothesis that he wished only to go to Monmedy, I say: either he wanted to content himself with making peaceful observations to the National Assembly regarding its decrees, and in that case it was useless to flee; or he wanted to support his claims with arms, and in that case it was a conspiracy against liberty.\"\n\nSo evidently, the effects would only lead to one even to another. After this issue would this lead to the Champ de Mars massacre - something that would generate a deeper schism between the nation. It is noted that the outcome of Louis XVI's plans to escape were far more traumatising than what I wrote above, but, if you were to put the effectiveness of the plan in terms of the context of what the King faced back then, it proved to be not realistic at all. After all, Louis XVI's miscalculations accentuated any sense of antagonism against the monarchy, and it would only be his downfall. He will be later be known as 'Citizen Louis Capet' in the minds of the many. More importantly, a betrayer to his country and the revolution.\n\nIf you were you view if it was realistic in contemporary sense however, I think that can be answered by other more competent historians here.\n\nSources:\n\n1. Doyle, W 2002, *The Oxford History of the French Revolution* \n\n2. Hampson, N 1963, *A Social History of the French Revolution*\n3. McPhee, P 2002, *The French Revolution*\n\nedit: Just a question I wanted to ask the others reading (since I wanted some feedback) - is there any way you suggest for me to improve an answer? I'm learning to how write more academically as a high school student here. It's definitely not as top notch as compared to what goes on here, but I'm eager to improve. Hope this question doesn't derive the question OP asked!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/France/_Texts/CROROY/Fuite_de_Varennes*.html"
]
] |
||
1der30
|
When a photon is emitted from an stationary atom, does it accelerate from 0 to the speed of light?
|
Me and a fellow classmate started discussing this during a high school physics lesson.
A photon is emitted from an atom that is not moving. The photon moves away from the atom with the speed of light. But since the atom is not moving and the photon is, doesn't that mean the photon must accelerate from 0 to the speed of light? But if I remember correctly, photons always move at the speed of light so the means they can't accelerate from 0 to the speed of light. And if they do accelerate, how long does it take for them to reach the speed of light?
Sorry if my description is a little diffuse. English isn't my first language so I don't know how to describe it really.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1der30/when_a_photon_is_emitted_from_an_stationary_atom/
|
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"They exist at c.\n\n^^^thesuperconciseanswer",
"Photos are absorbed and emitted by *moving* electrons. There is no *stationary* atom.",
"They don't accelerate, they always go at c. That's the speed at which changes to the electromagnetic field propagate. If you want to look at it in terms of acceleration, consider that the mass is zero so any \"force\" applied to it will give infinite acceleration.",
"They don't start off at zero, and there's no acceleration. They start off at *c* and always travel at *c*. This is because, due to special relativity, any massless particle can *only* ever move at *c*, any other speed isn't allowed physically.",
"Your main problem is that you're thinking about things strictly in terms of photons. A good rule of thumb is that light travels as a wave, but interacts with matter as a particle (that is to say it is emitted and absorbed in discrete quanta of energy called photons). It is the *energy* of the photon that is quantized.\n\nWe can define everywhere in space a static electric and magnetic field. When an electron changes energy levels, the electric and magnetic field made by the electron changes. \"Light\" is this *change* in the field that ripples outward at the speed of light. There is no need to discuss acceleration when we think of light in terms of waves. The wave travels at its natural speed (c if in vacuum) from the time the wave is created to the time it changes media or is absorbed.\n\nHopefully this helps clear up why photons don't accelerate when they are emitted from atoms.",
"I think your premise itself is slightly flawed, and that's what's causing the confusion. After an atom at rest suddenly emits a photon, the atom *is no longer stationary*. The total momentum of the atom before was 0, and after, the photon has a momentum **hf/c** (where **f** is the frequency), so after emitting the photon the atom must be moving in the opposite direction to cancel out the momentum of the photon so that the total remains 0.",
"I think a lot of the answer to your question comes with the Bohr model. In the Bohr models that I'm sure you've down in some sort of science class, the novel feature is that the electrons exist in different orbitals (actually energy levels, but whatever). What this means in quantum mechanics is that electrons can only be in one or the other, there is no in between. Because the electron will have a different amount of energy in each orbital (If you know about Coulomb's law, then that's where the energy is coming from.) \n\nWhen an electron goes from a higher orbital to a lower orbital, it has more energy than it needs to be in it. Since the switch from orbitals is also instantaneous, that means the energy gain is also instantaneous. What does it do with this energy? It makes a photon. The photon thus doesn't need to accelerate, it just is created with that speed.\n\nThis is a gross simplification since the Bohr model has flaws and the pictures you made don't really show the actual orbitals of electrons since we don't actually know where they exist, but where they MIGHT exist (probability of where they are which is why we have the wavefunction). But a lot of your question comes from the fact that energy is quantized or comes in increments of a constant. This leads to the fact that the electron exists in certain orbitals because of quantized angular momentum (aka how much it spins around from the pull of the nucleus) which is the Bohr hypothesis. So the change in angular momentum or energy level leads to a release of a quanta or increment of energy which is a photon. \n\nHope this helps, but everyone here seems to explain in terms of relativity when I feel quantum mechanics gets more at what you are asking. If you want to know more, try finding a beginners book on quantum mechanics. The Bohr model and photoelectirc uses no calculus and just simple algebra to explain it and you could probably get a lot of insight from it.\n\nCheers",
"Nope, photons emitted at speed \"c\". Here is an easy way to think of it: throw a rock in a pond - the ripples don't accelerate, they are generated with a certain amount of energy and propagate out at that speed. You don't see ripples accelerating slowly over distance until they reach max speed. Light does of course work differently than do waves in water, but it is an easy analogy to follow.",
"If you want a simple explanation, you might see an atom as a speaker, an electron as a membrane, and the photons as sound waves. That should make it easy to understand why there isn't any acceleration - the movement of the membrane determines the character of the wave, and the air around it the speed. Nothing gets accelerated, the wave just suddenly exists due to the movement of the membrane.\n\nThere are obviously differences with photons - they don't need a medium to travel through (so nothing to accelerate on that level), which is generally explained with the particle/wave dualism, the normal speed is a good deal higher than that of sound, and they are subject to relativity at those speeds, meaning speed differences appear to us mostly as frequency differences, so that sunlight in the morning (when we move towards the sun) has the same speed as in the evening (when we move away), just with some shift in the spectral emission lines.\n\nLike sound waves, light travels at different speeds in different mediums, but unlike sound waves, which (very generally) travel faster in \"denser\" materials (very unscientific use of the word), it travels fastest in space and slower in more dense materials. Comparable to water waves which travel unhindered in open water, but slow down in total when rocks sticking out of the water keep them from the straight path.",
"Aren't atoms also always at least vibrating (unless at absolute zero)?",
"The photon is created already moving at c",
"While I realize that newtonian physics doesn't apply to tiny things all that well, thinking of F = ma, and since photons have 0 mass, I guess the a is infinite, so it's probably safe to say that it's always traveling at c. ",
"a photon does not experience time. it is instantly born and dead. it exists in all points of the universe at once until it is observed. it does not need to accelerate.",
"They're not really particles or photons. When \"a photon is emitted from an atom\", the electron jiggles, creating a disturbance (wave) in the electric field surrounding it. This wave is light.",
"Related question, how exactly does light \"accelerate\" back to c when leaving a medium? Is it due to a change in wavelength? "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
404ma5
|
if the odds of winning the powerball is 1 in 235 million, but the jackpot is $800 million, wouldn't it make sense to buy 235 million quick picks if you could afford it?
|
Ok, forget about the terrible investment. I'm talking only statistics. If the odds are 1 in 235 million but the jackpot is $800 million, isn't there a built in advantage there? Assuming you could afford it, shouldn't you buy $300 million quick picks?
I understand that's a stupid way to spend money if you're a billionaire. I'm asking purely mathematics.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/404ma5/eli5if_the_odds_of_winning_the_powerball_is_1_in/
|
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"text": [
"Taxes, and the unfortunate circumstances where you share your winnings with others who only bought a few hundred picks... Not a good investment no",
"Pretty sure it would be physically impossible for a single person to buy that many tickets between drawings.",
"The Cash value is only 496 million right now. So you would be spending 470 million to get 496 million.\n\nOr you could get a payment stream of 800 million, but if you have 470 million laying around, you don't need to buy lottery tickets to get that payment stream.\n\nAs others have said, the odds of of two people winning is also there (and very high with so many tickets sold). Last drawing had 7.1 million winners (who won anything.) Odds of winning any prize are 1 in 24.87. This info tells me that about 176 million tickets were sold last drawing, so there was a 50% chance of somebody winning (very rough number, some numbers were bought multiple times, many numbers were never bought at all. \n\nThe bottom line is you would have to put up 470 million, with a 50% odds of splitting the prize and loosing money, when it would be much easier to just be happy with what you have and not take that risk. (if this number doesn't hit, its possible IMO for the next drawing to sell every possible number, as the demand will be high enough)\n\nAnd the logistics of buying 235 million tickets would be daunting. Lottery tickets must be purchased with cash. I don't think anybody, bill gates included could get 470 million in cash in 3 days.",
"This was done in Virginia in 1992 before joining other states pooling prizes. The prize was up to 27 million which made it economically and physically possible to accomplish. \n\nAs other have stated, you do risk sharing the prize with other winners and have the logistical problem of printing the tickets between drawings.\n\nSource:\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.forbes.com/sites/joshbarro/2012/03/30/can-you-ever-guarantee-a-mega-millions-win/"
]
] |
|
6il5my
|
High exposure to sunlight damages your skin. What does it do to the bacterial population?
|
If it does affect the bacteria, does it have any knock on effect for your skin's health?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6il5my/high_exposure_to_sunlight_damages_your_skin_what/
|
{
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"dj7m8o5",
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"text": [
"The given \"sunlight damages your skin\" needs to be addressed before the question. The pathogenesis of sunburn is distinct from the mechanism of alkaline or thermal burns insofar as the agent (sunlight) is not directly traumatic. The change is mediated by signaling cascades possibly secondary to alteration of base pairs in DNA. Put another way, you can give a corpse a chemical burn or a thermal burn, but not a sunburn. It's our body's response to sun that creates the cutaneous changes, not, strictly speaking, the sun damaging our skin. \n\nSo UV light doesn't hurt, but it does disrupt DNA. In bacteria, sufficient disruption will result in cell death, however they have enzymes capable of reversing the dimerization caused by UV that are not present in humans. ",
"I am not an expert in bacteriology, so I'll leave any attempt to come up with a well rounded answer to someone more qualified, but I can add a bit of interesting knowledge.\n\nJust like virus can infect eukaryotes cells (human/animal/fungi etc.), so can bacteriophages infect bacteria. A special type of bacteriophage, called *enterobacteria phage λ*, or the lambda phage, infects bacteria and lives inside the cell in a stage known as the lysogenic stage. When exposed to UV light, the bacteriophage enters it's lytic stage, multiplying inside the cell and eventually bursting the host. So in at least this very specific case UV light would be damaging to the health of bacteria.\n\nSource:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nRead more:\n\n_URL_1_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4923498",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_phage"
]
] |
|
7ew08w
|
what is it about how sound waves interact that make some sounds/chords pleasing? for example, why does a 5th sound good but a tritone (diminished 5th) doesn’t? why does it seem chords/chord progressions resolve?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ew08w/eli5what_is_it_about_how_sound_waves_interact/
|
{
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"It has to do with the ratio of one sound wave's frequency to that of another. When the value can be expressed as a simple ratio, we interpret the interval as pleasing, or \"consonant.\" If the ratio is complex, we tend to interpret the result as displeasing, or \"dissonant.\" A perfect fifth, for example, is a 3:2 ratio, while a half-step is more like 15:8 and a tritone 45:32.\n\nResolution follows similar principles, but it also heavily influenced by common notes, starting notes and the cultural dominance of specific scales in Western music. \n\n\n\n",
"When the frequencies of two notes are a simple ratio, they sound pleasing when played together. 3:2 (perfect fifth) sounds a lot better than a 6:5 (minor third).\n\nThe reason is that when played together, two notes will form a [composite wave](_URL_0_). The quicker the wave resolves...that is, returns to its starting point...the cleaner the sound. Notice how much longer a minor chord takes to resolve than a major chord."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://imgur.com/a/y71Z1"
]
] |
||
20wzfh
|
what exactly is gluten, and why is it bad for you?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20wzfh/eli5_what_exactly_is_gluten_and_why_is_it_bad_for/
|
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"It's a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, and it gives bread it's chewyness.\n\nUnless you have an allergy to it or Celiac disease, it's not bad for you at all.",
"As a Baker, I can't wait for this \"gluten is bad\" fad to end",
"As a lactose-intolerant person I find the entire intolerance-fad extremely annoying.\n\nCeliac disease is also called \"gluten allergy\" and is an allergy to the protein gluten. While celiac disease sometimes is referred to as \"gluten intolerance\", gluten \"intolerance\" or \"sensitivity\" it's mostly used by people that complain that their tummy hurts when they've eaten 10 donuts or five pounds of pasta.\n\nA lot of the food that contains gluten (bread, grains, potatoes etc) often come in forms that most people should try to limit they're intake of like white bread, pasta, pastries, potato chips, french fries and so on. It has nothing to do with gluten being unhealthy.\n\nPeople trying to claim that they're lactose intolerance when they're not is even more stupid. The fact that your stomach hurts after a full pint of Ben & Jerry's is not a sign of anything other than that eating a pint of ice cream in one go is bad for you. You would not be eating it in the first place of you were lactose intolerant. ",
"OMG it's not bad for you unless you're allergic, but give people something to rally against and they'll raise a friggin flag.\n\nSoon afterwards, pundits start bullshitting about the benefits of avoiding it and making money publishing books.\n\nSoon after that Facebook is awash in retarded snippets of ignorance.\n\nYet again, Cunninghams Law.",
"Gluten is not \"bad\" for you. No more than anything else. Too much gluten in your diet can make you sick, but so can too much vitamin C. I had a buddy with Celiacs disease who was so sensitive, if his GF had a sip of beer and decided to give him a kiss before brushing her teeth, he'd be sick for days. Celiac's have an immune system malfunction where gluten causes white blood to attack benevolent cells in the body. He'd get rashes on is skin, migraine headaches, and nausea.\n\nOn the other hand, I am a vegetarian, and one of my favorite dinner proteins is Seitan (literally, marinated, textured gluten). I'll eat a quarter pound of seitan, couscous (also contains gluten), and wash it down with two bottles of beer (contains gluten unless it explicitly states otherwise), and I'd feel like a champ.\n\nGluten-free dieting for non-celiacs became a hot-button fad when some tennis player went gluten free, for no particular reason, and won a bunch of championships. He said it was the change in his diet.\n\nLike most anecdotes, it may have changed this tennis players life, but have virtually no impact on any one else.",
"It's not bad for you, it's a fad to not eat it. You eat bread most days I'm sure, unless you have Celiac you'll live."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
e7ba46
|
why our ears remain numb and produce high frequency sound post concert?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e7ba46/eli5_why_our_ears_remain_numb_and_produce_high/
|
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"There'll be a better answer by someone else soon, but:\n\nInside your ear there's an organ shaped like a snail. It has tiny hairs on it, that when they vibrate translate this into nerve impulses to send to your brain. If they are stressed too much, they stick to that organ, producing a constant signal. Some times they will never come back up, effectively making you loose that frequency forever. The beeping is called tinnitus.\n\nTldr: wear earplugs for Pete's sake! My hearing is significantly worse than that of my mates because I went to many concerts without earplugs!",
"The numbness you describe is threshold shift where your frequency limits have been reduced ( takes a louder volume for a particular frequency to be heard) .",
"Stapedius (the smallest muscle in the human body) is partially responsible. In response to a very loud sound, it reduces the transmission of vibrations from the ear drum to the middle ear, hence causing the numbness, or reduced hearing. This is called the acoustic reflex (It also exerts a reduced effect during chewing, lowering the sounds of mastication) .",
"Have you ever been slapped? you feel that sting for long time after the slap. That's because the nerves have been over stimulated and when we over stimulate skin cells we feel pain. Our eyes and ears are just modified skin cells so when we rub our eyes, they can only send one kind of signal and that's light and our inner ear can only send one kind of signal and that's sound. \n\nClose your eyes and rub them gently but firmly, you \"see light\". Of course there's no light but that what those cells are capable of signaling."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
31hfcr
|
Were there any volunteer gladiators?
|
From my understanding all the gladiators were slaves but I was wondering if there were any free men who trained and fought as a gladiator or if there was someone who sold themselves to a doctore just for the glory of being a gladiator?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/31hfcr/were_there_any_volunteer_gladiators/
|
{
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"cq1r5k3"
],
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"text": [
"One exceptional example would be the Emperor Commodus, as depicted in the movie Gladiator. Commodus believed himself to be the reincarnation of Hercules and sought to imitate his martial accomplishments before the eyes of the Roman public. He, of course, was never in any real danger from his human opponents who (as recorded by Dio Cassius) would yield to him after token resistance rather than fight seriously, or were infirm and could not put up a fair fight in the first place. He also enjoyed killing exotic animals, such as leopards and ostriches, from a safe distance; Herodian writes that he had a circular platform built in the arena from atop which he would throw javelins at them.\n\nCommodus was assassinated not long after rumors spread that he intended to appear before the Senate in animal skins, the attire of a gladiator, and be sworn in as consul (after arranging for the death of the currently elected consul.)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
69dfrg
|
one day they're there and the other day gone after construction! how on earth are cranes made!??
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/69dfrg/eli5_one_day_theyre_there_and_the_other_day_gone/
|
{
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"dh5pyse"
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"text": [
"I presume you're talking about tower cranes - the type with the tall metal lattice tower?\n\nThey actually build themselves.\n\nThe very first thing that's done is that the bottom section of the tower is put in and, on top of that they put a special section of the tower that can move up and down, before plonking the top bit of the crane on top of that. To do this, they use a mobile crane, but that's only good for the bottom, as mobile cranes generally aren't as tall as tower cranes can be.\n\nSo, once they've built a little tiny tower crane, the special tower section that I mentioned jacks itself up, leaving a space where a new section of lattice tower can be slotted in. The tower crane itself lifts up the new section to where it's needed.\n\nOnce this new section is bolted in, the whole thing happens again - the top parts of the crane are lifted up on the movable section at the top, a new bit is slotted in, and so on...\n\nEdit: And here's a video, which shows it quite nicely _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2ps6ZluCMU"
]
] |
||
32m7ji
|
how dangerous is it to taste a small amount of cocaine?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32m7ji/eli5_how_dangerous_is_it_to_taste_a_small_amount/
|
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"text": [
"Not that dangerous. At worse it'll make your mouth go numb.",
"It isn't. People have been chewing coca leaves for generations without any side effects more detrimental than drinking coffee. It's the fact that it is so pure and concentrated that makes it addictive. Tasting a tiny amount probably wouldn't do anything apart from numbing your mouth and maybe giving you similar effects to drinking coffee (depending on the exact dose).",
"While I certainly don't support developing a \"habit,\" pure Cocaine is not very dangerous. It's a stimulant and a topical anesthetic. That's about it.\n\nCocaine is not very physiologically addictive, either. In fact, both Caffeine and Nicotine are more physiologically addictive that Cocaine. Cocaine is, however, Psychologically addictive, which is where the real danger lies.",
"It wasn't the taste that got me, it was the smell",
"I imagine this question popped into your head because of the movie trope where someone dips their finger or knife into some white powder then tastes it or rubs it on their gums to confirm \"Yup, that's cocaine.\"\n\nThe small amount of exposure to the drug there would likely be too small to feel an effect, let alone have a dangerous reaction. Well, an effect other than local tingling or numbness of the tongue or gums, which is more likely what our hero is checking for rather than him knowing what cocaine tastes like.\n\nHowever, perhaps on day one of high school chemistry, you might've learned that tasting an unknown substance to find out what it might be is a monumentally bad idea.\n\nWhat if those barrels, bags or bricks contained any number of dangerous and toxic chemicals that are white powders, or how about anthrax for pete's sake?\n\nTL;DR:\n\nTasting a small amount of cocaine = not dangerous.\n\n\nTasting a small amount of white powder = pretty damn stupid.\n\nEDIT: I forgot this was ELI5, so replace \"high school chemistry\" with \"kindergarten\" and \"tasting an unknown substance to find out what it might be is a monumentally bad idea.\" with \"Don't put that in your mouth! That's yucky!\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5mc6da
|
Does plate tectonic activity have a measurable effect on the weather?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5mc6da/does_plate_tectonic_activity_have_a_measurable/
|
{
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"dc2v8dx"
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"Tectonics has a huge influence on the climate (the difference between weather and climate being a question of a very short vs a longer timescale, so by proxy, tectonics have an influence on the weather, but it's easier and more appropriate to think about tectonics and climate as these evolve on more similar timescales) in a myriad of ways:\n\n**1)** The growth of mountain ranges dramatically influence atmospheric circulation, distribution of precipitation, etc. On a small scale, it's easy to think about the [orographic effect](_URL_3_) that mountains have on weather systems leading to 'wet' and 'dry' sides of ranges. On larger scales, massive mountain ranges like the Andes or Himalaya have fundamentally changed the climates of these regions through this and related effects. The monsoonal climate of both the [Himalayas](_URL_4_) and [Andes](_URL_0_) have been linked to the topographic growth of those mountain ranges and their influence on atmospheric circulation.\n\n**2)** Staying with mountain building, there is a hypothesis that independent of any changes to atmospheric circulation induced by the topographic growth of mountain ranges, that large mountain building events lead to global cooling events. The [idea here](_URL_1_) is that mountain building leads to increased rates of chemical weathering of silicate minerals, the process of chemical weathering removes CO2 from the atmosphere (i.e. CO2 is a reactant in chemical weathering processs of various minerals), leading to global cooling. Last I checked people are still arguing about the veracity of this hypothesis (i.e. it makes sense in theory, but tying global cooling to chemical weathering rates in the past is tricky).\n\n**3)** Plate movements change ocean currents, which change climate. This is often the most extreme in the case of closing a 'gateway', i.e. shutting off communication of two large portions of the ocean via development of a land barrier. A great example of this is the formation of the [isthmus of Panama](_URL_2_) which shut off communication between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and is credited with leading to the development of the Gulf Stream which dramatically influences the climate of the North American and western portion of Eurasian (i.e. Europe) continents.\n\n**4)** The distribution of landmasses themselves can have a large influence on climate. Specifically, whether or not there are significant landmasses in the high latitudes influence whether large accumulations of ice can form (i.e. ice sheets). The presence of large ice sheets, among other things, influences the albedo of the Earth and thus have an influence on global temperature (snow/ice has a high albedo, reflects more sunglight, etc).\n\nThese are just the ones I could think of off the top of my head, others may have more influences that I'm forgetting, but the TL;DR is that tectonics is one of the primary influences on long term climate changes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep35678",
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v359/n6391/pdf/359117a0.pdf",
"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4073",
"http://regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Orographic.htm",
"http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/classes/GE277/An2001_monsoon.pdf"
]
] |
||
8xxx7r
|
Is there a compound that can be found naturally but cannot be made artificially?
|
[deleted]
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/8xxx7r/is_there_a_compound_that_can_be_found_naturally/
|
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"Depends in what way you mean by 'made artificially'. Proteins and enzymes are very complex structures that can't really be made by standard chemical reactions, and require a living organism such as bacteria to be produced in a lab. \n\n\n\nA good example is insulin, a hormone used to treat diabetics. It was originally isolated in the early 20th century by harvesting it from the pancreas of a dog, but nowadays its produced by specially cultivated bacteria.\n It's not currently possible to synthesise insulin chemically (along with a lot of other biological compounds) as the molecules are so complex. Edit:[More info about insulin](_URL_0_)\n\n\nEdit2: I just learned that insulin can in fact be synthesised! See below comment. ",
"This might be stretching your definition of \"compound\" somewhat, but I don't believe we have the technology to manufacture [neutronium](_URL_0_), a degenerate form of matter making up neutron stars. At least not in any significant quantities or periods of time.",
"I guess “can be found in nature” doesnt count if they have gone extinct recently, however, I remember a certain type of sea sponge that pharmaceutical companies farmed to extinction. They were trying to get a molecule in it that they absolutely could not make in the lab due to its chirality. \n\nThe sponges made so little that the researchers had to gather lots of specimen to get minor amounts of drug. By the second or third return to gather more they couldnt find any because they made them go extinct. Ill try to find it. Learned about it in biopharm class",
"From a theoretical standpoint, no. Potentially anything that is possible in nature (on earth) we could theoretically produce artificially.\n\nFrom a practical standpoint, absolutely. There are countless natural compounds we do not know how to produce, and papers get published all the time by some organic chemist demonstrating a route to produce said compound.",
"Well first we have to define what is a \"compound\", and what's the difference between \"natural\" and \"artificial\". And neither of those definitions are trivial.\n\nTake a glass of wine for example. Since we're doing science let's buy something nice, like a Stag's Leap Cabernet.\n\nIf you pick any one molecule in the glass of Stag's Leap Cab, chances are it is something that can be produced in a reactor. But does that mean you could \"synthesize\" a glass of high-end Cabernet? Of course not. The interaction between different molecules in wine is so complex, you're never going to achieve exactly the same flavor as a Cabernet. You might achieve something with a similar color and alcohol content, but you probably wouldn't want to drink it, and you could definitely tell the difference between the \"synthetic\" Cab and a real Cab.\n\nBut then we have an even tougher question to think about: what makes a production method \"natural\" versus \"artificial\"? Our high-end Cabernet is clearly a natural product because it was made with grapes, yeast, wooden barrels, and other all-natural ingredients.\n\nBut what about \"artificial\" ethyl alcohol? You could buy industrial-grade ethanol, the stuff that we put in our gas tanks, but that is almost entirely produced by fermentation of food crops (primarily corn). Isn't that exactly the same as wine? So our gas tank ethanol is a \"natural\" product too!\n\nOne might suggest making \"artificial\" ethanol by using chemical processes to break down larger carbohydrates. But where did those carbohydrates come from? All of the complex carbon molecules on Earth were produced by a living organism at some point.\n\nSo what about petroleum, is it really an \"artificial\" compound or a \"natural\" compound? If you're willing to call Vaseline an artificial substance, then what about the vast amounts of petroleum jelly sitting deep beneath the Earth untouched by mankind? It's chemically the same.\n\nAnd why is it that we consider MSG an artificial flavoring when it's sprinkled into your wonton soup, but the MSG in seaweed and mushrooms is chemically identical to the MSG in a jar... In fact, the MSG in a jar was probably extracted from seaweed or mushrooms to begin with!\n\nThe answer is that \"artificial\" versus \"natural\" is a purely semantic distinction, and there is no hard physical basis for calling something artificial or natural."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Insulin.html"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronium"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
yg5tk
|
If I ate this whole bottle of vitamins, what would happen to me?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/yg5tk/if_i_ate_this_whole_bottle_of_vitamins_what_would/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5va6ph"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"[International Units](_URL_6_) or IUs are biological equivalents for substances like vitamins. There is no standard conversion such as 1 IU always equals 0.5mg. It depends on what vitamin we are talking about. This may seem unnecessary at first, but when you consider that various versions of pre-vitamins result in different amounts of usable vitamin in your body it starts to make sense. \n\nWith a quick glance, my eyes are immediately drawn to the non-water soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) of which your multivitamin contains all but K. \n\nVitamin A is renown for its potential [toxicities](_URL_2_), and the 200,000 IU of preformed vitamin seems like a lot, but is still far below the lethal dose of 7.5M IU theorized by Rodahl and Moore in their [1943 paper](_URL_1_) which brought to light the potential dangers of polar bear and seal liver. \n\nThe 20,000 IU of Vitamin D is probably also not an acute concern though high doses are associated with elevated calcium levels: \n\n > Long-term intakes above the UL increase the risk of adverse health effects [1] (Table 4). Most reports suggest a toxicity threshold for vitamin D of 10,000 to 40,000 IU/day and serum 25(OH)D levels of 500–600 nmol/L (200–240 ng/mL). [ODS on Vitamin D](_URL_4_) \n\nVitamin E overdose can lead to clotting problems, but 2000 IU/d has been deemed safe over the short term [ODS on vitamin E](_URL_3_). \n\nOf the other listed ingredients, Zinc is probably not an acute concern but may be a chronic concern depending on whether that 5 mg is elemental or Zinc Sulfate as listed in the ingredients: \n\n > One case report cited severe nausea and vomiting within 30 minutes of ingesting 4 g of zinc gluconate (570 mg elemental zinc). Intakes of 150–450 mg of zinc per day have been associated with such chronic effects as low copper status, altered iron function, reduced immune function, and reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins. [ODS on Zinc](_URL_0_). \n\nAt a glance, I don't believe that consuming this whole bottle would lead to immediate death. (though this thought experiment obviously shouldn't be carried out) Long term effects of high doses of vitamins are discussed at length in my cited resources. \n\nSomething to always watch out for in vitamins though is Iron. \n\n > In children, death has occurred from ingesting 200 mg of iron. [ODS on iron](_URL_5_) \n\nThis can be a big problem with candy flavored multivatimins which often contain large amounts of iron in order to help certain populations (such as women after the age of first menstruation and before menopause) but have a limited usefulness in most children."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257872/?page=3",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A_",
"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/",
"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/",
"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_unit#Mass_equivalents_of_1_IU"
]
] |
||
3xdhlb
|
If person A is travelling at a fast speed away from person B, why is it that person A's time runs slower when you could say that person B is travelling away relative to A?
|
Since the motion is relative, why is it that the one travelling experiences slower time?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3xdhlb/if_person_a_is_travelling_at_a_fast_speed_away/
|
{
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"text": [
"Your assessment is spot on. They both see the others clock running slow, which is generally called 'the principle of reciprocity' in introductory textbooks.\n\nIf you have two space ships pass each other while traveling at constant velocities, each will feel 'at rest' with respect to the other. This results in each of them seeing the others time slow down. This may seem spooky, but it's a straight forward consequence of the Lorentz transformations.",
"This is a gross simplification, and it will be a thousand things for everyone else to pick a part and say that I'm wrong about, but this is solely meant to help with the idea and concept.\n\nRight now while you were sitting there at your computer you are moving in four directions. You have an up/down speed, left/right speed, forward/backwards speed, and a time speed.\n\nIf you add all of these numbers up they must equal \"1\". The speed of light on this case.\n\nThe thing is, you are really hauling ass through the time direction. You were falling through time at the speed of one second per second. All of the other directions that you're moving are miniscule in comparison. So almost all of that light speed that you were traveling right now is going in the direction of time.\n\nSo now let's put you on a rocket. You start moving forwards, and you go faster and faster. All of those numbers still have to add up to one. So if you think of time as an actual direction that you are falling towards, once your speed gets high enough instead of falling almost straight down you are ever so slightly turning. \n\nSo keeping that image in your head imagine to sky divers that are traveling at the same speed. One skydiver fall straight down, the other falls at let's say a 45 degree angle. After a few moments, the skydiver who is falling straight down is much closer to the ground. The one who is traveling at a 45 degree angle that crosses the same distance would be higher.\n\nIn this example, the height would represent time, and because one of them is moving more horizontally, they have traveled through less time.\n\nNow if you think about it, this also explains why you can't go backwards in time. Because if you take every drop of that speed that is dedicated to time and go forward with it (meaning you were traveling at the speed of light in the forward direction) there is no more speed to take from anywhere else. You are a skydiver who is moving horizontally. \n\n",
"Can I take this a way further. I've always wondered how plausible this is if the technology was available. \n\nTraveling into the future, is there a scenario where you're traveling at some speed near c that you can arrive back to your origin (maybe in a loop) a number of years into the future. \n\nAnother way of asking is if person A boarded a ship and left traveling at the speed of light, could he come back to earth 1000 years later in person B's frame of reference (person B never leaves earth).",
"It doesn't. Both person A and person B see the other one as passing through time more slowly than themselves.\n\nThe key is that they can't compare their clocks within the same reference frame until at least one of them accelerates to match the other one's velocity. How the clocks match up depends on which one does the accelerating. If (as in the traditional twin paradox) B accelerates away from A, travels around for a while, then approaches A again and decelerates to a stop at A's position, they will agree that B experienced less time. On the other hand, if both accelerate directly away from each other at the same rate, then reverse and come back together and stop when they meet, both will have experienced the same amount of subjective time.",
"The difference lies not in who's traveling, but what's called a change in reference frame. The only way it could be determined that person A is travelling and person B is not, is that person A is (or has) experienced acceleration. For example, in the famous [Twin Paradox](_URL_0_), the difference in age for the person who travels comes from the fact that person A had to start moving, stop moving, turn around, start moving back, and stop at the end. The asynchronicity did not happen merely because they were travelling really fast, but due to their enormous changes in speed.",
"It comes down to which person is accelerating (including acceleration due to gravity) more. Crudely, who feels the most Gs for how long.\n\nThus in the twin astronauts problem, the one who stays on Earth does not experience the acceleration that their traveling twin does, and why in the satellite relativity problem people on the surface of the Earth age *slightly* slower than satellites in freefall/orbit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_paradox"
],
[]
] |
|
3jfwtg
|
Does the concept of religion differ outside of Abrahamic religions?
|
For example does the idea of "religion" exist in every culture in approximately the same way or do concepts of religion differ drastically? For example did Chinese and Indians view Confucianism and Hinduism the same way Christians and Muslims viewed their religions? Did they understand the distinction from one religion and another, such as Confucianism or Taoism? Do connotations of "religion" differ elsewhere so that they view religion as essentially different entities altogether from what we mean when talking about "religion" in English?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3jfwtg/does_the_concept_of_religion_differ_outside_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuow9bz"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"This isn't really a history question, but some here may want to answer. Meanwhile, you might consider x-posting this question to r/AskReligion, r/AskAnthropology, or r/AskSocialScience "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4bk3en
|
what is the keynesian multiplier, and how does it help disprove supply-side economics?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4bk3en/eli5what_is_the_keynesian_multiplier_and_how_does/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d19wlm0",
"d19zpm1"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The mythical Keynesisn multiplier falls hard for the Broken Window Fallacy. It measures what is seen in one part of the economy and neglects to subtracts out the unseen losses in the rest of the economy. If it were true we would never have another recession. ",
"The Keynesian multiplier is an economic magic trick where the government takes money from taxpayers and spends it on projects, thus cycling the money back into the economy and improving it.\n\nThis principle is also used in medicine when doctors perform blood transfusions by pumping blood from the patient's right arm into his left arm, thus giving him more blood.\n\nYou can try it at home. Fill a swimming pool half up, then pour the water from one half into the other to fill it the rest of the way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
wy23w
|
what causes some tv shows/movies to look somehow "off" on newer screens (kind of soap opera-looking)?
|
Hopefully someone knows what I'm talking about since I can't properly explain it but sometimes when I watch stuff on newer screens they just look low quality, like maybe the lighting's all wrong? Can someone tell me what I'm experiencing and why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/wy23w/eli5_what_causes_some_tv_showsmovies_to_look/
|
{
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],
"score": [
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"text": [
"You have motion interpolation turned on. It is a function that inserts computer-generated estimate frames between the existing frames of video to create smoother motion, but it's an aesthetic associated with camcorders and soap operas, so people often dislike it.\n\nLook through your TV's menu and turn it off.",
"Thanks to frogs, I found this if anyone's interested: _URL_0_",
"Yes! I tried showing it to my family and nobody else saw it...glad I'm not crazy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.ehow.com/info_12198698_smooth-motion-effect-mean-vizio-tv.html"
],
[]
] |
|
6q22em
|
why some people can float, while others can' t?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6q22em/eli5_why_some_people_can_float_while_others_can_t/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dku0g1b"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"People can float in water if they learned or figured out how to do so. Those who cannot did not learn how. But no one is incapable of it. In fact its harder to not float than it is to float, because of your lungs, since they are filled with air.\n\nIf you wanna see what I mean, try getting a basketball underwater."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1batg0
|
Q from my 5-year old: did dinosaurs have boogers?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1batg0/q_from_my_5year_old_did_dinosaurs_have_boogers/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c957s07"
],
"score": [
54
],
"text": [
"[Birds are more likely related to dinosaurs](_URL_2_), rather than reptiles to dinosaurs, and birds do get [nasal mucus](_URL_1_).\n\nA booger by any other name is still a [booger](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhea",
"http://www.birds-online.de/gesundheit/gesinfektion/erkaeltung_en.htm",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_birds"
]
] |
||
1jv6t7
|
calvinism
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jv6t7/eli5_calvinism/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbinjm5"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"John Calvin was a theologian who was part of the reformation. His theology became known as Calvinism. \n\nBasically Calvinism is boiled down to the TULIP beliefs. \n\n* T - Total Depravity - All parts of man are affected by sin\n* U - Unconditional Election - We are saved by Christ without any conditions. We do not earn it, it is completely a gift.\n* L - Limited Atonement - Jesus died on the cross only for those who follow Him. His atonement for sins was not for everyone.\n* I - Irresistible Grace - If God wants you to follow Him you can't resist the call.\n* P - Perseverance of the Saints -Once saved always saved. You can't lose your salvation.\n\nNot every Calvinist agrees with all 5 points. In fact, some say Calvin didn't believe in all of them (the term TULIP was made up after he died) but these are the basic theological points.\n\n**tl;dr - There are two main camps of Christian theology. Men are in control and choose to follow God (Arminianism) and God is in control and chooses who follows Him (Calvinism).** "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
an7lgu
|
I always hear how "Wilt played against milkmen" or "NFL players had day jobs as oil workers". How did sports contracts go from the equivalent of a second job to multi-million dollar deals?
|
I know inflation plays a role, but what are the other factors? Things like rule changes or popularity.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/an7lgu/i_always_hear_how_wilt_played_against_milkmen_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"efsvqjd"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"The answer boils down to about two points: Market size and collective negotiations. \n\nBack in the day, sports athletes were considered amateurs and were more motivated by passion to engage in a hobby more than working a primary job for earning income. As time went on through the 30s and 40s, competition and swelling audience sizes encouraged the development of a more professional caste of athletes who were naturally a bit better paid than their amateur predecessors, but we’re still not close to the modern multimillion dollar contract. \nBy the 1950s broadcasting emerged as the big game changer, catapulted by effective collective action. With broadcasting the audience size increased exponentially, and earning of the overall sport. As owners and broadcasters made more and more, players increasingly organized to bargain for better pay. Through the 1970s and onward, as player organizations and unions became powerful and ubiquitous, and rating soared to higher and higher levels, players’ salaries ballooned.\n\nKeep in mind, though, players’ salaries vary wildly even with the same league or even the same team. \n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_2_\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://mentalfloss.com/article/84792/11-things-you-might-not-know-about-athlete-salaries",
"https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.firmex.com/thedealroom/when-did-athletes-start-getting-rich/amp/",
"https://operations.nfl.com/the-players/evolution-of-the-nfl-player/"
]
] |
|
407ktr
|
what are the benefits to running in the cold
|
I mean aside from the obvious of getting your body used to the cold, what, if any are the benefits of running in cold weather. I live in the DC metro area and grew up in San Diego, so I really can't motivate myself to run if it's under like 60 degrees out
Edit: not saying 60 degrees is cold, it's just my preferred temperature low. I've lived in DC for 3 years, but until recently haven't had to run/test in test in temperatures lower than maybe 65ish.
I'm basically just looking for fact to motivate me to get off my ass and actually train outdoors, since my own internal struggle isn't usually enough to do it
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/407ktr/eli5_what_are_the_benefits_to_running_in_the_cold/
|
{
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5
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"text": [
"I played rugby in high school and I much preferred training and playing in the cold because of how tired and overheated I felt after. At first it sucked since I was all clammy and cold but after you get blood moving this is no longer an issue. At the end of the day, I always preferred playing and training in the cold, especially if it was rainy and muddy. ",
"Well, I have to start by saying that 60 degrees isn't \"cold\", certainly not too cold for outdoor exercise. Depending on your tolerance you might want to wear slightly warmer clothes, but as long as you do a decent warm-up, you're fine. \n\nI've gone running in as low as 20 degrees. Other than using more energy to stay warm, plus carrying a lot more weight in clothing alone, it doesn't really give you more benefits than running would, in general. In fact, if you don't prepare and equip correctly, it can be downright *dangerous*. \n\nTo be honest with you, I tend to find a different exercise routine for the winter. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
34w95e
|
how do huge herbivores such as elephants and rhino's build muscle and mass without meat? what makes a human's body unable to grow similarly from just grass/leaves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34w95e/eli5_how_do_huge_herbivores_such_as_elephants_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"As for cows, their stomachs are designed to readily break down and redigest food in 4 different stomach cavities. Ruminants like bovines do this through a predigestion process that ferments this plant matter. This, along with regurgitating some plant matter to further help break it down by chewing it more, is how they break plants down to be absorbed as ample nutrients.\n\nAs for the other animals listed, I have no real experience with them, but I would be surprised if they where not ruminants as well.\n\nFun facts! Due to the cow's aggressive stomach acid, when they regurgitate food to chew more (called chewing their cud), they have horrendous teeth! They can also produce more than 100 liters of saliva a day!\nSource: I grew up farming, and have had my fair share of cows spit in my face.",
"Au contraire! Vegetables, especially grains, have all kinds of protein in them. Here's a series of charts.\n\n_URL_1_\n\nI think they get enough protein because they consume enough in their food. \n\nElephants are not ruminants.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Humans can get muscle mass without meat. [Like these guys.](_URL_0_)",
"Interestingly, cattle can create protein from many other nitrogen sources. Cattle farmers in dry areas give their stock supplements that include urea, which the cattle use to create muscle.",
"The elephants intestine is 19 metres long (a human's is about 1.5 metres). So there is much more time for food to be digested.\n\nIn addition, they have gut bacteria that can ferment cellulose (the material around plant cells) so that it can be digested. This happens in an organ called the caecum, which in elephants is massive, and divided into lots of sections.",
"Side note, peas are a complete/quality protein source, meaning they have all the amino acids needed to turn protein into human protein. People also need a small amount of cholesterol to be healthy which you can't get from plants..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.elephantsforever.co.za/elephants-faq.html#.VUgy2xPF8xk",
"http://www.vegparadise.com/protein.html#Charts"
],
[
"http://www.greatveganathletes.com/bodybuilders"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3g5oe2
|
why are female pornstars paid more than male pornstars? isn't that illegal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3g5oe2/eli5_why_are_female_pornstars_paid_more_than_male/
|
{
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"text": [
"No, it's not illegal to pay one person more than another. It's actually a very common way to do business, based on legitimate business needs.",
"Its a basic supply and demand thing. Probably all boys wana shoot porn, but not all girls do. ",
"Nah, the vast majority of people don't watch straight porn to look at the guys. A lot of porns, like POV style for example, you don't even see the guy's face, he's basically just a prop for the female to perform.",
"How many beautiful women do you know that are willing to let a complete stranger fuck them in the ass and spray semen on their faces? Now, while you're pondering that I ask you, how many guys do you know that would fuck a beautiful woman they've never met in the ass and spray semen on their face? I believe it all comes down to supply and demand....",
"It is not illegal for two reasons. First, generally speaking, there is nothing illegal about paying people different amounts. There isn't even anything illegal about paying men one amount, and women another amount. This is especially true when the people are in different jobs (like say, \"person with penis in them\" vs. \"person putting penis in someone else\")\n\nWhat is illegal is paying one sex more (or less) than the other because of their sex. So, if it so happens that the CEO is a man, and every other employee is a woman, the CEO getting paid the most doesn't cause any legal issues. Likewise, you can pay Brad Pitt more than Ellen DeGeneres to be in your movie, so long as you're paying him more because he's more famous or negotiated better or something else, and not just because he's a man. \n\nBut, you may be asking, surely it can't be that easy. If I could just only hire one sex for the high paying jobs, and the other sex for the lower paying jobs, then any legal protection for the salaries would be meaningless. And that's true. \n\nBut that's where we get to the second issue, which has two parts. First, as with the pay, to be illegal you'd have to be splitting up your hires based on their sex. So, if you happen to hire all male doctors and all female nurses, it's only a legal issue if you're also turning away female doctors and refusing to hire male nurses. \n\nOf course, that's exactly what's happening in the kind of porn your talking about---they're hiring men for the male roles, and women for the women roles. But that's the second part of this issue: you're allowed to \"discriminate\" by gender when that discrimination is a \"bona fide\" occupational requirement, and for entertainers, gender can be just such a requirement. \n\nIt's the same for porn as it would be for a staging of *A Midsummer Night's Dream*: If in your vision of Othello, the main character has to be an Asian Woman, you are fine to discriminate against non-Asian women when casting the role. Same if you're casting *A MidSummer Night's Cream*. \n\nEDIT: As /u/Cliffy73 points out, the example at the end is a bit flawed. The first amendment is what allows you to cast a play, movie, or porn film using race as a criteria for a part. Race can never be a bona fide occupational qualification. \n\n",
"Female porn stars tend to be the \"product\" to a far greater extent than their male counterparts. No I'm not objectifying women, I'm saying that the consumers (as a rule of thumb) are much more interested in the women than the men and the women are compensated accordingly. As an interesting end note guys participating in gay porn tend to be paid similarly to the women. There was an askreddit thread that discussed most of this a couple weeks ago."
]
}
|
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[] |
[
[],
[],
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[]
] |
||
2iw7m2
|
How can Planck's Constant be well... a constant if we know that space itself has and is expanding?
|
My understanding is that Planck's constant, tiny though it is, has dimensions, regardless of how you measure it. (The math gets a bit hairy for me, which is why I'm not a physicist.) We also know that the universe, or the spatial dimensions within the universe, are expanding and strongly suspect that they once expanded very, very rapidly.
How then can Planck's constant be a constant? Why doesn't the value change over time as the universe continues to expand?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2iw7m2/how_can_plancks_constant_be_well_a_constant_if_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cl6gjv3",
"cl6h42r"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Physical constants are immutable with respect to time by definition. If for instance the speed of light would speed up or slow down for some magical reason, it would from a physical stand point be the meter which gets longer or shorter as the speed of light and the passing of time must be constant.\n\nIn your example, the Planck energy:\n\n E=hc/λ (Energy = Planck Constant*speed of light/wavelength) \n\nof a photon would decrease as it propagated through the expanding universe, but since the speed of light and Planck constant are constants, it's the wavelength which gets expanded.",
" > tiny though it is, has dimensions\n\nReading your question leads me to wonder if you think the word \"dimensions\" in this context means that Planck's Constant actually has dimensions like width, length, and height. In this context, when we say that something has dimensions, we're not talking about its size, but the units in which we measure it. The speed of your car has \"dimensions\" because it is measured in \"meters per second,\" or \"miles per hour,\" or more generally in \\[Length\\] per \\[Time\\].\n\nPlanck's constant, in the MKS system, is 6.626⨉10^(-34) kilogram · meter^2 / second. The \"kilogram · meter^2 / second\" part is its dimensions. The universe expands, but not our definitions of meters, kilograms, or seconds."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
kguz1
|
why my torrents go so slow even though there's more seeders than leechers?
|
I understand how networks work, WANs, LANs, bits, packets, etc... and I understand that perhaps all of the seeders are uploading at a slow speed and that's why I am receiving it at a slow speed, but currently my torrent has 46 seeders and 6 leechers and it is *still* going slow.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kguz1/eli5_why_my_torrents_go_so_slow_even_though/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2k57go",
"c2k73jh",
"c2k57go",
"c2k73jh"
],
"score": [
6,
2,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"There are several possibilities. \n\n1. If you are using a public site like piratebay most of those \"seeders\" are probably limiting their upload to a few k/s\n\n2. Your internet provider might be limiting your download over torrents. \n\n3. You might not be connectable the port you are using is not open. This limits who you can connect to.",
"Those seeders aren't *only* seeding that particular torrent. They may be seeding ten, thirty, or five hundred torrents at once. ",
"There are several possibilities. \n\n1. If you are using a public site like piratebay most of those \"seeders\" are probably limiting their upload to a few k/s\n\n2. Your internet provider might be limiting your download over torrents. \n\n3. You might not be connectable the port you are using is not open. This limits who you can connect to.",
"Those seeders aren't *only* seeding that particular torrent. They may be seeding ten, thirty, or five hundred torrents at once. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
b17v4i
|
Vikings and winged helmets?
|
I know vikings didn't have horns on heir helmets but what about the popular depiction of them having wings on them?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/b17v4i/vikings_and_winged_helmets/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eik3bxa",
"eikmy74"
],
"score": [
11,
2
],
"text": [
"You could really cover all the basics of Iron Age Norse helmets in a few paragraphs. There are a few helmets from fancy ship burials in Sweden from the Vendel Age (550-800), the centuries preceding the Viking Age. Examples would be [Vendel I](_URL_8_) from Vendel (these very finds gave name to the age), [Vendel XIV](_URL_13_), [Valsgärde VII](_URL_7_) and [Valsgärde VIII](_URL_10_) from Valsgärde. The numbers are which grave they're from; the two sites are about 25 km from each other, both not far north of Old Uppsala in Uppland, Sweden. There's also the [Ulltuna helmet](_URL_0_) which is a bit different but with some common features. It's often remarked upon that these also have many similarities to the [Sutton Hoo helmet](_URL_16_) from England, which is contemporary Anglo-Saxon one, also from a fancy grave. This right here is most of the reasonably-complete helmets contemporary with the Vendel Age. For instance from Norway there are only 3 confirmed helmet fragments from the era. \n\nAs these are elaborate grave goods from elaborate royal tombs (that contained ships, animal sacrifices and lots and lots of other stuff), they probably don't represent what the average Sven was wearing at the time. It also seems a bit unlikely someone would go into battle with a garnet-encrusted helmet like Valsgärde VII. Which hasn't stopped plenty of Viking fiction for utilizing the designs though.\n\nThere are also decorations from the Vendel Age such as the [Torslunda plaes](_URL_11_) which depict apparently-ceremonial helmets with boars and animals on them, and one guy with big horned helmets and a bear-like warrior. (we don't really know exactly what these depict, although there's no shortage of theories) A similar picture of guys with big-horned helmets holding spears, is on the Sutton Hoo helmet. Together these are called the ['dancing warrior'](_URL_17_) motif. It's possible this referred to some kind of ceremonial helmet that actually existed in the Vendel Period, but we haven't found one. (it's not the source of the horned-viking helmet idea though) The type of helmet with the boar has been found in England, with the [Benty Grange helmet](_URL_3_) (7th cent). Again showing cultural connections between the Norse and Anglo Saxon world.\n\nBut from the Viking Age, there is only a single helmet fragment that's reasonably whole, which is the [Gjermundbu helmet](_URL_12_), dated to the 950s. It's a simpler and less design than the Vendel helmets but similar, and was formerly decked out with gold, and likely had the same ceremonial purpose. The [Lokrume fragment](_URL_2_) from Gotland and [Tjele fragment](_URL_15_) from Denmark. Both fragments are of the characteristic 'eyebrow' bits which is how they could easily be identified as helmet fragments.\n\nThere are a couple more fragments but this is basically it, all the known helmet and helmet fragments from Viking Age Scandinavia and the preceding three centuries. \n\nSo not only no horns nor wings, but not a heck of a lot of evidence they even wore helmets _at all._ Now, the Sagas and Eddas do mention the wearing of helmets here and there. Some of them are even made of gold. And that's the thing; the stories are about kings and heroes and gods, so again we can't expect them to tell us much about the regular people. \n\nThere _are_ Viking Age artistic depictions of helmets though; such as the [Rällinge statue](_URL_4_). This figure, which has been suggested to represent Freyr (on the basis of him having an erection, ergo fertility god) is wearing a pointy helmet with a nose guard. You can find a similar helmet depicted on the 11th century [Ledberg Stone](_URL_1_) (which has been suggested to be Odin despite the cross on the stone, mainly on the basis of him holding a spear). These kinds of helmets - [nasal helmets](_URL_5_) did exist in contemporary Europe. Quite famously there's a lot of them on the [Bayeux tapestry](_URL_14_) illustrating William the Conqueror's conquest of England (so, 1066). \n\nBut as we've seen, if vikings had nasal helmets, they've not left any concrete trace of it. (by comparison, there have been thousands of spear-tips and hundreds of swords found) So if you assume they did have these helmets, the question is why they're not here. (not least when there's often so much other stuff in graves) And that just requires further assumptions so you don't really get anywhere. \n\nSo there's no real consensus about actual Viking helmets; whether they had any or what they looked like if they did. One narrative is that they may have had less-ornate versions of the Vendel/Valsgärde helmets in that period, and Gjermundbu being end-of-the line model as they shifted over to nasal helmets. At the opposite end of the spectrum, one could imagine they had no helmets at all, except for these ceremonial/status-symbol ones.\n\nThe portrayal of Vikings as having horned helmets as well as winged helmets are thus not based in history at all but 19th century Viking-Romantic imagery. For instance, the Swedish painter August Malmström's paintings [illustrating Frithiof's Saga](_URL_6_) he gave the hero a winged helmet. Otherwise _horned_ helmets seem to belong mainly to the English Viking-Romantic art, such as [Dicksee's \"Funeral of a Viking\"](_URL_9_). (also illustrating the burning-ship-burial trope) The costume design for Wagner's Ring Cycle is often credited with creating the horned-helmet trope, and if so it likely created or contributed much to the winged-helmet trope as well, as there are plenty of winged helmets in it too. (e.g. Brunnhilde often has one) \n\nSo anyway, we know so little that if you've read this far, you too are now a bit of an expert on Viking Age helmets. But there's every reason to hope and believe another find will be made some day that'll advance our knowledge on the topic. (actually so many large burial mounds remain unexcavated it's practically a guarantee another helmet find will be made, some day)\n\n",
"Thank you so much, especially for all the links! I swear reddit is way more helpful than the entirety of the rest of the internet."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://i.imgur.com/Y7R6IIW.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Ledbergsstenen_20041231.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Lokrume_helmet_fragment_-_1907.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Benty_grange_helm_crop.png/1024px-Benty_grange_helm_crop.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Frej_R%C3%A4llinge.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_helmet",
"http://blog.europeana.eu/2015/11/a-viking-love-story-the-saga-of-frithiof/",
"https://i.pinimg.com/originals/14/38/eb/1438ebb9e3aac962352f62333f952a06.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Vendel_I_helmet_456058.jpg",
"https://d3d00swyhr67nd.cloudfront.net/w1200h1200/GMIII/GMIII_MCAG_1928_13.jpg",
"http://users.stlcc.edu/mfuller/viking/valsHelmetOverall.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Torslunda_plates.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Gjermundbu_helmet_-_cropped.jpg",
"http://earlymedieval.archeurope.info/uploads/images/vendal_helmets/vendel_14_1_l.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Odo_bayeux_tapestry.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Tjele_helmet_fragment.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png",
"http://www.ealdfaeder.org/imy/spearsource.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
fxnvov
|
How did Hitler finance the industrial build up to WW2? The story’s of wheelbarrow bread buyers would make one assume it be impossible to ramp up such huge industrial undertaking... where did the money come from?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/fxnvov/how_did_hitler_finance_the_industrial_build_up_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fmvk7ks"
],
"score": [
28
],
"text": [
"He did the same thing most modern economies do. Deficit spending. \n\nHitler and his Finance minister, Hjalmar Schacht, knew that simply printing money to pay for rearmament would lead to inflation, so they decided to re-finance industry by using credit. Schacht and the largest German industrial firms teamed up and issued \"Mefo\" bills. Mefo was short for \"Mettalurgische Forschungsgesellschaft\" - Mettalurgical Research corporation.\n\nSimply put, they used these bills instead of money. They were guaranteed by the state and could be exchanged for Cash at the Reichsbank. They also regulated the Mefo bills so each bill issued was tied to a batch of newly produced goods. This way, they were able to avoid inflation. Unfortunately, this eventually led to a huge amount of internal state Debt, which was fine for Hitler. His end goal was to expand his \"German Reich\" by invading Europe, and debt gave him the opportunity to make everyone see things his way.\n\nTo make the most of the opportunities presented by the Mefo Bills, Hitler also instituted other controls. First and foremost, Hitler cracked down on labor unions not affiliated with the Nazis. This was intended to stop unions from advocating for rights and benefits for workers, which allowed Employers and Big Businesses to spend more money on investing to expand their businesses, since they could cut down on their Employees' wages and other assorted benefits. Also, in order to be able to participate in the Mefo scheme, Businesses would have to agree to re-invest most of their earnings (62%) into rearmament and the economy.\n\nIn summary, the money came from thin air. Hitler and Schacht issued Mefo bills that were essentially promissory notes/IOUs, which German big businesses used as credit to finance rearmament. \n\nReferences\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_\n\nETA: links and spelling fixed"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol16/iss1/5/",
"https://voxeu.org/article/macroeconomics-germany-forgotten-lesson-hjalmar-schacht"
]
] |
||
41gkl8
|
how do artists who don't make their own music... get their music?
|
Do artists have a "tug-of-war" between songs if both artists are suited for the performance or is there usually just one devoted songwriter?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41gkl8/eli5_how_do_artists_who_dont_make_their_own_music/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cz27fbs"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Songs are bought by music producers from writers either on spec or commissioned and then given to the artist to test out and possibly record. Commercial music artists pretty much just record the vocals of songs in studios, and then they are mixed with hired gun musicians (aka studio musicians). They are the front of businesses, they don't have a lot to say on what they sing or what is released. They're expensive popular employees."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1v0lpe
|
Why did the Neanderthals (200,000 BCE - 30,000 BCE) start burying their dead?
|
This question came up in my history class. Some simple answers were brought up, but I think there is more to it.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1v0lpe/why_did_the_neanderthals_200000_bce_30000_bce/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cenjg6m"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Not to discourage any responses, but this is more of a question for /r/askanthropology/ since it pre-dates written history. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
20janf
|
why are gas stations still advertising gas as unleaded?
|
Nearly every gas station I pass on the road has "UNLEADED" above the price per gallon. Haven't cars run on unleaded gas for decades now? Are there still gas stations that provide leaded gasoline, or even cars that will still run with leaded gasoline?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20janf/eli5_why_are_gas_stations_still_advertising_gas/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg3s8hz",
"cg3t0v4"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Not all engines that use gasoline use unleaded gasoline. It's best to specify lest somebody fill up their gas tank and find their engine doesn't work.",
"The only place I believe you can buy leaded fuel is an airport. It still exists and can case damage to modern cars emission systems. I would speculate it clears manufactures from liability if someone where to fill their tank up with it, or add it as an additive. \n\nTetraethyllead (lead) was added to fuel to increase fuel stability which allowed higher compression ratios and subsequently power. Obviously breathing it is bad and it didn't play well with catalytic converters. Unleaded cars have hardened valve seats to combat valve wear. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
ao8d23
|
physiologically how do some scents cause certain animals to panic in fear even if they are naive to the origin of the scent?
|
For exampe, mice are instinctually terrified of the smell of cat or fox urine, or the scent of rats, even if they have never been exposed to those animals. Is there any stimulus that humans are hard-wired to fear? Guessing snakes or large predators (but those are immediate and present, as opposed to a scent.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ao8d23/eli5_physiologically_how_do_some_scents_cause/
|
{
"a_id": [
"efzx159"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Not about smells but there's a cool paper on how water fleas develop protective helmets and longer tail spines in response to a chemical from a fish predator. \n\nEven if they've never met the fish before they will develop these traits. This means that the response was inherited from their parents because they realise that the chemical means \"crap there's a fish better armour up so it doesn't eat me\" and that message was passed through their DNA.\n\nThey also found that if the populations weren't exposed to the fish predators for many generations then they respond slower. So the link between the chemical and the need to protect themselves gets weaker over time if they haven't seen the fish in a while.\n\nHere's a blog about the paper, probably explains it better than me: _URL_0_\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/predator-no-problem-water-fleas-grow-weapons/"
]
] |
|
1k0tqi
|
Might the radioactive water from Fukushima create radioactive rain on the west coast of the United States?
|
And if so, how big of a threat is it?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1k0tqi/might_the_radioactive_water_from_fukushima_create/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbke0tz"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"There is a [team in Berkeley which measures radiation in rainwater](_URL_0_). They found some I-131 during the weeks after the meltdown, but quickly fell below detectable levels, and has stayed that way ever since.\n\nFood took a little bit longer, but they [haven't found anything in quite a while at this point](_URL_1_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling/RainWaterSampling",
"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling"
]
] |
|
72fyow
|
Sensitive, somewhat weepy male characters abound in late 18th c. Gothic novels and are not presented as unmanly or unattractive. Is there any truth in the claim I've occasionally seen that men's crying was more socially acceptable before the Industrial Revolution than it has been ever since?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/72fyow/sensitive_somewhat_weepy_male_characters_abound/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dniq0ej",
"dnit9ds"
],
"score": [
62,
1441
],
"text": [
"Hopefully it is acceptable to ask for context? Which characters and novels specifically are you thinking of?",
"I was hailed by a mod. I have barely posted here in years, but this is fun and I love this stuff. Forgive my rustiness, I am in another career field now.\n\nLet's go!\n\nAll this socially acceptable crying is part of a movement called Romanticism. \n\nRomanticism comes to us on the heels of the Napoleonic challenge; Napoleon Bonaparte has gone and overthrown the balance of Europe, and the region is righting itself again after war. Decades of it. Three million people in Europe are dead because of the French Revolution and Napoleon's grab for power, you've got conservatism rising to denounce revolution as anarchy, you've got a demand to return to \"property rights, prejudice, and tradition.\" (Thanks, Edmond Burke.) And you know what prejudice is? Old traditions. Burke says things based on thousands of years of tradition deserve respect! The throne and the altar are important pillars of strength, and by going against them, you've undermined all of society! If we're going to restore the countries of Europe to some sort of stability and power, let the old traditions be our moral compass!\n\nYou know what that means?\n\nConstitutional monarchy is back! So the monarchies have been restored, most based on legitimacy, including the French one. \n\nDo we have the order that everyone wanted? \n\nNo! It's never that easy!\n\nThe British aristocracy doesn't want to loosen its grip; they suspended habeas corpus so they could war with France, suppressing their own population with the abolishment of rights of man and freedom of expression, as well as the criminalization of demands for political reform. (This is where the Peterloo Massacre happens.) And over in France, Napoleon has left a power vacuum of censorship, and the revamped education system has kicked out any trace of liberalism, giving the Church serious power. And if you keep going East, it gets harsher; Austria is laying down the Metternich system in the Germanic states, which will rule for the next forty years, blacklisting anyone who speaks in the behalf of nationalism, and blacklisting means you'll never find a job in any German state. University students and professors are by far hit the hardest, particularly as the tiny educated minority group. Russia has Alexander wiping out any trace of liberalism to the point that liberal roots *still* haven't taken much in Russia even today. The more East-ward you go, the more authoritarian and tight the regime.\n\nPlease, God, who will help us in this age of stodgy, unthinking, unfeeling tradition that wants to shove us all back in our little boxes after years of revolution had promised us FREEDOM?! \n\n**ARTISTS!**\n\nArtists become the main social voice criticizing social order, and they make up Romanticism. And Romanticism *is* liberalism; it's fighting all the things that tie down literature and art and society, and well, it's romantic –– it's about *feelings*, one's mood!\n\nThink of the artists from this time period. Musicians like Beethoven, Chopin, Rossini, Liszt. Writers like Goethe, Novalis, Heine, Byron, Hugo! And the visual arts –– Friedrich, Turner, Delacroix! Art can be passionate in any time period, but now the Feelings are out. It's dialed up to 11 at all times. Even a painting of a shipwreck is *actually* about destiny and what nature decides and how no man can guarantee his actions because life is unexpected! (The Shipwreck by Turner.) And you're not just marching to liberate your country, you're marching with Liberty herself, a beautiful naked woman who is the purity of your revolution, your demand for a better society! Everything is dramatic! (Liberty Leading The People by Delacroix.)\n\nAnd literature! One particularly popular piece of literature is \"The Sorrows of Young Werther\" by Goethe. It is exactly as the title suggests, about how crap poor Werther's life is, particularly due to unrequited love, and then he –– spoiler alert! –– kills himself and nobody even goes to his funeral! This book is an immediate success, to the tune of inspiring hundreds (if not thousands) of young men to kill themselves because of their own tortured love affairs. It even prompts a fanfic in response that rewrites the ending so Werther lives, and lives happily at that, and Goethe isn't very pleased and it's all crazy. Crazy passionate.\n\nAnd Byron –– oh lord, Byron. Despite Britain being home to some of the coldest and stiffest lips, Byron and his crowd make up the best of the Romantic writers, and Byron writes with *feeling*, and he demands open hearts of young men. He writes his teenage boys with emotional turmoil, and the love letters pour in from fangirls; imagine that, men with feelings! And when Byron's passion leads him to sleeping with people you weren't supposed to be sleeping with in that time period, he has to flee to avoid execution, and he decides to just make lemonade out of lemons and travels to Italy and Greece to take up the cause of liberalism! (He died doing this; tragic and romantic in life and death, which netted him a massive funeral attended mostly by young women.) And his good pal Percy Bysshe Shelley, also an incredible poet, has decided to denounce the church and promote atheism, and write essays criticizing British society! He dies in a shipwreck, hunted out of Britain, tragic and romantic.\n\nAnd Beethoven, Beethoven who had liked Napoleon, until Napoleon decided to go and declare himself emperor, the ultimate of selfish power grabs. Beethoven scratches out the dedication to Napoleon on his symphonies. Fuck megalomania, right?\n\nAnd Chopin, a man of Polish descent when Poland is now largely under Russian control; he felt the only way he could keep his prestige and the spirit of Poland was to bring Polish elements into his music, and so his music includes those elements to piss off the Russians *as a rebellion.*\n\nAnd have you ever heard of that song, Lisztomania by Phoenix? It's great, and very catchy. It's referencing Lisztomania, a hysteria for the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt, whose mere presence could drive people into an emotional mania. Even the fellow who coined this term, writer Heinrich Heine, noted this hysteria to be politically motivated: \"I shrugged my shoulders pityingly [...] [I] looked on it as a sign of the politically unfree conditions existing beyond the Rhine...\" And yet he, too, was swept up in the audience's applause and outpouring of emotions at the concert.\n\nSo that's what you're seeing: art meet politics often, and it offered a new interpretation for life. Enlightenment promoted the mind, but without a heart you’re a robot. And at this point in history, you might as well throw everything to the wind and put all your feelings out there. Fucking cry, Werther!\n\nTL;DR: Nothing is more manly than crying during a revolution.\n\nSources:\n\n* John Merriman, Modern Europe vol.2\n\n* T.C.W. Blanning, The Nineteenth Century\n\n* Robert Gildea, Barricades and Borders, Europe 1800-1914\n\n* And some old-ass lecture notes from the wonderful V. Dimitriadis of the University of Toronto's Department of History. :')"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
f0kd8o
|
Pre 1800s how was money transferred between bank accounts across different countries?
|
For instance, if I was an American businessman planning a trip to Italy would I have to physically bring all of the money I wanted to spend with me? Additionally, what measures were put in place to avoid fraud?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/f0kd8o/pre_1800s_how_was_money_transferred_between_bank/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fgy6rsn"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"I answered a very similar question [here](_URL_0_)\n\nIn your specific case of traveling to Italy from the US pre-1800, I am not sure. But, generally,, you would look to find and pay a merchant or bank that did enough business there to make up a letter of credit that said, essentially, pay John Smith 1,000 ducats. When you arrived, you would go to that other merchant or bank and present your letter. There would be signatures on file and on the document to be compared, that could discourage fraud. There would be a discount- i.e. they might only pay you , say, 950 ducats. There might also be a delay: they might hold the note and ask for someone to vouch for you. You might also get a couple of letters, for different banks, etc., as you might not know until you got there really whether a note/letter was good."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/e3hiet/how_did_renaissanceera_banks_prevent_fraud_from/"
]
] |
|
23997s
|
what happens when you cancel an installation process?
|
When you are trying to install a program and it gets stuck at 90% and you cancel or ctrl alt delete, what happens to the files that were installed? Let's say you canceled the installation process at x.xx MB out of 10.00MB, did it install files and where are they? Will it fill up my hard drive space if i keep cancelling and trying to install again?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23997s/eli5_what_happens_when_you_cancel_an_installation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgupt8e",
"cguzi8j"
],
"score": [
3,
4
],
"text": [
"If you cancel, the installation process will remove the files.\n\nIf you ctrl-alt-del and kill the installation process, it will not be given that opportunities so installed files will be at the installation destination folder. They will fill up your hard drive space; but not if you try to install again because then they'll only be overwritten with the same files again.",
"If the program has a GOOD installer, then it will go back and delete any files and revert back any registry changes it may have made. If the installer is crap it will just leave everything right where it was, which can sometimes cause problems if you try to install the program again.\n\nIf you forcekill the installer from ctrl+alt+del, then it doesn't have a chance to reverse anything and all the files/registry changes sit right where they are. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
m4ga4
|
why can't i just drink water and eat bread (or some such food for calories) and take in all other nutrients via vitamins or supplements and be healthy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/m4ga4/eli5_why_cant_i_just_drink_water_and_eat_bread_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2y0ek9",
"c2y1454",
"c2y2325",
"c2y0ek9",
"c2y1454",
"c2y2325"
],
"score": [
6,
5,
2,
6,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"First, you're going to be healthiest with the appropriate protein/carb/fat balance. Bread has WAY too many carbs, and it's typically not a complete protein. But assume you had a food that did have the right balance, and included complete proteins. Would that work?\n\nProbably, yes. The risk you run is that you don't get any vitamin-like substances which we haven't yet identified as such. But you probably won't suffer from any malnutrition, you just won't get the benefit. ",
"Not really an answer to your question, but somewhat related..\n\nI cant remember it exactly but in this documentary...\n\n_URL_0_\n\n..it is mentioned that an experiment was run where a very overweight man did not eat for over a year (or something like that, I dont have time to re-watch it) and only took supplements (vitamins etc). He lost a lot of weight and it was proven that a person can survive off their fat reserves.",
"Our bodies also don't process vitamins and supplements the best.",
"First, you're going to be healthiest with the appropriate protein/carb/fat balance. Bread has WAY too many carbs, and it's typically not a complete protein. But assume you had a food that did have the right balance, and included complete proteins. Would that work?\n\nProbably, yes. The risk you run is that you don't get any vitamin-like substances which we haven't yet identified as such. But you probably won't suffer from any malnutrition, you just won't get the benefit. ",
"Not really an answer to your question, but somewhat related..\n\nI cant remember it exactly but in this documentary...\n\n_URL_0_\n\n..it is mentioned that an experiment was run where a very overweight man did not eat for over a year (or something like that, I dont have time to re-watch it) and only took supplements (vitamins etc). He lost a lot of weight and it was proven that a person can survive off their fat reserves.",
"Our bodies also don't process vitamins and supplements the best."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/why-are-thin-people-not-fat/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/why-are-thin-people-not-fat/"
],
[]
] |
||
3oecqo
|
why does money go to the hundredths decimal place?
|
At most businesses if you purchase something it comes to the hundredths decimal place (e.g. $16.23). I know for sure it is common for the US, most of Europe, and the UK. It may be different for other currencies. I recognize a couple exceptions such as gas prices (in the US) being measured to the thousandths. Either way, why is money usually expressed this way?
Edit: Some words
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3oecqo/eli5_why_does_money_go_to_the_hundredths_decimal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvwgf8e"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"We use base-10 so we like to dived things by 10. Dividing by 10 twice gives you 1/100. Divide by ten again and you get 1/1000 which is now ~~(and has always been)~~ too small to be useful for transactions. So, 1/100 **used to be** the smallest [order of magnitude](_URL_1_) of our currencies that was still useful for making transactions. [Now, because of inflation, it's completely worthless.](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5UT04p5f7U",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_magnitude"
]
] |
|
298rtr
|
Is there any material/chemocal that can go from a solid to a gas and skip the liquid state?
|
I just was wondering if the states of matter operate in a linear sort of way (like how a number line works) or a more circular fashion (like a colour wheel).
Thanks in advance for any replies. My apologies for the bad analogies.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/298rtr/is_there_any_materialchemocal_that_can_go_from_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ciippt0"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"There are lots, its not a property of the material so much as its a property of its tempature/pressure. Remember that water has different boiling points at diffrent pressures. Low pressure, low temp required, however at higher pressure (think pressure cooker) higher tempatures are required to boil (change into a gas) the water\n\nthe solid to gas transition is called Sublimation. Wiki page here: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_%28phase_transition%29"
]
] |
|
3mnreb
|
how much does "data" cost internet/service providers? where does the actual overhead come from?
|
Like the title says i'm just wondering why exactly data seems to be so fucking expensive.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mnreb/eli5_how_much_does_data_cost_internetservice/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvgkshw",
"cvglrf6"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"The overhead comes from running an extremely complex network with lots of infrastructure that requires highly trained and specialized engineers operating significant portions of it. Depending on what kind of a connection you're looking at setting up, your minimum entry cost is tens of thousands of dollars for a simple connection to millions of dollars for more complex connections. If you were laying an undersea cable, your costs could easily get into the hundreds of millions of dollars depending on the scope and complexity of your project.",
"Data costs internet providers nothing - what does cost money is hardware, support, cables, installation costs, and maintenance. Internet providers have a (somewhat) fixed amount of total network throughput. For example, on a 10 Gbps network, the hardware can only pass 10 Gb each second. \n\nRunning this hardware (wear and tear, electricity, support, etc.) has some cost. Therefore, there is some \"cost per unit time\" for running this hardware. If we rearrange this relationship by including the network throughput, (dividing cost per unit time by network throughput), we end up with \"cost per Gb\". This value is quantified by the internet providers and is used in part to determine the rate which they can charge you for your data. Market pressures (competition), other company overhead, and targeted margin, are among the other factors that are factored into how much they decide to charge you per unit data."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1g94pj
|
why does amazon constantly have "sales" with $0.03 off?
|
Seems kind of pointless. And why is it always 3 cents?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1g94pj/eli5why_does_amazon_constantly_have_sales_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cahzs5l"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"For me, it's a classic marketing trick.\n\nPure and simply; it's designed to get you in the store or at least looking at the item.\n\nJust because it's $0.03 off, doesn't mean it's not technically a sale.\n\nIt's like when a store has a massive sign outside saying \"50% OFF SALE!\". Most people fail to see the \"Up To\" in small writing before the 50%.\n\nYou walk in, and almost everything is still full price. You get angry and leave.\n\nTechnically, the store isn't lying. They do have 50% off, but it's on, say, a pair of socks nobody wants. As long as they have 1 item for 50% off, they can legally put a big sign outside advertising said 50% off.\n\nPeople assume it applies to everything in store so they walk in. And the store layout/design kicks in, designed to draw your eye to X items. You forget about the sale, and you see something you like, so you buy it. \n\nYou probably wouldn't have gone in if it weren't for the massive 50% off sign outside the store.\n\nSame thing applies here.\n\nAmazon are doing it to draw your eye.\n\nPeople are constantly looking for deals where they can save money, so they see the red line through the price and a new price next to it and BAM, you've got a savings. Suddenly, the person is interested. Everyone wants to save money.\n\nCombine that with the methods I'm sure Amazon employ to reduce tax payments and maximize profits through financial algorithms, and it's in Amazon's best interest to apply said \"sales\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
t3r8r
|
Could giant humans survive?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/t3r8r/could_giant_humans_survive/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4jah66",
"c4jb2bn",
"c4jb6el",
"c4jb6tx",
"c4jbloy"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I know taller people tend not to live as long as shorter people, but that doesn't mean people couldn't slowly evolve to be quite large, since most people stop reproducing long before they die of old age. So basically my guess is \"yes\" but not for long.",
"The ratio of volume to surface area will not scale properly. I can't think of the math(on my phone so I can't look it up), but doubling the volume of your lung, for example, will not lead to the same increase in their surface. So, no, a straight scaling would not work.\n\nThat being said, if you might be able to adjust the anatomy of a human such that the ratios would be restored at the new size.",
"I don't know the specific answer, but [this article](_URL_0_) deals with some of the problems of scaling up.",
"If we consider some of the largest animals to walk on land, like amphicoelias, we can see oxygen concentrations wouldn't limit animal size to merely 10 times that of a human. Arthropods have a size limiting issue regarding air oxygen content, but this is because their breathing system is a series of tubes rather than a dedicated specialized organ like the lungs. I think there would be support issues from the sheer mass of such a human though, I don't think any bipedal animal has become that large.",
"You might run into problems of the heart pumping that much blood against gravity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/2/21701757/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
1i5tg1
|
How 'German' was Eastern Prussia under Frederick the Great?
|
So looking at a [map](_URL_0_) of Prussia the Eastern half encompasses what would now be the Baltic states.
And to clarify by 'German' I mean would they have spoken a dialect of German and would they have had what we would recognize as German customs.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1i5tg1/how_german_was_eastern_prussia_under_frederick/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cb19uj5"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"Just to correct a few things first: That doesn't correspond to the modern Baltic states, which are further northeast, that's broadly the north and west of modern Poland and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, formerly Königsberg. It's also a map of Prussia under the German Empire (1871-1918), not a map of Prussia under Frederick the Great ([see here](_URL_0_) for the latter).\n\nEast Prussia corresponds to the original Duchy of Prussia, or so-called *Altpreußen* (Old Prussia). From the 13th century, this area had been colonised by Germans, originally under the aegis of the Teutonic Order, which had aimed to convert the region to Christianity. The Teutonic state *did* extend up to the modern Baltic states, but these areas, then known as Courland and Livonia, were culturally mixed -- though after they were subsumed by Russia, they remained dominated by a German aristocracy until the fall of the Russian Empire.\n\nThe area that became Ducal Prussia was more firmly Germanised, and certainly by the time of Frederick the Great in the 18th century there was little doubt that it was, essentially, German. Königsberg was the capital of East Prussia and became a seat of German-speaking culture under Frederick, paying host to philosophers such as Immanuel Kant.\n\nThis situation prevailed more or less up until the end of the Second World War, when the Polish borders were rearranged by the victorious Soviets, who incorporated the eastern territories of Poland while compensating the Poles by awarding them eastern Germany. A process of ethnic cleansing then took place whereby Germans were forcibly expelled and Poles resettled in the area. At the same time, Königsberg was annexed to the Soviet Union and renamed Kaliningrad, again coupled with a policy of ethnic cleansing and resettlement. That area remains a Russian province to this day, despite having been cut off from the rest of Russia by the fall of the Soviet Union."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map-DR-Prussia.svg"
] |
[
[
"http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/germany/prussia17401763.gif"
]
] |
|
1e7eh7
|
Why do some ants have such a high brain to body mass ratio?
|
I was reading _URL_0_ and saw some ants have the highest ratio? What's the reason they such relatively heavy brains?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1e7eh7/why_do_some_ants_have_such_a_high_brain_to_body/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9xm5cu"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"As the article you linked to, along with [this one](_URL_1_) describe, brain size does not scale linearly (isometrically) with body size. Instead, it scales *allometrically*, proportional to approximately (body mass)^(k), where the exponent k is somewhere around 0.5 to 0.75 (depending on the group of animals being studied; it's ~0.7 for mammals). This means that in terms of percentage total body mass, small animals have larger relative brain size. As a measure of intelligence relative to body size, it is therefore more typical to look at how much an animal's brain size deviates from the expected size for an animal for that size. For example, both humans and mice have brains that weigh ~2-3% of their total body mass. Since humans are much larger, they would be expected to have a lower percentage than mice. The fact that they do not suggests higher relative intelligence. Ants, being very small animals, have a very high percentage brain mass. \n\nAs to why this scaling law is the case, that is not known. However, it is one of several well known allometric scaling laws in biology, all with exponents in a similar range. One reason mentioned by the wikipedia article is that neurons have approximately the same size in all species, although this is now known [not to be true](_URL_0_). Nevertheless, some type of 'overhead' may play a role in this relationship. For example, certain neuronal circuits are required for basic functions, e.g., breathing. Such circuits need not necessarily involve 100 times as many neurons in species that are 100 times larger, since they serve the same basic function. [This paper](_URL_2_) confirms that different brain structures scale differently with body size. Nevertheless, the exact reason for the scaling relationship of brain mass with body size is not known.\n\n**TL;DR:** Brain mass scales with body size, such that smaller animals tend to have a higher percentage brain mass. The reason for this is not yet known."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-to-body_mass_ratio"
] |
[
[
"http://www.pnas.org/content/104/11/4718.short",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalization_quotient",
"http://www.pnas.org/content/107/29/12946.short"
]
] |
|
6jysf0
|
If Einstein hasn't came up with relativity was anyone else working on the similar theories?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6jysf0/if_einstein_hasnt_came_up_with_relativity_was/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djign1q"
],
"score": [
11
],
"text": [
"(As a warning, I got slightly jargony in this post. \nSR = special relativity\nGR = general relativity\nc = speed of light\nEM = electromagetism\nB-field = magnetic field)\n\nFirst off, SR probably would have been developed within a few years of Einstein's publication. This is because the root problem that Einstein was trying to address using SR was actually very well known to the physics community at the turn of the last century, and had to do with the behavior of Maxwell's Equations near the speed of light. Maxwell's Equations are the set of four equations that completely describe electromagnetic interactions and wave propagation in free space, and are one of the intellectual triumphs of physics (SR/GR being one of the others).\n\nThe problem facing physicists around 1900 was that Maxwell's Equations begin to break as you approach the speed of light. Specifically, an observer traveling at a substantial fraction of c with some EM system in front of them (at the same velocity) would see completely different system properties than a stationary observer watching the same system. As one example, the stationary observer would see an electric current in the system (due to the system's velocity), which would generate a magnetic field, but the traveling observer would see a set of stationary charges and hence no B-field. The is physically impossible, so people recognized that something was wrong somewhere.\n\nThe initial solution was created by Hendrik Lorentz, who devised a set of frame transformations, now known as the \"Lorentz\" transformations, that allowed Maxwell's Equations to act correctly near the speed of light. These are in contrast to the Galilean transformations that govern our day-to-day lives, and which were being applied previously.\n\nSo that's the background. The crucial insight that Einstein had that led him to SR was the physical interpretation of the transformations. Namely, that they implied that the speed of light is the same for all observers, the speed of light is a sort of universal speed limit, and that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial (non-accelerated) reference frames. Since the Lorentz transformations also change the relative passage of time between two reference frames traveling at two different velocities, Einstein also realized that the \"distance\" between two events needed to be described using a single \"spacetime\" distance, rather than separate distances in space and in time. That got him to treating space and time as a single 4-dimensional construct.\n\nThe experimental, theoretical, and mathematical basis for SR were thus all pretty well established when Einstein came along. All he needed to do was to assemble all of the disparate pieces and assemble them into a unified system of thought. So it seems very reasonable to suppose that if Einstein had not developed SR in 1905, some one else would have gotten there within a few years.\n\n(N.B. - I say \"all he had to do,\" but that in no way is meant to trivialize what Einstein accomplished. As was demonstrated 20 years later in the development of Quantum Mechanics, the experiments and the math are often the relatively easy bits. It's figuring out what it all actually means that is hard.)\n\nOnce you have SR developed, getting to GR is the next logical step. Recall that SR deals with inertial (non-accelerating) reference frames. GR is the extension of SR to also account for accelerating frames (both via gravity and via something like rockets). This makes GR considerably more complicated than SR, but the basic ideas behind it, or at least the idea that you need to figure it out, are all in place once you've got SR worked out.\n\nOnce major practical difference in GR that would probably arise of Einstein had never existed is the notation used to do the calculations and display the results. Einstein actually invented his own new mathematical notation to help with GR calculations, and this is now known as \"Einstein\" notation. It allows one to compactly write out and work with linear algebra operations.\n\nWithout Einstein, it seems reasonable that this specific notation would not have been developed. Insofar as a notation system influences how we think about what we're working with, this would have then changed how people dealt with and interpreted the results of alternate-GR. A nice example of what I mean here would be to look at the different views of Calculus coming from Leibniz's and Newton's notation for the same problems.\n\nSource: I have a PhD in astrophysics."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7rjboj
|
how do zero gravity pens work?
|
When I use normal pens, it stops working on an incline after some time. But zero gravity pens work. How?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7rjboj/eli5_how_do_zero_gravity_pens_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dsxag48"
],
"score": [
28
],
"text": [
"They inject pressurized gas into the ink capsule, that constantly pushes the ink toward the tip regardless of gravity or orientation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
g1603c
|
Where do the photons go after the light is turned off in the room?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/g1603c/where_do_the_photons_go_after_the_light_is_turned/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fndq78y",
"fneiqmw",
"fngf6ko"
],
"score": [
6192,
224,
10
],
"text": [
"They get absorbed by the surroundings! Photons are electromagnetic waves, so when they come to matter, they \"wave\" the electrons in the matter around, so the photons lose their energy are are absorbed. This is why a wall in the sun feels hot! The light is being absorbed by the wall and all energy goes into the wall feeling hot.\n\nAs a side note, this is a simplification. Like mirrors don't absorb light, they reflect it. For that matter, most materials reflect some amount of light, that's why we can see them. But all materials absorb light, even in small amounts, so eventually all the light would be absorbed by the material.",
"when the light is turned off the photons already in the room will eventually collide with a particle in the wall/air/furniture. That particle will absorb the photon. This particle's speed will now increase (vibration, rotation, linear, or combination off all 3). Now theres 2 options. either the particle will re-emit a photon and lose speed OR bounce into another particle and transfer some speed to it. Since the particles in your room are always bouncing and rubbing up against one another, after a few repititions of absorb- > re emit- > reabsorb, all the photon energy in the room will have eventually just been converted to speed energy. This happens super fast. Thats why it kinda looks like the light just disappeared instantly. \n\n\nAnother word for average speed energy of all the particles in a room is Temperature.",
"Can someone explain how colors works with cones and rods. When a room is dimly lit colors appear washed out and almost grey. They are still the color they are but our perception almost makes them black and white. The light itself doesn’t give things their color, but the intensity of the light changes our perception of the object. \n\nIs color more dependent on the light source/intensity or our eyes?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
41d6pl
|
how is it possible that sites like _url_0_ or any other movie streaming service violating copyright laws are still up and running?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41d6pl/eli5_how_is_it_possible_that_sites_like/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cz1fqvz"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Not hosted on a server in the United States, perhaps?"
]
}
|
[
"putlocker.is"
] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2glf0j
|
How can a paper cup full of water not burn up on a 2400 degree billet of steel?
|
_URL_0_
How it is possible for this paper cup of water to not burn up on a 2400 degree billet of hot steel? We tried it with a plastic cup of water and it instantly burst into flame. The water started to boil in the paper cup but it never caught on fire.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2glf0j/how_can_a_paper_cup_full_of_water_not_burn_up_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckkd4gg"
],
"score": [
184
],
"text": [
"The reason is that, perhaps surprisingly, the paper simply does not get hot enough. Paper has an autoignition temperature (the temperature at which it will burst into flame) of about 210-250^o C. If you were to just put an empty paper cup on the hot steel, it would rapidly reach this temperature and start burning. However, with water in the cup the situation is different. The presence of water on the other side of the wall of paper will reduce the rate at which the paper can be heated by the steel because it will cool the material. This cooling can be fairly efficient since [convection](_URL_0_) will cause hot water to move away from the walls, letting cool water replace it. Once you reach 100^o C, the water will start boiling. However the temperature of the water will not rise any further at that point, because as happens at any phase transition, all the extra heat added to the system will go into that driving that transition (boiling). \n\nSo surprising as it may sound, you can get into a steady state regime, where even if the water is hot enough to boil, because this process occurs at 100^o C, the boiling water may still be \"cool\" enough to prevent the paper from going above 210^o C(ish) and burn."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/MjFzB81"
] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"
]
] |
|
a6olsl
|
what is a probation?
|
I recently saw that video where Gary Plauche kills his son's molester, and he gets only 5 years probation for murder. I searched what it means on Wikipedia, but English is not my first language, and I didn't understand much.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a6olsl/eli5_what_is_a_probation/
|
{
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"ebwml9g",
"ebwnfjs",
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9,
4,
5
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"text": [
"Basically means he can live feely as long as he abides by certain conditions (not out after certain time, keep the peace, and/or abstain from drugs/alcohol, etc...). ",
".....\n\nit means instead of going to a prison, you can be elsewhere, but have to follow a bunch of rules and check in with law enforcement frequently. there's usually rules about where you can go and when, drug testing, alcohol testing, or things like that.",
"Probation is kind of like a \"second chance\" sentencing, or can be seen as a \"we trust you, but you still did something wrong\" sentence.\n\nDepending on the conditions of your release you can have either Supervised or Unsupervised Probation.\n\nWith Supervised you are required to check in with your Probation Officer, abstain from drugs and alcohol, report immediately if you have ANY interactions with The Law, and (of course) not get arrested again. Once you've done your time, and the terms of probation have been satisfied, the judge will typically dismiss your charges or offer the prior agreed upon sentencing (which will be lesser than the original sentence).\n\nProbation, in a nutshell, is an alternative to jail/prison time to allow you to remain a productive part of society under the presumption that you are an honest person and simply made a mistake."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1wo1gt
|
what's the religious situation in the us?
|
Being from the UK it's all a bit confusing yet you all talk about it like it's simple despite the many different religions like Westboro baptists, Armish, Scientologists, mormoms..
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wo1gt/whats_the_religious_situation_in_the_us/
|
{
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4
],
"text": [
"The nation is mostly Christian, and within Christianity there are many denominations. Judaism and Islam are also popular religions among the populace. The Indian population in the US has gone up drastically in the past years bringing with them Hinduism. And there are other smaller religions scattered around.\n\nThere are lots of people that identify with a religion, but do not practice it.",
"The two biggest religions are, as you could guess, Protestantism and Catholicism. Protestantism diverges into many branches, including Lutherans, Baptists, Southern Baptists, Methodists, and more. Catholicism here is as it is everywhere else- The Church (different from Orthodox, which is the most popular religion in most of Eastern Europe). Generally speaking, and without citing any information, Protestantism is the more popular religion. \n\nMormonism and Scientology are relatively new, very American ideologies that must be examined within their context. They have little to do with either main branch of Christianity. Other fringe churches, such as the Westboro Baptists, claim to affiliate with other Protestant religions, but are really more of a hate-group (not sure about their tax-exempt status). \n\nAmish people are extremely religious Protestants, generally associated with the Mennonite church. \n\n\nThis is mostly a direct reflection of European religious prosecution, although I'm no scholar, and therefore cannot elucidate further. \n",
"The Westboro Baptist Church is just one church, and it's not even a particularly large church (under 100 people). The only reason why anyone knows they exist is because of the extreme lengths they go to in order to protest against things that they don't like. They aren't a religion or even a denomination, they're just a tiny group of crazy people.",
"[#1: the Wikipedia page for Religion in the US](_URL_0_)\n\n > Westboro baptists, Amish, Scientologists, mormons\n\nThree out of these 4 groups are really small. The WBC (in no way affiliated with the Baptists) only has 40 members according to Wikipedia; they're just really, really, vocal and crazy, which gives them the lopsided media attention. The Amish are only about 250,000, which is roughly equal to the number of Sikhs here too. They're well-known for being quaint relics of the past. They are closely related to Mennonites, which is part of the old Anabaptist movement (not to be confused with the Baptists). Scientology supposedly has about 25,000 and is arguably not a religion. \n\nMormonism is the main exception, but it's concentrated around Utah. It falls under the Protestant umbrella, but its place inside (some would say outside) of Christianity is debatable. It originated in the US, but its members were forced to move west into what is now Utah. \n\n\n",
"Westboro Baptist Church isn't a religion. It's a bigoted and angry old man and his family. There are a couple members that aren't related to the Phelps family. There are a lot of family members who have dropped out of the church as well. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States"
],
[]
] |
|
3ptuye
|
what is the ndaa and why did obama veto it?
|
I haven't been keeping up with politics due to classes, and I just heard that Obama vetoed this act. I assume it's a national defense act looking at the "ND" but what exactly does the act entail?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ptuye/eli5_what_is_the_ndaa_and_why_did_obama_veto_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cw9enyk"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's basically a defense spending bill. He vetoed it because it had provisions that prohibited removing spending cuts and prohibited the closing of Guantanamo Bay.\n\n[sauce](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/10/22/obama-veto-defense-authorization-bill-spending-fight/74371856/"
]
] |
|
73m32p
|
Does our moon have a name in common english?
|
Saturn's moons all have names, what is ours?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/73m32p/does_our_moon_have_a_name_in_common_english/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dnrf3de"
],
"score": [
106
],
"text": [
"The proper English name for the moon is \"the Moon\". ([source](_URL_0_)). \"Luna\" is sometimes used in literature, and is the name of the Roman goddess that was the personified moon to the Romans."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/FAQ"
]
] |
|
4by66h
|
absolute and apparent magnitude
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4by66h/eli5absolute_and_apparent_magnitude/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1df7nr",
"d1dps58"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Apparent magnitude is how bright a star appears to an observer on Earth. Absolute magnitude is a measure of how bright the star would appear to an observer on earth if the star were 10 parsecs away.\n\nAbsolute magnitude allows astronomers to compare the inherent brightness of stars since the variations caused by distance are removed.",
"* apparent - how bright it looks in the sky\n* absolute - how bright it *really* is, corrected for distance...specifically, how bright it would appear at 10 parsec (32.6 light years)\n\nFor example, 68 Cygni A has an apparent magnitude of 5, making a dim star you probably would even see unless you were well out of the city. \n\nHowever, it is a giant star that is very far away. Its absolute magnitude is -10, making it nearly as bright as the moon if it was 10 parsecs away.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
119dcv
|
If Ulysses S Grant was such a bad president why is he on the $50 bill?
|
My history professor was talking about how historians rank presidents. He said that Lincoln and Washington were always on the top followed by Jefferson and FDR. Afterwards I was curious about the bad presidents and i found that Grant was consistently ranked in the bottom 10. What did he do that was so bad to deserve the bottom of the list? and what did he do that was so good that put him on the $50 bill?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/119dcv/if_ulysses_s_grant_was_such_a_bad_president_why/
|
{
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"text": [
"His administration was prone to charges of corruption. Certainly, he showed bad judgment in the political realm and was easily influenced by some unsavory characters.\n\nAs for his popularity, he was the most famous General in U.S. history, save for Washington himself. And he was considered the military leader who saved the union during the Civil War. That reputation got him elected twice and got him studied in military academies and got him forever on the $50 bill.",
"It's less to do with the substance of his Presidency, and more to do with him winning the Civil War for the United States as a General, and then being elected to the Presidency. When Grant first appeared on a $50 gold certificate in 1913, he'd been dead for nearly 30 years: long enough to forgive some of the bad things, and recent enough to remember the hero. ",
"You need to realize just how wildly popular he was at the time. Grant was [first featured on US Currency in 1886](_URL_0_), only one year after his death. I remember watching [an episode of American Experience on PBS that featured Grant](_URL_1_) in which they describe him, not Lincoln, as being the most popular American of the 19th century. While modern historians are able to point of his lack of accomplishments after the Civil War, he achieved this rockstar status among his contemporaries who credited him with saving the union. Today, Lincoln receives most of the \"credit\" and Grant is largely remembered as one of Lincoln's employees.\n\nBy the way, I have to disagree with your professor's opinion of other historians. While Washington and Jefferson and pretty much universally adored among historians, FDR and Lincoln are an entirely different story. FDR is an especially controversial president.",
"Grant was a terrible politician because he was too good a human being. I know this sounds ironic because of his role in the Civil War but it's true. His biggest fault was an abundance of trust and loyalty towards his friends. This worked well in combat but not in political office. Rather than assist investigations of alleged corruption within his administration, Grant chose to fiercely defend his friends and this has haunted his reputation ever since. \n\nHere is a quote from Jean Edward Smith's biography on Grant that illustrates his \"flaw\" as President:\n\n\"Once, Grant offered an appointment to a man who had befriended him when he was down and out. When the man pointed out he was a Democrat, the president brushed it aside. \"Just before the Civil War, when I was standing on a street corner in St. Louis by a wagon loaded with wood, you approached and said: 'Captain, haven't you been able to sell your wood?' I answered, 'No.' Then you said, ' I'll buy it and whenever you haul a load of wood to the city and can't sell it, just take it around to my residence and throw it over the fence and I'll pay you for it.' I haven't forgotten it.\"\n\nThis is off topic but personally, I think Grant is one of the greatest Americans to have ever lived. Ever. I read his Memoirs and thought those were fantastic. Then I read a biography on his life and... wow. General. President. World Traveler. Best Selling author. Humble. Loyal. Remained in love with one person from youth until death. What an inspiration!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/US_%245_1886_Silver_Certificate.jpg",
"http://video.pbs.org/video/1691431382"
],
[]
] |
|
wze84
|
To what extent did the typical 15th/16th century European peasant know about/be affected by the Age of Exploration?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/wze84/to_what_extent_did_the_typical_15th16th_century/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5hu2p7"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Well, there was the introduction of the potato, sugar (in loaves) from canes (as opposed to beets) and coffee. Oh, and tobacco. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1pggzg
|
what the different url means
|
Like .com .org .net .tv .
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pggzg/eli5_what_the_different_url_means/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd21a1i"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They're just supposed to denote what kind of organisation is using the website. The usual .com was originally intended for commercial sites, .org for nonprofit organisations, and .net for networking technologies (guess what .tv was supposed to be used for?), but they ended up being unrestricted so anyone can use mostly anything (.mil and .gov are obvious examples of ones that aren't open to public use). There are also country-specific ones that are an offshoot, ._URL_0_ (British site) and .de (German site) being the most commonly seen ones, but most countries again don't really restrict their usage."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"co.uk"
]
] |
|
5viqw8
|
What is the current Academic consensus - Anglo-Saxon Invasion, Anglo-Saxon Migration or none of the above?
|
I've been researching this topic a bit. It seems that the 'old' view of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain, derived from Gildas, Bede and The Anglo-Saxon chronicle has now fallen out of favour? (Vortigern hiring Saxon mercenaries lead by Hengist and Horsa to fight off Picts and Scotti, then switching from mercenary ally to full out invaders,etc...)
So was it more of a migration over hundreds of years, and not the 'Adventus Saxonum' that started all at once in the first half of the 5th century? Especially if you consider the possible settlement of earlier Germanic people in Britain who were part of the Roman defense of Britain when it was still part of the empire. I've also hear it argued that there may not have been this strict ethnic devide with Celtic-Romano Britians on one side and Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians on the other.
I'm a bit loss, possibly because I'm Canadian and this wasn't part of a standard education in elementary/high school. For reference I'm currently reading a book by Guy Halsall - Worlds of Arthur.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5viqw8/what_is_the_current_academic_consensus_anglosaxon/
|
{
"a_id": [
"de2rntt"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"'It's complicated.'\n\nThere are a few different ways to approach this question.\n\n**Textual accounts**\n\nThe first, and the method longest favored, has been to trust the written sources. These include Gildas' sermon, Bede, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and other later texts. Each tells a slightly different version of the arrival, in boats, of Saxon mercenaries who turn on the hapless Britains, conquering and/or enslaving and/or driving them from England into the hills of Wales.\n\nYou are correct that these texts are no longer trusted, however. Why? First, scholars have done a lot of legwork to track down Bede's sources, and it's very clear that Bede based his account of the Anglo-Saxon arrival directly on Gildas. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (which, remember, was written 400 years after these events) gives no indication of having any other unique sources either. Hence, these are not actually three separate accounts that agree, but one story, repeated two additional times. If we read Gildas, we're on the same footing as Bede.\n\nSo what happens when we read Gildas? Late Antique historians have, for the past 30 years, done a lot of really good work studying the genre and literary function of ancient and early medieval texts. What I mean by this is that we've come to recognize that ancient texts weren't written by people who necessarily were interested in telling the same kinds of stories we assume they are. A modern historian would, for instance, be interested in knowing precisely what people did, and how these actions influenced the events that followed. Late Antique authors, however, were often much more interested in how people's actions communicated their *moral* virtue, and hence tend to write stories where our ability to understand whether someone was good or bad is privileged over strict attention to causality. The author of the Historia Augusta doesn't tell us about Elagabalus' kinky sex life so we know *why* he was assassinated; he tells us about it so we know that the emperor *deserved what he got*. The things that authors emphasize vary by genre, by the author's context, by the objectives of the piece they were writing -- lots of factors. So just as a good literary scholar much think hard about how to distill meaning from a work of fiction, we must approach our historical texts with great care if we want to know what they're really on about.\n\nGildas wrote a sermon, and the central theme is about the consequences of rebellion against God. He uses examples from the scriptures to warn of the consequences of sin, goes through a list of corruption practiced by five bad contemporary kings, criticized the contemporary church, and calls his listeners / readers to repent. He also uses a long example from history to set this up, and this comes at the beginning of the sermon. It's easy to read this example from history as an objective account, but we have to remember that it's actually an introduction meant to get us to the real issue Gildas cares about, which is the consequences of rebelling against God.\n\nIn this historical story, Gildas rattles off the history of Britain, and he frames it as a sequence of rebellion vs submission. The Britons were weak by themselves, but Rome conquered them and made them strong. They rebelled, which made them weak, but the Romans conquered them again and this was actually good because submission to Rome made them strong. Then the Romans gave them Christianity, and they got even stronger. But they rebelled *twice*: against the Romans (by sending a usurper, Magnus Maximus, to the Continent with their armies), and against God (by embracing the Pelagian heresy). And that made them weak.\n\nThis is where we get to the part that historians of the Anglo-Saxon conquest care about. Britain was being raided in the fifth century, and they asked for help -- Rome sent it, they were saved, but then the Romans left because the soldiers were needed elsewhere. Before they left, the Romans built a wall in the north (Hadrian's Wall?? Only, that was built 300 year earlier). Britain was raided a second time -- the Roman army came and saved them again, building another wall (the Antonine Wall? Again, the chronology is way off -- but ok). A third time, Britain called for aid -- and Rome was fighting off the Huns and could spare no men. So the British asked for Saxon mercenaries, and they came, and they stayed. Shortly thereafter, these mercenaries were burning down Romano-British towns, killing their inhabitants, and Britain was ruined. But GOD sent the last Roman, Ambrosius, who beat the Saxons at Badon Hill. The moral? Britain never should have rebelled in the first place. But GOD *will* help you get back on the right path after you've sinned. So repent now, before it's too late!\n\nSo -- what do we do with this as a historical document? It's actually very vague on details. There's no mention of Hengist or Horsa, the two brothers (both named 'horse') who supposedly led the Saxon mercenaries. Gildas, in fact, is talking about events as though he expects his audience to already know what's going on. And he's clearly embroidering the story to make it work for his story, adding dramatic elements like the construction of Hadrian's Wall in the fifth century to make the narrative more compelling. His real goal isn't to tell us what happened; it's to get his kings to repent and turn back to God. But there are some details lurking in the text that are probably true. So let's leave Gildas with a ?, and look at the next source of evidence.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2jmwid
|
How do astronauts tell how fast they are going in space?
|
I know airplanes primarily use pitot probes to measure speed within Earth's atmosphere, but what instruments to astronauts determine their speed in space?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2jmwid/how_do_astronauts_tell_how_fast_they_are_going_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clda9yo",
"cldaj16"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"It is just as valid for an astronaut to say they are still and all else is moving as it is to say the earth is still (we know it rotates on its axis and around the sun).\n\nThere will be someone on the ground telling them by radio their speed and position **relative** to the shuttle/satellite/station.",
"There are several ways to estimate an a space-object's velocity, relative to the Earth.\n\nFor things like rockets, you can use an [inertial guidance system](_URL_0_). These things keep track of the forces acting on your spacecraft, like acceleration and rotation, and calculates velocity from them using physics equations. The space shuttles and Apollo spacecrafts use these devices to keep track of their velocity.\n\nA different method is used for GPS satellites (and possibly the ISS), which orbit around the Earth. You can calculate any orbiting object's velocity if you can know it's altitude. You can get an orbiter's altitude by calculating how much time a radio signal (which travels at the speed of light) takes to travel between the orbiter and a receiver on the earth.\n\nLastly, for things far away (well, astronauts won't be on these, but whatever), you can get it's velocity by measure it's [Doppler Shift](_URL_1_). We use this to determine the velocities of stuff like asteroids and other galaxies. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect"
]
] |
|
4i1qsp
|
if a non-english speaker learns english from a natural english speaker, why exactly do they have an accent?
|
If learning a language involves emulating sounds directly, why does it stand that most people will have an accent. If you learn a word, but cannot properly pronounce it, have you actually learned it? I'm not trying to be rude, I'm just confused as to why/how that all works.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4i1qsp/eli5_if_a_nonenglish_speaker_learns_english_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2u999p",
"d2ua5vn"
],
"score": [
2,
6
],
"text": [
"If a person already knows a language they will make some sounds similar to what they already know. For example Spanish speakers rolling their \"r\". They are use to rolling their r's so when they learn another language they still roll that r because that is what they are use to doing.\n\n",
"It's not as easy as you think to \"emulate sounds\".\n\nBasically, the older we get, the harder it is to learn new skills. Learning how to pronounce sounds is easy when you're a baby -- literally child's play. But once you're past puberty, it gets harder to learn new sounds.\n\nTo actually make intelligible sounds that mean something, a lot of things have to work very closely together. Your diaphragm, vocal cords, glottis, tongue, jaw and lips have to move in very precisely controlled ways and all in sync just to make the right sounds. This means creating neural pathways in the brain to deal with all this, something that gets harder as we get older.\n\nIt would be interesting to hear how you cope with learning a new foreign language. I would wager that no matter how good you think you are, you would have a very noticeable accent.\n\n > If you learn a word, but cannot properly pronounce it, have you actually learned it?\n\nYes. You would be pronouncing it as best you could, given the limitations imposed by your own brain. You may know exactly what sounds you're aiming for, but you're simply not capable of getting them exactly right because your brain isn't wired up to cope with them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5lnpgi
|
If Earth had a huge equatorial ocean like it did in the past, would it be possible we'd observe persistent hurricanes lasting months or even years, like a mini-version of Jupiter's great red spot?
|
What about rocky planets larger than Earth or planets completely covered in ocean? Might permanent or semi-permanent weather-features exist there, or are such storms a rarity even among gas giants?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5lnpgi/if_earth_had_a_huge_equatorial_ocean_like_it_did/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbxjqn8",
"dby096q"
],
"score": [
19,
2
],
"text": [
"Not quite.\n\nGlobal winds and ocean currents on planets are based off numerous factors.\n\n- The tilt of the planet (not just seasons, but if influences the amount of sunlight at the equator and the poles)\n\n- Positioning of continents (alters ocean currents)\n\n- Positioning of continents (warm and cold air)\n\n- Speed of the planet rotation (Coriolis effect)\n\n- Size of Planet\n\n- What 'substances' are being involved (we still don't know for sure what is in the Great Red Spot).\n\nIf earth contained only land at the poles, and was just ocean from 60S to 60N, you would see some systematic weather. Earth (with continents) has ocean currents surround our continents and impact our climates.\n\nAn example: Western Europe should be Taiga (as Taiga forests usually occur around 60N and 60S). However, the Gulf Stream which hits the Eastern United States Seaboard provides warm currents to Europe; Europe, as we know, contains deciduous forest.\n\n_____\n\nNow about Jupiter and other planets:\n\nIt is not uncommon for gas giants to have bizarre weather. There is little 'atmosphere', let alone friction from the surface of the planet. We still don't know what makes the Great Red Spot 'exist'. A theory is that hot gases rise to higher levels, eddies form, and ultimately fuel the Great Red Spot.\n\n\nAnticyclonic storms, or storms which 'spin' in the wrong direction (like Great Red Spot), are not impacted by the Coriolis effect because they are so 'small' compared to the planet's size. We know this because tornados on Earth can sometimes spin backwards.\n\n",
"This is an excellent question! \n\nAlso, are there any other planets covered in ocean? I know we have yet to find liquid water on another celestial body (save for the little bit near recently discovered near the poles of Mars). \n\nI do know liquid methane exists on other plants though, and moons like Europa may possibly have liquid water beneath its frozen surface. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
7pun5t
|
What physical properties make Iron, Cobalt and Nickel ferromagnetic?
|
I'm currently studying magnetism and I was curious about the things that make a material "more magnetic" than others. For example, Gold doesn't let magnetic fields through as well as Aluminum (one is diamagnetic and the other is paramagnetic if I'm not mistaken).
What properties establish this differences?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/7pun5t/what_physical_properties_make_iron_cobalt_and/
|
{
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"dskr401",
"dskuydr"
],
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9
],
"text": [
"It all has to with the spins of the electrons. When all of the electrons in the orbitals are paired up, their spins (+1/2 & -1/2) cancel each other out. This results in a diamagnetic material that is slightly repelled by an external magnetic force. Conversely, paramagnetic materials have electrons that are unpaired causing a slight attraction in the presence of an external magnetic force. However, when the external magnetic force is removed, random thermal motion randomizes the spins therefore causing the material to lose its magnetic properties. Ferromagnetic materials are similar to that of paramagnetic, however they do not lose their magnetic properties in the absence of an external magnetic force. \n\nThis is a cool interactive that may help you understand \n_URL_0_",
"It is complicated. Paramagnetism and diamagnetism can be explained in terms of electron spins and electron orbital motion around an atom. If there are too many spins that are unpaired then the spins align with the field (para), if the spins are paired then the spins play no role and it is all about orbital motion which opposes the field (dia).\n\nFor transition metals it is more complicated, because you cannot longer see the problem in the atom by atom picture. Iron, cobalt and nickel have important electron electron interactions that give rise to interesting phenomena. You have to consider the whole material, and think it terms of energy bands. The bands of transition metals are very narrow and large. This materials have unfilled \"d-bands\", one for up spins and one for down spins and interactions may favor one of this bands. As the bands are very large, even having a slight difference between the two bands, means having a lot of electrons pointing at the same direction. \n\nIf a field is applied electrons may point in the direction of the field. Surely, not all unpaired bands can point in the same direction in the material because it would be too energetic. But, you can have different domains in your material to counteract this effect. Anyhow, the direction of the magnetic field would be preferable. When you turn off the field it may cost some energy to randomize the domains again, so the material would prefer to keep a remnant magnetization. Impurities in the material may help to pin the domains.\n\nShort anwser: it depends on the interactions, the number and properties of the valence electrons and the impurities of the material\n\nEdit: typos"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/watch-play/interactive/diamagnetism-and-paramagnetism"
],
[]
] |
|
3631fi
|
what constitutes resisting arrest? if i just go ragdoll when arrested, would that count?
|
I've never been arrested, but I've always wondered. Say if I get arrested wrongfully. In a protest, I am not going to fight back, I am just not going to do anything. I will flop to the ground like a ragdoll, I will not get up or walk, or do anything to "help" the officers. I'm certainly not fighting back, I'm just doing nothing. Would that count as resisting arrest?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3631fi/eli5_what_constitutes_resisting_arrest_if_i_just/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cra8b1h",
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],
"text": [
"If you do not comply with the officers instructions, then you are resisting. They will instruct you to do certain things with your hands, and to get into certain positions, and if you just go rag-doll and refuse to comply then you will be treated as non-compliant and resisting arrest. It's passive resistance, not violent resistance, but resistance none-the-less, and the officers will likely apply cooperative measures to ensure that you obey their commands.\n\nIf an officer says \"get your hands up\" or \"face me\" and you just stand there all rag-doll he's going to take you down you so fast that your head will spin while it's getting a knee jammed into it.",
"Nobody has an answer to this. It's incredibly vague, and could apply to just about any thing you do, compliance included. If the cop knows how to articulate, then you're resisting arrest. \n\nThere's a reason most resisting arrest charges come from a small percentage of cops. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3odcrx
|
How strong/durable would a sheet of diamond be?
|
Like, if I took a window and replaced the pane of glass with diamond, how much stronger would that window be?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3odcrx/how_strongdurable_would_a_sheet_of_diamond_be/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvwpf1z"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Diamond is the hardest naturally occuring substance, which means it's scratch resistant. But it doesn't mean it won't break. That's more of a toughness thing. Toughness measures how much energy it takes to break it.\n\nDiamond has a toughness of about 2.0 MPa m^(1/2). Glass is about 0.7 to 0.8 MPa m^(1/2). So diamonds would be about 2.6 times tougher. Imagine throwing a rock to break a window. You'd need to throw a rock 2.6 times heavier the same speed or the same rock 1.4 times faster to break a diamond window than a glass window.\n\nIn case you're wondering, strength refers to how much force it takes to break something. If it flexes more, a material that's just as strong can be tougher. I can't find anything saying how strong diamond is though."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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