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1m6dmi
|
Why is hot metal softer?
|
For centuries, people have known that if you heat up metals, they are easier to bend and forge. Why? What is going on with the atoms that results in a lower force required to move them around?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1m6dmi/why_is_hot_metal_softer/
|
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"This is somewhat tricky to answer because metals have many different structures and atomic arrangements, depending on the material. In an ideal metal, the atoms are held together by a metallic bond in a perfect, repeating crystallized structure. In an actual metal, these crystallized structures still exist, but they are not uniform throughout. Instead they are localized into little \"grains\" in the material, usually micrometers in size (but varying depending on the metal, etc). So in a realistic metal you have a bunch of small pockets of atoms, bonded in a perfect crystal-lattice pattern, all separated by what are called \"grain boundaries\". These grain boundaries hold neighboring grains together via the metallic bond, but this bond is much weaker than the metallic bond keeping the atoms together inside a grain. Here's a [picture](_URL_0_) of grains in a metal to give you an idea.\n\nThese grain boundaries are brittle compared to the rest of the metal because they are not as strongly bonded. The metal *wants* to be completely uniform as opposed to being made up of millions of these grains, but the atoms are too low energy to rearrange themselves. It's like a ball stuck in a mudpit at the top of a mountain - the ball wants to roll down the hill, but it doesn't have enough energy to get out of the mudpit to do so. When you heat up a metal, you give enough energy to the atoms to allow them to rearrange themselves and become more uniform. This removes the grain boundaries, which were the limiting factor in the materials malleability. The end result is increased malleability. In addition, many metals (it might be most metals, but I'm not certain) will retain this improved malleability even when they are cooled back down (as long as it's a relatively slow and gradual cooling process). \n\nNow, again, there are a lot of types of metals and atomic structures so there are always exceptions. But the above explanation holds for most metals."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CrystalGrain.jpg"
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|
1zsxbm
|
Are there any entirely fictional people commonly taught in history classes in North America?
|
The reason for my question is I currently live in China and students here learn about entirely fictional people, or, more accurately, real people whose entire biography is fictional.
I see this as a crass propaganda tool, but I also wonder if the same isn't happening back home.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1zsxbm/are_there_any_entirely_fictional_people_commonly/
|
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"Do you mean as a way of illustrating an \"average\" person? It's a common thing to 'create' people in order to help children understand more complex ideas from a relatable viewpoint. For instance life in a 13th century English manor-village is more easily understandable if you create a villager who's life the children can follow. \n\nOr do you mean creating someone who had an effect on history as a whole but never really existed, like a fake king or something?",
"There really was a Johnny Appleseed, but he was nothing like the myth. Compare the actual Davy Crockett to the character in the TV drama. Do the same with Daniel Boone. And yet, these people were taught as fact in schools in the 60's, and likely later. If you think about it, you can find dozens of examples. They all make very nice propaganda, just like the figures you mention."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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ahfd0l
|
what are and how effective are sabermetrics, and can they be applied to other sports?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ahfd0l/eli5_what_are_and_how_effective_are_sabermetrics/
|
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"Sabermetrics in baseball is a statistical analysis of performance. The idea is to shift away from aggregate measures like \"hits per at bat\" which have tactical dependencies that consider who's on which base and the overall state of the game. Instead, statisticians look at measures like OPS+ (runs per out relative to the league average). This measure can be statistically shown to be a better performance predictor than batting average.\n\nTo apply the concept to other sports you'd need three things: data, more data, and a game model. Baseball is a slow game, in terms of time between plays to write down data about what just happened. As a result, baseball statisticians have lots of data for many past years with batter-by-batter detail and recent data with pitch-by-pitch detail. This would be harder to do in a faster game like basketball or a game with more things going on at the same time (which makes the game model harder to interpret) like soccer or football."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
ze3xi
|
How was marriage viewed in the 1800s - early 1900s as opposed to now?
|
Were marriages viewed as giant love-fests like they are now. Also, how different were the parties?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/ze3xi/how_was_marriage_viewed_in_the_1800s_early_1900s/
|
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"For much of Korean history, marriage for most was quite like a business arrangement between families. Women as well as men worked in the fields or in craft industries - men and woman with strength and skills were valued. Family leaders looked to marry their sons and daughters to people who could contribute to the well-being of the clan or village.\n\nAs far as parties are concerned, the wealthy would have all-day affairs, with the groom escorted by his friends to the house of the bride and the usual feasts and songs. Both bride and groom would wear silk (often brocaded, if they could afford it) and the bride would get an elaborate tied-up hairstyle. For most people among the local nobility this might be the most expensive outfit they ever owned.\n\n When time to consummate the marriage, close relatives would hide near the room to make sure the deed was done. It's said that the old ladies of the village were permitted to poke holes in the waxpaper doors of the bridal suite to 'check up' on the young ones.\n\nFor most people though, things were much simpler. The bride would move to her new husband's home and help his mother with farmwork and chores. The family might build an addition to the home before the ceremony if possible.",
"There is a lively and (comparatively) lengthy scholarship on the history of marriage in the US; it was one of the first topics picked up by women's and social historians, beginning mostly in the 1970s.\n\nThe major transition is from an economic alliance to the model of the \"companionate\" marriage. You can see this transition in the subtitle of one of the best books on the subject, Stephanie Coontz' \n*Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage *, now in a newish edition.\n\nThere's lots of other good books on the subject, by Nancy Cott, Glenda Riley, and others. I like Riley and Dunlap's work on divorce in particular. There's also a few books on regional variation; marriage and divorce in the south, or in the colonies.\n\nBy \"parties\" do you mean, like, marriage ceremonies? Because that's dependent on ethnicity and culture, with lots of variation.",
"Antony giddens gave a good [description](_URL_0_) of the way the family has changed in the last few centuries.",
"You might considered contemporary fiction's view - e.g. Pride and Prejudice, written in 1813, lays out comparisons of different reasons for marriage quite clearly.\n\nCharlotte Lewis marries for financial security, not love, and is content but a little pitied by the POV character.\n\nLydia Bennet allows herself to be carried away by passion and the results are disastrous.\n\nOur heroine and her sister both manage to find the perfect combination of love _and_ financial security, and end up quite happily.\n\nOther fiction of the time backs up the view that while marriage certainly has business elements, the 'ideal' is still to marry for love.\n"
]
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[],
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"http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/week4/week4.htm"
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|
2ljk2n
|
what are the financial advantages for video game developers to make their game for one system only?
|
Why would the developers of "The Last of Us" want to make a game that is only for the PS3 users? I'm trying to figure out how it would be financially advantageous for them to sell to only one group, instead of developing the game for all platforms so that they could make more money. (I'm not trying to pick on "The Last of Us, I'm just using it as an example.)
Also, how would Porsche (or the NFL, MLB etc) benefit from only licensing their product for one video game only, instead of offering it to all video games who request it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ljk2n/eli5_what_are_the_financial_advantages_for_video/
|
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"People answered for consoles, I'll give my answer for PC.\n\nSome PC games will not play well on consoles. When the consoles got Civilization it was an entirely different game. If they tried to make a Civ gMe that works on consoles and PC the PC fan base would be pissed off because of the consessions needed for controlling the game with a gamepad. Console players would not like it because they see it as too slow paced.\n\nOther developers do not have the funds to release on consoles, and if they are an independent developer that releases digital only they will be shooed as far away as possible from the online store because consoles hate independent developers for no reason. One independent developer reported making almost no sales when they ported their game to one of the consoles.",
"Generally, they get a bucketload of money from some platform's parent company to release exclusively on that platform for some period of time, then they use that time to develop the versions for the other platforms.",
"Well normally the company that gets the exclusive rights have offered some money to get this, plus one system means a lot less development time, and it's far easier to focus on one piece of hardware. ",
"\nIt's almost always because of deal between the platform owner and the developer. There are a number of reasons to do this, but it usually boils down to money. You can guarantee X dollars for your game from the exclusive deal you sign with a platform owner, and that greatly reduces the risk associated with releasing the game. There's no way that Naughty Dog didn't release \"The Last of Us\" on PC or Xbox because of the costs associated with porting the game over, as many other comments here are saying.\n\nFor a less popular example, here's a pretty decent [blog post](_URL_0_) about a developer that decided to go exclusive on OUYA.\n\n > Also, how would Porsche (or the NFL, MLB etc) benefit from only licensing their product for one video game only, instead of offering it to all video games who request it?\n\nNamely, you can charge a ton of money for exclusive rights to an IP. If you share those rights with other people, then the value of those rights goes down substantially. I don't know how much EA pays for NHL rights, but I'd be willing to wager it's a boatload.\n\nThe secondary reason is that it prevents brand fatigue. If you whored out your IP to everyone who wanted it, then you'd be getting a crap-ton of games out there, many of which might not be very good. You'd potentially over-saturate your target market and, therefore, get greatly diminished returns on more and more titles.\n\n"
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[],
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|
6yaybj
|
what's the deal with those tar pits in the usa?
|
So I've been watching many shows and series made in the USA, some of them with a plot revolving around Hollywood.
Some of them talk about tar pits that are lying there. So.. what's the deal with that?
Are they man-made or by nature (and if so, what's the science behind it).
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6yaybj/eli5_whats_the_deal_with_those_tar_pits_in_the_usa/
|
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"Those are most likely the La Brea tar pits. It's a popular tourist attraction and they're in a public park, so they're happy to get the money.\n\nThe pits are naturally-formed (tar is naturally formed along with other petroleum from primarily plant biomass) but they're exposed due to the result of excavation. ",
"[The La Brea tar pits](_URL_0_) are natural, and pre-date current estimates of human colonization of North America.\n\nTar pits happen when oil leaks to the surface. Gases and lighter hydrocarbons evaporate, leaving the heavier oily and tar-like fractions. Being thick and sticky, over the millennia they've trapped careless animals. Excavations have yielded all sorts of interesting fossils.\n",
"Others have already answered your main question so I just want to say that when you come to visit Los Angeles, go to the Los Angeles Brea Tar Pits. There is a very nice museum and you can see interesting fossils, as well as the Tar Pits themselves. It's kind of weird to have this odd and smelly natural feature in the middle of America's second-largest city, but there it is. There is a lot of oil underneath Los Angeles and there are many oil wells throughout the city."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Brea_Tar_Pits"
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|
974dmv
|
"Under God" was added to the US Pledge of Allegiance in 1954; what was the background behind this change? Was there any controversy accompanying it at the time?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/974dmv/under_god_was_added_to_the_us_pledge_of/
|
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"The change to the pledge was part of a broader movement over the past decade in the United States to distinguish Americans from \"godless Communists\" during the Cold War. There was a rise of civil religion—church attendance and profession of belief in general Christian principles tied closely to one's American identity. Which denomination one might attend was far less important than just believing at all; it wasn't, in other words, a competition over theology, rites, or practices.\n\nBilly Graham rose to fame beginning in 1949, a symbol of this notion of civil religion. He frequently denounced Communism and intertwined American democracy with Christianity. Prior to this time, the phrase, \"under God\" was used sparingly by American politicians and presidents. But it was Truman who began to use it more frequently, and like Graham, it was often used to denounce Communism.\n\nThe Pledge of Allegiance wasn't the only thing that was changed. It was during this time that the phrase \"In God We Trust\" was added to paper money. The phrase was also added to the speaker's dais in the House of Representatives, and above the entrance to the US Senate chamber. The National Prayer Breakfast became a larger part of American politics. These movements were often spearheaded by fraternal organizations. It was the Knights of Columbus that pushed to have the pledge amended with the phrase, \"under God.\" Another organization, the Fraternal Order of Eagles, worked with American director Cecil B. DeMille to place monuments of the Ten Commandments across the country. DeMille's film, \"The Ten Commandments,\" was coming out in 1955 and so he readily partnered with the Eagles to have the monuments—monuments that in the last thirty years have been the subject of several court challenges—placed on public land, both because he believed in their mission and because he saw it as an opportunity to promote his film.\n\nIn other words, the changes to the pledge were just one part of a sharp focus in the late 1940s and 1950s on publicly demonstrating, both as a nation and as individual citizens, one's commitment to God, religion, and America. Historian Kevin Kruse has also written about the role of businesses and the capitalist angle in the shift (Kruse, \"One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America) that is excellent.\n\nThere was minor push back on these changes, but nothing that made a dent or gave pause to the shift. Some Jewish organizations wrote letters of protest. There were, of course, actual Communists in the United States as well as atheists who also spoke out, but that was the extent of the protests: speaking out. No large, well-organized or well-funded campaign emerged to offer legal challenges."
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
7vgs6j
|
why are brass, copper, and bronze used in pluming?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7vgs6j/eli5_why_are_brass_copper_and_bronze_used_in/
|
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"They're very corrosion resistant, considering the constant exposure to water. They're also very malleable (meaning they're easily shaped into tube and pipe) and not toxic, plus it is easy enough to be bent by hand rather than having to fabricate exact curves and lengths. In addition, the three metals are also resistant to the growth of bacteria and other microbes.\n\nBrass, copper, and bronze are all mostly copper. Admiralty brass, the type of brass you'd normally see in plumbing, is only 30% zinc. Bronze is typically no more than 12% tin. Keeping the metal mostly the same also helps limit corrosion. Typically you'll see copper tubing and brass fittings, because pure copper doesn't hold its shape very well under the higher stress at a fitting."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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689ih3
|
what happens to a file when it is uninstalled from a computer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/689ih3/eli5what_happens_to_a_file_when_it_is_uninstalled/
|
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"Your computer saves things by changing the ones and zeroes on disk. It doesn't matter what those bits were before you saved something, so there is no such thing as \"empty\" memory. As such, there's no point in \"deleting\" anything, as it would be equivalent to just saving random bits on top of the old ones.\n\nInstead of actually removing the data from the disk the computer just marks that part as free. Eventually, when something needs to be saved again, those bits might be used.",
"We tend to say the file is deleted. \nThe computer has a disk that acts like a like a filing cabinet. The computer keeps a list or table that tells it where the files is stored on the disk - similar to which draw on hanger in the filing cabinet. \nSo the table might say - file1 is stored at address 100 and is 40 pages long, and file 2 is stored at address 140 and is 50 pages long, file 3 is stored at address 190 and so on. \n\nIf you ask the computer to delete file 2 then it will just delete the name of the file from the table. After deleting the file the table might be - file1 is stored at address 100 and is 40 pages long and file 3 is stored at address 190.\n\nSo the file is still on the disk but the computer cannot find it from the table anymore. Next time a file is to be saved it might put it in the space the file 2 is using. If say file 4 is also 50 pages long then the computer might use the space file 2 uses and the table might be - file1 is stored at address 100 and is 40 pages long, and file 4 is stored at address 140 and is 50 pages long, file 3 is stored at address 190. File 2 has then been overwritten.\n\nUnlike real files the file on a computer is a row of switches that can be set to 0 or 1. When a new file needs to use the row of switches they are just switched to the new values.\n\nHope my analogy helps and doesn't confuse - the main point is that in most systems the file is not deleted, the index is deleted, and the space reused. \nThere are also other ways for the computer to manage the disk. ",
"Usually, \"installed\" implies many files that are associated with each other: an application (like Word or Photoshop; they are many files and settings, not one).\n\nModern applications, when they are installed, also include \"uninstall\" information, so that they can take themselves back off when you don't want them, and not leave much behind.\n\nWhen that happens, most of the files that were part of the application are marked \"deleted\", including the ones that tell the computer (and you) how to run the application in the first place.\n\nAs for the files themselves, your computer uses one of a few ways to know what a \"file\" is, and how to look at it. Commonly, a storage device is split into small (pretend) sectors and/or clusters. A file takes up a certain number of those, to store all its information--as many as it needs. When you make a file, a table keeps track of where the file starts. The file fills up a cluster, marks it \"used,\" and asks for another. The storage device gives it the next one it sees that isn't marked \"used.\" It fills that, marks it \"used,\" and asks for another, repeat until there's nothing else that needs to go in the file. **There are other ways to do this but they have similar results.**\n\nWhen you delete a file, a couple of things happen:\nThe clusters that the file has marked \"used,\" get marked \"not used.\"\nThe table that tells you where the file starts, gets told to stop telling you that file is there.\n\nThe data that the file put in each cluster is still there, so right away, you could mark it all back the way it was, and you'd have your file back. There are tools to do this.\n\nBut now that those clusters aren't marked \"used,\" the next time a file asks the storage device for a new cluster, the device might give it one of the ones from the old file. That old file is now \"overwritten\" and can't easily be restored anymore.\n\nWhen people talk about \"secure deletion,\" they're worried about this; that the clusters that had your data were only switched from \"used\" to \"not used,\" and the actual data is still there if you turn them back to \"used.\" Secure deletion, among other things, takes all those clusters, writes garbage to them, and then marks them \"not used\" again. This takes longer, and most files aren't secret.\n\n(Secure deletion also worries about shadows of your data in those clusters, like a TV screen still showing things a little while after you turn it off. So it writes garbage over and over till the only shadows are shadows of more garbage. This takes a LOT longer than just marking it \"not used,\" so people only do it when they're really worried about something)."
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610nc0
|
what are moments, skewness and kurtosis in statistics? ;-;
|
I've been looking around on the internet for a simple explanation and stuff like "a moment is a summary measure of a probability distribution" doesn't cut it.
I'm confused. I'm a little stupid. And I have nowhere else to turn to except for ELI5 to explain these foreign fancy terms to me like I'm 5.
EDIT:
I also need to understand the meanings of the answers.
High values and Low values for Variance
Negative and Positive and high and low values for Skewness
High and Low values for Kurtosis.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/610nc0/eli5_what_are_moments_skewness_and_kurtosis_in/
|
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"Did you find this [article](_URL_0_) ?",
"Somewhat vague explanation: If you're familiar with the basic shapes of polynomial graphs ([example showing degrees 1-6](_URL_0_)), then you can think of each moment as \"how well does my distribution 'resemble' this graph?\" \n\nFor example, the graph of a generic third-degree polynomial (like y=x^3 - x) has an up-down hump in it, but unlike a degree-two parabola this hump isn't symmetrical. So when you find the third moment of a distribution it can tell you whether your distribution \"leans\" to one side or another the way a cubic hump does--which is why the third moment gives a measure of skewness. \n\nAlso in this example, note that a generic cubic graph has two asymmetric humps, one that leans left and another that leans right. Whether the moment is positive or negative depends on which of these two humps your distribution most resembles. Having a negative third moment = having more mass in the left tail than a symmetric distribution would = having left skew, for instance. (Note that this works because the moments are \"centered\" at the mean of the distribution, which for an symmetric distribution is usually in a different spot than the median.)\n\n",
"Moments describe various aspects of the shape of your distribution.\n\nM0 is the total probability which is always equal to 1.\n\nM1 is the mean which describes the *location* of the distribution. The center of gravity if you will.\n\nM2 is the variance which describes the *spread* of the distribution. The square root of the variance is the standard deviation (which you can think of as the average spread). High values are more spread out than smaller values.\n\nM3 is the skewness which describes the *lean* of the distribution. A positive skew means you have a left lean and a long right tail (a chi-square distribution is positively skewed). This means that the mean (center of gravity) is to the right of the bulk of your data.\n\nM4 is the kurtosis which describes how *fat* the distribution's tails are. It tells you how likely it is to find extreme values in your data. Higher values make outliers more likely ( the tails are fatter). This sounds a lot like spread (variance) but is subtly different. The student-t distribution has the same mean (0), variance (1) and skewness (0) of the standard normal distribution but has a higher kurtosis (it is lower and wider)."
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[
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|
79mzam
|
What was the decision making process behind choosing Normandy as a target for invasion as opposed to Calais, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, etc?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/79mzam/what_was_the_decision_making_process_behind/
|
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"text": [
"Forgot to mention in the title, in World War 2 of course",
"Choosing a landing site required finding a compromise on a number of factors. The chosen site had to be within aircraft range of the UK, so the beachhead could receive fighter cover and air support. The closer it was to the UK, the better, as less shipping would be needed, and it would be less exposed to attack by U-boats, E-boats, mines or aircraft. It needed to be close to Germany, so that the Allied armies wouldn't have to spend a lot of time fighting across France to get there. There needed to be ports in the vicinity of the landing site, so that the troops could receive the supplies they needed. The landing beaches had to be suitable - shingle would jam tank tracks, while mud would tire men out and immobilise tanks by causing them to sink in, and a long shallow beach would cause the landing craft to beach too far offshore. The landings also needed to be in a place where the Germans were not well dug-in, and had comparatively few troops in the vicinity. If it was too close to Germany, the landing ships would be more easily attacked by the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine.\n\nThe Pas de Calais was the obvious area for a landing. It had good ports, at Calais, Dunkirk and Boulogne. It was very close to the UK, close enough that heavy guns from Dover could fire upon it. It was the closest bit of the French coast to Germany. It had good beaches, as shown by the Allied evacuation from the beaches of Dunkirk in 1940. However, all of these qualities were equally obvious to the Germans. The Atlantic Wall was at its thickest in the area around Calais. It had the heaviest coastal batteries on the French coast, the most bunkers, the thickest minefields. The largest concentration of German troops in France lay behind the beaches of the Pas de Calais. All this made a landing there too risky.\n\nLandings further down the French coast, between Dieppe and Le Havre, might have been possible. However, as the 1942 raid on Dieppe showed, the beaches in this region were not good for landings. Many of the beaches were shingle, making them unsuitable for landings with tanks. The coastline was lined with cliffs, making getting off the beaches very difficult. There were also worries that the 1942 raid had alerted the Germans to the possibility of a landing in this area, causing them to strengthen their defences.\n\nGoing much further west, to Brittany, was considered. Brittany had good beaches, and excellent ports, at Brest and Lorient. Taking these would also help reduce the threat posed by German U-boats to the Atlantic convoy routes, as these ports were key U-boat bases. It was relatively undefended. However, it was considered to be too far from the UK. Air support could not be effectively guaranteed, and the shipping requirements for the desired force would be be too large for the Allies to supply. Brittany was also too far from Germany - the Allies would have had to fight all the way across France to reach it, greatly stretching their supply lines.\n\nLanding in Belgium or Holland was also a possibility. The same caveats applied to landings in the west of Belgium as applied to the Pas de Calais. However, landing in eastern Belgium or southern Holland would have advantages. The area had major ports in Rotterdam, and especially Antwerp. It was close enough to the UK, especially for shipping, and less well defended than the areas around Calais. It was also close to Germany. However, good beaches were hard to find, thanks to the estuaries of the Meuse, Rhine and Scheldt filling the area with mud and silt. Landing here might require a number of sequential landings on different islands in the estuaries, further complicating operations. Landing in northern Holland, Germany or Denmark was not ideal, as to do so would be fighting too far from the Allied bases in the UK, and too close to German air and naval bases. \n\nAs such, landing in Normandy was the best possible option. Ports were available, at Caen and Cherbourg. There were good landing beaches across the area. It was within fighter range of the UK, and close enough that ships wouldn't take too long in transit. It was better defended than say, Brittany, but not as well defended as the Calais region. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
l4s0b
|
How would I go about testing and documenting a theory/hypothosis without being a scientist?
|
I have theory ( food and health related) and I would love to do an official study with proper sample sizes, but I'm not a scientist, nor am I a student. I don't have the money or the resources to do such a study. What are some of my options.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/l4s0b/how_would_i_go_about_testing_and_documenting_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2ps71k",
"c2ps71k"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"One option is to contact a research centre at a local university/hospital/etc that performs research in the particular field, and attempt to get them on board. Unless it is blindingly obvious that your study would be beneficial, you will want to be extremely well prepared to have any chance of convincing them. Visit libraries/universities and do a thorough literature review so you have the necessary background knowledge to discuss the study at the level that will be expected from the researchers.\n\nResearch centres are approached often by non-academics with ideas, so you need to be thoroughly prepared, well-versed in the topic, and convincing to separate your proposal from the \"chaff\". Be polite if they reject your proposal. Most research fields are small communities and you don't want to develop a reputation that may hinder your chances of collaboration in the future.\n\nUnderstand that even a feasible study with little possibility of generating revenue via grants, etc or much recognition in the field is likely to be rejected. Resources are limited, and ultimately the centres have to channel their available resources into studies that keep the doors open.",
"One option is to contact a research centre at a local university/hospital/etc that performs research in the particular field, and attempt to get them on board. Unless it is blindingly obvious that your study would be beneficial, you will want to be extremely well prepared to have any chance of convincing them. Visit libraries/universities and do a thorough literature review so you have the necessary background knowledge to discuss the study at the level that will be expected from the researchers.\n\nResearch centres are approached often by non-academics with ideas, so you need to be thoroughly prepared, well-versed in the topic, and convincing to separate your proposal from the \"chaff\". Be polite if they reject your proposal. Most research fields are small communities and you don't want to develop a reputation that may hinder your chances of collaboration in the future.\n\nUnderstand that even a feasible study with little possibility of generating revenue via grants, etc or much recognition in the field is likely to be rejected. Resources are limited, and ultimately the centres have to channel their available resources into studies that keep the doors open."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
w9xmf
|
Is there a material so dense that smells can't get through?
|
Just recently got on the topic of the sense of smell and had a few questions that I couldn't find the answers to.
Is there a material so dense that smells can't get through it?
Are all of the 5 million receptors in our nose different shapes, accepting only certain kinds of molecules?
Is the reason certain dangerous gasses (like acetylene) don't have a scent because they pass through undetected? Or are they detected but smell the same as air / the molecule mix that we're used to?
I'm sure this will only spark more questions, but this will surely help me in understanding how this works! Thank you!
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/w9xmf/is_there_a_material_so_dense_that_smells_cant_get/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5biqoj",
"c5bjd2b",
"c5bpv7e"
],
"score": [
7,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"That's not a hard requirement. Depending on the size of the molecule just a thin sheet of plastic wrap could stop smells. The steel of a gas bottle certainly stops the diffusion of gas.",
"Not really answering any of your questions, but acetylene isn't poisonous at all.",
"The process by which a molecule such as those that cause odor can make it's way through another material is called diffusion. The rate at which diffusion occurs is dependent on concentration gradient and a value called the diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficient can be affected by a TON of different factors and so is (as far as I know) always determined experimentally rather than by calculation. What you are asking, essentially, is: can there be a diffusion coefficient of zero? In other words no mater how steep the concentration gradient or how much time passes no amount of molecules will pass through the material in question.\n\nThis seems like a tall order to demonstrate and it is. Experimentally demonstrating a diffusion coefficient of exactly 0 is impossible since it would require an experiment that lasts for an infinite amount of time. However, I can tell you that the diffusion of organic molecules (such as those that odors are usually composed of) is nearly impossible through materials with metallic, ionic, and covalent network bonding types. So, while the diffusion coefficient cannot be proved to be 0, it is definitely close enough to 0 that your nose wouldn't be able to detect it on the other side. \n\nTL;DR Yes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
fjjk1l
|
Did the confederacy during the civil war ever make any music? Like a confederate "Hail to the chief"?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/fjjk1l/did_the_confederacy_during_the_civil_war_ever/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fkndsaz"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"[This older answer of mine](_URL_0_) focuses on one of the most popular songs of the Confederacy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/cat2qs/during_the_american_civil_war_did_the_federals/etaw0bt/"
]
] |
||
1oyz1z
|
Why do people use "old timey voice" when mimicking historical people from the past 150 years?
|
An example of the voice is found here used by Conan O'Brien at 5:27: _URL_0_
Is that how everyone talked? If so, why?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1oyz1z/why_do_people_use_old_timey_voice_when_mimicking/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccx4ck1"
],
"score": [
11
],
"text": [
"Public speakers, leaders, and entertainers in the 19th century were almost always trained in elocution. It was an important part of education - search for elocution in this 1857 [McGuffey's Reader](_URL_0_) for an example, and in passing to marvel at what was expected of 19th century schoolchildren.\n\nSpeakers were expected to understand their voice and to speak in a clear, well-modulated voice with varying pitch and cadence. Not everyone got a good education in those days, but anyone who held elected office or made their living as an entertainer in those days had to be an accomplished speaker, physically and mentally capable of talking at length and being heard.\n\nFor many Americans, however, their greatest exposure to public speaking came at sporting events, where announcers shouted through megaphones to be heard over the crowd. The excitement and physical tension in their voices translated to a higher pitch, megaphones reproduce higher voices more easily, and higher voices could be heard more easily over the crowd. \n\nIn the late 19th century, the gramophone was introduced. Like the megaphone, it had a hard time reproducing bass sounds, so any sounds from the gramophone came out high and tinny. Early radios also had a problem reproducing bass. Early talkie film technology raised the voice an octave, rendering a generation of silent film stars instantly ridiculous. \n\nSo there are a number of factors. Artifacts from the era of early recording technologies don't faithfully record the human voice. As time went on, a number of Americans adopted the tinny quality of recorded voices. For millions of people, listening to records and sports announcers were their elocution lessons. A high, nasal voice became a signifier in its own right, a humorous acknowledgement that the speaker was playing to a crowd. It was cutting-edge stuff in the age of ragtime, snappy and a little dangerous, but it was winking parody by the time of Bugs Bunny's introduction a decade or two later. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUMwIwOD49g#t=5m27s"
] |
[
[
"http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/15040/pg15040.html"
]
] |
|
2f7xvy
|
stud finders / stud sensors
|
Are they really accurate? How? I would never place a bet on my stud finding ability. Please help!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f7xvy/eli5_stud_finders_stud_sensors/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ck6qfgg",
"ck6qsej"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"They are mini metal detectors. They don't have a long range and are usually fairly accurate unless the stud is buried deep or there's some other piece of metal that distracts it.",
"There are two types, one senses metal, the other senses density. _URL_0_\n\nNether one works well on lath and plaster, but both can work well with drywall. In many cases it helps to try and find both sides of a stud, and to check above or below if you have trouble getting a reading where you are."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_finder"
]
] |
|
4fmsf6
|
How do they polarize glass?
|
Evert time i google how polarized glass is made i get some non-technical stuff about how they are good for fishing, reduce glare, remove horizontal light waves. One article mentioned something about iodine crystals but didn't elaborate.
I just want to know how they treat the glass to get the polarization effect.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4fmsf6/how_do_they_polarize_glass/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2a6czs"
],
"score": [
28
],
"text": [
"There are many different ways, one is simply placing a PVA (poly vinyl acetate) foil on the glass. This material approximately has the consistency and thickness of plastic wrap. The manufacturing process begins by heating and stretching PVA to five times its natural length, making it even thinner. This lengthens PVA's long chain molecules, causing them to align. The stretched PVA is then dipped in iodine solution. The iodine is absorbed into the molecular chains forming long grids of parallel, darkened lines that are not visible to the human eye. The film is then dyed to the color of the desired finished film. The darker the film, the more polarization it provides. In the last step, the film will be applied on the glass."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
11qpz3
|
Are taste buds (human and animal) programmed from birth to 'like' or 'dislike' certain flavours?
|
How, for example, do predatory animals know to consume meat instead of vegetables? Obviously these carnivorous animals have bodily systems which could not handle the consumption of certain foods - are taste buds therefore programmed to 'like' foods which are compatible with the body they reside in?
Are the appeal of certain flavours programmed into genetics or are they an acquired taste, so to speak, picked up through conditioning from birth to adulthood?
Similarly are we programmed to react to smells in the same way?
Thanks :)
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/11qpz3/are_taste_buds_human_and_animal_programmed_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6orn0s"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Can't answer your question entirely, but the sense of smell comes from chemical receptors, which are genetically programmed. However, it's a receptor, and it doesn't indicate that you like or hate something, necessarily. For instance, Durian fruit: Most people who've grown up without tasting it find it to be one of the most foul tastes and smells around... while people who grow up with it tend to be more receptive to it.\n\nWhat you're seeing is the Nature vs. Nurture conflict: we're born with certain traits, but how we use those traits to interact with our environment isn't fixed from birth.\n\nFor the record, the type and number of receptors for taste/smell that we have is refined by the environment that our ancestors came from: Cats are VERY sensitive to nitrates and other meaty smells, for instance. Whales and other marine mammals still have the \"air based\" receptors that their more cow-like ancestors had - but most of them have been deactivated. Not surprisingly, you wouldn't use a whale to sniff out drugs, the same way you might with a dog - for many reasons, including the uselessness of the air-based smell receptors in a generally watery environment. \n\nCheers!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
nwaog
|
wittgenstein
|
I'm preparing for a exam the 3rd of january, but because I had to move to my new appartment at the same time I haven't had time to read about Wittgenstein.
I'm studying about HCI(Human Computer Interaction), focusing on the philosophy by Paul Dourish... Please help.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nwaog/eli5wittgenstein/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3cjzmx",
"c3cjzmx"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I agree with the above post - you'd have to narrow down what you want to know about Wittgenstein. However, you're in luck! As there exists a comic book which explains various bits of Wittgenstein in a very simplified manner which I've copied below. Hooray!\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIt's mainly about Russell, but there's loads of stuff on Wittgenstein, I remember a very interesting section on his picture theory. I think it's mainly earlier Tractatus stuff when he arrived at Cambridge, rather than anything on the later Wittgenstein. Hope that helps.\nEDIT: typo",
"I agree with the above post - you'd have to narrow down what you want to know about Wittgenstein. However, you're in luck! As there exists a comic book which explains various bits of Wittgenstein in a very simplified manner which I've copied below. Hooray!\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIt's mainly about Russell, but there's loads of stuff on Wittgenstein, I remember a very interesting section on his picture theory. I think it's mainly earlier Tractatus stuff when he arrived at Cambridge, rather than anything on the later Wittgenstein. Hope that helps.\nEDIT: typo"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.logicomix.com/en/"
],
[
"http://www.logicomix.com/en/"
]
] |
|
23rz6r
|
how is it possible that our brain is able to calculate trajectory (e.g. throwing an object at something) so easily (especially if i'm so bad at math)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23rz6r/eli5_how_is_it_possible_that_our_brain_is_able_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgzzr0d",
"cgzzx85",
"ch01c02",
"ch0291n"
],
"score": [
2,
7,
5,
4
],
"text": [
"Thank your binocular vision, try to make the same shot with on eye closed.",
"what you are doing is what most physicists do when looking into new equations or formulas - \"first approximation\"\n\nyou aren't predicting the trajectory with a high degree of accuracy so the actual path it takes is always \"close enough\" for you to think you are getting it right\n\nbeing good at maths is more about getting it exact, and when not exact, knowing the amount of error, exactly\n\nand your brain has seen solid spherical objects interacting with gravity and air all it's life, the model is fairly simple and uniform - try watching footballs roll around the ground and see how good your guess is to its path :)",
"The ELI5 answer is experience. You've been doing similar things all of your life, gravity hasn't changed and wind/air density doesn't really change that much (and if it does it's difficult to calculate trajectory as easily as you say).",
"Practice. If I spent as much time on calculus as I did shooting freethrows I might have a job right now."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
he6a7
|
What is required for a car to hydroplane?
|
The wikipedia article mentions what can cause hydroplaning but it does not say specificially.
It's been raining here for a week and every time it does I wonder, how fast does the car have to be going? How much deep does the water need to be? How big of a pool of water do you need?
Whenever it rains here people always seem to go well below the speed limit and I have always assumed they were being overly cautious.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/he6a7/what_is_required_for_a_car_to_hydroplane/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c1uphe5"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"You can hydroplane on very little water, all you need is enough to coat the surface of the road. \n\nWhat keeps you from hydroplaning is the tread on your tire. At speed the treads act like a high speed pump, channeling water into the tread pattern where it is expelled by the spinning of the tire. As the contact pattern compresses against the water, the water migrates to the channels allowing the contact pattern of the tread to come into contact with the ground. Tires that have no tread such as racing slicks can start hydroplaning as soon as the ground gets wet. This is because as the contact patch compresses against the water, the water has no place to go and consequently the tread loses contact with the ground which is in essence floating on the water.\n\nNow the larger and deeper the puddle, the volume of water overwhelms the tread pattern and water begins to come between the contact patch and the ground. Although the tread pattern is channeling water away, there is too much water and the tire begins to float. \n\nHowever, the exact point at which this happens is a factor of many different things so your best bet is to avoid large puddles, replace worn tires and if you do start hydroplaning do not hit the brakes. At low speeds you may not notice any loss in contact with the ground since you're going slow enough that the car tires \"sink\" through the water bringing the tire into contact with the ground. At higher speeds you require more friction between the tire and the ground to maintain control of the car and even a small loss in friction can send you out of control. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
362ylz
|
Silk Road Reading
|
I'm looking for a book that gives a general overview of the Silk Road trading network, any recommendations?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/362ylz/silk_road_reading/
|
{
"a_id": [
"craag59",
"craarui"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"*Travels of Marco Polo,* and for the highly entertaining historical fictional twist, *The Journeyer* by Gary Jennings",
"Also, *Foreign Devils on the Silk Road* is a really fascinating and engaging look at history of excavation of the Silk Road."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5lrp0l
|
why do we get that strange feeling in our head when something sharp and long is pointing right between our eyes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5lrp0l/eli5_why_do_we_get_that_strange_feeling_in_our/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbxwvzo"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Doesn't work for me. Maybe it's because I don't use my left eye? Maybe it's related to the Ajna chakra point (third eye) and I mediate almost daily? Can you explain the sensation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
27wwt6
|
In protracted conflicts and wars, especially where soldiers were conscripted, does the 'quality' of soldier decrease as the war goes on?
|
So I was reading a book (*Tripwire* by Lee Childs, if anyone is interested) and there is a passage in it when the characters are talking about the war in Vietnam and the fact that the quality of soldiers decreased as time went on.
The section reads;
> Even if you signed up again right away it was nine months minimum before you got back, sometimes a whole year. Then you got back and you figured the place had gone to shit while you were away. You figured it had gotten sloppy and harassed. Facilities you'd built would be all falling down, trenches you'd dug against the mortars would be half full of water, trees you'd cleared away from the helicopter parking would be all sprouting up again. You'd feel your little domain had been ruined by a bunch of know-nothing idiots while you were gone. It made you angry and depressed. **And generally it was true. The whole 'Nam thing went steadily downhill, right out of control. The quality of the personnel just got worse and worse.** (p.279)
I was just wondering if this was true? Does the 'quality' of soldier get worse as a war drags out? I'm assuming that some of this belief comes from the fact the volunteers or career soldiers were the first ones to go fight, and are then replaced by inexperienced or reluctant conscripts. I've noticed similar arguments put forward in other films and books for other conflicts and wars (like Black Hawk Down, Band of Brothers, Battle of Britain etc) so I was just wondering if there is any truth in it? Is there any factual evidence that supports such claims for any modern wars?
(And yes I know 'quality' is a difficult term to use but I don't really know how else to phrase the question!)
Thank you in advance!
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/27wwt6/in_protracted_conflicts_and_wars_especially_where/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ci5le6s",
"ci5m2nl",
"ci72u2g"
],
"score": [
5,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"It would rather depend on the nature of the state and its army at the time.\n\nIn Britain, there is no indication of a deterioration in the quality of the army as the Napoleonic wars went on, and I have read at least one suggestion that the turnover in officers was beneficial to the purchase system (The Reason Why by C. Woodham Smith) and also that at Waterloo, after a break of several years, there was dearth of experienced, battle-hardended redcoats.\n\nThe Luftwaffe in WWII is a good example of a force that is initially superior but steadily deteriorates with mounting pressure over several years. On the other hand, RAF bomber command steadily increases in efficacy with better equipment and better training as the war progresses.\n\nThe British army in WWI is a mix of both. It starts off being the best army in the world size for size (arguably), then deteriorates rapidly in 1915 as the old regulars and territorials are killed off. It reaches its nadir in 1916 with large drafts of gallant but semi-trained recruits and then slowly builds up to being the supreme fighting power by summer of 1918. ",
"We can look at WWII as an example of the opposite happening for the Allied powers, especially with naval aviators in the Pacific.\n\nAt the onset, the US had few carriers, and few pilots with any real experience. The Imperial Japanese Navy had a number of carriers and rather experienced pilots as of Pearl Harbor. However, this changed dramatically over the course of the war.\n\nThe key difference is that the US rotated experienced pilots back to training positions routinely, which kept new pilots up to speed with new tactics and techniques developed in combat, and it ensured that actual combat veterans were teaching combat lessons to the next set of recruits. The Japanese had no such system, and their experienced corps of pilots dwindled, and was in tatters after the attrition of the Solomon Isles campaign. As a result, their pilots became less and less experienced, and more prone to errors that the increasingly experienced American pilots would exploit. \n\nSimilarly, the state of readiness of the US military was well behind par for the other powers at the time. Again, as the war progressed, new tactics and training methods were developed and brought to bear. For example, after the Sicily campaign, a substantial number of paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne were transferred to the then-in-training 101st Airborne to provide combat experience to the incoming soldiers. ",
"I'm going to cross-reference another recent post and suggest that conscription in and of itself was probably not a factor in declining quality.\n\nWhat /u/ThinMountainAir suggests in [this post about the necessity for reform in the U.S. Army](_URL_0_) is that there were a large number of fairly unique societal factors in the United States at the time that collectively contributed to a marked decline in the quality of soldier serving in Vietnam.\n\nThe only cases that come to mind where quality declines directly as a result of conscription are those of doomed nations that expand the scope and relax the standards of conscription out of desperation, having already spent their way through their population of able-bodied men.\n\nNice to see a fellow Reacher Creature though. Love those books."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/27zowe/did_the_us_military_reorganize_itself_after_the/ci650x6"
]
] |
|
2rlmei
|
color wheel versus visible light spectrum
|
Sorry for the vauge title,but here's my question: Why is the opposite of red green on a color wheel, yet in terms of wavelength, red's opposite is violet? What is the difference?
I'm going to assume its about light vs shades (like how all the colors of light make white, but all the shades, like when mixing paint, make black) but still, why green and red?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rlmei/eli5_color_wheel_versus_visible_light_spectrum/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnh0x60"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"With visible light, red doesn't come after/before violet and violet doesn't come after/before red. On the color wheel it does because it makes finding relationships between colors easier than a straight line. Green being the opposite of red has everything to do with color theory in art and nothing to do with the wavelength of light. In chemistry or astronomy, any science that relies on visible light, you wouldn't note that something is a complementary color. Just like in art you don't really care that a color has a wavelength of 400nm and a certain frequency. And the violet in the visual spectrum is really more of a deep blue than what we typically think of as violet or purple. But the contrast with the cyan band makes it appear more purple. Really it's red and blue at opposite ends. \n\nRed and green are subjectively complementary. Just like blue and orange or purple and yellow. The color wheel is a circle, so there are no ends. Everything blends together. You can pretty much do what you want in terms of matching colors on a wheel. Traditionally it's a line from one side to the other to get complementary colors. A triangle for tertiary colors. A square for tetradic colors. You can keep going with a pentagon, hexagon, etc. It has nothing really to do with the physical nature of light. It's just about making color schemes that look good together. \n\nRGB light mixed makes white. RGB paint makes black. But you can make a color wheel that includes shades (darks) or tints (lights). So it doesn't really prevent you from including white just because it's a subtractive color model. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1b3kgo
|
How fast are the particles in the LHC moving relative to each other?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1b3kgo/how_fast_are_the_particles_in_the_lhc_moving/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9397b1"
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"text": [
"The last c in your equation should also be squared and then you get \n\n2vc/(1-v^2 )=0.99999999999999999999999999999988*c\n\nAnyhoo, From the view of the LHC the relative velocity of the particles is just 2*v*c The velocity addition comes into play when assessing the velocities from the refernce system of the particles themselves.\n\nSo the particle \"sees\" the other particle approaching at 0.99999999999999999999999999999988*c whereas the experimenter sees a head on collision with a relative velocity of almost 2c"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
237a2a
|
class warfare
|
Not really sure what to think about it. I see a lot of people that are "for" class warfare and "against" class warfare. What exactly takes place during class warfare and why do people either want it or not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/237a2a/eli5_class_warfare/
|
{
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"cgu481i",
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2,
2
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"text": [
"Class warfare is the idea that one class of people, usually the rich or well-to-do, either take action to prevent the poor from \"rising above their station\", or support policies which help suppress the poor, or are otherwise implicitly assisting in the suppression of those of a lower class, or are least complicit in it. \n\nThe converse, of course, would be action by the poor against the rich (vandalism, threats, property destruction, etc.) Very few people would, I think, claim to be \"for\" class warfare; but plenty of people deny it exists.",
"More or less when less affluent people point out that the extremely wealthy enjoy significantly more influence on legislation and thus tax and legal benefits that others don't it's \"class warfare\". \n\nBasically categorizing the rather obvious truth that inheriting wealth is not proof of one's effort or intelligence as \"class warfare\" serves to derail the argument. It's the recourse for those that have no other answer because they really think that being born on third base is the same as hitting a triple. They simply don't understand that they have a head start and hold a better hand. \n\nConversely, those that would demand that if Person A enjoys lifestyle of quality X so should they is just as foolish. Ultimately (to me) it comes down to the question of is there a level playing field. It's not class warfare to suggest that everyone should get a SHOT, not that they merit a guaranteed win. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3x1u5d
|
what is self-healing plastic and how does it work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3x1u5d/eli5what_is_selfhealing_plastic_and_how_does_it/
|
{
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"text": [
"I'm not an expert but I believe that self-healing plastic is a typical long-chain polymer material that contains pockets of liquid plastic. When the material is broken, these pockets of liquid plastic get broken open and the liquid fills the gap created. The liquid then solidifies to heal the plastic."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4p0pi2
|
Religious relic?
|
Hello, I'm a concrete cutter and a fellow coworker for another company was requested to dig this item up. They were super hush hush about it all. Its about as big as the palm of your hand and has these markings. Church people from byu where there and took it immediately once it was dug up. They requested no pictures be taken and would confiscate the phone if word got out he took this picture. Any idea what it is? Dug up byu utah provo.
_URL_0_
Sorry for any errors. Its hot as hell out here.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4p0pi2/religious_relic/
|
{
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"d4haskv"
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"text": [
"I agree with Bodrk43: it looks like a benchmark or surveyor's mark of some sort. If it's a US Geological Survey benchmark, then destroying it is a crime. If it was set by some other agency or a private party, I don't know what the law says but I would be hesitant about destroying it. \n\nI'm a member of the Geocaching hobby, and some of us also engage in the even geekier sub-hobby of searching for old benchmarks like this. If you could post the GPS coordinates or even the approximate location of this marker, I could look it up on some government databases and other listings of benchmarks to see if there's a record that would tell us what exactly it is."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/FX7du7F"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
51jnjz
|
Have there been female rulers with harems?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/51jnjz/have_there_been_female_rulers_with_harems/
|
{
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"d7ct10t",
"d7dbejj"
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"text": [
"Follow up question: the Ottoman and various chinese dynasties had harems where concubines competed for political influence, and occasionally one concubine rose to the top of the entire governemnt, fir example Wu Zetian. What happened to the institution of the harem during the these periods? Were all the other concubines exiled/executed or just the ones who posed a threat to the supreme concubine?",
"Can I ask another follow-up?\n\nI know that there was a female pharaoh, Hatshepsut, who ruled. While she had a husband (Thutmose II), many pharaohs had \"secondary wives.\" Is there any evidence she had secondary husbands? Is there evidence of secondary husband behaviours among other women who took power in context with secondary wives?\n\n*thank you historians*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2l2on1
|
what really happens when people die of "old age" or "natural causes" ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2l2on1/eli5_what_really_happens_when_people_die_of_old/
|
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"what happens is the family and doctors agree it is not worth determining what the actual cause of death was.\n\nactual cause is often heart failure, but frankly could be almost anything that isn't blatantly obvious from an external inspection.\n\nedit: stroke is another common cause. may actually be even more common that heart attack for \"old age\" deaths, as it can hit suddenly with less obvious symptoms.",
"Death as a result of internal malfunction (like a heart attack, end-stage cancer, infection) which is not in anyway influenced by external factors/forces (like an accident, suicide, homicide etc.).",
"No one dies from old age or natural causes, it's always some failing body part or disease",
"Many times it's a result of the arteries breaking down and leading to initially slow internal bleeding that progressively gets worse. It's a slow and often painless death and usually happens during sleep since the person will often feel fatigued (due to oxygen deprivation and hypoperfusion) and just drift off to sleep.\n\nHonestly, this is how I hope I go. Just get tired, say \"Ima take a nap now\" and just drift away. Very peaceful",
"A lot of people in this thread are putting the blame on telomeres.\n\nTelomeres are thought to have some affect on aging, but they are not the main cause of old-age/natural cause death. It's not like your last telomere is used up and your cells are all like \"that's it!\" Read [here](_URL_0_) for some more info on how telomeres are shortened and whether they cause aging.\n\n\"Old age\" and \"natural causes\" is another way of doctor and family saying \"we expected the death and it was not caused by something acute/unexpected\" (read /u/mlp-r34-clopper's comment)\n\nIt is still usually caused by some co-morbidity of being old such as congestive heart failure, stroke, heart attack, other vascular/atherosclerotic/issues of blood supply (ischemic issues), or cardiac arrest brought on by any number of unseen things, including but not limited to the preceding list. The fact of the matter is, something in the body is failing for any number of reasons.\n\nI actually read somewhere recently that \"old age\" and \"natural causes\" will no longer be accepted as a cause of death on death certificates, as it says nothing about the pathology of the patient's death. ",
"In most cases the thing that actually kills a person is simply lack of oxygen to the brain. This can happen through various ways, but in 21st century America, it is most often the result of heart disease, cancer, or stroke. With heart disease, the person will typically suffer a heart attack, in which blood supply to the heart muscle itself is cut off, causing the heart muscle to die and no longer be able to pump blood. With cancer, what happens is that a primary tumor metastasizes (meaning it gets into the bloodstream and colonizes new tumors all throughout the body). The metastatic tumors essentially starve other bodily organs of oxygen and nutrients, which leads to multiple organ failure and an inability to supply the brain with blood and nutrients. In a stroke, a blood vessel in the brain pops, and hence can no longer supply the brain with blood.",
"We actually get to see this very often in the cadaver lab at my uni. Most of the subjects who donate their bodies are elderly and almost all of them have died of heart failure or strokes. The other day while viewing the brain we actually found the stroke that killed a subject.\n\nIn my mind natural causes or old age is used to describe any cause of death that couldn't really be fought or predicted. If someone is younger, or the person developed a disease that was fought, or maybe from a dangerous surgery, the cause of death would hold more of an impact and is usually listed. It depends on the family as well, sometimes instead of listing that their loved one died of heart failure, they find it easier and more dignified to list natural causes. Also, like mlp said, there's no real point in discovering the cause of death if it was quiet, peaceful and bound to happen soon.",
"No idea, my grandpa woke up one morning at 90 something years of age, had his tea and frosted flakes like he had done for the past 40 years. ate it, threw up and was keeled over dead within an hour. no autopsy, no doctor to check him out. it was just listed as a natural cause and the funeral was 2 days later, weird stuff.",
"One of the major causes of death in 'old age' would be Aspiration Pneumonia (from the elderly/hospice patients) lying for long periods leading to very rapid deterioration because they have don't have the immune response they would have before. ",
"There’s a mental component that was very important in my father’s case when he passed away 3 years ago at the age of 86. He had fallen and was taken to the hospital where he was treated for some cuts and bruises; x-ray showed no broken bones. They also did a CAT scan of his brain which revealed that he had had a “silent stroke”. When we talked to the neurologist about this he assured my father that everything was OK in his ability to think and move. But it really bothered Dad because he had seen the results of major stroke in others in the skilled nursing facility and he did not want to be disabled mentally or physically. He wanted to be in control of the end of his life. He decided to stop taking his meds, he refused physical therapy and was combative towards some of the staff. I would get into shouting matches with him about this behavior until finally one of the nurses pulled me aside and said “it’s his choice to do this, you must let him go”. So I did, and over the next week we had some good conversations before he became unresponsive and slipped away. \nThe cause of death was listed as “failure to thrive”.\n",
"I am surprised this hasn't been referenced. The bodies cells are re-generated by stem cells. Stem cells are essentially like candles and eventually burnout and are no longer able to regenerate cells. a A few \"supercentenarians\" have donated their bodies to science and died in remarkably good health. They just stopped living. No heart disease, no cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's, etc. and what doctors found was invaluable. One Scandinavian perfectly healthy woman who expired with no illness in her body of any kind, upon investigation only had two functioning stem cells left in her body (you are born with 20,000!) In other words, stem cells, the cells that regenerate other cells had exhausted their capacity to function and simply burnt out -- burned down to the wick, so to speak.\n\n_URL_0_",
"For anyone looking for an answer more on the cellular level, most cells will contain DNA which are organised as chromosomes, and at the end of each chromosome are telomeres. Telomeres are junk sequences that aren't useful code. Ever time a cell divides, a bit of the telomeres are lost due to the way DNA replication works (telomerase in this case). As it is continually lost, it eventually reaches useful sections of DNA which causes problems.",
"I am developing an analysis engine for Reddit that I intend to turn into a bot. Here are some past Reddit discussions that it believes are related to this topic:\n\n* [ELI5 If our body is constantly producing new cells to replace old ones, why do we age?](_URL_1_)\n* [What exactly is dying of old age?](_URL_2_)\n* [On/Off switch for Aging Cells Discovered](_URL_4_)\n* [ELI5: Why do different species have different life spans? For example we live to a maximum length of years, yet a giant tortoise can live to like 170 years old? What determines this?](_URL_3_)\n* [Scientists discover an telomerase on/off switch for aging cells](_URL_0_)\n\nI hope this is useful, please let me know what you think.",
"So if dying of old age comes from mostly your heart failing etc. Would it be possible to significantly extend human life if there was a way to 3d print you new organs from scratch? Sort of like you can keep a car running forever by replacing parts it needs..",
"Cellular boredom. If people just used the Cellular Regeneration and Entertainment Chamber, they'd be fine.",
"In California, old age or natural causes is not an accepted cause for the death certificate, which leads to doctors getting creative with death causes to get the certificate to pass through public health. Public health proofreads and approves all causes of death in the state. \nI can't speak for other states or countries. \n\nSource: I work in the funeral industry. ",
"\"Old age\" is not considered medically to be a cause of death. The \"natural causes\" that they are talking about are defined by the CDC to be (numbers are deaths per year in the US):\nHeart disease: 596,577\nCancer: 576,691\nChronic lower respiratory diseases: 142,943\nStroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 128,932\nAlzheimer's disease: 84,974\nDiabetes: 73,831\nInfluenza and Pneumonia: 53,826\nNephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 45,591\nHope this helped!",
"I don't want to die bro. \n\nLife is awesome and not being alive would be total shit. \n\nAll of my neurons and neural synapses that contain everything that I am will rot into compost. \n\nThat is about the shittiest thing that I can imagine. ",
"Imagine a dam built of hundreds of thousands of bricks. When it was new, everything worked well together, and if any brick failed, the point of failure could be isolated, patched up, and put back together, and the dam could continue to work just fine.\n\nNow imagine a hundred years later, every single part of the dam has undergone some form of wear and tear. Bricks are popping out a lot more all over the place, other spots are just leaking slowly, other spots are structurally weak and going to turn into a problem any time now. You can keep plugging holes as long as you want, except each time you do you put stress on the surrounding regions too and might cause things to become even worse elsewhere.\n\nOld age and dying of natural causes is exactly like that: too many things are fragile, decayed, going wrong or about to go wrong, and the surrounding structure is too fragile to support efforts to continually plug the leaks. Eventually something or another gives, and instead of figuring out exactly what broke to send the whole thing crashing down, the family and the doctors just shrug and say \"meh\".",
"Just heart failure. Organs fail after cells divide too much. Telomeres could keep us young forever, but the ends of them shrink after time.",
"This may get buried but it's actually my field of expertise!\nWhen someone dies there are only two reasons: Natural or Unnatural. \n\n\nUnnatural refers to any sort of trauma to the body, be it physical (i.e. hit by a car, electrical shock, mauled by a bear) or chemically (i.e. drug overdose, poisoning, suffocation).\n\nNatural refers to anything that may happen to you as the result of natural disease processes. This can stem from a birth defect that kills quickly like ancephaly (born without a brain), or something like a clotting disorder that eventually causes a stroke or heart attack. As the body ages, its ability to fight infections decreases and you see a lot of pneumonia-related deaths or sepsis (infections that overwhelm the body and crash your blood pressure). The heart is essentially a big, dumb muscle. Notice how grandma can't pick things up like she used to? That's because her muscles have atrophied. Now picture her heart that's been beating 24/7 for the last 80-something years and you'll be able to picture how weak it has become and just can't pump like it used to. This causes a whole cascade of problems and \"backs up\" the plumbing of the body.\n\nEvery jurisdiction has different criteria for determining just what is considered \"natural\". But for all intents and purposes, natural just means there wasn't a nefarious root cause.\n\nSource: Death Investigator for a Medical Examiner/Coroner's office.",
"No one in the US has died of old age since 1957.\n\nBecause that is the year that option was removed from death certificates - now an approximate mechanism must be identified (heart or respiratory failure, etc.)",
"No one has died of natural causes since the 1930's. True story.",
"Im 27, I saw my grandparents today. My grandpa is so old and frail with dementia. I feel bad for him and my poor grandmother who cares for him everyday. They are so sweet. I love them.\n",
"Technically, all death is caused by brain death. In the case of old age, or natural causes, an organ fails in such a way that the brain is no longer able to function, whether due to lack of oxygen (lungs, heart) lack of energy (digestive, heart), or some other bodily toxicity (renal).",
"What happens is the cells just deteriorate. This is in fact because of a defense mechanism which keeps us all from getting rampant cancer. This is because we have a built in kill switch on our cells.",
"They 'forget' how to eat and drink and basically starve and dehydrate to death. \nOr, they might get lucky and get an infection and family (or they, them self) decide not to treat it and the infection takes them sooner. ",
"Not sure, but I have watched many family members wilt away and die of old age and terminal illness. I hope that by the time I get to the point of terminal, there is a Kevorkian Law that will allow me to be put respectfully to sleep. When animals are terminal it is called humane to put them to sleep so they will not suffer. Why can't humans have the same option?\n",
"\"Old age\" and \"natural causes\" are just old sayings that got stuck onto people's tongues. In modern medicine this is an euphemism for A Combination Of Chronic Illnesses That Cannot Be Cured, Only Supported To Minimize Suffering. a person's body usually degrades to this point if a person have not had a massive heart attack, a number of strokes, diabetes or Parkinson's(4 main killers). Usually then a person dies from pneumonia due to severely weaken immune system, thats what hospice and morphine 24/7 for",
"That term hasn't been used clinically in over 50 years.",
"Well, when my grandma was dying, I think we were just waiting for her heart to stop. Thankfully, hospice helped us through the process. ",
"This is an interesting one, as it is kind of impossible to die of old age. There will always be something that kills you. What dying of old age, or natural causes, usually means is that the person had reached a point where they were so weak, and their body had degenerated so much, that something like a simple cold (that they would barely have noticed as a healthy adult) could kill them. A cold, for example, has no obvious symptoms like a stroke or a heart attack would, so it would appear like they just passed away in their sleep. To explain this, it is easier to say they died of old age, giving the slightly deceptive illusion that they had hit their 'natural' expiration date.",
"As another person as said its the \"easy way out\"\n\nMy great grand mother died suddenly at the age of 101. Her cause of death? Natural causes...why? Well...does it really matter what part of her failed to cause her to die at 101? ",
"I am a bit wary of the term \"old age\" or \"natural causes.\" Most of my grandparents died in their 80s or 90s, generally from dehydration and eventual organ failure, many times in a coma. My grandfather decided to starve himself and stopped eating and drinking, and basically did himself in... after several days in a hospital. It was horrific to watch them slowly waste away like that.\n\nAccording to the [Journal of Patient Safety](_URL_0_), roughly 440,000 Americans die each year in US hospitals due to \"medical errors.\"",
"For one of my grandparents I was told it was heart failure. She picked up a spoon to eat her lunch and she just stopped. It wasn't dramatic, just looked like she had passed out as she slumped in her chair. We were told her heart just stopped beating and she wouldn't have felt a thing. We all say she died of old age.",
"This is a great example of reddit gone wrong. What is stated here is grossly oversimplified and frankly untrue.\nNatural causes almost always means pulmonary edema. The failure of virtually any vital organ system will lead to pulmonary edema, or fluid backing up into the tiny air sacks or alveoli in the lungs.\nThink of it this way, if the kidneys fail, the system overloads with fluid and the patient dies of respiratory arrest. If the heart becomes sufficiently damaged that it cannot pump blood effectively, the excess fluid again will back up into the lungs, causing respiratory arrest. Liver failure, derangement of fluid/electrolyte balance and overwhelming infection and/or inflammation can all similarly result in death by...Plumonary edema leading to respiratory arrest.\nWhile I'm at it, in America even with our shitty healthcare, most people still have decent enough insurance to get their diabetes sort of under control, get on a blood pressure drug or two and maybe a statin or a \"blood thinner\" if warranted. So those big dramatic fall to the floor dead kind of strokes aren't really all that common anymore. And when they do happen, people are far more educated and are thus able to get their loved ones emergency care faster. In the best of situations, this may buy them a dose of TPA that will bust the infarct causing clot and they could potentially walk out of the hospital a few days later not much worse for wear. If you are very unlucky, the TPA could cause bits of the clot to break off from the one lodged in your brain and end up in your lungs, causing you to hack up frothy, pink sputum. Fluid backs up, pulmonary edema sets it, respiratory arrest will probably follow because this just isn't your day.\nOn to the last point, fwiw. It's not that the cause of death isn't worth determining, it's that they already know it's respiratory arrest secondary to pulmonary edema. Otherwise, they are still going to want to cut you open and see what happened, you know, for science. \nI only took the time to type this because of that post in r/showerthoughts that said 99% of quality posts are never made because people kind of lose their steam and think \"eh, fuckit.\" Tonight I decided not to be that person. \nSource- Iama RN\nEdit*a sentence",
"I just finished my biology courses and from what I was taught was that dying of old age meant that your cells could no longer replicate and make up for the number of dying cells in your body. Your cells are constantly dying and being replaced by new cells that use your DNA to replicate. Each DNA strand can only replicate a finite number of times before the telomere's reach a point that the DNA can't be unzipped and tied of to another strand to make DNA. Your mitochondria also plays a part in cell reproduction. Once the \"power house\" as it is referred to loses that energy you see those signs of aging like wrinkles or sagging skin on old people who've never really had weight issues. \n\nTL;DR: you are born with a predetermined expiration date based on your genetic makeup. Blame your parents. ",
"The body is a complex system where thousands of things need to go right for you to keep on living. Sometimes when you die it's very obvious which particular thing failed so that thing is attibuted as the cause of death (e.g. terrible accident, heart attack, liver failure, etc.). \n\nWhen you're very old, what happens is that all your systems decline and multiple things fail at roughly the same time. So many things failed that it's a little silly to attribute death to only one thing. So it's sometimes euphemistically described as old age or natural causes.",
"The body is a complicated thing, over time the bodies ability to repair itself diminishes. \n\n Every accident, break, illness or injury leaves its mark on a persons body over a lifetime. \n\n As the bodies ability to repair itself gets worse the weak points from earlier injury(smoking say) are more likely to not recover as well. \n\n So you continue on as joints fail or are worn, ligaments become loose and skin becomes thin and takes a long time to heal. \n\n At the same time your muscles and senses start to become weaker. \n \nThings dont taste as good and your circulation starts to become weaker with the rest of your organs. \n \n Your brain doesnt work as well as it should as the digestive system \ndoesnt provide enough energy to the organs to process the nutrients your body needs to work efficiently. \n\n Your blood and lymphatic system start accumulating poisons as they dont get processed out quickly enough. \n\n Then something that your body could handle in the past happens, your body attempts to repair it but like a game of tetris the parts all pile up to end your fight to live.",
"nurse here. Hospice has a diagnosis called \"failure to thrive.\" Basically it means there is a gradual decline that continues so far that people die: your muscles are weaker when you're older, you sleep more, you move less. You lose your appetite. That becomes extreme: even with people spoon feeding food into your mouth, you might not swallow and aspirate. People start sleeping more than the cat. You kind of give up the will to live, or you don't even have the energy to do the things you need to do to live. Pressure sores develop, the muscles that help you swallow weaken, you become dehydrated and your immune system weakens. A natural cause could be a virus or bacteria. An elderly person gets a cold, but their immune system is weak and pneumonia develops and family/that person decides to not treat the infection with antibiotics. Little things that would just give a healthy person a day of malaise causes this person to pass away, and the quality of life is so low that treatment is not sought. Hope that helps!",
"At an advanced old age many factors come into play, it's a dice-roll that decides which old age-related disease finishes you off (or combination of old age diseases - you could for instance get a tooth infection that turns into pneumonia) ",
"Natural causes is a really broad term than can mean any disease or condition that occurs naturally and wasn't caused by another person. \n\nAs far as the elderly go respiratory failure secondary to a respiratory infection or they just lose the drive to eat and drink and stop swallowing is often a cause of death. One of those two plays a role in most deaths that don't involve an MI or stroke, things like cancer and Alzheimer's. Sometimes the person just gets so old they quit breathing or eating with no other cause. ",
"If you want to get to the genetic aspect keep reading:\n\nThere are things called telomeres, which are essentially sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect the chromosomes from damage and from connecting with each other. Every time chromosomes replicate, these telomeres of shortens a little. This can cause bad dna to replicate, which can cause numerous diseases, most specifically cancer. Numerous studies have linked many \"old age\" diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and organ failure to shortened telomere lengths. Studies have provided evidence that environmental factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and stress can lead to shortened telomeres but the exact mechanism for how these factors shorten them is currently unknown. Telomeres are being touted as the \"key to aging\" because they are a huge factor of determining when we die. Also, a not-so-natural possibility is that sometimes foul play is the cause of death but people may not care as much about investigating since the person is of old age.\n\nSource: I'm a genetics nerd and have done research about this. If interested in learning more, read [this](_URL_0_).\n\ntl:dr The ends of our genes expire and then so do we. Or people may not care to determine cause of death is person is around the typical age of death.\n\n",
"Our cells are constantly cloning themselves allowing for growth or repair however with each replication the telomeres which are the ends of the chromosomes (DNA) wear away. Usually when we are older this lack of telomere triggers some mutation to form in cells when they mutate increasing chances of diseases mentioned above such as cancer etc I hope this helps.",
"Speaking as someone over 70: Have you ever driven a really old car? One day the radiator hose splits because the rubber is worn out, the next day you have two blow-outs in the same afternoon, then the muffler fails and you have smoke billowing out the back, and finally a piston rod snaps and destroys the engine completely? Dying of \"old age\" is kind of like that. Various organs simply reach the end of their functioning span. They decay until they fail. Things break down and wear out. And all these physical \"parts failures\" pile up to the point that you can't keep up with them any longer.\n\nYou can die of a heart attack or a stroke, or something similarly dramatic (or at least definitive), but you can also just die in your sleep because your body says \"That's it, I'm used up, I quit.\" It's cumulative. If your body could regenerate key tissue and organs, there would be no reason your body couldn't last a few more centuries at least -- but then you would have to deal with a brain that wears out, too.",
"As you age, your body slowly degrades over time, this happens in just about every living complex organism (lobsters are a notable exception). When one or more vital systems deteriorate too much, the organism dies of \"natural causes\" The processes is called senescence.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere#Shortening"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/04/24/old-blood-new-science-115-year-old-womans-blood-suggests-lifespan-depends-on-stem-cells/"
],
[],
[
"http://reddit.com/r/Futurology/comments/2h45bi/scientists_discover_an_telomerase_onoff_switch/",
"http://reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hzvm1/eli5_if_our_body_is_constantly_producing_new/",
"http://reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2gubiw/what_exactly_is_dying_of_old_age/",
"http://reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2gga3h/eli5_why_do_different_species_have_different_life/",
"http://reddit.com/r/science/comments/2h4n0x/onoff_switch_for_aging_cells_discovered/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.forbes.com/sites/leahbinder/2013/09/23/stunning-news-on-preventable-deaths-in-hospitals/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/chromosomes/telomeres/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence"
]
] |
||
cj1ugu
|
Western texts talk at length about Eastern goods received from the Silk Road such as spices and silk. What Western goods went east through the Silk Road of Antiquity that were in high demand for Eastern traders?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/cj1ugu/western_texts_talk_at_length_about_eastern_goods/
|
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"Perhaps [this answer](_URL_0_) by u/Mighty_Dighty22 to a similar question can shed some light while we wait for other answers.",
"With respect to the Roman period, we have a few clues. *The History of the Later Han Dynasty* *(Hou Hanshu*), compiled in the fifth century, contains a brief passage on trade goods from Da Qin (The Roman Empire):\n\n\"This country produces plenty of gold, silver, and precious jewels, luminous jade, bright moon pearls, fighting cocks, rhinoceroses, coral, yellow amber, opaque glass, whitish chalcedony, red cinnabar, green gemstones, drawn gold-threaded and multi-coloured embroideries, woven gold-threaded net, delicate polychrome silks painted with gold, and asbestos cloth.\" (12)\n\nAn excellent commentary on this list can by accessed by clicking on the [notes linked to this text](_URL_0_). \n\nMost of the products listed by the Hou Hanshu were (unsurprisingly) produced in the Roman east, and traded primarily by the merchants of Alexandria and Antioch. Some of them, like the rhinoceros horn and amber mentioned in the list, were not products of the Empire itself, but were handled by Roman merchants. Others were Roman products: that asbestos, for example, probably came from the mountains of Cyprus. \n\nAnother passage in the *Hou Hanshu* remarks:\n\n\"In the reign of Emperor Huan, king An-tun of Da Qin (Rome) sent an embassy....this offered ivory, rhinoceros horn, and tortoise shell....but their tribute contained no jewels\" (88)\n\nThis was not a real embassy - as far as we know, in fact, the Romans never sent a formal delegation to China. It was almost certainly a party of Roman merchants operating between Alexandria and India, who had either been shipwrecked on, or attempted to trade along, the southern Chinese coast. The ivory and tortoise shell they brought were probably from India, though the rhinoceros horn may have been imported from sub-Saharan Africa via Alexandria. \n\nIn general, however, the Chinese do not seem to have been especially interested in most Roman products; Pliny the Elder remarks in his (admittedly very ill-informed) description of \"the Seres\" (Chinese), \"they shun all intercourse with the rest of mankind, and await the approach of those who wish to traffic with them\" (6.20).",
"According to [Dmitry Voyakin](_URL_7_), goods that are known to have traveled East along the Silk Roads include \"frankincense and myrrh, jasmine and amber, cardamom and nutmeg, ginseng and bile of a python, carpets and fabrics, dyes and minerals, diamonds, jade, amber, corals, ivory... gold and silver bullions, fur and coins, bows, arrows, swords and spears\" as well as animals and more abstract elements of culture such as fashion.\n\nChinese pottery was among the Eastern goods that traveled West along the Silk Roads. It may be of interest that some of that pottery may have been produced in the East using a material imported from the West. There is not currently a scholarly consensus around this possible Western export, cobalt blue pigment from Persia. This cobalt would have been used in pottery centres like [Jingdezhen](https://_URL_5_) in Jiangxi province, which produced iconic blue-and-white pottery during the Ming dynasty (CE 1368-1644).\n\nSupport for the idea that the distinctive blue under-glaze was painted using imported Persian cobalt comes from studies which examine the manganese content in blue-and-white Ming artifacts. Chinese cobalt is [normally thought](_URL_4_) to have high amounts of manganese, whereas cobalt ores found in Persia typically don't have manganese. Based on several different studies, [some scholars](_URL_0_) divided the artifacts into two distinct groups. Samples from before CE 1425 have cobalt with very low manganese levels (and high iron), [suggesting](_URL_4_) the pigment was imported from abroad; samples after CE 1425 have cobalt with significant quantities of manganese (and low iron), meaning their pigment was probably sourced from within China.\n\nThose who are skeptical of significant amounts of blue pigment being imported to China from the West generally don't dispute the findings pointing to low manganese levels in the cobalt of some blue-and-white Ming ware. The point of dissension is the conclusion that these samples of cobalt cannot have come from inside China. One author, [Adam T. Kessler,](_URL_1_) supports this view, in part, by suggesting that primary sources from the late Ming dynasty reveal that some cobalt historically mined in China may chemically resemble what is thought to be 'imported' cobalt. Kessler refers to an English translation of the [*Tiangong Kaiwu*](_URL_3_) (originally written in CE 1637 by Song Yingxing), which mentions pigment being sourced from a city in Jiangxi named for its arsenic-richness, as one example of historical evidence contradicting the dominant modern understanding of which materials could have been used in production of wares.\n\nWhile it is difficult to say with absolute certainty that before CE 1425, blue-and-white porcelain produced in Ming dynasty China owed its iconic blue under-glaze to cobalt that traveled along Silk Roads from Persia, it is widely believed to be the likely case. In addition to trade signifying exchange, it may have meant collaboration in this instance.\n\n\\*\\*^(Sources)\\*\\*^(:)\n\n^(Dillon, Michael. \"Transport and Marketing in the Development of the Jingdezhen Porcelain Industry during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.\") *^(Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient)* ^(35, no. 3 (1992: 278-90.)) ^(JSTOR,) [^(_URL_5_)](https://_URL_5_)\n\n^(Du, Feng & Su BaoRu. Science in China Series E-Technol. Sci. (2008 51: 249.)) [^(_URL_4_)](_URL_4_)\n\n^(Juan, Wu, Pau L. Leung, and Li Jiazhi. \"A Study of the Composition of Chinese Blue and White Porcelain.\") *^(Studies in Conservation)* ^(52, no. 3 (2007: 188-98.)) [^(_URL_2_)](_URL_2_)\n\n^(Kessler, Adam T. \"Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road\" (2012)) [*^(Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology)*](_URL_6_) ^(BRILL: Leiden, Boston. P. 511.)\n\n^(\"The Exploitation of the Works of Nature (Tiangong Kaiwu),\" ^(World Digital Library)) [^(_URL_3_)](_URL_3_)\n\n^(Voyakin, Dmitry, \"The Great Silk Roads.\" UNESCO.) [^(_URL_7_)](_URL_7_)\n\n*^(Edit: formatting struggles.)*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/bz66f2/we_always_hear_about_how_the_silk_road_benefited/eqr8uzo"
],
[
"https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html#sec12"
],
[
"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20619501",
"https://books.google.ca/books?id=FVgzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA511&dq=xin+jun+is+today%27s+shangrao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPicqvuNrjAhUJOs0KHYyUCPMQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=xin%20jun%20is%20today's%20shangrao&f=false",
"http://www.jstor.org/stable/20619501",
"https://www.wdl.org/en/item/3021/",
"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-008-0013-0",
"www.jstor.org/stable/3632734",
"https://www.google.ca/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=bibliogroup:%22Studies+in+Asian+Art+and+Archaeology%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7",
"https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/great-silk-roads",
"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632734"
]
] |
||
plg3r
|
how things such as albums and photos are leaked onto the internet.
|
Every so often I'll see something like "Scarlett Johanson Nude Pics LEAKED" or "LEAKED JK ROWLING CHAPTER!". I was simply wondering how things such as that are accessed, and just the general processed that shares such information with the internets.
Oh yeah, and I'm 5.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/plg3r/eli5_how_things_such_as_albums_and_photos_are/
|
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"It's a good real world example of how a secret is something you tell NOONE. Once you tell anyone, it has a very good chance of not being a secret for long.\n\nAn imaginary scenario would be something like the chapter of a book sent to a lot of people during the process of publishing. If one of those just tells 2 close personal friends one of whom happens to tell their family who has a teenager that has a boyfriend that brags on a private forum read by 50 teenagers, one of which uploads it to 4chan.... and suddenly it's there for the whole world to see.\n"
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1zzjro
|
pluto's orbit
|
I've been digging around the internet for a few hours and I've yet to find a satisfying answer about WHY Pluto's orbit is so different from that of other major bodies in the solar system.
Why is Pluto's orbit at an angle? Why is it such a severe ellipse? What, exactly, is Pluto (or it's barycenter, at least) orbiting? How did it come to be such an oddball?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zzjro/eli5_plutos_orbit/
|
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"cfyp27k"
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"text": [
"Pluto isn't actually an oddball. Most dwarf planets have highly eliptical, angled orbits. [see this side-view image of the solar system with several dwarf planets and kuiper belt objects highlighted](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.lunarplanner.com/Images/asteroid-orbits/dwarf-orbits-side.gif"
]
] |
|
l9u7s
|
why such widespread poverty still exists in the 21st century.
|
Also, I'm interested in knowing why the gap between rich and poor (both within countries and between countries) is growing rather than closing.
Also, I am very interested in this subject even though I don't know much about it, so feel free to suggest things for me to read/watch.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/l9u7s/eli5_why_such_widespread_poverty_still_exists_in/
|
{
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"It has become institutionally acceptable for American Corporations to lay off literally millions of people and then ship those jobs overseas while paying maybe $3 a day.\n\nThe reason other countries accept these jobs goes back to the complicatd post ww2 cold war era of **de**colonization and subsequent **neo**colonization of these lands. This is the reason why Africa, one of the most naturally rich lands on the planet, faces famine and war; not by their own means, but by the corrupting influence of both the corporate west and communist east.\n\nyou should check out[This interview](_URL_1_) or [this one](_URL_0_) to gain a further understanding of modern empire and how that equates to our current paradigms of **dual economies**; the dichotomy of abject poverty and decadent opulence coexisting, side-by-side, in the same country. \n\nEdit: added John Perkins Interviews",
"It has become institutionally acceptable for American Corporations to lay off literally millions of people and then ship those jobs overseas while paying maybe $3 a day.\n\nThe reason other countries accept these jobs goes back to the complicatd post ww2 cold war era of **de**colonization and subsequent **neo**colonization of these lands. This is the reason why Africa, one of the most naturally rich lands on the planet, faces famine and war; not by their own means, but by the corrupting influence of both the corporate west and communist east.\n\nyou should check out[This interview](_URL_1_) or [this one](_URL_0_) to gain a further understanding of modern empire and how that equates to our current paradigms of **dual economies**; the dichotomy of abject poverty and decadent opulence coexisting, side-by-side, in the same country. \n\nEdit: added John Perkins Interviews"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdyLtFvzR9w",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTbdnNgqfs8"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdyLtFvzR9w",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTbdnNgqfs8"
]
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|
gd95d
|
When two photons interfere, what happens to their energy?
|
Last night I was thinking about how light works and I realized I don't actually understand interference. If a photon hits my retina, it excites some electrons and makes my opsin change shape using that energy, ultimately sending a signal to my brain. But if two interfering photons hit my retina, nothing happens. What gives? Shouldn't the energy still transfer?
And then that made me start to think about whether you could separate the two photons to "recover" that energy, eg if they had different polarizations.
Basically, my question boils down to, "what's the difference between two interfering photons and no photons at all?"
Thanks!
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/gd95d/when_two_photons_interfere_what_happens_to_their/
|
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"text": [
"Every destructive minimum has a corresponding constructive maximum.",
"Interference is a wavelike phenomenon, so you can't think of it in terms of what happens to discrete photons. Destructively interfering light doesn't hit your retina because the destructive interference means there's no light on your retina; the fact that light is also quantized in little packets isn't relevant, and there's no way to understand the phenomenon in terms of it.",
"Questions about energy conservation of wave interference should in principle be answerable without QM(making references to QM completely superfluous and potentially confusing), or about mentioning photons or anything. It is just a property of waves, many things have such properties approximately, for instance water waves or signals in electronics can interfere just as well as, and even many experiments with light have typically so many photons, that you don't need to mention them, just the electrodynamics.\n\nFor something specific and tangible, water waves seem like a good tangible thing. However, after wasting a bunch of time and i still don't have a very good explanation.\n\nLets have T-shaped box with thin channels filled with frictionless water.\n\nLets consider [standing waves](_URL_1_). If the number of nodes is even, the center is always at 'zero' (no-wave water height) so there is destructive interference in the center, then no waves enter the middle. If you make the number of nodes odd, the center gets constructive interference. But we haven't said anything of the amplitude, so we could put any damn energy in there..\n\nI guess i could try use an interesting property of the 1D [wave equation](_URL_0_); you can make solutions involving shapes moving left/right.\n\nIf you start off with two opposite shapes on opposite ends(fully antisymmetric), then they're cancelling each other when they pass the 't-section', and just perpetually bounce across the top of the 'T'\n\nIf you start on just one side, then the wave splits into two, but the energy will also be split. Then the wave will eventually bounce on the bottom of the 'T', and make a big mess because it would arive (unless the length of the 'T' is well-matched). Similar will happen if you symmetrically start two shapes on the ends of the 'T' (But it would stay symmetric, however.)"
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Wave_equation",
"https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Standing_wave"
]
] |
|
1bwi5d
|
what philosophical assumptions does science make? what are the 'beliefs' inherent in scientific inquiry?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bwi5d/eli5_what_philosophical_assumptions_does_science/
|
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"text": [
"That induction works, which is a perfectly fine assumption to make. Generally we assume that our senses aren't lying and what happens today and yesterday and tomorrow will probably keep happening in the same way given the same inputs forever.",
"One of the bigger things is that we can never be sure of our observations 100%. If I flip a coin 4 times and it lands on heads all of those times, I would be wrong to say that it's always going to land on heads. I may have just been very lucky! If you think about this, there's no reason this doesn't apply to 10 consecutive heads, 100 consecutive heads, or 1,000,000,000 consecutive heads.\n\nThis applies to everything. Maybe the sun isn't going to come up tomorrow even though we the sun has come up every single day for the past 7,000 years of recorded history(?). We could have just been very, very, very lucky. \n\nWe usually assume that observation \"A\" is true if we can calculate that the statistical probability \"A\" being due to luck or chance is less than 5%. That is true for the biological sciences .. for physics it's more like 0.0000000034% or something.\n\nAnyway, yeah. Some food for thought.",
"One of the main assumption is that when you got out to prove something, you're trying to prove everything else wrong, not proving yourself right. As part of this, in your own experiments need to be designed to do the same. A famous is example is if you set out to prove all swans are white, you could find a 100 white swans and not be proved right, but if you find one black swan, then you've been proved wrong.",
"Everyone keeps pointing out that induction does not prove anything. Which is absolutely true, but also a basic principle of science. You do not set out to prove a hypothesis, merely to support it with further evidence. \n\nYou can disprove things, but that is using deduction rather than induction. All swans are white, this is a swan so if my theory is right it should be white. This swan is black, so my theory is false. ",
"Feynman pretty much nailed the long and short of it:\n\n > It doesn't matter how beautiful your theory is, it doesn't matter how smart you are. If it doesn't agree with experiment, it's wrong.",
"Science is based on [methodological naturalism](_URL_0_), which broadly is the assumption that natural phenomena have natural causes. In other words, any proposed non-natural (or supernatural) causes are out of the scope of science. This usually means that if the cause is not observable (or able to be studied) it is rejected as a scientific explanation. \n\nThis is not strictly a *philosophical* assumption because generally scientists don't claim that it is true. It's simply a useful assumption to make when trying to determine how the universe would work *if it were true*. Many scientists hold beliefs that are of a supernatural nature. For these people, a naturalistic approach is adopted purely for the purposes of doing science, whilst outside of their work they hold supernatural beliefs. This often leads to compartmentalisation or a god-of-the-gaps mindset.\n\n"
]
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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||
zumia
|
Would the Third Reich have supported the creation of Israel?
|
I know this may sound a bit ridiculous, but it's a thing I've wondered about a few a times. The nazis wanted to get rid of jews from Europe. Zionists wanted jews to move to the Holy Land from Europe. Before WWII, Palestine was a British mandate, and it was of little importance for the germans, especially before the war broke out.
Wouldn't have the logical thing been for the germans to support Zionists in achieving their goals?
EDIT: IIRC there was even a plan before the "final solution" to move all the unwanted elements to Madagascar, which is kind of similar.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/zumia/would_the_third_reich_have_supported_the_creation/
|
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"I think this is a fair question to ask, given that much of the groundwork of the Jewish state was well in motion by the time of Nazi Germany (Third Reich is a propaganda term they themselves coined).\n\nYour recollection is correct. From the beginning of the mass murder of Jewish people in what became the Holocaust, it was readily apparent that simply shooting every Jew in Nazi-occupied Europe was not a feasible plan. So by the end of 1941, tentative schemes were in motion that would become official policy as of the Wannsee Conference in 1942 (which explicitly outlined the Final Solution - viz. expelling Jews to Eastern European labour and death camps).\n\nPrior to that conference, however, a variety of methods for removing Jews from Europe were explored, including potentially sending them to Madagascar. However, keep in mind this would not have been simply a Jewish state - the SS intended to monitor and control the island, making it more a \"super-ghetto\" than an autonomous Jewish state proper. Their plan was contingent on victory over Britain, which of course did not happen, and when British forces seized Madagascar from Vichy control, that ended that scheme.\n\nIt would be incredibly unlikely that the Nazis would move the Jews to Palestine, given their struggle for North Africa, and thus their attempts to befriend Arab leaders, including Hitler pledging support for Grand Mufti Amn al-Husseini's plan of an Arab state in Palestine. They would in effect be alienating people they regarded as necessary allies, to placate a group they literally saw as on the level of rats.\n\nBut if the Nazis for some reason did see it worthwhile to move the Jews to Israel, I suspect the SS would run the province like a super-ghetto, much in the way they envisioned potentially turning Madagascar.",
" > The streets were full of people shouting: ’Juden raus! Auf nach Palästina!’ ” (\"Jews out, out to Palestine!\")\n\nDuring Kristallnacht in 1938 Germany.\n\nYes, they definitely wanted Jews out in any way possible, including establishing a Zionist state in Palestine. There is a fair amount of evidence of Nazi Germany working with Zionists to send German Jews there.\n\nI seem to remember a deal they made that they made in which Jews who emigrated to Palestine wouldn't lose as much property as if they had emigrated elsewhere. I could be wrong on this though. If I remember correctly I got this from ~~*Rise of the Third Reich*~~ ~~*The Third Reich in Power* by Richard Evans.~~ Someone please correct me if I'm wrong here. \n\nEdit: The more I think about it, the less I'm confident in the source. I've read too many books on WWII, they sort of blend together after a while.",
"I remember hearing a radio interview years ago... unfortunately I can't remember who the subject was or even what program it was on - but the topic was the cascading nature of evil. The guy was using Nazis as his example, to show that by initially acting on the (relatively) small evil of racism, the Nazis started a ball rolling that boxed them into progressively more evil decisions.\n\nThe logic of it went something like this:\n\n1. Jews are bad.\n2. Let's deny Jews the ability to work or do business, then we'll deport all of them.\n3. All these unemployed Jews are causing problems. Let's round them up and contain them in ghettoes until we can deport them.\n4. We can't deport them, and these ghettoes are causing problems. Let's move them to labor camps.\n5. We don't have the resources for these labor camps to do anything productive, we can't deport these people and we can't let them go. Let's kill all of them.\n\nThe point being that once they institutionalized racism, the Nazis set themselves on a path that led directly to the greatest evil in history. Each step on the path pretty much mandated the next step, incremental steps, each one more evil, but each one dictated by the logic of the situation they'd put themselves in. By starting down that path, the Nazis ended up in a place few of them had intended at the beginning.\n\nIt's a concept that really stuck with me, simply because the question is so common - \"How did a modern, well-educated, reasonable society commit such a monstrous atrocity?\" and I think it provides the best answer. \"A little bit at a time.\"\n\nSome might see that as a rationalization or even a justification. I think it's a powerful cautionary tale."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
vz4ip
|
warts.
|
I know they're a virus. But how are they spread? I have one on my finger and it appeared randomly. I have had one once before on my foot but that was 10+ years ago. How would I have gotten the one on my finger?
I guess this could pertain to genital warts, too but I just mean regular warts.
Also I have not been playing with toads/frogs (and I know this is just a wives' tale)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vz4ip/eli5_warts/
|
{
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"text": [
"You can have the virus (HPV) on your body without necessarily having any visible effects of the virus. Not only that, but there are many different types of HPV that only affect certain parts of the body, so it's possible that your finger wart may have come from a different surface of your skin, where it was relatively harmless. Either that or you made contact with someone else who had the virus on the skin surface. The virus needs to penetrate the skin through a cut in the skin, and you may have unkowingly had a very tiny cut on your finger. Viruses are much smaller than a single cell, so they don't need a large opening. [Here](_URL_0_) is a link to the Wikipedia article. ",
"I had one on my elbow for more than 5 years, tried to use freeze and acid to get rid of it but it keeps coming back, recently I took a nail clipper and cut the top off, than freeze the exposed roots....hopefully it will finally go away, it's still in the process of healing so only time will tell. I am amazed how fast it grows back, usually after acid treatment the skin around would be damaged but the wart area grows new skin right away like nothing happened. ",
"[Mr. Derpleton has a pretty cool answer to this.](_URL_0_)",
"I had a huge one (like one inch in diameter) on my heel. When I went to the doctor, she said that it's just a small virus that gets in through the tiny cuts in the skin. I do remember that it first appeared shortly after we had a bare-foot BBQ party at a friend's place (he's got magnificent grass in the back garden, it was like walking on clouds or something). \n\nThe doctor said that an easy and painless way to get rid of them is to cover them with a bit of duct tape. It prevents the wart from getting any air, so it then gets softer and dies. There are various creams which work in a similar way, they cover the wart with a thin layer which doesn't let the air pass through. The downside is that they sometimes take months to work.\n\nMy wart was quite painful and it was getting difficult to walk, so I said \"Fuck it, let's nuke the bitch!\" and the doc got rid of it with liquid nitrogen, -196 °C (−321 °F). The wart got all black and fell off after a couple days. Nitrogen felt like liquid fire.",
"Serious question . Can you get HPV by getting a bj from someone already infected ? . same for HIV ?",
"When we were kids my dad used to buy our warts off us. He'd give us 50p and the wart would disappear. It could have been a placebo effect but there's also the possibility that he is a wizard.",
"I've had two on my hands, one disappeared after treatment, the other I just pulled out, hurt like hell for weeks, never came back though.",
"wow.. I had a planter wart a few years back.. It hurt so bad... I looked up homeopathic remedies. This is what I found, and it works.\n\n\n**older penny, made of copper**\n\n\n**a roll of duct tape**\n\n\n\nTape the penny to your wart. make sure it is air tight and doesn’t loosen. Gradually the tape will come off. When it does, change the penny and tape. \n\nThe copper from the penny actually causes an allergic reaction with your skin after a prolonged exposure. The reaction causes your body to actively attack the infected area, including the virus.\n\nAfter about 3 weeks, your wart should be almost gone.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wart"
],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qa005/eli5_wart_removal/c3w2i4h"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4h1a4f
|
how can a single strand dna hold almost a zettabyte of digital storage?
|
Single strand of*
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4h1a4f/eli5_how_can_a_single_strand_dna_hold_almost_a/
|
{
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],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"i hate to sound flippant but the answer is that our current technology has storage density limitations that prevent us from doing the same thing our DNA does. Data does not inherently take *any* space really. at least, not any more space than the synapses firing creating the idea. \n\nChemical storage is something we're still learning to understand but our technology tree has been rooted in magnetic storage for a long time so getting to refined chemical storage like what our DNA uses will take some time.",
"Each base can store two bits of information, since it can have one of four different states - it can be A, C, T or G. A single bit on a hard drive is ~200-250 nm wide and ~25-30 nm long. In comparison, a DNA nucleotide is about 1 nm wide and 0.34 nm long, so it takes up a lot less space for twice the amount of data stored."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1rili0
|
why do we still have single cell/simple organisms?
|
The theory of evolution, as far as I know, says that we evolved from single cells organisms. My question is why do those things still exist? If life all began at the same point, why haven't we all evolved into humans or fish, or whatever. I get the idea of random chance affecting it. But looking over billions of years I don't get why we still have bacteria.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rili0/why_do_we_still_have_single_cellsimple_organisms/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdnlyp8"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Bacteria is the most successful thing on this planet with about 5*10^30 individuals. Some scientists estimate the total weight of bacteria exceeds that of both plants and animals. So a better question to ask would be why we are even here?\n\nYou have to keep in mind that evolution is not a straight line. It is a branching series of organisms that try something and either fail or succeed. Those that succeed make more organisms that repeat the process. So far, that incredibly branching process has formed a vast number of organisms alive today, each one of which has found a way to survive and reproduce in its own unique way. Simply because one animal has found another way to be successful doesn't mean that every organism adopts that same method in the same way that you don't munch on maggots just because other people have found it to be an effective source of energy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
akia5i
|
Why are most psychedelic plants native to Latin American countries?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/akia5i/why_are_most_psychedelic_plants_native_to_latin/
|
{
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"ef7iac5",
"ef7jeoh"
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"score": [
4,
3
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"text": [
"There are many psychedelic plants native to temperate and even artic countries. I think the reason so many come from the tropics (where most Latin American countries lie) is because the tropics have the highest level of biodiversity of any ecosystem. Probably as a result of moderate year round temperatures and maximum solar radiation. So lots of opportunities for a lot of different species of psychoactive plants to evolve.",
"There are many if not more psychoactive substances in other subtropical areas. Latin Americas ones have just good PR and they have been popularised thanks to hippie movement as well as massive drug producers in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru etc...\n\nIn central and north Africa f.e. There is at least 5 different plant that I know of, that produce natural DMT compound. They just never been popularised though as much as peyotle or the peruvian torch (mescaline cactaii) "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
hd3o5
|
Does one have greater sense if the sensory organ (nose, mouth, eyes) in particular is larger than normal?
|
And if so, as evolutionary beings, shouldn't we reproduce with those who have larger sensory organs to ensure that our offspring has a greater capacity of experience?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/hd3o5/does_one_have_greater_sense_if_the_sensory_organ/
|
{
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"text": [
"No. Perception is based on the amount of receptors. While you could potentially link the size of the sensory organ to the number of receptors, I haven't seen that it makes a difference. \n\nExample: A dog nose is thousands of times more powerful than a humans, yet not much larger. This is because they have far more receptors that are also far more specialized. \n\nOther examples include eagles eyesight, wildlife's hearing (deer).\n\nThere are other factors such as the structure of the sensory organ, but larger doesn't mean better.",
"I'm not an expert.\n\nI highly doubt the increase in sensory experience from a slightly larger sensory organ would provide anyone with an increased ability to reproduce. We would have to artificially select for those traits for quite a long time to get the kind of results I think you're looking for. And greatest capacity of experience doesn't equate to being more intelligent, better looking, those sorts of things. It's like saying it would be amazing to memorize everything you see and be able to instantly recall it, what an advantage right? Then you talk to people who have that ability and it can be a near disability. They recall everything, they can't hear words without bringing up all sorts of memories and thoughts which can be quite distracting. Or the geniuses that can hear a song on the piano and immediately play it. This does not mean they are creative writers, which is one of the reasons that our species most recognized or 'best' musicians are not full of people like that. \n\nIt's really very hard to predict how certain increases or decreases in ability will affect the individual, and of course it depends on their interests and thoughts.\n\nYou do bring up an interesting point in terms of selective breeding. On paper, we as a species, could benefit from isolating outstanding genetic strains (primarily on health i assume, intelligence can be more tricky) and breed them to produce a more fit portion of the population, which could later be the basis for our progeny. From a business perspective, why wouldn't you? Then you realize you sound like a Nazi when you imagine the social consequences of creating the Morlocks and Eloi. I assume whenever our species makes its first colonization attempt that the crew and future inhabitants will be selected partially on a genetic basis to hopefully eliminate genetic disease and improve other factors. Now maintaining that would require pretty drastic social consequences as well such as sterilizing people born with deformities or societal banishment. It's hard to picture a good way to do this without being incredibly callous. Plus the effects of future genetic consequences would be unknown, and possibly negative.\n\nI rambled, sorry. My guess as to the title question would be that it wouldn't be that noticeable of a difference, as anything approaching a large enough size would not mesh well with the rest of the body or cause other problems. Again, I don't know enough about what kind of increase in retinal area is necessary to produce a pronounced effect."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2zvivg
|
How do black holes combine?
|
Read something in a textbook about them being able to combine into a larger one, but how is this possible? What exactly is a black hole? Is it something tangible that can be manipulated? Sorry for multiple questions but i find this whole thing extremely perplexing.
EDIT: thanks for the concise answers this helped a lot!
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2zvivg/how_do_black_holes_combine/
|
{
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"text": [
"Scientists have never observed black holes merging, but it is possible. Almost every galaxy contains a black hole at it's center, so scientists have said it is most likely to happen when two galaxies collide and their supermassive black holes at the center collide. \n\nA black hole forms when a large star, one much larger than our sun (20x the mass), dies. Throughout a star's life there is a constant battle between the force of gravity which is forcing the pressure inwards and nuclear fusion in the core which forces the pressure outwards. (Nuclear fusion is the process by which stars burn light elements into heavier elements to generate energy, e.g. hydrogen to helium). However, once a star's fuel supply runs out, usually at the iron stage, the core starts to collapse in on itself as nuclear fusion slows down and gravity takes over. The outer parts of the star are violently cast in a supernova, while the core collapses under its own weight. The core collapses at a point with virtually zero volume and it is said to have infinite density, a singularity. When this happens, it would require a velocity greater than the speed of light to escape the object's gravity. \n\nBasically, when two black holes collide...you get a larger black hole. Honestly, scientists do not know much about this because it has never been observed. If they come together relatively slowly, then they merge together and create a big black hole which has a mass equal to the sum of the two masses unless it releases energy. Sometimes black holes can be spinning so rapidly that what can happen is that they are both spinning and they can bang together and one can be bounced out into space, like spinning tops. It really depends on what is actually happening. Again, this has never been observed so we do not know for sure.",
"A black hole is a high consentration of energy so that it bends space-time in such a way that nothing can escape - not even light. This energy can be manipulated, i.e. you can find black holes orbiting each other as illustrated by SXS (Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes) [here](_URL_0_). They orbit a point of common gravitation and combine in the same way a star could \"fall\" into a black hole.\n\nBlack holes can combine, in the same way that a star may \"fall\" into one. It's important to note that a black hole doesn't \"eat\" the other one, the energy within both combines.\n\nEdit: /u/lastingrain probably explained it better.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENd8Sz0AFOk"
]
] |
|
3irkqy
|
How were battles fought during the Flowery Wars involving the Aztecs, in terms of tactics, weaponry, etc.?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3irkqy/how_were_battles_fought_during_the_flowery_wars/
|
{
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"cuj902q"
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"text": [
"According to Ross Hassig, flower wars were pretty much the same as other conflicts. The exception being is that armies would not make use of projectiles. Part of this reason is that projectiles can easily kill a person, but projectiles are also impersonal in that you cannot easily make claim to a captive. Instead they made more use of shock weapons (Hassig 1988:128-132). \n\nShock weapons included thrusting spears ( *tepoztopilli*), swords (*macuahuitl*), and clubs. The spears were about 1.87m long and could be used to thrust as well as slash and could parry at a distance. The spearhead was a triangular, ovoid, or diamond shaped head with stone blades embedded in the edge forming a nearly continuous cutting edge. \n\nThe sword came in two varieties, one-handed or two-handed. They were usually made of oak and were about 7.6cm to 10.2 cm wide and over a meter long. The sword had two grooves carved on either edge that allowed for stone blades to be placed sometimes being glued in. The macauhuitl can be used for a downward slash as well as a backhand cut. Parrying was probably done with the flat of the blade to avoid damage to the stone blades. \n\nThere were several types of clubs that were used by the Aztec. There were simple wooden clubs, clubs with stone blades (*huitzauhqui*), clubs with a spherical ball at the end (*cuauhololli*), and clubs with protruding knobs of wood much like a morning star (*macuahuitzoctli*) (Hassig 1988:81-85).\n\nAs for general tactics, fighters were grouped into combat units and were rigidly led into or out of conflicts. During battle they would form a solid front against the enemy, but only deep enough into order to maintain that front rather than having large blocks of fighters. This focused the battle into a face to face fight. When the opposing sides met, battle units would skirmish with one another on an individual combat basis while trying to maintain a cohesive front. If a unit's front broke, a rout was likely. The Aztecs tended to either surround their enemies from all sides or attack from the flank while engaged in a frontal assault (Hassig 1988:100-101).\n\nHassig, Ross\n\n1988 Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. University of Oklahoma Press"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
30xarj
|
why netflix's "recently added" column has all the newest releases, while it's "new releases" contains mostly movies that have been on netflix for months-years.
|
Über annoying in my opinion. Not for nothing, by I also wish they had a way to view traditional genres. It's a fantastic service, but their categorization kinda sucks.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30xarj/eli5_why_netflixs_recently_added_column_has_all/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpwopho"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's based off of your recommended shows/movies so if you have a specific taste, the newest movie in that category might be a year old."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1dmbtn
|
Why is beer foam white, and not the same colour as the beer?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1dmbtn/why_is_beer_foam_white_and_not_the_same_colour_as/
|
{
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"text": [
"the light is scattered through the thin film of the bubbles, causing it to look like a homogeneous white.",
"Not all beer has white foam. Porters and stouts have dark foam. Also the foam is called head.",
"As you may know, all surfaces reflect at least some of the light that falls on them but for some particular angles of incident light, the reflection is almost total.\n\nThis brings us to the situation at hand: the spheres of liquid formed by bubbles are receiving light from many different angles due to their curvature and so at any point in the trajectory there is a fraction of light hitting a surface at the sweet spot where it is totally reflected back to you. The light that passes through only moves through very small films of liquid (since the bubbles are hollow) unlike light through the glass which has to traverse the bulk of beer and has colors subtracted from it through a much longer effective distance.",
"Pour a dark, rich, chocolate stout one time and the head will be a dark brown. Not as dark as the beer but it definitely won't be white.\n\nEDIT: Why would anyone downvote this? Do you want proof? _URL_0_",
"Another question is why does Guinness have a white head when most stouts have a tan colored head?",
"The [Lovibond scale](_URL_0_) is a measurement of beer/ wort color. The color of the beer and beer's head is largely due to the malt type, i.e. a Black Barley or Chocolate Malt is a larger degree on the Lovibond scale while a Pils or Wheat will be a lower degree on the Lovibond scale. The beer's head will not be the same color as the beer because it's foam, but it is probably similar. \n\nMost likely, your beer's head appears white because you are drinking a lower Lovibond degree beer. [Check out this for more info](_URL_1_) and if you want to get into brewing check out /r/homebrewing. ",
"Not all beer \"foam\" is white. Tan, chocolate, cream heads exist.",
"Darker stouts can have a chocolatey foam"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://imgur.com/Qyw7WDM"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_measurement#Colour",
"http://beerrecipes.org/beercolor.php"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
959c4r
|
with the epa allowing asbestos again, what exactly is it, what are those commercials saying, should i be scared, and if so what can i do to prevent harm?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/959c4r/eli5_with_the_epa_allowing_asbestos_again_what/
|
{
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"text": [
"Asbestos is so dangerous because when it breaks, even just a little, it has a tendency to produce long, thin fibers of asbestos. These are *supremely* dangerous in how they can rack up lung damage with repeated exposure. Asbestos that easily produces fibers is called friable.\n\nBefore we took asbestos seriously, people didn't really realize this, so a lot of asbestos was in a friable form (and still is). Friable or not, asbestos is really only dangerous if it's being disturbed - it can't hurt you just sitting there, but moving it around, shaking it, rubbing against it - all these things can release the dangerous fibers.\n\nI have not heard about the EPA allowing asbestos again, but I would imagine there has been more efforts to ensure the use of non-friable or otherwise safer asbestos, as well as a greater emphasis on asbestos safety protocols. \n\nYou definitely shouldn't be scared. If you are in an area that has asbestos, you'll know it, because you will have been trained to know about asbestos. They generally don't just stick asbestos in places where untrained folks will easily have access to it. To reduce harm, avoid sneaking into off-limits areas, shaking/scratching/banging on every pipe you can find, then breathing in the resulting dust",
"Although this doesn't get to your question - the EPA isn't allowing asbestos again.\n\nIn 2016 Congress passed a revised version of the Toxic Substances Control Act which requires the EPA to periodically review certain substances to see if they should be banned or if existing restrictions on their use should be lessened.\n\nThe current news concerns the fact that in June asbestos was listed as one of 10 such chemicals that are undergoing review. As part of that review, the EPA is soliciting \"public comment\" on whether asbestos should be totally banned or granted a \"Significant New Use\" designation - in line with the review required by the 2016 amendment to the Toxic Substances Act.\n\nThis is not a \"rolling back\" of restrictions on asbestos. Even if it is granted Significant New Use designation - and its very unlikely that will happen - that still requires a company to jump through an extraordinary amount of regulatory hurdles before being able to sell asbestos. And even then, companies would be required to go back through the approval process again for each different asbestos containing product they wish to sell.\n\nAs to the public comment - what they are stating is that for the purposes of the public comment, they are not concerned with the long term environmental effects of asbestos and so you should not submit a comment on that issue. Rather, they are focusing on the health effects that asbestos has to those directly exposed to it, ie, those involved in asbestos manufacturing, installation, and removal, as well as those that might be acutely exposed, such as the occupants of an asbestos containing house that collapses in a fire.\n\nAnd again, the EPA is not doing this for fun or even because they want to. They are required under the 2016 revision of the Toxic Substances Control Act to perform this exact review. That revision was passed by Congress and signed by President Obama.",
"Also, \n\nThe different types of asbestos stay suspended in the air for different lengths of time. One of them is basically forever, because it's so small."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
425p5u
|
In Ontario, Canada. Why are there two towns/cities named "London" and "Paris"? Did the names have any influence from the much larger, famous European counterparts?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/425p5u/in_ontario_canada_why_are_there_two_townscities/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"I have a great book called [\"Ontario Place Names\" by David E. Scott](_URL_0_). He has tracked the history and meaning of the name for pretty much every hamlet/village/town/city in Ontario. Some are quite brief and he cannot determine the meaning of the name, but he usually goes into more detail for the larger towns and cities and those with a more detailed history. Gingerbreadman42 is right about the names, but I can give a bit more detail from the book.\n\nFor London, he says that Col. John Graves Simcoe (who later became the governor of Upper Canada) chose London to be the capital of Upper Canada in 1793, and named it after London England. However, his choice for capital city was overruled by governor-in-chief Lord Dorchester, and York (Toronto) became capital. \n\nParis was named by William Holmes, the first settler, who built a mill to grind gypsum, otherwise known as plaster of Paris. Gypsum was (is?) used as a fertilizer and got the plaster of Paris name because its usefulness as a fertilizer was first discovered near Paris, France.\n\nAnd those are just the two biggest places in Ontario named after foreign capitals. Washington, Dublin, Brussels, Copenhagen, Moscow, Warsaw, Athens, Manilla, Delhi, and Cairo are all places in Ontario. And so are Zurich, Adelaide, Ceylon, and Gibralter. \n\nAnd based on my casual reading of this book, I figure that a solid quarter to a third of all place names in Ontario are named after either a place in Great Britain & Ireland, or a 18th or 19th century English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish person. Think York (formerly Toronto but also York Region, North York, East York, etc.), Stratford, Southampton, Malton, Manchester, Lansdowne, Kilbride, Embro, Dorchester, Cumberland, and Chatham, to name a few.\n\nOh, and Punkeydoodle's Corners. Punkeydoodle's Corners is also the name of a hamlet in Ontario. It's near Stratford and Tavistock. There's not much there. Apparently they have to replace the sign often because it get stolen all the time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/ontario-place-names/9781551050874-item.html"
]
] |
||
3unt5v
|
Can zygotes fully develop to term in vitro/without a mother?
|
I tried searching around the wiki/FAQs and didn't find a question like this, and reddit search is never very helpful. But anyway, all ethics and morals aside...
So say we go through the IVF process with a human sperm/egg, but we don't have someone to be a surrogate mother.
Is it possible for the zygote fully develop into a baby? Or will it stop at some point in the development cycle if it doesn't have a surrogate mother?
Do we have the technology for such a thing?
How close can we bring a human zygote, or any mammal zygote for that matter, "to term?"
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3unt5v/can_zygotes_fully_develop_to_term_in_vitrowithout/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxgwdf8"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Impossible at this time.\n\nTypically right now IVF embryo transfers occur at about day 5 or 6 after conception when the embryo is about 60-100 cells in the blastocyst form.\n\nOn their own they start dying more rapidly if left to grow after that. Ultimately for them to survive with current technology, they need a uterus."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3olwx0
|
when driving does a change in air pressure determine how much fuel you use (mpg) etc..
|
Ive noticed when I drive places, even though im doing the same journey and the same speed etc.. my fuel gauge will say different?? Really confuses me.. HELP!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3olwx0/eli5_when_driving_does_a_change_in_air_pressure/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvycbxf"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Yes...but not very much. Also, fuel gauges aren't all that accurate.\n\nProbably the most noticeable effect on MPG, for the same trip at the same speed, is wind. Headwind or crosswind will decrease it, tailwind will increase it. Many other things affect MPG: Cargo/passenger in your car (more weight). Air pressure in the tires. Outside temperature. Air conditioner on/off."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
j3szh
|
what does it mean when someone "itemizes" their taxes? also is this somehow related to deductions. actually, eli5 deductions as well.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j3szh/eli5_what_does_it_mean_when_someone_itemizes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c28wgi1"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"When figuring out your taxes, there are certain things that the government has decided you don't have to pay taxes (or can pay less taxes) on. Because you're deducting them from the amount you have to pay, they're called deductions. They are for things like raising children or business expenses if you're self-employed - Generally, things that the government has decided will benefit the nation in the long run (well-raised kids, successful businesses).\n\nWhen you pay your taxes, you can choose to take a \"standard deduction\" which is a predefined amount set by the government. Doing this is basically saying \"Yeah, I have some deductions to take off, but either I don't feel like listing them all or even if I did it's not going to be more than the Standard.\"\n\nOr you can choose to *itemize* your deductions. This means listing every item/purchase/travel expense/whatever that you can possibly write off of your taxes. People do this if it means they'll save more money than if they just took a standard deduction, but it's generally a big hassle. Also, if you get audited by the IRS (I.e., they think you lied about your taxes), you need to have receipts for everything you listed available to prove you actually spent the money the way you said you did."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6zvkpl
|
Were there any Confederate generals who were anti-slavery? On the other side of that coin were there any Union generals who were pro-slavery?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6zvkpl/were_there_any_confederate_generals_who_were/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmzazzx"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"I do not believe there were any Confederate Generals who were anti-slavery. In 1861 it was actually quite dangerous for any American citizen to express anti-slavery views while in the South. You will see quotes from men such as Lee which indicate slavery is an evil but Lee is also recorded as voicing the predominant opinion that it was an evil which God inflicts on black people and God will decide to end in his own time.\n\nThe Union side was much more complex of a story. The Democratic Party and the large number of voting public had a long history of agreeing with Southern slave owners. Most enlisted for the Union. Not to end slavery. But very many of those voted Republican in the 1864 election which was clearly anti-slavery.\n\nRoughly two hundred thousand Southerners joined the Union army. Mostly coming from the border states but coming from all of them except SC. as a sweeping statement, they were more motivated in loyalty to their country than to slavery and their state. Many northerners joined the war, many were force conscripted and they joined with no interest to fight and die with the goal of ending slavery. \n\nThere were Republicans and Abolitionists who were the first to join the Union army with the singular goal of ending slavery. The Commander in chief, Lincoln, navigated the slow and steady path of enlisting border states and Union men into the cause. It took time and a lot of blood before the objective of the war changed. The Emancipation proclamation changed it from the preservation of the union to the extinction of slavery and thus permanently end the agitation. Public opinion of Northerns changed greatly with time to the point they ended up arming black men and paying them equally in the army. So, not only did a lot of men vary but they varied in time as well.\n\nI will call out the top Union General of them all as pro-slavery. General McClellan. But I won't critique him. I will let Frederick Douglas do that.\n\nFrederick Douglas wrote \"McClellan, in command of the army, had been trying, apparently, to put down the rebellion without hurting the rebels, certainly without hurting slavery, and the government had seemed to cooperate with him in both respects. \"\n\n\"I, however, faithfully believed, and loudly proclaimed my belief, that the rebellion would be suppressed, the Union preserved, the slaves emancipated and that the colored soldiers would in the end have justice done them. This confidence was immeasurably strengthened when I saw Gen. George B. McClellan relieved from the command of the army of the Potomac and Gen. U. S. Grant\"\n\n\"With this condition of national affairs came the summer of 1864, and with it the revived Democratic party with the story in its mouth that the war was a failure, and with it Gen. George B. McClellan, the greatest failure of the war, as its candidate for the presidency. It is needless to say that the success of such a party, on such a platform, with such a candidate, at such a time, would have been a fatal calamity. All that had been done toward suppressing the rebellion and abolishing slavery would have proved of no avail, and the final settlement between the two sections of the Republic touching slavery and the right of secession would have been left to tear and rend the country again at no distant future.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ft9gco
|
AITA for asking some maroon friends to help me steal from the Spanish only to accidentally spark a four-year-long scorched earth campaign against my allies?
|
Okay so some background. In 1572, my good buddy Francis and I went to Panama to try and steal some of that sweet sweet Peruvian silver from the Spanish. Things went pretty well. After a bit of a kerfufle in Nombre de Dios we regrouped and even made some friends with some local runaway slaves, *cimarrons* they call themselves. With their help we snuck across the isthmus, by-passing Nombre de Dios, and tried to ambush the silver train during its trans-isthmus crossing. That worked out okay. We then made friends with Billy Testu. With the Frenchies and the Maroons we decided to try raiding the pack train right before it arrived in Nombre de Dios. That went okay, but we had to set sail quickly and poor Billy got a Spanish sword in his guts.
Anyways, after getting back to merry England, Francis decides he wants to go 'around the world' Magellan-style. I said to the boys, "Lets go back to Panama, we got friends there, and get us some more silver. Old Philip has enough of it anyways!" So off we go in April of 1576 back to Panama.
Once we make landfall, we find the old fort Francis had set up and catch up with our Maroon buddies. Problem is that those pesky Spaniards had more ships patrolling the coast and they found where we hid our ship. So there we are, no ship, only some of our supplies. What can we do?
We decide let's go to the South Sea and capture some of that silver before it even reaches Panama City. Thankfully, we have some tools and tackle that we salvaged before our ship was captured. The Maroons take us in their canoes to the coast. We build a nice little pinnace and cast off.
We do pretty well, capture a nice loaded merchantman coming up the coast from Lima. Then the Maroons say, "Hey why don't we go to the Pearl Islands. You guys can take all the pearls and we will free the slaves they got diving for them." That works out pretty well and while we are there we get the chance to humiliate the Popish priest they had there.
With a nice chunk of loot, we decided to head back to the mainland. My buddies and I are itching to get back to the Caribbean where we can build us another boat to get back to England. But then it all falls apart. The Spanish send out several score of soldiers in boats. Before we are even done unloading the canoes and carrying our loot to the Maroon villages the Spaniards are firing harquebuses at us. It all goes sideways.
Between April and October 1577 we're living in a madhouse. The maroons burn their villages and disappear into the jungle. We're scattered, got no weapons, hardly any food. Heck even if we run across a Maroon we are lucky to get some bananas and maybe some grains of maize. In October, I get captured along with about a dozen of my men. Most are executed. I get an all expenses paid trip to the Inquisition's jail in Lima.
The Spanish keep fighting the Maroons until after I have been hung up on a gallows and my body burned (1580). Now, the Spanish war of 'fire and blood' ended with the Maroons signing a truce in which they surrendered but were given their freedom and allowed to form their own towns (1581). They also promised to help defend Panama from foreign invaders. (In 1596, some of them helped defeat Francis' last raid on the isthmus). AITA? I mean without my expedition the Spanish would not have got themselves into a protracted guerrilla war against the Maroons, and the Maroons would likely have not received such generous terms for peace.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/ft9gco/aita_for_asking_some_maroon_friends_to_help_me/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fm69iww",
"fm6dehw"
],
"score": [
12,
19
],
"text": [
"NTA. Now, I normally don't support things like stealing and interfering in other people's affairs, but it sounds like good came out of it (the Maroons freeing slaves). Yes, there might have been a lot of deaths, but sounds like the end result was good and that's what's important. Sorry about your burned body, btw.",
"ESH. Well, everyone but the slaves. The Spanish sound just *terrible*, you're in this for your own selfish reasons, and you caused a *scorched earth war*? What the hell!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
45ycr8
|
Why are there so many things named "Columbia" in the United States. Does it have any relation to Columbia the country?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/45ycr8/why_are_there_so_many_things_named_columbia_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d01nudu"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Only insofar as they have the same source: the name of Christopher Columbus.\n\n\"America\" is kind of an odd name, taken from cartographer Amerigo Vespucci. But it caught on, the way things that are kind of counterintuitive will sometimes.\n\nThis left a kind of unsatisfied urge to name it for Columbus, it seems. In 1776, a certain country was very nearly the United States of Columbia, did put their capitol in a District of Columbia, and it remained a tradition to poetically personify the country in the female figure of Columbia (songs like \"Columbia the Gem of the Ocean\" are about the USA).\n\nOn the other hand, there's a lot of use of Columbia (meaning the Americas) in Canada, starting with British Columbia.\n\nColombia (notice spelling), as Gran Colombia, and very different borders, seceded from the Spanish Empire in 1819, but split up by 1830 into New Granada, Ecuador & Venezuela. It was 1863 before New Grenada became the United States of Colombia.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1104uo
|
helpful maps
|
I received exceptional help the last time I visited this subreddit and I was hoing to receive some more. I am trying to study the political struggles of Prusia and the Hohenzollern dynasty. I was wondring if anyone has any suggestins for websites or applications for world maps. I struggle trying to keep up with my readings without a detail map. Any help would be much appreciated.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1104uo/helpful_maps/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6i4k0d",
"c6ia4ik"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Could always try /r/mapporn there is loads of useful images there.\n",
"_URL_0_ is my goto map website."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"davidrumsy.com"
]
] |
|
16dmcl
|
Does chemotherapy affect the health of a male's future offspring, conceived years after treatment?
|
I was treated for a form of cancer several years ago. I had sperm samples frozen in case my treatment left me infertile. I have heard that you should avoid conceiving for a [couple of years](_URL_0_) after treatment, as your sperm count can recover but the sperm may be unhealthy in some way.
My question is after this period, if the sperm count has recovered, are any offspring at a greater risk of problems via genetic defects? Is it considered safe, or is there much evidence either way?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/16dmcl/does_chemotherapy_affect_the_health_of_a_males/
|
{
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"c7va7g5",
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],
"score": [
3,
2,
2
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"text": [
"Be careful answering this post, as it borders on asking for medical advice. Linking to relevant papers is probably okay, but telling OP whether or not he should have kids wouldn't be... Obviously it's up to the mods to define the line of what's acceptable.",
"OBVIOUSLY: talk to a doctor before trying to get pregnant.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThis is where it states you should wait a period of 200 days before trying. Feel good about it though...The body is incredibly good at recovering.",
"Most of the research I've seen concerns females. For males, the general rule is to [wait two years and then stop worrying](_URL_1_).\n\nBut you were asking if there could be longer term concerns. There are some studies that suggest that men exposed to pesticides can pass on genetic or epigentic changes to their children, and it's possible that chemotherapy drugs could cause similar problems. See [here](_URL_2_) or [here](_URL_0_) for studies looking at pesticides. This topic is still being hotly debated, so at this stage the only thing that's clear is that the effect isn't strong enough to show clear evidence with the studies done so far.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.oncolink.org/coping/article.cfm?c=4&s=42&ss=90&id=992"
] |
[
[],
[
"http://theturekclinic.com/services/male-fertility/male-fertility-preservation/"
],
[
"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-21/wwii-chemical-exposure-may-pass-down-disease-study-finds.html",
"http://www.livestrong.com/article/124963-after-effects-chemotherapy-male-fertility/",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241196/pdf/ehp110s-000441.pdf"
]
] |
|
icz6s
|
If there really was another planet orbiting the sun opposite the earth as some people claim, how would we know?
|
In other words, how do we know their isn't? Just to be clear, I'm not one of these people that believe it, I'm just interested in going deeper.
What things would be different? Would it effect the other orbits? Would he have seen it with one of our many probes by now?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/icz6s/if_there_really_was_another_planet_orbiting_the/
|
{
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Yes, it would affect the orbits of other planets. Also, other planets would affect its orbit, so it would be hard put to stay exactly on the opposite side.\n\nThere is an [equilibrium point, L3](_URL_0_) on the opposite side, but it's not stable. Instead of being like a valley, it's like the top of a hill. So if something is at the L3 point, the slightest disturbance will move it away.",
"Would it affect other orbits? Yes. Pluto was discovered in part because of unexplained orbital perturbations of Neptune.",
"Another approach: We'd have seen it by now with these: _URL_0_",
"I'm pretty sure we would see it by its gravitational effects on other objects. If an asteroid passed by it, it would deflect off and we'd notice. As I understand it, we've calculated all the masses of all the large objects in the solar system, and can predict with great accuracy exactly where any planet or moon is, along with a huge number of asteroids.",
"Perhaps more interesting is that there could be an [extra star](_URL_0_) in our solar system.",
" > The Sun–Earth L3 point was a popular place to put a \"Counter-Earth\" in pulp science fiction and comic books. Once space-based observation became possible via satellites and probes, it was shown to hold no such object. The Sun–Earth L3 is unstable and could not contain an object, large or small, for very long. This is because the gravitational forces of the other planets are stronger than that of the Earth (Venus, for example, comes within 0.3 AU of this L3 every 20 months). In addition, because Earth's orbit is elliptical and because the barycenter of the Sun-Jupiter system is unbalanced relative to Earth, such a Counter-Earth would frequently be visible from Earth.\n\nFrom [Wikipedia - Lagrangian point](_URL_0_)\n",
"As some people claim? Who?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L3"
],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blE9gpnKpT4"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis_\\(hypothetical_star\\)"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point"
],
[]
] |
|
ujf7c
|
[Meta] New r/askhistorians official policies.
|
I. Posting
Every post must be one of three things, an actual question, an AMA, or a [Meta] post. Anything that is not one of these three things are to be reported and subsequently deleted.
1A. Questions
Questions should be regarding history, either directly (e.g. What events led up to the War of 1812), or indirectly (e.g. How historically accurate is Assassin’s Creed?). Try to be specific, if you are asking whether Nixon was a “good president” or not, try to define what you mean by good. Try to define a time period if the question is ambiguous. History is typically define as 20 years old or older. Anything newer than this should be reported, and will be judged upon case by case. Also, questions should be about what *did* happen, not what *could have* happened. Questions of that type should be posted in r/historicalwhatif.
1B. AMAs
AMAs cannot take place except when approved by the moderators. AMAs are for either famous historians (authors, historical directors, etc) or special events (if the Olympics are coming up and you are an expert on the Olympics). Whether or not an AMA is appropriate will be judged upon case by case. Verification of identity will be required, either by a picture of yourself including I.D. and a sign saying, “Hi, r/askhistorians”, or a post on an official twitter/facebook page. Other methods of verification can be discussed if these do not work.
1C. [Meta]s
Any post about the workings/policies of the subreddit should be made with a [Meta] tag. Do NOT make a [Meta] post about whether something is allowed or not, just message the moderators for that. [Meta] posts are only appropriate for something that requires a discussion among subscribers.
II. Commenting
There are two types of comments, top-tiered and non top-tiered. Here is a graphic defining what I mean by these terms: _URL_0_ Both these catagories have different rules.
2A. Top-Tiered
Top-tiered comments should only be answers to the question at hand. Memes, jokes, insults, or other unhelpful words are not permitted (exceptions may be made for jokes if they are only part of an otherwise informative comment). Sources are *HIGHLY, HIGHLY* recommended, but not absolutely required (other restrictions apply for flaired users—see below).
2B. Non Top-Tiered
Comments that are not in the top-tier are much less restricted. Comments should still have a purpose—if they exist for no other reason than to insult someone they may still be deleted, but jokes will more than likely not be deleted.
III. Flair
Flair is for users with an extensive knowledge of a given topic area. Flaired users are held to a higher standard than other users. Flaired users commenting outside their topic area will be treated as normal users.
3A. Applying for Flair
Applying for flair takes place in the Panel post, which has a link in the sidebar. In order to be given flair, you must link to three comments you have made in the past displaying your ability to give a helpful answer, including sources. At least one of the comments should be in your given topic area. If you have an obscure specialty, contact the moderators for alternative methods of verification.
3B. Flaired Expectations
Users with flair must have two things—
1. An *extensive* knowledge of their topic area, with the ability to cite sources on anything they say in that topic area.
2. The ability to convey their historical knowledge in a way that is understandable to a person with little-to-no historical background knowledge.
Flaired users which consistently fail to meet these expectations should be reported to the moderators via mod mail.
IV. Banning
4A. Reasons
You can be banned for repetitively and wantonly violating the in sections one or two. You should receive a warning before an official ban, if you are to be banned for these reasons.
You can also be banned for being a spambot, or consistently reposting to downvote-brigade type subreddits, including but not limited to SRS.
4B. Appeals
If one of your comments has been wrongfully deleted, or you have been wrongfully banned, you can message the moderators explaining your situation. If you do not feel comfortable messaging the entire moderation team, you can contact me directly.
These rules are subject to change at any time. Questions should be directed toward the mod mail.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/ujf7c/meta_new_raskhistorians_official_policies/
|
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"text": [
"Excellent changes. Have you thought about adding more mods to help you enforce them? ",
"This is my favorite subreddit and if stiff moderation is needed to remain that way, I approve. ",
"Sounds great, looks like you've put thought into this and done it right.",
"If I could suggest one addition: downvotes are for bad responces, not for responces you disagree with/that challenge your view of things but are otherwise excellent. ",
"Hey, not a historian and not really a contributor in this subreddit (just enjoy reading) and I just wanted to say these policies sound great. It's this type of strict moderation that make AskScience such a fantastic place to visit and I look forward to AskHistorians being similar in the future.",
"I haven't really seen too much of these problems as of late, but all of these rules look reasonable. Good job, mods.",
"Could we allow AMAs for people who have experience in a particularly interesting line of history? Particularly something you might otherwise assume no one knows much about (thinking along the lines of someone who's tried to decipher Linear A or B, or someone who does a lot of experimental history, anything interesting like that).\n\nAlso, can we allow posts that are requests for comments? I recently made a wax tablet and wanted to get some feedback (if I hadn't already posted about it, I wouldn't bother, but a couple of people were interested). It could also be useful for people who want critiques of something like a paper from others familiar with the subject matter.",
"Now could we also ask that non-flaired users wait until a flaired user has responded or, at the very least, not answer with conjecture? It's really annoying to see so many responses starting with \"well, I'm not sure\" or \"I'm not an historian, but\". It also makes it hard for the flaired users to be given precedence because they often take a little while to respond.",
"Two things:\n\nPlease, even in non-top-tiered comments, prohibit memes, image-macros, pun-threads, circlejerks, etc. This could escalate quickly otherwise.\n\nAlso, include how to up-/downvote in the rules.\n",
"As this comment is simply a compliment, I hope it won't get deleted. But these rules have been sorely needed and signify what I think will be a defining moment for /r/askhistorians. \n\nDare I say, an *historical* moment? ",
"I'm not a panelist, but please learn the difference between i.e. and e.g. when trying to look like an authority on an academic subject.",
"I do appreciate the first rule you mentioned in this post. When people ask about something that is highly detailed is something I like answering but when some asked if Nixon was good or bad and was entirely subjective and opinionated, I really find a waste of time.",
" > You can also be banned for being a spambot, or consistently reposting to downvote-brigade type subreddits, including but not limited to SRS.\n\n\nThis worries me a little. Was this rule designed to specifically counter SRS or was that just the primary focus and you have several more subreddits in mind? Are you including /r/subredditdrama? What about bestof or worstof?",
" > 2A. Top-Tiered\nTop-tiered comments should only be answers to the question at hand. Memes, jokes, insults, or other unhelpful words are not permitted (exceptions may be made for jokes if they are only part of an otherwise informative comment). Sources are HIGHLY, HIGHLY recommended, but not absolutely required (other restrictions apply for flaired users—see below).\n\nSo what is the Moderation Teams response going to be to comments that don't meet these standards?\n\nThese new rules are great. I'm glad you are implementing them. It seems like you have not spelled out what exactly your response will be to people that violate these guidelines though. This needs to be done so there is a clear and obvious expectation of what will happen if you do not meet these standards. If you fail to put this to paper it's going to be back to moderators just making arbitrary bans whenever they feel like it. This has caused issues in the past.",
"I think these things are for the best and will benefit the subreddit. Thanks for making them and listening to all of us!",
"These rules are thoughtful, and I support the decision.\n\nR/askhistorians is one of my favorite subreddits. I learn things here almost every day. \n\nIt's frustrating to come into a comment section, curious, and find the place overrun by jokey bullshit. Then the jokes get upvoted. \n\nLegitimate information can't compete in such an arena, and noise overcomes signal. I'm a big fan of heavy moderation. There are plenty of subreddits that allow jokey BS (99.9% of Reddit); there have to be a few places where this is not allowed.",
"I just want to say that, while I seldom comment here (as I don't feel I have the intellectual authority), this is one of the most informative, challenging, and civil subreddits I've come across.",
"These seem like good changes for the health of the community!"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/vZveY.png"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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] |
|
3sf652
|
why do next gen video games all require downloading new content immediately after purchase? why can't they sell complete games out of the box anymore?
|
Have purchased three PS4 games in the last few months and each one has required time to download before playing the full game. Are games too fat to fit into one CD anymore?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3sf652/eli5_why_do_next_gen_video_games_all_require/
|
{
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"cwwn02u"
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4
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"text": [
"Printing discs, boxing and shipping take a while to do, and because games have to be shipped to retails days before the release in order to ensure that they have them available for purchase that day, this packaging process has to start early.\n\nYet the development of a game doesn't stop the moment they start packaging. Usually, developers work very hard closer to release getting any bugs fixed, or omitted features put into a patch. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
mksz5
|
why small businesses are considered "good"
|
I always hear about small businesses on the news and whatnot and they always say how we should put money into small businesses and support them. I've heard various reasons why they are good/important but I'd like a concise answer.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mksz5/eli5_why_small_businesses_are_considered_good/
|
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"Keeping money flowing is what creates a good economy and the most direct way of doing that is by making sure the money you are giving out doesn't get stockpiled in some giant vault or sent out the country.\n\nIf you spend $100 at a local butcher that money is probably going to get spent elsewhere in the area. Your butcher will go buy bread from the baker, who'll go buy milk from the farmer who pays his employees who buy meat at the butcher and so on. The money doesn't leave and the constant exchange is what keeps everything ticking. \n\nIf you are that baker or butcher you are more likely to spend that $100 if you feel that the economy is flowing freely enough for someone else to come in and hand over their $100 to you. \n\nLike the current economic downturn. It's not really because suddenly a bunch of money has vanished. It's just that people and business' aren't sure if the money they pay out is going to get replaced any time soon, so there is a tendency to hold on to it. Which makes the problem worse. Which is why in times like this the Government steps in and injects a massive amount of money into the system to try and get it moving again, in the hopes that once it's all flowing freely we can take that money back without harming the system too much.\n\n(The flaw is we expect that flow of money to get faster and faster every year, but that is unsustainable. Eventually we reach a point where we think we are *too* free with our money and we slow down but we do it quicker than the system can react, it gets shocked and it crashes. The .com bubble was like that. Slowly over time more and more money was being pumped in. It got easier and easier to get investors and eventually business started relying on this easy money and were completely unprepared when that cash dried up.)\n\nIf however you spend that $100 at Wal-Mart it goes into the till and gets siphoned off to their big single bank account somewhere else. They pay their employees who are local obviously, but they likely put a lot of that money back into Wal-Mart. \n\nAnother problem is Wal-Mart are far more capable and far more likely of out-sourcing to other countries. Not just hoarding money inside the same country but shipping it out and greasing the gears of some other economy, from which it might never come back. \n\nAs Deadcellplus mentioned though the downside is cost. Wal-Mart can buy a million times the amount of mince your local butcher can at once and that means they get it cheaper per pound and they pass that saving on to you.\n\n----- \n\n'Course it's all a bit of a phenomena because we don't have any real sense of control over it at a local level. You might be hyper-local in your spending but if your butcher takes your money and pays his VISA bill with it instead of using it locally.. all your hard work is pretty much done for. It can only really be measured at scale and it's not universal, Even in depressed economies you get pockets of 'boom', little bits that somehow thrive in the conditions. ",
"Another issue that wasn't mentioned is competition. If there is one giant store in town, it doesn't have to try very hard to get all the business. If there are 10 or 20 smalls stores instead, each one has to do its best to get business -- lowering prices, getting nicer and better merchandise, etc.\n\nAlso, it distributes the wealth more evenly and keeps the money in the community. A middle class person can own a store if stores are small. Only a rich corporation can own a store if stores are huge. And if you just have Walmart a lot of the money from profit is going out of town.",
"There are a number of reasons why people feel this is the case. Three come to mind, I'm sure other people have more. One of them is that small business tend to spend more of their total revenue paying employee salaries. I found some data from the [U.S. Census Bureau](http://www._URL_0_/econ/smallbus.html), and made a pretty graph. (note! Scales adjusted to highlight differences.) [% of revenue spend on payroll vs company size](_URL_1_)\n\nAlso, job *growth* tends to be a bit faster in small companies. [Article describing employment rates by company size](_URL_3_)\n\nAnother reason is the \"too big to fail\" argument. If a large company with 10s of thousands of employees goes out of business, those people loose their jobs. On top of that, the whole supply chain supporting that company might go down too. If an automaker goes under, everyone who makes the components (car radios, locks, windshields, tires, etc) takes a dive too.\n\n**note:** To give the big guys a break, large companies tend to pay each employee more, even if they employ fewer people per dollar of income. (Same _URL_0_ source)\n",
"There is a block with 10 lemonade stands, they all do pretty good business. One day, Big Ass Mega Lemonade opens. The original 10 go out of business and the former owners get jobs working for BAML. \n\nThose 10 owners make a lot less money - and the owner of BAML, who happens to live far away, takes all that money and invests it in a massive boat. \n\nSmaller businesses distribute wealth more equally, and keep the wealth in the community.\n\n",
"Because the phrase tested well in Frank Luntz' focus groups.",
"Small businesses are job creators. They employ most people in employment and they create jobs by growing, whereas large businesses are generally stagnant or cutting jobs.",
"Keeping money flowing is what creates a good economy and the most direct way of doing that is by making sure the money you are giving out doesn't get stockpiled in some giant vault or sent out the country.\n\nIf you spend $100 at a local butcher that money is probably going to get spent elsewhere in the area. Your butcher will go buy bread from the baker, who'll go buy milk from the farmer who pays his employees who buy meat at the butcher and so on. The money doesn't leave and the constant exchange is what keeps everything ticking. \n\nIf you are that baker or butcher you are more likely to spend that $100 if you feel that the economy is flowing freely enough for someone else to come in and hand over their $100 to you. \n\nLike the current economic downturn. It's not really because suddenly a bunch of money has vanished. It's just that people and business' aren't sure if the money they pay out is going to get replaced any time soon, so there is a tendency to hold on to it. Which makes the problem worse. Which is why in times like this the Government steps in and injects a massive amount of money into the system to try and get it moving again, in the hopes that once it's all flowing freely we can take that money back without harming the system too much.\n\n(The flaw is we expect that flow of money to get faster and faster every year, but that is unsustainable. Eventually we reach a point where we think we are *too* free with our money and we slow down but we do it quicker than the system can react, it gets shocked and it crashes. The .com bubble was like that. Slowly over time more and more money was being pumped in. It got easier and easier to get investors and eventually business started relying on this easy money and were completely unprepared when that cash dried up.)\n\nIf however you spend that $100 at Wal-Mart it goes into the till and gets siphoned off to their big single bank account somewhere else. They pay their employees who are local obviously, but they likely put a lot of that money back into Wal-Mart. \n\nAnother problem is Wal-Mart are far more capable and far more likely of out-sourcing to other countries. Not just hoarding money inside the same country but shipping it out and greasing the gears of some other economy, from which it might never come back. \n\nAs Deadcellplus mentioned though the downside is cost. Wal-Mart can buy a million times the amount of mince your local butcher can at once and that means they get it cheaper per pound and they pass that saving on to you.\n\n----- \n\n'Course it's all a bit of a phenomena because we don't have any real sense of control over it at a local level. You might be hyper-local in your spending but if your butcher takes your money and pays his VISA bill with it instead of using it locally.. all your hard work is pretty much done for. It can only really be measured at scale and it's not universal, Even in depressed economies you get pockets of 'boom', little bits that somehow thrive in the conditions. ",
"Another issue that wasn't mentioned is competition. If there is one giant store in town, it doesn't have to try very hard to get all the business. If there are 10 or 20 smalls stores instead, each one has to do its best to get business -- lowering prices, getting nicer and better merchandise, etc.\n\nAlso, it distributes the wealth more evenly and keeps the money in the community. A middle class person can own a store if stores are small. Only a rich corporation can own a store if stores are huge. And if you just have Walmart a lot of the money from profit is going out of town.",
"There are a number of reasons why people feel this is the case. Three come to mind, I'm sure other people have more. One of them is that small business tend to spend more of their total revenue paying employee salaries. I found some data from the [U.S. Census Bureau](http://www._URL_0_/econ/smallbus.html), and made a pretty graph. (note! Scales adjusted to highlight differences.) [% of revenue spend on payroll vs company size](_URL_1_)\n\nAlso, job *growth* tends to be a bit faster in small companies. [Article describing employment rates by company size](_URL_3_)\n\nAnother reason is the \"too big to fail\" argument. If a large company with 10s of thousands of employees goes out of business, those people loose their jobs. On top of that, the whole supply chain supporting that company might go down too. If an automaker goes under, everyone who makes the components (car radios, locks, windshields, tires, etc) takes a dive too.\n\n**note:** To give the big guys a break, large companies tend to pay each employee more, even if they employ fewer people per dollar of income. (Same _URL_0_ source)\n",
"There is a block with 10 lemonade stands, they all do pretty good business. One day, Big Ass Mega Lemonade opens. The original 10 go out of business and the former owners get jobs working for BAML. \n\nThose 10 owners make a lot less money - and the owner of BAML, who happens to live far away, takes all that money and invests it in a massive boat. \n\nSmaller businesses distribute wealth more equally, and keep the wealth in the community.\n\n",
"Because the phrase tested well in Frank Luntz' focus groups.",
"Small businesses are job creators. They employ most people in employment and they create jobs by growing, whereas large businesses are generally stagnant or cutting jobs."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"census.gov",
"http://i.imgur.com/74PIE.jpg",
"http://www.census.gov/econ/smallbus.html",
"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203733504577024382103973156.html"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"census.gov",
"http://i.imgur.com/74PIE.jpg",
"http://www.census.gov/econ/smallbus.html",
"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203733504577024382103973156.html"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
kefjc
|
Couple questions about planetary orbit.
|
I'm having a hard time figuring out how to write this w/o sounding less intelligent than I am, so bare with me please.
As a matter of fact I have no idea how to ask it. Here's a series of thoughts I've got.
Our moon always faces us in the same direction. That is, the dark side fo the moon, is always the dark side of the moon in relation to the earth. Unlike earth's darkside in relation to the sun, that changes daily. There's a word for how the moon orbits and rotates, but all I can think of is geosynchronous which is clearly incorrect.
Also, it seems to me that the reason for this is that the moon is clearly not 100% homogeneous and smooth and therefore earth's gravity would pull on a part of it moreso than another part.
This (possibly mistaken) hypothesis leads me to believe that eventually, barring the eventual expansion and later contraction of the sun eradicating what we know as our solarsystem, the earth will stop rotating and the same face will always point toward the sun.
With that, I've got to imagine that the earth's rotation must be slowing right now. I guess half the rotation would speed up and the other half slow down, but the overall tract would be an evident and provable ... slowing.
Am I totally off base here? Really, I'm just dying to know the word that describes how the moon always faces the same direction in relation to the earth. The rest of it is just stuff I can't help but think about.
Edit: If at any time I wrote 'the moon' I meant 'our moon'. There are clearly billions of moons just hanging out, orbiting around shit out there.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/kefjc/couple_questions_about_planetary_orbit/
|
{
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"text": [
"Tidal Locking.\n_URL_0_\n\nThe moon is tidally locked with the Earth, it is slowly getting farther and farther away and is in fact slowing down our days. It does spin on its own axis once per month. But since it revolves around us at the same rate, we are only seeing one side.",
"Tidal Locking.\n_URL_0_\n\nThe moon is tidally locked with the Earth, it is slowly getting farther and farther away and is in fact slowing down our days. It does spin on its own axis once per month. But since it revolves around us at the same rate, we are only seeing one side."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking"
]
] |
|
5xawd4
|
how do they declare certain aquatic organisms as extinct, when we haven't explored a huge majority of the oceans?
|
Apparently, we've only explored around [5%](_URL_0_) of the Earth's oceans. How do they declare some aquatic organisms to be extinct, when we don't know what lies in the unexplored regions?
> *Note that I'm talking about ancient and recent species here.*
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5xawd4/eli5_how_do_they_declare_certain_aquatic/
|
{
"a_id": [
"deglw0s"
],
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],
"text": [
"The same way we do on land, really. It is basically the reasoning of 'if we haven't seen any trace of species X in a good number of years, most likely they are extinct.' Sometimes those assumptions are correct. sometimes they are very false. (Like with coelacanths) \n\nThough note that unexplored parts of the ocean don't necessarily have to mean you can't know if an animal species is extinct. Many species have very specific habitats they don't deviate from. If you have a species that can only exist in shallow water or tide-pools, for example, then the fact that the deep sea has not yet been explored is not really an issue. That is not where those animals could live in the first place. Additionally, you don't always need to have explored a region. A lot of this is based on traces of their survivals, but that doesn't necessarily mean seeing the fish in the flesh. Finding remnants of them in the stomachs of other fish, finding them in fishing nets, finding them washed up on beaches. all of that can count towards being able to tell a species exists still or not. And if there is a huge change in that (for example, we used to find X species frequently in the stomach of dolphins, but they haven't been spotted there in 30 years) that can be a good indicator said species is gone.\n\nAgain, not ever 100% and some species have clung onto life in places unknown to us at first, but still a reasonable guess. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/exploration.html"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
2jmyvw
|
How does it happen that an entire volume of data can become corrupt when the writing of only a small portion of it is interrupted?
|
The other day, the electricity went out while I was saving a folder of word documents to a flash drive. When I powered it back up again, Windows told me that the drive was corrupt and needed a reformat. The flash drive is 16GB, and my documents were only a few megs. What happened that the entire drive became corrupt?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2jmyvw/how_does_it_happen_that_an_entire_volume_of_data/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cld7fyy"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"In your case it seems was damaged the File Allocation Table (FAT). This file system can be read and written by a wide range of devices, but it is very fragile because of how data is arranged logically. In most cases you can fix the problem with a specialized application, like chkdsk under Windows.\n\nIf you are using it only on computers, you can format it with NTFS file system. This file system is more robust."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
28uils
|
how would half the gravity on earth, and in another scenario double the gravity on earth affect us in everyday life? also, could we survive without any gravity at all?
|
Let's say Earth had the gravity of Mars (38% of Earth's) and in another scenario had the gravity of Jupiter (2 1/2 times that of Earth's). How would this affect us in everyday life?
What if there was no Gravity on Earth, could we survive? What would be different?
I got turned down in /askscience so maybe I can get an explanation here.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28uils/eli5_how_would_half_the_gravity_on_earth_and_in/
|
{
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"text": [
"Not exactly an expert, but I'm an undergraduate Physics major:\n\nAssuming that Earth has ALWAYS had the gravitational attraction of Mars or Jupiter, it would affect us very little. Our bodies would have evolved along with all other life on Earth to match whatever the gravitation of Earth is. However, if Earth's gravitation were to suddenly \"change\" to that of Mars or Jupiter, things get a bit more complicated. \n\nLet's talk about the \"general physics\" of it first. Most people on Earth have a general concept of physics that applies to everyday life. We know things like how high we can jump, how close we can get to another car before we start braking, etc. As soon as you change the Earth's gravitation, those basic previous expectations about how things move in our everyday lives has to be thrown out the window. As a result, depending on how extreme the change is, there would be a lot of crashes, a lot of bumps, and a lot of bruises as we adjusted to the new \"rules.\"\n \nPhysiologically, there would be serious consequences to an extreme change in gravity. We run into this problem a lot with astronauts returning from long stays in zero gravity. Our bodies simply aren't built to be under gravitation that is not Earth's. People returning from space experience a lengthening of the spine, weakening of joints, and a huge loss in calcium. Basically, when placed in a zero-g environment, our body will try to adapt accordingly. If we don't use our bones and are floating around, our bodies will basically begin to get rid our bones. Now for us to be on the surface of Earth at all, there has to be at least a little gravity so we don't float away. Therefore, if gravity on Earth was reduced but not eliminated, people would get taller and we would have less calcium. Now the opposite would happen if gravitational attraction increased. People would be shorter, breathing would be harder, we would rely on our skeletons more so we would require more calcium, etc. Long term, humanity would adjust, but short term, there would be a lot of problems for a lot of people, especially the weak and elderly. \n\nNow I'm not sure exactly what would happen on the astronomical scale, but there would be even more serious consequences which would effect our daily lives. Gravitational attraction is a force between two objects. On the very basic level, gravitation depends on the masses of the two objects involved. (Mass is basically just a measure of how much stuff there is) More mass between the two = more gravity. Less mass between the two = less gravity. The situations that you have described deal with a change in mass of the Earth. If the Earth were suddenly half of it's mass, the Moon would begin to orbit further away, that is, as long as it wasn't \"slingshotted\" away (more likely). Also, we would begin to orbit the Sun further away, as long as we weren't \"slingshot\" out of the solar system (also more likely). Living further away from the Sun would cause widespread panic as our light from the Sun would diminish quite a bit. Plants and animals would die, famines if everyone wasn't frozen already, etc. etc. you get the picture. REALLY BAD STUFF. If the Earth doubled it's mass, the Earth and the moon would also most likely be \"slingshotted\" out of the solar system. But, if we managed to stay in orbit, our proximity to the sun would most likely burn most life on Earth. \n\n**TL;DR**: \nOverall - Our basic concepts about how things move in everyday life would change...Lots of crashes, bumps and bruises.\n\n1. No Gravity - We would all float away from the surface of the Earth.\n2. Half Gravity - We would all get taller, breathe easier, and have weaker skeletons because we wouldn't need them as much. The Earth would likely be \"slingshotted\" out of the solar system, or we would all freeze to death.\n3. Double Gravity - We would all get shorter, breathe harder, and have stronger skeletons. The Earth would likely be \"slingshotted\" out of the solar system, or we would all burn alive.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1w12rs
|
Why is there virtually no outside sources for the Kingdom of Israel during the time of David & Solomon?
|
It is thought that the earliest mention of the people of Israel is in an Egyptian inscription of Pharaoh Merneptah (c.1200BCE), so some 200 years before the first king of the united monarchy, Saul. The text only makes passing reference to Israel as a group of people and probably located somewhere in the Palestinian region.
I believe the next known outside reference to Israel is in an Assyrian text telling of the coalition made by the local rulers at the battle of Qarqar in c.850BCE. One local leader being 'Ahab the Israelite'. This text was written after the death of King David & Solomon, and by this stage Israel and Judah were two divided kingdoms.
My question is: Was Israel so insignificant, that even during the civilization's 'golden era', during the reigns of David & Solomon and all the great building works they constructed, that they have no mention? Even the two passing references that only acknowledge the existence of the Israelites are written before and immediately after the prosperous period of their history.
I understand that more is written about the Israelites during the Babylonian and Assyrian invasion, from the record of their capture. But it seems strange that nobody thought to write about any relations with Israel, be it trade or any other communication.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1w12rs/why_is_there_virtually_no_outside_sources_for_the/
|
{
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"Part of the answer is that most people stopped being interested in the area. The Egyptians gave up campaigns in the Levant around 1175 until Shoshenq around the early 900s (who is mentioned in 1 Kings 14 although some dispute this), and New Kingdom pharaohs didn't name their adversaries (certainly Shoshenq didn't). The Assyrians never ventured that far either until 853 so are unlikely to make mention before that time, and they like the Egyptians very rarely named those they encountered (no Assyrian source names anyone in Philistia, Transjordan, Israel (north or south) or Phoenicia between 1200-1050).\n\nOf the remaining sources of perhaps lesser powers, most of them are concerned with their own local affairs - the neo-Hittite kingdoms make no mention of Canaan or Phoenicia. No Aramean inscriptions exist from before the 9th century save Tell Dan and Melqart, and no administrative texts either. Phoenician texts tend to mention only their own kings, and they tend to start only around 1000 BC.\n\nThere are a couple of possible mentions of David, Tell Dan (841), Mesha (840), and Kitchen makes a case for the possibility that Shoshenq mentions \"Dwt\" at Karnak which he suggests might be David, but even if it is, it's still only in the 900s.\n\nWhy nothing is found is Israel should be paralleled to \"what have we found in Israel regardless?\" and the answer is \"not very much\". Jerusalem has been heavily rebuilt and destroyed numerous times over the centuries and only a tiny part *can* be excavated, and even those areas are fraught with disputes (cf the Temple Mount). Samaria has produced no official inscriptions and that is from a much later period. The parts of texts we have found have been serendipitous in that they were smashed and used in building rubble.\n\nWe can also ask \"what is found elsewhere in the Levant?\". Aram-Damascus existed for 200 years but left nothing behind. Damascus has revealed no Iron age inscriptions (and I think parallels Jerusalem in that respect). Moab has only left 1 stele (Mesha's) and one other fragment. 3 small pieces exist from the kings of Ammon, none commemorating the Edomite kings. So nobody else has left very much behind."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4kn48c
|
if networks cancel a show mid-season and have filmed the rest of the season, why aren't the rest of the episodes released online?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4kn48c/eli5_if_networks_cancel_a_show_midseason_and_have/
|
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"Well sometimes they are, so there is no rule/law against it.\n\nHowever the show makers often do not have the license / copyright to their own shows. So it´s not up to them to release the episodes however they want.\n\nThe network on the other hand who does have the rights, doesn´t really have an interest in releasing the episodes for free. They might have other plans for monetizing them or they just don´t want to release them at all for many reasons (out of spite, to not support a competitor, etc.)",
"If a show is cancelled mid-season, it's because few people watched it. And if that's the case, there's really no financial incentive for the network to spend money hosting it when so few people want to see it.",
"A strong reason is because of residual royalties. \n\nSay you film a show, and pay the actors/actresses and the directors, and the band that did the theme song, etc... You're not usually done paying. Usually, at least some, if not all of those people will continue to get a little tiny amount of money, every time one of those shows airs/is streamed/is bought on DVD/etc. The amounts are tiny individually, but they add up to huge amounts. Lots of actors/actresses can retire after a single popular show, and just live off of those royalties for the rest of their lives.\n\nSo your show is busted, and didn't get enough money to continue being a show... Why would you continue shelling out more money to make the show ready to air (there is a lot that happens after filming), AND to pay all of those royalties?",
"This actually happened to an old NBC show I liked called The Black Donellys. It got pulled midway through season 1 and the rest were only available on _URL_0_. At least until they got released on DVD.",
"Isnt this what lowkey happened to Avatar: the Legend of Korra on Nick? It wasn't a very successful show among the kids who usually watch Nick but had a huuuge following among the 18-25 demographic who watched Avatar: the Last Airbender as kids/teens, and they mostly watched online anyways, so they moved the show over to an online only format for the last season. ",
"Sometimes they do, I saw all of Kitchen Confidential on Hulu a few years after it was pulled early on its first season. \n",
"A situation like this really ticked me off a few years ago. They aired the entire season of Defying Gravity... except the last episode. It made no sense to me, they showed a rerun of some old show instead of just showing the last episode of the season. \n\nBut the last episode aired in Canada, so I was able to download a capture that aired there. \n\nThat never made sense to me. I can almost understand replacing a show on air if it's not doing good, but the last episode of the season? I mean... come on!",
"There are some practical reasons in addition to what others have said.\n\nAlthough the episodes may have been filmed, they have yet to go through post-production--music, effects, editing, sound editing, reshoots, etc. all still need to be done. If they released them, you would be seeing an incomplete project and often do not want to do that. They may be released later as a DVD extra or surface later in pirate circles, but are not released online often to the pure lack of quality to the episode. ",
"There is no benefit to the network, simple as that really. If it don't make 'em money they won't do it.",
"Wouldn't some of the reason be that the company that pulls the unviewed programs use them as a loss on their bottom line within a tax structure? Would the cans be worth more as a loss than if they were viewed, sold, etc?",
"Because generally when the first episode of a show airs the following episodes are still being worked on. If the show is canceled mid season, the budget is gone and production will immediately halt. They aren't going to just release half finished episodes. Post production accounts for the vast majority of time it takes for a tv show to be made: just because it was filmed doesn't mean its anywhere near completed.\n\nAnd the network still owns the footage, so even if some editors and producers wanted to try and finish the season with what they have, legally they cannot.\n\n",
"I'm sure the answer is money.\n\nI would like a clear separation of production and publishing companies again. Let them bid.",
"Because they need to sell ad time and if the show is bombing, the advertisers are not going to want to pay for ad time. And without ad time, they make no money and go out of business.",
" > If Networks cancel a show mid-season and have filmed the rest of the season\n\nBecause they almost never have shot the rest of the season (assuming OP is limiting this to the *broadcast* networks).\n\nThere's usually only a 2-4 episodes at most \"in the can\" ready to finish out post-production (editing, scoring, special effects). In some cases, while the season was intended to go 20-24 episodes the network only approved half that contingent on the ratings. In most of these cases of a show being cancelled, the networks usually go ahead and air the remaining episodes because they don't have something ready to replace it. Yet, sometimes they hold the episodes because they can try for better ratings and then \"burn off\" the episodes later. Some shows are moved to \"sister networks\" and aired there along with the rest of the show in a odd time slot (like late at night). \n\n",
"The legend of Korra got the Internet treatment. I think I read that the Internet ratings were higher anyway because the show was watched mostly by older generations",
"The first show I saw that done with was _Daybreak_ (2006) with Taye Diggs. ABC cancelled it after just 3 or 4 episodes, but it was a great show. They quickly pledged to try showing it online as they were just getting into that. Sure enough, they made good and finished out the 13-episode run online, thus giving reasonable closure (but also raising new questions) to that memorable show. Thank you, ABC!\n",
"It's actually rare for a show to be outright cancelled and completely removed from the schedule before all remaining episodes have aired. It would have to either be a serious ratings bomb or air something so offensive that they have to pull it entirely.",
"Any form of distribution triggers a lot payments- easiest way to think of them are completion payments. Residuals are also in there. \nStudios make back the majority of their costs by the licensing deal for broadcast. \nThus they'd be losing more money to just distro it online. \nIt's the same reason you don't see failed Pilots distroed online. \nSource: I work in tv production. ",
"not sure if this has been addressed but most *premiere* episodes that start off from the beginning of the new fall season usually get a six, ten, or 13 Episode order. They may elect, like already mentioned, to *burn off* the episodes at some point on a Friday or Saturday night. If they got a 13-episode order and get cancelled, odds are they will burn off whatever has finished filming, finalize post-production on any full episodes left, and burn them. Most of the time if six episodes are ordered and maybe one or two air and it gets cancelled, they don't bother wasting TV time to air them unless they decide to throw them on TV in the summer. Ten episode orders that get cancelled usually by six or seven get burned off this way.\n\nNBC has in the past where a series got a 10 or 13 episode order either burned the series off on Saturday nights or just uploaded them to _URL_0_ like they did *The Cape*.",
"Besides post production costs, there may be royalties to pay out if they release those episodes. ",
"That's exactly what they did with the TV show Selfie:\n_URL_0_\n\nThe second half of the season was thrown up on Hulu after gettign cancelled on ABC.",
"On the other side of the coin you get a show that films the rest of its episodes after it's been cancelled...\n\nPETER SAGAL: You tell this story - you talk about how you did this show called \"Lyon's Den.\"\n\nROB LOWE: Yes.\n\nSAGAL: It was supposed to be your big follow-up to \"West Wing,\" I think.\n\nLOWE: Yes.\n\nSAGAL: And you play this lawyer in this law firm, and the show didn't go well for a variety of reasons. And they canceled it, but they allowed you guys to finish shooting the season so they could sell it on DVD, right?\n\nLOWE: Yeah, this is - so the show is canceled. It's not on the air. It's over.\n\nSAGAL: Right.\n\nLOWE: But they say to me, you're still going to make 13 more episodes but nobody's ever going to see them. Maybe we'll release them on DVD in, like, Bratislava.\n\nSAGAL: Right.\n\nLOWE: So with that as the backdrop, the writers and I decide, you know what? To hell with it. We're going to burn the bridges. We're going for it. And so we decided to write my character as a sociopathic maniac who was revealed to be a mass murderer.\n\nAnd Kyle Chandler, right before \"Friday Night Lights\" is the mentor in the office who is always my rival. He comes in one night while I'm eating in the executive dining room and confronts me on evidence that I might be a mass murderer. I walk up, stab him to death with my steak knife, sit back down, eat my steak, wipe my mouth, go to the balcony and throw myself off. That's the end of the series.\n\nSAGAL: You know, even though I had read that story in your book, a tear came to my eye when I read it. That's so moving.\n\nLOWE: And this is how little the studio and the network cared about the show. When we told them we were going to write that, they were like that sounds great.\n\n_URL_0_",
"It's not worth the effort. The show is being canceled mid-season because nobody is watching it. If they release the rest they then have to pay the actors royalties on episodes that nobody is going to watch of a canceled show. \n",
"I've gotta say, from reading all these comments it must suck to be a hardcore TV fan. Good shows get taken off the air because they're too niche, and shows with lowest common denominator mass appeal are the only ones that usually survive.",
"Just because the show is completely shot, does not mean it's finished. There are still costs associated with Editing, Onlining, Coloring, Sound, VFX, ADR, Mixing, etc... So, it's not like the show is just hanging around and \"finished.\" If the show flopped hard enough to cancel it, why spend more money on it?",
"Still waiting on those extra episodes of The Cape to come out?",
"That's not generally how it works. Sometimes it does, but more usually the following happens:\n\nNetwork likes the pilot and orders say... six episodes. Those six get made. They don't do well in the ratings. The show gets 'cancelled' however all episodes that were made have been aired.\n\nIt's not very often that a network has 12 episodes of something that haven't aired yet and then they cancel a show. They would usually let that play out without telling anyone the show is cancelled since they already 'bought' those shows, or paid for the production. They're not going to promote that show any longer and they may move it to the crappiest timeslot they have and not really tell anyone, but it's something that fills time and sells some ads. ",
"I still want to see the rest of Megan wants a millionaire but that one creep had to go and kill someone or some shit and the network never aired the rest of the episodes... "
]
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awmwkv
|
Was homosexuality seen as normal in the middle east prior to 1885?
|
[deleted]
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/awmwkv/was_homosexuality_seen_as_normal_in_the_middle/
|
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"...kind of.\n\nNot \"homosexuality\" as we think of it today, though. That is to say, an outright sexual relationship between two adult men would not have been regarded as acceptable behavior. However, under certain limited circumstances same-gender love and (depending on whom one asked) even same-gender sexual relations could be viewed as normal. Here I'm going to limit my discussion to male \"homosexuality\" in the Ottoman Empire prior to the nineteenth century.\n\n & nbsp;\n\n*Terminology and Law*\n\n\"Homosexuality\" as a category of sexual orientation was not a concept that existed in the Muslim world prior to its importation from the West. Sexually, a man was defined primarily by the acts he performed rather than the gender of the person with whom he performed those acts. Specifically, one adopted either an active or a passive role in sexual intercourse. Men were expected to actively penetrate; women were expected to passively be penetrated, and this basic dichotomy extended to the terminology used to describe male-male intercourse. One wasn't a \"homosexual\" engaging in a relationship with another \"homosexual.\" Rather, one either took on the active role, thus becoming a *lūṭī* (sodomizer) or took on the passive role, becoming a *mukhannath* (Turkish: *muhannes*, catamite). There was no single term to refer to someone who took on both active and passive roles, although in Islamic Law the term *lūṭī* was sometimes used to refer to any man who engaged in anal intercourse. This emphasis on the act as such rather than an abstract \"homosexuality\" meant that non-anal intercourse between men was not condemned to the same degree. That's not to say that the Islamic jurists were fine with men kissing, caressing, or engaging in intercrural intercourse with one another, but these acts did not make one a *lūṭī* and therefore constituted only minor sins (*ṣaghā'ir*). Likewise, there was no legal distinction between engaging in anal sex with a man and engaging in anal sex with a woman. It was the act that mattered.\n\nThe act of anal sex, however, was universally condemned by Islamic jurists. As we will see, some groups have at some times tolerated anal sex between males under particular circumstances, but the Islamic jurists who determined what was and was not lawful were unanimous in condemning it. They nevertheless differed somewhat in how serious of a sin they considered it to be. Of the four main legal schools of Sunni Islam, three regarded anal sex as falling into the category of *zinā*, or illicit sexual intercourse. Punishment differed based on marital status: a married man would be liable for the death penalty by stoning, while an unmarried man would be punished with a hundred lashes. It is worth mentioning in this context that these strict punishments, called *ḥadd* (\"limit\") punishments, required either voluntary confession or the testimony of four reliable witnesses who actually saw the act being committed, while the judge was expected to make every possible excuse for the sake of the defendant, in accordance with the saying of the Prophet Muhammad: \"Ward off *ḥadd* punishments as much as you can.\" We have no statistics, of course, but it seems as though *ḥadd* punishments occurred only infrequently because of the difficulty of actually convicting someone, and the jurists regarded this rarity of conviction as a good thing.\n\nThe fourth legal school of Sunni Islam, the Hanafi school, was the official school supported by the Ottoman Empire, and was predominant in modern-day Turkey, the Balkans, and Syria. This was the only school that did not regard anal sex as an act of *zinā*, simply because *zinā* was technically defined as the unlawful insertion of a penis into a vagina. Therefore, Hanafi jurists regarded anal sex as less of a sin than the other law schools. It could not be punished by the death penalty except potentially in the case of repeat offenders; its actual punishment was up to the discretion of the judge, but it could not be any greater than 39 lashes, one less than the lowest of all the *ḥadd* punishments. Most often punishment entailed some combination of lashes and a monetary fine. On the other hand, since it didn't entail a *ḥadd* punishment, conviction was also easier, requiring only two witnesses rather than four.\n\n & nbsp;\n\n*Sex, Love, and Beauty*\n\nOne of the most striking cultural differences one finds prior to the nineteenth century has to do with the conceptual separation of romantic love and sex, and particularly how this related to the love of boys. Adolescent boys, particularly those who lacked beards (a quintessential element of manhood), were regarded as not yet belonging to the same socio-cultural category as men. Boys were widely regarded as aesthetically beautiful in a sexually neutral sense. One could look upon and appreciate a boy's handsome features without that necessarily implying sexual attraction. One finds this attitude expressed in the works of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 1111), one of history's most influential Islamic theologians:\n\n(Quoted in Khaled El-Rouayheb, *Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800* (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 54)\n\n > Do not think that the love of beautiful forms is only conceivable with an eye toward satisfying carnal desire, for satisfying carnal desire is a distinct pleasure that *may* be associated with the love of beautiful forms, but the perception of beauty in itself is also pleasurable and so may be loved for its own sake. How can this be denied, when greenery and flowing water are loved, not with an eye toward drinking the water or eating the greenery or to obtain anything else besides the looking itself?\n\nCommon opinion held that observing the beauty of boys was neither sinful nor deviant. Likewise, there was nothing inherently sinful or deviant about forming close relationships with them, or ultimately with falling in love with them. The two males in such a relationship would take on the roles of lover and beloved, corresponding to the older, active, pursuing man and younger, passive, pursued boy - the latter in a sense being conceptually feminized by this relationship. The chaste love of boys for their beauty was not condemned by any aside from the most puritanical of Islamic jurists, and even then not because it was objectionable in and of itself, but because of its potential to inspire unchaste feelings. Indeed, one's ability to properly recognize and praise beauty was part of what made one a cultivated and civilized person; this attitude is what led to the creation of an enormous body of \"homosexual\" love-poetry in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Yet most of the authors of these poems would not have viewed themselves as homosexuals even had the concept existed - many of them would have looked upon the idea of actual sex with boys as abhorrent. There was no contradiction between being married and sexually active with a woman while also appreciating the beauty of boys.\n\nOf course, this sharp distinction between romantic love and sexual desire did not hold for everyone. Those jurists who held that it was sinful to gaze upon boys did so because they recognized that the line was so frequently crossed. Because romantic love in this context was widely regarded as normal, so too was a certain degree of physical affection. But there was a line somewhere, in which love and affection ceased to be chaste and started to be sinful. Naturally, there existed a range of opinions on this issue. Kissing appears to have been fairly common, but we do not know to what degree various forms of sexual activity were or were not tolerated and by whom. A fair bet seems to be that sexual activity was more tolerated among groups who derived their religious authority from places other than scholarly Sunni Islam, such as certain Sufi organizations, whose members were endlessly lampooned by their religious opponents for being *lūṭī*s. Indeed, for some Sufis, gazing at beauty was considered one way of increasing one's closeness to God (insofar as all beauty was a reflection of the beauty of the divine), thus giving religious sanction to pederastic relationships."
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2v03mz
|
why was synth used so much in 80s music?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2v03mz/eli5_why_was_synth_used_so_much_in_80s_music/
|
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"Simply put, because it was new, it became popular very fast, and people liked it.",
"Synthesizers became popular very quickly due to their marketed ability to 'create the sounds of any instrument imaginable'. Up to a certain extent this is true. A synthesizer is one big piece of math hooked up to the most accessible musical interface at the time: a keyboard.\n\nA synth is programmable by tweaking faders, knobs, etc in order to modulate/create sounds as you please. You can mimmick a lot of instruments using synths, plus you can create sounds that are otherwise hardly accessible.\n\nIn the 80s, synths gained massive popularity because of some clever innovations in the interface. The synth controls were simplified and easy to understand for any music enthousiast. Companies marketed their synths big time, and included digitally stored presets so the synths came with a bunch of (now very well known) sounds out of the box. You could also save your own sounds to the internal memory so you wouldn't have to write down all the settings.\n\nMIDI helped as well. Most synths came with a MIDI port, enabling the users to hook the synth up to their other equipment. \n\nAll this made synths very capable of doing a lot of different tasks in an easy way. But more importantly: Synths were cheap and easy compared to buying and maintaining/storing a bunch of 'real' instruments. And for example playing a guitar and a trumpet both takes a lot of practise each time to learn these different instruments; where a synth just has the keyboard.\n\nAdd to that the very popular synth sounds of the 80s, which turned out to be the sound of a decennium. Lots of reasons for musicians to hop on the synth-wagon, up to this day.",
"And you hear it far more than today because they were developed further",
"Technology and affordability. \n\nSynthesizers used to be (and the best still are, arguably) analog. Meaning, it houses modules that use control-voltages and triggers to *physically manipulate* electricity to make sounds. These were your Minimoogs, your Arp Odysseys, etc. They were used a lot in Prog Rock in the 1970s - however, they were all handmade and very expensive. Only wealthy studios and bands could afford them. \n\nThe advent of digital synthesizers (ROMplers, FM Synthesis, etc) pushed the sound of the 1980s. Instead of using analog components, they used mass-produced, affordable microprocessors to *somewhat simulate* what was going on inside their analog forefathers. Suddenly - bands could afford what was seen as a *luxury* device - the most popular of which was the Yamaha DX7.\n\nThe advent of the standardized MIDI (musical instrument, digital interface) protocol in 1983 also really helped - it meant that different brands of synthesizers could communicate with each other and sync up! Yay! \n\nAnd here's why many albums of the 1980s sounded similar: \n\nHere is an analog [Prophet 5](_URL_0_). MSRP: $4,495 in 1978, which is about $16,500 in today's dollars. \n\nHere is digital [Yamaha DX7](_URL_1_). $2,000 in 1983 or about $4,500 in today's dollars.\n\nSee the big price difference?\n\nNotice something else? The Prophet 5 has individual knobs to control every single aspect of the sound, hands on, *as your playing it*. \n\nThe DX7 uses buttons and 1 slider to control the sound (the other slider is volume).\n\nThis means that the DX7 cannot easily be manipulated *as you play* because it requires an incredible amount of menu diving. \n\nMost musicians of the 1980s weren't familiar with menu diving, (computers weren't exactly household) so they relegated to the DX7's *presets*. That is, they all used the same bank of like.. 20 sounds!"
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"http://www.vintagesynth.com/yamaha/yamaha_dx7_lg.jpg"
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||
g5la9
|
How do colony species like ants and bees evolve to their present states?
|
With one queen and numerous drones (or workers), it seems counterintuitive to the evolutionary process somehow, as the diversity of genes is severely limited.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/g5la9/how_do_colony_species_like_ants_and_bees_evolve/
|
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"The queen mates with drones from many different colonies. If you just consider that, genetically speaking, the colony is the organism, not the individual bee, there's no reason for there to be less diversity.",
"This is no small question. This is THE question as regards ant colonies. Until only a few years ago the predominant theory claimed that a quirk of the chromosome structure led to increased \"inclusive fitness\". The quirk, [haplodiploidy](_URL_5_). \n\nIn haplodiploidy a fertilized egg goes female and unfertilized eggs go male. Many of the ants, bees and wasps (and some others) that are haplodiploid also exhibit \"eusociality\". Eusociality being the most extreme case of individual cooperation in which many individuals forgo reproduction and expend their energy increasing the offspring of other individuals. \n\nThe haplodiploidy theory claimed higher levels of \"inclusive fitness\". Inclusive fitness is when your genetic fitness is shared with others. For example, a sibling has half your DNA. It makes sense under natural selection that you should gain some small reproductive success by helping a sibling or close relative succeed in reproduction. This is not a controversial theory, it is the basis of [\"kin selection\"](_URL_4_). Haplodiploidy was thought to give siblings higher levels of relatedness and haplodiploid sisters were thought to share 3/4 of their genes with each other, and this, by the theory, increased their \"interest\" in helping their siblings and parents reproduce. \n\nIn the most recent survey of relevant species, E.O. Wilson, a main proponent of the haplodiploidy theory and the world's pre-eminent ant scholar, found that there was no longer enough data to suggest haplodiploidy as the root cause of eusocialty. (Can't find the exact quotes...roughly 2006). Too many non-eusocial haplodiploid species found and even more difficult to explain, the existence of eusociality in regular old diploid insects - namely termites (also some aphids and thrips). \n\nThat said we fall back to the few options that were already waiting in the wings. Here is a brief discussion from the book on ants \"The Ants\" by E.O Wilson and Bert Holldobler, 1990. From google books subheading [\"Beginnings of social Behavior\"](_URL_1_). \n\nI am a inclined to lean with the mechanism he refers to as \"manipulation\". I liked the idea even before the collapse of the haplodiploid theory. Ants are easily \"programmed\". There are really hundreds maybe thousands of examples of ants getting manipulated, re-programmed, by other organisms. To name a few, there is a worm that \"hacks\" ants, at least one fungus that does, many insects that fake ants out into feeding them and then of course the most dramatic examples are cross-species and cross colony \"slave making\". \n\nThe slave making, also called \"Dulosis\", is so common that there exists many examples of species that have split into two nearly identical species except that the one species habitually parasitizes the other by co-opting its workers as \"slaves\". Further there is the extreme case of dulosis in which rather small and feeble ants literally ride on the backs of the much larger individuals of the \"host\" colony, and control their every move. In this extreme case the parasite ant colony controls the host colony completely and denies the host any reproductive success. These tiny ants make zombies of another entire colony completely through manipulation of the host colony's chemical communication. \n\nTo read more on the various forms of ant parasitization see \"The Ants\" subheading [\"Symbioses among ant species\"](_URL_0_) (There exist so many interactions among ant species that you can read them all as a spectrum of \"symbioses\" from co-operation and tolerance to competition, war, and parasitization.) \n\nFurther you could read about [the origins of monogyny and polygyny](_URL_2_)(These are the two major types of queens in ant colonies...) \n\nAlso the Australian species [Nothomyrmecia macrops](_URL_3_) This \"primitive\" ant's reproduction and behavior is thought to be indicative of an earlier stage in the history of the ants.",
"I'm not an expert on insects but the evolutionary link from bacteria to multicellular organisms is thought to be due to quorum sensing. Quorum sensing is a chemical signaling behavior which allows bacteria to work together towards a greater task. Bee and ants also use a form of chemical signaling as their form of \"communication\"."
]
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"http://books.google.com/books?id=ljxV4h61vhUC&lpg=PP1&dq=the%20ants&pg=PA436#v=onepage&q&f=false",
"http://books.google.com/books?id=ljxV4h61vhUC&lpg=PP1&dq=the%20ants&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false",
"http://books.google.com/books?id=ljxV4h61vhUC&lpg=PP1&dq=the%20ants&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q&f=false",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothomyrmecia_macrops",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_selection",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplodiploid_sex-determination_system"
],
[]
] |
|
28f1i8
|
why is the us police force becoming more militarized and more powerful? or is this a misconception?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28f1i8/eli5why_is_the_us_police_force_becoming_more/
|
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"I'm a cop. Its hard to argue that police isn't becoming more miltarized but I think its vastly over rated. Two agencies in my county have a bearcat (like a tank with no big gun) but it it rarely used and all the agencies borrow it when needed. Aside from a taser, I have received no new weapons since I started 15 years ago. \n\nEdit: Some good comments, I'll just edit this post instead of responding to each one.\n\nI don't have access to anymore equipment than I did 15 years ago. Well I suppose we have .40 caliber pistols now instead of 9mm but besides that and the taser, everything else is the same. \n\nGenerally the bearcat is used for barricaded and armed subjects. I work in the SF bay area of California which is extremely liberal and has very tight gun control. I pulled an AK-47 and an illegally modified shotgun off a suspect two weeks ago. Criminals are now heavily armed and the police need to be able to match them in firepower. The bearcat would have been eventually been used if that suspect had barricaded himself in a house. We can use it to provide our SWAT teams with mobile cover to either take the house or launch non-lethal ordinance at the house (gas, stun grenades, etc).\n\nI have read about SWAT teams being used unnecessarily. My contention is that sometimes the news outlets don't have all the facts. Don't forget that a **judge** must authorize no knock warrants. However, there are probably a good number of search warrants being served by SWAT teams than is truly necessary. I just don't have enough facts to talk about specific cases. I will note that any search or arrest warrant involving the sale or manufacture of illegal narcotics is pretty much an automatic SWAT call out. Major dealers and producers can make $25,000 a week and they usually have guns.\n\nSWAT teams and the rise of police firearms training is to counter the evolution of the way the criminal element does business. 40 years ago, officers didn't have shotguns or vests because they weren't really necessary. Today, pulling a handgun off a felon is not rare. Being attacked is not rare. Like I said earlier, I pulled an AK-47 off a suspect recently. A shotgun and pistol cannot counter an AK-47. If I have to respond to an active shooter situation, I want the weapon that can deliver the most rounds, with the most accuracy, with the least reload time and that is my M-4. I have an M-4 in my patrol car. I actually remove it for calls maybe once a year. I have never had to fire it outside of the training range. But if that active shooter crisis happens at your children's high school, you'll be glad that I'm trained and armed to deal with the threat. They waited for the SWAT team at Columbine. That shit can never happen again.\n\nEdit2: I'll also just note that I have been a soldier and a cop my entire adult life except for 4 years of college and a few years tooling around the white collar corporate ladder. I have never been issued a fully automatic M16 or M4 at any point.\n\nEdit 3: Some people have argued that we don't need patrol rifles (M4). As I've said earlier, I pull it out maybe once a year. I have pointed it at one person in 15 years and have never pulled the trigger outside of the range. If it is taken away from me it will have pretty much zero effect on my day to day activity. However, if someone starts shooting at the high school I will not be going in. I'll secure the perimeter and wait for people who have the proper weapons and training to arrive. This can take anywhere from 45 minutes to 3 hours.\n\nEdit4: I'm going to bed. Thanks for the great discussion everyone. A few last thoughts. There is only three things I really need to do my job: my gun, my vest, and my radio. If you take away the rest you just reduce my options and flexibility. Sure some cops think they're navy seals when they go through rifle training but the rest of us know that the weapons we carry are a responsibility to protect and serve and not a booster for our egos. I don't think its a good reason to hamstring all of us.\n\nI'll say in closing that we're human just like you. Most of us are married (some formerly) with kids. If crime ended tomorrow and we got paychecks for helping old ladies cross the street then we would be happy. \n\nGot up to pee. Holy shit GOLD!!! Thanks!!!!!",
"Well back when [this happened](_URL_0_) a lot of police forces started forcing the carrying of assault weapons for regular beat cops. The police were wholly unprepared for this tragedy.\n\nThen, after 9/11, [this started](_URL_1_ Homeland Security Program (SHSP).\n\nAnd recently you're seeing all of this surplus military equipment being sold to police departments. But I don't see the cops rolling around in tanks, so you tell me.",
"Read 'Rise of the Warrior Cop' by Radley Balko.",
"Generally they aren't. Police forces have been matching the uniform and weapons of the military since early 1900's. Think back to prohibition when they were rolling around with Tommy guns. Officers now are just using more effective and modern gear. Patrol rifles are generally more useful than the shotguns of old, yes they're black and the military uses similar ones but officers do not walk around carrying them while on routine patrol. As for the MRAPs and stuff, they're just vehicles. They are not armed, they are simply for protection from small arms fire. SWAT teams have increased because there are dangerous situations out there. And departments have realized that it is better to train a small squad of exceptional officers with more advanced gear than it is to send in standard equipped officers. Militarization is just a buzzword and it's what is popular to say right now for people who don't like or understand law enforcement.",
"If anything, we can look at it as a further funneling of wealth to 'authority'. Starts with expensive wars against imaginary enemies. Trickles down to the police we pay to then raid our homes military style over some marijuana.\n\nBecause it is not being used just yet against a people who would not have it, does not mean it won't be. There are plenty of power hungry officers out there that would happily get in one of those and exert their 'authority' on a people.",
"Using the [military](_URL_5_) for riot control is a [fairly old](_URL_0_) concept. Having a police force for riot control is a fairly recent thing, at the earliest being seen in 1925 in [Shanghai](_URL_4_) before arriving in the US in the 60s and 70s as SWAT. If you read any of those articles it becomes apparent that force is needed for crowd control when you're trying to suppress a full blown riot. That's not to say these organizations should be free of criticism, because that is what's keeping them in check. Because of anti-violence campaigns since the 70s we now have [much lower](_URL_3_) [death counts](_URL_1_) than [historical conflicts](_URL_2_) often ended with.",
"[This Vice video explains how some agencies aquire and use thier military style equipment.](_URL_0_) Also explains how some people use thier willingness to show up in force as a prank.",
"People don't know what a tank is. An MRAP is not a tank.",
"There is an overwhelming amount of military grade vehicles and weaponry from the wars in the middle east that were over produced. These goods are being purchased by our police forces much cheaper than normal because manufacturer's need to cover their loses. It also gives smaller police forces to acquire machinery like a MRAP where normally it would not be possible. Do they NEED it? Probably not.",
"The vast majority of comments in this thread should give you a rather broad hint about why the US police force is becoming more militarized and powerful, and *most likely* ( :( ), why not a goddamned thing will happen to stop it.\n\nThose in power always want more power.\n\nGuess who controls the purse strings... *that's right kids*, it's those in power.\n\nIt's kinda' like defining rape in the military. If you're able to define it away... *it never happened*.\n\n... and according to the vast majority of the comments in this thread, it's just a misconception...\n\nIt never happened.\n\n:(",
"Because we have been at war for 13 years. When you have long wars you have lots of veterans. Police departments love hiring veterans. Every police force in the nation gives them preference in the hiring process. They don't simply forget their military experience when they become cops, they apply it to their job here. The weapons, tactics, etc. are symptoms of the problem, not the cause.",
"It is most certainly not a misconception. Entire books are being written about this.\n\nPolice departments all over the country are being outfitted and trained with military gear and tactics. SWAT teams, which were originally for exceptional circumstances are being used pretty much routinely now in some places...and we're talking about a bunch of guys in intimidating black tactical gear, armed with automatic weapons, who are being used to bust down doors for the most penny-ante of suspected crimes: barbershop back-room poker games, suspected pot smokers, anything.\n\nHowever, although these units are getting military gear and receive a superficial amount of military-like training, the rigid command structure and chain of accountability of the military are largely absent. Indeed, it's almost a cliche that cops are never held responsible for ANY actions they take. \n\nHere are a couple of recent articles on the subject:\n\n_URL_0_\n_URL_1_\n",
"**American citizens, by and large, still have better guns than the police.**",
"Clearly you have no idea what was happening in the 1960s and 1970s? Police were far more violent. I cannot believe that not a single person in this thread has even touched on that.",
"Some of this is the fallout of the infamous North Hollywood shootout: _URL_0_. Basically, cops got in a shootout with well-armed and armored criminals and it went to shit. That lead to police departments across America dramatically upgrading their armaments. This makes some sense given that the criminally insane can buy an assault rifle.\n\nAmerican police departments also have a lot of seized money to throw around. Basically, if cops suspect your big pile of cash was ill-gotten they can seize it and the onus is on you to prove it was earned legitimately. Such monies, along with the proceeds of convicted criminals’ property being sold at auction, is retained by local police departments. The police departments blow a lot of this money on toys like riot gear and armored troop transports because they can.\n\nAnd there’s good old corruption involved. The companies that make this stuff make campaign contributions and in exchange elected officials rain “homeland security” funding on police departments that gets spent on a lot of absurd shit they’ll never need. New York city is notorious for this; some police precincts literally have storage containers parked on the street to store all this stuff they don’t use, right next to multiple specialized vehicles they never use.",
"I don't think it's misconception. I remember when the SWAT cops started wearing ski masks and wondered WTF?\n\nNow I served as a university police officer for a year, that was backed up against a bad area of town. Our job was to protect the students, and prevent general lawlessness on campus and all that came with that. We interacted with adults, students, parents, pimps, drunkenness, thefts, drug use and occasional real bad man on campus, etc.\n\nWe were denied billy clubs due to 'aggressive nature' of their appearance and/or use, slap jacks were prohibited, and the aluminum flashlight became in vogue. Rule of law, voice command presence, prideful follow up to required duty is what ruled the day. For anyone who wears a badge, expect on any day someone to try shoot you but it wasn't armament that saved you then, or now. I turned down a position on the cities metro force because I felt the mode of cops changing to be extremely badge heavy, and quite frankly, pushy as hell. There are cops, and regular people too, who can't wait to get up the next day and push around, or bust their heads. Again, I saw this way too much in how the police were evolving, and this has expanded over the years, right up instream with all the military equivalent armament and clothing.\n\nNow, I was ahead of my time in weapons and carried a 9mm, or 45 ACP semi auto, but other than my physical size, the more industrial mace that was eventually watered down, that was it (had military training as well, by the way, so the command voice thing was well engrained).\n\nI personally cringe when I see any police in anything other than standard blues, or if county, browns, and I don't want any involvement with the police due to the reasons I have expressed above. \n\nI guess clearing a warehouse with an AR seems better, but I had to clear darkened buildings without them on several occasions when escapes from the local nut house got out and fled. One such individual with a large knife was taken down by officers without firing a shot by distraction and wrestling him down, whereas, today he would have been shot to pieces. I took down weak knife threats, swinging chain holders, club carrying people with mace, judo, fists, etc. No one wants to be a hero, but you just shouldn't snuff people out without due cause, which I feel there isn't much due cause needed today. For the old, lame, crazy, mad, just back off and wait them out and don't get bent out of shape because they didn't immediately bend to your presence.\n\nI, personally, don't put any faith in there being many honest, no self serving police officers, having on one occasion nearly been shot for having a metallic object in my hand while standing on a sidewalk looking at used cars, and two officers come up, for lack of a better word, to roust me. As I identified my the object in my hand, I explained it was just a marketing device, and wondered why they could not recognize a red Coke can, which is recognized in every corner of the entire Earth.\n\nIf most police were honest to tell, they would tell you, avoid contact with the police in every way you can. \n",
"There's a few major factors. For one thing, a huge amount of our population is armed, especially people that believe that the cops might arrest them. Such as people in drug trafficking or any kind of contraband industry that gets automatic huge sentences. Then there's also the large percentage of our population that want them. So a lot of the time, police officers arrest someone and find a weapon. Or they get into a scuffle of some kind and out comes a pistol. The police, in response, are arming themselves heavier and using better protection against guns. It's like the scene at the end of the Batman Begins, where Commissioner Gordon explains escalation. Police have guns, so people that fear them get guns in response. Enough incidents happen and the police arm themselves better. The people that were afraid are now more afraid and arm themselves even better etc. etc.\n\nAnother major factor is the military sector in the United States. Producing weapons of any kind is one of the country's largest industries, it may be the largest after farming. I haven't fact checked that one. Every year, the Pentagon buys billions in new equipment from the weapon industry and re-arms the military, keeping them the best armed they can be. However, re-arming means that there are tons of extra military grade equipment laying around. Some of it ends up overseas, being sold for profit to allied or friendly nations at a discount. Enough of those weapons have ended up in hostile forces, or decades later the country you sold to is now our enemy. Iraq is a good example, the Republican Guard was armed with United States military weapons which is a primary reason they were so dangerous. This has happened enough that there has been a ton of bad publicity from American weapons ending up in the hands of our current enemies. So they have, in response, been selling or giving them to police and law enforcement organizations at deep discounts. It plays well because of how much Americans love guns and is a pipeline for getting rid of all these extra weapons. Do local police departments need assault rifles, full body armor, re-commissioned tanks, or any of the other stuff they have? Not really, but the guys in the uniforms seem to love it for many reasons. \n\nAn underplayed but relevant factor is that police officers are feeling increasingly like soldiers or are in fact former soldiers. A local police officer in a quiet town is going to have a very different response than someone that comes back from a foreign war where they've been in mortal danger for months on end. If you have a good military record you're at the top of any list to get a job working as security or for the police and other law enforcement. The ATF is famous for this, they handle so many potentially violent and dangerous situations that they are stocked with ex-soldiers and people trained to deal with those situations. Sensible reasoning, why wouldn't you want somebody to keep the peace that can actually take down people? Well, in recent years it has been going the other way. Lots of officers, especially those that participate in raids, let their paranoia or adrenaline get the better of them and they end up shooting first because they are scared. Not scared in a monster under the bed way, more of a flight or fight response way. They've seen how bombs could be around every corner, how every cute kid could be holding a grenade or a gun behind their back, dogs trained to attack instead of being cuddly fur balls. Then it has a cascading effect, bad situations happen and innocent people get killed or firefights get out of hand from police abuse. So they arm themselves better, get more training in combat instead of peace keeping, and the problem is getting worse. Also it really doesn't help that officers that do this kind of stuff are rarely punished. Officers stick together because they have to, but they end up protecting violent, deadly people who need to be in jail or re-assigned. I want to be clear, this is a small minority. Most police officers couldn't be less interested in becoming domestic soldiers that walk around heavily armed. But there are some that are, and they are perpetuating a cycle of violence with the criminals they should be trying to stop.\n\nThe final, and most troubling point is that it has nothing to do with the police at all. At high levels of government, lawmakers have to appeal to their voters. A lot of voters in this country are in favor of mass weapons in some odd suicide pact with the \"bad people\". You know, the \"if they have a gun I want one too!\" argument. When re-election comes around, politicians need money and votes. The defense industry is happy to oblige so the government officials section off large parts of police budgets for military grade weapons which plays well with their voter base. It's not hard, politicians have for years been overspending on the military and defense budgets because it's an easy way to get money for their re-elections from the defense industry and pick up points by saying \"Look, I voted for your defense and making the police better equipped against the bad people\". You just have to look at our nuclear arsenal, we have had enough nuclear missiles in the past to reduce every inch of land on the planet to radioactive dust several times over. That's not for practicality, it's a show of force for voters. The militarization of local police forces has been for a while now a much easier and safer way of accomplishing the same goals. ",
"This isn't ELI6 Jeez",
"It's all of that sweet sweet homeland security money.",
"I'm late to this party. dgaf. Because the government wants to disarm the public and promote tyranny. The government should fear the people. Not the other way around.",
"Well the LAPD are getting cams to wear, personally I like that.",
"As far as I know it's largely that they get a lot of leftover military surplus gear... not really a conspiracy or anything, it just sort of happens. \n\nOf course, there is the viewpoint that the police exist to protect the rich from the poor. ",
"I would think that the simple answer would be that drug cartels are arming themselves more and more.\n\nCops have had the average US citizen outgunned and out-trained (more important than most people think) for a while now.",
"Very disappointed in the answers to this so far. I know it's ELI5 but the answers are treating you like an idiot. \"Bad guys have big guns so we need big guns too!\"\n\nOP, if you really want to know read \"Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces.\"",
"_URL_0_\n\nPart of Reagan's war on ~~poor bla..~~ drugs.",
"If history is any guide, the militarization of the domestic law enforcement is a response to the government having concerns for insurrection and revolt. Every nation I could find had a surge in arming their police forces prior to confiscation. After confiscation... things don't go very well.",
"There is a difference between how patrol and SWAT operators are trained. sWAT operator's training is more \"militarized\" because we deal with situations which are beyond the scope of what patrol can handle, whether it may be a hostage situation, barricaded gunman or a high risk warrant. We have more tools and training to get the job done more efficiently and safer than regular patrol. \nIn my experience, due to their budgets, most departments patrolman are criminally undertrained. In my department, if you are a patrolman, you are lucky to go for a training class a couple of times a year, if that. However, being on SWAT, I train every month, sometimes multiple times a month.\n\nAnyways, becoming militarized isn't all bad. Yes, we look scary because we have armored vehicle and big guns,but we also become far more disciplined and aware than regular patrol. \n\n til;dr...SWAT teams are militarized out of necessity.",
"In a sense, high level criminals are also becoming more militarized. I'm not a fan of US police, but to makes sense that they much match the firepower of their adversary. ",
"My perspective as a \"citizen\" - just watch the TV show cops from the 80's and compare to a current edition- you can see in everything from a cops demeanor, dress, equipment, vernacular and even haircut is much more militarized. While anecdotal at best, it is a startling when you actually see it. \n\nCauses: \nwar on drugs - military terminology and an US v Them mentality. \n\nProliferation of SWAT to even small town police forces- this brings military tactics, hardware and training. Once this is in place, excuses are found to use it.\n\nCourt rulings creating many exceptions to citizen rights that police can exploit. From stop resisting, to a furtive move, to I am searching you for officer safety, or a drug dog that responds to a handler creating probable cause. \n\nVery similar to military- there is a police industrial complex- people get rich and therefore have a built in desire to promote a militarized police.\n\nLax enforcement of police ethics, many documented cases of police abuse , many jurisdictions police feel they are above the law( they probably believe they are protecting us from the \"scumbags\" but this is a very slippery slope) \n\nThat being said, I have only had fairly reasonable interactions with police, but i am an upper middle class middle aged white man - and realize this is not the case for many. \n",
"Of all my interactions with cops most have been very negative, some pretty bizarre and a few terrorizing for the public. With one good one. I am not a big lawbreaker and have no felonies and have never been arrested. But I still have observed corruption, abuse, harassment and intimidation towards myself and the public on the part of the police. I do not think that all cops are bad. I just think that if you are a good cop then you probably wont get promoted in a culture like that. ",
"Because illuminati. thats why."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejD1Gml-ZGc",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Security_Grant_Program#State"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nika_riots#The_riots",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_shootings",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ziLjOPCQwg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/09/us/war-gear-flows-to-police-departments.html",
"http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/06/09/war-comes-to-pulaski-county-indiana/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hollywood_shootout"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cooperation_with_Civilian_Law_Enforcement_Agencies_Act"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
627tzs
|
why does the us model of the samsung galaxy s8 have a different processor than the global model?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/627tzs/eli5_why_does_the_us_model_of_the_samsung_galaxy/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfkeymw"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Qualcomm owns many many patents in the US basically forcing any company to use Qualcomm's modem to connect to wireless signals. Companies are free to use any SoC (System on a Chip) they want, the Galaxy S6 used the global SoC version but used a Qualcomm modem. The big issue is Qualcomm prices things in such a way that the 'deal' a company gets from using Qualcomm's modem and SoC makes it economically stupid to use your own SoC and Qualcomm's modem.\n\nEdit* Qualcomm is not competition friendly. There is a big reason why r/fuckqualcomm is a thing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
9z5yc7
|
how exactly does the us "cut someone off from the dollar market" with sanctions?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9z5yc7/eli5_how_exactly_does_the_us_cut_someone_off_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ea6kwh7"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The US tells banks that they cannot do business with \"someone\" if they want to do business with US regulated banks or the electronic funds transfer network. This doesn't exactly prevent them from spending dollars, but they have to do it with bundles of currency. As many a drug cartel discovered, Dollars are not compact or light at scale. To work at scale you really need your money to be numbers in a bank computer, and the US can cut off access to that."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7vxpf1
|
animals with rabies live normally but infected people die in a week?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7vxpf1/eli5_animals_with_rabies_live_normally_but/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dtvvzru",
"dtvw0kp",
"dtvzojx",
"dtwcxa3"
],
"score": [
6,
13,
7,
4
],
"text": [
"Animals die from rabies too.\n\nPeople will show symptoms of rabies after being bitten anywhere from weeks to months. ",
"Animals with rabies typically *don't* live normally. It is generally a disease with rapid deterioration and usually fatal. ",
"Rabies can kill a person in a week, but [1-3 months is more common](_URL_0_)\n\nIf you get bitten by a rabid dog, it sometimes gets in the blood, but it usually travels slowly inside the nerves toward the brain. A bite on the foot takes longer to reach the brain than a bite on the hand, or face.\n\nInfected animals don't live normally, they become something rather similar to zombies from fiction. [Somewhat disturbing video of a rabid raccoon](_URL_1_). Some mammals appear to be more or less immune- opossums very rarely get rabies in the wild, although it is possible.",
"With diseases, it's not evolutionarily advantageous to kill your host. If you do, then you kill yourself, too, since you were living off the host. So a disease that kills the host will generally die out before spreading very far. More successful diseases spread quickly and take awhile to kill, or don't kill at all. That way, they can survive for a long time. So with something like rabies, which is in effect 100% fatal (only a handful of cases have not been fatal in humans), it wouldn't be very successful. It would kill all of its hosts and therefore die too. But what you have with rabies is that there is another animal species that is the true host of it. The animal carries the rabies around, infecting others, while not dying itself. So the animal hosts have evolved over time as rabies has evolved, so both live. Humans haven't evolved with rabies affecting us since we're not the main hosts, and therefore it's much more deadly in humans."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guYU1JDE_jM"
],
[]
] |
||
72a12w
|
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is one of the most famous works to come out of China, however it is not historically accurate. What is a historical description of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, et al.?
|
For example, one could see Cao Cao as a villain while Liu Bei was the hero, and this is because in the romance Liu Bei is simply the protagonist because he represents carrying on Han. But what is another understand in which we could see Cao Cao as being heroic and Liu Bei being villainess? What were they really like?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/72a12w/romance_of_the_three_kingdoms_is_one_of_the_most/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dnhraym"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Add on-- which (if any) of the central generals that are not real. I.e. Did Lu Bu exist? Guan Yu? Zhang Fei? Sima Yi?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4zod1t
|
how does the acid in lead acid batteries not consume the lead?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zod1t/eli5_how_does_the_acid_in_lead_acid_batteries_not/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6xfhqv",
"d6yhey9"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"It does- in fact, that's how it works. It turns it into lead sulfate, and when all the lead has been so turned, the battery is dead. Charging a battery gradually turns the lead sulfate and water back into lead oxide and sulfuric acid.",
"It does! The lead in a charged battery gets dissolved by the acid as the battery discharges. The dissolved lead takes the form of Lead Sulphate. Then, the battery can be charged up, and this reaction undissolves the lead sulphate turning it back into lead metal and acid."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1k8600
|
Do historians in the US/Europe study the south american independence wars and consequences?
|
I would like to no know if the subject is covered at all, considering it is my main field of study and I rarely see any question about the time period in this subreddit.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1k8600/do_historians_in_the_useurope_study_the_south/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbmc4vp",
"cbmc8ko"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Of course it is! One of the most known scholars of this period in Europe is Professor John Lynch, who is Emeritus Professor of Latin American History at the University of London. He's written several great books on the topic, amongst them the best biography of José de San Martín available in English (in my opinion, that is). ",
"Speaking as an American historian, yes, they do study it, but Latin American history is a reasonably small sub-discipline in the US (at least compared to US and European history). It could be that there are not many specialists in late colonial early national South America who are redditors. The other issue is that Latin American history is not covered extensively in US primary and secondary school curriculum meaning few people have enough exposure to even ask a question. \n\nIf you want to know some good scholars of that era I would suggest Lyman Johnson, Peter Blanchard, and George Reid Andrews. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6aoqql
|
how come people say "drinking the kool-aid"when referring to cults?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6aoqql/eli5how_come_people_say_drinking_the_koolaidwhen/
|
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"It's a reference to a famous cult that committed mass suicide by drinking poisoned Kool-Aid. (IDK if this is known outside of the US but \"Kool-Aid\" is a sugary drink that kids like.)",
"In the late 70s a cult committed mass suicide when about 1000 people intentionally drank poisoned koolaid (actually it was flavoraid but sometimes being the most popular brand of something works against you in marketing when people only know one brand of something and call everything that) ",
"The Jonestown Mass \"Suicide\" where over 900 members of the Peoples Temple (a cult) drank cyanide laced kool-aid. I take the term to represent how people involved in cults are willing to do anything and believe everything the leaders tell them.\n\nJim Jones told the members to drink to kool-aid and nearly 1000 people drank the kool-aid.\n\n_URL_0_",
"No one has said this yet, but specifically (and most horrifically), someone captured audio of the mass suicide in question, and a mother can be heard telling her wailing child to \"drink the kool-aid\".\n\nI think that's where the literal term came from, not just the fact that they all drank poisoned Kool-aid.",
"I'd wanna add that in all the info I've read on jonestown, many of the individuals who \"drank the koolaid\" were actually forced to drink via syringe as there were armed guards preventing most of the members from escaping, this or children were forced to drink first and their parents would follow due to the overwhelming despair of the situation. So it was more so a mass murder.",
"If you feel like wanting to go through a wave of emotions from sad to anger to depressed, go find the audio that was recorded and hear the main dude tell all the parents to feed the children first... If I could bring back one person to let them rot in an old school dungeon, it'd be that fucker.",
"A large cult group poisoned themselves by drinking look aid a while back. The phrase 'already drank the kool aid' means the subject is invested/believe in an idea or ideology and can't/won't back out. Kinda like someone who already drank the poison. Usually this phrase conotates insanity... obviously."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonestown"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
10joow
|
To what extent is the body able to heal deep lacerations and non-lethal bullet wounds?
|
I was rereading some comics today and noticed that the main character suffers many sword wounds to the body, including arrow holes. While damage to arms and legs may be non lethal, what is the recovery prognosis for muscle that has been severely slashed or tendons that have been scored? Can they heal back to full functionality?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/10joow/to_what_extent_is_the_body_able_to_heal_deep/
|
{
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"c6e1w3p"
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"text": [
"If the damage is too severe, then fibrosis is the mechanism of repair. And example is a muscle tear, usually called a strain. This is where muscle cells are torn apart, or there may be damage from a cut. In this case the body has to fill in the open space of missing tissue with scar tissue, this is called fibrosis. After it has been repaired, another healing mechanism called remodeling begins and this is what makes the scar tissue more pliable and functional. \n\nThe more scar tissue required to repair the damage the less functionality is regained. The scar tissue causes a reduction in strength and elasticity. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
svjid
|
atlas shrugged
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/svjid/eli5_atlas_shrugged/
|
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"Rand is generally disliked by Redditors but Atlas Shrugged is a great book and I would wager that at least 80% of those who bash the book and it's author have not read it.\n\nBefore I launch into something here, have you read it and are looking for some clarification? Are you considering reading it? Please ask a more detailed question.",
"Reply stolen from Hapax_Legoman in [this post](_URL_0_).\n\nThe basic plot of the book is actually in the title. Atlas (yeah, like the book full of maps) is a figure from Greek mythology. He's what's called a Titan, a race of very old, very powerful god-like figures. They gave birth to another generation of god-figures called the Olympians. The Olympians fought a war against the Titans, and won. Atlas, for his part in the war, was sentenced to stand at the edge of the world and hold the sky on his shoulders. That was his punishment for being on the losing side.\n\nExcept in art, over the past few thousand years, Atlas has often been depicted as holding the Earth on his shoulders. This isn't really what the original myths said, but it's become so widely recognized that it's how Atlas is generally thought of today.\n\nWell, the title of the book is \"Atlas Shrugged.\" Which, if you imagine a god holding the world on his shoulders, should be a pretty evocative image.\n\nAs far as the details go, the book is set in a world that's running down. Industries are being nationalized, people are apathetic and unambitious. But a couple people aren't happy about that. There's Dagny Taggart, who runs a railroad, and Hank Reardon, who runs a steel foundry. They both feel really strongly that people should work hard and do important things. Dagny wants to expand her railroad to move freight around the country, and Hank has just invented a new metal alloy that's going to make really good rails for trains to run on. But each of them encounters resistance along the way from people who resent their ambition and their drive, and they have a hard time of it.\n\nEventually, prominent industrialists and business leaders start to disappear. Like literally disappear: it's like they've been kidnapped or something. Their companies are gutted, their business commitments abandoned … it reaches the point of being a real national crisis. Imagine if the heads of companies like Wal Mart and UPS and Home Depot and a bunch more just shut down their companies all on the same day, and left millions of people out of work. It'd be a catastrophe a lot like the one depicted in the book.\n\nDagny and Hank end up stumbling across an abandon invention. I forget the details, but it's something really important, like a perpetual-motion machine or something. Just left laying in the corner of some abandoned factory. They start to wonder what the hell's been going on, and whether this has anything to do with the disappearing business and industry leaders. So they go on a hunt. This part of the book is basically a mystery story, as Dagny and Hank try to track down the person who invented the perpetual-motion machine, and see if they can get to the bottom of the disappearances.\n\nDagny follows the trail of clues, but ends up crashing her small plane in a valley way up high in the mountains. There, to her surprise, she finds all the \"kidnapped\" business leaders, and more. Scientists, artists, engineers, all kinds of brilliant, ambitious people. They've all created this new town there, organized by a guy named John Galt. Galt explains to Dagny that he got fed up with the way the world is going, so he decided to try to do something about it. He went, quietly, to all these smart people and persuaded them to quit. Just quit. Just walk out on their jobs, their companies, their families, everything, and come start this new town with him.\n\nSee, Galt figured that most of the good things that go in the world are the result of the hard work of a pretty small number of people. It's what they sometimes call the \"80/20 rule.\" Eighty percent of the work gets done by twenty percent of the people, that kind of thing. Well, Galt didn't think that was a very good idea, so he decided to change it. His plan was to get all of those \"twenty percent\" people to join him in withdrawing from society. Once all those people quit, the world would just grind to a halt, because everybody who was making important things happen would've stopped. After everything collapsed, Galt and his friends would come out and start building from scratch, with the intention of creating a more just world where everybody contributes and nobody slacks off.\n\nSo that's what he did. He convinced all these smart people to \"go on strike.\" Only it gets ugly. The government, panicked at the economic disaster, starts trying to nationalize industries. They seize companies, force inventors to give over their ideas, basically try all these completely wrongheaded ideas, never understanding the real cause of the problem. Eventually they track Galt down and arrest him. They torture him to try to get him to call off the strike, but he doesn't give in, until his friends manage to rescue him and take him back to the valley.\n\nAnd then everything just goes downhill. The big turning point in the book is the moment, right at the end of the story, where the electricity supply finally quits, because there was nobody to keep the generators running. And all at once, the lights of New York City go out.\n\nSometime later, having weathered the collapse in their valley, Galt and his friends decide it's time to go back out into the world and start rebuilding.\n\nPeople love to complain about the book and make fun of it for political reasons. I always wonder whether the people who do have ever actually read it. Cause while it's got flaws, overall it's a really cool story.",
"[Here is a great rundown](_URL_0_) by Hapax Legoman.\n\nLegoman stopped posting months ago because well, his posts never really agreed with [the reddit hivemind](_URL_1_).\n\nIf you want to learn about finance, or just a number of topics in general, I would suggest reading through his comment history.",
"The book had so much potential to be great! But the way the books characterizes its villains is terrible. Rand had a skill for writing, and some of her descriptions of the settings are vivid and wonderful. The concept of the novel is intriguing! But the villains were so wooden. \n\nThe good guys are fleshed out and nicely portrayed. But Rand did nothing to hide her ax to grind with her villains. They were against her philosophy, so she portrays them as illogical in stupid ways, and she constantly reminds us that the people under the competing ideology were “dead-eyed,” like they were zombies or something. She makes her socialist opponents into the kind of offensive caricatures that would make WW2 propagandists proud. \n\nWhat could have been a brilliant argument for her philosophy turned into a pathetic crucifixion of straw men.\n\nI don’t know where I am politically anymore. The socialists have as much work to do persuading me as the capitalists do. But I can’t stand a poorly plotted story.",
"Other people have gotten into the political aspects of the book, but nobody's touched on the literary part. As far as books go, Atlas Shrugged is not great. It's excessively long and repetitive. Ayn Rand spends hundreds of pages hammering home the same ideas, over and over and over. At the end she even has a character give a 75 page speech summarizing her beliefs. There's a reason most writers don't have 75 fucking pages of uninterrupted monologue. It bores the reader to tears.\n\nAlso, her \"characters\" aren't real people so much as sock puppets with which she demonstrates how right she is about everything. Different characters would talk in the book, but everybody spoke with Rand's voice.\n\nTo be honest, it's a rather difficult book to read. It's long, boring, and tiresome for reasons other people have already mentioned. Ayn Rand does show occasional flashes of brilliance through clever wordplay, but as a whole her writing is not very good. ",
"The original title was \"The Strike\" \n\nThe book is an answer to this question: What would happen if the people who do the most important work in the world went on strike both because their work was not appreciated... and politicians were punishing them for being successful?",
"Atlas Shrugged is a book about a woman named Dagny Taggart. Dagny works at a very successful railroad, and wants to work hard and make money. Her brother Jim owns the company doesn't think that he should have to work hard in order to make money. Since his railroad company is the best already, it shouldn't have to do anything to stay the best.\n\nDagny wants to make new rails for her railroad with a special kind of metal. A man named Hank Rearden makes the metal, and Dagny wants to buy it. Jim's friends who make the steel that they use for the railroad don't want Dagny to use Hank's metal, so they try to make it against the law.\n\nDagny decides to buy the metal from Hank and makes the railroad anyway. Everyone (except Dagny and Hank) expect that the rails made with the special metal will be unsafe. They build the railroad though, and it works! Hank and Dagny build a special railroad line to their friend Ellis, who owns an oil refinery. \n\nDuring this time, Dagny and Hank find out that lots of smart people who like to work hard and make money have been disappearing. More of Jim's friends who make oil don't like that Ellis is so successful, so they get their friends in the Government to make it harder for Ellis to make money. Ellis is upset, and he disappears just like all the other smart people Dagny noticed.\n\nDagny and Hank start looking for all the missing business people. They can't find them. In the mean time, the Government is trying to make laws that will keep people from deciding to stop making money, and stop paying taxes.\n\nDagny searches and searches, and eventually she crashed a plane into a secret Valley. She meets a man in the Valley called John Galt. John organized what he calls a \"Strike\". A strike is when workers get together and decide not to work because they feel they're being treated unfairly.\n\nJohn went out and talked to all the smart, productive people he could find, and tried to convince them to \"go on strike\", or to stop working at their jobs and leave with him. He did this because he felt that they were being treated unfairly. They were being forced to do things they shouldn't have to do by the government. He asked them all to come live with him in a secret town where they could work and make money, and not be forced to do anything they didn't want to.\n\nJohn gets kidnapped by the Government because they want him to tell everyone to come back and work. John refuses. His friends come and rescue him. Hank, Dagny and John all go back to the secret town and live there for a long time. Eventually they decide to come back out of the town and help other people.\n\n*This isn't a perfect synopsis by any means, and ScrewedThePooch's synopsis is much more detailed, but I figured I'd give it as much of a LI5 shot as I could. My version here skips over significant, important parts of the book.*\n\n*The book characterizes people who are productive, and characters who live off the productive. Atlas Shrugged is primarily about the individuals right to themselves, their labor, and their agency. Villains in the book are characterized as people who deny those things. I enjoyed it. I think it's worthwhile reading, but you should take what Rand writes with a grain of salt.*\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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],
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jt3r4/eli5_the_plot_of_atlas_shrugged/c2exh5i",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/svjid/eli5_atlas_shrugged/c4hbmk9"
],
[],
[],
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||
1kni2u
|
If I was standing on Phobos or Deimos, could I throw a ball fast enough to make it goes into orbit around the moon itself?
|
Not fast enough that it leaves the gravity of the moon altogether but fast enough that it orbits.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1kni2u/if_i_was_standing_on_phobos_or_deimos_could_i/
|
{
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"cbqqslv"
],
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"text": [
"Phobos and Deimos have escape velocities of about 40 km/h and 20 km/h, respectively. The speed required for a circular orbit at surface level is (escape velocity)/sqrt(2), so 28 km/h and 14 km/h. That's well below the typical speed of a pitched baseball.\n\nHowever, both Phobos and Deimos are so small and so close to Mars that tidal effects would tend to make any such orbit unstable. For both bodies, but especially for Phobos, the [Hill sphere](_URL_0_) isn't much bigger than the moon itself."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_sphere"
]
] |
|
m7ex6
|
why is it cold during summer further up north if over there the sunlight lasts longer?
|
I try to think of how earth would be positioned, and doesn't the fact that the day last longer somewhere mean that that part is actually closer to the sun?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/m7ex6/eli5why_is_it_cold_during_summer_further_up_north/
|
{
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"text": [
"The reason it's cold in the north, even in summer, is about the angle that the sunlight hits the earth. Far north the sun is in the sky for a long time but it never gets very *high* in the sky. In the far north the sun barely gets up over the horizon for much of the day. The sunlight is shining on the earth there sideways instead of straight down, so it's the same amount of energy spread out very thinly over a large area, and it doesn't heat that part of the world up very much.\n\n\n ___\n ` < ----- Rays here are spread over a wide area\n \\\n Earth | < ----- Rays here are striking head-on (Sun is over here)\n /\n ___-\n\nEdit: Also physical distance to the sun doesn't make any real difference. The sun is so immensely far away that even moving closer to it by the diameter of the earth would have basically no effect.",
"The reason it's cold in the north, even in summer, is about the angle that the sunlight hits the earth. Far north the sun is in the sky for a long time but it never gets very *high* in the sky. In the far north the sun barely gets up over the horizon for much of the day. The sunlight is shining on the earth there sideways instead of straight down, so it's the same amount of energy spread out very thinly over a large area, and it doesn't heat that part of the world up very much.\n\n\n ___\n ` < ----- Rays here are spread over a wide area\n \\\n Earth | < ----- Rays here are striking head-on (Sun is over here)\n /\n ___-\n\nEdit: Also physical distance to the sun doesn't make any real difference. The sun is so immensely far away that even moving closer to it by the diameter of the earth would have basically no effect."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9qt0p2
|
Why was the Black Sea historically a freshwater body?
|
This is a question that came up in an r/history thread ([here](_URL_0_)), where the explanation for the ship's preservation given is that the Black Sea is essentially a freshwater body with a saltwater cap. I know that similar meromictic compositions occur in other water bodies with poor internal circulation (e.g. Lake Tanganyika), but this raises an interesting question:
Endorheic lakes should become saline over time -- as the only possible outlets for such lakes are evaporation and occasionally groundwater, they are always evaporation basins and concentrate salts and other impurities from the river systems feeding them within themselves.
Prior to the Mediterranean Sea breaching the Bosporus, the Black Sea was likewise endorheic: it had no natural outflow. Yet the primordial sea was apparently a freshwater body, as the water remains down there, trapped under the saltwater cap.
So what gives? What's the explanation for why the Holocene Black Sea was a freshwater endorheic lake?
P.S. Thanks for u/frank_mania suggesting I post this question here!
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/9qt0p2/why_was_the_black_sea_historically_a_freshwater/
|
{
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"text": [
"The base level and salinity history of the Paratethyan basins (i.e. the Dacian Basin, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea) is complicated to say the least. One flaw in the logic regarding these basins is the assumption that they are completely endorheic, in reality they have a complicated history of both one and two way connections between each other and the global oceans. In a very general sense, they tend to have high stands during glacial periods, meaning that they tend to 1) have a positive hydrologic budget during these periods (more surface inflow than outflow/evaporation), 2) connect to each other during these periods and can exchange water/organisms, and 3) sometimes flow out into the lower global ocean. These complicated interactions coupled with occasionally unique hydrologic conditions lead to a variety of non-unique mechanisms for changes in salinity in the Black Sea (and other Paratethyan basins).\n\nIn detail, the fact that the Black Sea was fresh to brackish prior to the most recent influx of Mediterranean water is well documented beyond this recent shipwreck, [e.g. Yanchilina et al 2017](_URL_2_). While they do not directly address the question of why it was fresh to brackish prior to the marine transgression, the presence of 'Caspian affinity fauna', i.e. organisms that are associated with the Caspian sea, provides one clue, namely that at various points, the Caspian has had an extremely positive hydrologic budget and flooded into the Black Sea and provided both endemic organisms and fresh water. \n\nAnother important process that may contribute to freshwater conditions in the Black Sea can be observed in the modern. As described in [Ivanova et al, 2015 (see section 2)](_URL_1_) areas of the Black Sea have low salinity surface water (e.g. the Caucasian coast) where high precipitation rates and inflow from large catchments results in a locally positive water balance. At the scale of the whole Black Sea, this is outweighed by the inflow of saline water from the Med, but at times when they are disconnected, this would not be the case.\n\nAn additional example of mechanism of changes in salinity can be found in the slightly older geologic past. As it turns out, depending on the details of connection with the Mediterranean (i.e. exact depth of connection and hydrologic conditions in both water bodies, etc) as described by [van Baak et al, 2015](_URL_0_), inflow of Mediterranean waters around 5.8 million years ago actually led to a decrease in salinity because the Mediterannean was sufficiently stratified itself to prevent inflow of saline waters into the Black Sea. This coupled with a positive hydrologic budget at this time in the Black Sea led to a decrease in salinity within the Black Sea as a whole.\n\nAs for which (or any of these mechanisms) led to the particular fresh water period that provided the current anoxic bottom water in the Black Sea, I'm not sure, but the larger point is that the Black Sea and associated basins have an incredibly complex range of processes that have led to alternations between fresh and saline conditions throughout their existence."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://old.reddit.com/r/history/comments/9qnhpf/worlds_oldest_intact_shipwreck_discovered_in/?utm_content=comments&utm_medium=hot&utm_source=reddit&utm_name=history"
] |
[
[
"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ter.12177",
"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215001583",
"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322716302961?via%3Dihub"
]
] |
|
33up1f
|
Can smells evolve over time? For example, do we know that a pineapple or our body odor has always smelled the same way?
|
I had this random as hell thought just now and thought if *anyone* can provide me with the answer, it's/r/askscience
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/33up1f/can_smells_evolve_over_time_for_example_do_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqolon7"
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"text": [
"Both your examples almost certainly have changed over time. Body odour for sure - different countries have different body odours due to diet and what comes out in sweat so that will definitely have changed as human diets changed. \nThe smell of pineapple is linked to the chemicals in it. As they've evolved and the chemicals or balance of chemicals has changed, the smell would also have changed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1iestn
|
From the beginnings of the Republic until the fall of the Western Roman Empire, did Roman architecture change significantly and, if so, how?
|
For clarification: whilst I am interested in architectural changes that increased the utility of buildings, I am leaning more towards the visual aspects of architecture. We're all familiar with the Neoclassical style, but is this just represenative of one particular century/decade within or did the styles really not evolve all that much over the centuries of Roman rule?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1iestn/from_the_beginnings_of_the_republic_until_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"Roman architecture is a HUGE topic - they tended to borrow bits and pieces from here and there (Etruscan arches, Greek columns...), and adapted their architecture depending on where in the Empire it was.\n\nThere's actually a really good online course here: _URL_0_ which may be worth a look if you are very interested in Roman architecture, and it may help answer your question.\n\nI hope this doesn't break top tier reply rules!",
"Agree with below, but just as a brief blurb for more casual observers:\n\n1. Development and improvement of brick and mortar construction\n2. Significant Greek influence in public/monumental building after the conquest of the Hellenistic world. \n3. Conquest also led to expanded use of exotic marble and stone, from around the empire. As an aside, Italy's own major source of Carrarra marble was discovered in the late republic.\n\nRecent work on Late-Imperial architecture has shown that much of the literature in the area is methodologically flawed, and that features such as private bathhouses and alternate dining arrangements were less common/ typical than has been thought. Essentially, it is tough to find good info on the Late Empire."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://oyc.yale.edu/history-art/hsar-252#sessions"
],
[]
] |
|
2vh4f4
|
would an oil heating system use more oil keeping a house a constant temperature all day or turning it off and bringing it back up to temperature?
|
I don't know how simple or complex of an answer this has. My wife and I keep our house at 70 degrees fahrenheit and have been turning the heater off during the day. When I get home from work the house is down around 55 - 60 degrees fahrenheit and often takes most of the evening to get back up to temperature.
Is turning the heater off during the day (when no one is home) more efficient on oil usage than just leaving it running to maintain the temperature?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vh4f4/eli5_would_an_oil_heating_system_use_more_oil/
|
{
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"cohksr1"
],
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"text": [
"A lot depends on your home. The size, type of heating system, amount of insulation, how tight the house is all play a factor. With that being said, I can't ELI5 but I have a lot of experience in home building/home performance. It's what I do. I typically recommend setting your away at work tstat temp no more than 5 degrees lower than where you have it when you're home. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2hi4hp
|
When did supermarkets first appear?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2hi4hp/when_did_supermarkets_first_appear/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"Various elements of the modern supermarket arose in different places, mostly in the 1920s.\n\nThe first self-service grocery store is thought to have been a Memphis Piggly Wiggly opened in 1916. The concept was patented and franchised to other operators. Customers entered through a turnstile and made their way through the store to a checkout at the exit. \n\nDrive-in markets that patrons reached by auto began to be built in Southern California about 1923. These were akin to farmers markets (a strong regional tradition) in hosting a variety of independently owned stands, but sellers of packaged goods also set up shops. The low prices and convenience began to set the pattern of weekly shopping excursions by auto—to a single place.\n\nIn the 1920s, Ralphs began to build branch stores in new outlying areas of Los Angeles, and within a few years the branches were every bit the equal of the downtown store. At first, the new Ralphs were organized like other groceries or department stores, with goods called for and presented at departmental counters. But Ralphs displayed produce in ways that made customer inspection easy, and within a few years introduced self-service in other departments, assumed ownership of all the departments in the store, and eventually created a modern \"front end\" of multiple checkstands in one row, allowing one payment at one time for all of a customer's purchases.\n\nTwo Houston food markets, J. Weingarten and Henke & Pillot, began to evolve into similar prototypes about the same time, introducing large parking lots that the stores faced regardless of how that oriented the store's front in regard to traditional retail streets or streetcar lines. Both these markets and Ralphs began to think of their stores as freestanding objects in the landscape, rather than storefronts on an established shopping street.\n\nThese innovations spread rapidly in the early years of the Depression, with King Kullen's in the New York area focusing on major brands at rock-bottom prices, with large stores (some repurposed from industrial spaces) where products were displayed in stacks that, to customers of the time, seemed warehouse-like. Soon it was clear that this new way of food marketing was not a short-lived fad related to the Depression, and established chains like A & P or Safeway began to follow the new model. In 1937, Piggly Wiggly introduced a larger wheeled shopping basket in an Oklahoma City store, and that came to be the iconic representation for the supermarket concept.\n\nI've drawn extensively from Richard Longstreth's 1999 book *The Drive-In, the Supermarket, and the Transformation of Commercial Space in Los Angeles, 1914-1941.* "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1oct4r
|
Was there a strong national identity for Israel before it was formed in 1947?
|
Israel is a fairly recent nation, which gave Jews a homeland for the first time in centuries. However, before Israel's formation, was there an Israeli national identity? Did Jews living in Palestine identify themselves as Israeli, or is the current Israeli national identity a byproduct of an Israeli state's existence?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1oct4r/was_there_a_strong_national_identity_for_israel/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccqtpq7"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"First of all Israel officially came into existence in 1948 when David Ben Gurion declared the birth of the country. \n\nNow to actually address your question. It is hard to get a perfect answer when it comes to this as the idea of an Israeli national identity is closely tied to the idea of a Jewish identity. The belief that Jews should have a Jewish country, not necessarily in Israel, is called Zionism which began to gain traction in the late 1800s. As Jews faced increasingly more difficulties as a result of their religion in Eastern Europe a call arose for the creation of an independent state for the Jewish people. Famous Zionists including Theodor Herzl, Ahad Haam, and A.D. Gordon began popularizing different branches of Zionism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, drumming up support among Jews across the world and about the same time the first groups of Jews came to Israel to settle.\n\nEarly Zionists most likely did not see themselves as Israelis simply because they weren't, they saw the creation of the State of Israel as a manifestation of a Jewish goal, even though they did not have the support of even close to the entirety of the Jewish community. Zionists thought of themselves simply as Jews. However certain Zionists, like Ahad Haam, believed that the idea of an Israeli national identity grew from a Jewish national identity. You actually ask two different questions in this post, 1. Was there a strong national identity for Israel before it was formed in 1948? Yes however that national identity was a Jewish national identity not an Israeli, it was the idea that Jews should have a country. 2. Was there an Israeli national identity before Israel was formed in 1948? No, prior to the creation of the state of Israel the Zionists saw themselves primarily as Jews not as Israelis. The whole concept of an Israeli national identity has grown out of the existence of the country over time.\n\nToday there exists a divide between Israelis and Jews in the rest of the world, however the original Zionists were much like American Jews today. They were natives of a country that was not Jewish, and their movement to Palestine changed that but they clung to the idea that no matter where they came from they were Jewish. The modern world is a very different place and if you have any more questions or want clarification on something more specific feel free to ask."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
38wrqb
|
How does the human body remain stable as we walk?
|
How is it that as we walk up and down the stairs we don't tip or fall over or have to go through time consuming process of balancing ourselves?
Thanks
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/38wrqb/how_does_the_human_body_remain_stable_as_we_walk/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crylmbu"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"Walking is surprisingly an extremely complicated process when you look at all the system involved. Let me give you a brief walkthrough of the process.\n \nSo first you have your inputs: places where you body gets information before actually walking. The major ones are the vestibular and visual systems. The vestibular system in your inner ear sends information about your head's (and therefore partly your body's) velocity, acceleration, and position. Your visual system, as you can imagine, sends information about what is around you. Beyond that there are also propioceptive inputs from your body which both consciously and unconsciously tell you body where it is in space. \n\nYour cerebellum is the major coordinator of movements. It has feed forward and feed backward mechanisms of control. Before you start a movement, your cerebellum takes in a lot of input from your body and surroundings and predicts what a proper movement would be for the situation, even when it comes to just walking. \n\nIt then sends this information to your brain and spinal cord directly and indirectly. The brain tells the basal ganglia to start the initiation process for movement. The basal ganglia tell the brain it's ready. Now the brain does the most complex integration, where it mixes a shit ton of inputs such as all senses, emotion, goals, etc. \n\nOnly now do we get information sent to the muscles to start walking. This isn't the end of it however. Our cortex isn't properly equipped to handle all the tiny unforeseen issues like a slight deviation in your arm, or a bump on the ground, or some awkward foot placement. Now comes the feedback mechanism involving spinal reflexes, some brainstem tracts, and the cerebellum. The cerebellum will make corrections to movements as we are doing it. Our spinal reflexes are nerve tracts that go from muscle to the spine and then straight back to the muscle (they don't send information up to the brain necessarily). These really help in postural control. Finally, same goes for the various tracts that are also involved such as the rubrospinal (helps control upper limb flexors and neck), medial and lateral vestibulospinal (helps with neck posture), reticulospinal (aids in trunk posture, and tectospinal. The last 3 collectively help with control of extensor muscles. There are others of course, but these are the main ones.\n\nAs you can see, it is an extremely complicated thing to walk. That's why it takes babies so long to learn. But once you learn it, your brain stores the information sort of like a program. Then the brain just runs the program when you want to walk and the feedback mechanisms are still alert to make sure you don't mess up. Hopefully I gave you a greater appreciation of how our complicated our brain are and truly how fast they work."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1397l2
|
i thought jordan had a constitutional monarchy, yet it appears that democratic movements have flaired up in the region. eli5
|
I was under the assumption that king Abdullah had managed to avoid falling victim to the Arab spring by enacting economic and political reforms in recent years. Is this untrue, or are the revolutionary elements just extremely radical?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1397l2/i_thought_jordan_had_a_constitutional_monarchy/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c71wy8y",
"c71y1ln",
"c71zs9x"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Good question. If you don't receive an adequate answer here in ELI5, you might try /r/middleeastnews or even /r/islam",
"Jordan does have a constitutional monarchy, and the king has been enacting democratic reforms in the past year or so.\n\nThe thing is that most constitutional monarchies are not actually democratic on paper. For instance, the queen of the UK nominally has the power to fire Parliament, veto laws, and a bunch of other antidemocratic things. But she never *uses* these powers, so nobody complains. In Jordan, the king does use the powers constitutionally granted to him, so even with the reforms some people find his existence problematic.",
"Edit: I know this isn't a ELI5 but it isn't a ELI5 question :p If you want to talk more, reply and i'll be glad to respond :-)\n\nI am Jordanian and have been living here for 21 years. All the riots you are seeing now happening all across the kingdom is mainly because of the government's recent decision to lift the aid they provide for oil, diesel, gasoline...etc. This was done in order to help the country pay for its increasing debt, if this action was not taken, the value of the JD (Jordanian Dinar) will collapse and the whole country will be in shambles. \n\nAlso, these \"economic and political reforms\" that the king implemented are mostly just a way to shut the crowds up. If you get into the nitty gritty of it, nothing has changed. In fact, economically, things have gotten much worse. \n\nJust like at the beginning of the Arab Spring when there were protests asking for reforms and the overthrow of the monarchy, these protests were not started by the Muslim Brotherhood. They were started by regular low income folk (who make up about 70% of the population) who now can't find a way to bring food to the table. But today, the Muslim Brotherhood slowly started to seep into the protests and ask for the overthrow of the monarchy. I live fairly close to one of the \"hotspots\" for the protests in the capital and pass by there almost daily. When I went to see the protests today, there was a significant portion of the crowd that was from the Muslim Brotherhood and other tribal members that are well known to be against the monarchy. I can only imagine that number will increase. \n\nOverall however, there is a general disdain for the people who are calling for the overthrow and in my opinion, the monarchy will continue to exist. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
40mqdt
|
Will you help me identify a snake? Pictures in comments.
|
_URL_0_
Location is southern Nicaragua just across the border with Costa Rica very close to the forest. I think its a boa, but am concerned it might be a type of pit viper. Any help is appreciated. Thanks
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/40mqdt/will_you_help_me_identify_a_snake_pictures_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cyvtdfc",
"cz1cdj9"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"It's neither a boa nor a viper based on the head shape (too narrow/not triangle-shaped). That leaves the elapids and colubrids. I can't do much research on my phone, but the Lyre Snake (Trimorphodon) looks like the one. I'm guessing it's about 40cm? Not quite an adult. They are venomous, but rear-fanged and thus unlikely to envenomate a person unless you put your fingers in their mouths.",
"It appears to be a colubrid of the genus Leptodeira. Probably L. septentrionalis or L. annulata. Both are opistoglyphous (rear fanged) but only mildly venomous, though extremely docile. Having handled them before, I'd say they're nothing to worry about."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/a/AhBUP"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
355pik
|
why do i drive down the road and sometimes people flash their headlights once or twice before we pass?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/355pik/eli5_why_do_i_drive_down_the_road_and_sometimes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cr187jx",
"cr187p5",
"cr187ul",
"cr187y8",
"cr19bu8"
],
"score": [
7,
7,
2,
12,
5
],
"text": [
"There are cops behind them, don't do anything stupid.\n\nOr you are already doing something wrong, like not having your lights on at night.",
"Here in South Africa some people do it to warn people of Traffic Police, Roadblock or an Accident / obstruction ahead.",
"It could be you forgot to turn on your lights, it could be that there's a police car up ahead or just any general hazard you should be aware of. Sometimes they just flash them for no reason.",
"Either your driving like a loonatic or more likely its just a slight bump in the road. Dimmed headlight point down and if the car moves up slightly theyre pointing straight ahead, so it looks like they're flashing you but they're not :P",
"Its one of the following:\n\nRadar trap\n\nDanger like fog or animals ahead of you\n\nYou have no lights on and can barely be seen\n\nYOU GOT YOUR HIGHBEAM ON AND I CAN BARELY SEE SHIT !*§!§$*%!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
de9n3h
|
how does slag glass form?
|
How does slag glass come to be?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/de9n3h/eli5_how_does_slag_glass_form/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f2u2zdp"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Slag is a byproduct of metal refining. It's essentially impurities in the metal that are removed and is often kinda glassy. Originally slag glass had slag mixed into the glass to give it the appearance. However, later multiple colors of molten glass were mixed together to get a similar effect."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5nudv5
|
how do you build synthetic molecules?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nudv5/eli5_how_do_you_build_synthetic_molecules/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcekkjh",
"dceyw9d"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The best way I can explain it is to think of going on a road trip. To get from A to B, there are several routes you could take. You want to stop at a particular tourist attraction on the way, so that eliminates some of the possibilities. Another route is notorious for constant traffic jams, so that's out. Eventually, you come to one route that gets you where you want to go pretty efficiently, and that's the route you take.\n\nSynthetic chemistry, particularly synthetic organic chemistry (yes, that's a real thing) works the same way. You start with a pretty simple molecule, then perform reactions to add specific new parts to the molecule until you get the desired product. Like the road trip, there are usually many ways to accomplish the goal, although there's usually far more options for the chemist. In fact, there are so many different groups and different ways to add them that I doubt any one chemist knows them all; that's why sometimes, companies will bring in a guy from outside to see if they can work out a more efficient process.",
"Basically, there are known reactions for adding and breaking molecules at desirable points in a chain. Typically these are multi-step additions, and you don't get 100% of what you want. Your left hand and right hand look the same, but they are mirror images. The same thing happens in chemistry. Adding carbons or chains can result in mirror image molecules, but only one might be the desired product. There are co-products from side reactions, and a lot of characterization and purification to get what you want.\nThe how really depends on what you're trying to accomplish. But simple examples might be substituting a hydrogen with a gas like chlorine, sometimes all you need is light to start the reaction. Building something is not too difficult (but can be deadly), building and purifying the right thing can be a real challenge, often involving many reaction steps to get the right big thing. Often a big molecule B will be added to another molecule A, so that in the next step, molecule B acts as a bouncer blocking the door, so only a specific part of A can react with C. Then B gets knocked off. There is art in synthesis."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2yfcjs
|
landfill. surely it's a really really bad idea to fill holes with a partly rotting, gassy, mix of crap? won't we run out of places to put it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yfcjs/eli5_landfill_surely_its_a_really_really_bad_idea/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp8z4l9",
"cp90zqx",
"cp9135b",
"cp93i5m"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"The landfills here get filled over and then holes drilled in to the rubbish. Then they put pipes coming vertically out of the rubbish to vent the gas.\n\nSo I suppose in a few hundred years or less the rubbish disintegrates and the gas escapes. ",
"Generally speaking no. Landfills are actually quite small even for large cities.\n\nI mean yes, eventually if we did nothing to recycle or reclaim things I guess we'll fill the planet with trash ... but at our current rates no.\n\nIn parts of the world (re: asia) where you see garbage line the streets it's more a question of a) people litter all the time and b) nobody picks it up ever.\n\nIn Western countries we greatly organize our garbage for pickup and then compact and store it. So we use less land area than them even if we actually throw out more mass per capita than other countries.",
"According to a Penn and Teller Bullshit I watched a while back (so take these numbers with a grain of salt) A 10 mile square modern landfill could hold a century worth of America's garbage. It would be an awful place noone would want to live near but there is a lot of barren wasteland in the Desert that could be used.",
"No, it's a reasonable way to dispose of solid waste. There is far more land than is needed to support solid waste disposal for hundreds of thousands of years."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
q0jlq
|
linear alegbra: what the difference between linear independence and linear dependence is.
|
I have a test tomorrow and I feel that this is really essential. I can't figure it out :(:(
Thanks!
EDIT: it makes sense but now I need to grasp if a unique solution is linearly dependent or independent
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/q0jlq/eli5_linear_alegbra_what_the_difference_between/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3tq1vl"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Let's say I give you a set of vectors. If any one of those vectors can be constructed as a combination of any of the others, then the set is said to be \"linearly dependent\". If the set isn't linearly dependent, we call it \"linearly independent\".\n\nOne way to check for linear independence is to write down a matrix where the columns are the vectors you've been given. If the determinant of that matrix is zero, then the vectors are dependent. If the determinant is not zero, then the vectors are independent."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2vu2ib
|
what is mega doing? why do i have to wait forever twice?
|
I first have to wait for MEGA to start the download, and then it takes forever to download to my computer. What is going on here?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vu2ib/eli5what_is_mega_doing_why_do_i_have_to_wait/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cokxv34"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A lot of complicated encryption.\n\nRemember Megaupload? It was a site for hosting files on for download, based in New Zealand, much like Mega, but it was quicker. Unfortunately for them, US law deemed it illegal because it had lots of copyright-infringing files on it, and had the New Zealand police go shut them down.\n\nThe founder, despite having legal action pending over Megaupload, went and made Mega, its followup website. In order to avoid the law being able to easily \"see\" what's on the site (I believe their official mission statement about it is to \"maintain user privacy\"), it's all encrypted.\n\nAll the encryption is what takes time when it's downloading. It's the tradeoff to having a website the police would find it *very* difficult to legally take down.\n\nIf you want an ELI5 of what encryption is, imagine your file is a finished jigsaw puzzle. Encryption is the act of jumbling up the puzzle and making sure only certain people have a copy of what it's supposed to look like when it's put back together. While it's stored on Mega's servers, it's only there in jumbled up form. The delay is from that jigsaw being put back together when you download it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3xevxt
|
why do the skeletons of people that died hundreds of years ago have perfect white teeth but mine will yellow within days without brushing?
|
I always thought it was strange that photos of ancient corpses or skeletons from (literally) ages ago are dug up by archaeologists and seem to have great teeth! And yet i have to brush twice a day and mouthwash to maintain "kinda" white teeth..
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xevxt/eli5_why_do_the_skeletons_of_people_that_died/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cy419tl",
"cy41alj",
"cy48h6v",
"cy4bfh8",
"cy4j2uy",
"cy4ks1i",
"cy502eh"
],
"score": [
14,
135,
6,
3,
6,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Because those skeletons aren't maintaining an active bacterial culture in their mouth. Your mouth is warm and moist and constantly intaking nutrients and those nutrients feed a munch of bacteria that also damage your teeth. Also those skeletons often died young in a world which didn't have the same quantity of calorie rich sweeteners that cause tooth decay.",
"You are alive. You are constantly exposing your teeth to food and other habits that can stain them, and you are providing a nice, warm, wet environment perfect for bacteria growth which can lead to plaque and cavities.\n\nSkeletons are, well, dead. They are not constantly eating. Their mouth is not a nice warm wet environment. Bacteria cannot really survive long in that environment. ",
"They aren't, they just look like it in comparison to the rest of the bones, especially the skull because other bones are more porous than teeth and stain more easily.",
"This post reminded me of an article I read a bit ago. Some scientists believe it's due to diet; notably lack of large quantities of sugar. \n\n_URL_0_",
"Your teeth are supposed to be [slightly yellow](_URL_0_). So the white of skeletons is bleaching of the bone and enamel, not a sign of healthier teeth. \n\nYour bones aren't white when they're still in you, either, they're yellowish and pinkish until a while after you're dead and the fat and blood residue degrades away.",
"One word:\n\nJunk food.\n\nOur foods today are much more processed than even a century ago. Also, many people had bad teeth throughout history. That smiling skeleton only accounts for a very limited number of cases.",
"As palcatraz pointed out, you are alive and continually using your teeth. But teeth also appear whiter when they are dry. This helps to explain why those bone dry dead guys have some seriously nice smiles. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://qz.com/516672/ancient-romans-had-no-need-for-dentists-because-of-one-food-they-didnt-eat/"
],
[
"http://m.sciencefocus.com/qa/are-yellow-teeth-stronger"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
4g3xka
|
Penrose diagrams for evaporating black holes?
|
I understand the purpose of penrose diagram to be an extension of Minkowski spacetime diagrams, but I am a bit confused on its addition of evaporating black holes. The diagram only shows the null future infinity and null past infinity on the right side of the diagram, the left side is cut off except for where it shows the surface of the star and it's horizon, but shows the singularity as a zig zag line. I don't understand it's structure in this form, hopefully someone can clarify this for me.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4g3xka/penrose_diagrams_for_evaporating_black_holes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2exm9g"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"In Penrose diagrams, the horizontal coordinate is normally **radial**, so it goes from zero to infinity. The vertical axis is time, and each point corresponds to a spatial two-sphere at that given radius and time. For a given time, the left-most boundary is r = 0, the center of the spacetime (which you'll notice does some funky stuff for your evaporating example, related to the fact that the black hole singularity is a space-like surface). In Minkowski diagrams one usually take the horizontal axis to be a spatial Cartesian coordinate so the origin is at the center, but since black holes have spherical symmetry this isn't as convenient.\n\nNote also that unlike Minkowski diagrams, spacetime infinities are represented by finite distances on Penrose diagrams (that is the mapping takes them to finite points on the diagram). [Here is the Penrose diagram for Minkowski space using a radial spatial coordinate (Fig. 1)](_URL_0_) if you'd like to compare the differences directly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://physics.oregonstate.edu/coursewikis/GGR/book/ggr/penrose"
]
] |
|
3mgu1q
|
why doesn't america join russia fighting isis in syria on the ground?
|
Wonderful opportunity to build trust with Russia and challenge ISIS. Would be a dream _URL_0_ hardened Syrians with a new found confidence.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mgu1q/eli5why_doesnt_america_join_russia_fighting_isis/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvetdmf",
"cvets9g",
"cveu0hc"
],
"score": [
2,
8,
3
],
"text": [
"It's dirty fighting and I don't think any western country wants to get that deep just yet. It's very expensive, the largest cost being soldiers' lives.",
"* Russia is not fighting on the ground, they are providing arms and support and are starting to fly air sorties. \n\n* The US does not want to support the Assad regime, which is what Russian action is really all about, not fighting ISIS in particular. Western governments maintain that Assad must step down and refuse to work with him.\n\n* Russia is attempting to pose as a \"good partner\" in Syria and in the Iran deal to take the diplomatic/economic pressure off of them over Ukraine. Aiding Russia in supporting Assad and legitimizing their strategy should only come with real concessions from Russia on Ukraine, such as turning over control of the Ukrainian border back to the government in Kiev.",
"The events of the last 15-or-so years illustrate, fairly clearly, why the USA is reluctant to put \"boots on the ground\" in the Middle East. It was their intervention that (at least partly) caused the rise of ISIS in the first place.\n\nSo now the Russians have clearly taken a side, supporting the Assad regime (Shia) against the Saudi-backed ISIS (Sunni). That's right - it'd fundamentally a Islamic sectarian conflict, about which has the \"correct\" version of Islam. \n\nLet's imagine the USA did as you suggest, and the \"dream team\" took on ISIS. What would it take to \"defeat\" ISIS? We're no longer in 1812, back in the days when the armies lined up against each other on a field, and the winner of the battle also won the war. ISIS consists of people who think the ends justify the means, who have no qualms about hiding in people's homes, using them as \"human shields\". (They don't exactly obey the 3rd Amendment over there.) "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"team..US/Russia/and"
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
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