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7rvcpq
|
choice theory
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7rvcpq/eli5_choice_theory/
|
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"Hi, which choice theory are you referring to? There's a few out there.\n\nPersonally I study criminology, meaning the Rational Choice Theory is by far the most well known, so I'll explain that one:\n\nThe rational choice theory explains us how people choose to do things or take actions that might go against the social norm. It's based on the fact that we are all individuals making our own choices in life. The RCT states that we make these decisions based on our own idea about the problem, looking at the pay-off and the possible consquences.\n\nExample: You are in a store and you see a chocolate bar, but you don't have money to pay for it. The RTC states that you will, by yourself, decide if it is worth it to steal the chocolate bar or not, based on the pay off (being able to eat a chocolate bar) and the possible consequence (being caught and possibly paying a fine or spending a day in jail). So in your head you'll make a cost-benefit scheme, and then decide to either take the risk or not."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
zekmx
|
why hasn't there been prosecution for the corruption on wall street?
|
The only article I can find about bankers being convicted was from last week: _URL_0_
Will anyone be held accountable for the trillions of dollars the US government has shoveled into Wall Street in the past decade? Is there any end in sight to Wall Street receiving bailout money when bubbles burst?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zekmx/eli5_why_hasnt_there_been_prosecution_for_the/
|
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"First, because Wall Street has a shitload of money, which buys them political clout.\n\nSecond, because taxpayers got nearly all of the bailout money back.",
"Because the laws they can use against them are very vague, and the evidence against them is very small, hard to pin on a single person. ",
" > Will anyone be held accountable for the ~~trillions~~ *billions* of dollars the US government has ~~shoveled into~~ *lent at above market interest rates (which has since been paid back) to* Wall Street in the past ~~decade~~ *four and a half years*?\n\nFTFY\n\nThe simple answer is that, for the most part, nobody broke the law.\n\n[As I’ve posted before]( _URL_0_):\n\nFor the most part, it wasn’t corruption but herd mentality, blinders to being in a bubble and an underestimation of risk. \n\nIt wasn't just Wall Street but the entire system. (In the interest of full disclosure, I’m an AVP at one of the TARP “To Big to Fail” banks) With the real estate bubble, a lot of wealth was overstated – in other words, if your house’s true value is X but is valued by the market as X+Y (where Y is the overvaluation due to the bubble) then your assets are overstated by Y. You have less real wealth than you think you have.\n\nOn top of this people had easier access to credit because of loan securitization. This is where loans (mortgages mostly) are bundled together and sold on the stock market as tradable securities. In the past, banks wouldn’t lend to people who were credit risks because they didn’t want to lose their investment (traditional banking has a very low margin – Bank holds your money for interest and lends it for a slightly higher amount. All operating expenses and everything come out of the differences. Loan defaults are a real issue in this model – remember the old joke that banks would only lend money to people who didn’t need it?) But with securitization there’s less risk to the bank (or so they thought) as the bank is selling the loan off to the market. So these Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) were bundles of mortgages, most of which were low risk but with some risky ones peppered throughout. The ratings agencies gave them all high ratings even though there was a little bit of risk. Like a food inspector allowing only a few rat hairs in the sausage. Everybody thought that they were eating rat-hair-free sausage.\n\nOn top of this came Credit Default Swaps (CDS), which are Over The Counter (OTC) Derivatives that, for the sake of simplicity, are essentially insurance on loans. Look at it this way: Person A lends money to Person B at 5% interest. Person C comes along and sells a CDS to A at 1% offering to pay off the loan if B defaults. A is happy because he gets the loan at 4% risk free. C is happy because he gets 1% without having to pony up the cash to B. And B gets his loan. So then…\n\nHere’s where it gets messy. So now C can sell his CDS on the market (and bundle them up as CDO’s but that may be too advanced for a five year old) to Person D. And D can sell it to E and so on. Now, did you catch where I called them “Over the counter”? What this means is that they’re not traded on an exchange – they’re basically back of the envelope deals. And there was no agreement as to how to account for them on General Ledgers or how to price them. So you end up with a Lehman or AIG that is trading in many multiples of these and, well…\n\nBubble bursts. A lot of Person B’s start defaulting on their loans. All the C’s and D’s and E’s have to start ponying up the cash… Which leads to selling assets… Which leads to stock price drops… Which leads to lay off’s and more defaults and more CDS’s getting called and, well, you get the idea.\n\n",
"Wall Street bankers donate many millions of dollars to both parties, and Wall Street banks and their law firms often offer seven-figure jobs to retiring politicians, so very few politicians want to risk alienating donors and potential post-politics employers by cracking down on Wall Street.\n\nThe DOJ, SEC, and other government agencies responsible for policing Wall Street have trouble bringing criminal cases against Wall Street. Except in the most clear-cut cases (Madoff, Enron, etc.), criminal cases against Wall Street banks and bankers are very complicated, and difficult to explain to a jury. It is easy for a good defense lawyer to muddy the waters enough to avoid a guilty verdict.",
"The fundamental problem with Wall Street is not that they break the laws, it's that they make sure that the laws are so soft that they don't *need* to break them to rip people off. See also: [regulatory capture](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.businessinsider.com/ubs-bankers-convicted-of-rigging-municipal-bond-markets-2012-8"
] |
[
[],
[],
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xmx4v/eli5_what_exactly_did_wall_street_bankers_and/c5nrvmq"
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_capture"
]
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|
5khr81
|
if for all of pre-human history and most of human history we were scavengers that relied on fruits and nuts, how are there so many humans today that have nut allergies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5khr81/eli5_if_for_all_of_prehuman_history_and_most_of/
|
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"Back in the day, they would have died off, leaving people without allergies to continue on.\n\nNow, we save those people's lives. Also, we probably know more about allergies and how to deal with them.",
"This is a pretty interesting concept! Hunters/gatherers had to subside off of the land and with what they had. As of such, individuals with potentially fatal reactions to things like nuts seemingly would have been weeded out of the gene pool.\n\nOne of the main theories behind the concept as to why there are so many people with nut allergies pertains to the idea of hygiene. In ancient times, people were constantly exposed to all sorts of microbes and pathogens and as of such, built up immunity to them. Nowadays, kids are way less dirty and sick than they used to be. While this generally seen as a good thing, it means that our bodies don't have to work as hard to protect us and are subsequently weaker defenders against future problems and are more likely to make mistakes with inflammatory responses. In recent studies, mothers that passed on good microbes (through breast feeding) had children that were less likely to have severe allergies than children who were raised exclusively on formula.\n\nSomething else to keep in mind is that cultures plays a big role in this as well. Cultures like those found in East Asia have more occurrences in milk allergies (and lactose intolerance) than the rest of the world and they don't really consume milk. Naturally, since milk was never a large part of their culture, they never really started drinking it like people in Europe did. So, the fact that they consume it was less noticeable and those individuals survived to pass on their genes.",
"Part of the probelm, with peanuts and tree nuts, comes from 2000 when women were advised to avoid peanuts and tree nuts while pregnant and nursing and to avoid feeding nuts and peanuts to children under the age of 3. In 2008, the recommendation was reversed. There is some indication that avoiding peanuts and tree nuts may have increased allergies to these foods. "
]
}
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[],
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7zmgqa
|
what is an apr?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7zmgqa/eli5_what_is_an_apr/
|
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"It's the price of money. If you want 100 dollars, I'll give it to you for 120$ a year from now. That's a 20% APR, give some not ELI5 assumptions,imo. ",
"APR is annual percentage rate, or otherwise, simple interest. For example, if you have a $10 loan for the year with 50% APR, that is 50% of $10 = $5. So you owe both the principal amount ($10) plus interest ($5) = $15. \n",
"Its a specific way of calculating interest to permit fair comparisons. It's often mandated by governments that is should be quoted alongside any other interest statement as otherwise a loan can be made to look a better deal than it actually is. It usually also has to incorporate any fees charged.\n\nTake /u/squadm-nkey's example but you had to pay back the $120 in 12 monthly payments of $10. That might be advertised as 20% interest. However you only had the first $10 for 1 month, the second for 2 and so on. Averaging it out You borrowed $100 for only 6 months. So its closer to 40% (41.3) when calculated as the APR.\n ",
"You've got the complete answer already, but split up over multiple posts so I'll just collate things into one coherent story.\n\nAPR stands for annual percentage rate, and its purpose is to provide a standardized way of comparing compound interest rates with different periods. \n\nThe way compound interest works is that you start with an initial amount, an annual interest rate is specified (a percentage), an a compounding rate is specified (a length of time called a period), and then once per period, the initial amount is increased by the annual rate divided by the compounding rate. Importantly, the higher the compounding rate is, the faster interest with a given rate accrues.\n\nFor example, if you start with $100 and get 30% interest compounded monthly, each month you get 30/12=2.5% interest, so at the end of a year you'll have $100 increased by 2.5% twelve times, or a total of $134.49.\n\nIf I asked if whether you'd rather get 30% interest compounded monthly or 30.5% interest compounded monthly, obviously you'd take the 30.5%. But what if the alternative wasn't 30.5% compounded monthly but 30.5% compounded *quarterly*? Is that still better?\n\nIf you punch in the numbers from the example above, that would be $100 increased by 30.5/4=7.625% four times, which is only $134.17 -- a higher interest rate, but the lower compounding rate makes it pay out less in the long run.\n\nOkay, what about 29.5% compounded weekly, or daily, or any number of tiny tweaks to both the interest rate and the compounding rate? How can people possibly expect you to do this kind of calculation every time just to figure out when one interest rate/schedule is better than another?\n\nThey don't -- you just look at the total percentage each one would return over the course of a year, which is exactly what APR measures. For example, the APR of the two examples given above are approximately 34.49% and 34.17%, so obviously the first one is better. ",
"Mortgage Banking Professional here. Lots of misinformation about this floating around. It is not the rate your interest compounds. It is the total cost of a loan including any fees incurred. This is why you are generally given an interest rate and an APR. If a loan or credit card has no fees attached the APR and rate would be the same. \n\nIt is very important to know what both numbers are. One of the most underhanded tactics I see in my industry is giving a great low rate, and attaching a ton of fees. So typically you would see a Rate of 4% and an APR of 4.457% or something like that. You could compare that to a Rate of 4.375 and an APR of 4.505. Logic would say the lower APR is a better loan right? Not really. What you should be analyzing is the difference between the rate and the APR. That difference is the cost in up front fees and it gets added to your loan amount, which means you start out with a higher loan balance and thus end up paying interest on those fees. \n\nIdeally you want the APR and the interest rate to be as close as possible. This would indicate you aren't getting a huge upfront charge to borrow the money.\n\ntl:dr APR is a calculation of all fees *and* interest expressed as a rate percentile\n\n"
]
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bfmoiu
|
The validity of Hong Xiuquan's visions?- Taiping Rebellion
|
I'm currently reading Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom by Stephen R. Platt and The Search for Modern China by Jonathan Spence. One thing I notice is both of the texts read as if Hong's visions were "real" in the literal sense. Were there any documents that he recorded of his visions or were they mainly just conversations between him and his cousin?
Also, what was it about Hong Xiuquan that convinced the Triads to join him?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/bfmoiu/the_validity_of_hong_xiuquans_visions_taiping/
|
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"EDIT: For an answer to the main question, please see [my subsequent Saturday Showcase post.](_URL_0_)\n\nThe answer to your main question is something that will require me to do a little digging into source material that I can't access till I get back from holiday tomorrow, but on the matter of the Triads, what is important to note is that Hong appears to have succeeded in gathering a following *despite* the Triads, rather than including them. Spence's later *God's Chinese Son* brings this up in more detail, but of around 10 known Triad-associated river pirate chiefs who joined the Taiping in their early years, only two – Su Sanniang and Luo Dagang – actually converted to Taiping Christianity and joined long-term, whereas the others either deserted or, most prominently in the case of 'Big-Head' Yang, switched sides entirely and supported Qing forces against the nascent uprising.\n\nIndeed, Hong's early proclamations actively antagonised the Triads to an extent. He publicly proclaimed that he had no time for Triad pretensions of destroying the Qing and restoring the old Ming dynasty, for one becaue by that stage the Ming imperial line had effectively vanished, and for another because Hong believed that the imperial system as it then existed was inherently corrupt and blasphemous, and so a change in ruling dynasty would make no difference. Indeed, he reserved similar vitriol for the Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang has he did for the Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty, due to the Qin emperor having been the first to usurp the apparently divine attribute of *di* 帝 from the Heavenly Father *Shangdi* 上帝 by calling himself emperor – *Huangdi* 皇帝. \n\nFor the most part, Hong presented himself not as a Triad ally, but a Triad alternative, emphasising not the comparatively mundane issue of dynastic renewal, but rather a spiritual revolution and the promise of cleansing China of (Qing Manchu) devils and demonic influences. His spiritual programme explicitly opposed Confucian, Daoist and, crucially, Buddhist 'idolatry', and his organisation was itself committed to fighting bandits, which put it in competition with the Triads, who were similarly operating as a local defence force. What would have further contributed was the Taiping's initial focus on protecting the Hakka-speaking minority population, whereas the Triads were generally more associated with the Cantonese-speaking Punti majority. So the Taiping were hardly successful in winning over Triads. Rather, they won over the Triads' potential support base.\n\nSources and Further Reading:\n\n* Jonathan D. Spence, *God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan* (1996)\n* Jonathan D. Spence, *The Taiping Vision of a Christian China, 1836-1864* (1998)\n* Thomas H. Reilly, *The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Religion and the Blasphemy of Empire* (2004)\n* Jen Yu-Wen, *The Taiping Revolutionary Movement* (1973)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/bhzdia/saturday_showcase_april_27_2019/elxk8hd/"
]
] |
|
8eweu2
|
What was the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis ?
|
I tried reading about it on Wikipedia but even there I found it rather complicated for me. Can someone explain about it a bit ?
What was the crisis ?
Was there almost a civil war ?
Was Yeltsin's victory beneficial for Russia in the long run ?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8eweu2/what_was_the_1993_russian_constitutional_crisis/
|
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"*\"Post Soviet Russia\"* by Roy Medvedev contains a day-by-day breakdown of the events. The crisis was that the congress ruled to impeach Yeltsin after Yeltsin attempted to introduce rule by decree. Now Yeltsin attempted to dissolve the congress which was something he explicitly wasn't entitled to by the Russian constitution.\n\nAt that point the approval ratings of both Yeltsin and of the Russian parliament were below 25%. Millions of Russians were disappointed by the shock therapy liberalization and wouldn't take sides in the resultant stand-off.\n\nGiven whole army units (along with left and right wing radicals) came to the support of the congress while it was under siege the events can well be said to have been a real civil war.\n\nAs for the long run, it is not something not covered by this subreddit. The supporters of Yeltsin feared his fall would have resulted in a roll back to the soviet times or a in new right wing dictatorship (and these opinions were especially popular abroad.) Today it's his critics who note that his refusal to share or cede power resulted in a centralized and not extremely democratic system. The Russian politician Xenia Sobchak had noted the liberals in Poland had no qualms about ceding power to communists after unpopular reforms and it, if anything, made Poland more democratic."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
9rk686
|
In England 1700s(?) How did the trend of caked face paint, absurdly large dresses and wigs come about?
|
Just wondering how it all started, was there some fashion lord or king that decreed one day "From henceforth today, grey hair is totally in!"
Looking back, parachute pants and that 80s poofy frizz hair looks silly, but this, It just all seems so inconvenient, so so so much time and effort.
Was there any contemporary decenters? Or was it just a minority of the wealthy wearing that fashion?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/9rk686/in_england_1700s_how_did_the_trend_of_caked_face/
|
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"You may be interested in [a recent answer of mine](_URL_1_) that begins to answer a little part of this question. To crib from the end of it,\n\n > One thing is that hooped petticoats have a long history in western fashion, and the more extreme versions developed out of ones that looked roughly like someone wearing many petticoats. I assume the period of interest to you is the 1760s-1770s (which is the segment of this rundown that gets the most attention in film) - by that point, two or three generations of wealthy women had grown up accepting them as a normal part of dress. \n\nFashions do not come out of nowhere, any more than any other aspect of historical life. Full skirts are still understood as attractive today: couturiers like [Oscar de la Renta](_URL_6_) still use them in ball gowns and wedding dresses, and even the more down-market David's Bridal carries them. We achieve these looks now largely on the backs of seamstresses who came before, who made us of new materials and techniques that stiffen or hold out fabric, but for quite some time, the only way to manage this was to wear multiple petticoats. Full-body images from [before the widespread adoption of the farthingale](_URL_2_) don't show an extreme width, but there is enough fullness there that several would have been needed to make the skirt fall this way. We see something similar [in the years before the return of the hoop in the eighteenth century](_URL_3_) (as discussed in the linked answer). So, the fashion for a full skirt happens, and then someone - in this case, it seems to have been an English person - develops a way to create a larger full skirt with an under-structure. To quote myself again,\n\n > Hoops did not come back into fashion until the eighteenth century. Around 1700, some women were wearing heavily starched or glue-stiffened petticoats in order to help hold out their skirts, but by 1710, something rather like the farthingale was back in style. This hooped petticoat was more of a [domed shape](_URL_5_), and provoked tremendous public comment relating to women taking up too much space on the city streets, flaunting their vanity, etc. etc. In the late 1730s it took on a shape that was [flatter in the front and back](_URL_9_), but still fairly rounded, which went on to develop into the stereotypical [flatness and breadth](_URL_4_) people often think of when they think of eighteenth-century hoops by about 1750. From there, they became [more rounded and narrow](_URL_0_) by about 1760, and eventually morphed into [a bustle situation](_URL_8_), with volume at the sides and back, before fading away in the very early nineteenth century.\n\nIt looks like the fashion suddenly appeared because the common pop-cultural perception of the entire eighteenth century is, boom, broad hoops from start to finish - but looking at the full progression shows the way that they started as a \"reasonable\" device and became an aspect of fashion that existed regardless of necessity.\n\nWigs and hair powder are similar. Longer hair was fashionable for men in the early seventeenth century, and by the 1660s it needed to be so thick, long, and curly that it was much easier to make use of a wig instead. Around 1700, a pale-colored wig was worn with high peaks of hair on either side of a center part; the peaks came down in height over the 1710s, and the color became grey over the 1720s. More conservative or professional men often continued to wear a \"bob wig\" through the middle of the century, but most fashionable wig-wearing men began to tie theirs back into a queue in the 1730s, with only minor stylistic changes occurring until the return to natural hair in the 1780s-90s. Women, on the other hand, tended not to wear wigs. On parts of the Continent, fashionable women began using powder in the 1710s, but it did not catch on in Britain until the 1750s. Their hair was actually worn rather close to the head until the late 1750s and 1760s, when a slight rise at the top became fashionable, which morphed into quite a tall hairstyle in the 1770s; by the end of that decade, it widened, and then it lowered in the 1780s while still keeping the width. As with men, a more natural, though sometimes still powdered look became fashionable in the 1790s.\n\nCosmetics I can't discuss in great detail, because I haven't done as thorough a study of it as I have hair and clothing, and to my knowledge nobody else has looked at how these changed over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. But it would be a mistake to think of makeup as \"caked on\". As with big wigs and big gowns, the pop-cultural idea reflects our modern feelings that our standards are ideal and old ones are ludicrous, even though the current Instagram look requires an incredible amount of makeup and time to apply it. Eighteenth-century beauty for men and women required pale skin, but a \"naturally\" pale look caused by being indoors and having a clear complexion (still quite important), with pink cheeks and lips. Portraiture does not show thick, dead white makeup covered with red blotches. It's probable that - then as now - some people put it on without skill and looked awkward, but the goal was clearly to look \"born with it\".\n\n > Was there any contemporary decenters? Or was it just a minority of the wealthy wearing that fashion?\n\nFashion could only be fully followed by the wealthy, but there was not a stark line between them and everyone else. Fashion is not just fashion, it is a paradigm for what looks normal to people (particularly before the invention of modern art-couture). In general, people dressed as well as they could afford to. John Collet's *High Life Below Stairs* (which you can see [here](_URL_7_)) shows the difference between the upper servants like the lady's maid, who dresses about as well as her unseen mistress, and the lower servants, who wear no corsetry and have unstyled and unpowdered hair. Dressing above your station could result in gossip, but dressing below it would do the same. For the most part, people tried to conform to standards for their particular spot on the social scale.\n\n > It just all seems so inconvenient, so so so much time and effort.\n\nConvenience above all other considerations is a very modern idea. They simply didn't even think about having a \"wash and wear\" hairstyle and stretchy clothes that didn't require much fitting, any more than they thought about having gas-powered automobiles or telephones; people who couldn't afford to style their hair beyond the very basics or wear anything but loose jackets or bedgowns were pitied."
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Deborah_Hall_-_William_Williams_-_overall.jpg",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/9nxnv9/historical_fashion_question/e83e33n/",
"http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=44743",
"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/anne-masters-16731763-4th-countess-of-coventry-89572",
"http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/99954.html?mulR=24026",
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pesne_Anna_Orzelska.jpg",
"https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/bridal-fall-2019/oscar-de-la-renta/slideshow/collection#1https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/bridal-fall-2019/oscar-de-la-renta/slideshow/collection#1",
"http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume5/december06/primsource.cfm",
"https://art.thewalters.org/detail/16344/portrait-of-a-lady-wearing-an-elaborate-hat/",
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony.jpg"
]
] |
|
1127su
|
Trig Expression Confusion
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1127su/trig_expression_confusion/
|
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"You have a right triangle. You know the hypotenuse and one angle. How do you find the lengths of the two legs? Using the rules for cosine and sine:\n\ncos(θ) = (adjacent length) / (hypotenuse length)\n\nsin(θ) = (opposite length) / (hypotenuse length)\n\nSo if you want to find the length of the side adjacent to your angle, you use\n\n(adjacent length) = (hypotenuse length) \\* cos(θ)\n\nwhile for the side opposite your angle you use\n\n(opposite length) = (hypotenuse length) \\* sin(θ)\n\n[Here's a picture](_URL_0_).\n\nSo now, you have this force pointing in some direction, and you want to decompose it into a horizontal and vertical components. If you know the magnitude of the force and the angle it makes with the horizontal (or vertical) axis, you can use those rules to find the horizontal and vertical bits."
]
}
|
[] |
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[
[
"http://i.imgur.com/kriHP.png"
]
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||
4jr6ty
|
why was nafta so supported in the beginning but ended up failing as a policy
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4jr6ty/eli5_why_was_nafta_so_supported_in_the_beginning/
|
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],
"text": [
"What do you mean by \"failed\"? The goal was to increase trade among Mexico, the US and Canada and it has succeeded in those goals.",
"So, let's start out by explaining what NAFTA is. This is the so-called 'North American Free Trade Agreement', and was designed as a management of liberalizing trade relations between Canada, the US, and Mexico. Said agreement was designed to lower tariffs (import and export taxes) and work to eliminate or liberalize quotas regarding how much of various products can be traded between different countries.\n\nThis is generally regarded as a net positive, at least at the aggregate level. Trade works based on the Ricardian idea of comparative advantage - the global economy can maximize its production by having countries specialize in the products and services it is best at producing, and importing goods that it can't produce, or can only do so inefficiently. The idea is that if the world as a whole can produce more stuff, then people will be better off.\n\nThe problem, is that 'free' trade has winners and losers, and American manufacturing workers were big losers from a distributional perspective. When capital and goods are allowed to freely move between nations, labor prices (wages) tend to rise in areas that previously had a lot of labor relative to physical capital - machines, factories, equipment, etc., and fall in places where labor was relatively scarce compared with capital. The US is a prime example of the latter, and so manufacturing jobs were largely outsourced overseas. The global economy as a whole might be better off, but there were a lot of displaced workers left behind as a result, and these workers weren't given the resources and training to readjust to a changing economy. This in turn tends, at least within the US, to enrich capital at the expense of labor, and to exacerbate the widening income and wealth inequality gap.\n\nIn addition, these 'free' trade deals often aren't just about trade. A lot of these deals include provisions to coerce foreign nations to adopt strict copyright and patent provisions at the behest of American multinationals, which has its own share of potential issues. There are also issues about Investor-State Dispute Settlement provisions, that empower international tribunals to allow investors to sue governments for alleged trade violations, which are then used by Phillip Morris to sue nations that implement plain-packaging laws on cigarettes, claiming lost profits due to damage to their brand.\n\nSo, to call NAFTA a 'failed policy' is a bit of a stretch. It did do a lot of what it set out to do, but there were flaws in the way the treaty and other trade treaties in this country have been implemented, and these deals don't lead to a universally-better outcome for everyone involved."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
54oui7
|
if the goal of an experiment is to be unbiased, why even form a hypothesis in certain studies?
|
For example, correlational studies just look at the data and tell it like it is. I don't see the point in saying what "might be" from a purely scientific standpoint.
EDIT: SOLVED
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/54oui7/eli5_if_the_goal_of_an_experiment_is_to_be/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d83pvhn",
"d83pxfb",
"d83pxfg",
"d83pyq6"
],
"score": [
2,
5,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"One of the points of good experimental design (not to mention good statistical methods) is to filter out those effects. It's one of the reasons why \"Double-blind\" studies are the gold standard as well. ",
"To construct an experiment, you have to ask a question that needs to be answered.\n\nAnd often that question takes the form of a hypothesis that needs to be either confirmed or refuted.\n\nThe hypothesis is the question you want to ask the universe. But the universe has a habit of being kind of secretive and not very obvious a lot of the time. Since you can't ask directly, you design an experiment to interrogate the universe and if you are clever, you can find gaps and clues from how the universe reacts.\n\nOf course it is also possible to ask questions without having a hypothesis, but those questions often tend to not have much predictive and explanatory power. That's questions like \"How far is the distance between A and B?\" But sometimes such question also yield highly unexpected results that then need to be explained. With a hypothesis. And then that hypothesis needs to be checked by asking the universe again in another experiment.",
"One of the main ideas behind Science is to be predictive, not investigative. By forming a hypothesis you formed a theory about how something might work, experiments will then tell you when your theory is wrong. Simply testing at random only generates data, which may be useful, but also you can draw incorrect conclusions finding patterns in the data that was only random in reality.",
"Forming a thesis helps you determine what to research and what factors to take into account.\n\nAdditional a thesis is required to get any kind of funding, especially for a big complicated trial. Few organizations are going to throw money at \"I just want to see what happens.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
cwtc6v
|
why can't we generate electricity by positioning magnets around turbines?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cwtc6v/eli5_why_cant_we_generate_electricity_by/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eyesimv",
"eyet5eg"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"That is how we generate electricity.\n\nUse something to spin a turbine, use the turbine output to spin some magnets.",
"Something has to drive the turbines though.\nWhat kind of turbine are you thinking about?\nYou don't get something for nothing.\nHydro dams will make energy from the potential weight of the water spinning turbines in huge spinners driven by the water.\nWhere do you get free spinning turbines that are not being driven by some force?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
61yqd6
|
how do zipline and cablecar wires get laid out long distances?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61yqd6/eli5_how_do_zipline_and_cablecar_wires_get_laid/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfib5c1"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"If you can get one line across the gap, you can use that to pull across larger and larger lines until you have the final cable in place. \n\nIn the case of cable cars, it's simpler because it has pylons with known distances between them, and there are different ways to do it e.g. use a crane or a helicopter to lift the end of the cable over each pylon bearing wheel. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
68v8y4
|
why can a company ship me a package from sweden to us for free, but if i try to ship it back to their address it costs me $100?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/68v8y4/eli5_why_can_a_company_ship_me_a_package_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dh1jgpf",
"dh1jgx2"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"Nothing is \"free\". The cost is covered by you. You've paid shipping, it's simply buried in the cost of the goods you purchased.",
"So two things. The company pays for the shipping, they're just including it as part of the price of the item you're paying for. Large companies can get really good deal on shipping because they buy it in bulk. Individuals can't get those deals. \n\nLikewise, large companies often are able to save money on international shipping by loading up shipping containers with their products, which then get shipped locally. You can't get that sort of deal as an individual. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3snwge
|
why can't task manager instantly stop a process?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3snwge/eli5why_cant_task_manager_instantly_stop_a_process/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwyw0bu",
"cwyw26w"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text": [
"It's always best if you can give tasks a chance to quit nicely. A task might be in the middle of writing data to disk, for example. If you can give a task a bit of warning that it's being killed, the task might have the chance to finish what it's doing and exit gracefully without losing data.\n\nSometimes that doesn't work, and tasks have to be forced to stop regardless of the consequences.",
"This gets asked often enough ...\n\nBasically you have two levels programs run at. Kernel level [ring 0 on x86] where device drivers/filesystems/etc are running and user level where applications like Firefox and what not run.\n\nWhen a user task needs to perform a function on data outside of their process (e.g. reading a file) they perform a \"system call\" (syscall) that is a means of calling into the kernel to do operations like open files, read/write, close, map memory, listen for events, etc...\n\nWhen a syscall occurs the user process halts [blocks] and waits for the syscall to return.\n\nSome syscalls are interruptible and others are non-interruptible. If a syscall is interruptible sending an interrupt (SIGINT like hitting CTRL+C) then the kernel will abort the syscall and return control to the user process. If it isn't then the syscall will run for as long as the routine in the kernel is waiting. This can happen if you're say reading from a networked filesystem that is disconnected and the timeout is long.\n\nWhen you try to kill a process the task manager is sending a SIGKILL (or equiv for windows) to the process but the process is blocked in a syscall and isn't interruptible. The result is you can't kill the process.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4oonx7
|
how bedsores develop
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4oonx7/eli5_how_bedsores_develop/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4ee35r"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They typically occur on areas where soft tissue lie over bones. When the person is immobile, the prolonged pressure between the chair and the bone causes the blood flow in the soft tissue to be decreased which leads to tissue death (necrosis). Also if there is a pull/shearing force on the soft tissue, that can break the blood vessels in the tissue leading to further damage to blood flow and oxygenation. \n\nRisk factors for pressure ulcers are immobility but also diseases that already affect good blood flow like diabetes, hypotension, and other vascular diseases. Also malnutrition will make it generally harder for the body to repair itself from that damage. \n\nThe lack of blood flow and tissue death will ultimately be affected by infection as the white blood cells will not be able to access the site to fight infection. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
spzv9
|
Is it possible to run out of tunes in music at some point?
|
I mean theoretically there could be infinite number of tunes, but at some point will we start to notice too much similarity in tunes because we have run out of unique ones?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/spzv9/is_it_possible_to_run_out_of_tunes_in_music_at/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4g089x"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"There are really only a limited number of progressions that make any \"sense\" to us musically, like a V-I cadence [you'd know it when you hear it...] or open ones like I-V or I-IV ...\n\nThings like [say] V-ii-I might sound nice [depending on the key and melody] but wouldn't function as say the end of a piece. In this way we have only so many ways to really begin/end things in a logically consistent way. Keep in mind the # of ways [specially to begin] are huge. \n\nThe middle of pieces is a lot more flexible you can throw in a I-ii-IV-V-I sequence and not assume that's the end of the piece. Inside that sequence the melody can very quite a bit, so can the rhythm inside the meter, etc...\n\nThink of musical chords as words and their progressions as sentences. The vocabulary of music [how many different chords/presentations] is huge but it is finite. I doubt we've seen everything yet.\n\nA lot of \"pop\" tunes are actually very trivial musically speaking. They often only have a few progressions and just vary the words over top. Think of it like a play with only a few unique sentences in the entire piece but each time you say the same sentence you dance around on stage differently.\n\nIf you want to experience a variety of music sadly you have to go to the past. Classical, Romantic, and early 20th century music often had complicated progressions/structure/theory and in many cases they invented forms we take for granted today. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4txeuc
|
elon musk's 'master plans'
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4txeuc/eli5_elon_musks_master_plans/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d5l24mq"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"As a company that have a goal to eliminate our demands for fossil fuel it opens them up for critique when they are doing things that seams contradictory to their primary goal. For instance Tesla started making race cars and then luxury sedans, neither are known for being eco-friendly, and thus providing a means to increase the energy consumption of personal transport and increase the power usage which is largely based on fossil fuel. Elon decided to counter these critiques early by making his master plan public at an early stage. This showed that the early cars were only stepping stones to a better future. As Tesla completed their first master plan he have now made the current plan public again. It includes several things that by itself can be considered unhealthy for the environment but makes sense in the bigger picture. He is also doing similar plans for SpaceX public."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5g8sys
|
if you get a blood transfusion and your blood is found at the scene of a crime and tested, how does it effect the results?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5g8sys/eli5_if_you_get_a_blood_transfusion_and_your/
|
{
"a_id": [
"daqk8ji"
],
"score": [
36
],
"text": [
"As others have said, red blood cells have no DNA. Rather, it's other cells, such as white blood cells, that are present in blood and are the source of DNA evidence in \"blood\". \n\nWhat you may not know is that when you donate blood (or receive donated blood), that blood is filtered and separated into its constituent components. White cells, red cells, and platelets are all sold off as separate products for different purposes. The red cells you receive are essentially \"pure\" red cells and have no DNA. \n\nSo, short answer is that getting or giving blood doesn't result in a transfer of DNA. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1tuueh
|
what happens when you raise a number to the power of i (the imaginary number)?
|
so if i^2 = -1, what happens when you raise a number to that power, and why? for example: euler's identity e^i*pi + 1 = 0. e^pi + 1 makes sense but what does e^i really *do*. any number, n, real or imaginary, raised to the i returns a number on my calculator.
**2^i** = 0.7692389014 + 0.638961763i
3^i = 0.4548324228 + 0.8905770417i
i^i = 0.2078795764
nothing in my [post](_URL_0_) really made sense at a basic level.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tuueh/eli5_what_happens_when_you_raise_a_number_to_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cebsmay"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I thought this was explain it like I'm 5, not explain it like I'm in my fifth year of graduate school... "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/learnmath/comments/1tuq9y/what_does_it_mean_to_raise_a_number_to_the_power/"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
6k0hgb
|
why is it okay for actors to impersonate police officers when filming in public locations? are there special laws that govern filming?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6k0hgb/eli5_why_is_it_okay_for_actors_to_impersonate/
|
{
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"djibr3r",
"djibrvg",
"djibsb8",
"djiclol",
"djigs1s"
],
"score": [
5,
3,
12,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It's not like there is just the one actor and a hidden camera. \n\nThere is generally a full crew sound/light/camera crews, the director and all that jazz. They aren't going to be mistaken for real police officers. Plus inn public areas the have too get permits to film and generally type off the area they are filming inn to keep random people out of the way.",
"They aren't doing it with the intent of deceiving the public. Even when filming in public locations the filming area is often closed off to public foot and vehicle traffic. No one is going to reasonably confuse them for a real officer. And if they did, the actors and other film crew would correct them.",
"Laws vary by jurisdiction. However, laws against impersonating a public official will usually have language like the following, which prohibits impersonating a public official:\n\n > ...with purpose to induce another to submit to such pretended official authority or otherwise to act in reliance upon that pretense.\n\nIn other words, the law that I borrowed that language from says that it's only a crime to impersonate a police officer if your purpose is to make other people believe that you're a police officer, and act accordingly. So if your state uses that same language, it's not illegal to impersonate a police officer as an actor, or a stripper, or at a Halloween party. It's only illegal if you're trying to trick people. \n\nMost or all states in the US use very similar language in their laws. \n\nOn the other hand, the use of an official police *badge* may be a crime, even in a theatrical setting, unless the use of that badge is approved by the relevant law enforcement authority. Again, this will depend on state and local law. \n\nEdit: clarity",
"The crime of impersonating a public official, police officer, or anyone else requires more than just dressing up and pretending. Each state's laws are different, but they hinge on the intent to cause others to believe you are an officer, or intent to use your purported authority to deprive someone of something. \n\nFor example, Arizona's statute says:\n\n[13-2411](_URL_0_). **Impersonating a peace officer; classification; definition**\n\nA. A person commits impersonating a peace officer if the person, without lawful authority, pretends to be a peace officer and engages in any conduct with the intent to induce another to submit to the person's pretended authority or to rely on the person's pretended acts. \n\nActors, people dressed in costumes, and others who wear the uniform of an official don't use that costue as a tool to convince others that they really are those people, nor do they use it to deprive others of something of value. ",
"Just dressing like a police officer isn't what's illegal... it's doing so in order to convince somebody that you are one for the purpose of deceiving them into doing something or otherwise benefiting from the deception.\n\nSo dressing like a cop for a film is OK. Dressing like one for Halloween is OK. Dressing as one and trying to get free doughnuts from the local doughnut shop, NOT OK. Dressing like one and stopping people pretending to be an officer is NOT OK."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/02411.htm"
],
[]
] |
||
1jf6fp
|
the reason for supermarket membership card and coupon
|
Supermarket such as Pathmark, Albertson, Shoprite, etc, have membership cards that is free to get, unlike Costco, BJ, and Sam’s Club.
With these membership cards, you can buy some of the products at a lower price, the sales are for members only. But if the membership card is free, everyone can get one at the cashier as they pay for their items. If a customer is lazy, he/she/they can even ask the cashier to use their membership card for them. So what is the point for having these membership cards?
Same thing with coupons, but I guess people are more lazy to cut out coupon just to shop.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jf6fp/eli5_the_reason_for_supermarket_membership_card/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbe1fxv",
"cbe2fxk"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"1. Loyalty. As in \"I have a card in this store, I might save some money, so lets go back there to get groceries\"\n\n2. Purchase tracking. The store can tell exactly what you bought in the last 6 months. They can deduce marketing campaigns and product stocking strategies depending on what sort of customers buy what at what time of the day etc.",
"The purpose of coupons is tiered pricing. Because coupons take work and planning not everyone uses them. This allows a store to charge two different prices for items.\n\n* A higher, normal price for people that are not overly concerned about prices enough to look for and use coupons\n* A lower price for those that are more price conscious so are willing to put the time in to using coupons\n\nIf they lowered the price for everyone they would make less money. If they got rid of coupons they would sell less product. \n\nCoupons also do a couple of other things\n\n* Bring people into the store. I have a coupon for $1 off at Safeway I'll go there instead of Fred Meyer next week.\n* Introduce new items. $2 off chicken fried broccoli finger?! I'll have to get some of those."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1mnm8y
|
why, in the entirety of both the Islamic and Christian world, do we have a 7 day week? is there an astronomical or other historical significance to a 7 day time period? Are any European or Middle Eastern cultures in history known to have had a concept of a week of any other length than 7 days?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1mnm8y/why_in_the_entirety_of_both_the_islamic_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccavofo",
"ccaxq82",
"ccay6nw"
],
"score": [
4,
44,
13
],
"text": [
"I would like to clarify that I mean to ask: if there is a significance outside of the biblical context? does the 7 day week predate the Torah, or did the concept originate purely from the Torah and spread through Abrahamic religious cultures?",
"FYI there's a section on this in the FAQ*\n\n[Weeks, weekdays, and weekends](_URL_0_)\n\n*see the \"popular questions\" link on the sidebar, or the \"wiki\" tab above",
"The lunar calendar throughout history is based on a 28 day lunar cycle. These 28 days were divided evenly in to seven day weeks. Different civilizations used different ways of expanding the lunar calendar to take the sun in to account. The Chinese would, during the Shang Dynasty, every few years, add a 13th month. I would provide sources but I'm on my phone in class, I'm sure someone on here will be able to provide a more detailed and sufficient answer than I. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/calendars#wiki_weeks.2C_weekdays.2C_and_weekends"
],
[]
] |
||
9ze0ci
|
how does general anxiety disorder actually work, and why is it thought to occur? is it "all mental" or chemical?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ze0ci/eli5_how_does_general_anxiety_disorder_actually/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ea8dbva"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"there is no difference between mental and chemical. there is no difference between physical illness and mental illness, they all take place in this physical world made of chemicals.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nas to how it works: we don't exactly know. we don't understand the brain enough to explain most mental illnesses or their medications. we just know that some things help and some things don't. why? we have theories, but they are all big question-marks that can be completely outdated next year. we estimate that about 1/3 of it is genetical 'weakness' that gets activated by something you experience. what that something is depends wildly per person. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3hon0f
|
Why did football overtake baseball in popularity in the U.S. during the 1950s and 1960s?
|
I'm not sure if this is appropriate for this board, but I'm curious about sports history and whether this topic is studied and if so whether there's some consensus about the causes behind it. This article in Vox has a neat graph that tracks the popularity of the two sports over several decades of the 20th century.
_URL_0_
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3hon0f/why_did_football_overtake_baseball_in_popularity/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cu9c6da"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"One thing that should be established is that until the 60' or so College Football was much more popular then the multiple Pro leagues out there, and thus when many schools had to suspend play during WW2 that accounts for the downturn seen in the 40's.\n\nBut then when everyone comes back and tons more can go to college on the GI Bill, then all of a sudden you have more players, and more fans, and you see it take off. With more schools competitive, more Bowls popping up, and the spread of more NCAA controlled games showing up on TV.\n\nAnd with more quality players coming out of college the quality of the pro game began to improve, and of course once the AFL and NFL merged and the Superbowl began it was a perfect made for TV event that could drive viewership. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.vox.com/2014/10/14/6951261/sports-maps-charts"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
1tu2b3
|
I just mixed some Acetone and Water and the beaker warmed up. Why?
|
I'm trying to think through it, but its been a while since I took Pchem. Anybody have any idea why the delta H of mixing is positive?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1tu2b3/i_just_mixed_some_acetone_and_water_and_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cebq0hh"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I think the answer to this question is going to be complicated, depend on the ratio of water and acetone, and ultimately have to do with the thermodynamics of how the acetone and water molecules arrange themselves. But to be overly simplified, I think you could just state that the acetone/H2O molecules fit together better and exist at a lower energy state together than they do by themselves."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
jaz1x
|
why do so many people think prostitution is bad?
|
Bonus: How would you explain prostitution to a five-year-old?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jaz1x/eli5_why_do_so_many_people_think_prostitution_is/
|
{
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"c2amcpt",
"c2amrko",
"c2an8h8",
"c2aumur",
"c2alsds",
"c2alu5v",
"c2alx1u",
"c2alzy4",
"c2amcpt",
"c2amrko",
"c2an8h8",
"c2aumur"
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18,
2,
4,
7,
3,
6,
13,
2,
18,
2,
4,
7,
3,
6,
13,
2
],
"text": [
"Many of those against legal prostitution would believe that every prostitute was forced into it, including those that might appear to have entered voluntarily. \n\nMany psychologists also have shown how prostitution is damaging to the prostitute.\n\nEDIT: Also, I, until recently, believed the best way to help the workers would be to legalize and regulate it, but then I found out what Sweden and other European countries had started doing. Their laws have it so that the Johns (clients) are the only ones breaking the law, allowing the workers to feel safer seeking help. From what I've read it seems to be working quite well in favour of the women (and a few men). \n\n_URL_0_",
"STD's are also a big concern. ",
"Oh, the classic society sex is taboo bit. The selling your body bit. The fear of STDs and shady things. Honestly, it would be infinitely better if the government would legalize and regulate prostitution. They'd make tons of money, prevent the spread of STDs, and minimize the list of things people have to get pissed off about, or argue about.\n\n\nEDIT: to a five year old would go something like this. \"Let's say you want candy because it makes you happy, but don't want to work for it. Instead, you let others play with your teddy bear/blanky; and they give you candy for it. Now some kids wouldn't understand what you are doing, they don't get how you could let someone else play with your teddy. You get it, and you don't care because you have the candy. Prostitution is like that, but in an adult way.\"",
"It's basically not very high on most people's laundry-list of social changes desired and no politician is going to come within 1000 feet of any pro-prostitution legislation if they don't have to.\n",
"There are a couple reasons people think it is bad.\n\n* Sexual slavery is where adults and children are forced into prostitution. Often the slavers take advantage of people who are very poor and uneducated, or those who are trying to get out of their country. Little children are often \"groomed\" or taught to be prostitutes from a very young age. People in sexual slavery sometimes don't know any other kind of life, and are often afraid to ask anyone for help. Sometimes they don't even speak the language of the country they are in. So it is often difficult to tell the difference between someone who is a prostitute by choice and someone who is being forced into it. \n* There is a bigger risk of catching diseases from anyone who has sex with a lot of people, especially because some prostitutes don't go to see doctors for fear of being arrested.\n* A lot of people are very religious and think prostitution is immoral. They think that sex is special and should not be traded for money. ",
"Because honest discussions about prostitution are so hard to come by. Media portrayals of prostitutes tend to fall into one of three categories: trafficked women forced into prostitution against their will, drug addicts walking the streets, and the happy hooker with a phd earning $1000s a night.\n\nThe reality is that most prostitutes do not fall into any of these categories (especially in countries where prostitution is legal, like the UK) - they're just ordinary women doing what they do for their own individual reasons. But their stories are never told because their stories have no extreme angle that supports one person's or group's point of view.",
"Originally, prostitution led to illegitimate children. These children grew up poor and fatherless and were likely to become criminals. Making laws to prevent prostitution was a way to decrease the crime rate.\n\nSociety has advanced a lot since then. Our views on morality haven't.",
"Since a 5-year-old isn't going to know about prostitution, I'll explain as though to a 14-year-old (who may understand the idea more instinctively).\n\nCurrently most relationships between boyfriends and girlfriends or husbands and wives are based on the exchange of time, goods, and services, amongst them being particularly close. Like all barter exchanges, this is hard to negotiate.\n\nMoney exchanges, however, are very easy to negotiate. That's why we have money. Prostitution is simply making a money exchange for sex instead of a barter (time-for-time) exchange for sex.\n\nSociety doesn't like that. We view men that choose to use money as a replacement for the ability to attract a sexual partner as defective, and women that choose to accept money instead of time for sex as somehow evil and/or immoral, as they're short-circuiting the normal relationship development process by using money.\n\nThere's also the problem of human trafficking: a lot of the people working as prostitutes aren't doing so willingly. I don't have figures, but I've seen estimates ranging between 5% and 85% of the prostitutes out there are actually working as prostitutes because another person is using force and/or drugs to keep them working as such. Of course a prostitute can't go to the cops, as being a prostitute is illegal. \n\nSo why don't we legalize prostitution, which would make it possible for prostitutes to report abusive behavior by customers and those forcing them to work in the sex industry? Well, the fact is that not many places allow prostitution right now, so smuggling people to work as prostitutes in those areas where prostitution is legal is still lucrative. \n\nWhat has worked is criminalizing pimping, running brothels/parlors/whatever, and being a John, but not being a prostitute itself. This dries up the demand for prostitution, reducing the profits to be made for it, and increases the penalties if you get caught as a smuggler/pimp, while still making it possible for prostitutes to go to the authorities to report wrongdoing by Johns or pimps--as being either of those *is* illegal.",
"Many of those against legal prostitution would believe that every prostitute was forced into it, including those that might appear to have entered voluntarily. \n\nMany psychologists also have shown how prostitution is damaging to the prostitute.\n\nEDIT: Also, I, until recently, believed the best way to help the workers would be to legalize and regulate it, but then I found out what Sweden and other European countries had started doing. Their laws have it so that the Johns (clients) are the only ones breaking the law, allowing the workers to feel safer seeking help. From what I've read it seems to be working quite well in favour of the women (and a few men). \n\n_URL_0_",
"STD's are also a big concern. ",
"Oh, the classic society sex is taboo bit. The selling your body bit. The fear of STDs and shady things. Honestly, it would be infinitely better if the government would legalize and regulate prostitution. They'd make tons of money, prevent the spread of STDs, and minimize the list of things people have to get pissed off about, or argue about.\n\n\nEDIT: to a five year old would go something like this. \"Let's say you want candy because it makes you happy, but don't want to work for it. Instead, you let others play with your teddy bear/blanky; and they give you candy for it. Now some kids wouldn't understand what you are doing, they don't get how you could let someone else play with your teddy. You get it, and you don't care because you have the candy. Prostitution is like that, but in an adult way.\"",
"It's basically not very high on most people's laundry-list of social changes desired and no politician is going to come within 1000 feet of any pro-prostitution legislation if they don't have to.\n",
"There are a couple reasons people think it is bad.\n\n* Sexual slavery is where adults and children are forced into prostitution. Often the slavers take advantage of people who are very poor and uneducated, or those who are trying to get out of their country. Little children are often \"groomed\" or taught to be prostitutes from a very young age. People in sexual slavery sometimes don't know any other kind of life, and are often afraid to ask anyone for help. Sometimes they don't even speak the language of the country they are in. So it is often difficult to tell the difference between someone who is a prostitute by choice and someone who is being forced into it. \n* There is a bigger risk of catching diseases from anyone who has sex with a lot of people, especially because some prostitutes don't go to see doctors for fear of being arrested.\n* A lot of people are very religious and think prostitution is immoral. They think that sex is special and should not be traded for money. ",
"Because honest discussions about prostitution are so hard to come by. Media portrayals of prostitutes tend to fall into one of three categories: trafficked women forced into prostitution against their will, drug addicts walking the streets, and the happy hooker with a phd earning $1000s a night.\n\nThe reality is that most prostitutes do not fall into any of these categories (especially in countries where prostitution is legal, like the UK) - they're just ordinary women doing what they do for their own individual reasons. But their stories are never told because their stories have no extreme angle that supports one person's or group's point of view.",
"Originally, prostitution led to illegitimate children. These children grew up poor and fatherless and were likely to become criminals. Making laws to prevent prostitution was a way to decrease the crime rate.\n\nSociety has advanced a lot since then. Our views on morality haven't.",
"Since a 5-year-old isn't going to know about prostitution, I'll explain as though to a 14-year-old (who may understand the idea more instinctively).\n\nCurrently most relationships between boyfriends and girlfriends or husbands and wives are based on the exchange of time, goods, and services, amongst them being particularly close. Like all barter exchanges, this is hard to negotiate.\n\nMoney exchanges, however, are very easy to negotiate. That's why we have money. Prostitution is simply making a money exchange for sex instead of a barter (time-for-time) exchange for sex.\n\nSociety doesn't like that. We view men that choose to use money as a replacement for the ability to attract a sexual partner as defective, and women that choose to accept money instead of time for sex as somehow evil and/or immoral, as they're short-circuiting the normal relationship development process by using money.\n\nThere's also the problem of human trafficking: a lot of the people working as prostitutes aren't doing so willingly. I don't have figures, but I've seen estimates ranging between 5% and 85% of the prostitutes out there are actually working as prostitutes because another person is using force and/or drugs to keep them working as such. Of course a prostitute can't go to the cops, as being a prostitute is illegal. \n\nSo why don't we legalize prostitution, which would make it possible for prostitutes to report abusive behavior by customers and those forcing them to work in the sex industry? Well, the fact is that not many places allow prostitution right now, so smuggling people to work as prostitutes in those areas where prostitution is legal is still lucrative. \n\nWhat has worked is criminalizing pimping, running brothels/parlors/whatever, and being a John, but not being a prostitute itself. This dries up the demand for prostitution, reducing the profits to be made for it, and increases the penalties if you get caught as a smuggler/pimp, while still making it possible for prostitutes to go to the authorities to report wrongdoing by Johns or pimps--as being either of those *is* illegal."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sweden"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sweden"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3mr3qd
|
What was the ratio between fighter planes and reconnaissance planes in WW1?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3mr3qd/what_was_the_ratio_between_fighter_planes_and/
|
{
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"cvhegid"
],
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"text": [
"My copy of Amber Books' *The Essential Aircraft Identification Guide: Aircraft of WWI* gives numbers in August 1918 as being:\n\n* France: 34% fighter, 51% observer, 15% bomber\n* Britain: 55%, 23%, 22%\n* Italy: 46%, 45%, 9%\n* USA: 46.5%, 46.5%, 7%\n* Germany: 42%, 50%, 8%\n* Austria-Hungary: 63%, 28%, 9%\n\nhope that helps!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
rtaf4
|
Are Ultraviolet rays more powerful on cloudy days?
|
The question sounds like one of those medicinal folk warnings passed down without any true evidence to support it.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/rtaf4/are_ultraviolet_rays_more_powerful_on_cloudy_days/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c48hj9x"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Absolutely not. There is no physical reason why a cloud would increase the intensity of an incoming flux of ultraviolet photons. Even if [fluorescence](_URL_0_), the process by which material \"processes\" high energy photons into more lower energy ones, could occur inside a cloud in our atmosphere, our Sun does not produce enough photons with energies greater than UV for a measurable effect. Our atmosphere, even cloud-free, absorbs most incoming ultraviolet radiation. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence"
]
] |
|
9isfne
|
why is there so many different kinds of pain medication? they all seem to do the same thing (according to their descriptions), but why does tylenol work for some headaches and ibuprofen (naproxen, aspirin, etc.) work for other headaches?
|
Same with prescription medications, How does a doctor know which pain medication you need?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9isfne/eli5_why_is_there_so_many_different_kinds_of_pain/
|
{
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"text": [
"Some reduce inflammation which helps relieve pain, and some block pain receptors in your cells, so you don’t feel the pain. Different drugs perform different chemical actions that help with pain in different ways. ",
"This gets asked a lot... \" Differences between Pain Relievers\"\n\n* [2018 - June 26th](_URL_1_)\n* [2017 - March 11th](_URL_2_)\n* [2015 - April 19th](_URL_0_)\n* [2014 - January 13th](_URL_3_)\n* [2013 - November 26th](_URL_4_)\n* [2012 - March 23](_URL_5_)\n* [2011 - December 31st](_URL_6_)\n\nThe simple answer is different compounds affect the body in different ways. Every person also responds a little differently, and you should use what works for you. Just don't over do it.\n\nThe doctor might have some more details about your bodies chemistry, blood pressure, heart rate, and the kind of headache. This can help properly assess if the headache is driven by something being out of sync or unbalanced, or if it just needs to be relieved on a chemical level. After considering the side affects and how well a treatment plan fits your condition. It's really a judgement call, combined with experience and research on the problem.",
"There are differences in how they treat pain, as well as other differences. Some types of pain-medications are very effective at blocking pain, but come with high risk of addiction, can make you very drowsy and unable to work/drive/etc - Obviously you won't be getting a shot of morphine for a minor headache, but if you just came out of an operation then morphine (or some potent opiate) might be the only thing strong enough to really provide relief from the pain you're in (and since you're stuck in a hospital bed, it is okay to be drowsy)\n\nThere are also other considerations, like what other medication a person is on, or if they have conditions that disallow them to use certain medications. For example, aspirin and asthma don't mix very well, so it's better an asthmatic use something with paracetomol.\n\nAs someone has mentioned already there are different causes for pain which certain meds are better at treating. Ibuprofen is a good anti-inflammatory and would probably be best for someone with muscle pain / pinched nerve pain etc.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEven though all the pain meds ultimately do the same thing (relieve pain) it's necessary to have a variety of options for the variety of patients and causes and severity of pain",
"It has to do with the [mechanism of action](_URL_1_), which \"refers to the specific biochemical [interaction](_URL_0_) through which a [drug](_URL_2_)substance produces its pharmacological effect.\"\n\n \n\n\nEssentially, there are different classes and sub-classes of drug. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is a COX-2 inhibitor which reduces the release of a fatty acid and an enzyme known to cause inflammation and pain.\n\n \n\n\nNaproxen (Aleve), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), are NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) which use a pathway in the body similar to acetaminophen, but are classified differently because of the way they interact with the body.\n\n \n\n\nSame goes for acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin). Aspirin is in yet a different class because eof it's added effect of being an anti-platelet (blood thinner).\n\n \n\n\nIn practice doctors, and other practitioners (myself) use a combination of practical experience with past patients and scholarly journals. It's all about understanding where the pain is and what caused it. For example, joint pain I'm giving Tylenol, muscle pain I'm giving Aleve, or headache I'm giving Excedrin which is Aspirin with Tylenol and caffeine.\n\n \n\n\nNarcotics are a different discussion.",
"Like another comment suggested, these medications act on the body in different ways. But! I will explain the differences. \n\n\n* Tylenol \\*acetaminophen\\* - helps to prevent your body from making making certain chemicals that promote fever and pain (but it works best for fevers)\n* Ibuprofen - Helps your body by reducing inflammation, which eases pain. \n* Naproxen - Imagine if Tylen and Ibuprofen had a baby. These drugs reduce both inflammation and fever.\n* Opioids - drugs that are made to bind to receptors on your cells (think of a lock and a key) and prevent other chemicals from binding there and causing you to feel pain. \n\nA doctor will prescribe the medication you need based on several factors; what is causing your pain (surgery, broken bone, sprain, infection, etc). If the cause will respond well to OTC meds then they will give you those. However, if your pain cannot be properly relieved by the mechanisms of the drugs mentioned above and you need to actually have those pain receptors blocked off he may prescribe something stronger."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/335z5f/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_advil_tylenol/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8u54h1/eli5_what_do_pain_relieving_drugs_exactly_do_and/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ywn01/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_acetaminophen/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v5xwc/eli5_what_the_difference_between_tylenol_aspirin/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rjxrk/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_tylenol_advil/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ra7cs/eli5_the_difference_between_ibuprofen_advil_and/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nxhyh/eli5_the_difference_between_tylenol_and_advil_and/"
],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_interaction",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication"
],
[]
] |
|
2iuugl
|
if the tongue is a muscle, and muscles grow after the fibers are torn, why doesn't your tongue grow after being bitten?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2iuugl/eli5if_the_tongue_is_a_muscle_and_muscles_grow/
|
{
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"text": [
"The tongue is actually controlled by eight different muscles. The part you bite is just the fleshy exterior.",
"Not the same type of tear. Otherwise, bodybuilders would go to the gym and cut themselves.",
"I thought I was reading /r/shittyaskscience for a second there.",
"More important question: Will my tongue get jacked from cunnilingus?",
"I think you might be confusing torn with removed. When you say bite your tongue do you mean bitten off? If your tongue is bitten off then, yes, that part will not grow back just like a leg that's cut off won't grow back. If you're talking about biting your tongue so it isn't removed but the muscles are just slightly torn then it will heal just like any slightly torn muscle."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
517n3a
|
kneeling during/sitting in national anthem disrespect to armed forces?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/517n3a/eli5_kneeling_duringsitting_in_national_anthem/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's only disrespecting the armed forces in a super roundabout way. In the US, we stand to pay respect to the flag, which represents the US. If you're in uniform (military) you also salute. Maybe other professions as well, like police and firefighters, but I don't know for sure. Our military fights for the US, and in some cases comes home covered by that same flag. I don't consider it as disrespecting our armed forces personally. I just think he's a dickhead. I don't think ANYONE is super proud of America right now, what with the candidates we've chosen for ourselves, but the courtesy is to stand and remove any headgear. \n\nPersonally speaking, there's lots of things I think are atrocious about America, but that's why we need to strive always to make America better. I still manage to stand on my feet when the anthem is played, because America is imperfect, but I work to make it more so. \n\nEssentially, the dude acted like a teenager getting punished, acting out because he didn't like a situation. ",
"Colin Kapernick decided he wanted to make a political point, and did it in kind of a dickish manner. He is now backtracking after realizing that being a dick might cost him a big 'ol pile of money.\n\nThat said, anyone who's dragging the military into this is an idiot. Not standing for the national anthem doesn't have anything specifically to do with the armed forces."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6zlqcz
|
How did Tenant Farmers get paid in Medieval England? Did they farm for a season, sell, then run down their savings until next season, or did they have some type of reliable income?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6zlqcz/how_did_tenant_farmers_get_paid_in_medieval/
|
{
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"text": [
"I don't have a substantive answer for you but I would suggest reading David Howarth's 1066: Year of the Invasion because he goes over a lot of the details of the medieval English social and political structure and documents changes after the Norman take over. It may have some of the answers you are looking for.",
"I have not heard any specific English form of tenancies, but tenant farming followed was broadly similar across Europe. That is not to say to say that European farming was similar everywhere, rather that tenant farming was just one of many different forms of farming. \n\nSo, tenant farming was the practice where landowners who owned more land than they themselves could cultivate, but did not legally control other people to do the farming for them (no slaves or serfs). So the hired tenant freemen are given parcels of the land to cultivate, and then pay the landowner with a part of the harvest, the land rent. The tenants would live and work at the farms all year round. And their pay would have been the rest of the agrarian surplus they were not obligated to pay their landowner or taxed away, which they then lived off of for the rest of the year. As for off season work, there was always work to be done at a farm, but winter was undoubtedly the low-intensity season. But it was then that the animals were butchered, wood collected from the forest, and most of the agricultural equipment maintained for the new year (fences, ploughs, etc)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1733ar
|
Since modern OS's store the hashes of passwords, not the passwords themselves, is it possible for there to be another password that would also work because it has the same hash?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1733ar/since_modern_oss_store_the_hashes_of_passwords/
|
{
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"text": [
"This is known as a [collision.](_URL_0_) The answer is yes, though in practice this is incredibly rare. They're suitably rare so as to not be a problem unless you're deliberately trying to exploit the vulnerability.",
"Yes, there are an infinite amount of passwords that would work. (ignoring size constraints of the system's implementation itself)\n\n",
"I'm not sure the answer is as clear-cut as the responses so far imply. Collisions are only guaranteed to exist if the number of possible inputs is greater than the number of possible outputs. Assuming approximately 6 bits per character (64 possible characters, seems reasonable for upper/lower case, numbers and symbols), the 128-bit output length of even a short hash like MD5 is equivalent to more than 21 characters.\n\nSo if you restrict the question to passwords of a reasonable length that people actually use then a collision is not guaranteed to exist. Salting wouldn't change the situation unless the combined length of the password plus salt exceeded the output length.\n\nThis raises an interesting question which I do not know the answer to: If you restrict the input to be the same length as the output do common hash algorithms generate a unique output for each input? If the answer is yes then for passwords of reasonable length there would not be any other password that would work."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_(computer_science\\)"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
6ab9nc
|
what happens in a free falling elevator? will you go to the ceiling or stay on the floor?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ab9nc/eli5_what_happens_in_a_free_falling_elevator_will/
|
{
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"text": [
"If the elevator is free falling then you too are free falling inside the elevator. So you would be neither in the ceiling or on the floor. However there are a few practical concerns. First of all you most likely start off standing on the floor. So when the elevator starts to fall you will be pushed slightly upwards by the elastic forces. So you will fall a bit slower then the elevator and likely go up to the ceiling. Then as the elevator picks up speed it is going to encounter air resistance from the bottom of the elevator shaft and slow down the acceleration. However as you are inside you do not get the air resistance and will still fall with the same acceleration and will therefore fall down to the ground. However the forces involved here that send you to the ceiling and then to the floor is very tiny compared to the forces of gravity you are used to so it is unlikely that you will get any injuries. Even if you land on your finger it is not enough to break it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8ra295
|
AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Kathryn Bywaters and I am an astrobiologist at SETI working on developing new ways to look for life! Ask me anything!
|
To search for life beyond Earth, we first have to decide on several key factors, such as where we should look? An ideal place to look might be the icy moons around Saturn and Jupiter with their liquid oceans. However, once we decide where to look for life we then need to determine what we will look for and how we will look for it? If there is life in this solar system, other than on Earth, it seems most likely that it will be in the form of microbes. But what if it doesn't look like life on Earth-how will we know when we find it? As a SETI researcher, working on life detection projects, these are the types of questions I ask.
I'll be on at 10 am (PT, 1 PM ET, 18 UT) to answer your questions, ask me anything!
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/8ra295/askscience_ama_series_im_dr_kathryn_bywaters_and/
|
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"Did that screen saver that everyone used to run on their windows 98 box at the end of the last century help much?",
"Does SETI@Home actually help you guys?\n\nFollow up, do you expect the Very Large Array to help at all?",
"On earth, microbes, as do all living things, have self generated actions regulated by molecules called nucleic acids. So, how will you look for evidence of self generated actions and precursors to nucleic acid type molecules that may or may not be carbon based ? ",
"How likely is it that a signal you might detect comes from a civilization long dead?\n\nIf every nuclear weapon were detonated on earth within the span of a day, would a signal be produced that could be detected by an alien civilization within our galaxy?",
"Do we have enough knowledge of extraterrestrial bodies within the solar system to predict or simulate steady state conditions? Could atmospheric sampling (or spectroscopic analysis) detect potential metabolic products and distinguish them from compounds produced without some kind of biotic catalysis?\n\nHow does the solar energy (and geothermal energy) of earth compare to the sum of energies received by Jupiter's moons through tidal and other forces?",
"What kind of data will you be receiving and how will that tell you if there's other life forms on/or habitable planets?\n\nSpace is so exciting; I wish you all the best in your search! x",
"What sort of tests do you do to find life? How do you tell life apart from rare, but still possible abiotic reactions that create complex molecules?",
"Hello and thanks for this AMA, I was wondering what was your opinion (and other people working in your field) about humanity spreading around on other planets?\n\nIs there a debate about whether we should leave other planets/satellites in pristine condition or get out there, after the exploratory phase?\n\nWhat kind of indicators did you adopt recently and that wasn't used beforehand to look for life?\n\nWhat kind of indicators do you know could be used but can't be as of now because of technological limitations?\n\nThank you for your time!",
"Are there any methods being used to look for life that may not necessarily require water to survive?",
"How plausible to you is life that is not based on DNA and how does this influence your search?",
"In the unlikely scenario that you find life, how will you determine it is not contamination from earth?",
"So many approaches I hear use a goldilocks approach to look for life. I have also heard that there is a shift away from water-based, carbon-containing life. Can you comment on what some of these might be?",
"How sure are we that life in general needs what we needed to form? (Water, goldilocks zone, magnetosphere, etc) If I remember correctly, both sulfur and carbon can form chains to create life, but carbon-based life is much more common. Does the possibility of sulfur-based life open up your search to places you wouldn't otherwise look? Thanks!",
"What is the goal, or what will you do once you find something? I don't see much point in searching for microbes but curious as to your reason for doing so. Also are you searching for intelligent life and does your methods change for that?",
"If you discovered intelligent life on another planet, what would you offer them as a gift of peace? And why?",
"I just watched a think deep video where this guy said that life here on earth likely started from bacteria being trapped in meteors. Is this a real thing? He said that the pockets (books and crannies) can hold them and help them survive. He also said that some bacteria dehydrate themselves until conditions are favorable to resume life. Is this true too? Thanks homie. ",
"What would you personally say is a realistic timeframe for detecting extraterrestrial life? Another decade? A century?",
"Beyond putting extraterrestrial samples under a microscope. What are the other new ways to look for life?",
"If its possible for microbes to migrate to other planets and solar systems using asteroids, do you think its possible we may find earth's microbes in other planets that can support that life? and if we do find them, how would we know if they were Earthlings or just evolved there in the same ways our microbes did here?",
"What other types of life besides carbon-based can we look for on other planets?",
"What's your opinion on the Fermi paradox?",
"What are your thoughts about human exploration of Mars in regard to any life that might exist on Mars?",
"Greetings Dr. Bywaters,\n\nis there any potential or ongoing effort for the detection of the more heavily fractionnated stable isotope signatures we commonly associate with life on Earth when looking for signs of life elsewhere in the universe? If I refer to known geological environments, heavily fractionnated sulphur or carbon isotope signatures are commonly considered to be a sign of biological processes; perhaps these might be detectable in some way?\n\nIn the event where such signatures would be identified, say for instance in the absorption spectrum of an exoplanets atmosphere, how significant might they be?\n\n",
"Do you have a SOP should you find life that resembles a humanoid? ",
"Is there any reasonable chance that there could be any form of complex life in Europa's ocean? As in more than simple microbes. ",
"Hello Dr. Bywaters!\n\nI look forward to reading all of the answers later! My question is where did you study to be an astrobiologist?",
"Some possible life forms could be active emitters in producing detectable electromagnetic signals i.e. radio waves. What more can we do to detect these type civilizations?\n\nChances are significantly higher that life on some worlds will not be producing detectable signals, but will modify their environment in ways we can detect. This could include carbon monoxide/dioxide in a reducing atmosphere or other chemical signatures that can be detected using advanced telescopes with spectography. What more should we be doing to build the equipment to detect these life forms?\n\nAs a biologist, how do you feel about contaminating other planets with human microorganisms?\n\nThere is some possibility of non-oxygen consuming life forms. How do we detect for example a silicon based life form that metabolizes sulphuric acid?",
"What sort of finding would excite you most?",
"Do you think its possible to find intelligent life that doesnt rely on h2o? Or is all search for intelligent life limited to finding planets with water in the goldie lock zone?",
"What inspired you are a kid ( < 18yo) to go into the field of AstroBiology? ",
"How likely do you think it is that we have just missed spotting life on other planets due to our current understanding of what defines life? / Are our pre-defined criteria for what constitutes Life on other planets hindering our ability to discover them?\n\nHow credible is - we just don't understand what form life could be like on other planets?",
"Hi Dr. Kathryn, thanks for doing this! How was your career progression like to be working on astrobiology at SETI? How did you get into the field? I'm studying astrophysics at the masters level now and am interested in this. Any suggestions on where to go from here?",
"Hi,\nIm a student at the University of Edinburgh and had the opportunity to take the Astrobiology course run by Charles Cockell.\nWould just like to say it was an absolutely fascinating course and has inspired me to seek out how to get further involved with the subject.\n\nSo i guess my question is, what are your recommendations (general or specific) for pursuing a career in astrobiology?",
"Do you think that capillary electrophoresis is an effective method for seeking life on other planets? What are its limitations in your field?",
"On the off chance that the first life you find is the alien equivalent of SETI, what will you talk about? Who will get to ask the first question?",
"What would be the definition of life to you guys and girls? Is it as \"easy\" as microorganisms or are you looking for some form of intelligence? ",
"Do you think astro botany is a field that would boom anytime soon?",
"If you actually find something, what's the procedure? Who do you call first?",
"What's important about looking for life beyond Earth?",
"How do you determine life in a different planet without being there?",
"Hello, why are we not looking for life on the clouds of Venus? I read that there are possible bio signatures there and Venus clouds are likely the best candidate in our solar system for life. (I am reffering to bacterial life and not \"E.T.\" life). ",
"As someone who is going to university next year,which degree did you take and where,and which degrees do you think people can take to become an astrobiologist?",
"I guess I've always wondered, if we do actually find life. What then? What are our next steps?",
"Can we think through a worst-case scenario? Suppose we continue *not* finding evidence of life elsewhere. Is there a point at which society should consider scaling back SETI?\n\nNot suggesting it be eliminated altogether. It just seems that SETI continues to underscore Fermi's Paradox, am wondering what an end game would be if that only continues.",
" > But what if it doesn't look like life on Earth-how will we know when we find it? \n\nWhat are the leading theories on what non-Earth-like life might look like? What are the bases for those theories? What makes some theories more likely (or more widely accepted) than others? In other words, is there something about these theories (or any theories) that distinguishes them from a layman’s wild-ass-guess? ",
"What is the closest thing you’ve found to life on other planets?",
"So here's a question I've always wondered on. Why are scientists so dead set on water being absolutely essential for any kind of like? Why can't there be an unexpected kind of life? Like one that feeds on iron or something",
"You have such a cool job! And thank you for doing this AMA.\n\nFirst off, how do you determine how a planet in our solar system has life? Does it have to do with biophysics in some way? \n\nSecond, any chances of life in Enceladus? There's no way a geothermally active body like that wouldn't have something in that 67mi deep ocean. But I am not sure if I can trust documentaries and various YouTube videos' take on it. \n\nHave a great day!",
"If we don't find life in the places identified, do you think we should seed the place to gain information about whether or not life would definitely grow? ",
"As some one that studied biology and is finishing a masters in biotech, how could I get into astrobiology? I'm from Spain and haven't found a lot about it and most masters I couldn't afford. I'm willing to move to other countries if that helps",
"If we assume that there is extraterrestrial life that's carbon based, water dependent, and at least complex enough to be large enough that we could see it with the naked eye, what do you think are the odds that we'd be able to eat it? As in have our digestive system be able to extract usable energy/nutrients from it.\n\nI may have skipped breakfast this morning. \n\n",
"Was there any moments in SETI ' I thought that was the signal, but it wasn't '?",
"Thank you so much for taking the time. I would like to ask a few personal questions and some astrobiology related questions:\n\n1. What is the significance of finding new life forms?\n\n2. How can finding new life forms benefit humans and earth?\n\n3. Will, and if so, how can finding new life forms affect other species besides humans?\n\n4. What are the current methods used to find new life forms, and what are some potential technologies that can be used to find life?\n\nThank you so much for doing this AMA!",
"What is the likelyhood that an intelligent extraterrestrial species does not use the EM spectrum to communicate over distances? And if thats the case, how likely is is that we are just missing each other's communications like ships passing in the night?",
"What are some upcoming 'breakthroughs' or discoveries we will soon see?",
"What is your favorite work of science fiction?",
"What definition of life do you use? In all seriousness, could a star be considered intelligent if enough of its atoms had entangled electrons, forming a pseudo-neural network?",
"Assuming we found life, how would a xenobiologist begin to do his or her job?",
"I read somewhere that if we were to find another life form, it would be completely different than what we look like. as in, it could be a blob of jelly instead of the little green/grey men. how true or false is that.",
"Do you have a personal prediction for when we might find extra-terrestrial life?",
"Have you been keeping up with the recent spate of UFO/\"anomalous aerial vehicle\" intercept footage and reports released by the Pentagon and in particular the US Navy? Do these things get talked about in the SETI community? What do people think? ",
"I love what you're doing, and I hope to be alive when we find hard evidence of life on another planet, however... What do you think of Nick Bostrom's writings about the \"Great Filter\". If we find life it means humanity will likely not pass a certain technological stage because we have not yet detected it, so intelligent life in the universe must be either a) extremely rare (great, then we have a chance) or b) there's something common that will prevent a civilization from reaching the point of technology detectable by other alien civilizations (so whatever prevented all/most of the other life in the universe from will eventually cause our demise). \n\nIf we find life on another planet, (b) becomes much more likely. ",
"What's the most exciting discovery you've made in your career? ",
"Do you find it difficult to work in a field that has no tangible gratification as a result of the work or effort you put in? ",
"What is in your opinion supposed to be done in case we/you actually where to stumble upon a life form where we/you can tell that they are more developed than us?",
"Lets just say for a hypothetical situation you suddenly became aware of 100 other intelligent beings with civilizations all inhabiting their own world and know nothing of eachother. \n\n\nIn your guesstimate, how many could we “get along with”?",
"Unfortunately, my main questions are a bit speculative, so I'll ask a different one. When SETI broadcast signals into space to see if intelligent life will pick up on them, do we aim in random directions, or do we try to broadcast them at a directed target we think might contain life, i.e Kepler-62f? Additionally, SETI accounts for relativity when broadcasting right? ",
"What would be the actual steps that SETI would take if you guys did find Life? Like how would you reveal this to the public?",
"Do you actually believe there is life within a detectable range of Earth? If so, does this belief motivate you to search more thoroughly?\n\nSimply put, do you believe life can be found within your life time?\n\nRegardless, I love what you do!\n ",
"1. What would silicon life really look like?\n2. What solution do you believe is the best at solving the Fermi paradox?",
"How do you become an “astrobiologist”?? ",
"What ways can we detect life through a telescope rather than going to the planet?",
"In the SETI community, is the 1977 \"WOW!\" signal still considered worth investigating? How has the SETI@Home Network contributed to SETI searches. Has any other science come out of the SETI@Home computation, not specific to SETI?",
"Hello everyone! Just got online and I'm thrilled to see how many comments there are already :-) I'll try and get to all of them.",
"Hi Dr. Bywaters. I was wondering if there was a procedure at SETI in the event of the discovery of a form of intelligent life?\nAlso, how plausible (or not) is the plot of the Three Body Problem books?\nThank you for doing this!",
"I have to take a break for the moment but I will come back. I'm so thrilled with all of your great questions and interest in the subject. Thank you all so very very much. I have to work but I could talk to you guys all day!",
"With the technology we have right now, how far away from the Earth could you be with all of your instruments, and be able to determine there is probably life, even intelligent life, upon it?",
"Has there ever been a moment where you thought you found other life out there? \nIf yes, what did that feel like? "
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|
n6zm1
|
Is there any reason 2 unflavored vodkas should taste any different?
|
Aren't they just basically water and ethanol in some proportion? I had two vodkas in the past few weeks and they seem to taste different, or have different aftertaste, but vodka is supposed to be basically ethanol and water..
If the same proof, what is leftover in vodka to effect taste when it's clear? Is it imagination that people taste difference in vodka, and pay high price for one over another?
edit- Thanks for the answers, I need to do some reading on alcohol impurities.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/n6zm1/is_there_any_reason_2_unflavored_vodkas_should/
|
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"text": [
"The perfect \"pure\" vodka is an ethanol grain-neutral-spirit diluted with pure water to a palatable level. The differences in flavor between vodkas come from impurities or contaminants, since no process is perfect.",
"[Mythbusters](_URL_0_) actually covered this in an episode where they filtered low grade vodka through a Brita Filter to try to increase its quality and it more or less turned out to be true (check video for the nuance).\nGiven that, any *actual* differences you taste in equal proof vodka is likely impurities leftover from the distilling process. Of course it is well known the effect clever manipulation of psychology i.e. marketing, can have on your senses so there is no accounting for good taste =P",
"Ignore my tag for right now. (replace Pharmacy with Bartender)\n\nThe amount of distillation varies. The more it is distilled and filtered, the fewer impurities there are. There are other techniques used, such as chilling it below 0C to increase the density to remove the impurities. \n\nThe 'taste' you experience with vodka is often due to impurities such as glycols, aldehydes, acetone, methanol, and other alcohols. These are compounds either left over from the base ingredient or produced by the yeast during fermentation. Distillation and filtration are used to remove these compounds. The more you distill and filter, the more the price of the vodka goes up (generally). ",
"Water is a huge variable however. You can't just assume all water is the same. There are some companies who take cores of icebergs in the north arctic ocean and melt that down for their water because the ice is so old the atmosphere had a different composition when it froze.",
"The perfect \"pure\" vodka is an ethanol grain-neutral-spirit diluted with pure water to a palatable level. The differences in flavor between vodkas come from impurities or contaminants, since no process is perfect.",
"[Mythbusters](_URL_0_) actually covered this in an episode where they filtered low grade vodka through a Brita Filter to try to increase its quality and it more or less turned out to be true (check video for the nuance).\nGiven that, any *actual* differences you taste in equal proof vodka is likely impurities leftover from the distilling process. Of course it is well known the effect clever manipulation of psychology i.e. marketing, can have on your senses so there is no accounting for good taste =P",
"Ignore my tag for right now. (replace Pharmacy with Bartender)\n\nThe amount of distillation varies. The more it is distilled and filtered, the fewer impurities there are. There are other techniques used, such as chilling it below 0C to increase the density to remove the impurities. \n\nThe 'taste' you experience with vodka is often due to impurities such as glycols, aldehydes, acetone, methanol, and other alcohols. These are compounds either left over from the base ingredient or produced by the yeast during fermentation. Distillation and filtration are used to remove these compounds. The more you distill and filter, the more the price of the vodka goes up (generally). ",
"Water is a huge variable however. You can't just assume all water is the same. There are some companies who take cores of icebergs in the north arctic ocean and melt that down for their water because the ice is so old the atmosphere had a different composition when it froze."
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[] |
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],
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] |
|
5xhdg5
|
How did the Europeans manage to pull of the First Crusade?
|
I don't mean to suggest that the First Crusade was an unmitigated success, but despite inconsistent leadership and constant logistical problems the crusaders seemed to manage to succeed at the critical moments needed to reach their overall objectives.
Specifically there were a number of battles and sieges, Dorylaeum, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Ascalon, where the Crusaders won against the odds to some extent. I'm sure each battle had it's unique circumstances, but was there something else going on that added up to advantages for the Crusaders?
* Did the Crusaders have some advantage in quality of equipment or soldiers?
* Were the tactics they used outside the experience of the Muslim armies they faced?
* I've seen it suggested that towards the later part of the First Crusade their army was battle hardened. How much of an advantage, if any, does that cohesion and experience confer?
Or is it even possible to talk about generalities that cut across the numerous string of events that made up the First Crusade?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5xhdg5/how_did_the_europeans_manage_to_pull_of_the_first/
|
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"A combination of factors.\n\na) Right after leaving byzantine territory, the crusading armies found themselves on the brink of disaster. At Dorylaeum (July, 1097), the vanguard was surrounded by the Turks and only lived another day thanks to the quick judgement of Raymond of Toulouse and Godfrey of Bouillon, who arrived with the main host in the nick of time. The green troops of 1097 had become by 1099 a hardened force: most of the troops had adjusted to a life of self-sufficiency in food, equipment and horses and took at heart the communitarian, militant, religious character of the enterprise. Feudal loyalties gave way to military necessities - Godfrey of Bouillon began the campaign as head of the Lotharingian hosts - he ended it as leader of all northern french troops, a sign that his leadership had succeeded in creating a true esprit de corps.\n\nb) When crusaders arrived from the West, they were profficient in what historians call \"the charge and skirmish\" type of warfare. They quickly discovered that Easterners did it differently, by employing light cavalry (usually mounted archers) and the rapid tactics of the feint and ambush. By 1098 they were able to successfully counter such tactics; by 1099 they were using them successfully in the march towards Jerusalem.\n\nc) The political situation was a key factor in their success. After the death of Malik-Shah, the Seljuk dominion had fractured beyond repair. Tutush, the emir of Damascus, had taken all of Syria in 1094; in 1095 his realm split between his two sons, that were more interested in fighting each other than making an united front against the invading armies. Worse yet, the Fatimids took Jerusalem in 1098, even by going as far as offering the Crusaders an alliance. A perfect storm.\n\nd) I would add a fourth reason: true religious fervor. While good, cynical opportunists like Baldwin or Bohemond preferred to maintain power over the realms that they had obtained in 1098 (Edessa and Antioch), the rest of the army took down Jerusalem in a haze of religious symbolism and imagery. \"Army of God\", \"Blessed Journey\", \"Dead Martyrs\" were some of the phrases you can find in the letters that participants sent back home. This militant piety, enforced by pope Urban and their past victories, had achieved wonders at the siege of Antioch and would prove invaluable at Jerusalem.\n\nSource: \"God's War\" (Christopher Tyerman)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5hwsor
|
why the depth matters with water resistant devices?
|
For example 5ft for 30 minutes. How does the depth affect the water resistance?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5hwsor/eli5_why_the_depth_matters_with_water_resistant/
|
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"The deeper you dive in water, the more pressure is applied across the entire exposed surface of an object. Gaskets (rubber components designed to keep water out) in a device can only stand so much pressure before they're breached and water begins to flood in.",
"1. Pressure of the water against the gaskets or seal used to \"waterproof\" or, make water resistant, the device.\n\n2. Condensation. Water molecules will get past glass and plastics pretty easily given enough time/temperature difference. \n",
"It matters because the deeper an item is, the more pressure is being pushed on it, causing water to go inside of it. The reason they are water proof to start with is because water cant get into it to mess up the electronics."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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] |
|
3ih13t
|
What happens if a GPS satellite gets KO'd?
|
I know it's a bit redundant in case of this kind of thing, but does NASA go replace it? Pretend it gets mashed in the next meteor shower or something.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3ih13t/what_happens_if_a_gps_satellite_gets_kod/
|
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"Apparently, the minimum amount for the GPS system to be operational is 24 satellites. However, as at the moment 31 are operational, there is small chance of harm to the GPS system. If one satellite were to fail, there are enough others to keep the system working. Satellites do age and get decommissioned all the time (see [wikipedia list](_URL_0_) ), and new ones (with updated technology) are launched to take their places. \nIf a satellite were to fail right now due to a meteoroid strike or any other problem, it wouldn't get replaced immediately, although if a few satellites were to fail at the same time, it's well possible the GPS satellite production gets a boost from the US gov to get the full constellation up to speed again. \nEdit: added [source](_URL_1_)",
"GPS satellites can actually be moved/re-positioned shooting one down will not make a big difference and we can actually drop to bellow 24 satellites and still have a very operational GPS network with a high precision. \n\nThis is due to history correction process and implementation of differential GPS on the ground. With the current setup on any point on earth you are in range of 7 satellites with earth acting at (4th or 8th). \nYou could take that number all the way down to 3 satellites at any given time and combined with differential GPS and earth acting as 4th satellite along with know acceleration and orientation you would still have a very high positioning precision. \n\n",
"Background: systems engineer for GPS receivers used in aviation.\n\nThe GPS constellation was originally designed with 24 satellites. They were placed in 6 different orbits each containing 4 satellites each. The Keplerian parameters of these 6 orbits have been thoroughly researched to provide maximum coverage at any point on the earth. Over time the DoD has released 7 more satellites to improve coverage, leading to a little bit of overpopulation of the constellation.\n\nModern Navigational GPS need 4 satellites to solve for receiver x,y,z co-ordinates and t (time). \"In order to calculate real-time and accurate positions\", we have to solve for time since the receiver clock always has an offset to the satellite clocks (practical solutions will never have them synced exactly) causing it to be an unknown in the position equations.\n\nHowever, if you look up and plot the visible satellites there are always around 8-10 satellites above the horizon (at least over the equator) which is more than enough. So one satellite being KO'd is no big deal from the user's perspective.\nMoreover, over the North American continent we have 5 more geo-stationary WAAS satellites that provide enhanced position accuracy and can be used to compute position / time. \n\nMoreover, manufacturers are already working on new receivers that can ALSO track and use satellites from other constellations (ex: GLONASS, EGNOS) released by Europeans and Russians to compute position / time.\n\nAlso, the control centers are always servicing one or more satellites at a given time so we rarely have a fully operational constellation.\n\nIn my knowledge, a satellite has never been KO'd by a meteor but if it happened, the user will notice no difference. The satellite will either be knocked out of orbit or if it is still in orbit I don't think anyone is going up to fix it( too expensive). We would just release a new satellite to take it's place if the DoD feels the need to improve coverage. \n\nI hope I have quelled a bit of your curiosity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites",
"http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/"
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|
2yaxgq
|
Danish / Norwegian resistance during World War II
|
I was wondering if anyone here might have any insight into why the Norwegian government was so much less cooperative when faced with German invaders compared, with, say, the Danish government. The Germans, from what I've been able to glean, were for the most part willing to allow both the Danish and Norwegian governments to handle domestic policy.
The Danes chose to cooperate, fearing for the safety of ordinary citizens, whereas Norway's Storting and King Haakon faced the prospect of imprisonment or assassination by defying the Germans. Denmark's government seemed to reluctantly collaborate while Norway's fled and operated in exile.
Clearly, neither Norwegians nor Danes had any particular affinity for German occupation, but the leaders of the countries took very different strategies. Is this a product of the vicissitudes of the particular politicians who were in power, or were there other societal factors at play? Is it simply that Denmark's government could not flee while Norway's had that possibility? Was the Norwegian resistance more active than the Danish resistance as the war progressed?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2yaxgq/danish_norwegian_resistance_during_world_war_ii/
|
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"I don't know too much about the Danes, but my impression is that they were pretty much overrun before they had time to react.\n\nIn Norway, the government had time to get out of Oslo before the Germans could capture them. One thing I believe was important was the attitude of Haakon VI, king of Norway. He refused to cooperate with the Germans or capitulate.\n\nIt might also be a factor that the battle for Norway was still on for a couple of months before the military capitulation.\n\nAs far as I know, the major difference was simply that the Norwegian government had the opportunity to flee while the Danish did not."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
q4q9d
|
Why did the Guild system collapse?
|
I'm not very well educated on the nature and subject of the old Guild systems of Medieval and Renaissance Europe and I am curious what economic or political factors lead to their collapse. What were the strengths of the system and why did it vanish?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/q4q9d/why_did_the_guild_system_collapse/
|
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"Simple answer: emergence of routinized labor in a factory. Call it Taylorization, [division of labor,](_URL_0_) or whatever you like, it was the change from craft control of labor to factory-based production that ended most guilds. \n\nLonger answer is *very* long. Involves immigration, changes in technology, populism, anti-unionism, \"robber-barons,\" and a whole dissertation's worth of stuff. \n\nThere are some professions that still resemble guilds: medicine, academia, and the legal profession maintain near-complete control over their own work. They select, train, employ and regulate their professional members, much as guilds did.\n\nEDIT: Missed the last part of your question. Strengths of the system depend on whose point of view. From the worker's POV, they could control their output, regulate the price for that output, control entry to the profession, and control the conditions of their work. For example, a cigar roller's daily \"stint\" was to roll X cigars. If he rolled fewer, he was a poor worker. If he rolled more, he was a poor union/guild member. Rolling too many would mean that fewer people would be employed. From the point of view of a shop owner, the guilds guaranteed quality (usually,) and that there would always be a certain number of workers available. Shop owner laments would include: resistance to change, more-or-less fixed labor costs (not always bad,) and a complicated hiring system. ",
"Most guilds died out in the Early Modern Period, and not because of routinized labor in a factory, as Cosmic-Charlie claims. In the sixteenth century a few things happend that triggered the Commercial Expansion. These are the steady population growth, the slow gradual inflation and the rise of long-distance trade. In the old guild system there was little profit, little risk or loss and not much innovation. All this changed with the widening of the trading area or market. The rising amount of long-distance trade, where goods were produced to be sold at some time in the future, in faraway places, to persons unknown, the local guildmaster could not manage this operation. He lacked the money and knowlegde for this proces. In this long-distance business new kinds of entrepreneurs bacame promient in the European commercial life. They usually started out as merchants and ended up as bankers, like the german Fuggers.\n\nOther dealers in cloth broke away from the town-and-guild framework in other ways. In the fiftheenth century certain English entrepreneurs began to develop the spinning, weaving and dyeing of wool in England. To avoid the restrictive practices of the towns and guilds they 'put out' the work to people in the country, providing them with looms and other equipment for this process. This putting out system spread very widely outside the guild system and by the early modern period this typically depended on a gendered division of labor. This proved to be a start for the division of labor as we see in the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century.\nAnother aspect of the commercial revolution was mercantilism. Rulers were hard pressed for money and needed more of it as it fell in value. \n\nThe New Monarchs started building up a strong and self-sufficient system. The means adopted was to set the poor on work, to turn the country into a hive of industry, to discourage idleness, begging, vagabondage and unemployment. This went along nicely with the idea of the entrepreneurs, who put the poor on the countryside to work. Mercantilists frowned upon the localistic and conservatite outlook of the guilds. In 1563 England broke with the guildsystem, regulating with the Statute of Artificers the admission to apprenticeship and level of wages in various trades. In France the guilds lost influence and importance aswell. In both countries the government assisted merchants who wished to set up domestic or cottage industry in the country, against the protests of the town guilds, which in their heyday had forbidden rural people to engage in crafts. Government tried to suppres idleness to increase taxincome. "
]
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|
[] |
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|
d62rxx
|
if the single use plastic is already made, how is my refusal to buy these items helping the planet? they are already made and someone else will buy them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d62rxx/eli5_if_the_single_use_plastic_is_already_made/
|
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"If not as many single use plastic items get bought, companies will cut back on how many more they make in the future. That's important too.",
"The idea is that gradually, consumption of the product will decline to the point that they will no longer be produced, in favor of more marketable products. If fewer people are apt to purchase an item because it is single-use plastic, then companies will reduce their production of single-use plastic because they want to sell more items, not less.",
"Decreasing demand will reduce the number produced next time. Yes the existing inventory will sell eventually, but if it takes forever and requires a deep discount there won't be much financial incentive to produce more.\n\nIt's not like suddenly nobody bought horses or typewriters one day, demand trickled away to nothing and producers decreased their future supply to match and eventually left the market entirely.",
"Ah, but by eliminating the demand for MORE single use plastics, we make sure that noone makes any more of them. \n\n_Well, but other countries will just buy them_. Yes, but after a bunch of the hip cool kids ban them, then say \"sorry Thailand we won't do business with you unless you get rid of the plastics too\", then economic peer pressure kicks in.",
"Businessmen normally will only produce items that customers are willing to buy; if there’s something that more and more customers refuse to buy, it will be produced in lower amounts. \n\nIt’s being said, demand creates supply, not the opposite.",
"These items are being mass produced daily. If that stopped, we would run out of them in a few weeks, or months. But the hope is that those companies producing them will see a loss in sales, thereby requiring that they reduce production. At the same time, the demand for compostable/biodegradable products rises dramatically, making the manufacturers see the market will support their shift to the new products. The effect is an eventual changeover to the eco-friendly products."
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2v2yqb
|
islands like hawaii seem to very quickly get diverse vegetation even though they pop up in the middle of the ocean, so where do the first seeds come from?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2v2yqb/eli5_islands_like_hawaii_seem_to_very_quickly_get/
|
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"Seeds travel in many ways. Some get there by water, traveling on air currents (think dandelion) or by animals (bird eats seed, undigested seed from excrement finds new home), and by humans. \n\nIn Hawaii's case, many of their trees and plants were brought to the island by early settlers. \nEdit: removed inaccurate information about the quantity of native flora and fauna. Thanks for correct info!",
"Coconuts float all across the world. It's safe to say that a coconut landed on Hawaiian Shores before the migration of people from the south Pacific. That, and bird poop. ",
"I'd like to know how the hell did mosquitoes get there.",
"Coconut palms are amazing plants. The coconut can remain at sea for months. That is why on beaches, coconut palms seem to reach out, slanted over the ocean. My favorite plant (palms are not trees but rather freakishly large grasses).",
"So perhaps a swallow could carry a coconut's seeds, bypassing the simple issue of weight ratios. ",
"I was watching a nature documentary on hawaii once and they said that it took 2000 years for each new species to wind up in hawaii."
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6itg5p
|
In popular culture and meme posts there's a stereotype correlating living in Southern states and incest. Is there any historical reason why this stereotype is a thing? Why aren't Northern American states associated with this stereotype instead?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6itg5p/in_popular_culture_and_meme_posts_theres_a/
|
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"Hello everyone, \n\nIf you are a first time visitor, welcome! This thread is trending high right now and getting a lot of attention, but it's important to remember that those upvotes represent interest in the question itself, and [it can often take time for a good answer to be written](_URL_6_). The mission of /r/AskHistorians is to provide users with **in-depth and comprehensive responses**, and our [rules](_URL_4_) are intended to facilitate that purpose. *We remove comments which don't follow them for reasons including unfounded speculation, shallowness, and of course, inaccuracy*. We also remove them when they misunderstand the question, so please note: **the OP asked about the stereotype of incestuousness, not other stereotypes relating to southern America.** So please, before you try your hand at posting, check out the [rules](_URL_4_), as we don't want to have to warn you further. (Making comments asking about the removed comments will simply compound this issue, so please don't do that either.) \n\nOf course, we know that it can be frustrating to come in here from your frontpage or /r/all and see only *[removed]*, but we ask for your patience and understanding. Great content is produced on this subreddit every day though, and we hope that while you wait, you will check out places they are featured, including [Twitter](_URL_1_), the [Sunday Digest](_URL_2_), the [Monthly \"Best Of\"](_URL_9_) feature, and now, [Facebook](_URL_3_). It is very rare that a decent answer doesn't result in due time, so please do come check back on this thread in a few hours. If you think you might forget, send a [Private Message](_URL_7_!) to the [Remind-Me bot](_URL_0_), and it will ensure you don't!\n\nFinally, while we always appreciate feedback, it would be unfair to the OP to derail this thread with META conversation, so if anyone has further questions or concerns, I would ask that they be directed to [modmail](_URL_5_), or a [META thread](_URL_8_[META]). Thank you!",
"The word \"hillbilly\" had spread far enough to make its first known appearance in print in 1900, though perhaps not quite far enough that it didn't need defining:\n\n > A hill-billie is a free and untrammelled white citizen of Alabama, who lives in the hills, has no means to speak of, dresses as he can, talks as he pleases, drinks whiskey when he gets it, and fires off his revolver as the fancy takes him.\n\nThis is useful for two reasons. First, it sets out 1900 as the point by which the image of the hillbilly/redneck/poor white southerner had gelled in the American imagination (the quote is from a New York publication). Second, it focuses our attention on a particular sub-region of the American South, that is, on [Appalachia](_URL_1_) (and as John Otto points out, the oft-overlooked/morphed into 'western Appalachia' [Ozarks](_URL_0_)). The place of Appalachia in American settlement and economic history, and its function in 19th century literature, roll into the stereotypes we know today--including the myth of rampant incest.\n\nAlready by the early 19th century, Appalachia was developing a reputation as the \"backwoods\" of America from the eastern seaboard. Part of this was emotional: as white Americans geared up to force Native Americans further and further west, the backwoods served as a buffer zone or no man's land of protection. Part of this was geographic: duh. But part of this was economic, and on its way to becoming an enduring culture.\n\nScholars following Otto use the term \"plain folk\", and sometimes \"plain folk agriculture\" to stress its economic origins. Characteristics included small-scale farming in forest clearings, free-ranging pastoralism, and geographically isolated homesteads. But not socially isolated:\n\n > Each farmstead\n belonged to a dispersed rural neighborhood, or community, whose members\n were united by friendship, marriage, and kinship. Though dispersed over\n several square miles, the members of a community called on their friends,\n relatives, and in-laws for aid in clearing land, gathering crops, shucking corn,\n collecting livestock, slaughtering animals, and building log houses. \n\n > Frequently, a church was the focus of a community, and many communities adopted such Biblical place names as Pisgah, Hebron, and Gilead. The county seat towns, the churches, the schools, and the rural\n neighborhoods were the physical setting for social and recreational life. The\n simple pleasures of court sessions, church meetings, and neighborly socializ-\n ing did much to overcome the spartan material conditions of life. Folks owned\n modest amounts of property and pursued a self-sufficient life style which left\n little room for material luxuries. They fashioned their own agricultural tools,\n household furnishings, and clothing, and they bought little more than salt, ammunition, ironware, and the occasional book.\n\nThis is rather a vision or a version of the \"yeoman farmer\" stereotype, almost pioneer-like, and before the Civil War its presence was hardly limited to Appalachia (and, again, the Ozarks). But by 1820, eastern writers were recognizing that the urbanizing North and turn towards plantations in the south were crafting a divide. As Anne Newport Royall, editor of the Maryland proto-feminist magazine *The Huntress* wrote in 1826:\n\n > On the bosom of this vast mass of mountains . . . of Virginia . . . there is as much difference between the people of the western states and those in the east as there is between any two people in the union...these present a district republic of their own, every way different from any people.\n\nThe impression of difference was being communicated eastward by the pens of travelers, but even more so by the propaganda of revivalist missionaries seeing the backwoods as fertile ground for evangelization. As America spiraled towards civil war, too, northern antislavery writers crafted an view of Appalachia as a bastion of white abolitionism. Not entirely unrooted in reality, at least through the 1830s, this highly charged image depended on Appalachians as poor white people either victimized by slavery or opposed to it with fiery religious zeal. (To say nothing of, you know, black Appalachians and slave-owning whites...)\n\nAround and after the Civil War, two economic developments isolated the Appalachian backwoods both physically and culturally. First, the construction of railroads created, you might say, \"winners and losers\" out of Appalachian towns. Where the tracks went, David Hsiung argues, residents stayed both economically and *emotionally* connected to both Northern and deeper-Southern culture. In the deeper South, plain folk agriculture evaporated with the evolution into larger cotton-farming \"post-plantation\" plantations, essentially. But the *mountains* of Appalachia are not conducive to that pattern of planting. Plain folk agriculture *and the society/culture that accompanied it*, described above, lived on in the mountains.\n\nThe over 100 known accounts of outsiders Describing And Defining Appalachia from before the Civil War show their influence in the fiction of the day, and even the titles are revealing: *Wooing and Warring in the Wilderness*, *Fallen Pink, or a Mountain Girl’s Love*, *Sut Lovingood’s Yarns.* By 1860, writers are already trafficking quite profitably in the uneducated, backwoods, raw, yokel stereotype.\n\nOne thing that almost never comes up on AskHistorians is the impact of the Civil War on American *culture*. In fact, the expanding rift leading up to the war and then the war itself caused Americans to pretty seriously reassess what \"America\" was in all its (white) diversity and regional cultural pride. (You can tie this into the broader nationalist-imperialist movements in the late 19th century west, too). Literary scholars call one result of this, awesomely, the \"Local Color\" body of literature; Mark Twain is probably the most famous writer who gets retroactively caught in this net, but you can also think of all the pioneer literature, too. *Sut Lovingood's Yarns* and its ilk paved the way for the particularly Appalachian vein of Local Color.\n\nJohn Fox and Mary Murfree (writing, of course, as Charles Egbert Craddock; a *lot* of Local Color authors are women writing under men's names) were two of the major names driving home the culture of backwoods Appalachia at the end of the 19th century. In 1800, plain folk and their isolated homesteads with a strong central community had been somewhat distinctive but also normal. By 1900, railroads and changing economy had not only made the way of life an aberration, but had highlighted the *isolation* of it all. Geographically (railroads bypassed; terrain hard to travel), economically, and culturally isolated from the rest of the US...which focused even more attention on the isolation of individual farmsteads from each other. Fox's enormously popular body of work, in particular, highlighted the effects of this isolation enduring over time: depravity, drunkenness, slovenly personal hygiene, and incest.\n\nWriters told stories of large, isolated families struggling through romanticized but dire poverty that audiences across the rest of the U.S. ate right up. Allen Batteau's *The Invention of Appalachia*, sees this time period--leading up to that first mention of \"hillbilly\" in eastern print--as the rest of America using the (white) poverty, perceived simplicity, and lack of morality in backwoods Appalachia to define itself against: *this is what we don't want to be*.\n\nThe evolution of Appalachia and the Ozarks into the internal white American other was long in the making. And once fully formed, it managed to revitalize with each generation. 1910s-30s scholarship on the folklore, religion, lifestyle that painted Appalachia as almost a foreign land sometimes. The resulting Depression-era turn to Appalachian music, arts and crafts, dancing, old women's wisdom, as America's \"old-fashioned, original\" folk tradition that modernity had wiped away elsewhere. Complaints about white migrants' \"strangeness,\" their too-tight family ties and inability to integrate into wider communities, and their inability to understand laws and how to follow them arose with major migration north after World War II. The war on poverty from the late 1960s highlighted the \"white working class\" of Appalachia as its balance on the \"inner city.\" In the early 1970s, CBS had the sterling lineup of Beverly Hillbillies, Green Acres, and Hee-Haw to communicate the (more family-friendly) stereotypes of Appalachia to audiences on an unprecedented scale. \n\nBy the 1990s, Anne Shelby argues, the descent of the Appalachian stereotype (including that *other* type of \"family friendly\") into mass-comedy derived its staying appeal both inside and outside Appalachia from four basic points:\n\n* It's okay to be a redneck\n* I used to be a redneck and thank goodness I'm not anymore\n* I'm okay because I'm not like *those* rednecks\n* At least someone is worse off than me\n* \"If it wasn't funny, it would be scary as hell\"\n\nAnd so the stereotypes consolidated in the late 19th century of backwoods Appalachia as isolated, poor, too-close families live on as the nonexistent white America that makes actual white America feel a little bit better."
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1gy5p0
|
From 1000 to 1500 CE, how centralized were European countries? Which country was the most centralized? Most decentralized?
|
I've been playing lots of Crusader Kings 2 lately and it's gotten me thinking about the power structure in different European countries from about 1000 to 1500 CE. How much authority did different countries put in their monarch?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1gy5p0/from_1000_to_1500_ce_how_centralized_were/
|
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"1000CE to 1500CE was an exceptionally formative period for the rise of the nation-state, especially emerging out of the destablization and fragmentation of the Byzantine (Late Roman) Empire. Byzantium is an excellent example of the condition of empires and states at the time. From approximately the 7th century CE to the 10th century CE, the Byzantines had been consumed by conflict concerning interpretation of Christianity: Trinitarians of the Western Church clashed extensively with Monophysites of the Eastern Church-- the former being foundational to the modern Catholic Church and the latter the Eastern Orthodox. \n\n\nOne of the biggest problems with this protracted religious conflict within Byzantium was its effect on taxation, particularly as pertaining to taxation because of religion. In the 11th CE, Emperor Alexius I Comnenus instituted a tax system called \"pronoairios,\" designed to avail himself and his emperorship to the largely Monophysite landowners in the Eastern part of what was left of the Empire. (It was [greatly reduced] (_URL_0_) by 1000 from its size during the rule of Constantine.) Essentially, landowners had the sole ability to tax the peasants who worked their land; the Emperor sold lifelong \"passes\" which enabled the owner to be tax-emept for the duration of his life, but not his descendants'. Landowners got a discount, but they were free to tax their \"employees\" with impunity-- which wasn't terribly popular among the peasants for obvious reasons. Conversely, Muslim rulers emerging out of Syria and Egypt charged all non-Muslim Christians and Jews, peasant or not, a flat 10% as \"people of the book.\" As a result many Byzantine lands were lost through the 11th century, not through war but through deliberate selection. \n\n\nWhile his lands shrunk continuously, the Byzantine Emperor had absolute authority over his empire... At least in theory. Increasingly, the Byzantine Emperor was unable to hold power outside of Constantinople, the capital, and perhaps Adrianople. The other communities remaining in the Empire were rural and didn't see much imperial influence, if at all.\n\n\nMeanwhile, the Venetian merchant city-state (The Most Serene Republic of Venice) was rising to prominence in the wake of the formative constitution and its near-singular grip on trade. Venice was governed by an elected figure called a \"Doge.\" He was given power of governance over the city-state until his death. Initially, at the establishment of the position at the inception of the Republic in 697CE, the Doge was a representative of Byzantium; by 1000CE, he was completely divorced from the Empire, as was Venice. It was a completely, or at least largely, independent state. It was about as centralized as a European state would be, its trade providing it with leverage enough for independence, even though its navy was mostly mercantile and not militarized. The Most Serene Republic existed largely unchanged constitutionally for a full 1000 years, and began a model for the European city-state, and later the secular state in general.\n\n\nIts fleet of ships transported goods across both the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim Caliphates of the [Fatimids] (_URL_1_) from the 10th through 12th centuries and the Mamluks from the 13th to 16th centuries. These Caliphates functioned somewhat like empires, and acted as the predecessors to the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the region from the 16th century to the 20th.\n\n\nThere were also some fascinating things occurring in Eastern Europe, with the establishment of the Russians following the downfall of the Slavs and the emergence of Christianity, but unfortunately I am not an expert in this area. I would recommend that you look up Rastislav of Moravia and Photius for the relationship between Russia and the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe the rise of feudal kingdoms was noteworthy too, but unfortunately that is not my area of expertise either! Only Byzantium, hahaha.\n\n\nSo, the long and short of your question: those five centuries were integral to two historical processes-- the downfall of the Western Empire and the rise of the Western City-State, the spiritual and political predecessor to the state. There was regional variance, but during this period both types of political structures existed across Europe and Central Asia/North Africa. \n\n\nSOURCES:\n\n* Anna Comnena, The Alexiad (contemporary text: 11th c)\n\n* Alexander Kazhdan, “Latins and Franks in Byzantine perception and reality from the 11th to the 12th century” in Angeliki Laiou & Roy Mottahedeh, eds., The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks (1997): 83-100\n\n* James Howard Johnston, “The two great powers in late antiquity: a comparison” in Averil Cameron (ed.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East III: States, Resources, Armies, Princeton: Princeton UP (1995): 157-226\n\nEDIT: Fixed formatting",
"From Maurice Keen, The Pelican History of Medieval Europe (1968), p. 106: [Sicily and England were] the most highly organized governments in the west.... Their precocious development owed much to the fact that both their ruling dynasties established themselves by conquest in the eleventh century. Thei vassals, owing their authority to the same conquests, did not enjoy the same entrenched independence as those of, say, the king of France.",
"European countries were feudal and decentralized during this period. Central Europe (Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic states, western Poland, the Netherlands and Belgium) and northern Italy were part of the Holy Roman Empire, which was technically a confederation of member states, but these same members were often at odds with one another and very irregular. England was probably the most centralized kingdom during this time, partly because of reorganizations under the Anglo-Saxon Kings and partly because of consolidation efforts by the Norman conquerors. \n\nFrance was a larger kingdom than England (and Paris considerably larger than London at this time), which would normally provide strong impetus for centralization, but nobles had considerable autonomy, most prominently in the case of William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy and King of England. Although William the Conqueror owed fealty to the French King as a French Duke, he became the King of England through his own means, which really muddied the waters. I think it's telling that the French monarchy did not attempt to exert authority in England, although the sovereign of England was a French vassal, until Charles the IV, with the disastrous result of the 100 Years War.\n\nThere are other examples of English centralization that don't exist elsewhere in medieval Europe. The Domesday Book is effectively an accounting of all taxable properties and goods that was created after the Norman Conquest so William could account for all of his new holdings. To be able to attempt such a feat required an extensive bureaucracy capable of accounting for the different domains and estates. I think most telling of the kind of centralization going on in England that isn't present elsewhere is the division of England into administratives Shires rather than solely into noble estates. Sherriffs and their administrative domain, a Shire or Sherriffdom, had existed under the Anglo-Saxons, but gained additional prominence under the Normans as a means of establishing control over the conquered territories."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://crusadinghistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/Byzantine_Empire_1000-1100.jpg/166501839/Byzantine_Empire_1000-1100.jpg",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Fatimid_Islamic_Caliphate.png"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
b62kq6
|
Are there any other purposes of there being so much nitrogen composition in the air, other then to provide an inert atmosphere?
|
[deleted]
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/b62kq6/are_there_any_other_purposes_of_there_being_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ejiemeh"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"_URL_0_\n\n*All* species need the element nitrogen, it's a building block of proteins. It was discovered that some species can use nitrogen gas and \"fix\" it from the air in the 19th Century. Most species however obtain their nitrogen from compounds.\n\nThe atmospheric composition doesn't have any \"purpose\", but Earth's atmosphere and life influence each other. Unlike carbon dioxide, life hasn't used nitrogen to the point of mostly removing it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation"
]
] |
|
6gexjc
|
what causes extreme heat on atmosphere re-entry and was this discovered prior to the first mission or a lesson learned later?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6gexjc/eli5_what_causes_extreme_heat_on_atmosphere/
|
{
"a_id": [
"diprepi"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Not exactly air friction. Friction would be the air rubbing against the body so much as to raise the temperature to extremes. But what happens is different. \n\nIn the upper atmosphere air is very thin - is not dense at all. As a body falls through that atmosphere at staggering speeds, the few air particles there are literally can't get out of the way fast enough. As the air density increases, that same issue causes the air to compress until, much like a diesel engine, it heats to the point of combustion. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1ga5j4
|
Would firing something like a Star Trek phaser create recoil? How about a real life military weapon that uses lasers?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1ga5j4/would_firing_something_like_a_star_trek_phaser/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cai8joo",
"caibcjb",
"caibdgt"
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"score": [
18,
6,
5
],
"text": [
"Realistic answer: No.\n\nActual answer: Yes, a tiny, tiny, stupidly minuscule bit of recoil. The emission of photons (light) will have a bit of recoil but this will be so small, it would be very difficult to detect this. An example of this phenomenon is the potential usage of [solar sails](_URL_0_) to move spacecraft via the interaction with solar radiation of high energy light and particles.\n\nEven though phasers / military laser weapons emit much more energy per unit area than would be on a solar sail, it is over a very short period of time whereas on a solar sail, these effects are calculated over months/years of exposure.\n\n*Edit: As we went through below, a 10 MJ laser would produce a roughly 0.03 Newton recoil for one second if the laser emitted this much energy over one second, which is roughly the force applied by gravity to 3 grams, 3 mL of water, or a bit less than a teaspoon of water for one second.",
"The number of photons in a laser pulse is the energy of the pulse divided by the energy of each photon:\n\nNp = El / E_photon\n\nThe momentum of each photon is h/lambda where h is Planck's constant and lambda is the wavelength. The total momentum of the pulse is\n\np = E * h / (E_photon * lambda)\n\nCombine this with the formula for the energy of a photon (h*c/lambda) and you find that the total momentum of a laser pulse is\n\np = E / c\n\nA really good laser weapon pulse might contain 30 megajoules of energy and weigh 1000kg ([we don't have this weapon yet, but we're getting close](_URL_0_)).\n\nIf you ignore friction (imagine the laser is fired from space) the recoil would accelerate the laser to about 0.1 mm/s. That means that the laser would move the width of a human hair every second.\n\nTL;DR Yes laser weapons have recoil but until we make one that's incredibly light weight and powerful you aren't likely to be able to measure it let alone feel it.",
"Would super-heated gases at the front of the phaser cause recoil?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_sail"
],
[
"http://gizmodo.com/5978740/us-military-to-install-laser-turrets-in-combat-airplanes"
],
[]
] |
||
1clgz6
|
Why do some viruses stay in the body forever and others not?
|
As far as I understand, some viruses (such as the herpes family) stay in the body forever, being kept at bay by the immune system. But most of them are fought off entirely - cold and flu viruses, for example. Why is this the case? What's special about the ones that are able to remain in the body?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1clgz6/why_do_some_viruses_stay_in_the_body_forever_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9hnf39"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"It usually depends on the life cycle of the virus. Most viruses that you think of as being \"beatable\" reproduce in a highly active life cycle. They invade a cell, hijack its machinery to replicate, and then burst out when the cell can no longer hold all the virus particles. Those viruses then spread to new cells.\n\nThe other family of viruses, however, have a second latent portion of the life cycle. These viruses can do the same steps as above (which is what you'll notice with a herpes outbreak, for instance), but they can also remain dormant inside cells. If a virus can remain dormant, without replicating and without its host cell signaling that it's infected, it can live in the host indefinitely. That last bit is also important, because some cells can signal that they're infected, and can recruit immune cells to kill them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
43yc6b
|
Was there any benefit to Hitler going to war with the USSR?
|
I was thinking about WWII, and I decided that if I had to go back in time and give Hitler one piece of advice, it would be not to start a war on the eastern front. But that got me thinking, was there any benefits to him going to war with The USSR that helped his efforts on the western fronts and semi-neglected the loss of manpower? Like, if Hitler ignored the east and focused on the west, do you think he could've won or at the very least faired better, or was there some resource in Russia that he wanted. Thanks!
P.S: I can already see it brewing in the comments, no I do not wish that the Germans won WWII, WWI maybe, but not WWII
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/43yc6b/was_there_any_benefit_to_hitler_going_to_war_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czlylkg"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
" > But that got me thinking, was there any benefits to him going to war with The USSR that helped his efforts on the western fronts and semi-neglected the loss of manpower?\n\nNo, not really. Hitler's arrangement with the Soviet Union provided Germany with valuable oil and raw materials, allowing Germany to bypass the Blockade of the continent. With the Invasion of the USSR, the Blockade was now truly effective. There were certainly resources in the USSR worth taking, but what little industry and agricultural produce came into German hands was hardly compensation for the losses in manpower, and the tightening of the Blockade, as well as steadily declining strategic options from 1941 onwards. \n\nDavid Stahel's books on the Battles of Moscow and Kiev, and Operations Bagration and Typhoon are good reads. Alexander Hill also has a document reader on the Great Patriotic War, which is valuable as a concise account of the Eastern Front. For economic, Adam Tooze's *Wages of Destruction* is the best book I'm aware of.\n\n > no I do not wish that the Germans won WWII, WWI maybe, but not WWII\n\nFrankly, history is better off that they lost both\n\nEDIT:\n\n > Like, if Hitler ignored the east and focused on the west, do you think he could've won or at the very least faired better\n\nIt's hard to imagine Hitler 'ignoring' the East; it was the center piece of his aims, the lebensraum for the Aryan race and the source of the resources that would allow Germany to achieve autarky and challenge Britain and America. With the Royal Navy still very much in control of Britain's territorial waters at least, and with RAF Fighter Command preventing the Luftwaffe from attaining the control of the air needed to launch Operation Sea Lion (to say nothing of how ersatz German preparations were for that invasion), there was nowhere else to look. North Africa was Italy's sphere, and Rommel was only sent there to assist the Italians in retaining their positions in Libya. After the defeat of France, the Soviet Union was the next logical (using that term relatively) step in Hitler's \"programme\" as Andreas Hillgruber or Gerhard Weinberg would put it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5qhvf5
|
Primary source from the Rape of Nanking?
|
I am writing a research paper on the Rape of Nanking for my high school English class and need to have a primary sources. I cant use an article that is written by a journalist doing an interview or things like that. It has to be Written by someone who was there. All I can find though is articles written by journalists though. Does anyone have some links to where I can find a primary source?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5qhvf5/primary_source_from_the_rape_of_nanking/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dczcl5o"
],
"score": [
63
],
"text": [
"[Try this digital exhibit from Yale, a collection of materials from Christian missionaries who witnessed the Rape of Nanking.](_URL_0_) \n\nFor the future: If you're trying to find primary sources with Google, don't use the term \"primary sources,\" this is a \"schoolroom\" history phrase and it's not used outside of teaching settings. Sometimes if you google \"thing primary resources\" they will turn up, but usually because a teacher has already gathered them and labeled them that. Some search terms you can try are \"[subject] + archives,\" \"[subject] + digital collections,\" \"[subject] + oral history\" or \"[subject] + interviews.\" Also try different words for the subject - for instance, Rape of Nanking is also called the Nanking Massacre. It depends on what the topic is, but in general try to think what people would title the things you're looking for if they were listing them in a library catalog, and try lots and lots of different searches. \n\nGood luck with your paper. :) "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://web.library.yale.edu/divinity/nanking"
]
] |
|
6dteps
|
Why is Belarus?
|
So far as I can discover, the territories that now form Belarus have relatively little history as an independent nation, having passed from Russian principalities, to Polish-Lithuanian dominance, to absorption into the Russian Empire and then the USSR.
How did a Belorussian national conscience develop, and why did it emerge as an independent state after the fall of the USSR?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6dteps/why_is_belarus/
|
{
"a_id": [
"di588bp"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"Not to discourage other answers, but you might be interested in this post:\n\n[How did Belorussians and Ukrainians evolve as distinct national identities from Russia?](_URL_0_) with the top answer from /u/cheapwowgold4u.\n\nIt's an older post from when AskHistorians allowed wikipedia as a source, but it's a well thought out answer. I'd link more posts but I'm on mobile, but if you search 'Belarus' in the search bar, a good amount of relevant posts come up. Hope that helps!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1bkr46/how_did_belorussians_and_ukrainians_evolve_as/"
]
] |
|
2ze72u
|
why does my iphone say i have 4.4 gigs of memory used in pictures and yet i have no pictures on my phone
|
[Picture](_URL_0_)
On the last update I had to delete some apps off my phone to make room for the install. I went in the usage area and noticed I had over 4 gigs of pictures on my phone.
What I don't understand after backing up all of the pictures to my desktop and removing them off my iPhone it still shows I'm using over 4 gigs.
Anybody know what gives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ze72u/eli5why_does_my_iphone_say_i_have_44_gigs_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpi6swl"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It's photos saved in messages, possibly cached photos. Delete some conversations, or (I highly recommend) jailbreak your phone, install iCleaner and it will clear ALL that crap out."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/FgrRv8A.jpg"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
5epajt
|
Was Emperor Jimmu a real person? Who were his parents?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5epajt/was_emperor_jimmu_a_real_person_who_were_his/
|
{
"a_id": [
"daegm7p"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"In mythology Jimmu was a descendant of the Sun Goddess, Amaterasu. Ugayafukiaezu no Mikoto, a Kami (a god) is his father. Considering that both of these people are gods, it is unlikely that he was a real person. But that's the short answer. The long answer is a bit more in depth:\n\nThe Japanese migrated to the Japanese Islands, that much is known but it's not known when or from where (though probably from Korea and that region). Largely the Japanese were concentrated in the south and seem to have been organized in small villages during what is known as the Yayoi and Kofun Periods. During the end of the Kofun and the beginning of the Asuka Period, the villages became more fortified and larger, and local leaders developed into clans known in Japanese as Uji. \n\nOfficially, the Uji are unified under the Yamato Family by the eight century C.E. As the Yamato claim descent from the Sun Goddess, this is probably where the idea of Jimmu comes from. The Japanese State seems to just sort of...happened, and like all states that seem to come out of nowhere, they invented a mythological history for themselves as an easy way to explain what was most likely a convoluted series of wars and deals for Yamato hegemony. Rather than recalling all the conflict that undoubtedly took place, Jimmu becomes an easy way to explain unification. Who established the armies? Jimmu. Who unified the clans? Jimmu. See where I'm going with this?\n\nIn all reality though, what the myth of Jimmu represents is a case where mythology has preserved actual history (we see this in cases like Romulus, and Hercules, indeed if you live in America Washington seems to very very slowly be moving towards this). A local strongman may have had enough strength and guile to begin unification, who was then mythologized as Jimmu. Or perhaps he, like Prince Yamato, is an example of a blending of various stock characters in order to explain the past. \n\nI hope this helped answer your question!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5d2i7i
|
how do we know there are more colors than can be seen with the naked eye, if we can't... see them?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5d2i7i/eli5_how_do_we_know_there_are_more_colors_than/
|
{
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"text": [
"A color is just a particular wavelength of light that happens to trip some of the cells in our eyes to some degree.\n\nWe know for a fact that there are wavelengths of light that do *not* activate those cells in our eyes--but those are still wavelengths of light, which can be called a color.\n\nAdditionally, we know for a fact that there are other animals that those wavelengths *do* activate some of the cells in *their* eyes, which is reason enough to call those wavelengths \"additional colors that humans can't see.\"",
"A German scientist decided to see if some colors were warmer or cooler than other colors, so he put a prism in sunlight to create a rainbow and put thermometers in each color to see what happened. He also wanted to measure the temperature of \"normal\" sunlight to compare them, and he set thermometers outside the rainbow for that. \n\nHe found that all of the colors by themselves were warmer than just sunlight, starting from violet and getting warmer as you get closer to red. But the thermometer he set next to red, where there were no colors he could see, was the hottest. \n\nThat's how he discovered infrared, by accident.",
"Our brain interprets how much energy light has as color. Violet has more energy and red has less. If you increase the energy past violet or decrease it past red, our eyes can't detect the light* anymore. Past violet is called ultraviolet (known as UV light), and below red is called infrared.\n\nThere are many names for the \"colors\" that we can't see, but they all refer to the same phenomenon at different energies. These include, in order from least to most energetic:\n\n- Radio waves (for TV and radio transmission)\n- Microwaves (used in the ovens)\n- Infrared (detected by \"heat vision\")\n- Visible light (ROYGBV)\n- Ultraviolet (harmful sun rays)\n- X-Rays (used in the scans)\n- Gamma rays\n\nThese are all light*, but not all visible.\n\n*Some definitions of \"light\" restrict it to what's visible.",
"Well, there's \"color\" as a concept for which we can see, and \"color\" as a measurable frequency of light.\n\nWe can see because we have three types of sensors in our eye: when all three are activated by light, we interpret it as \"white\", none is \"black\" of course, but varying combinations of the three are interpreted as colors. This is why people say magenta doesn't exist: there's no wavelength for it, but it's what results when the blue and red sensors are triggered, which can't happen using a strict color spectrum of light. Those are the colors we can understand through direct observation -- however, we're stuck with three sensors and each with its own narrow sensitivity, and the combinations of those three.\n\nOutside of what our eye can detect, photons have a variety of other wavelengths that can be detected through other means -- they're *technically* colors, since the only thing distinguishing them from visible colors is wavelength, which is also how we distinguish visible colors from each other.\n\nNow: there's something called tetrachromacy, which [can happen in humans](_URL_0_), which means they can percieve different colors than us, or percieve colors in a different way than other humans with three types of eye sensors. Also, it's possible for those three sensors in human eyes to detect slightly different wavelengths than other humans -- which usually results in colorblindness, but can be percieved as humans seeing 'different colors' than other people because the wavelengths are detected by their eyes differently than other people."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachromacy#Humans"
]
] |
|
10e9ny
|
apple vs. samsung lawsuits
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/10e9ny/apple_vs_samsung_lawsuits/
|
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"text": [
"Samsung created a lot of mobile devices that do things that Apple says they thought of first. Some examples are:\n\n\"Making things on the screen bigger when you tap on it twice\" \n\"Making the phone shaped like a rectangle\" \n\"Making icons have rounded edges\"\n\nApple was able to sue Samsung for \"copying\" them because Apple has \"patents\" for those things. [According to Wikipedia](_URL_0_), a patent gives an inventor an exclusive set of rights to produce his invention for a limited period of time. This means that if you think of a clever invention and get a patent for it, you can take the time to build and sell that invention without having to worry about a big company stealing your idea.\n\nRemember, though, your invention must be \"novel\" and \"non-obvious\", or you won't be able to get a patent for it. (If you're wondering how in the H-E-doublehockeysticks Apple managed to patent rectangles and successfully sue Samsung over them, congratulations! You're a lot smarter than all the grownups who were involved in the fiasco! Maybe you will grow up to be a patent attorney and save us all from this absurdity). =)\n\n**EDIT:** I know there are a lot of iPhone users out there, and that's fine (I'm a Mac user myself), but it's surprising to see how many people don't think this lawsuit is utter crap and an affront to innovation.",
"\"Grog make fire! You copy Grog! If use fire you pay Grog beads! Grog share beads with Chief. Chief made sure Grog get paid. I get beads too. Everyone win!\" - The World's First Lawyer.",
"Basically, the evidence shows the Head Design Team from Samsung went through the iPhone point by point and compared it to their own TouchWiz OS and phone. They made suggestions that Samsung adopt hundreds of little features and design cues from the iPhone. You can look at the final OS changes on a phone and see they followed most of the advice released in [THESE INTERNAL DOCUMENTS.](_URL_0_)",
"4 hours in and no good, unbiased explanation...",
"Question - why isn't apple suing google? don't these software patents pertain to android? Or is it because android is open source, so samsung actually gets the blame?",
"Samsung saw it's schoolyard friend Apple made an awesome Lego castle. It was awesome and many other students were wondering why they never thought to make a Lego Castle before!\n\nSamsung saw the Lego castle, and said \"That's nothing, i can make a better Lego castle just watch!\" So they went and started making a Lego castle. During the construction Samsung would run to the other room and look at Apple's Castle to make sure that the one he was making really was actually better.\n\nFinally, when Samsung finished his castle and showed it to the class \"Here is my Castle, it's much better than Apple's castle, see how his castle only has FOUR towers and made out of green blocks? Mine has FIVE towers and is made out of blue blocks! his has a two block wide moat? well mine has a SEVEN block wide moat!\"\n\nMany students were impressed with Samsungs Lego Castle. But Apple was not happy, he went to the teacher and said \"Samsung copied my castle and everyone thinks he's better at making castles than me!\"\n\n\"See how the flags on the towers are in similar patterns? See how he put the throne room in the same spot? See how he has two drawbridges in the same spots? HE COPIED ME DESTROY HIS CASTLE TEACHER!\"\n\n**The Court Case**\n\nThe teacher wasn't sure how to handle this, she went to the class one grade higher and asked some of the students to come and help evaluate the castles for her. She did a brief interview with the students she picked and told them that they cant be mean or nice to either student, they are only there to compare the castles.\n\nShe picked 12 students and showed them the castles.\n\nAlmost immediately the 12 students sided with Apple, \"The Samsung Castle should be destroyed! It is way too close to Apple's Castle, If Samsung wants to make castles they have to do it without drawbridges, moats, throne rooms, towers, or green blocks!\"\n\n\"That's not fair\" Samsung cried \"How can i make a castle without those things? Why can Apple use those things and i cant?\"\n\n**The Samsung Appeal**\n\nSamsung was angry, the teacher said he had to take apart his castle and give all of his Lego's to Apple. On his way home from school though he stopped in the next grade up's room to see that two of the people who said he ripped off Apple bragging about something.\n\n\"Yeah I know all about people copying, i own the designs for Lego Trucks and Cars! If anyone wants to make a Lego Truck or Car i just get Teacher to make them take them apart and give me their legos just like what happened to Samsung! I convinced the other kids that I knew all about this and that Samsung had copied Apple!\"\n\nSamsung got furious, this was the loudest kid of the bunch and if he hadn't of been there and lied to teacher about not taking favorites he might not have lost!\n\nAnd that's where we are today, Make it as ELI5 as i could."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"
],
[],
[
"http://www.theverge.com/2012/8/8/3227289/samsung-apple-ux-ui-interface-improvement"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1bzup6
|
Could the Industrial Revolution have happened earlier in history, or did it happen as soon as the world was "ready" for it?
|
So many earlier times in history had complex urbanized societies with periods of long stability and prosperity: Mature Harappan, New Kingdom Egypt, Roman Empire, Tang Dynasty China. I'm curious as to whether the conditions in 17th-18th century Europe were completely unique or if they presented themselves earlier in history.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1bzup6/could_the_industrial_revolution_have_happened/
|
{
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"c9btt34"
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3
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"text": [
"This is basically directly taken from Ian Morris' *Why the West Rules for Now* which I highly recommend. Its a great read. \n\nThere were a few reasons why the Industrial Revolution happened when it did. Technology continued to accumulate over centuries and centuries making a breakthrough to industrialization possible, something earlier Empires did not have the luxury to rely on. Due to this increase in technology countries were more able to protect themselves with the invention of guns and other military equipment. This prevented empires from being overrun by enemy migration allowing them to focus on other concerns. Also ships could now sail virtually anywhere creating an economy that the world had never seen before. The Industrial Revolution was more easily instituted in Britain because of their massive economy, weaker monarchs (compared to other European powers), freer merchants, coal mines,more open institutions, and also dumb luck. \n\nAgain Ian Morris covers most of this in his book and does much better than I can, but none the less I hope this brief response helps somewhat. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1pzgq4
|
eili5 how does file encryption work?
|
How does file encryption work with a key?
What does it change in the file structure?
Also, when adding a password to a file - how does that little phrase obfuscate the rest of the contents?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pzgq4/eili5_how_does_file_encryption_work/
|
{
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"cd7mywn"
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"text": [
"Encryption takes a key, and combines it with the message mathematically to scramble it.\n\nA simple encryption scheme might move the letters of the message forward in the alpha. If my key was 1 2 3, and my message was REDDIT, it would encrypt it like this:\n\n R, 1 - > S\n E, 2 - > G\n D, 3 - > G\n D, 1 - > E\n I, 2 - > K\n T, 3 - > W\n\nSo the encrypted message is now SGGEKW. And even if you knew what the encryption was, you'd have a hard time finding the message without a key.\n\nIn practice, the actually scrambling method is more complicated, but the principle is the same. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bzld7h
|
why are wall outlets 110v or 220v? those seem like such arbitrary values; why not 100v?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bzld7h/eli5_why_are_wall_outlets_110v_or_220v_those_seem/
|
{
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"text": [
"In many parts of the world, electric companies sprung up, each making their own flavor of power (certain voltage, amperage, cycles per second, etc.). This caused one really big problem: you buy a lamp and it works in your house, then you move to another part of town, and it won't work because the power is different.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAt some point, it was necessary to standardize the way power works so that there was interchangeability, technicians didn't require retraining, etc. In the end, 110/220 were completely arbitrary. It could have been 150 or 200 for all that matters, as long as everyone used the same one in the same country.",
"It was tough in the early days of electricity to figure out what was the best voltage. Edison liked DC, it worked well but required heavy wires and could only be sent short distances from the generating station. \nWestinghouse and Tesla liked AC which didn't require heavy wiring, but was more dangerous to work with and required heavy transformers, but it could be sent long distances with ease. \n\nSo many different schemes were tried, and they settled on 110v as a good balance between wire thickness and distance and dangerousness. \n\nPlus it probably just fit well with the generators they had built. That's why a lot of things end up like that. Some guy built something and arbitrarily picked a figure because it made it easier to build and therefore cheaper than all the competitors.",
"you may be surprised to find out that the power coming out of your outlets isn't actually 110/220/whatever the standard is in your area.\n\ndon't recommend this to people without some background in working with electricity, but you can check an outlet with a multimeter designed for the job - has to be one designed to handle wall socket currents, cheap shit will explode in your hands, don't do it.\n\nI can see anything from 100V to 116V in Toronto in the same house on the same day.\n\nTokyo had clean power, never budged from 100v.",
"This might not be a simple ELI5, but the history is based off of common 1.5V battery cells and 6V DC power supplies before AC was widely implemented. Any combination of power could then be made with multiples of 6V (6V, 12V, 48V, etc) and they were sometimes rounded for simplicity. Thus 6V x 40 DC batteries = 240V. \n\nBut through the AC and DC \"War of Currents\" between Edison and Tesla, Tesla won with an implementation of AC and originally planned 240V but decided 120V (half of 240) was safer in the household and more efficient at 60Hz. 240V was originally chosen technically because of phases and less line loss during transmission, but probably more detail than needed for ELI5. \n\n120V was also thought to be enough to power most household appliances and probably more importantly the original filament light bulb was designed to be used between 100V and 130V. This alone might be the easiest ELI5 reason - everyone in that day and age wanted lights like today's cellphone. \n\nAdditionally, all US homes are still fed with 240V at the main panel (2 hot legs) but most outlets except for dryers, ovens, etc only get one hot leg and therefore 120V power. \n\nThe US then standardized on 120V and AC beat out DC. \n\nMost of the rest of the world just chose 240V, which is arguably more efficient and accomplishes the same thing. In cases like when England rebuilt after WW2 it was that 240V was more efficient for transmission and therefore required less copper wiring so economics played a big part of that decision. \n \nYou can find out more technical detail, but this is probably enough for ELI5.",
"They are not quite arbitrary, but their origins are a bit involved.\n\nYou see before AC became the way to distribute power DC power was common for this purpose in the very early days. Actually some of the last remnants of that old way managed to last up until a few years ago when the last remaining parts of Thomas Edison's DC grid in New York were taken offline.\n\nDC isn't really as good for distributing power as AC, so when Tesla introduced DC current it caught on.\n\nThe original voltages for the AC grid were based on the voltages of the DC grid. It started out as 240V and was later reduced to 120V for safety reasons and eventually ended up as 110V in North America.\n\nOther places use different voltages and frequencies but they are all based on the early grid and usually end up being 110V to 120V or 220V to 240V with 50Hz or 60Hz.\n\nThe question is then why did early AC grid use a number like 120V instead of 100V.\n\nApparently this is because they wanted to remain compatible with earlier battery based systems. Those batteries even in those days came in multiples of 1.5V you get larger batteries by connecting smaller ones together. The term \"battery\" in fact implies having a battery of cells providing electricity. 6V was a common combination of four 1.5V cells and connecting a round number like twenty of those 6V batteries together ends you up with 120V.\n\nthe 1.5 volt battery came from the first commercially successful dry cell sold in larger numbers. It was the first thing close to a standard for voltages anyone had ever had and its descendants still provide standards for us today."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1kzsij
|
What exactly is the reaction happening when I clean tarnished silver with bicarb, Aluminium, and hot water?
|
Specifically, what causes the mildly awful smell the reaction emits?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1kzsij/what_exactly_is_the_reaction_happening_when_i/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbucafg"
],
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"text": [
"Aluminium is naturally very reactive, but is often covered in a thin layer of passivating aluminium oxide that prevents the rest of the aluminium from reacting. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric, and thus easily soluble in alkaline or acidic solutions. The hot bicarb solution is alkaline, and dissloves the aluminium oxide, and allows the underlying aluminium to react with water into more aluminium oxide, that gets dissolved, and it repeats until the metal is entirely gone.\n\nThe oxidizing aluminium, in turn, reduces the silver tarnish into silver when placed in contact with the aluminium.\n\nThe strong smell is probably the silver sulfide (black silver tarnish) reducing into silver metal and hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotting eggs."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
45e4ue
|
why are doctors england on strike?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45e4ue/eli5_why_are_doctors_england_on_strike/
|
{
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"The UK government wants to introduce a new contract for doctors. The changes would include modification of standard working hours which will result in unsafe working practices and reduced pay, as well as potentially causing issues with staffing and recruitment.\nThe contract aims to \"introduce\" the idea of a 7-day NHS, as though care is currently withdrawn at 5pm every evening and is non-existent at weekends. One way of providing this is by classing Saturday, Sunday and evenings as normal working hours, as opposed to overtime or unsociable hours. Proposals have also included calls for only a 30 minute break during 10 hour on call shifts. These longer hours have the potential to result in doctors working while tired which can impact on their and patients' safety.\nThe other outcome of these changes in hours is one of pay. By changing unsociable hours to normal working hours, a lot of doctors will essentially be taking a paycut as they will no longer receive the same bonuses and incentive payments for working overtime or unsociable hours.\nUnderstandably, junior doctors are not happy and, after many attempts at negotiation with the health secretary, have concluded that industrial action is the best way of getting their voices heard",
"The Health Secretary, Jeremy Hunt (he of the easily mispronounced surname) has decided to impose a new contract on junior doctors (junior doctors referring to all doctors under consultant-grade). This new contract says that weekends and nights no longer count as 'unsociable hours', so doctors will now be paid on basic rate, as well as increasing the upper amount of hours that doctors must work, and reducing the amount of rest time they're entitled to during long shifts. His stated reason for doing so is to ensure that the same level of care is available every day of the week (e.g. scheduled surgeries, appointments etc). The British Medical Association have stated that this will effectively cut doctors pay by 30%, and result in worse care for patients, as there is no extra money being budgeted for the increase in 5 days to 7 - so, doctors will just be spread more thinly, and receive lower wages whilst being asked to work longer hours with less rest. The BMA have stated that this will have adverse effects on patient healthcare, because exhausted and stressed doctors are more likely to make mistakes. Jeremy Hunt says it will be fine, but Jeremy Hunt also says that homeopathy should be available on the NHS and thinks that parents should check Dr Google for their child's symptoms rather than go to the actual doctor. He has not so far provided evidence for his positions.\n\nDoctors took a ballot on whether to strike; 98% of doctors voted to strike on the basis that their concerns about patient safety and doctors wellbeing were being ignored. The majority of the public when polled, support the doctors. During the strikes, non-essential and elective procedures were cancelled/postponed, and doctors worked to ensure that patient safety was not compromised, often looking after patients before going out on the picket line.\n\nJeremy Hunt has now decided to impose the contract anyway after strikes. Many people suspect that the current government want to abolish free healthcare in the UK, and in order to do so, are running it into the ground by cutting funding and making it harder for doctors to do their jobs safely and effectively, thereby reducing public support for the NHS. Jeremy Hunt has previously co-written a book advocating a move towards US style insurance-based healthcare, and owns \n\nMany doctors have stated their reasons clearly: here is one example (chosen for clarity and brevity) from Dr Mei Nortley: \n\n\"This is NOT about pay. It is wholly about patient safety. We are so thinly spread already and all we are trying to resist is being spread even thinner and putting patient safety at risk. If more doctors really are needed at the weekend, we need MORE doctors.\n\nEven then, doctors cannot work alone. We need our porters to take you to X-ray, we need a radiographer to do your X-ray, we need physiotherapists to help you rehabilitate. Lastly, without our nurses along side us, we are nothing. Moving doctors from the midweek to the weekend will cripple services we already struggle to provide during weekdays. Without also funding our allied colleagues to work weekends alongside us, we will be standing alone, telling you what you need but unable to provide it.\"",
"I'm going to try and offer a different viewpoint from some of those others here. Please accept, I fully accept the doctor's right to strike to prevent unsafe working practises and I am not advocating that they should roll over.\n\nThe main problem is that too many Britons are living longer and too many new treatments are expensive. Healthcare is the second biggest line item in the UK budget and planned to be around £137 Billion (~$200 Billion) in 2016.\n\nBecause of a rising population, longer life expectancy, more treatment options and higher tech medicine the demand on the NHS has, for many years, been rising faster than the UK GDP and therefore (approximately) the ability of the UK to pay for it.\n\nNow the UK could borrow money internationally to fund new doctor's surgeries, new hospitals, MRI machines etc but the UK already owes the world £1.5 Trillion, somewhere near £26,000 for every person in the UK, plus paying the interest on that debt. The 2016 budget as-is plans to add £45 Billion of new borrowing to add to that £1.5T.\nThe government has been elected on a manifesto of \"living within our means\" so cannot borrow significantly to grow the NHS.\n\nNHS service availability is constrained by both the lack of staff and the lack of equipment/beds/facilities. Hospitals seem to operate an \"emergencies only\" policy for Saturday and Sunday work and only treat routine appointments Mon-Fri. This leads to the thought that there are resources (beds) being blocked over the weekend without treatment taking place and free time available in expensive operating theatres and on scanners and such that is not being used optimally.\n\nThe governments approach is to say that 50 years ago, for society as a whole the work week was way more rigid than today. Work Mon-Fri, home time Saturday, church Sunday. As a result Saturday work tended to be paid at time and a half (150%) and Sundays at double time (200%). In this new millennium flexible working is far more common, weekends are less special and the NHS should adapt by both downrating the weekend bonuses and increasing the efficient use of equipment and facilities and improve citizen health care by also offering routine medical treatment at weekends. There is no new money to pay for this so weekend bonuses will be reduced.\n\nThe BMA is understandably angry on behalf of its members, society wants more access to healthcare more often and the government has a little extra money to send to the NHS but not enough to make these sort of changes. There is no easy answer here. Hope this helps and I gratefully accept changes and challenges to this ELI5 view."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
25z7sy
|
tuition is increasing faster than inflation. cable prices are increasing faster than inflation. healthcare costs too. isn't that the definition of inflation?
|
I see a lot of posts about various industries and the exorbitant price increases they are experiencing - healthcare in the last 10 years, cable prices, cell service, the tuition bubble, etc. Home prices are back to 2007 levels and the Zillow AMA indicated that this is still 15% undervalued. Where I live in Los Angeles, gas is up to $4.25 a gallon. These industries are supposedly rising "faster than inflation", but every increase seems to have its own excuse for why. Given that all of the aforementioned sectors produce fairly basic necessities, what ISN'T increasing in price that is balancing this out?
I've read a bit about the Argentinian hyperinflation of years past and it mentions that the Argentine government did/does a lot to fudge the 'official' reported inflation. Right now it certainly feels like that could be going on here too. Looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, so tell me what makes the situation in the USA not a duck?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25z7sy/eli5_tuition_is_increasing_faster_than_inflation/
|
{
"a_id": [
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2
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"text": [
"First, you need to understand how Inflation is measured. Its simply not practical to have the primary inflation number we talk about include every possible product that you could by or spend money on, not to mention the problems of deciding how to weight different items. Instead, a \"basket\" of goods is selected that is designed to represent common consumer items, and their prices are tracked and used to produce an inflation number. The problem is that what is included in that basket is a political question. The basket used to consider fuel prices, now it doesn't, etc...",
"In 2013:\n\nThe price of TVs fell by 13.9 percent.\nGas prices fell by 1 percent.\nPrices of New vehicles fell by .3 percent."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9h2gw0
|
Did they have ads as we know them centuries ago?
|
While I was in the bus today I wondered since when are street ads a thing. I can imagine that there might have been some banners in the fachade of the building or even in the street but close to the actual shop. But were they like our kind of ads? Meaning: did they have catchy sentence, were they placed all over the place, did the shop owners actually care to have them, etc.?
Thanks.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/9h2gw0/did_they_have_ads_as_we_know_them_centuries_ago/
|
{
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"Follow up question/example: When I was at Herculaneum, which in the famous eruption of Vesuvius in 79AD was destroyed and preserved, I remember seeing adverts as you describe. I remember it was an advert in big red script outside of a street cafe or bakery of some sort. This might be a good example to use if someone could provide further context of what and how it was advertising the sponsor.",
"Aha! What a fun topic! For me, this one is gonna go back....well, a couple of millenia, but I hope you'll be alright with that. I can't speak much to advertisement later than the Roman period, but advertisement in the Roman city is a wonderful thing in itself!\n\nSome notes before we start: Shorthand in the Latin quotes. Parentheses () indicate that I'm expanding on a shorthand - so if I have a D M, I'll expand it to D(is) M(anibus). Brackets [] are letters that are no longer extant, but we know ought to be there. \n\nObviously, as you might imagine, we don't have much of that left. What we do have is generally categorized in a field called \"epigraphy\" - the study of stuff that's written on stuff. The absolute most common unit of study here is [the generic gravestone](_URL_6_). For an easy example of this, there's an [online database of Latin inscription](_URL_5_) (not 100% complete, but not bad!) that's mostly only browsable if you're reasonably fluent in Latin. There are also mistakes here and there, but again - only a big issue if you're in the field. The above reads:\n\n > D(is) M(anibus) / T(ito) Fl(avio) Vero Aug(usti) / lib(erto) tab(ulario) rat(ionis) / aquarior(um) co(n)/iugi bene me/renti Octa/via Thetis fecit\n\nwhich translates toooo\n\n > To the departed spirits, Octavia Thetis made this for her well deserving husband, Titus Flavius Vero, freedman of Augustus, scribe of the regulation of the water supply. \n\nBut that's a tangent I'll address later. For now, let's go to specific shop signs, 'cause that's what it looks like you're looking for! Luckily, there are a couple that are extant that are *very* clear as to what they're doing. [They say so!](_URL_2_) Now, if you'll do me a favour and follow that link, it'll show you a picture of a page from a book that's on my desk^1 ~~that I'm supposed to be actively reading right now instead of browsing reddit~~. The page is mostly self explanatory: the inscription, written in both Latin and Greek, has a large, bold, eye catching note at the top, which in both Greek and Latin translates directly to: \"INSCRIPTIONS HERE.\" The rest of the details follow in close order (and in smaller text, since we already have your attention). The grammar and spelling is....imperfect at best, but you definitely know what's going on inside and how nice they can make things (that stone is OLD and it still looks good). [Here's another one, from Rome this time!](_URL_3_). That one employs another cheeky way of grabbing the eye. See the DM at the top? That's the universal marker for \"gravestone\" (see above, the Dis Manibus/To the departed spirits). So that'd catch the eye, and following up it says:\n\n > D M / titulos scri/bendos vel/ si quid o[pe]/ris marmor/ari opus fu/erit hic ha/bes\n\nor, in translation...\n\n > To the departed spirits! You can get inscriptions written here or any other sort of marble work you need done! \n\nNice and blatant there ;) Regarding other shop signs, there's one that *might* be [a shop sign for poultry from Ostia](_URL_0_), but the issue is that there's no text there - it could just as easily be a funerary inscription. We're not entirely sure. \n\nOn to other forms of advertisement, known as the *programmata*! These generally take the form of things like graffiti and pottery stamps. This general category of epigraphy is heavily focused on Pompeii/Herculaneum, mostly because of preservation.^2 Oftentimes, these were related to elections and generally consist of the candidate's name (or initials) and the office for which he's running. This is followed by a bunch of abbreviations, such as OVF (*oro vos faciatis* - I ask that you make [insert name] a [insert office]), VB (*virum bonum* - \"good dude\"), or DRP (*dignum rei publicae* - worthy of the republic). Sometimes these have the supporter who sponsored said *programmata*, sometimes not. Generally, they take a format that looks something like this:\n\n > L(ucium) P(opidium) S(ecundum) Aed(ilem) O(ro) V(os) F(aciatis) D(ignum) R(ei) P(ublicae) Successa Rog(at) | *CIL 4.1062*\n\nor...\n\n > Successa asks that you make Lucius Popidius Secundus, worthy of the Republic, an aedile. **nota bene: the Latin is ten ways of hilariously messy here, but this is what it's saying. Essentially.**\n\nThe graffiti would have just been written on walls in various locations, while pottery stamps would have been put on...well....pottery. Bowls, cups, plates, roof tiles, amphorae...you get the idea. If someone could pay a tiny bit to get their candidate's name out there, it was gonna happen.\n\nFinally! A form of advertisement that you might not have been intending, but that I feel like rambling about anyway ;) Inscriptions that were put out as announcements! Advertisements that you might not think of as such, but...well...advertise to the people what's up. One fun such piece is actually a glorious pain in the ass to read because it's so damn old: [the Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus.](_URL_4_) Nope, I'm not translating the whole thing (again x.x) because it's hella long, but it essentially is a decree from the Senate banning the Bacchanalia throughout all of Italy. It's a pretty gigantic step to snuff out any hint of this kinda stuff, which is pretty interesting because the next time such a stance was taken with regards to religion was with respect to some crucified sophist in Palestine. \n\nThe other fantastic piece of advertisement (besides [the inevitable signatures of \"I made this\" on every piece of Roman architecture ever)](_URL_1_), that I love to talk about is Augustus' *Res Gestae*, the only surviving copies of which were written, first on massive bronze columns outside his tomb (lost), and then all over the temples of the Roman Empire. It's a hilariously self-promoting piece, obviously exaggerates, very specifically skips over anything negative that he did, and, in short, makes him out to be practically perfect in every way. You heard it here, Gussie = Mary Poppins. And if you don't think that's advertisement, then I'm disappointed. \n\nHope this helps you out!\n\n1. Said book is the *Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy*, edited by Christer Bruun and Jonathan Edmondson. I VERY highly recommend this if you're interested in Roman epigraphy, as the price tag is actually manageable for such a tome. Or you could just use the library, that works too. \n\n2. This quick intro on *programmata* is taken from *Women and elections in Pompeii* by Liisa Savunen."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://imgur.com/a/W2arnnq",
"http://www.romecabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Pantheon-front.jpg",
"https://imgur.com/a/a7unC8i",
"https://imgur.com/gallery/3pAYc90",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus_consultum_de_Bacchanalibus",
"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi.php?s_sprache=en",
"http://cil.bbaw.de/dateien/cil_view.php?KO=KO0014046"
]
] |
|
2hyalj
|
why does radiation in a disaster stay for so long? (like in chernobyl)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hyalj/eli5_why_does_radiation_in_a_disaster_stay_for_so/
|
{
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"text": [
"All radioactive materials have a half-life. The half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the material to decay into something else.\n\nIf the material from Chernobyl has a half-life of 1000 years then after 1000 years only 1/2 of it will be gone. After 2000 years, 3/4 of it will be gone. Etc.\n\nSome radioactive materials actually decay into other radioactive materials. Then those materials need to decay, too.\n\nObviously, this is a problem. Modern nuclear reactors have been designed with safety in mind because nobody wants to deal with the consequences of a meltdown."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
33e6hd
|
Does leaving a refrigerator door opened for about 20 seconds actually use up a large enough amount of energy/ power to consider not leaving it open for that long?
|
I'm at my parent's house, and they think that when I open the fridge and leave it open its a huge waste in energy.
I'll open it up and grab some iced tea or something, walk over to the table to pour it, and put it back in the fridge. It takes like 20 seconds, tops. Is enough energy or power being wasted here to actually be mindful of leaving the door opened?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/33e6hd/does_leaving_a_refrigerator_door_opened_for_about/
|
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"text": [
"I vaguely recall actually calculating this for a question long ago.\n\nThe answer is basically no, it's not a huge waste. For starters, the air in the refrigerator is essentially stagnant; you're not going to get a large amount of mixing of the cold air with the surroundings in the span of 20 seconds, unless you have a fan pointing at it. Secondly, if you have a decently stocked fridge, the thermal mass of the physical items inside it (think of a fully stocked beer fridge), and the walls of the fridge, is far higher than the thermal mass of the air.",
"I attended a talk about exactly that just yesterday.\n\nThe bottom line of the talk was leaving the fridge door open for a little longer than necessary consumes almost no extra power. Putting hot food in the fridge however, consumes a lot of power for two reasons: first it increases humidity by condensation that your fridge needs to get rid of and second it needs to cool the food.",
"I'll make an estimate and you decide if it is worth arguing with your parents:\n\nI will assume that when you leave your fridge door open, all the cool air leaks out from the lower part of the door opening and is replaced by warm air coming in from the upper part of the door opening.\n\n**How much air is in the fridge:**\nFridge + freezer models can have up to 450 litres of capacity. Assuming that the fridge alone is 2/3 of this capacity, we have a 300 litre fridge. Assuming that it is 75% full, that means that only 25% of the volume is occupied by air (75 litres of air).\n\n**What is the temperature of air inside and outside the fridge:**\nQuickly assuming that the fridge is 3 degrees C and ambient temperature is 25 degrees C. Therefore the temperature difference is 22 degrees C.\n\n**How much energy to remove in order to cool 75 litres of 25 C air down to 3 C:**\nAir at 25 C is 1.183 grams per litre. 75 litres of air enters the fridge, which is 88.7 g.\n\nEnergy to remove in order to cool that 88.7 g of warm air = [mass of air, 88.7 g] x [temperature change, 22 C] x [heat capacity, 1 J/g.C] = 1,951 J or 1.95 kJ.\n\n**Electrical energy and cost used to remove 1.95 kJ of energy from the fridge:**\nAssuming this fridge has a coefficient of performance of 1, then you need to use 1.95 kJ of electricity for this exercise.\n\n1 kJ is equal to 0.000278 kWh, so 1.95 kJ is 0.00054 kWh.\n\nEnergy companies charge you anywhere between US$0.02 to US$0.99 per kWh (depending on where in the world you are).\n\nIn mainland USA, it's between US$0.08 and US$0.17 per kWh. The cost to cool your 75 g of air is between US$0.00004 to US$0.00009 each time.\n\n**How much does it cost you every year?**\n\nAssuming you do this 10 times a day, and you have 4 people in the house. That is 14,600 times the fridge is opened and air exchanged. The annual cost impact is approximately US$0.32 to US$0.69.\n\nIt's an amazingly small number, and I hope I haven't made any mistakes that might have deflated the figure by a few decimal points haha.",
"Let's say you replace all the air inside the refrigerator with room temperature air **(20 degrees celcius)**, how much energy will it cost to reduce it down to **4 degrees again**?\n\nAn empty (Norwegian standard) refrigerator has a **volume of 240 liters**. **Mass density of air** is approximately **1.225 kg/m^3** which multiplied by 0.24 gives a **total mass of 0.294 kg.**\n\nSo we have 0.3 kg of air and want to cool the air from 20 degrees to 4 degrees. Let's start with the easiest calculation - how much energy would we need to *heat* the cold air to room temperature (the other way around)? We can use this formula (which can be used with a [calculator](_URL_4_)):\n\nΔQ = m x ΔT x c\n\nwhere ΔQ is the heat we need (the energy), m is the mass of the air, ∆T is the temperature change and c is the specific heat. The only thing we don't have is the specific heat. A quick [google search](_URL_1_) reveals that at constant pressure, **the specific heat is 1.00 kJ/(kg*K)**. Plugging in the numbers gives an energy cost of\n\nΔQ = m x ΔT x c = 0.294 x 16 x 1.0 = 4.7 kJ (kilojoules) of energy.\n\nSo the *heating* of the air needs 4.7 kJ. How expensive would that be? 4.7kJ is approximately **0.001 kilowatt hours**, so with average [electricity prices](_URL_3_), 0.20 USD per kilowatt hour, it costs 0.001 x 0.20 = **0.0002 USD to heat all that air.**\n\nLuckily, the cooling process in refrigerators can give a [coefficient of performance](_URL_2_) of higher than 1. The theoretical limit for the temperatures we mentioned above is COP < = T_c / (T_h - T_c) = 17.3125 (T_c is cold temperature, T_h is hot, both measured in Kelvin). This means that for each Joule you put into the fridge, it can suck much more than 1 Joule out. So it would actually cost *less* to cool down the air than heating it up. With a COP of 2, you could **open up the fridge and replace all the air 10000 times before it would cost 1 dollar.** You also get the benefit that the energy isn't completely \"wasted\" since it will heat up your kitchen.\n\n**TL;DR: So no, it isn't expensive to leave the door open while you fill your glass with iced tea.**\n\n\nEdit: as [/u/TellMeYourButtStory](_URL_0_) pointed out, the calculations above assumed dry air whereas moist air might be more correct. To include these effects, two things will change: the mass density and the specific heat. The mass density will actually be reduced (because some of the heavier air molecules like N_2 are replaced by water molecules that are less dense. The specific heat will increase, but not by much (maybe a factor 2, for sure less than a factor 4 which is dense water specific heat). \n**TL;DR: So including these effects will not change the conclusion at all.**"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/user/TellMeYourButtStory",
"https://www.google.no/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=specific%20heat%20capacity%20air",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_performance",
"http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_5_6_a",
"http://www.endmemo.com/physics/specificheat.php"
]
] |
|
4uac80
|
Are there any indications that there are elements beyond the 118 we have currently discovered or synthesized? If so, is there any indication that there is a finite number of elements, other than their increasingly short halflives?
|
As a layperson, I would assume that one could just continually add more protons and neutrons to continually make new elements, but I'm not sure about the physics or any limitations related to that. If I'm right, then I assume the only difficulty is stabilizing the samples long enough for a confirmation, as I know that the last few elements we synthesized had incredibly short halflives. Are there any OTHER limitations to the atomic number of an atom? Will the periodic table ever be done? And are there any ways to forcefully stabilize atoms that would allow us to push farther?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4uac80/are_there_any_indications_that_there_are_elements/
|
{
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],
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17,
8
],
"text": [
"A neutron star is very similar to an extremely heavy atomic nucleus. Consider that neutron stars contain ~10^57-58 particles. If a neutron star grows much heavier than this it will collapse into a black hole. Therefore there is a **finite** limit to the number of possible atomic elements, but it's a very large number. A periodic table that detailed all the elements up to and including element number 10^57 would be so large and massive that it would collapse into a black hole.",
"There is a predicated Island of Stability around ^300 Unbinilium. But with not enough elements to figure out where the island actually is it's an educated guess.\n\nThe [Strong Force](_URL_0_) is what causes the nuclei to stay together and it's range is on the order of 10^-15 m. After that the force gets weaker which causes the nucleus to fall apart. \n\nAnother reason is $$. It just gets to costly to make stuff that falls apart before you really have time to study it.",
"Yes, there are elements with a proton number greater than 118, and yes there is a finite number of elements. The general trend is that the heavier the nucleus the less stable it is. At some point it will go from being merely unstable to unbound, and this is a hard limit on the number of possible elements. The distinction is that an unstable nucleus still has a binding energy greater than zero, while an unbound nucleus does not.\n\nNote that simply having a bound nucleus is a very loose definition of an element. A more commonly used (and more stringent) definition requires that the atom last long enough for chemical processes to occur (some 10-13 s).\n\nSo where exactly is the limit? We don't know, but it probably isn't much larger than Z=118. In the low hundreds, anyway. Nuclear binding is *complicated* and once you start looking at nuclei far away on the [chart of nuclides](_URL_0_) from the ones that we have measured then the different theoretical models offer wildly varying predictions of their properties.\n\nThe top comment points out that a neutron star can be considered as a very heavy nucleus, but that doesn't mean that any arbitrary number of nucleons up to the mass of a neutron star is also a nucleus."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html"
],
[
"http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/"
]
] |
|
3gn9t7
|
Actual health impacts of eugenics programs
|
Setting aside the (deplorable) ethics and direct psychological impacts, have 20th century eugenics programs ever had an impact on the health of populations as a whole, beneficial or otherwise?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3gn9t7/actual_health_impacts_of_eugenics_programs/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctzq9oh"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's not really possible to know. These programs were not scientifically rigorous or adequately controlled, and the sheer number of factors that may or may not impact how individual people or entire societies develop means that it cannot be said with any degree of confidence whether or not eugenics programs worked."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
uc7ql
|
How much air in one breath came from the previous one?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/uc7ql/how_much_air_in_one_breath_came_from_the_previous/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4u5w9i"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"[Anatomical deadspace](_URL_0_), which is the term for the air that doesn't participate in gas exchange within the body is roughly 1ml/kg. \n\nHowever, it's not this simple to example, at the small airways, there really is no flow-rate to be measured, it's purely diffusion.\n\nIf we take into consideration that the first gas you inhale is the last gas you exhale, and don't account for changes in physiological deadspace on inhalation and exhalation, you'll find that roughly the first 1/3 of inhalation is *old* gas. The po2 in this air isn't significantly lower because of diffusion though, nor is the pc02 higher for the same reason. \n\n\nSo, you could sort of say it's a 1/3, but it really isn't.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_space_physiology"
]
] |
||
10mvfs
|
What were the main arguments American Anti-Federalists made against the first article of the Constitution?
|
Also, good sources for Anti-Federalist arguments would be great. Thank you.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/10mvfs/what_were_the_main_arguments_american/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6etmvy"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"I assume you have looked at the anti-federalist papers?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
suyht
|
What's the most expensive part of launching a spacecraft?
|
Disregarding the initial cost of constructing a shuttle/rocket, what are the expenses, or more specifically the greatest expense that comes into play when launching a spacecraft into orbit or beyond? I've always assumed that it's the tremendous amount of rocket fuel they must go through just to break free of Earth's gravitational influence (though I suppose if they're just going into orbit they're still very much under its influence). And I guess if it is the fuel a good follow up question to this would be: are there any cheaper alternatives that are available/being tested/hypothesized?
My curiosity on this came about when a friend mentioned [the google founders' plan to mine asteroids](_URL_0_) and I couldn't help but wonder how mining resources from other celestial bodies could ever be profitable as long as we have to expend a tremendous amount of resources just to get there and back.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/suyht/whats_the_most_expensive_part_of_launching_a/
|
{
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"text": [
"I'm no expert, but as far as I am aware, the most difficult part of getting a spacecraft in space is, as you inferred, getting into orbit, and the cost and quantity of the fuels involved, as we lack an alternative form of thrust (that doesn't only work in a vacuum) capable of lifting such heavy loads with the forces required.\n\nOne way innovative companies are looking to get around this problem is SpaceX's approach on the Skylon with their [SABRE Engines](_URL_0_).\n\nEdit: Link knavery",
"Fuel is pretty cheap. The problem is that you need so much of it that you have to shave every ounce of weight off your structure and engines in order to be able to make it to space. This means that your safety margins need to pretty small, leaving little room for error and uncertainty. \n\nTo reduce this uncertainty, you need to spend a lot of money on engineering analysis, tests, quality assurance, inspections, etc. Some of these are non-recurring (only done once), but a lot of work still has to be done for each launch. ",
"if you don't have a very efficient spacecraft in terms of weight, you'll have to increase the size to store more fuel, which increases the weight. it's a nasty loop.\n\nfor an 40k aircraft, decreasing the weight by 1 pound will yield a roughly 7 pound weight saving.\n\nsource: aerospace engineer"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://news.sky.com/home/technology/article/16214759"
] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SABRE_%28rocket_engine%29"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
7zcur2
|
What was the public reaction in Australia after gun control laws were enacted?
|
Just saw this question elsewhere and realized it meets the time criteria.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7zcur2/what_was_the_public_reaction_in_australia_after/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dune5z3"
],
"score": [
43
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"text": [
"A journalist on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's main news and current affairs show *The 7:30 Report*, said on May 9th, 1996, that \"Australian massacres have a dulling familiarity. Public shock and outrage is soothed by assurances of tougher gun laws. But as public outcry dissipates, often so does political will in the face of the gun lobby.\"\n\nThe journalist was speaking less than two weeks after the Port Arthur massacre, in which Martin Bryant killed 35 people and wounded several others; this was the deadliest mass shooting in Australian history since the Frontier Wars between white Australians and indigenous peoples. As the journalist implies, Martin Bryant was not the only mass shooting in recent memory; there were mass shootings in 1984, 1987, 1991, and 1993.\n\nHowever, change was in the air. The day after the Port Arthur massacre, Prime Minister John Howard announced sweeping changes to gun laws, and May 10th was to be a meeting of the state and Federal governments to enact these sweeping changes (which is likely what Frank McGuire on the *7:30 Report* was editorialising about. \n\nHoward had been in the job for a couple of months after decisively winning the 1996 election against the then-rather-disliked Labor PM Paul Keating; the Coalition between the Liberal Party and the National Party had won 94 seats to Labor's 49. Paul Keating had described Howard as \"Lazarus with a triple bypass\", referring to Howard's never-say-die attitude to politics; 1996 was his second attempt at gaining the position of Prime Minister, after losing the 1987 election and then losing the leadership of the party in 1989. \n\nHoward came from the conservative wing of the Liberal Party (who, it should be said, were *economically* liberal in a free-trade way, and had been put together as something of a centre-right party). For American readers, Howard's political instincts circa 1996 were somewhere between Richard Nixon and George W. Bush. There was a belief that Howard had followers amongst a sort of Nixon-esque silent majority styled 'Howard's battlers' who were meant to represent the 'real Australia', and Howard had positioned himself as a someone moderate conservative in the 1996 election, trying to convince everyone that he had changed and that he had become something of a moderate. \n\nWith such a recent and large electoral win, Howard had political capital to burn, and he seems to have seen gun control as something that would consolidate his 1995-1996 stance as a moderate conservative (something that there was some suspicion about given how he campaigned in 1987). The sheer amount of seats in Parliament also helped; what conservative MPs with ties to the gun lobby were in the Liberal and National parties would probably not have been numerous enough to block the legislation had Labor not supported it (Labor supported it).\n\nAccording to [Simon Chapman, in his 1998 book *Over Our Dead Bodies*](_URL_0_) about the debate in the three months following the Port Arthur massacre:\n\n > Port Arthur made gun control almost undeniable as a political response because the preceding years of advocacy for gun law reformhad succeeded in positioning them as sensible, easily understood and above all the course that any decent society committed to public safety should adopt. When Port Arthur occurred, the seeds sown during these years of advocacy erupted out of an angry community who made it plain they would countenance no more of the political equivocation that had characterised gun control in the past. \n\nChapman, as a public health professor, was a prominent advocate of gun control, and he says in the book that his experience in the three months following the massacre was that:\n\n > In the three months after the massacre, the volume of anger against the gun lobby remained so intense that whenever a gun lobby initiative needed a response, the public was more than obliging. This response included everything from ordinary people expressing their heartfelt, untutored reactions to gun lobby rhetoric, to those who had particular personal experiences relevant to the argument. On many occasions we read and heard arguments, analogies, and factual perspectives on gun control from people who had no connection with the NCGC. Frequently, we recognised these as identical to arguments and analogies that we and others in gun control had sown in the media in preceding years on issues like gun registration, safe storage and international comparisons. Our past media advocacy efforts were bearing fruit in the form of articulate and informed public comment.\n\nGun control advocates and the media also successfully made the gun lobby appear unhinged, and media coverage did not favour the gun lobby. Perhaps the most prominent media event in the time period related to the gun lobby was a gun rally in Sale in rural Victoria on June 15th that attracted 3000 protesters. John Howard was on a tour of country regions to sell his reforms, and he gave a speech at this rally, while protesters shouted 'Nazi' and 'Heil Hitler!' at him. It became known that Howard had worn a bulletproof vest at the rally, on the advice of security. This was not good publicity for the gun lobby. Despite the generally rural nature of opposition to gun control, Howard's popularity in polling had risen to 66% in country regions in a poll released the weekend of the Victorian rally.\n\nChapman is not the most unbiased voice here, of course, but opinion polls from the time, however, suggest that the gun control lobby very clearly represented mainstream Australian views on gun control. Most notably, at that May 10th meeting, when a couple of states threatened to walk away from the deal to control guns, Howard threatened to call a referendum on the topic (which presumably would have enshrined gun control into the Australian constitution, in an interesting reversal to the rights in the American amendment). The ministers from those states at the meeting folded; they decided they'd rather sign this legislation rather than have to deal with the binding vote of a referendum that almost certainly would have been won.\n\nAn opinion poll in July 1995, less than a year *before* the Port Arthur massacre, found that 82% of people either supported or strongly supported 'laws that make it more difficult to buy guns in NSW'. In the wake of the Port Arthur massacre, an opinion poll was conducted in early May, which found that 91% of city people and 88% of rural people supported a ban on all automatic and semi-automatic guns. In Tasmania, where the Port Arthur massacre had occurred, this was as high as 95%.\n\nIn June, once the legislation was enacted, a national poll found that 80% agreed with the gun laws, while 18% disagreed - something of a drop compared to the initial revulsion after Port Arthur. However, only 4% would vote against a political candidate based on the word of a gun group (which is likely a good representation of the amount of Australians who strongly disagreed with the legislation, rather than just disagreed). \nIn a (normal) Australian Federal election, six Senators are elected for each state, and the maths work out to a party needing ~14% of votes (which in Australia are not necessarily just first votes, because of the preferential voting system); this feels like an achievable goal to some minor parties and interest groups. However, after the gun control legislation there was not much political will amongst the gun lobby to run candidates for the Senate. The Shooters Party in NSW, which had gotten 1.8% of the (Federal) Senate vote in 1993, and 2% in 1996, did not run in 1998, despite that you'd expect the increase in their profile to translate into more votes. While they had run candidates in other states in 1998 (who were not as successful as the NSW candidates in 1993 and 1996), the party did not run in the Senate in 2001 and degistered in 2004. \n\nFinally, Howard's 'net satisfaction' rating in the polls was never higher than it was in the immediate wake of the Port Arthur massacre, and in the wake of several scandals and unpopular decisions following that poll, it still took him two years after that poll to fall into negative territory."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/8938/1/Over-our-dead-bodies_Chapman.pdf"
]
] |
|
1j3lcy
|
Salt and Ice
|
Hello all, all day at work I have been thinking about something.
Lets say you have a two cold chests that have the exact same thermal properties in the same room.
In one I put one kg of crushed ice.
In the other one I put one kg of crushed ice but make a cryo bath with
NaCl.
My question is this, which ice chest remains cool for longer if either do and if the cryo bath chest remains colder for longer as my intuition tells me where does that get the extra energy to do so?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1j3lcy/salt_and_ice/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbatjmb"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I would say that the ice chest *without* the salt added stays colder for longer. The chest with the salt gets colder as the ice melts and absorbs the latent heat of fusion. However, since heat transfer is proportional to the temperature difference between the substance and its environment, the 'cryo bath' will warm faster than the other chest. The liquid formed from the melting ice can also facilitate heat transfer and thus expedite it's melting. On the other hand, the ice in the chest without the salt warms more slowly because it is closer to thermal equilibrium with the room, and it still needs to absorb the same latent heat as the 'cryo bath' ice to melt. Thus, the chest with the salt would be expected to fully melt sooner."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5c9248
|
serious question - is there science behind a face that appears more desirable to punch? aka: "punchable face"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5c9248/eli5serious_question_is_there_science_behind_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9ulwkt"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"There is no definitive single answer, but there are some answers. It probably shouldn't be a surprise that given how sensitive to facial expressions humans are, that we'd have the capacity for a strong reaction. By the way, there is a German word for the phenomenon you're describing, called \"Backpfeifengesicht\"... or roughly, \"A face that should be struck.\"\n\nThe answer seems to be that people who's faces, for any number of reasons, don't express a comfortable and familiar range of expressions. A great example, and a good discussion of this can be found here: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-fallible-mind/201601/why-ted-cruz-s-facial-expression-makes-me-uneasy"
]
] |
||
4lp2t2
|
what is a senator and what is a congressman?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4lp2t2/eli5_what_is_a_senator_and_what_is_a_congressman/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3p22sr"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Congress is more or less the US equivalent of the UK's Parliament. Like the UK Parliament, it has two houses.\n\nThe lower house is the House of Representatives. The people who sit in that are called Congressmen/women. It's very much like the UK's House of Commons. The entire country is split into districts (same concept as UK constituencies) which each elect a single representative via the First Past The Post system. They have fewer Congressmen than the UK has MPs and a much larger population, so the districts are much bigger than in the UK. There are fresh elections every 2 years.\n\nThe Senate is the upper house of Congress. However it's very different to the UK's upper house, the House of Lords. Each state elects 2 senators, regardless of its population. Senators have 6 year terms, but they are not elected all at once. They are staggered so 1/3 of them are elected every 2 years.\n\nAnother difference is that the Senate is much more powerful than the House of Lords. Most bills have to be agreed by both houses before a bill can become law. Where as in the UK, the House of Commons can ultimately pass legislation through even if the Lords doesn't agree.\n\nSo I'd say Congressmen are the closest equivalent to UK MPs. But Senators are more senior in a sense because they serve longer terms, and there's fewer of them.\n\nedit - I suppose I should point out that technically Senators are also Congressmen, as they are part of Congress. The people in the House of Representatives are Representatives. But people commonly refer to them as Congressmen, and refer to Senators specifically as Senators."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2rz0c1
|
why do people become outraged and upset at other people's sexual preferences?
|
If nobody's getting hurt or coerced, why do people get so bent out of shape about what other folks do in the bedroom?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rz0c1/eli5_why_do_people_become_outraged_and_upset_at/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"cnkmtrz",
"cnkqpp8",
"cnktpoe"
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"score": [
2,
5,
7,
8,
3,
5
],
"text": [
"Bisexual here. I've been called mentally handicapped, told that I should be institutionalized or put on medication, and told that I don't exist.\n\nHonestly I have no fucking clue. My thought is that with something as personal as sexuality, many people are not open-minded enough to accept others for who they are. People who get offended over sexuality often are bigoted in many other areas as well.",
"I've always held the belief that people who are overly concerned and or outraged at other people's sexuality are insecure about their own sexuality.",
"Some people get upset when their beliefs or values are not reinforced by others conforming. Especially when they perceive their values as superior. These are weak individuals with sub-par intelligence. ",
"My theory is this: we humans have found the need to become self-controlled and disciplined for the good of our society. We keep our basic instincts in check so that we can focus on working together to build things and to make our lives better and free of danger.\n\nObviously most of us like sex... but we also don't have sex anywhere, anytime we want. Society expects us to deal with our basic instincts in privacy. Those who cannot do this are frowned upon because it shows a lack of self-control, a personality flaw that is seen as harmful to the well-being of our society. However, heterosexuality is more widely accepted (or tolerated) because it's essential to life - that's basically how you make babies. If you're alive right now, chances are that your biological parents did the nasty at least once before.\n\nHomosexuality on the other hand isn't as widespread as heterosexuality so many people have trouble relating to it. They don't understand its appeal. Because of that and because it doesn't follow \"the norm\", some people see homosexuality as a personality flaw, as the result of someone not being able to take control of their urges. It also doesn't help that some gay people are extremely vocal about their sexual preference and may be attracted to heterosexual people, something which isn't reciprocated and can be the source of discomfort.\n\nIn my opinion, the reason why some idiots are outraged about what gay people do in their own home is because they think their supposed \"lack of self-control\" is going to have a negative effect somewhere else in society.",
"I think there are multiple reasons, but the main one is this:\n\nWe have hard-wired preferences in our minds for people who are similar to us. Not just similar-looking, but similar-acting and similar-believing. It's a survival thing, and a rather unfortunate one at times.\n\nSo, when we encounter someone who either likes something we don't like, or doesn't like something we do like, it tends to make us uncomfortable.\n\nThe more deeply embedded in our minds the idea in question is, the more strongly we feel about the conflict.\n\nFor example:\n\n\"No big deal\" level:\nPerson A: \"I like crossword puzzles.\"\nPerson B: \"Yeah? I don't really.\"\n\n\"Small deal\" level:\nPerson A: \"I don't care for this musician.\"\nPerson B: \"What?? She rocks!\"\n\n\"Medium deal\" level (sadly):\nPerson A: \"I'm a huge fan of this sports team.\"\nPerson B: \"They suck! I like the rival team.\"\nPerson A: \"No, you suck!\"\nPerson B: [Spiils beer on person A]\n\n\"Big Deal\" level\nPerson A: \"I'm a male, and I prefer the company of males for romance.\"\nPerson B: \"Ooh, ick! That's gross! I'm gonna get with a bunch of other people who feel the same way I do about your \"aberration\" and make up all kinds of rules condemning that kind of behavior!\"\n\nSad, really.",
"Based on what my dad (with whom I've had many disagreements over gay marriage) has said, they generally see the traditional family as being a cornerstone of society. They tend to see homosexuality as eroding away at this, and thus see it as an attack on society."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5nw6wr
|
why constant friction leads to orgasm? what makes the brain think "yeah... i wasn't sure you were having sex, but now that 20 minutes has passed i'm certain... take the reward now"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nw6wr/eli5_why_constant_friction_leads_to_orgasm_what/
|
{
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"As far as I know (not a biologist) human males generally last so long because they train to, because they want to get human females off, which i'm guessing have a longer time to orgasm to encourage them to have more sex, to guarantee pregnancy. Since monogamy and marriage and stuff is a human cultural thing, from nature's perspective we should absolutely just be fucking any woman we see just about all the time if we're not out hunting or whatever.\n\nIf you take a human male who hasn't had sex or masturbated in a while, he will pop basically as soon as he enters the vagina, if he even lasts that long, which lines up with most animals natural abilities and is indeed, the 'optimal' speed from nature's perspective.\n\nThis is mostly conjecture and shouldn't be taken as fact. but it's what I can work out with the knowledge i've got."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
415jqi
|
What was up with the Anti-Masonic Party? Why was Freemasonry considered such a pressing issue in 17th century America that people created a whole political party over it?
|
Edit: Yes, the "17th Century" was a typo, I meant the 1800s. I will continue to insist that the xth century format is stupid and should be abolished.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/415jqi/what_was_up_with_the_antimasonic_party_why_was/
|
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"I can give you a brief answer, copied from an earlier question I answered on this sub. Perhaps someone more knowledgeable can step in to supplement:\n\nAn incident occurred in the 1820s that sparked a wave of anti-masonry. A man claimed he was going to publish the masonic \"secrets\" (rites and symbols) ...and then went missing. Some blamed the masons for his death. This spark was fanned both by religious groups who just so happened to be going through a massive religious revival, and an anti-Jacksonite political party (as Jackson was a mason) who were running non-masonic candidates. The sentiment and political party largely diminished after a few years.\n\n \n & nbsp;\n\n^(Edit: I just noticed that you said '17th century America' ... I'm assuming that's a simple typo, as the political party was formed in the early 19th century / 1800s.)",
"Finally a question here that I can help answer!\n\ntl;dr: A local scandal provided the catalyst for a regionally-successful political party. Its success was likely due to a variety of factors, including political and economic disenfranchisement, religion, and some genuine concern over the role that a secret society was taking in the young American Republic.\n\nAs other posters have noted, the event that formally gave rise to the Anti-Masonic Party was the 1824 disappearance of William Morgan, an itinerant (literal) stonemason who broke from his Masonic Lodge and wrote an expose on Masonic rituals. The State of New York, under pressure from Gov. DeWitt Clinton, indicted dozens of Masons in Morgan's disappearance. The trial ended with a handful of convictions for misdemeanor kidnapping. Within a matter of months, local outrage over Morgan's disappearance and the handling of the subsequent trial gelled into a successful regional political party that also tried to play at the national level with an 1832 presidential candidate.\n\nOf course, the Morgan incident by itself does not explain why the Anti-Masonic Party grew as quickly and successfully as it did. Nor was anti-Masonic sentiment a new concept in America, though it had not previously reached the cohesion necessary for a political party. Also interesting about the Anti-Masonic Party is that it drew members from a number of social strata (for example, farmers, merchants, professionals) and attracted members who were drawn to political/religious activism and later went on to join Evangelical, Sabbatarian, Temperance, and Abolition movements. \n\nThe serious historiographical study of the Anti-Masonic Party began at the tail-end of McCarthyism in America, for reasons that are not entirely surprising. The historians Richard Hofstadter and Lorman Ratner attributed Anti-Masonry's success to the same characteristics in the American psyche that drove social movements like McCarthyism, Know Nothingism, and anti-Mormonism. As Hofstadter's fascinating 1964 article terms it, this is the \"Paranoid Style in American Politics.\" (_URL_0_). These views, while in my opinion not completely wrong, are subject to criticism for viewing taking a simplistic view of these social movements in a vacuum.\n\nThe next wave of study, for example, William Preston Vaughn’s The Antimasonic Party in the United States (1983) (for what it's worth, Vaughn was himself a very active Freemason), looked to social factors and not just major trends in American politics. Vaughn focuses on the evangelical Christian membership of the Anti-Masonic Party. Many prominent party members were evangelical ministers, and much of the public concern over Masonry was its supposed embrace of mysticism. Vaughn also identifies \"political\" members, who were more concerned over Masonry's role in the American Republic (i.e., as a secret society with politically-prominent members) than its impact on religion. In his view, Anti-Masonry's eventual failure is largely driven by its inability to reconcile these groups of members.\n\nPaul Goodman's Towards a Christian Republic: Antimasonry and the Great Transition in New England, 1826-1836, provides another view. Per Goodman, Freemasonry was a private and exclusive association that appeared to influence the public spheres of politics and religion. This created inevitable social tension that led to anti-Masonry and the Anti-Masonic Party, whose members perceived themselves as the guardians of Christian Republicanism. Paul Goodman's archive for this book is available for inspection at UC Davis and is a wonderful source for people interested in this period of American history.\n\nFinally, as some others posting here have suggested, Anti-Masonry was able to take advantage of existing translocal political structures in a politically- and religiously-active area of the country. For example, so-called Anti-Masonic Conventions were fairly regular, and the Anti-Masonic Party had reasonably successful regional/state-level organization. This cohesion allowed the party to broker deals and play the margin between established political parties in order to \"punch above its weight.\" By way of example, the Anti-Masonic Party never polled above 15% in Rhode Island, but was still able to push through legislature revoking Masonic charters and banning Masonic oaths. This kind of dealmaking ultimately backfired and helped lead to the downfall of the party, causing contemporaries to observe that “Anti-Masons are doing precisely what they condemn in the Masonic fraternity; namely, an attempt to engross power and office.” (Calvin Philleo, “Calvin Philleo’s Light on Masonry, and Anti-Masonry, and a Renunciation of Both” (Providence: H.H. Brown, 1831).)\n\nedit: typos and clarification\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://harpers.org/archive/1964/11/the-paranoid-style-in-american-politics/"
]
] |
|
4s354f
|
what happened to the panama papers story? it was supposed to be this giant scandal, yet it seems to have disappeared.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4s354f/eli5_what_happened_to_the_panama_papers_story_it/
|
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"1. It's still a thing, but given that there haven't been any new major revelations (e.g. The Pope) most news organizations have chosen to focus on more topical things (The Euro 16, Brexit, etc.)\n\n2. No prominent Americans were listed, hence why it's gotten little to no attention in the US. Most Americans don't give a shit if some Saudi Minister hid money off-shore. Now if some Mega Church Pastor was named you'd see the media explode on this.",
"As always, when a story happened months ago it is no longer \"news\" and no longer \"current events\". The news reports on stuff that recently happened or currently happening. There is a lot currently happening, so they report that stuff instead of a story from April.",
"The next big story came along.\n\nAsk your average person on the street (or redditor without google) about LIBOR - the biggest financial fraud in history, and one that the average person on the street *actually lost money over* - and see what they say. Most people aren't even effected by the panama papers. Scandals pass"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5h3786
|
what factors cause people from different countries to protest differently?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5h3786/eli5_what_factors_cause_people_from_different/
|
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"Nothing's to say that can't happen in the US, but a part of it comes out of necessity. Many parts of Asia are heavily populated, and not just heavily, but densely. The need to be clean isn't just a good idea, it has roots in survival. And it's convention. People do it so you do it. People see you do it so they do it. It's just something done. Some cultures hold the door, others don't. However, picking up trash has more of an actual impact, so it *should* be done everywhere.\n\nBeyond that, many protests in the US happen this way. Right now in North Dakota the protests are *very* peaceful and clean, considering. It depends how it's portrayed. What protests are you talking about or comparing?\n\nKoreans are protesting their president, but many people as of late in the US are protesting the needless killing of its citizens by an armed force that almost always gets away with it. The idea that people should politely protest everything is also absurd.\n\n",
"Typically, cultural factors."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1sp0tr
|
At what point did Australians and New Zealanders begin to consider themselves as distinct from the British?
|
Despite recent migrations from Asia, the bulk of the population in both New Zealand and Australia is of British origin.
How recently would people in both those countries have considered themselves British?
In other words, when did a distinct national identity (seperate from simply British) begin to emerge?
When did they stop being English/Irish/Scottish/Welsh people living in Australia/ New Zealand and become "Australian"?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1sp0tr/at_what_point_did_australians_and_new_zealanders/
|
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"I wrote about this partly in my undergraduate thesis. \n\nSimilar to the colonization of America, settlers in the Antipodes experienced a lifestyle hugely different from what they or their parents had experienced in Europe. Australian/American/Canadian/New Zealand (to an extent) evolved as a response to their new environment and a different understanding of their role as settlers and within the Empire. Dealing with (often) hostile natives in an unhospitable environment changes the character of the individual and society as a whole. The 'frontier' played a pivotal role in shaping the idea of white settler national identity, and the heros of the frontier (explorers, outlaws etc.) remain an important aspect of national mythology. Essentially these societies grew outside or even against the traditional notion of state authority, so individuals who defied the oppression of the state were idolized and subsequently hold a vital place in their national histories (Lewis & Clark, Ned Kelly).\n\nHowever, Australia, New Zealand and Canada remained strongholds of the British Empire even as they gradually gained increasing amounts of political and economic sovereignty throughout the 19th century as they transitioned towards 'Dominion' status. Settlers from Britain and other European countries continued to arrive so there is no doubt that the societies being created were 'European' societies at the base level. \n\nThe 'heroic' fairytale idea is that Australian and New Zealand identity was born after the Gallipoli campaign in 1915. As a part of the Empire, ANZAC forces were under the command of British generals and suffered huge losses in the poorly-planned and orchestrated campaign against the Ottomans. Many historians have played up the significance of Gallipoli in identity construction because it is picturesque and allows them to point to a specific point in history.\n\nWhen the Second World War broke out and the British surrendered their Empire in South-East Asia to the Japanese, it became clear to Australians and Kiwis that they could not rely on the British for military protection and instead found another willing and capable ally across the Pacific in the USA. The Australians and New Zealanders were finally asserting their political and military sovereignty and the ANZUS treaty which resulted form their wartime alliance with the USA has been a vital aspect of Australian foreign relations throughout C20 and up until today.\n\nSo to answer your question. There is no specific date when a distinct national identity emerged but it gradually developed due to a variety of environmental, political and economic factors over the course of centuries. Let me know if you have any questions as I have only provided a very simplified overview of 200 years of Antipodean political history",
"There was no single point at which “Australian” superseded “British” to become the primary identity of people living in Australia. The process of Australian-isation started as early as the 1820s, and continued well into the 1970s (it’s possibly still going, according to some people!).\n\nI’ll mention a few key milestones along the way. And, you’ll notice that, while some of them are movements towards asserting an independent Australian identity, others reinforce Australia’s identity as an offshoot of Britain. These two threads ran through most of our history, alongside each other.\n\n* As early as the 1820s, the native-born Australians were starting to make themselves known. Around this time, the term “currency lads (and lasses)” arose to describe these native-born Australians. The British immigrants – even the convicts – were seen as “sterling”, the real deal. Meanwhile, the native-born Australians were seen as inferior copies: “currency”. Less than 40 years after the first convicts arrived, there was already a separation between the British immigrants and the locally born Australians. There are also references to them resenting the fact that immigrants from Britain were given free land as settlers ahead of native-born people.\n\n* The Australasian Anti-Transportation League, active in the 1840s and 1850s, was formed by locals to stop the transportation of convicts to colonies in Australia. The document ‘The Aims of the Anti-Transportation League’ contains the phrase “And Whereas the native Australasians are entitled to all the rights and privileges of British subjects” – another minor instance recognising the locally born people. The League itself was an example of local Australians exerting their independence from the British, by telling the British to stop sending convicts. (The British did stop sending convicts in the 1850s, but more because gold was discovered in Victoria than anything else – how can you be considered to be punishing someone when you’re transporting them *for free* to a destination that thousands of other people were desperate to get to?)\n\n* In 1871 the Victorian Natives’ Association was founded; the following year, it expanded to the other colonies and became the Australian Natives’ Association. Membership was restricted to white men *born in Australia*. The ANA was a major supporter of Federation. (Although it left the political arena when Federation was achieved in 1901, the ANA remained an independent mutual society and health insurance company until 1993, when it merged with Manchester Unity to form Australian Unity.)\n\n* By the 1890s, locally born Australians outnumbered British-born Australians for the first time. Around this time, we see a couple of other watershed movements.\n\n* The colonists started pushing for Federation in the 1880s and more strongly in the 1890s. However, it’s worth noting that this was not seen as a way to gain full independence from Britain, but merely to give Australia the ability to stand proudly as a British land in Asia and the Pacific. On the other hand, one of the reasons to federate was mutual defence of the colonies – this became especially important after... well, I’ll let Alfred Deakin tell you in his own words: “they [the Australasian Colonies] were asked [by the British government] to surrender the New Hebrides as of little commercial value and in the next breath were told that the French set the greatest store by them for commercial development. [The French’s] interest in Australasia were spoken of as large, while ours which were incomparably larger were brushed aside as of no account. [...] We were assured that our alarm as to French intentions was groundless but we should never forget that it was while relying on a similar assurance from the Colonial Office, our trust had been betrayed by a surrender of part of New Guinea to Germany.” In short, the British gave away territories to the French and the Germans that the Australians saw as *theirs*. So, here we see the beginnings of a Australian foreign policy (and identity) which is different to that of Britain’s.\n\n* The 1890s & 1900s saw the first flourishing of a local Australian literary identity, with such works as: ‘Clancy of the Overflow’ by Banjo Patterson; ‘The Man From Snowy River’ by Banjo Patterson; ‘Waltzing Matilda’ by Banjo Patterson; ‘The Drover’s Wife’ by Henry Lawson; ‘Seven Little Australians’ by Ethel Turner; ‘My Brilliant Career’ by Miles Franklin; ‘Such is Life’ by Joseph Furphy; ‘My Country’ (“I love a sunburnt country...”) by Dorothea McKellar. At a time when Australians were more likely to be living in urban environments than in rural environments, the stereotypical Aussie outback identity was being written about and idealised.\n\n* When Australia became a country, one of the first acts of the new Commonwealth government was to create what became known as the White Australia Policy. This enforced the idea that Australians were merely British people living in a southern land.\n\n* At the start of World War I, then Prime Minister Andrew Fisher said Australia would “stand beside our own to help and defend Britain to the last man and the last shilling.”\n\n* I won’t write much about the Gallipoli invasion of 1915. Suffice to say that this has become romanticised as “The Birth of a Nation”.\n\n* During World War II, Australia yet again sent soldiers overseas to fight for “the mother country”. However, when the chips were down, and Japan tried to invade Australia... the Brits were nowhere to be seen. The Australian government then turned to the Americans for mutual help and defence, asserting its own independent foreign policy once and for all. This led to the ANZUS treaty in 1951, where Australia, New Zealand, and the United States agreed to come to each other’s mutual defence if necessary.\n\n* Australian citizenship existed for the first time in 1949. Until this time, all Australians had been British citizens.\n\n* During the 1950s, the Australian Prime Minister was an ardent defender of the British Empire (even though it was now the British Commonwealth), and of the personification of that Empire, the young Queen Elizabeth II. When Elizabeth became the first reigning British monarch to visit Australia, in 1954, Menzies positively gushed over her: “I did but see her passing by, and yet I love her till I die.”\n\n* During the post-war period, from 1945 to 1969, the “ten-pound Pom” scheme was in place, giving subsidised fares to any British people wishing to emigrate to Australia. Over one million British immigrants arrived during that time: a whole new generation of Australians who referred to Britian as “home” and “the mother country”.\n\n* The White Australia policy was finally dismantled in the 1960s/1970s. The Holt government in 1966 introduced a Migration Act which removed the requirement for migrants to speak a European language to gain entry (this test had been used to prevent undesireables from entering) and assessed migrants on their skills rather than their origins. The Whitlam government in 1973 put the final nails in the White Australia policy’s coffin by disabling all the racial aspects of immigration law, and signing international treaties and agreements relating to immigration and race. This was when “multiculturalism” became a buzz-word.\n\nMany of these turning-points could be deemed that point when Australians began to consider themselves as distinct from the British: “currency lads”; the ANA; the failure to hold on to the New Hebrides; “I love a sunburnt country...”; Gallipoli; Australian citizenship; ANZUS; multiculturalism; the Australia Act. However, at the same time, Australia has held on to its British heritage: White Australia policy; “the last man and the last shilling”; Gallipoli; WWII; “I did but see her passing by...”; ten-pound Poms.\n\nWhen did Australians begin to see themselves as distinct from the British? 1820s. 1850s. 1890s. 1915. 1951. 1966. 1973. 1988. Take your pick! Some people would say we *still* don’t have our own identity, because we share the same monarch as Britain. Others would say we *lost* our identity when we started on the path of multiculturalism. The “Australian identity” is a very contentious issue.\n\n",
"From a purely legal perspective, the High Court said in [Sue v Hill (1999)](_URL_1_) that the UK could now be considered a \"foreign power\" for the purposes of Constitutional Law (the case was about voting rights). \n\nHowever, the [Australia Act 1986 (Cth)](_URL_0_) was the legislation which severed the last remaining legal ties with the UK, finally ending appeals Australian to the Privy Council. ",
"It is worth noting that it was not.until the passage of the Australia Acts in 1986 that Australia became an independent state. Before that, Westminster could have passed an act amending our constitution, or indeed, doing anything it wanted. There were also appeals available to the Privy council from State Courts and technically from the Supreme Court of Australia (called the High Court). \n\nThis wasn't mere legal technicality either. Our constitution provides that you can't be in parliament if you are the subject of a forgiegn power. Before '86 you could be a British citizen but in our parliament. After 86 no longer. There was a case about this but the name escapes me. There was also cases that went to the privy counsel from time to time from state supreme courts. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Act_1986",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_v_Hill#Australian_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom"
],
[]
] |
|
2yc8mg
|
how on earth do batteries work?
|
I've researched it, and I don't understand it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yc8mg/eli5_how_on_earth_do_batteries_work/
|
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"They have a chemical inside that is capable of holding extra electrons. When you charge them, you use the energy from the power plant ( or solar panels/ wherever the hell it comes from) to pump the chemical to a higher energy state (lots of extra electrons). When you discharge a battery you complete a circuit from the negative to the positive terminal. The positive terminal is a different substance that wants more electrons. It pulls them from the negative terminal through the circuit (the device the battery is powering). \n\nIt's like a little pressurized container for electrons. You pump it up with energy and it holds it to high pressure, the pressure is released and utilized when you connect the negative to positive terminal. ",
"You start with a container that has metal at both ends. Then you dump some chemicals called an 'electrolyte' in. Electrolytes are just compounds that ionize (become negatively charged) when dunked in some solution (normally water).\n\nAs those ions are generated, they want to spread away from one another because... electromagnetism (for further research, see Messrs Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope). The only way they can spread is out one of those metal plates - and out any escape path (conductor) you provide from there.",
"Just FYI batteries work in space as well or any other planets for that matter. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
wi1i0
|
If dark matter is a matter, then what would it look like if you held it in your hands?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/wi1i0/if_dark_matter_is_a_matter_then_what_would_it/
|
{
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"text": [
"Dark matter, according to the most popular theories at the moment, consists of **w**eakly **i**nteracting **m**assive **p**articles, or WIMPs. Because they interact so weakly, in particular having no electromagnetic interaction, WIMPs stream through you much like neutrinos do. Thus, you can't really hold dark matter in your hands, and if you could, somehow, it wouldn't look like anything, since it wouldn't interact with photons."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
66zmb2
|
if things with different mass fall at the same velocity, why do heavier things cause more 'damage' when they land?
|
For example: a 1kg plastic ball falling on you would slightly hurt as opposed to a 1 ton one falling on you would crush you.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66zmb2/eli5_if_things_with_different_mass_fall_at_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"Force = mass x acceleration\n\nAs you point out, objects fall at the same rate, i.e. acceleration is constant. So, for falling objects, force is proportional to mass. Using your example, a 1 ton (1,000 kg) ball will hit with exactly 1,000 times more force than the 1kg ball."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
b6cj5m
|
how does a charger charge your phone for a split second after it was removed from the socket?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b6cj5m/eli5_how_does_a_charger_charge_your_phone_for_a/
|
{
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"text": [
"The charger has electrical storage components inside of it called capacitors, and these components can store electricity for a very short time after being disconnected from the power supply.\n\nFor the same reason, you should not go poking around inside an old television with a screwdriver, unless it has been unplugged for a very long time.",
"It contains a *capacitor,* a little power holding device, which is loaded up with power from the outlet. It takes a moment to finish unloading into your phone.",
"Do you think because the icon shows charging that it is actually charging?\n\nOr the software just hasn't updated the screen yet?",
"While folks have mentioned capacitors, on a phone charger they are pretty small, they are used as filters to smooth out the AC or switching noise from the rectification or buck stage. More energy comes from the magnetic fields in the transformer as they collapse after removing mains power. Even so, this will all happen in milliseconds. \n\nThe most likely reason is that it takes the charging function of the phone some time to measure the incoming power, debounce it in case it was just a glitch, time out and update the UI. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
257dq2
|
Why do mitochondria need their own DNA?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/257dq2/why_do_mitochondria_need_their_own_dna/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chego8l",
"chegpmr",
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"score": [
229,
9,
31
],
"text": [
"As has been said, endosymbiotic theory which is pretty widely accepted states that both chloroplasts and mitochondria were once bacteria of their own right. We believe the modern day equivalents are cyanobacteria and proteobacteria respectively.\n\nSome nice sets of evidence:\n\n* Circular genomes as seen in bacteria\n\n* No nucleus of their own and no chromatin packaging (prokaryotic features)\n\n* No introns as in eukaroytic systems\n\n* Double membrane akin to the inner and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria.\n\n* Encode their own tRNAs\n\n* Replicate at a different point in the cell cycle to other organelles\n\nBut do they \"need their own DNA\". No they don't. But it's the system that works and nature is good at keeping systems that work, even if they're not the optimal system. A considerable amount of mtDNA and chDNA has migrated to the nucleus such that mtDNA no longer fully encodes for a functioning mitochondrion. Why doesn't all the DNA migrate to the nucleus? Because this system works :)\n\n[See quantum_lotus' comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic mitochondria including chimera activity recovery](_URL_0_)",
"Mitochondria are ancient symbionts that once had their own complete genome. Over time the genes needed to run the mitochondria migrated to the nucleus and were lost from the mitochondria. This is why they have relatively little DNA and do not make all the components they need to work. Some of the protein products the mt needs are too big to be transported into the mt after translation so they have to make it themselves and hence they need the DNA for it. Most of the genes you see today in MT are for large proteins.",
"Complete mitochondria (like those found in humans, plants and most eukaryotes) do seem to need mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to keep their distinctive shape. Yeast cells that lack mtDNA (known as rho0 cells) have abnormal mitochondrial morphology. But the number of mitochondria do not differ between rho0 and rho+ cells. So the researchers conclude that mtDNA is necessary for the proper morphology/shape of mitochondria, but not their generation. Evidence for this comes from: \n\nHolmuhamedov *et al*. Deletion of mtDNA disrupts mitochondrial function and structure, but not biogenesis. *Mitochondrion*. 2003 Aug;3(1):13-9.\n\nAnd if you're unconvinced that the shape of a mitochondrion is important, remember that the enzymes that make up the respiratory chain are clustered together in the cristae of the inner membrane, allowing for increased rates of respiration. Furthermore, it is speculated that the morophology of the inner membrane facilitates necessary interactions between the complexes of the respiratory chain.\n\n*Edit: clarified that I am not talking about mitosomes, unlike /u/PsiWavefunction (who has very good points)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/257dq2/why_do_mitochondria_need_their_own_dna/cheo9kn"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
1h2l1l
|
the senate bill 5 being discussed in today's filibuster in the texas senate.
|
As mentioned in a few of the top threads today in /r/politics.
_URL_1_
[Here's the live feed.](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1h2l1l/eli5_the_senate_bill_5_being_discussed_in_todays/
|
{
"a_id": [
"caq8w4s"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"Might be a little over EIL5, but meh...\n\nThe bill does a few things. From [_URL_1_](_URL_4_):\n\n* The bill would restrict abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy \n* Require all clinics to be certified as ambulatory surgical centers\n* Require abortion doctors to have admitting privileges at a local hospital.\n\nProblems with these are: \n\n1) the Supreme Court and many doctors agree, kinda sorta, that \"life\" (more like viability) starts at about the 24th(?) week of the term. [Radiolab story about it is really heartbreaking](_URL_7_). This would hamper and go counter to what's been established as a litmus test. Thus, it limits the woman's right to choose.\n\n2) The ambulatory surgical clinic provision seems like a good idea, till you actually look into what's needed to run one of these. \n\n > \"There's a whole bunch of requirements that have to do with airflow, temperature, humidity, size of the room, that kind of thing for operations that may take three or four hours. But for an abortion that takes five or ten minutes, it's sort of mismatched.\"\n\nFrom a [KXAN article](_URL_0_). While [this](_URL_3_) article can be argued to be slightly biased, the oldest citation is from 1990. 97% of all women in the US suffer no complications, 2% suffer minor complications that can be handled in clinic or outpatient, and about .5% suffer serious complications. \n\nOutpatient knee surgery has nearly the same, if not slightly worse numbers according to [this](_URL_8_) with 94% meeting discharge criteria, with 3.6% readmission. Granted, the numbers for the knee surgery study are smaller than the abortion study, but there's more care needed.\n\nAlso, who is to say that once the majority of abortion clinics in Texas get up to the standard, that they will be licensed to practice? [Here's the requirement](_URL_5_) for clinics in Texas. And according to this [Washington Post article](_URL_6_), \"the majority of abortions are not surgical procedures, and 37 of the state’s 42 abortion clinics don’t meet that new standard, so many would need to relocate and spend millions of dollars to reach it.\" Which means that these clinics would have to change how they operate completely.\n\n3) Admitting privilege sounds like a great idea. I personally agree with it in principle, but in real life, things aren't as simple. For starters [this shows how doctors are \"employed'](_URL_2_). Then, each hospital seems to have it's own rules and standards for who and what can get admitting privileges as well as limited number of slots. I could be wrong on this, but I believe that general practitioners in Texas do not need admitting privileges to operate. There's also the fact that many communities in Texas do not have a \"local\" (however it's defined legally) hospital.\n\nSo, let's look at it simply: the 20 week limit is shorter than what the Supreme Court of the USA, medical ethicist, and others agree upon viability (to live outside of the womb) of the embryo, the regulations then put on an abortion clinic could mean that no abortion clinics could be licensed to practice, and there's nothing to say that doctors who provide abortions will be able to get admitting privileges. This bill can deny a woman's constitutional right to seek a legal abortion."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=2Q8Hr0O20LY",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/1h1lfy/today_wendy_davis_a_texas_state_senator_from_ft/"
] |
[
[
"http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/texas_lege/bill-requires-surgical-center-at-abortion-clinic",
"kut.org",
"http://medical-malpractice.lawyers.com/The-Doctor-is-In-How-Doctors-Work-with-Hospitals.html",
"http://www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/safety_of_abortion.html",
"http://kutnews.org/post/whats-next-sb-5-abortion-bill-texas-legislature",
"http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/hfp/asc.shtm",
"http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/hundreds-protest-proposed-abortion-restrictions-as-texas-lawmakers-take-key-vote/2013/06/23/75d538aa-dc75-11e2-a484-7b7f79cd66a1_story.html",
"http://www.radiolab.org/2013/apr/30/",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674174/"
]
] |
|
3da5rf
|
Are they any cases of animals using covering or "clothes" to protect themselves from the environment as humans have done?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3da5rf/are_they_any_cases_of_animals_using_covering_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ct3qzkf",
"ct3rgz2",
"ct49xyo"
],
"score": [
10,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Hermit crabs are an obvious example.\n\nPigs will slather themselves in mud to cool off. \n\nYou could call a burrow a kind of \"clothing\" that animals \"put on\" to protect themselves from the environment.\n\nThe biggest problem is that the natural world doesn't present a lot of things which you can really use as a covering (which is why we need to do complicated things like weaving fibres or skinning animals). So without a high degree of intelligence and dexterity it's very hard to make \"clothes\". \n\nHeck, a lot of human tribes didn't have clothes. \n\nedit: Another thing is that we need clothes mostly because a lot of us live outside our natural habitat. If we still lived in Kenya then they would be less necessary.",
"Well, I'm not sure it's exactly what you're looking for, but it's pretty common for insects to use inorganic matter in their environments to cover themselves for protection. \n[Caddisfly larvae](_URL_6_) are a great example. They'll build a case for themselves out of anything around them. In that first pic the casemaker used rocks and gravel. In [this example](_URL_0_) the casemaker dressed itself in leaves that it's cut up and stuck together. \n \n[This](_URL_3_) is an interesting and somewhat unique casemaker. This species would usually use something whole like a hollowed out twig from its environment. But the individual pictured there happened to have come across and used the discarded case made by a completely different species of caddisfly casemaker. \n \nAnother great example of this sort of dressing up from the insect world that people will often encounter is the [bagworm moths.](_URL_7_) This is actually the caterpillar of a moth that loves to dress itself up as things like [pinecones.](_URL_4_) \n \nThen there are the [masked hunter nymphs](_URL_1_) which will dress up like any kind of debris they find so they can more eaily ambush and kill their prey. Which is often bedbugs, so these mean little guys are your allies. \n \nAnd that just reminded me of the [decorator crab](_URL_5_) which will also adorn itself with basically anything it finds. Even if [the thing it finds](_URL_2_) might not necessarily agree with the arrangement. ",
"Nematode roundworms have a resistant outer coat called a cuticle which they will moult at various points in their life-cycle. Many species will retain (...or wear? A bit of a stretch I concede) an extra cuticle layer (rather than shed it) in order to provide more protection from environmental extremes. Parasitic nematodes often do this, perhaps to withstand the first onslaught of the host immune system....like those bomb disposal suits from 'The Hurt Locker'..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://bugguide.net/node/view/620846/bgpage",
"http://bugguide.net/node/view/274600",
"http://coralmorphologic.com/b/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/decorator-crab-w-zoas.jpg",
"http://bugguide.net/node/view/901535/bgimage",
"http://bugguide.net/node/view/941993/bgimage",
"https://www.google.com/search?q=decorator+crab%5D&newwindow=1&es_sm=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAWoVChMIuP-ugJbcxgIViVeICh1DCAfg&biw=1366&bih=643#newwindow=1&tbm=isch&q=decorator+crab",
"http://bugguide.net/node/view/703370/bgpage",
"http://bugguide.net/node/view/122"
],
[]
] |
||
9btl7y
|
What were relations between medieval Muslims and medieval Buddhists like?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/9btl7y/what_were_relations_between_medieval_muslims_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e55ldx5"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"As I mention [in this post](_URL_0_) to almost the same question, the initial Buddhist literary response to Islam was highly negative. I'd welcome other perspectives, of course, especially from the Muslim side and on a more subaltern level."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/678jny/what_did_buddhists_think_of_early_islam/"
]
] |
||
9njare
|
why does a magnetic field do no work on a stationary particle but yet electric field does work on it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9njare/eli5_why_does_a_magnetic_field_do_no_work_on_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e7mo0wn",
"e7mrij1"
],
"score": [
4,
6
],
"text": [
"The electric field (ac) is moving so the stationary particle has motion with respect to the electric field creating work. The magnetic field is stationary and thus is stationary with respect to the stationary particle so no work is done.",
"A magnetic field does no work on a point charge under any circumstances. The magnetic force on a stationary charge is zero. If the charge is moving, then there is a magnetic force of q**v**x**B**, which is always perpendicular to **v**, so it doesn't do any work."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
70sqhz
|
why do we sometimes twitch or spaz when we get a random chill?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/70sqhz/eli5why_do_we_sometimes_twitch_or_spaz_when_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dn5vblt"
],
"score": [
17
],
"text": [
"Those are transient myoclonic jerks . These are just short burst of muscle contractions that you see especially when you are falling sleep. These are similarly seen in many physiological and pathological conditions. \nIf excessive they are called myoclonic seizures."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
b5uxhv
|
why does your arm shake when you flex really hard?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b5uxhv/eli5_why_does_your_arm_shake_when_you_flex_really/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ejg6dva"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"When you stretch or flex your muscles, they can affect the body’s nervous system, which in effect controls the body’s muscle movements. When the body becomes overly stressed, it can cause involuntary muscle spasms.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ruhlr
|
What would we see if the speed of light was, say, 1ms^-1?
|
I'll begin with saying I'm currently in Year 12 physics, so my scientific knowledge is incredibly limited to say the least. So I'd be extremely appreciative if some maybe simpler concepts were explained a little (or at least give me a rough idea of what to look up to find out more).
But when the topic came up that thought came to mind and I've been rather curious as to what it would be.
So what are some of the implications of that? If we ran forward, would we see everything brighter from more photons hitting our eyes? If I ran backwards with my head faced fowards would I see an absense of light from where I've just been standing?
Thanks!
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ruhlr/what_would_we_see_if_the_speed_of_light_was_say/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c48sdh5"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"This is actually a common thought experiment in special relativity. The answer is, nothing would really change, but massive relativistic effects would be observable in everyday life. Also, everything in the universe would be limited to a speed of 1m/s since the speed of light is the top speed that anything can travel (including information). This means that when you leave for school, you could walk there, but in the 20 minutes it takes to walk there, hundreds if not millions of years will have passed once you get there. The speed of light actually has nothing to do with its intensity, but running forward will actually narrow your visual range. Kind of like tunnel vision. The backwards question is even more interesting. If you were facing forward, and you started running backward at near the speed of light, your visual range will increase. You would be able to see things that are behind you. If you are more interested on the topic, just look up special relativity. The fact that in our universe, the speed of light is constant has lots of wacky consequences. Things like time dilation, Lorentz contraction, and loss of simultaneity. If you are interested, I could describe more of it here, but I would recommend you look around the web at videos. These kinds of questions are what got me really interested in physics and I would be glad to try and answer more questions that people have."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8gs8a9
|
What are the recommended sources for the history of mercenaries and, to a lesser extent, the development of professional fighting forces in Europe from the collapse of the WRE to the early medieval period?
|
I've looked though the recommended books in the sidebar, but didn't see anything that fits the bill. If anyone here has studied the topic, this aspiring history buff would greatly appreciate some guidance!
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8gs8a9/what_are_the_recommended_sources_for_the_history/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dyee46z",
"dyf5g7o"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"The best book on the topic (and the only sufficient treatment I'm aware of) is John France's *Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages.* I'm afraid it's become dreadfully expensive, but perhaps you can acquire a copy through a local library.",
"Absolutely try to find a copy of David Parrott’s *The Business of War.* It’s also a massive book, and it’s more focused on the late medieval and early modern periods. BUT it does contain a very useful introduction that will give you an idea of the way mercenaries have been written about in European history. It also contains a little information in the first chapter that’s kinda high/late medieval. I imagine the bibliography and footnotes would give you some further reading as well. See what you think of the price and if it’s too hefty, try to find it at a library.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
7mwr6r
|
plasma, in the electrical sense. why is it its own state/phase?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7mwr6r/eli5_plasma_in_the_electrical_sense_why_is_it_its/
|
{
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23,
2,
7,
3
],
"text": [
"Plasma forms when you heat up a gas to really high temperatures. The electrons get ripped away from the atoms due to their high energy. This is called ionization. This makes plasma highly electrically conductive. Plasma is its own state of matter because its properties are so fundamentally different from a gas, in the same way that a liquid's properties are fundamentally different than a solid's.",
"The biggest reason is because atoms no longer retain their electrons, which makes it respond to electrical and magnetic forces much more strongly than other matter. The biggest results of this are that it is highly conductive to electricity (practically no resistance whatsoever), and it tends to flow in ways far different from gasses. ",
"Plasma is different from solids, liquids, and gasses.\n\nIn a solid the atoms or molecules are fixed in a static structure, and while for instance a conductor might be able to trade electrons between atoms, the nuclei do not move.\n\nIn a liquid the nuclei are moving around but the atoms or molecules generally are staying stuck together. They are in contact but not fixed in place, and so able to conform to the shape of their container.\n\nA gas has mobile nuclei but the atoms or molecules aren't stuck together, instead just bouncing around their container frantically.\n\nIn the case of a plasma the material has been given so much energy that the electrons are no longer bound to their nuclei. Instead you just have a sort of soup of nuclei and electrons all whizzing about. Molecules are of course no longer possible and there are just elemental nuclei without any exclusive claim to specific electrons.",
"Is fire a plasma or gas?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
bv4e9k
|
why are vehicles insured, instead of people/drivers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bv4e9k/eli5_why_are_vehicles_insured_instead_of/
|
{
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"epl3kh8",
"epl919r",
"epljzu4"
],
"score": [
7,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"I some countries it's actually both. The vehicle is insured, but the insurance won't cover driver liability, so the driver needs their own insurance too.",
"The biggest variable in insurance is the performance and value of a vehicle.\n\nIf the person was insured irrelevant of what vehicle they drove they would have to pay for insurance to cover the highest spec car available in case that was what they were driving at the time.",
"- Some cars are more valuable than others\n\n- will cost more to repair \n\n- have a higher risk of theft. More desirable \n\n- easier to steal. Weak security features\n\n- some cars are faster. Higher risk of crashing"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3qu54d
|
what's the point of the russians visiting the moon in 2029 when we're planning on visiting mars in the 2030's?
|
The moon has already been visited and I'm sure that there are still some things to learn from a another visit there, but it seems that if there was anything of extreme importance there, NASA would already have planned another visit. The Mars trip will take place so shortly after Russia's moon trip that I just don't see the point...
EDIT: Not sure why this would get downvoted. It was a general curiosity that I'm certain other people than myself were wondering but perhaps were too afraid to ask. Thank you very much for the eloquent responses from those of you that did. They were all enlightening and answered my question thoroughly with facts that I'd never considered. THREAD = EXPLAINED.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qu54d/eli5_whats_the_point_of_the_russians_visiting_the/
|
{
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"cwibnhp",
"cwibsam",
"cwiextw",
"cwig8y9"
],
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10,
2
],
"text": [
"There hasn't been a person on the moon since the 70s and we've not sent a person beyond orbit since then either.\n\nNot to mention no other country besides the US has actually sent anyone to the moon so this would be a first step for the Russian space program.\n\nIn addition, there is probably still value in analyzing the moon, especially with newer technology that can likely find things that would have been impossible 40 years ago. And we only explored a small fraction of the moons surface.\n\nAs for NASA, the reason they haven't planned another visit has nothing to do with the value of the moon and everything to do with NASA funding being extremely reliant on political trends, which in turn are reliant on the public interest. The reason NASA hasn't gone back to the moon is because the American population are essentially \"bored\" with the idea and so any plan they propose would likely loose funding for essentially being \"not cool\".\n\nThey choose the mars because it was something they could get the public excited about and thereby ensuring their funding.",
"It doesn't have to be about importance.\n\nBut in addition to the other answers, the moon is much much easier to colonize than Mars due to its proximity. Just bury a vault under some regolith, and BOOM, moonbase. \n\nCompared to a Mars manned visit, that's a snap! We still haven't figured out how to keep people healthy and safe over the many-months-journey required to actually reach the Red Planet; the Moon's only a couple days away using conventional rocket engines. \n",
"Why go on holiday to the caravan park this year when you know you're going to go on holiday to DISNEYLAND next year?\n\nThere's still things for us to Do on the Moon - places yet unmapped, below surface exploration, samples to collect. Sure we're going to Mars, but that doesn't mean we should Not go to the Moon as well, or explore the Mariana Trench, or have some tasty ice cream at Disneyland.",
"From what I've read, the Russians plan more than just another moon landing. They expect to explore the viability of an inhabitable moon base.\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/08/31/russians_on_moon_by_2025/"
]
] |
|
1gvart
|
How can meteor fragments found on earth possibly be so frequently described as 'martian'? How can we possibly assert their origin?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1gvart/how_can_meteor_fragments_found_on_earth_possibly/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cao8st9"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"The quote below is taken directly from the [Martian Meteorite](_URL_0_) page of Wikipedia:\n\n\nBy the early 1980s, it was obvious that the SNC group of meteorites (Shergottites, Nakhlites, Chassignites) were significantly different from most other meteorite types. Among these differences were younger formation ages, a different oxygen isotopic composition, the presence of aqueous weathering products, and some similarity in chemical composition to analyses of the Martian surface rocks in 1976 by the Viking landers. Several workers suggested these characteristics implied the origin of SNC meteorites from a relatively large parent body, possibly Mars (e.g., Smith et al.[4] and Treiman et al.[5]). Then in 1983, various trapped gases were reported in impact-formed glass of the EET79001 shergottite, gases which closely resembled those in the Martian atmosphere as analyzed by Viking.[6] These trapped gases provided direct evidence for a Martian origin. In 2000, an article by Treiman, Gleason and Bogard gave a survey of all the arguments used to conclude the SNC meteorites (of which 14 had been found at the time) were from Mars. They wrote, \"There seems little likelihood that the SNCs are not from Mars. If they were from another planetary body, it would have to be substantially identical to Mars as it now is understood.\"[3]"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_meteorite"
]
] |
||
684rxj
|
after the initial sleepiness feeling, why do we suddenly feel more alert after a few hours pass your normal sleeping time before you suddenly feel lethargic and sleepy again?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/684rxj/eli5after_the_initial_sleepiness_feeling_why_do/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dgwesyz"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"A certain sleep writer suggests it's because there is a metabolitic release timed to coincide with the early part of sleep intended to for the heavy lifting your lymphatic and endocrine systems will do in the early part of sleep. Apparently this is the \"second wind\" we feel at approximately 10pm, and being asleep at this point results in higher quality sleep.\n\nThis is the only thing I've come up with on the topic so far. It seams reasonable that one's body would benefit from a release of energy for homonal/repair/immune function that does happen during sleep; however, I traced the reference chain back finally back to an Ayurvedic medicine writer, and haven't found any peer-reviewed empirical research on the topic (yet), so I think the jury is still out on this one."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8snsj8
|
why do fermented foods turn into alcohol and cause intoxication?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8snsj8/eli5_why_do_fermented_foods_turn_into_alcohol_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e10wjym",
"e10x2qk"
],
"score": [
19,
2
],
"text": [
"Yeast. Yeast is a microscopic fungi that is intentionally added to the process of making alcoholic drinks. It consumes the sugars, and excrete alcohol. As the alcohol content rises, the yeast dies off. They also produce CO2, which is why beer is carbonated (at least traditionally, now its added)\n\nSo beer is essentially fungal shit",
"When yeast or other bacteria breakdown the sugars in the food, it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.\n\nWhen there are still yeast and/or bacteria present in the finished product (kombucha, for example) the process is continuing, and depending on a number of factors (time, temperature, etc.) more alcohol will be produced. So if a product is not paturized, depending on shipping and storing conditions, the level of alcohol the food contains may vary. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2kkmaa
|
Were places like New Jersey, New York, New South Wales, etc. so named because of a resemblance in climate/topography to Jersey, York, Wales, etc., or because the original settlers were from those regions of the British Isles?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2kkmaa/were_places_like_new_jersey_new_york_new_south/
|
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"text": [
"New Jersey was so named because the land it encompasses was an award from the King Charles II to Sir George Cartalet for his loyalty during the English Civil War. Sir Goerge was both originally born on the isle of Jersey and served as a governor there, so the land was eventually renamed, in his honor, by the Duke of York as \"New Jersey\".\n\nSo, in the case of New Jersey, it seems to be the latter.\n\nSource: [Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 09](_URL_0_)\n\nEDIT - Just found my book on Scottish colonialism to confirm: Nova Scotia (Latin for New Scotland) was so named because while originally settled by the French and called a different name, it was eventually taken over by Scotland, which was technically a separate kingdom at the time of settlement, and renamed.\n\nSource: [The Scottish Empire, Michael Fry](_URL_1_)",
"There were many people from Lincolnshire involved in exploring Australia. Matthew Flinders and George Bass were from there and they were involved in mapping the coast of the continent [Official Australian Government site](_URL_0_). The land of their home area is very different but they named places after familiar towns and villages. Near Adelaide there are Lincoln, Boston, Tumby, Sibsey, Spilsby, Donington etc",
"Sweden had a colony in the Americas in what is now Delaware that they named New Sweden. The area does not resemble Sweden at all; it's flat, humid, and much sunnier and warmer than Sweden.",
"In the case of New South Wales, it was named because the landscape was judged to be similar to South Wales.\n\nSince Cook didn't go very far ashore, he had no idea that it was, in reality, very very different.",
"The latter. New York, for example, was founded as New Amsterdam by Dutch colonists, and renamed when it was captured by the British.",
"In response to this question I see a lot of interesting stories relating individuals or teams of \"explorers\" to their homelands, but not going any further into the territoriality of these figures. I want to reference back to a section from Benedict Anderson's *Imagined Communities*, which explores, in part, how conceptions of time in history have changed alongside how we identify with others, specifically at a \"national level\", and directly relevant to the question:\n\n > It was not that, in general, the naming of political or religious sites as \"new\" was in itself so new. In Southeast Asia, for example one finds towns of reasonable antiquity whose names also include a term for novelty: Chiangmai (New City), Kota Bahru (New Town), Pekenbaru (New Market). But in these names 'new' invariably has the meaning of 'successor' to, or 'inheritor' of, something vanished. 'New' and 'old' are aligned diachronically, and the former appears always to invoke an ambiguous blessing from the dead. What is startling in the American namings of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries is that 'new' and 'old' were understood synchronically, coexisting within homogenous, empty time. [...] This new synchronic novelty could arise historically only when substantial groups of people were in a position to think of themselves as living lives parallel to those of other substantial groups of people- if never meeting, yet certainly proceeding along the same trajectory.\n\nThe parallelism between groups with similar cultural cohesion, especially ones (like in the Americas) with such a rapidly growing (emigrant) population, brought forth a special set of political consequences which included but was not limited to a *local* \"political ascendancy\", changes in cartography and navigation, and shared languages of state (aided by print-capitalism). These communities were uniquely seen as privileged continuations of already existing, distant empires, and were relied upon for the benefit of the imperial state.\n\nSources: Anderson, *Imagined Communities*, Storey, *Territories*\n\n\nTL;DR: \"New\" toponyms of pre-existing places arose with a changing consciousness of simultaneity and shared history, arguably unique to European colonialism. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carteret,_George_%28DNB00%29",
"http://books.google.com/books?id=_pwNAAAACAAJ&dq=184158259X&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uNRPVKHCLZOjyAS1o4KABA&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA"
],
[
"http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/mapping-australias-coastline"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
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