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3kymzq
|
instead of melting, why do objects, such as paper, trees, and human bodies, turn to ash instead when lit on fire?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kymzq/eli5_instead_of_melting_why_do_objects_such_as/
|
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"They're composite materials, made of different stuffs basically. The temperature at which they would melt, is higher than the temperature at which the bonds that make them composites break down at. So before they have a chance to melt, you basically break them down into different substances. \n\nYou could heat the resulting products, which might further break down, and ultimately you'd get to materials that could melt, but by that point the 'stuff' isn't wood anymore. ",
"Melting is called a \"physical\" change, because it only involves one substance changing state. Burning is a \"chemical\" change, because it involves an actual chemical reaction, so that the end products are not the same as what you started with. It is that chemical reaction of combustion that makes something burn instead of melt.\n",
"Melting is a physical process. It's when a substance is sufficiently heated that it transforms from a solid to liquid state. It's *physically* changing, but it's *chemically* the same substance.\n\nBurning/combustion is a *chemical* reaction. Specifically, you're adding enough heat to that substance that it begins reacting with oxygen, changing the original substance into new substances. When you burn carbon-based material (such as paper, trees, and bodies), the resulting substances are mostly solid (ash, smoke particulate) and gas (CO2, water vapor). ",
"The hotter something gets, the more energy each molecule has. In a solid, this results in molecules vibrating. When the vibrations are strong enough to break the bonds between other molecules, the substance becomes a liquid.\n\nHowever, then the molecules are large, those vibrations make them break down and combine with gasses in the air before they detach from one another. Those substance burn instead of melt.",
"Melting and burning are fundamentally different processes. \n\nMelting is a physical change, which is reversible. Molecules just change from a state of high order, to a state of higher disorder.\n\nCombustion is a chemical change. It involves combining with oxygen and releasing heat. When a piece of paper burns, it consumes oxygen and uses it to generate carbon dioxide. The ash is a remainder of noncombustible residue.\n\nMore interesting is that because combustion requires oxegen, it's possible to raise the temperature of items that would normally burn to abnormal temperatures by doing it in an oxegen deprived area. As others have pointed out, as you heat it, the component molecules of the compound disassociate. You could boil out the water and other fluids of an object, and then various elements would sublimate (change directly from a solid to a gas) out.",
"If you put a cadaver into a room, sucked all the oxygen(hypothetically none in the body) out, pumped the room full of a noble gas, and heated up the room to say 2500 degrees F, chances are the cadaver would melt.\n\nWhat you see with ash is actually oxygen reacting with the body to chemically combine with the organics (oxidizing) creating, ash of non carbon compounds in some cases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and incomplete oxidation(combustion) carbon ash.\n\nWhen you see wax melt from heat, this is because the temperature has gotten to a point where the wax reaches its melting point, but not yet hot enough to react with oxygen.\n\nSometimes the melting point of a compound is higher than the temperature to react with oxygen and burn.\n\nEDIT: Grammer"
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3283rn
|
how do we learn our first language?
|
Leaving nouns, how do we understand what the words means? And if it is something we learn from the womb, why is it that we have to relearn words as we grow and how do children of parents who are deaf learn a language?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3283rn/eli5_how_do_we_learn_our_first_language/
|
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"We learn as a baby and toddler from our surroundings (parents, family etc.) If your parents repeatedly tell you \"kick the ball\" and react positively when you swing your foot against that round object on the floor, you have just learned what the words kick and ball mean.",
"The TLDR explanation for this is that babies are really, really good at learning their first language. \n\nBabies learn words through some pretty intense statistical analysis. Basically, they realize that certain words tend to be used around certain objects or in situation, and decide that's what they must mean. If the baby hears people saying \"dog\" a lot whenever a dog is in the room, they realize the word \"dog\" refers to that furry thing with big ears. \n\nObviously, more abstract things like verbs and prepositions and question words take more time for the child to work out. They figure out these words by closely monitoring which words tend to show up together: for example, they'll realize that the adults around them never just say \"Dog is in the room,\" but always add \"the\" or \"a\". \n\nI know, it seems unbelievably complicated. So complicated, it almost seems impossible. That's why many linguists believe babies are born with certain abilities to help them learn languages. Some even believe babies are born knowing what types of grammar systems are possible and which are impossible. That way, they don't have to learn grammar from scratch: they only have to figure out which of the possible grammars their parents are using, which is much easier. They may also be born knowing certain other basics like \"When people communicate, they're acutally talking about something, not just making funny noises,\" and \"When someone says a word like \"dog\", assume they're talking about the whole dog, not just its tail or something.\" Other linguists assume that babies come out knowing not very much at all, and they just really are excellent learners. This causes some pretty intense debates.\n\nWe do start learning language in the room, but we don't learn the whole thing there. Basically, the only thing we get done in the womb is learning to differentiate our parents' language from foreign languages. Newborn babies born to English parents can tell English apart from, say, Japanese. They still can't understand English, which is why we have to learn words as we grow. \n\nChildren of deaf parents learn language the exact same way as children of hearing parents. If the parents use sign language around the house, the child will grow up knowing sign language. They will also probably learn a spoken language from their teachers, friends, and the world around them. "
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1zliv9
|
why doesn't russia want to be part of the eu?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zliv9/elif_why_doesnt_russia_want_to_be_part_of_the_eu/
|
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"Thanks for the response ",
"Russia has a long history of being the head of empires, not being subjects of other nations. Taking back seat to other countries is not in their nature.\n\nRussia joining the EU as a member would go over about as well as having the US join a union of Canada, the US and Mexio that gave Canada and Mexico votes equal to the US.",
"More rules to abide by"
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3c14dq
|
Objectively speaking, was the Roman civilization on a whole more advanced than the various Celtic civilizations?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3c14dq/objectively_speaking_was_the_roman_civilization/
|
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"What does advanced mean objectively? Or to you?\n",
"Very hard to say. \n\nThere are significant gaps in almost all the celtic histories and entire cultural groups like the picts who we know almost nothing about. \n\nIn addition the few \"histories\" we do have like the tain and the book of invasions are so heavily mythologized that it's difficult to say what they were even based on. \n\nSorry this isn't more help - an archaeologist might be able to help more. "
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6khwkd
|
india's new gst-tax
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6khwkd/eli5_indias_new_gsttax/
|
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"It's a \"value add tax\" similar to the GST in Canada or the VAT in the UK. Many countries have a tax system like this because it's fairly simple to implement and compliance can be easy audited. \n\nThe easiest way to explain a VAT is to contrast it against a traditional sales tax.\n\nWith a normal sales tax, an additional tax is applied to a transaction when that item is sold TO THE END USER. So if I own a company that resells chairs, I don't pay the tax but I charge it to my customers when they buy the chairs. If the tax rate is 10% then and I sell a $100 chair then I charge $110. I keep $100 for myself and to pay my suppliers, and I give $10 to the government.\n\nThis is complex because it's hard to keep track of who is an \"end user\" and who's a re-seller. People tend to game the system by registering as a business and showing that business ID when they buy personal products. Keeping track of who's exempt and who's not is hard. Also stores often don't charge the tax and simply claim that all their customers are other businesses. It's a big administrative mess and it's hard for the government to audit. \n\nWith a value added tax, everyone pays the tax but businesses get credit for taxes that they pay. So it works like this.\n\nI buy a chair from my chair suppler for $50 and pay a 10% vat for a total of $55. I resell that chair for $100 to someone else, again charging a 10% tax. Now unlike in the last example, I don't send the full $10 to the government, because I paid $5 to my suppler already, so I get credit for that. I only send to the government the difference between the tax that I have charged vs the tax that I paid.\n\nNow, if the government comes along and audits me. I'm required to prove all of my GST credits by producing receipts for shit that I bought, and there's no exempt customers so there can be no cheating on that end either. \n\nThere's 2 main criticisms of a VAT. The first it shares with a sales tax. Both taxes are taxes on shit that you buy. The poorer a person is, the more likely it is that they are spending all of their income on things. Wealthy people tend to be able to save rather than spend everything. A theory in taxation is that wealthy people should pay a higher tax rate because they are better able to afford the basic necessity of life wheres poor people are not. All consumption taxes, like VAT and sales taxes violate this taxation principal. It increases the price of everything people buy, therefore poorer people are able to buy less. But wealthy people can absorb those higher prices without a lifestyle change. \n\nAn income tax is generally considered to be better in this regard, because you can just charge wealthy people more and give poor people a break. But India has a BIG compliance problem as people just lie about their income. So it gets prohibitively expensive to run an income tax system in countries like that. \n\nThe second issue with a VAT is that it's considered to be harder on businesses than a straight sales tax. The record keeping required is more extensive because you have to prove all of your credits should the government send around an auditor. While this is true, a VAT is less record keeping on the sales end of things because you are not required to track the tax exempt status of your customers as you are under a sales tax system. ",
"India's new General Services Taxation scheme, also known as the Goods and Services tax, is an indirect tax throughout India to replace most taxes levied by the Central and State Governments. \n \nAn indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary (such as a retail store) from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax. The end consumer generally bears the burden of a tax. An end consumer is a person that buys a good and uses the good. If you buy a good (such as cherries) and make that good into something else for sale (such as a cherry pie that you sell) then you are no longer the end consumer. \n \nIndia's GST is replacing a number of taxes that used to be collected in India, such as Central Excise Duty, Commercial Tax, Value Added Tax, and about a dozen more. \n \nEssentially, India is trying to move toward a tax system that is much easier to keep track of and easier to enforce as opposed to their old system, that had many individual taxes instead of one blanket tax like the new GST. \n \nCanada'a GST (as mentioned by u/Miliean) is only a Value Added Tax, whereas India's GST, is much more than that as is replaces their current Value Added Tax as well as many other taxes. India's GST is NOT a VAT because it is also replaces Food Tax, Sales Tax, Entertainment Tax, Luxury Tax, Advertisement Tax, and many others. \n \nTL;DR - It's a much simpler tax that applies to almost every kind of sales, instead of having different taxes for different kind of transactions. "
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biobk2
|
what causes the pressure in our chest when we hold our breath?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/biobk2/eli5_what_causes_the_pressure_in_our_chest_when/
|
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"The pressure doesn't actually increase as you hold your breath. What you are feeling is the psychological manifestation of your need to breathe. And what is ultimately driving that is increased carbonic acid in your blood.\n\nCarbon dioxide is a bit different from other gases in that it doesn't really dissolve in water, but rather almost completely breaks down and reforms into carbonic acid. That acidity of this causes the pH of your blood to lower while you hold your breath, and it is that change in pH that drives you to take another breath long before you actually need to to get more oxygen."
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43m34m
|
why doesn't a slinky expand like normal springs do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43m34m/eli5_why_doesnt_a_slinky_expand_like_normal/
|
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"Springs are just coils of metal that try *really hard* to return back to their original shape. If you stretch a \"normal\" spring in your hands, it'll try to pull back to it's original shape just the same as it pushes against you when you compress it.\n\nSlinkies are just springs that are wound to be completely compressed when at rest."
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2na3yn
|
why do people continue posting threads here when 99% of the questions can be answered w/ a simple google search?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2na3yn/eli5_why_do_people_continue_posting_threads_here/
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"The good questions tend involve either complicated concepts or little bits of trivia that aren't easy to find answers to. With the former, Google searches probably turn up something, but what does show up is hard to understand and the poster wants someone who understands the material to explain it more simply. With the latter, it can be very hard to find on a Google search (like why waterboys squirt water at NFL players).\n\nFor the rest of the questions, I assume the OP is either lazy (but patient) or wants someone to explain something in different words because it's homework and OP doesn't want to get caught plagiarizing.",
"Being able to word your question exactly how you want to, and getting answers from actual people (and being able to ask follow-up questions) is more satisfying and more educational.",
"how else do we afford people the opportunity to earn free internet points?",
"Your question itself is very common here, a Reddit search would have turned up many examples.\n\nAnyway, if you search on your own, you have to read through shit and come to your own conclusion. If you ask here, you'll get a couple paragraph summary and you don't have to think.",
"Certainly there are questions that are like that, but I like the ones where people struggle finding answers because they struggle with concepts that seem counter-intuitive but any search will be generally over complicated because the writers are way past that stage\n\nFoe example one I answered was to a person who couldn't understand why AC electricity worked if electrons only went back and forth and didnt 'go' anywhere \n\nAnother was to 'why does vacuum exert a force\". A concept which was so off base as to defy a simple search.\n\nThose are the ones I like, where EL5 comes into its own",
"Your question must be in the 1% then?",
"Because people aren't asking simple Google questions. If someone asked a simple factual question: (\"what are the ten most populous cities?\"), it would never get upvoted.\n\nWhat does get upvoted are questions that are more thought provoking and have more complex answers than can be answered in a simple Google search (just look at the [top questions](_URL_0_) and you can see what I mean).",
"I always post here because it inevitably catches the attention of someone working on a graduate project in the area i'm asking about that can help me out in a personal and also enjoyably conversational way. ",
"I'll be honest, I like the interaction.\n\n\nYes I'm rather lonely. ",
"Sometimes, it's more about the explanation than the answer.",
"In my experience, some of the questions are uncommon and so they're interesting. Uncommon questions do not have easily Googlable answers, either. The questions that are common (like this one) are easily answered with a search engine, and I ignore them.",
"I googled bitches, Where do I find them?",
"Why do students go to class when they can just read the book?",
"The answers posted here can be better than some random yahoo answers page.",
"My favorite is when assholes post rhetorical politically loaded questions. ",
"two words: Anus Rhythm\n\nGoogle ain't gonna help you with that.\n\nalso: \"Youth in Asia\" confused me a lot as a kid... I thought 'Euthanizing' a pet was sending it to China to be eaten by the starving kids my parents cited as a reason to eat my veggies)\n\nmany of the ELI5's don't realize they are asking the wrong questions.",
"because they also like human interaction and the feeling that someone is personally taking care of them. it's evolution.",
"I literally just posted a question, after considering google and deciding against it. For one, I posted in female fashion advice the other day and got like 250 comments and I just felt so special all day! So, google doesn't accomplish that. Also, what if others want my question explained easily too, but just haven't thought of the question yet? There are plenty of times when I am bored at work, and I just learn new stuff on eli5. But I wouldn't just google random stuff to learn about it.\n\nThat's just why I personally choose to (even still) not try google for an answer. Hopefully this doesn't discourage people from responding to it though! ",
"Google could have given you the answer to this question",
"I generally consider citations in this forum a bit pedantic unless you're genuinely being challenged or if it is a real niche question. Generally, things that are \"common knowledge\" to experts aren't cited in papers, and no one should have to spend hours putting together a lit cited for Reddit.",
"Sometimes the answers are easy to google, but the questions are not ones that I'd ever think to ask. ",
"People enjoy the social interaction that reddit gives them vs just googling something. Also it may connect them to a knowledgeable person that could answer further related questions."
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49z5xi
|
What is some of the oldest primary source documents from Northern Europe?
|
I've been looking for a first hand account of the early medieval period in Northern Europe. I know written history from this area doesn't really go back much further than that. If anyone can give me any information on first person accounts only, I'd greatly appreciate it!
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/49z5xi/what_is_some_of_the_oldest_primary_source/
|
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"Do you want first person accounts or the oldest accounts? I doubt those two are going to be the same.\n\nSome of the oldest sources will be saints' lives, usually written by biographers/hagiographers long after the saints were dead. See for example Adamnan's Life of St. Columba for Scotland: _URL_0_ ",
"I am not completely certain in regard to personal accounts, but I know that the oldest Danish chronicler is Saxo Grammaticus who wrote Gesta Danorum during the reign of Valdemar the first. In regards to England, if that is considered Northern Europe, you might be interested in William of Malmesbury who wrote about William of Normandy and his sons in their time. One more you could be interested in would be Bede, the \"father of English history\" who wrote the Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (one I know little about personally). Lastly you might be interested in the Icelandic Sagas such as Egils saga, but there really is a lot of them. \n\n\nThese are a few suggestions and there are plenty more, but what you exactly need is unclear to me in regard of exact place and time period. Moreover the 'first hand account' part is a little problematic since only few were able to write and read and therefore the chroniclers sometimes got the material for their stories from other scholars or chronicles. "
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1gh0mf
|
branch davidians and the waco siege
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1gh0mf/eli5_branch_davidians_and_the_waco_siege/
|
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"The branch Davidians, an Adventist sect focused around David Koresh lived in a compound in Texas were stockpiling illegal weapons. The ATF got a warrant to investigate and approached the compound armed. The Davidians didn't take too kindly to this so fended them off. Siege ensues. \n\nATF have no understanding and training to deal with religious cults so they treat it like a stand off between terrorists. They shine bright light on the compound during the night, play loud sounds like heavy metal, babies crying, animals being slaughtered. Psychological warfare and that jazz.\nTrapped, David Koresh looks to scripture (especially revelations) for help (he thinks he's Jesus btw). The Branch Davidians like all adventist groups have a trend of apocalyptic beliefs (which makes them volatile and more likely to turn to violence). With the psychological warfare, being trapped, and extremist religious beliefs, David concludes that it is the beginning of apocalypse they've been expecting. The ATF are agents of Satan and they are fighting a cosmic battle.\n\nNot understanding this religious dimension the ATF continue to fulfil the Davidian world view through their aggression. FBI were concerned they all might try and kill themselves and that the children in the compound were being abused (David had many under age wives). \n\nSo they want to get the situation wrapped up. Two 'tanks' are sent to puncture the wall and shoot gas in so everyone can be rounded up. Somehow a fire starts (either caused by the breaking of the walls or started by the Davidians). Little attempt is made by the Davidians to escape. 75 people die in the fire.\nControversial because the ATF handled it so poorly. All they needed was a bit of understanding rather than force. The Davidians, although they had weapons, were no real danger to anyone other than themselves (although including the children). The ATF didn't consider the way in which the people inside would see the external aggression.\n\nCults and sects practice encapsulation - either social or physical (which is why they had a compound). This encapsulation is useful to create a safe space where no descenting opinions are tolerated, and the believers can re-enforce each others spirituality, the environment is completely controlled. The distancing themselves from society is crucial to maintain the religious atmosphere which is very important to members (otherwise they would realise how obscure what they are doing is and regain their sense of normality). If something threatens this boundary between the group and society it causes instability (and so more likely a chance of violence). Despite the tragedy the Davidians are considered as having very low group tension (it took a long siege and plenty of aggression on the part of the ATF to initiate a fatal response). This differs from Jonestown (Guyana cult suicide) which were a high tension group as the fatal response came about after a simple visit from a US senator.\n\n\n_URL_0_"
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ebs6ej
|
why can motorbike batteries sit on a shelf unused without losing charge but when sitting inside a motorbike for a few weeks that hasn't been turned on, go dead?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ebs6ej/eli5_why_can_motorbike_batteries_sit_on_a_shelf/
|
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"When its on the shelf, there no where for the energy to go. In a motorbike, the battery is slowly and passively discharging. even if nothing is on. This is because the electrons in the battert have another place to go, the motor bike electrical system",
"Errr also. I'm not sure how much it's changed. But most of the boxed batteries we got at the shop for the bikes still had no fluid mixture in them on the shelf.\n\nOnce we cracked open the box we put the water in and pushed on the seal and then it was ready to go.\n\nThis was about 10 years ago though.",
"There are two things: \n\n\nFirst, some portions of your bike's electrical systems will often remain on when the bike is turned off, causing minimal, but noticeable drain. \n\n\nSecond, on the shelf the battery is in a climate controlled environment, while in the bike it is not. Repeated heating and cooling causes many types of battery to lose charge, especially if it is outside of the battery's ideal temperature range."
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ahy77n
|
why do some airports make transit passengers go through security again and others don’t?
|
For transit I mean your bag is already checked through to a final destination and you probably have boarding passes already. Is it a case of differing national regulations or dependent on your country of origin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ahy77n/eli5_why_do_some_airports_make_transit_passengers/
|
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"As /u/TehWildMan_ said, international flights can force you to go through security again. But, even within the same country you might have to pass through security when connecting between flights. The common reason for this is that many airports have multiple terminals which are physically separate buildings. Those terminals will have a secure and a non-secure side. When you land you are in the secure side. But, if you need to transfer to another terminal, there may not be a path that connects the secure sides of those two separate buildings. So, you are forced to leave the secure side, go outside and re-enter from the non-secure side of the new building. This is basically just a cost and space-savings move on the part of the airport when they added the new terminal."
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
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6s6gzf
|
why is yellow visually/functionally the least strong color?
|
Okay, I'm not entirely sure if I can express this very well, but out of all the different wavelengths of light, why does yellow seem to be weaker and lighter in shade/tone than other colors at their full intensity? Like, picking colors in Photoshop by RGB/HSL, it feels like yellow is a much lighter color than red even with both of them at medium lightness and full saturation.
Say you're drawing with colored pencils or markers, or painting with watercolors. If you have a fully intense yellow color and a fully intense red or blue, yellow always gets overpowered. You can draw over yellow with another color and that color is most of what's visible. But if you draw over another color with yellow, it's still pretty much the same color that was underneath, just smudged.
If I'm painting a model, I have to paint light colors before dark ones, starting with white and yellow before any other colors (ending with black) cause yellow can't cover over anything else.
I know there's different things at play here like colors of light (adds up to white) vs colors of pigment (adds up to black), but somehow it seems odd that one of the three primary colors seems so submissive to the others. Does that make sense or am I nuts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6s6gzf/eli5_why_is_yellow_visuallyfunctionally_the_least/
|
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"So there are a few things going on here. First...\n\n > it seems odd that one of the three primary colors seems so submissive to the others. \n\nYellow is not a primary color, at least not in the way you're thinking of it in. In additive color (e.g. adding light together) normally it's red, green, and blue (RGB), which roughly aligns with the 3 different color receptors in the eye to give you color vision.\n\nIn subtractive color (e.g. inks, pigments, paints, etc.), especially in printers, it's cyan, yellow, magenta, and black (CYMK).\n\nGoing back to your original question, if we're looking only at color response I don't think yellow is unusually special regarding how intense the color is - it's just most of the time the background on which you're viewing the color tends to be lighter, making bright colors seem washed out.\n\nYellow text? That's probably on a white background (either a monitor or paper). Looking at a painting with a sun? It's probably on a light blue background (and actual sunlight is more white than yellow, so the yellow used is going to be even brighter to try and reflect that).\n\nThere are also plenty of instances where you see yellow that doesn't seem washed out. I doubt you've ever looked at a banana and said \"man I can hardly see that, it's so washed out!\", and if you look at [this snake](_URL_0_) you'd probably say that the yellow helps it stand out (which is what it's meant to do, alert other animals it's dangerous).\n\nIt probably doesn't help that bright yellow is frequently used as a stand-in for sunlight, which as mentioned is actually white light and not yellow light. This means that stereotypical \"yellow\" is intentionally very bright and close to white. Also, generally when you start delving into the darker shades of yellow that might pop on a bright background it tends to look more like orange.\n\n > Say you're drawing with colored pencils or markers, or painting with watercolors.\n\nWith subtractive color, if you mix two colors the darker one almost always wins. If you took a real dark yellow and colored over a bright pink or green the yellow would win. Again, this goes back to the fact that stereotypical \"yellow\" is that super bright color that people associate with sunlight.",
"The reason is that there is no yellow sensitive cone in the eye so yellow light is additively visualized when green and red cells are activated but blue is not. Blue light is higher energy and when yellow is seen it is split across two receptors, neither of which are efficiently stimulated. Yellow isn't easily differentiated from white. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://img-aws.ehowcdn.com/877x500p/photos.demandstudios.com/getty/article/92/202/453250621.jpg"
],
[]
] |
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1nh7wp
|
Why did the Ustaše initially recognize Islam and "Muslim Serbs" as more Croatian than Orthodoxy and Orthodox Serbs?
|
I was reading up on the Ustaše and Ante Pavelić and came across this passage on the wikipedia page for the Ustaše: "The Ustaše recognized both Roman Catholicism and Islam as the national religions of the Croatian people but initially rejected Orthodox Christianity as being incompatible with their objectives." It goes on to say they later founded the Croatian Orthodox church and added Orthodoxy to the list of state religions and that "Muslim Serbs" (who I assume are the peoples that would later become known as Bosniaks) were persecuted if they supported Yugoslavia but that they could earn Croat status and be allowed to convert to Catholicism to avoid persecution so long as they supported an independent Croatia. This is unclear to me. I understand the Ustaše vehemently opposed Serbs and all Serbian ideas and power and aimed to "punish" them, but why then would Muslim Serbs not be treated *more* harshly than Orthodox Serbs since they are all Serbs but at least Orthodoxy is Christian and related to Catholicism, while Islam was it's own religion and a remnant of a time when Croatians and Serbs would have been under Ottoman rule. So why did the Ustaše treat Muslim Serbs better (at least initially) than Orthodox Serbs if they hated all Serbs and were Catholic?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1nh7wp/why_did_the_ustaše_initially_recognize_islam_and/
|
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"There is a strong connection, almost complete correspondence in fact, between religion and nationality in Bosnia (and Croatia, Serbia, etc.). Usually nations were defined not so much by what they have in common, as by how they are different than others. In this case, language couldn't be the differentiation factor, so religion took the role. \n\nHowever, neither Croat nor Serb nationalist recognized Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) as a nation, but considered them as islamicized Croats or Serbs. Adding them to either of the two nations would make that nation clearly a majority in Bosnia and Hercegovina. I don't know where is that wikipedia reference coming from, but the separation of nationhood and religion does not fit the time described. It would hardly fit today. Do you know the old joke about the Troubles in Ireland ending with \"Yeah, but are you a protestant atheist or catholic atheist\"? Change the denominations, and it fits perfectly. \n\nSo, Ustaše wanted a ethnically homogeneous state. Muslims were proclaimed to be Croats. But both Croatia proper and Bosnia and Hercegovina had large native Serbian population. Therefore Ustaše had an unofficial (not written down but consistently implemented) policy to expel one third of the Serbs, to kill one third and to convert one third. \n\nSoon all those came to their limitations. As both \"Independent State of Croatia\" (NDH) and Nedić's Serbia were German quisling states, expulsions into Serbia destabilized it, so Germans ordered Ustaše to stop it. And killing in NDH itself resulted in a determined resistance. Establishment of Croatian Orthodox church was an attempt to both pacify some Serbs, and more importantly for Ustaše to disconnect them from the common religious center. \n\nAs for conversions of Serbs from Orthodox to Catholic, it was by no means a guarantee of safety. Many were killed after conversion, and some of the most brutal atrocities (not by the number of victims, but by the method) were done in fact after an invitation to convert. For example in Glina, with significant Serb population, they were invited on two occasions to convert. First group was gathered in the Orthodox church in Glina, trucked to nearby woods and killed. Second group was closed in the church, that was than burned down. \n\nThe topic is still controversial in respect to the relations between Catholic church and Ustaše. Some claim that conversion were mostly done sort of with fingers crossed behind the back, just to save the people who would return to original religion after the war, and that clergy didn't seek benefit in that way from Ustaše regime. Undoubtedly there were some clergy who did so, even saying as much openly to Serbs and stating that Christians no matter the denomination, can't be christened again. But those were minority. Some claim on the other hand that church supported the Ustaše all out, and used an opportunity for a sort of Catholic crusade in Bosnia. Many did, especially among Bosnian Franciscans, but again not all. There are however examples of priest condoning, even personally leading the massacres. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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72l3z2
|
What would the treatment of an RAF pilot at a German POW camp in WWII have been like?
|
This question was inspired by Nolan’s *Dunkirk*, so I mean a pilot that would have been captured towards the beginning of the war.
How would they have travelled to Germany? Would they likely have survived, and stayed put in the camp for the duration of the war? Were there any Allied rescue attempts, or many successful escapees?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/72l3z2/what_would_the_treatment_of_an_raf_pilot_at_a/
|
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" > How would they have travelled to Germany? \n\nPotentially by train; the Luftwaffe wanted to get prisoners to their Dulag Luft interrogation centre at Oberusel rapidly to extract information so captured airmen would often travel under guard on civilian trains. Around the time of the Dunkirk evacuation, though, when large numbers of Allied troops had been taken prisoner (about 40,000 British) a pilot might well have been in the columns of prisoners forced to march hundreds of miles towards Germany followed by transport in terrible conditions on overcrowded trains or barges (though officers didn't have it quite as bad as other ranks). After interrogation at Dulag Luft RAF prisoners would be moved on to one of the Stalag Luft camps.\n\n > Would they likely have survived, and stayed put in the camp for the duration of the war? \n\nProbably; relatively few British POWs died in captivity. There was some movement between camps as things were reorganised (e.g. Sergeant \"Dixie\" Deans was moved from Stalag Luft I to III to VI over the course of the war), and towards the end of the war extended marches as Allied and Soviet advances approached camps.\n\n > Were there any Allied rescue attempts, or many successful escapees?\n\nNot rescue attempts, there wasn't a safe way of freeing prisoners deep in enemy territory (a raid on Amiens Prison in 1944, Operation Jericho, killed around 100 prisoners and few managed to escape for good). There were escape attempts, though not many successes; less than 30 out of 10,000 Air Force prisoners escaped and made it to Britain or neutral territory according to Aidan Crawley's *Escape from Germany*. The best chance was in evading capture in the first place, then escaping during transit to a prison camp, it was much more difficult once behind wire. To take a couple of examples of pilots captured around the time of *Dunkirk* Wing Commander Basil Embry was shot down on May 27th 1940, but slipped away from the column of prisoners as he was marched towards Germany and, over two months, managed to make his way across France to Gibraltar and back to Britain. Squadron Leader Roger Bushell was shot down and captured on May 23rd just before the Dunkirk evacuation; he later masterminded perhaps the most famous of attempts, The Great Escape, in which 76 airmen tunneled out of Stalag Luft III. Only three made it to freedom, though, 73 were recaptured, and 50 of those including Bushell himself were murdered.\n\nStories of camp life, particularly escape attempts and focused on Colditz Castle, Oflag IVC, became rather popular in 1950s Britain. *The Colditz Myth : British and Commonwealth Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany* by S. P. MacKenzie takes a wider view, pointing out that perhaps only 5% of POWs were really fanatical about escaping, though larger numbers were involved in supporting escape attempts. It's very accessible, and a good overview of the situation as a whole.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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17xcey
|
What would happen if one face of the Earth faced the sun year round, for ever?
|
What if a planet like Earth (ok let us say plain old Earth), at its current distance from the sun, orbited the sun in a way that only one face of it ever only faced the sun (like the Moon orbits the Earth). Assuming the poles were at a right angle from the point of the earth that faced the sun at all times. What would happen to the atmosphere? Would anything happen to the dark side of the Earth?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/17xcey/what_would_happen_if_one_face_of_the_earth_faced/
|
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"text": [
"Here's a better answer: _URL_0_\n"
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/2491-world-stopped-turning.html"
]
] |
|
15dfyo
|
how does a flute produce sound?
|
sound is vibrations, so how can a steady stream of air suddenly start to vibrate as it passes through the end?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15dfyo/how_does_a_flute_produce_sound/
|
{
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"c7lh2yj"
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"text": [
"It helps to think of the air in the flute and around the mouthpiece as a squishy fluid, like Jello or jam. We usually think of air as flowing like water, but you can compress air (squish), and compressed air will push back, like when you squeeze a bike tire.\n\nWhen you blow over the flute, you have to hit just he right angle at just the right speed. With the correct configuration, the air in the flute is squished (compressed) and then rebounds and pushes back only to be squished again by the moving air. This squishing and rebounding of the air itself produces the vibrations that make sound. It's the same as when you blow over the top of a bottle."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
lhqpo
|
Is it possible to cause light to travel in an "orbit"?
|
A mass in space will cause light traveling near it to curve and change direction a bit. Is there anything stopping a very large (or very widely distributed) mass from creating an "orbit" for light rays traveling a certain direction?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/lhqpo/is_it_possible_to_cause_light_to_travel_in_an/
|
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"This happens at 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius outside a stationary black hole.",
"Sure. There's a region outside nonrotating black holes called the photon sphere where exctly that happens, and it gets more interesting for rotating ones.",
"This happens at 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius outside a stationary black hole.",
"Sure. There's a region outside nonrotating black holes called the photon sphere where exctly that happens, and it gets more interesting for rotating ones."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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|
27g5ju
|
how does intuition or instinct work?
|
Have these ever been explained? Like what goes on in your brain and what exactly happens when you have a "gut feeling" about something? What does intuition only seem to occur in some instances and not others?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27g5ju/eli5how_does_intuition_or_instinct_work/
|
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"text": [
"This is an INCREDIBLY interesting topic... I don't know if this was just an 'idle-curiousity' ELI5 or one that touched on something you really are passionate about... if it is the latter, go to Amazon and purchase _URL_0_\n",
"We have senses, you are normally taught about the 5 cardinal senses, taste, touch, sight, sound and smell.\n\nBut in truth, depending on the definition, we have more. Including the sense of direction, the sense of pain, your sense of balance, and the sense that allows you to know where you limbs are without seeing them (close your eyes and clap your hands).\n\nBecause of this, we actually have other senses that are less descriptive, like a sense that allows us to perceive danger, or a sense that allows us to know when to go into \"flight or fight\".\n\nBut that's a bit of a tangent, instincts are preprogrammed muscle reactions in some cases. Like instinctively covering your stomach when being attacked, or instinctively covering your head when falling.\n\nInstincts are our natural reactions. Reactions that have become ingrained in our subconscious as \n\nIntuition is the conscious use of those instincts to know things. ie Instinct tells a person that a crying baby is a bad thing, but intuition is looking at the baby and knowing that it's not hungry, it needs a diaper change.\n\nIntuition only seems to occur in some instances, because it truly does only occur at certain times, it's an insight, and sometimes you just have no insight into a situation.",
"Klein, a research scientist and the founder of his own company, presents his thesis that intuition is an essential, powerful, and practical tool for decision making and not a special gift of perception or magic. Defining intuition as the way we translate our experience into action, he shows how anyone can build intuitive decision-making skills through a program of mental conditioning. The origin of this book is interesting: the U.S. Marine Corps sponsored Klein's initial research and asked his company to develop a training program that would strengthen marines' intuitive abilities"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.amazon.com/The-Portable-Jung-Library/dp/0140150706"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
4ut8zb
|
is it possible to manipulate your voice? such as make it raspier, more hoarse or deeper?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ut8zb/eli5_is_it_possible_to_manipulate_your_voice_such/
|
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"text": [
"Permanently? Not without outside help. ",
"If you want to become hoarse, you can start screaming. Football coaches who have been screaming daily for two decades tend to be a bit hoarse."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3lys1c
|
Was there a moment that was agreed upon to be the basis for clocks moving forward?
|
I understand that our methods for measuring the passing of time have increased in accuracy, but the labeling of time itself is arbitrary. Was there a moment when we generally agreed for global purposes that that particular second would be the starting "mark" for measuring time going forward?
Another way to phrase it is when did we agree upon a set time such that time could be measured in agreed-upon ways based on that?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3lys1c/was_there_a_moment_that_was_agreed_upon_to_be_the/
|
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"text": [
"The globally agreed upon standard for time is called [Coordinated Universal Time or UTC.](_URL_1_) The wiki has plenty of information on the standard, but basically in 1960 a bunch of national labs (e.g. _URL_0_ from NIST in the US) agreed upon the standard. Prior to this (and importantly prior to the invention of the hyper-accurate caesium clock) a reference midnight time was set based on astronomical observations.",
"See also [Unix time](_URL_0_), which uses January 1, 1970 as its reference point. On any Unix-y machine, getting the number of seconds since this time is simply\n\n date +\"%s\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"time.gov",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time"
]
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|
3uoqkm
|
indians: what is the deal with the train system in india?
|
Why do you think it's normal to sit on top of, or hang from moving trains? Did anyone ever think to add some extra trains, wagons, tracks? I really don't understand how this works.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3uoqkm/eli5_indians_what_is_the_deal_with_the_train/
|
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"text": [
"The main thing is the huge gap between the users and the providers of this service. \n\nAlso, indians love sitting on top of trains/buses. plus i think its cheaper to travel like that instead of INSIDE the bus. \n\nAnd trains, its basically 'last one in, first one out'. what with all the bustling, people want to get wherever they want to as fast as possible, and hanging out of trains is a prerequisite. ",
"South Indian here. In my 22 years of life I have never seen anyone sit on top of the train. But have seen people hanging on train and bus. Even I have hanged on to the door sometimes during some short distance bus travel. I never had fear of falling down. Its more like a positive attitude that I won't fall off the bus. Moreover at peak hours in metro cities no matter how much transport system is available there is simply too much demand. I don't think its ever possible at all by the government to meet such a huge demand especially in peak hours(Morning 8-10 A.M., Evening 5-8 P.M.). Ultimately its all down to overpopulation and government not simply being able to meet the demand.\n\nHowever there are some other kind of people(Mostly college students, teens) that do it for the fun and thrill. Its fun for them to hang on to the doors.\n\nAs for as the top of the trains is concerned its not prevailing in south India. I have only seen them in TVs. But the reasoning is the same. 1.) Not enough transport facilities due to overpopulation. 2.)Our mentality is not to fear for those things. 3.) There are people who do it for the fun and thrill of doing it 4.) For some people its the only way of transport.\n\nNow you might ask that even china is overpopulated but that is not an issue for them. Its because China have a better economy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
20pttf
|
Explain the application of Five Sigma for me?
|
So yesterday's big announcement was kind of exciting. I posted the article on my facebook and then promptly received a ton of flak from people who felt that this news impinged on their personal beliefs. I don't want this to turn into a flame war; I always try to calmly explain the facts as we understand them and let them make up their own minds.
I began to think about how to explain the application of the 5-Sigma confidence level, but then realised that I really don't know what that means, precisely. I understand that it means we have a 1-in-2-million chance of being wrong, but how is that applied? Is it that we have a 1-in-2-million chance of being wrong about the individual observations we made with the BICEP2 telescope, and that further repeated observations by the same telescope will further refine our confidence level? Or is this our overall confidence that we've gotten it correct and that further observation is unlikely to increase that? And if so, how did we arrive at the 5-sigma figure anyway?
Thanks!
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/20pttf/explain_the_application_of_five_sigma_for_me/
|
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"text": [
"Let's define a few terms first:\n\nSigma (σ) in this case represents standard deviation. Standard deviation is the mean distance of values from the mean (μ) of the set of values.\n\nA normal (or Gaussian) distribution is probably the most common probability density function. It's some function like e^-(x-μ)^(2)/2σ^2 and gives curves like [these](_URL_0_). μ is the central value of a Gaussian, and σ parametrises the width at some height (I forget where).\n\nIf you measure something with purely random variance/deviation, you should get a Gaussian distribution. (See the [Central Limit Theorem](_URL_1_))\n\nThe number of sigma, when talking about the strength of a signal, is a measure of probability of being within (or outwith) so many standard deviations away from the mean.\n\ne.g. the probability of a point being within or outwith 1σ of the mean in any Gaussian distribution is 68.3% or 31.7% respectively. \n\n[This might explain it a bit better.](_URL_2_) \n\nWhen we say that we have a 5σ signal, we've calculated the local standard deviation around our peak and measured that our signal is 5 times that. This has an associated **probability that the signal is a statistical fluctuation in the data**, which is the approximately 1 in 2 million figure you quote.\n\nWith more data points, the precision increases. If there is a real signal, the significance also increases. This can be demonstrated with the approximation that σ^2 ∝ N where N is the number of events. If we have S events in our peak and B events around and underneath the peak, the significance is S/sqrt(S+B) so if both S and B increase with the same proportion as we collect more data, then the significance goes up.\n\nThe choice of 5σ is completely arbitrary. It's a number that was agreed upon by consensus to be enough to make claims of discovery (once it has been independently confirmed by another experiment). However it's not completely perfect, take for example the 5.1σ [pentaquark](_URL_4_) signal at [LEPS](_URL_3_)",
"What dukwon said is a good explanation but I'd like to highlight a few more things about statistical significance. \n\nWhen you're trying to prove something you usually plot the probability that your data supports a hypothetical value. In the case of BICEP the value of interest is \"r\" (the tensor-to-scalar ratio). So you plot the probability that your data shows r is some value. If r=0 then that's the null hypothesis, there's no gravitational waves. If r > 0 then you've proven that the null hypothesis is not correct and that there are gravitational waves. So the plot of probability vs r value for BICEP looks like [this](_URL_0_).\n\nAs you can see the probability that r=.2 is hugely more likely than r=0. In fact if you look you can see that the standard deviation σ is about .05. So this plot shows that r=0 is 4σ from the mean. (This plot doesn't show the 5σ result, that's later in their paper) That means the null hypothesis heavily disfavored to the r=0.2 hypothesis."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Normal_Distribution_PDF.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_limit_theorem",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation#Rules_for_normally_distributed_data",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEPS#Research",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaquark"
],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/Lkb45xn.png"
]
] |
|
1psyq9
|
Were their any internal anti-imperialist movements at any time during ancient Romes existence?
|
I'm thinking internal, roman citizens trying to reign in Romes imperialist tendencies, rather then revolts from recently conquered people.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1psyq9/were_their_any_internal_antiimperialist_movements/
|
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"text": [
"I don't really know about any internal rebellions against the Imperial system, rather than an individual emperor, but I'll try to answer your question. (Note that I'm in no way a historian.)\n\nRome was first ruled by Kings. Romulus is fabled to have founded Rome and was her first King. It had several kings until [Tarquinius Superbus](_URL_2_) got exciled and Rome turned into a Republic. In this case you could say it was against a system in which one man held power (though a King, rather than emperor). \n\nAt the end of the Republic, it became clear that the current system could no longer reign in the ambitions of several men, including Gaius Julius Caesar. He got murdered for, well, being a dictator and destroying the Republic. Again, this was done in fear of Caesar keeping all the power, so they plotters definitely would have objected to an Imperial system that emerged a bit later.\n\n\nAfter Caesar, there was a civil war, after which Augustus came to power as the first emperor. He ruled for 40 years and the Republic wasn't functioning quite well beforehand, so after his death, there weren't a lot of people who remembered the glory-days of the Republic and who had lived most of their lives in the [Pax Augusta](_URL_3_), whereas the last days of the Republic were those of continuous civil war. I doubt many *wanted* back to those days. Since Tiberius (Augustus successor) was doing okay and the transition between Augustus and Tiberius was smooth, few objected to him either. Nero, though, is a very different story.\n\n\n\nBesides, we must realize that being emperor must appeal to a lot of ambitious men, so most wouldn't have objected against the institution, rather the current emperor. So I don't think a substantial group wanted to move back to the old system, where they would have to share power with another consul, and could only be a consul for 1 year. There are, however, some important notes I have to make on this:\n\n* The Christians were prosecuted at first for not recognizing the divinity of the emperor. I don't think they really objected to having an emperor or a single ruler per se, especially since they had no problems with the emperors whatsoever once they turned Christian. \n* The Roman Empire was once split into two and ruled by four people: a [Tetrarchy](_URL_1_). Again, not really against the imperial system, as Diocletian (emperor who installed it) simply realized the empire had become to big and complicated for one man to rule. \n\nThere have been a lot of revolts against emperors in the Imperial period, but most simply resulted in a new emperor who was a bit more careful in keeping the people happy. These were not really revolts from recently conquered people, but really the people within the Roman Empire, and especially the people in Rome, as they would notice first when an Emperor was becoming too tyrannical. \nIf you want to know more about the revolts against all the emperors (or which emperors were actually really loved by their subjects) I recommend reading Fik Meijer's [Emperors don't die in bed](_URL_0_). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.amazon.co.uk/Emperors-Dont-Die-Bed-Meijer/dp/0415312027/ref=la_B001HCVZ9U_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1383493663&sr=1-2",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana"
]
] |
|
wafnq
|
The Science behind HAARP?
|
I'm stuck in a debate with a fellow coworker that believes HAARP is some sort of weather control apparatus. I've debunked all I can but I don't know Atmospheric Science enough to go further. I'm hoping for an in depth of what is actually being researched, and how? I understand bouncing frequencies but that’s as far as I know. Science is an interest of mine regardless, so I'd love to learn anyway (debunking just happens to be a nice bonus). She went into numerous other conspiracy theories (which I ignored altogether), but I'm genuinely interested in HAARP. Thank you in advance.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/wafnq/the_science_behind_haarp/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5bnaa0"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"[Searched](_URL_4_)\n\nRelevant [discussion](_URL_6_)\n\nOriginal question by [permanentmarker](_URL_2_)\n\n > [the comment in question](_URL_9_)\n\n > Above is a link to the top rated comment on a post about the atmosphere above Japan heating rapidly before the March 11 earthquake.\n\n > I have heard one person on reddit go off about HAARP before, but the guy could barely formulate a sentence and could not explain why he thought [HAARP](_URL_8_) was responsible for the earthquakes in Japan.\n\n > I guess my question is, what is the deal with HAARP, and why do some people think that it's responsible for [all kinds of stuff](_URL_0_)? Sorry if this is a lame question, I just don't understand how something like this could be responsible for such a diverse list of things (earthquakes and flooding to the downing of TWA flight 800 and Gulf War Syndrome..)\n\n > Thanks for reading and thank you in advance for enlightening me on the subject if you are able.\n\n\nRelevant comment courtesy [mobilehypo](_URL_5_)\n\n > I'm not an expert but I can give you the basic answer: The HAARP doesn't have any role in these things. It heats the ionosphere. That's about it. If you read the whole HAARP wiki article you'll see that popular fiction has contributed to the conspiracy theories.\n\n > Your question isn't lame, but when faced with this kind of information you need to consider what is the logical conclusion. You have a really great resource in your brain. Asking this question is good, but you also should have confidence in your own conclusions. :)\n\n > Hopefully someone with a different color tag will show up if you've got more questions.\n\n\nRelevant [follow-up](_URL_1_) courtesy [Sannish](_URL_3_)\n\n > HAARP will always be a subject to conspiracy theories because people don't understand the ionosphere, don't know what HAARP does and because it is in a remote location.\n\n > There is also [some evidence](_URL_7_) that earthquakes can have effects on the ionosphere. So they read \"Earthquake = Ionosphere\" and then hear about a remote station that effects the ionosphere and get \"Government Controls Ionosphere\", which leads them to the conclusion \"Government Controls Earthquakes\".\n\n > As far as plane crashes the plane would need to fly directly overhead of HAARP while it was running to see any effect and even then it would probably just give them some heavy static on their radios.\n\n > Flooding and other things being caused by HAARP is just nonsensical. It puts out less power then lightning and there worldwide transmitters operating at ~200-500 kW that don't appear to have any effects."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/he9of/regarding_a_comment_in_rscience_about_haarp/c1urqx6",
"http://www.reddit.com/user/permanentmarker",
"http://www.reddit.com/user/Sannish",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=haarp&restrict_sr=on",
"http://www.reddit.com/user/mobilehypo",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/he9of/regarding_a_comment_in_rscience_about_haarp/",
"http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/26773/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/he53z/atmosphere_above_japan_heated_rapidly_before_m9/c1upc2q"
]
] |
|
1o263u
|
how do sinks work?
|
How does water just flow upwards with the movement of a handle?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1o263u/eli5_how_do_sinks_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cco4sp7",
"cco7wsy"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"I think you mean how do _faucets_ work, or _water pipes_. Pressure. The utility supplier pumps potable water into the top of the system. Boost pumps along the system keep the pressure up throughout the underground mains. This supplies the pressure to your house. When you open a faucet you are creating a point for the water to escape, so the system begins to depressurize and is repressurized by the pumps.\n\nedit: speeling",
"Pressure differences. The water is pressurized in pipes under ground, when you turn on your faucet, it creates a \"low pressure area\" in the pipe system. Water from the \"high pressure area\" moves to the low pressure area and BAM, water in your sink.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
283v1g
|
What happens to the body when it falls into lava?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/283v1g/what_happens_to_the_body_when_it_falls_into_lava/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ci75gw6",
"ci75l90"
],
"score": [
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3
],
"text": [
"You'd probably sink in a few inches, feet burning away, feeling hot from the rising heat. After your feet are gone you'd fall face first or backwards into it. You'd die moments after from the pain, nerve damage, and eventual organ damage. ",
"Probably not. The average density of human flesh is far lower than that of lava, so you wouldn't so much as fall into it as you would just fall onto the top of the lava. It would be similar to falling onto a frozen lake, instead of into the water.\n\nExcept you'd be seared and burned horribly at first. Your clothes would flame up so quickly there'd be no time to extinguish it. The hot air and toxic fumes would sear your lungs and you'd start to asphyxiate. Next, the heat would cook you like a sausage on a grill, and as the water inside you rapidly turned to steam, you'd pop here and there or maybe even explode. Trying to move would likely result in layers of body tissues being torn apart. Your body would largely be burned to a cinder, and some of your large bones might leave evident mineral traces future geologists would puzzle over until the archeologists got a glimpse.\n\nIt would be an agonizing death to experience from either perspective - as victim or rescuer. Once you're on that lava, you don't have much of a chance of survival, even if you actually get off it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
9ia1rt
|
what is bearing in navigation and how is it different from heading?
|
More specifically, it would be great if you could relate this to aircraft.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ia1rt/eli5_what_is_bearing_in_navigation_and_how_is_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e6hyyqe",
"e6hzv8w"
],
"score": [
10,
5
],
"text": [
"Bearing is the direction to any given point or object. Heading is the direction you are travelling in.",
"Bearing is the direction to some specific object or location, and heading is compass direction you are moving. For example, if you take off from an airport and fly due south, your heading is 180 degrees, and the bearing to the airport (which is now due north of you) is 0 degrees."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
pymm3
|
How can potential energy be relative?
|
This has bothered me for some time, but I haven't thought about asking and been on reddit at the same time until now.
So, taking voltage for example. Every prof I've had has said that voltage was relative, and none gave me a satisfactory answer as to why. My understanding is if you have an empty universe with a charged test particle, you could measure the voltage between points of varying distances away from the test particle.
However, if you can do that, why can you not just test 2 points that are infinitely far away from your test charge, and call that potential difference zero, and use that as an absolute scale? Can you do the same for gravity, or whatever other potential energy that you have?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pymm3/how_can_potential_energy_be_relative/
|
{
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"c3t9m2c",
"c3tannc",
"c3tdntv"
],
"score": [
8,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Voltage is not potential energy, it is potential. A charge has to be introduced into the potential in order for there to be \"potential energy\", and it is the charge that contains the potential energy, not the potential itself.\n\n > However, if you can do that, why can you not just test 2 points that are infinitely far away from your test charge, and call that potential difference zero, and use that as an absolute scale?\n\nThat is often what is done in undergrad physics - voltage is given as an absolute V(b), where it really should be V(b)-V(a), but V(a) is set to zero.\n\n > Can you do the same for gravity, or whatever other potential energy that you have?\n\nYes, you do that for gravity also. When you say U=mgh, you are saying U(h=0) = 0, and setting the reference point. Thus, gravitational potential energy is also relative. If we aren't doing the small distance approximation (where mgh is valid), then U(r=inf)=0 is the typical zero-point of reference.\n\nThis is the same as kinetic energy. Both are measured in reference to some point, typically a zero-point. Other things that are relative: speed and distance/position. Speed is measured relative to some rest frame, and distance is measured relative to some origin.\n\nWhen dealing with relative quantities, all that matters is the difference between two points. Setting absolutes doesn't improve the situation or simplify things, really. I wish I could give a better mathematical description but I am sick and my brain isn't working as well as I would like.",
" > However, if you can do that, why can you not just test 2 points that are infinitely far away from your test charge, and call that potential difference zero, and use that as an absolute scale?\n\nThe important part here is the word 'can'. Potential is a relative quantity because there is a degree of freedom we have when we describe it. In most of the mathematical mock-ups we have, it is very simple to say V=0 infinitely far from the charges, and use that to establish an 'absolute' voltage. However, we know from the mathematics that we could also take that point and call it V=25, and could still work out the problem appropriately- because the physical quantities don't depend on absolute voltage but on the difference.\n\nAn important physical consequence of this is that measuring devices, which can only measure physically relevant quantities, cannot measure an absolute voltage. They can only measure a relative voltage. Any time you're working with one, you have to know what *both* ends are connected to.",
"We only choose 0 for what is 0 because it's convenient. Physics would behave completely identically if we chose 1 for two charges at infinity, for example. Or Pi. 0 at infinity is completely arbitrary."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
35hsfp
|
why is it preferable to keep apps running on android lollipop instead of closing them frequently?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35hsfp/eli5_why_is_it_preferable_to_keep_apps_running_on/
|
{
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"cr4pttb",
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48,
65,
7,
2
],
"text": [
"Force closing and re-opening them requires more power than to keep them open in the background. So to save battery, don't force close them.",
"It's true for all Android versions, not just Lollipop. [This article explains it.](_URL_0_)\n\nTL;DR Android keeps the recently used apps in memory. If you force closing an app then the next time you open it will be forced to reload into memory, which will just end up taking a longer time and requiring more processing power.",
"The phone is a high tech piece of equipment that is better at deciding at what to keep open and not in order to maximize battery life and performance. \n\nThe app is not actually running when it appears in the recent app list. It might not even be in the phones memory. The recent app list is there as a convenience feature to the end user.\n\nNow why might closing the app be bad? The operation of closing the app removes the app from memory which uses energy. Additionally next time you open the app it must be loaded back into the phones memory and must be reinitalized which too uses energy. The combination of these two operations may be more energy consuming than leaving the app in memory in the first place.\n\nDo you want to figure that out? Probably not. Hundereds of hardware and software engineers at Google and all the other companies that went into making your device have written algorithms to make the phone smart enough to make these types of decisions so you don't have to.\n\nTl;Dr: the phone is smarter than you",
"It's called context-switching.\n\nIf you're cooking dinner and suddenly a guest arrives and rings the bell, naturally, you have to stop your current activity. Also naturally, you do not put the meat back into the fridge, or the utensils into the cupboard.\n\nIf you know you are going to resume a suspended task, it is generally more beneficial to leave the resources alone.",
"Made account just for this, so lets try (and sorry for bad english):\n\nYou have 2 streets, one is windows second one is android. You have cars on both streets and different rules apply on each street. \nOn android street rules are:\n*driver can start car anytime. \n*driver has 2 parking places (one on the street and one on the parking lot)\n* you can tell driver to park car and where to park it\n* someone else can tell driver to park car and where to park it\n* driver is moody guy and likes boss around\n* its expensive to start car\n\nOn windows street rules are:\n* only you can tell driver when to start car\n* you and someone else can tell driver to park car (but in 99% cases its only you)\n* only 1 parking space\n* its cheap to start car whenever you want\n\nRules are more like guidelines and can be broken, but for this ELI lets say those are the rules.\n\nGoal is to start car, drive down the street, park car and spend as little resources as possible. \n\nWindows street: Tell driver to start car. Tell him to dive you to destination X. When you arrive, driver has to do everything he needs to do before you exit vehicle, as after that he is going straight to the parking. If he missed to do something, he will have to wait for you to call him again so he can do what he missed. Also, parking is kinda big and crowded, but its efficient and has plenty of space. But thats all okay, starting car again is cheap, as well as doing some things again..\n\nAndroid street: Tell driver to start car. Tell him to drive you to destination Y. When you arrive, you exit the car and driver parks car on the smaller parking, one near the street. So you go to finish what you have, while driver does some maintenance, cleaning car, stuff like that. If you need him he is just over there, just hop in and you are on your way.\n\nBUT, you decide that 4 more cars need to pass trough there, and you tell driver \"go to the big parking\".\nFirst, what you don't know is that there is police officer that checks if there is enough space for those 4 cars, and that he would send that driver to parking anyway if he needed to do that.\nThats okay, you are the boss, so you tell him go away. You can do that.\nDriver goes to big parking lot, but you sent him away while he was cleaning the car. Waits a little for a street to clears (those 4 cars could still be there, remember if policeman lets him, he can go out), and goes out. Starts cleaning the car all over again,since you stopped him in the middle of the work. So he does 50% more work. And going to the big parking lot is expensive and difficult.\n\nEach time while you send him away, everything seems better, street is clear, and you are like \" this will totally improve my battery life and my processor will not suffer at all, those pesky police officers dont know what they do, i am smarter than them\". But, you are not :)\n\nForget about task managers, go to the setting of your android device and find battery statistic. You should find cpu statistic on the same place. Analyze them and remove apps that you don't need, or find alternative for the ones that you do need. If you absolutely need certain app that bogs down your system, live with it or get better device...\n\nedit: why does my formatting doesn't work :/ ?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.howtogeek.com/127388/htg-explains-why-you-shouldnt-use-a-task-killer-on-android/"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2styzr
|
how can different operating systems able to read programs written in different programming languages.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2styzr/eli5how_can_different_operating_systems_able_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnst3a6"
],
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3
],
"text": [
"When you write a program in some programming language, you can't just run it. You need to pass the code through a *compiler*, a program that translates the code into binary code that the processor can understand.\n\nEven then, the executable binary code is platform specific. You can't run a program compiled for Windows on a Mac or a Linux, or on a different kind of CPU (for example running program for an x86 processor on an ARM processor). If you want to be able to run your program on multiple platforms, you have to compile it for each platform separately.\n\n*However*, some programming languages, such as Java, are compiled into an intermediate language. The computer still can't understand this language, but you run them using a special program called a Virtual Machine, which translated the intermediate code into the platform's actual binary code at runtime. There is a version of the Java Virtual Machine for each platform - one for Windows, one for Linux, and so on. If you want to run a java program, you just download the JVM for your operating system and then you can run."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3apdtc
|
how come when i use "end task" programs that aren't responding close instantly but when i "x" out of them it takes a while
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3apdtc/eli5_how_come_when_i_use_end_task_programs_that/
|
{
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"cseovl7",
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"text": [
"Pressing the X sends a message to the program asking it to close.\n\nIf the program isn't responding to other input, it's entirely possible it won't respond to that input.\n\nUsing End Task tells the operating system to kill the program.\n\nIt's the difference between using the key to move a broken car, and using a tow truck.",
"The X tells the program to close itself. It then goes through the steps necessary to cleanly close any network connections and flush any unsaved data back to the hard drive.\n\nChoosing \"end task\" tell the operating system to skip the step of telling the program to close itself, and just forcibly shut it down (potentially losing any data that you hadn't saved in the process, since the program will not go through its shutdown routine of prompting you to save your data).",
"Analogy:\n\nPressing the X is telling the program that it's fired and kindly ask it on clear its desk and be out of the building by close of business hours. \n\nUsing \"End Task\" is calling building security and having them tossed out immediately. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1viitx
|
why do me teeth feel loose? are they really loose, temporarily, or is my brain just playing tricks on me?
|
Hey,
My teeth certainly feel loose. And even though it is something that happens on rare occasions, and it always seems to pass, I always wondered why they feel like that.
Despite the fact that my teeth may or may not be loose, why do I feel this now? Assuming they are not loose, why is my brain telling me they are -- why this morning? I drank a couple of beers and smoked some cigarettes the night before, if that matters.
If they are actually loose, why does this symptom appear and then -- after a few hours, after a day -- leaves?
Thank you!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1viitx/eli5_why_do_me_teeth_feel_loose_are_they_really/
|
{
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"ceslqgs",
"ceslsip",
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],
"text": [
"Your teeth do move very slightly over time (they tend to crowd as wisdom teeth come in, for example), but they shouldn't be loose. If you tap on them while looking in the mirror, do you see any motion? Or is it just a feeling? If it's the former, see a dentist *immediately*, that shouldn't ever happen. If it's the latter, it's likely an issue with your gums rather than with your teeth. You should still see a dentist about it, though.",
"What might be happening is your gum and/or the root of the tooth is inflamed and swollen, so your tooth is not fitted right as the swelling is pushing the tooth out slightly. Swollen root is usually more serious and hurts more than swollen gum. I don't feel comfortable giving medical advice, so it's best to consult a dentist. ",
"They're supposed to move a very small amount, imperceptibly to the eye.\n\nThis happens because if they were perfectly rigid in the gums they would chip and break very easily.\n\nBelow the gumline they have a lot of what appears to be almost a furry coating to them which interfaces with the gum and keeps them anchored while allowing a small amount of give.\n\nIf this give changes with time, its likely a gum issue; as swelling to the gums can make them feel looser. This is normally caused by some sort of gum disease.",
"We have periodontal ligaments that hold our teeth to out alveolus(bone socket where our teeth fit). These periodontal ligaments can both contract and retract due to relieve direct pressure on your teeth. So if your teeth move slightly it's fine because of the slight give/flexibility of these ligaments. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
h3dpu
|
Cutting someone in half and they still live for a few seconds?
|
You see it in movies all the time. Someone gets a blade through their entire body (abdominal area) fairly quickly, cutting them in half and they manage to be alive long enough to look down at the destruction, say something, then die.
Is that even possible? I mean, their heart and brain are still fine so I guess it can be possible, I just think its such a traumatic thing that you'd die almost instantly.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/h3dpu/cutting_someone_in_half_and_they_still_live_for_a/
|
{
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"c1s996l",
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"c1sac87",
"c1sauqr"
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3,
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"text": [
"Yes, it is possible, and during the French Revolution, there were some doctors that were experimenting to see if the brain was still functional after decapitation by guillotine [[1]](_URL_0_)",
"Interesting question! Apparently the technical term for being chopped in half is [traumatic hemicorporectomy](_URL_0_). \n\nI did a cursory search on Google Scholar for references; pretty much everyone seems to classify it as \"obviously non-survivable\" but I found one report of a similar injury where [the patient remained conscious and survived under emergency medical care for several hours before dying.](_URL_1_)",
"There was a case of a cop somewhere in asia that got severed in half and survived. He does miss most of his lower half of the body. I'll try to locate the article and the video.\n\nEDIT:\n[***NSFL*** THE VIDEO OF THE COP THAT GOT CUT IN HALF BY A BUSS ***NSFL***](_URL_0_)",
"Caligula was rather fond of [the saw](_URL_0_). According to the article, \"since the the body was inverted, the brain received a continuous supply of blood despite severe bleeding, consciousness thereby continuing until, or after, the saw severed the major blood vessels of the abdomen.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/nervous-system/10-brain-myths6.htm"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicorporectomy#Traumatic_hemicorporectomy",
"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=13431119048667642117&hl=en&as_sdt=0,44"
],
[
"http://www.break.com/usercontent/2009/8/vietnamese-cop-cut-in-half-and-calmly-talks-to-bystanders-avi-1105988"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawing_%28torture%29"
]
] |
|
6drejh
|
What will happen to the Voyager spacecraft if they never come into contact with anything?
|
Considering space is mostly 'empty' and that the distance between stars, galaxies and other structures is huge, is it possible that the voyager spacecraft could continue to travel forever without hitting anything? Could it theoretically outlive stars, and make it to the end of the universe? Or would the metals and materials its made of eventually break down? It amazes me that a human-made object could potentially outlive humanity, and even our sun!
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6drejh/what_will_happen_to_the_voyager_spacecraft_if/
|
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"text": [
"It has a pretty good chance (well north of 50%) of outliving the Sun, at least in some sort of semi-recognizable form. After trillions or quadrillions of years, I'm not sure, it will eventually essentially completely evaporate (even metals have vapor pressure). Although it'll cool down to the temperature of the CMB eventually, and the CMB itself will cool, so I have no idea how long that process will take, but it'll eventually happen.",
"Space debris would probably batter it to oblivion over many billions of years. If it gets flung into intergalactic space after the merger with Messier 31, its prospects may be marginally brighter--but as already posted, the limits of matter itself will eventually come into play.",
"Voyager 1 is furthest from the Sun, but we should remember that humanity has dispatched 4 other spacecraft that are also destined to roam the galaxy or beyond: Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 2, and New Horizons."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3nn4jj
|
What exactly is happening when a cyclist rides hand-free?
|
Why doesn't the front tire just go haywire?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3nn4jj/what_exactly_is_happening_when_a_cyclist_rides/
|
{
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"cvpk7hs",
"cvpli1a"
],
"score": [
3,
4
],
"text": [
"The bicycle design is such that it will remain upright in response to lean. You can search through /r/askscience for the question of how bicycles stay upright which has some interesting answers as the research is still actually ongoing. Mostly, however, the rider uses his/her muscles to keep the bicycle moving straight. Any lean which would cause the wheel to move is counteracted by the core muscles engaging and shifting the weight of the rider to the opposite side, similar how we don't wobble when we walk (even if we don't move our arms).",
"[Trail on Wikipedia](_URL_0_)\n\nIf you draw a line representing the steering axis, through the headtube, down to the ground, where that line hits the ground will be in front of where the tire touches the ground. When the ground exerts force on the tire, because that force is pulling the wheel back from a place behind the steering axis, the wheel will naturally want to point straight ahead."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_and_motorcycle_geometry#Trail"
]
] |
|
5w1ldx
|
how did fungi develop antibiotics fast enough to kill bacteria? and why couldn't bacteria just develop faster to overcome the antibiotics fungi made, therefore becoming resistant?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5w1ldx/eli5_how_did_fungi_develop_antibiotics_fast/
|
{
"a_id": [
"de6mcgg"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Many bacteria HAVE evolved to become resistant to penicillin due to its widespread use as an antibiotic when it was first discovered. \nFrom what I understand, it might be opposite of what you think. Bacteria have poor DNA repair mechanisms due to their rapid generation time, so they often accumulate mutations. A random mutation leading to antibiotic resistance and selection quickly allows a bacteria population to become resistant to an antibiotic. On the other hand, fungi are eukaryotes (like humans) with better DNA repair mechanisms than bacteria so they don't develop mutations as rapidly. Seeing as how bacteria are growing resistant to penicillin, it would probably take longer for the fungi to adapt to the situation and counteract. \n \n > Fungi and Bacteria are mortal enemies. \n \nIn many cases, that is not correct. There are various symbiotic relationships where bacteria live within fungi. In return, the bacteria aid with metabolism and help provide nutrients."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7h1727
|
why do truckers always pass other cars/truckers when going uphill? i seem to notice this mostly on the interstates and it always results (obviously) in the “fast lane” getting backed up.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7h1727/eli5_why_do_truckers_always_pass_other/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dqncmkp"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"They don't always pass when going uphill. Sometimes they pass going downhill and sometimes they pass on the level (source: I've seen them do it many times).\n\nYou probably notice it more when they do it going uphill because it inconveniences you most then. It's OK though: in all the jurisdictions I'm aware of, trucks are allowed to use the passing lane when passing, even if it takes a long time.\n\nFun fact: the Germans have a word for it: \"elefantenrennen\" which translates to \"elephant racing.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
68916f
|
how is it that although we don't know all of the words in the dictionary by heart, we can easily spot when something is not a word?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/68916f/eli5how_is_it_that_although_we_dont_know_all_of/
|
{
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"dgwm311",
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],
"score": [
46,
3
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"text": [
"1. Recognition is easier than recall, so if you see a real world you usually recognize it, even if it's not one you use.\n2. In a specific language, certain letter combinations are rare or completely unused. Here are some realistic non-words: famp, droom, pank. Here are some plainly unrealistic ones: qqaq, eoao, thethith, yfg.",
"If you try and write down every word you know, you can't possibly remember each one because your memory is limited. If however, you see one you didn't remember you'll still recognize it. Sort of like not remembering all the people you meet but recognizing a familiar face. \n\nThen there's ones which are real words which you didn't know about, but they look real because of their structure. That can be due to being in a family of words or the prefixes/suffixes involved. For example, someone might not know that precognition is a word but knows recognition is - they'll be able to figure out what precognition means based off the context. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4jrm6v
|
why black holes cause infinite curvature?
|
Why is it called infinite?
Why isn't the space called eg. *"curved so much that not even light cannot escape it" instead?*
Or *"curved so much that even photons cannot escape"?*
Is it the same thing?
I'm so confused.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4jrm6v/eli5_why_black_holes_cause_infinite_curvature/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d38xpx9",
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2,
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"text": [
"Black holes are only infinite right in the center. The curvature at the event horizon **is** \"curved so much that not even light can escape\", but that isn't infinite. You don't need infinite anything to stop light from escaping.",
"The \"curvature\" of space time can be determined, mathematically, based on the mass of the blackhole and your distance from its center.\n\nThat is, you have this equation. \"Mass\" and \"distance\" are variables. You enter values for those variables and get an answer that tells you the curvature of space time.\n\nThe \"Event Horizon\" is simply the distance from a black hole of a given mass where light cannot escape.\n\nBut you can get closer to a black hole than its event horizon. As you get closer and closer, as the distance from the black hole approaches zero, the curvature of space time approaches infinity.\n\nSince black holes are not considered to have any volume, the curvature of spacetime *at* the black hole is considered to be infinite.\n\nHowever, this is a mathematical answer and is considered to be a fallacious one indicating the limitations of general relativity, especially when used in combination with quantum mechanics (which is required here). A new theory is required in this arena which may give us a different answer, or place physical limitations on how \"close\" you can get to a black hole."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
bxzg85
|
why do charley horses (the type of painful muscle cramp) seem to mostly happen while you're asleep?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bxzg85/eli5_why_do_charley_horses_the_type_of_painful/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eqatpqd"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Because you sleep in weird positions and your muscles can't properly relax, or it's too cold and your body won't bother shivering, but the muscle still has to warm itself up,so it stays active and pulsates,and eventually it gets stuck"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
179vp0
|
Would a gladiator beat a trained soldier in combat?
|
I started watching the serie Spartacus and I wondered if Gladiators were really trained as the ones in the show (weight lifting, endurance training, fighting techniques, etc.) and how they would compare to trained soldiers in terms of fighting abilities.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/179vp0/would_a_gladiator_beat_a_trained_soldier_in_combat/
|
{
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"c83jsu4",
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"text": [
"Well, to be fair, the terms \"gladiator\" and \"soldier\" are really meaningless terms and describe a very wide variety of persons. For instance, the majority of \"gladiators\" if we are referring to people that fought in the gladiator games, were just slaves that were sold to whomever happened to be putting on the festivities; ergo, given equivalent equipment, they would likely lose in a duel with a trained soldier. On the other hand, the term “soldier” can also refer to a broad spectrum ranging from the members of the Praetorian Guard down to, again, conscripts that were little more than slaves.\n\nNow to answer the question in the way that I assume that you intended it, yes the gladiators portrayed in the series, highly unrealistic as they are, would likely be able to outmatch the average legionnaire. Bear in mind that Spartacus was an actual historical figure that fought in the Third Servile War in which they actually did fight Roman legion troops and stood their ground for a few battles. On the other hand, no they were not like super-soldiers and the show can be thought of as akin to the film, 300 in terms of historicity; in that, while based on historical events, the actual historical versions of the persons portrayed did not kill hundreds of people single-handedly. Hope that answers your question!\n\nEDIT: syntax\n",
"There is some evidence to suggest that gladiators and soldiers trained in very similar ways using similar equipment (JCN Coulston wrote an article comparing the two if you're interested). The primary difference was that gladiators were trained only in single combat whereas military training went further to emphasize fighting in groups. As BeneonTrotsky notes Spartacus was a historical figure who was a key part of a slave revolt. Appian describes the Roman initial attitude toward the rebellion as minor annoyance and severely underestimates the viability of Spartacus and his band as a viable fighting force. As a result, the initial group of untrained Roman conscripts sent to put down the revolt is routed. It would eventually take the use of 8 well trained Roman legions to stop Spartacus. From this, we can conclude that a well trained gladiator existed somewhere between an untrained conscript and a battle tested legionnaire on the hierarchy of military skill. That, in times of need gladiators were sometimes used to train green recruits should further strengthen this notion (ex Rutilius Rufus in 105 BC). Hopes this answers your question, let me know if you have any others (I wrote my senior thesis on the relationship between the gladiatorial games and the roman military) "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6djxzg
|
When people were put in stocks as punishment back in colonial times, was it just a given that they'd be raped?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6djxzg/when_people_were_put_in_stocks_as_punishment_back/
|
{
"a_id": [
"di3cxst"
],
"score": [
15
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"text": [
"Hi, not to discourage further discussion, but you may be interested in this answer from a past question that deals directly with your question! \n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2bj4nm/were_people_punished_to_time_in_the_stockspillory/"
]
] |
||
2gwjpp
|
If two planets were of the same gravitational pull(earth's for example) and were close to each other what would happen if an object(or human) was directly in the middle of it?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2gwjpp/if_two_planets_were_of_the_same_gravitational/
|
{
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"ckndqnj",
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],
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2
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"text": [
"If the object was perfectly placed in the center, it would remain there, since the force of gravity from the planets would be equal in magnitude but in opposite direction.\n\n However, this would not be stable. Any minor change in the system would cause it to accelerate one way or another. All it would take would be for some other object to pass by, and its gravity my nudge the object in the center off balace.",
"If the mass ratio is less than 25:1 between the two bodies, there are no stable Lagrange points _URL_0_\n\nEventually the person is perturbed and falls to one of the bodies\n\nYou're talking about L1 in the cited paper.\n\nL4 and L5 (zones trailing and leading the orbit of the smaller body) are stable for higher ratio bodies"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/ContentMedia/lagrange.pdf"
]
] |
||
3792bg
|
why do gas stations offer mid grade gas
|
It seems like everyone uses either regular or premium gas so what's the purpose of having another grade in between the two?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3792bg/eli5_why_do_gas_stations_offer_mid_grade_gas/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crkoi0a"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"In my state (Montana) premium gas is 91 octane, but regular gas is 85.5 octane. From what I understand the low-octane gas is acceptable because of the altitude, at least for older cars without engine-management computers. So the mid-grade gas is 87 octane, which is what my engine requires. Thus, I buy mid-grade gas because it's the cheapest grade for my car.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
35umfp
|
when people sing in a tonal language (like chinese), how do they keep the tones in their voice?
|
I would think it might be hard to sing in a tonal language because in trying to match the song's pitch, it would then be difficult to keep the tones of the language as well, wouldn't it? (Sorry, that's kind of strangely worded but its the only way I can think of to explain it.)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35umfp/eli5_when_people_sing_in_a_tonal_language_like/
|
{
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"text": [
"The short answer is, they don't. You can't really tell the tones when listening to a song. The meaning is usually pretty clear from context.\n\nThe tones are basically lost when whispering Chinese too. It's still understandable.\n",
"I'm not entirely sure, since I speak basic Cantonese but I don't know the full lyrics of most Cantonese songs, but from what I know a good song will take the tones of the words into account and reflect that in the melody. Eg. ascending lines/leaps match rising tones and descending lines match ending of sentences. I've heard of people mentioning hilariously bad songs because the melody doesn't match the tones and the meanings of the lyrics can sound like something entirely different or nonsensical.",
"I'm a Cantonese and Mandarin speaker. It is perfectly possible for us to just speak in one tone, just as English speakers can, say, pretend to be a robot and speak in a monotone. It will sound silly and might cause some confusing to meaning (though context helps) but it's not like tonal language speakers can't make themselves speak without the tones. Even little kids can do that for fun.\n\n\nSimilarly, we can fit the sounds into the pitch of the songs (instead of a monotone), meaning that we don't keep the tones of the language when we sing. But a good Cantonese song will make sure the melody more or less match the original tones of the lyrics. \n\n\nMandarin actually forgo tones completely when in music, and it can still make perfect sense (from context) without sounding off at all. The tone does not need to match the songs pitch at all. Cantonese, however, cannot do the same without sounding really strange or meaning something different. Most people can still guess what the correct words are meant to be (like we do from robot speech) but it just sounds ridiculous, so fitting the tone to the music is one of the first considerations when writing Cantonese songs.\n\nThat is why writing Cantonese lyrics is very challenging because taking tone into consideration greatly limits the choice of words you can use, but a good song needs that (actually, scratch that, it's actually a very basic requirement, a very challenging but minimal requirement).\n\n\nAs for why tones are important in Cantonese songs but not at all in Mandarin songs, my guess is that the former has 9 tones (or 6 depending on how you define a tone) and the latter only has 4. Hope that helps!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3rsjqd
|
Has mercury been successfully employed to treat anything?
|
So in the past I know mercury has been used for all sorts of medical purposes with little to no evidence that it actually did anything other than poison the patient.
I'm curious if it is used for any sort of treatments where it has turned out to be and effective remedy.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3rsjqd/has_mercury_been_successfully_employed_to_treat/
|
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"text": [
"Mercury is an ingredient in many vaccines, albeit not as the element purely. It's a component of the preservatives, and this is declining as well.\n\nI can't find anything in my journal access offhand, nor am I specifically aware of anything of this sort. That said, there are plenty of elements that we don't use, and used to, and compounds as well.",
"Yes. It's commonly used in dental fillings to treat cavities. To be specific, they use a mercury [Amalgam](_URL_0_) with powdered silver, copper, and tin. \n\nTo make the amalgam, liquid mercury is mixed with finely powdered metals in a ratio of about 50% mercury and 50% powder. \n\nThis forms a stiff paste. The mercury \"wets\" the metal powder and quickly forms an **alloy** with the metals, which becomes a largely homogenous solid metal. This takes several minutes, and fully hardens in about 1 hour.\n\nIn a certain sense this is the direct opposite of dissolving a solid like sodium chloride in a liquid solvent like water, creating a liquid solution. In a dental amalgam, a liquid becomes dissolved into a solid solvent, creating a solid solution (an alloy.)\n\nIn the US they're rarely used currently, they've been replaced with composites with powdered glass and acrylic resins. This is partly due to concerns about tiny but measurable amounts of mercury evaporating from the fillings over time. Also composite fillings can be made a color match with the surrounding tooth making them much more cosmetic. Lastly, if the filling needs to be removed in the future, it creates somewhat of a hazard of the patient accidentally swallowing some of the drill shavings. It's standard practice to use a rubber dental dam in this situation.\n\nHowever, amalgam fillings offer some unique benefits versus composites. They tend to be significantly less likely to fail versus composites. This is because the silver and copper in the alloy have strong antiseptic properties, making it more difficult for bacteria to infiltrate the bond between the filling and the existing tooth. Decay around the margins of a filling is the #1 reason for failure. Also, amalgams don't require the tooth to be scrupulously clean and dry. ",
"Medicinal Mercury, pure un-oxidated, was used for constipation. An ounce was swallowed and it went through the digestive system and out the bowels cleansing them. Mercury is dangerous when it is an oxide, which can be tal\nken up through the body. Technicians and plumbers use lead and mercury and can be poisoned by the fumes, although the solid substances are reasonably safe. (I have a 1lb bottle of medicinal Mercury which came from an old drug store.)",
"Mercury was used to treat syphilis, though it wasn't very effective. Indeed better and safer medicines were first discovered in 1884 based of bismuth and in 1910 based on arsenic. However, mercury was still sometimes used up until the 1950s to treat syphilis. \n\nO'shea, J. G. (1990). 'Two minutes with venus, two years with mercury'--mercury as an antisyphilitic chemotherapeutic agent. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 83(6), 392."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_%28chemistry%29"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
8jkmd5
|
how can tv shows like south park and family guy still use the “all persons fictitious” disclaimer when they are clearly making fun of an actual person/celebrity?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8jkmd5/eli5_how_can_tv_shows_like_south_park_and_family/
|
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"The disclaimer does not give them full protection from libel laws. It might offer them some protection in certain cases. However it is the overall perception that the viewer is left with that is important and not just a single disclaimer. It show however be noted that people who have chosen to become famous have less protection from libel laws then people who do not. For example Trump should expect people to make jokes about him being a fat dumb sick upper class snob with a small penis when he started his own reality show staring himself and then later joining politics. However if a writer met someone he did not like and then publicly portrayed him in a similar manner then the law would be much stricter. The disclaimer may have a grater impact on the ruling in those cases.",
"That disclaimer isn't protecting them from a celebrity suing them. \n\nWhat is protecting them from a celebrity suing them is the fact that the 1st Amendment has been held to allow you to use someone's name and likeness in certain limited ways when that person is a \"subject of public interest.\" The short of it is that celebrities are \"subjects of public interest\" and the manner in which they are being depicted in those tv shows is one of the limited ways in which the 1st Amendment permits someone else to use their likeness.\n\nThat phrase is just some generic legalese that has been stuck in the credits of every movie and tv show going back decades. It's designed to stop some random, non-celebrity from claiming that a non-celebrity character in the movie/show is so similar to them that the movie/show is using the random person's likeness. \n\nIn all likelihood that blurb of legalese doesn't actually do anything - if some random person could actually prove that their likeness was being used the phrase wouldn't protect the movie/show producers. And if the random person can't prove that their likeness was used, well, they can't win a case against the movie/show producers. \n\nBut it does protect the movie/show owners from the one in a billion case where a judge says \"well you didn't put that phrase in your credits so I'll let this go to trial.\" While the random person still won't win in that situation, going to trial costs money while putting that phrase in the credits does not, and so that phrase ends up in every movie/show's credits. \n\nThe reason its showed at the start of the intro for South Park, rather than in the credits, is as a joke.\n\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nedit: This is more in depth so feel free to skip it if you're just looking for a basic explanation on why South Park doesn't get sued, but I'll just add a bit in because I wasn't very clear on *why* that phrase keeps getting put in the credits of every movie and tv show despite not doing anything and I'm getting two general lines of comments. \n\nThe first line of comments is \"I'm a lawyer and its because it protects against defamation!\" I too, am a lawyer, though if you're making this comment I doubt you are. You cannot say \"I'm not defaming X but by the way X is a child molester\" and think that does not constitute defamation (which was one of the examples a \"lawyer\" used). But perhaps the best response is the fact that the phrase is usually put in the credits where no one sees it anyways. If no one sees it, it doesn't affect how they view the defaming material. \n\nThe second line of comments is \"but they put it in for other countries where they don't have the 1st Amendment!\" \n\nThe best response to this is just to be more clear why the phrase is put in the credits. As /u/ByeByeLiver and several others have stated there was a historical reason for putting it in the credits. \n\nBut modernly its put there solely because of inertia, that is to say, there is no one alive today that remembers a time when it wasn't in the credits. It also costs nothing to put it in the credits. But there is an extremely remote possibility that removing it from the credits might result in a situation that costs money - nobody knows how that situation could actually come about, but nobody can say *with absolute certainty* that it won't come about if that phrase is removed. So it gets put in the credits because the default position is that its in the credits, its free, and free is cheaper than a remote possibility of \"something bad happening.\"\n\nIn other words, its not being added because it contains some magical protection against non-US laws. Its largely being added in the US and just exported along with the rest of the movie/show. In countries where its being added domestically, the sole purpose for its addition is because people in that country are just assuming that it does *something* in the US or other English speaking countries and adding it, and again doing so is free.\n\n",
"Basically they put the message up front so they can say they did if they get sued. \n\nIt came about because a big movie studio got sued by a still-living princess for a movie that was found to be defaming her, back in the '30s.\n\nI wonder how \"making fun of\" somebody works legally in the context of modern entertainment where an animated cartoon can be about much more current events and where it can sometimes be hard to seperate fact from fiction at the base level leading people to seek validation of their views from comedians with no obligations towards journalism.\n\n",
"Trey Parker and Matt stone, creators of South Park, have been sued over 100 times. They just don’t care haha ",
"It all goes back to Mad Magazine running a satirical strip they called \"Stupidman,\" a guy in leotards and a cape with an \"S\" on his chest that did really stupid things shortly after the first issue of \"Superman\" was published.\n\nD.C. Comics immediately sued for copyright infringement on their Superman character and lost at the Supreme Court. The Court ruled that no reasonable person would confuse Mad's Supidman with D.C.'s Superman and satire has been the first amendment protected Free Speech ever since.\n\nNo one will confuse a Southpark send-up of any celebrity with the real person.",
"All persons ficticious doesn't cover celeberties - it covers everyone else.\n\nLet's say your name is 'Peter Griffin'. That is why the disclaimer is there, so you can't sue them for misrepresenting you.",
"The case of [New York Times v Sullivan](_URL_0_) protects South Park from any lawsuit. The \"these are just fictitious\" label isn't necessary but it frames the audience.\n\nNYT ran an advertisement that attacked Sullivan's decisions and had some major inaccuracies in it. The court decided that errors and mistakes are bound to happen in media because that is the nature of the debate. If the NYT has continued to spread misinformation then they would be liable for libel. However they did not.\n\nThe court ruled that all public figures are open to attacks on their reputation and it's just in being a public figure.\n\nSouth Park and Family Guy are also protected by fair use laws. South Park in particular is always hitting the boundaries of this. [Mel Gibson's face](_URL_1_) and [David Hasselhoff's face](_URL_2_) have been used directly on the show. Whereas most of their characters are animated and rarely look like what they're supposed to look like.\n\nI think most importantly the show focuses a lot on has-beens rather than big stars and so it would be a lot more difficult to prove damages.\n\nA lot of Republicans wanted Sarah Palin to sue SNL for their portrayal of Sarah Palin. Many of them argued that Tina Fey's impersonation was so close to actual Palin that people began believing that Palin actually said the things that Tina Fey was saying (like, \"I can see Russia from my home\"). But Sarah Palin's wealth has grown considerably since that election and she has actually gained a lot of her followers and contributors specifically because they are all aware that the 'even ultra left wing media' did a hit job on her.\n\nHad she sort of just went bankrupt after all that I think she might have had a case. But that didn't happen.",
"South Park actually gets pretty specific.\n\n > ALL CHARACTERS AND EVENTS IN THIS SHOW--**EVEN THOSE BASED ON REAL PEOPLE--ARE ENTIRELY FICTIONAL. ALL CELEBRITY VOICES ARE IMPERSONATED.....POORLY.** THE FOLLOWING PROGRAM CONTAINS COARSE LANGUAGE AND DUE TO ITS CONTENT IT SHOULD NOT BE VIEWED BY ANYONE ",
"They're saying that they're using the character based on a real person in a fictional way \\(e.g. impersonated or spoofed on a comedy show\\), instead of claiming to be accurately representing that person like in a news report.\n\nThe disclaimer is to make it clear, even if it should be blindingly obvious, as in South Park.",
"It is used as a parody. If I remember correctly, parody is protected by free speech as well as satire. I could be wrong but I think that's why they disclaimer it beforehand so that people can get butthurt all they want but have no real legal discourse to follow to punish them for it. Aside from not watching it that is.",
"It goes back to a film that was made about the murder of Rasputin by fed up Russian royalty and aristocrats. One of the Princes carrying out the murder was still living in Paris and sued the studio. As as result that language became a boiler plate included in nearly every movie for the last 90 years.",
"They are satirizing actual people, but the actions of the people on the shows are not real. The show version characters are not real, and the show isn't claiming to depict real activities. That's the purpose of the disclaimer.",
"People use excess legalese in lots of situations where it has no real impact. Sometimes it's out of habit, sometimes an over abundance of caution, sometimes lawyers feel like they need to just do things to justify their existence, sometimes something that is totally ineffectual in most places might be meaningful in one jurisdiction, and if it would ever be helpful to protect their rights even in a limited circumstance, there's no reason not to do it.",
"Have you ever actually read that disclaimer?\n\n_URL_0_",
"What always bothered me is that Law and Order could advertise as \" ripped from the headlines!\" And then when you watch it reaffirms its fiction and any similarity to real events are strictly coincidental. ",
"Parody is protected under the First Amendment. Also why XXX versions of Star Wars, X-Files, Star Trek, etc also exist.",
"Satire is specially protected with a \"fair use\" exception to copyright laws. Meaning that, to a certain extent, they can use a celebrity's likeness or even copyrighted material for satirical purposes. There are limitations that it has to clearly be satire, etc. We 'muricans love to make fun of our celebrities and politicians and give special protection to do it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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"http://lawbrain.com/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan",
"https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/southpark/images/d/d1/Mel-gibson.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20120414125715",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0RHSuRMQwzY/maxresdefault.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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[
"http://2.images.southparkstudios.com/shared/about/show-disclaimer.jpg?quality=1"
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[],
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[]
] |
||
k1wp6
|
how rainbow tables work and how they're used for password cracking.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k1wp6/eli5_how_rainbow_tables_work_and_how_theyre_used/
|
{
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"Passwords are stored by \"hashing\" -- to explain this intuitively, think of it like you give me your password, I run it through a machine, and the machine gives me an output that I store. The main point of this machine is\n\n1. The only thing that can cause the it to output what it just did is your password -- any other password outputs something else.\n2. You can't use this machine in reverse.\n\nHopefully, I don't actually have direct access to what goes in this machine, so now you can trust me to store your password and I can never actually use it (since I can't reverse what the machine gave me and I don't have your original password). On the other hand, if you ever want to use your password, you simply pass it through the machine and give me the output; I can check if that matches your username, and if it does, I know you had the right password (even though I don't know what that password is). \n\nSo I'm storing a bunch of people's passwords, which are actually just the transformed versions of their passwords by this machine. The thing is, lots of sites use the same machine to transform the passwords, so if your password was \"password\", the output that all these different sites are storing is the same. Someone can get their own version of this machine, and just start storing every pair of password and transformed password linked together (by testing a password, seeing the output, and joining them together so looking up one gives you the other). Now, if I steal some site's table of transformed passwords, any of those that I've already seen in my table of pairs I immediately know what password gives that transformed version, and now I have your password.\n\nThis table of pairs is a rainbow table.",
"Passwords are stored by \"hashing\" -- to explain this intuitively, think of it like you give me your password, I run it through a machine, and the machine gives me an output that I store. The main point of this machine is\n\n1. The only thing that can cause the it to output what it just did is your password -- any other password outputs something else.\n2. You can't use this machine in reverse.\n\nHopefully, I don't actually have direct access to what goes in this machine, so now you can trust me to store your password and I can never actually use it (since I can't reverse what the machine gave me and I don't have your original password). On the other hand, if you ever want to use your password, you simply pass it through the machine and give me the output; I can check if that matches your username, and if it does, I know you had the right password (even though I don't know what that password is). \n\nSo I'm storing a bunch of people's passwords, which are actually just the transformed versions of their passwords by this machine. The thing is, lots of sites use the same machine to transform the passwords, so if your password was \"password\", the output that all these different sites are storing is the same. Someone can get their own version of this machine, and just start storing every pair of password and transformed password linked together (by testing a password, seeing the output, and joining them together so looking up one gives you the other). Now, if I steal some site's table of transformed passwords, any of those that I've already seen in my table of pairs I immediately know what password gives that transformed version, and now I have your password.\n\nThis table of pairs is a rainbow table."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1r15t3
|
Is it possible to set something on fire by pouring boiling water on it?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1r15t3/is_it_possible_to_set_something_on_fire_by/
|
{
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"text": [
"yes, if it is a water reactive substance like calcium carbide water will react exothermically and ignite the gases produced",
"Besides a chemical reaction with water itself, anything that has an [autoignition temperature](_URL_0_) below 100 C could theoretically be ignited by heating it with boiling water. However, if the material did not react with water and you poured the water on top of it you might simply smother any flames that would be normally produced."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoignition_temperature"
]
] |
||
233jod
|
how does a cvt(continuously variable transmission) work?
|
They're usually found in Nissans from what I know. Thanks.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/233jod/eli5_how_does_a_cvtcontinuously_variable/
|
{
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"cgt1h3y"
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5
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"text": [
"A normal geared transmission switches between larger and smaller gears to change speed to power or power to speed.\n\nA CVT uses pulleys that can move apart or back together. The inside of the pulley is inclined, so as it moves apart, the diameter that the belt rides on gets smaller, and then larger again as it moves back together - simulating different sized gears. This effectively gives a CVT an \"infinite\" number of gears if it can move the pulleys together and apart smoothly.\n\nEDIT: Grammar"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
43na7e
|
Recently I read that recombination (the coupling of electrons and protons to form atoms) happened 378,000 years after the Big Bang. How can this estimate be so precise?
|
_URL_0_
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/43na7e/recently_i_read_that_recombination_the_coupling/
|
{
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"text": [
"The answer is that there is a direct relationship between the age of an object and the redshift of an object. This comes out of the [ΛCDM model](_URL_0_) of the universe, which basically just says we trust that general relativity keeps working on really large scales.\n\nIf the current distance between you and another point in the universe is d, and in the past the distance between those points was d', then the ratio d'/d defines the cosmic scale factor a(t). At the present time, a(t*_0_*)=1. At the moment of the big bang, a(t=0) was zero. Therefore we can see that a(t) increased from 0 to 1 over the age of the universe. \n\nNow, once light is created its wavelength expands proportionally with the size of the universe, creating the cosmic redshift. So there is a very simple relationship between the redshift (z) of the light coming from an object and the value of a(t) when that light was created:\n\na(t)=1/(1+z)\n\nWhen we look at the CMB, the \"object\" we are looking at is all the hydrogen in the universe at the moment it became transparent. For a given density of hydrogen gas, there is some temperature where it shifts from plasma to gas (this isn't a perfectly sharp phase transition as others have pointed out, but it is sharp enough for this argument). A plasma is opaque, because the free electrons can absorb light at any frequency. Hydrogen gas is transparent because there are only a few distinct lines that can absorb light. We see this when we look at the sun: the surface of the sun we observe is the place where the temperature gets cool enough for the hydrogen to recombine.\n\nSo, if we know the temperature that hydrogen recombined at (T*_R_*), we can compare that to the current temperature of the CMB and get a redshift:\n\nT = T*_R_*/ (1+z) = T*_R_*\\*a(t) \n\nIf we know what a(t) was, then we can invert that function to calculate t."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)"
] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model"
]
] |
|
5bs5u2
|
how does a single firework explode more than once and every explosion all at once.
|
I saw this on r/gifs/ :_URL_0_
So how does this work. Is there something mechanically in the shell.
Every explosion is right in time.
* The first explosion is a big one. Thats not special.
* The second one, every single explosion at the same time.
* And the final explosion, all at once.
How is the timing so accurate?
Sorry for bad english
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bs5u2/eli5_how_does_a_single_firework_explode_more_than/
|
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"The first is just a rocket pretty much. it explodes and a bunch of shells are released (\"shells\". they're not hard like artillery ones.) with a fuse, of a very specific length and material that is lit by the initial one. this process repeats with the last ones.\n\nWe've been making these things for thousands of years. We've gotten very good at making fuses that burn for very specific amounts of time, in sequence."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/qzA9Lyl.gifv"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
9mu8u2
|
how does voluntary/involuntary breathing work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9mu8u2/eli5_how_does_voluntaryinvoluntary_breathing_work/
|
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"When you go to a doctor's office and they tell you to take a deep breath, that is voluntary breathing. Most breathing falls under the involuntary category so that you don't have to occupy yourself with thinking about breathing all day. \n\nedited to add that voluntary blinking is sort of the same. You blink voluntarily by commanding yourself to do it, or thinking about it, essentially. A doctor tells you to blink your eyes a couple of times... that's voluntary. Most of the time it's involuntary.",
"From what I understand the nervous system doesn't really do anything differently per se. I think it's more a matter of which part/parts of the brain are sending the signal. I believe the Medulla is what normally controls things like breathing, but once you start doing it consciously, it may be that more frontal lobe parts of the brain that involve decision making and motor functions take control.",
"The trigger for involuntary breathing is a rising co2 level. The medulla can measure how acidic the blood is and triggers breathing. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
34cjfd
|
how does fast charging work?
|
Qualcomm and numerous other manufacturers have announced some sort of quick charging technology to charge a battery up to 50% in 15 minutes etc. How does this work? Do they increase the amperage? Wouldn't that damage the battery?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34cjfd/eli5_how_does_fast_charging_work/
|
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"You guessed right. They increase the amperage. With quick charge 1.0 the charger would deliver 2 amps and with quick charge 2.0 the charger delivers 3 amps. This doesn't damage the battery at all. Some lithium batteries are able to be charged in excess of 5 amps.\n\nEdit: as others pointed out I was only half right. Quick Charge does up the amperage to 3 amps, but also increases the voltage as well.",
"Op with the latest update of USB 3 and the push for faster charging times phone manufactures have improved the current load of there flagship smartphones. This improvement allows then to draw in more current which increases the power being supplied to the device (P=IE). This effect can be simulated with older devices if you buy a third party charger with a high current output. However you must be careful because some devices pull the full current while other phones restrict it.",
"Qualcomm's quick charging technology doesn't increase the amps past 2A like you would expect a faster charger to do.\n\n(Not sure if you know this already so I'll briefly explain) Think of volts and amps as a river. Amps are how wide the river is, and volts are how fast the river is flowing. Multiply them together to get watts, which is how quickly your charger can charge.\n\nThe fastest non-quick charge chargers I've found are 5V at 2.4A, or 12 watts. Qualcomm's quick charge technology can charge at three different rates: 5V at 1.6A (8 watts), 9V at 1.6A (14.4 watts), and 12V at 1.6A (19.2 watts). For comparison, wireless charging is usually at 5V and 1A, or just 5 watts.",
"The chargers your speaking of do not just \"input more amperage\" per say. Instead they tell the device's charging circuit to skip a specific, time consuming (but important!) part of the cycle. This allows the device to get to a \"usable\" state quicker but whether its good or bad is really up to the user.\n\n > Does it damage the battery?\n\n Depends how you look at it.\n\nThe battery is a collection \"cells\" daisy-chained (connected in series) together. So 6 2-volt cells produce a 12-volt battery. The first stage of charging a lithium-ion battery is to bring each cell up to at least 2-volts. This is done quick and dirty and the result is some cells are brought up to 2.1-volts and others maybe 2.3-volts. The 2nd stage (and the one these fast chargers skip) is to balance the cells so they're all exactly 2-volts as this insures rated performance and (more importantly) rated load (or wear) of cells. This results in certain cells doing more work than others, leading to quicker failures. And this effect in cumulative in nature. Every time you \"quick charge\" your effectively making it worse and worse. \n\n2nd issue (ignoring the more pressing matter I just mentioned) it would CERTAINLY age the battery faster. Every single time you drain and charge a battery it becomes progressively weaker. If you only charge your device to 50% then of course you will have to charge it more often and of course it will age faster. If your normal routine only requires you to \"normally\" charge your cell phone twice a week but your \"quick charge\" routine requires four charges a week then you will surely have to replace your battery sooner. It's up to the user to determine if this cost is worth the convenience.\n\nIf you really want to know more I encourage you to research the charging phases of lithium-ion batteries.\n\n**Edit: I should of noted all numbers I used were arbitrary numbers just to illustrate the purpose of the charging cycle.**",
"To understand this, you need to know a few basics:\n\n* Voltage (V for Volts) is the potential difference between two points. In this case, it's the difference from ground (0V) and your phone (5V) so there's a potential difference of 5V = Voltage.\n* Current (symbol is I, but unit is A for Amps) is the rate of electric charge going through the cable. Usually from 500mA (0.5A) to 3A.\n* Resistance (Capital Omega for Ohms). The resistance to current. There's more resistance if you have a thinner or longer wire.\n* Ohm's Law (Voltage = Current x Resistance). V=IR. The adapter will supply a voltage, based on the resistance, you have a current.\n\nThink of it as the ol' pipe analogy. Voltage is the water pressure (high voltage = high pressure), Current is the flow of water (high current = high flow), Resistance is the size of the hole (LOW resistance = BIG hole). If you have high pressure and a large hole, you'll have high flow. If you have high pressure and a small hole, you'll have a smaller current. This explains why you'll generally have slower charge from a shitty or a really long cable (big resistance = small current).\n\n* Power (W for Watts) = Current * Voltage. If I have a 5V 1A charger, I have a 5W charger.\n\nThe USB 2.0 spec calls for 5V at 500mA. This is what phones and things traditionally use. As things get more and more power hungry, things started to change. The USB 3.0 spec allows up to 900mA at 5V, and the new type C and Power Delivery specs allow for higher currents (up to 5A at 20V = 100W!). \n\nPhones also traditionally use 5V input. The norm used to be 500mA years ago, then 1A, then higher, higher, and higher, until we're around 2.4A at 5V for traditional chargers for tablets. This higher current at 5V is Fast Charge.\n\nThe problem with current is heat. If you send current through a wire, you'll get heat. One way to increase charging speeds is Qualcomm's Quick Charge 2.0 and other such terms. They use higher voltages to deliver higher power at lower current. This requires specialized power regulation circuitry. \n\nThe problem with quickly charging batteries is indeed, it can prematurely wear out the cells. However, modern batteries are still rated pretty well. You probably don't want to use the quicker charging methods overnight when you don't care if it takes 8 hours to charge, but rather when you're in the car for 15 minutes and your battery is low. Also, latest research shows that it's not as bad as we once thought to quickly charge when the charge is low. Similar to the concept of trickle charge (~90%, drop current very slow to hover between 90 and 100), these faster charging techniques will send higher power until the 50% or whatever, then scale it down.",
"If this helps clarify this is the quick charging rating on my Nexus 6's [charger](_URL_0_). In this case voltage is increased while amperage stays generally the same (except in case of turbo 2).",
"Not sure on the exact science of it, but I have one. My Galaxy 5 has 2 different shaped plugs for different charges to go into it. My charger is one big plug shaped in such a way that it plugs into both of the usb slots, so it charges the phone using both ports instead of one",
"A lot of wrong answers here. Quickcharging happens when the charging adapter communicates with the power management chip (pmic) about the current state of the battery. You see when a battery is empty its chemical state can absorb a lot more current than when the battery is almost full. Quick charging optimizes the electricity throughput with the state of the battery. It requires the charger and the phone pmic to communicate. ",
"The battery itself has an intrinsic voltage window which depends mostly on the material used as the negative and positive electrodes (between 3.0-4.2V for most layered oxide materials, around 3.4V for LFP, these potential are versus lithium metal). This is thermodynamic and you cannot change it. It is like the difference in altitude between two points. \nOne can increase the actual voltage of a battery pack by connecting in series multiple electrodes; but anyway the voltage window is always an intrinsic characteristic of the battery.\n\n\nTo charge faster a battery, you increase the rate at which you perform electrochemical reactions (chemical reactions that involve the transfer of an electron, what is actually happening in a battery) by increasing the electrical current that goes inside the battery. There is no other way to do it. It does damage the battery, mostly because of the rise of temperature involved by higher current (Joule effect). Basically, every side reactions happening in a battery (degradation of the electrolyte, corrosion of current collector...) is promoted by an increase in temperature.\n\n\nPeople here are talking about increasing the charging voltage. I think they are making a mistake between the charging technology (i.e. what you plug to the phone) and the battery itself. Basically you have the power that go out the charger (which is \"current_out*voltage_out\" as already said in other comments), there are some interests in changing both the voltage and the current but it is more a question of electronics than a battery issue. At the end of all the electrical components of the battery management, the voltage of the battery is the one of its two electrodes.\n\n\n\n",
"This one is tough. So there is a thing called power. It's called Watts. Increasing voltage or current is the only way to increase watts. When you increase current on a thin wire like a USB cable it gets hot. When you increase voltage it doesnt, but USB only allows five volts. So everyone has increased the current a long time ago for tablet charging. We found a limit any higher and we need bigger cables.\n\nSo quick charge is new because qualcomm and the like said let's do a secret handshake. If a usb quick charge phone plugs into a quick charge port. The phone will do the secret hand shake. If you get it right we will break the rules together and increase the voltage from five volts to twelve volts. If anyone else shows us and doesn't do the shake we just play it cool and only do five volts. The quick charge phone is able to adapt to twelve volts. \n",
"Lots of good responses and not a one I've seen that ELI5s. \n\nBatteries are akin to a swimming pool 100' above ground. To fill the pool, you need a pump (charger). To get water out you open a valve at the bottom and gravity helps out. Most pumps are relatively weak, taking their sweet time to fill the pool, mostly because the pipes are made of really thin plastic. If you put too much force into the pipes, they burst. This, it turns out is bad. \n\nQualcomm changes this paradigm by strengthening and enlarging the pipes and giving it a variable speed pump that can pump a LOT more water. So when the pool is mostly empty, the pump goes flat out and fills the pool as fast as possible. When it gets closer to being full, it slows down the filling so that water doesn't splash out of the pool. ",
"Made a reddit account because this is literally my job, and it's probably about time anyway.\n\n\nI work for General Motors in fast charging. Currently you can charge your car to about 80% in 40 min. so divide that by half and your pretty close to your numbers in the title. \n\n\nBasically its just the water hose analogy, we're allowing more current through (water) than before which will charge it faster. \n\n\nThere is a difference between AC and DC charging in that AC was the first technology and allows far less current through during a charge (dont ask me why). DC charging just came out recently, within the last 5 years and allows much higher current allowing for full charges to be possible within an hour. \n\n\nHope that answers your question.",
"On method is to use banks of supercaps (super capacitors). That charge up in a matter of seconds, and can hold their charge for a while (not as long as a battery), and as long as they are being immediately used (usually to slow charge the battery, while you use it), they wont degrade.",
" > Do they increase the amperage? \n\nYes. Fast charging uses a higher current (vs typ. 1A USB) AND a higher voltage (ie. 9v). Whichever battery chemistry they are using allows for this. Here's a quick video from Qualcomm that shows the voltage and current differences: _URL_0_\n\n > Wouldn't that damage the battery?\n\nYes to an extent. The ideal charging rate is .5-.7C as this is a good trade off between heat generation and charge time. Exposing LiPo/LiIon to high heat frequently causes the battery to lose durability. \n\nedit: Added link.",
"so in other words, if there is an error, kaboom?",
"A lot of misinformation. Lithium Polymer and Lithium Ion batteries charge very differently than traditional rechargeables. In a nutshell they can handle high amperage for the first half of the charging cycle, which goes much faster depending on the charging current. The second half of the charging cycle occurs once the cells reach 4.2 volts each at which point the charge must start cutting the charging current so that the voltage never exceeds 4.20 volts. \n\nWhat this means in practice is say you are charging a high current battery at 20amps. The first 10 minutes, it's getting a full 20 amps and the voltage slowly rises from 3.7 volts to 4.2. If it kept going at 20 amps then the voltage would go over 4.2 volts and the cell may be damaged or explode, so the charging controller begins cutting the charging current. It does this right on the edge, always keeping the voltage at 4.2volts a cell. As the cell gets more and more full, the charging current goes lower and lower until it is almost nothing, and at that point the battery is charged. \n\nIf you were to imagine a battery as a glass of water, you can fill the glass 80% full by pouring in a huge amount of water with a pitcher, but above 80% it would be too easy for the water to damage the glass so you have to start filling it slower and slower the more the glass is filled, until at the very end you are just adding a drop at a time. \n\n\nIf you were to stop charging the battery as soon as the voltage hit 4.2 volts a cell, the battery isn't fully charged, but that is the point where it will start charging slower and slower to get that last 20% capacity. This is what quick charging is, it just stops at this point instead of spending an additional hour getting that last 20%",
"I'm puzzled by the \"have announced\" part of OP's post. This technology is already here.\n\nMy Note 4 does this today. If I plug it in with 0% charge for 15 minutes, it will be charged 50% at least.\n\nIt is what sealed the deal for me when deciding Note 4 or 6 Plus. I am no longer tied to a outlet.\n\nI hear that the iPhone has this capability too, but the charger that does it does NOT come with the phone. I assume you get to pay Apple's Wheel of Fortune pricing after the fact. The Note 4 comes with the adaptive charger.\n\nBest decision ever! Samsung rules. ",
"I noticed with my Galaxy S5 that it has 2 USB ports on the charger plug, it charges fast but when I use a regular micro-USB port, it charges slowly so I assume it sends two power sources at once with the two USB ports.",
"Is amperage a common term in the US. It is laughed at in the UK. Voltage/ pd, current and resistance are the acceptable words. I think I have answered my own question now because my phone didn't spell check the word...",
"I just got a Galaxy S6 Edge and the fast charger is the most amazing thing ever. Phone is at 20% - > take shower - > phone is at 75%"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/nvK7YJ8.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.qualcomm.com/videos/hands-quick-charge-20-mwc-2015"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
bnha57
|
How did the Practice of buying and selling an Officer's Commission become so widespread in the British military, and did having incompetent rich officers contribute to the decline in their military power?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/bnha57/how_did_the_practice_of_buying_and_selling_an/
|
{
"a_id": [
"en5u05x"
],
"score": [
15
],
"text": [
"I don't see how the sale of commissions could be related to the decline of British military power: purchase of commissions was abolished in 1871 by William Gladstone's Liberal government under the Cardwell Reforms, largely as a response to the debacles of the Crimean War (in particular the Charge of the Light Brigade). The British Empire didn't reach its territorial peak until 1921, and militarily it was arguably at its strongest in 1918.\n\nPrior to the abolition of purchase, the assumption was that a \"gentleman\" of proper education and birth would be fit to lead troops without much additional training: though the Royal Military Colleges at Sandhurst and Woolwich already existed, attendance at Sandhurst was optional and Woolwich was more of a technical college for the Artillery and Engineers. This expectation was not entirely unfounded: cowardice could easily lead to social disgrace, and so most gentlemen officers demonstrated extraordinary bravery on the battlefield. High officer casualties during the Napoleonic Wars discouraged true incompetents and dilettantes from purchasing commissions.\n\nThe real rot set in during the long peace after 1815: as the British Empire grew, so did the Army (peaking at 109 infantry regiments, plus the Brigade of Guards and Rifle Brigade, and 31 regiments of cavalry), and with it the numbers of officers required to lead. Purchase had originally been designed to ensure politically-reliable officers, i.e., moneyed men who had an interest in defending the status quo and would not lead the Army in revolution. However, as the Army grew, it became increasingly difficult for the Military Secretary to vet potential applicants, and so instead, the technically-illegal practice of selling commissions for higher than their paper value was tolerated. Officers' pay was also allowed to stagnate, while \"smart\" regiments like the Cavalry and Guards squeezed out the less-wealthy by requiring huge numbers of extravagantly-tailored uniforms, sometimes changing the uniform pattern twice a year or more. The effect was that as the Army's social prestige grew, with royals lending their patronage to regiments, all-but the upper class was priced out and the officer corps was largely restricted to those with a private income from land or business.\n\nEven at the nadir of the purchase system, the Crimean War, it was not entirely ineffective: it is easily forgotten that the Earl of Cardigan actually led the Charge of the Light Brigade from the front and never looked back, reaching the Russian guns and surviving the fight. However, what Cardigan did next was emblematic of many of the problems the British Army experienced with its officer corps: after the charge, he went back to his yacht moored in Balaclava harbour and enjoyed a champagne dinner. For all their bravery and however well-intentioned they may be, the man-management skills of British officers were appalling, and many spent the winter in the fleet offshore while their men froze on the Crimean Peninsula. Purchase died a death soon afterwards and was replaced by compulsory attendance at Sandhurst with a rigorous entrance exam.\n\nRather amusingly, Gladstone's abolition of purchase was not, as commonly thought, to open the officer corps to young men of the middle classes. It was because the younger sons of wealthy middle class families that had come up from trade and industry were now able to afford commissions and were pricing out the gentry. The abolition of purchase gave men from \"traditional\" military backgrounds the chance to compete with the newcomers.\n\nSources:\n\nRichard Holmes, *Redcoat: The British Soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket*\n\nRoyal Military Academy Sandhurst, *The Queen's Commission: A Junior Officer's Guide*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3crqgu
|
"live within your means" as the saying goes. but why is austerity not a good thing when you are a debt stricken country in a deep recession?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3crqgu/eli5_live_within_your_means_as_the_saying_goes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csyc0vg",
"csyc13l",
"csyc5o3",
"csycmcc"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
11,
2
],
"text": [
"Because the best way to earn money is to spend money, wisely, on good investments. By investing, the government can create work places and provide economical stability to people, this increases spending which in turn increases government income. The problem is when the government has to loan the money to invest, they have to find a creditor willing to run the risk of lending them money.",
"The analogy I can come up with is imagine you're a taxi driver, and you're in debt. Austerity (as far as I know) is akin to your debtors asking you to cut back on gas expenses by getting rid of your cab. Austerity (at least according to its opponents) is strangling the economy of countries already in a recession, making it more difficult for them to rebuild their economy, and move towards repaying their debt.",
"The reason it's good for you to save money as an individual is because you may need the safety net and because one day you may like to keep existing without working for an income. Saving, for an individual, is selfish but necessary. \n\nBut for an economy, everyone saving money is a bad deal, because borrowing makes growth. If I make you wait to open a pizza shop until you have the cash saved to finance it completely, you may never get to open it, and if you do, you'll probably be old and not run it for very long. You may even choose not to do it because keeping your stash is safer. But if I let you borrow money from me to do it, then I can charge you interest. And *you* can make even *more* money selling pizzas than the interest I charge you. And we both make money. Your shop may flop, but that's the bet. You're somewhat insulated by being able to default, and I'm somewhat insulated by charging you interest and making lots of other loans (bets). Of course, if I don't think you'll pay me back, I might charge you more interest or not offer the loan. \n\nIf you're a country, you don't want money hoarded. You want it out in the economy being lent out to people who use it to create more value, like by starting businesses or buying, maintaining , and improving homes. \n\nThese bets, over time and on average, have always worked out for the better. It's how the whole economy basically works. If you sum up all the people in a country's assets and subtract all the debts, you may be surprised to learn that the total is negative. We owe more than we have. And that's because we bet that, in the future, there will be more value because there will be more people and they will be more productive through innovation and technology. \n\nSo, if I'm Greece, I want to bet on my economy's growth and be able to spend at a deficit, but that only works if I make good bets. If I'm Germany, I want to bet on Greece's economy too, but I've been burned recently, and it's more important to me to ensure that my citizens are paid back. \n\n",
"Lack of investment in Greece is why the country has over 25% unemployment.\n\nWith that level of unemployment the wealthy don't want to invest there because they have so few customers.\n\nAusterity removes the ability of the government to invest, and other provisions in the Memorandum prevent the government compelling the private sector to invest and taxing profits (this was what the American government did during WW2, conscripting capital, offering reasonable payment and taxing profit considerably)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4h5a1x
|
why does rolling he windows down help car sickness, but the vent / air conditioner doesn't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4h5a1x/eli5_why_does_rolling_he_windows_down_help_car/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2npdsk"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text": [
"I have found that breathing in through my nose and out through my mouth helps with car sickness, is there a reason why?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2k55cu
|
what is the difference (if any) between medical grade nitroglycerin (like for angina) and "omg explosion" grade nitroglycerin?
|
I carry medical grade Nitroglycerin (GTN/Glyceryl Trinitrate) for Angina, and I have always wondered how come it can be used for medical treatment and carried around with you everywhere, without the volatility which comes with bog standard Nitro.
Are the two the same thing but in dilute quantities? Is the medical stuff treated in some way to reduce or dissipate its effects? Are there any changes in the general chemical structure which affects how volatile the substance is?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2k55cu/eli5_what_is_the_difference_if_any_between/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clhzsd0"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"They are exactly the same thing, except the medical grade is in the range of milligrans, while you need at least a few grams of the stuff to create any kind of noticeable explosion. The medical grade is also very pure due to the fact that you're putting it in your body, a constraint that the explosive doesn't need. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2f4ct5
|
Why was Jesus poor as a Child?
|
I know that after Jesus was born the Three Wise Men gave his family Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh all while saying that he was the prophesied messiah for the Jewish people. Jesus's father, Joseph, was also a descendant of King David while Jesus's step father was related to King Solomon.
With that said how did Jesus still grow up poor? It just doesn't make since to me, surely the Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh alone were enough to make his family a little wealthy.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2f4ct5/why_was_jesus_poor_as_a_child/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ck62v1g"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"I can not answer for the Jesus of Christianity, /u/husky54 or /u/koine_lingua might be able to help with that part and their answers should (hopefully) at least to some degree correspond with what I can tell you about the historical Jesus. \n\nJesus is usually said to have been a carpenter and the son of a carpenter, this is however not entirely correct. Jesus was actually the son of a τέκτων(tekton) (Mathew 13:55, Mark 6:3 etc). A tekton *can* be a carpenter but he doesn't have to be. The root word for tekton is the same one that words like technology, technician etc comes from and usually includes a broader range of craftsman that might, for lack of a better word, have been considered the engineers of the ancient world. Professions usually included in the word tekton are things like builders, masons, carpenters, metal workers etc. In either case, Jesus and Joseph were considered skilled craftsmen. \n\nSo what does that mean in the region at the time? Well, truth be told we can't even say for certain that Nazareth existed at the time, we do however know a little bit about the surrounding area. Nazareth was not far from Sepphoris, a significant town at the time. Right around the time of Jesus birth, Sepphoris had a bit of a misunderstanding with Roman authority and the town was destroyed (how is a little unclear, Josephus says it was burnt down but that is probably not true as archeological evidence does not support it). What we do know is that the town was rebuilt and that this was done in a time when skilled craftsmen were relatively rare in the region. These two pieces, when put together, means that Joseph was probably not poor. Work for a tekton would have been relatively abundant, even more so with the reconstruction of Sepphoris going on only an hours walk away.\n\nWas Joseph, and through him Jesus, poor? Historically speaking, no, probably not. \n\n\n*Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life* - David A. Fiensy\n\n*Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence* - Jonathan L. Reed \n\n*The Archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine* - Ariel Lewin"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
ajr8zh
|
how do airport codes work when there are 17,678 commercial airports but only 17,576 possible combinations of letters?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ajr8zh/eli5_how_do_airport_codes_work_when_there_are/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eey00ne"
],
"score": [
19
],
"text": [
"IATA codes are only used for airports that have scheduled passenger service. Pilots use ICAO codes for airports. Ticket booking and baggage systems use IATA codes and there are only about 3000 airports that need those."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8iji6t
|
Why don't strong magnetic fields disrupt the normal electrical activity of cells?
|
If cells rely on charged particles for function, such as the electrochemical gradient of a nerve cell, it seems like a strong magnetic field should change the alignment/direction/movement of the molecules.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/8iji6t/why_dont_strong_magnetic_fields_disrupt_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dysj8n6",
"dytd9es"
],
"score": [
6,
2
],
"text": [
"So most magnetic fields only very weakly effect the eletrons in your body, and generally not enough to displace them from the nucleus of the atom. Basically the local forces tend to dominate the energetic landscape compared to the external field. Now you can have Zeeman splitting, where electrons of different spins will assume slightly different energy levels, but again this is usually not enough to drive distinct chemistry under normal body conditions. One exception to this is thought to be the magnetic field sensing of birds and flies, which are believed to have a UV sensitive protein in their eyes, which does quarum sensing based on the magnetic field. (Basically has two reactions that can occur based on the field strength). This in theory allows them to “see” magnetic fields in a way that we can’t. There are also a species of mud dwelling bacteria that synthesis magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which they use to find direction in the dark mud. I would also look up reptiles third pseudo eye if your interested, as this can also detect magnetic fields to some degree, although I believe that it’s usefulness is still up to some debate ",
"We just don't have fields strong enough to see a strong effect. With 1 Tesla and typical parameters of electrons you get energy differences of [less than 1 meV](_URL_0_). Compare this to ~25 meV thermal energy and ~1 eV energy of chemical bonds. The strongest long-term magnetic fields we have are about 100 Tesla.\n\nYou can see an effect of the magnetic field much earlier (few Tesla) if you move in it, as the motion induces electric currents. This is an issue in strong MRI devices."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=electron+charge+*+0.1+nm+*+1+Tesla+*+speed+of+light+*+1%2F137"
]
] |
|
3c09c3
|
How popular was jesus by the time of his death?
|
Also, did he have more haters, followers, or people were neutral about him?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3c09c3/how_popular_was_jesus_by_the_time_of_his_death/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csr6kia"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"This is truly an excellent question. One that could actually take pages and chapters to answer (which many have done and I will cite below) but I will do my best to try and help answer it briefly. I have also answered similar questions to this in the past, so I hope you don’t mind if I copy and paste some of my past answers into this thread and just prune it to answer your question.\n\nRight off the back, it can be safely argued that Jesus was pretty unpopular around the time of his death (which we can safely argue was probably around the year 30, plus/minus 5 years) but he would have had to have had at least a somewhat sizeable number of people for his teachings to gain followers. Why do we know that? Well there are a few things that make us think this way.\n\nFirst, the first person to start writing about Jesus was Paul, who started writing sometime around the year 50. Now it’s important to recognize that Paul never met Jesus while he was alive, so he never writes about many things Jesus did or said. Historian Bart Ehrman actually wrote about this in his book last year: [How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee](_URL_2_) Where in it, Ehrman explains:\n\n > The problems with Paul are that he didn’t actually know Jesus personally and that he doesn’t tell us very much about Jesus’s teachings, activities, or experiences. I sometimes give my students an assignment to read through all of Paul’s writings and list everything Paul indicates Jesus said and did. My students are surprised to find that they don’t even need a three-by-five card to list them. — (Page 88).\n\nIt is important to note that it is widely believed that other Christians had started writing about Jesus prior to this period, but that their work no longer exists.\n\nSo why do I mention this about Paul? Well, it’s because it shows that Jesus’ followers had started to pick up by this time period (20 years after his death). It also shows that by the time Paul started writing, there had to have been a sizable and somewhat diverse group of people who started following Jesus’ message. The writings of Paul are quite well-written (for their time) and the Gospells (which would be written in the following few decades) are even more professionally written for their time (Mark being the least well-written and Luke being the best). This does suggest that in order to get a sizable amount of well-educated people to write down these stories, regardless of their errors, there had to have been a decent size following or their population would have faded away (like many other cults during this time period.)\n\nI will say though, that his followings couldn’t have been too large. I argue this because there isn't a whole lot about Jesus written by non-Jewish/non-Christians (I use this last term loosely when applying it to the first century CE) prior to the second century. As some people may note, the first person to write about Jesus and his followers who was **not a Jesus follower** was the Jewish historian Josephus, who would only briefly mention Jesus in his twenty plus volume history of the Jewish people called The Antiquities of the Jews. Here Josephus discussed the execution of a man named James, whom Josephus described as “the brother of Jesus who is called the messiah” (Ant. 20.9.1) (I’d also like to note that Josephus never believed in Jesus being the Messiah, he was merely stating what others had said). He does also discuss Jesus again, but I won’t bore you with ancient quotes that would take me far too long put into context.\n\nLong story short: Followers of Jesus would have had to have had a decent number behind them by the time Josephus left the Levant (area near present day Israel) in order for him to have mentioned them at all, but due to the fact that he barely says more than a paragraph about him in all his writings suggest that Christianity (as it would soon be called) was not too popular. \n\nTL;DR: It’s likely that Jesus was not too well-known at the time of his death (the average Jewish peasant was unlike to have heard of him had they not lived un Judea), but his following would have had to have been sizeable enough to spread the stories of his life by oral tradition in order to gain such a noticeable following by the second half of the first century CE. It’s also worth reading John Dominic Crossan’s book: [The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant ](_URL_1_) to gain more information about this very topic. \n\n\n**EDIT to add one more source** Another great book that actually deals with the very people we are talking about (early Christians in the immediate aftermath of Jesus' death) was done by an excellent historian named John Dominic Crossan, who wrote a book called: [The Birth of Christianity : Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus](_URL_0_) . This is definitely worth a read for anyone who is interested in this topic. I'm ashamed I didn't remember it earlier. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.amazon.com/Birth-Christianity-Discovering-Immediately-Execution/dp/0060616601/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&sr=&qid=",
"http://www.amazon.com/The-Historical-Jesus-Mediterranean-Peasant/dp/0060616296",
"http://www.amazon.com/How-Jesus-Became-God-Exaltation/dp/0061778192/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1435944758&sr=8-1&keywords=how+did+jesus+become+god"
]
] |
|
1jdm16
|
the entire plot of bioshock infinite. still haven't figured it out completley.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jdm16/eli5_the_entire_plot_of_bioshock_infinite_still/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbdmbdq"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Spoilers obviously.\n\nBooker DeWitt fought in the battle at wounded knee, which was a very bad thing if you weren't aware. Afterwords he felt strong remorse for what he did and considered going to a baptism to try and absolve himself of his sins.\n\nNow in the universe of Bioshock there are an infinite amount of alternate dimensions where people made different choices and things went differently. So at the baptism two different universes where created. One in which Booker didn't get baptized and developed no coping mechanism for dealing with his guilt, and one where he coped with his crimes by convincing himself they where all just and noble actions, and in order to do this he became super racist.\n\nEvil booker became comstock and invented a flying city of racism, but discovered he was sterile, so in order to have a biological child he sent the Lutices into another dimension to buy good booker's kid. Elizabeth left a finger in one universe and as such got superpowers because whatever. Latter the lutices became pan dimensional omnipotent platonic life mates because whatever but felt very guilty so they gave good booker a chance to redeem himself by saving his magic daughter from another dimension.\n\nEdit: oh yeah. The ending. At the end Booker says he wants to kill Comstock when he was born and Elizabeth interprets this as meaning the moment he was baptized as that is the moment Comstock was created. So hella Elizabethans from hella dimensions get together and drown all of the Comstocks the second they're baptized, leaving all of the Bookers who didn't get baptised alive, which is why Booker still has Anna (elizabeth) at the end of the game."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8r8h7k
|
if you melt a penny or rip up a dollar, are you combating inflation, since that cash is no longer in circulation? or is inflation less straightforward?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8r8h7k/eli5_if_you_melt_a_penny_or_rip_up_a_dollar_are/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e0palba"
],
"score": [
15
],
"text": [
"Yes, you are combatting inflation, but the amount of new currency that is added to the economy everyday is so massive that unless you were to orchestrate a huge money burn, you couldn’t make any sort of difference "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
jmawr
|
How far from the Earth would an asteroid big enough to destroy all life be visible?
|
I ask because I am writing a graphic novel in which an asteroid is on a collision course with Earth, and I would like to have an idea of when to put an image of it in the sky.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/jmawr/how_far_from_the_earth_would_an_asteroid_big/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"c2db3ld",
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"score": [
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Visible to the best astronomical tools luckily pointed in the right direction, visible to back yard telescopes, visible like a star, or visible like the impending doom of a rapidly growing fireball?",
"Almost no asteroid could destroy ALL life. There are sulfer fixing bacteria at the deepest sea vents that are not dependant upon the sun.",
"From [the Wikipedia article on Asteroid-impact avoidance](_URL_1_), impact by a 10 km asteroid would likely be an extinction level event.\n\nFor a solar system body, its [absolute magnitude](_URL_0_) (*H*) is the magnitude it would have at 1 AU from the Sun and 1 AU from the Earth. It's [apparent magnitude](_URL_2_) is a measure of a body's brightness as seen from Earth. Smaller magnitude means a brighter object. For something to be visible to the naked eye it has to have an apparent magnitude of 6 or less (this assumes dark sky, not a city).\n\nTo convert from diameter to absolute magnitude I found [this table](_URL_3_) which gives you *H* of 12.5 to 13.5 for a 10km asteroid. I worked through the numbers, and it turns out a *H*=12.5 object has to be within about 0.03 AU (about 4.5 million kilometers) of Earth for it to be naked eye visible.",
"Visible to the best astronomical tools luckily pointed in the right direction, visible to back yard telescopes, visible like a star, or visible like the impending doom of a rapidly growing fireball?",
"Almost no asteroid could destroy ALL life. There are sulfer fixing bacteria at the deepest sea vents that are not dependant upon the sun.",
"From [the Wikipedia article on Asteroid-impact avoidance](_URL_1_), impact by a 10 km asteroid would likely be an extinction level event.\n\nFor a solar system body, its [absolute magnitude](_URL_0_) (*H*) is the magnitude it would have at 1 AU from the Sun and 1 AU from the Earth. It's [apparent magnitude](_URL_2_) is a measure of a body's brightness as seen from Earth. Smaller magnitude means a brighter object. For something to be visible to the naked eye it has to have an apparent magnitude of 6 or less (this assumes dark sky, not a city).\n\nTo convert from diameter to absolute magnitude I found [this table](_URL_3_) which gives you *H* of 12.5 to 13.5 for a 10km asteroid. I worked through the numbers, and it turns out a *H*=12.5 object has to be within about 0.03 AU (about 4.5 million kilometers) of Earth for it to be naked eye visible."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_.28H.29",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid-impact_avoidance",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude",
"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/h.html"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_.28H.29",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid-impact_avoidance",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude",
"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/h.html"
]
] |
|
2hgwhp
|
why do phone companies, like the iphone, focus on making smartphones thinner rather than putting in a bigger battery?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hgwhp/eli5_why_do_phone_companies_like_the_iphone_focus/
|
{
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"It would appear that the market doesn't demand it, or at least manufacturers don't think the market wants it. The fact that literally anyone could make an android phone using mostly off-the-shelf chips, (\"anyone\" being \"anyone with access to a PCB printing and assembly plant\"), but we have yet to see a real large-capacity battery option.\n\nI mean, companies like Huawei and ZTE churn out smartphone models like they're dim-sum, but not a single model is focused on long battery life.\n\nAlso, an external battery can be added to most phones without adding much more bulk than a larger internal battery would. Leaving it \"up to the customer\" to add battery capacity if desired.",
"Diminishing returns. The biggest concern when it comes to smartphones is heat, secondary is power draw. A thicker battery means a lower surface area to dissipate the additional heat generated by the chemical interactions generating electric power within the battery. This leads to inefficiency and dangers involving excess heat.\n\nIt isn't just for show",
"Look at sales. There have been quite a few smart phones that have focused on battery life being the number 1 priority. The problem was that they didn't sell as well as the new phone that's 1 mm thinner. ",
"Because a lot of people, (And people buying apple products especially) are not primarily interested in the item for being functionally better, but rather in buying a sleek status symbol. And you can't see a longer battery life.",
"Phone salesman here so Ill answer using what I know about the market.\n\nThings like the iPhone and Samsung have become popular for valuing things like function, power and style over just battery life. It really is a secondary value that the majority wants on their phone. People are overall content with something they only have to charge at night time and people will desk jobs can charge them there. \n\nWith the amount of people who drink of iPhones like it's a good beer they'll complain to no end about the phones battery life but often stick with it anyway simple for brand familiarity, usability and love of apple products in general. Now android phones do tend to have better battery life and do often use that as a selling feature but androids are generally more preferred by the more tech savvy or people who are more knowledgeable in general...not always at all, lots of people buy samsung just cause they think it's the \"cool android\" and many people buy iPhones know a lot about tech. It's just something that many don't focus on in their marketing. LG does quite a bit now and they're blooming a lot lately after the Nexus 4 and Optimus' success.\n\nFunny thing though, when the iphone 3G was first announced Blackberry was so sure that it would never catch on simply because of the poor battery life but because of that switched up their mobile phone model too late and are now on a slow bleed till they're gone for good. \n\ntl;dr people value style and brand familiarity over overall usefullness and function than a longer lasting battery for a less attractive device. ",
"Marketing. A \"sleek\", thin phone looks better on the picture than the text \"longer lasting battery\". Most people are just talking apes.",
"The Note has a much bigger battery, as well as processing power. Bigger, faster phones are emerging, over time",
"When given a choice between longer runtime from bigger batteries (smart), and thinner profile and lighter weight (sexy), consumers will go for sexy every time. The average consumer doesn't care about practical. They want bells and they want whistles. Glitz and glam. Image is everything."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1lyrh7
|
what really happens when you re-enter earth's atmosphere in a space shuttle (gravity wise)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lyrh7/eli5what_really_happens_when_you_reenter_earths/
|
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"Nothing happens gravity wise. Gravity is the force that pulls 2 objects to each other. A space shuttle is pulled towards the earth, the closer it get's the harder the pull. But nothing significant happens gravity wise when it enters the atmosphere. ",
"Note that it is not as much 'friction', as in air molecules rubbing against the shuttle's surface. Of course, this happens, but it is not the major effect. Air behaves a bit differently at hypersonic speeds.\n\nThe air in front of the shuttle just can't get out of the way. It builds up in a shock wave, an area of extreme high pressure, into which the shuttle tries to move. This pressure pushes back on the craft, slowing it.\n\nHigh pressures create high temperatures, so those heat shields are still needed.\n\n",
"Force of gravity on the space station is about 90% of what it is on a surface. \n\nBecause everything is in a free-fall, no one really experiences it, but that doesn't mean that pull of the gravity doesn't exist."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
anv9b3
|
are musicians brains "wired" differently than non-musicians?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/anv9b3/eli5_are_musicians_brains_wired_differently_than/
|
{
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"efw9izz"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"A well-trained musician can hear notes and different types of instruments in pieces. They study music and can decipher music regularly. I would say anyone can learn music and be able to create a song if you learn the foundations of music. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1dbmc2
|
why cant i smell or taste when i catch a cold?
|
Anytime I catch a cold, I find myself without a sense of taste or smell. Anyone know why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dbmc2/why_cant_i_smell_or_taste_when_i_catch_a_cold/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9oz693"
],
"score": [
3
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"text": [
"When you have a cold, phlegm blocks the passages to the olfactory receptors at the top of the nose meaning that less air is going to pass over them. Thus, fewer molecules are reaching the olfactory cells because they are being blocked by the phlegm. The taste of food is determined more by smell than taste, so the reason that food does not have as much flavor when you have a cold is because of the reduction in smell sensitivity not a reduction in taste sensitivity (taste can only indicate sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4s4yse
|
Viking height and build.
|
Vikings are often depicted as being exceptionally tall and well built for their time. I know that they kept no written records of themselves and every written account we have of them is written by the people who they invaded, so they may have depicted them this way deliberately. Their diet seemed to be more protein and fat rich compared to most of the people they invaded and they seemed to live quite active lifestyles. These days as well most northern Europeans are tall and well built. How true is the depiction of vikings being exceedingly tall and well built for their time.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4s4yse/viking_height_and_build/
|
{
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"d56moy1"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Hi there! The thing to keep in mind about your question is that, properly used, the term \"Viking\" refers to an *occupation*, not an ethnic group or proto-nation or whatever. That is, \"vikings\" were people who participated in viking activity: seafaring raiding, banditry and piracy along the coasts and even far inland in Europe during the \"viking age.\" The term in English has been used more loosely to denote the group of people who produced viking raiders, that is the Norse population of Scandinavia, since the mid-18th century, gaining popularity in connection with the various Scandinavian nationalist movements of the 19th century. So asking how \"Vikings\" were built is a bit like asking how, for example US Marines are built -- they are people who self-selected for a military or militaristic lifestyle. \n\nThat said, as you await more answers, some of these older questions/answers might be relevant to you. \n\n[How \"big\" was the average Viking warrior? How would they compare to average people today? What about Roman or Spartan warriors?](_URL_2_)\n\n[Very interested in an Historian's perspective on an Icelandic myth, and if one of you could comment on whether or not it was possible for humans 1000 years ago to compete with the competitive strongmen of today](_URL_0_)\n\n\n[How strong/muscular were ancient warriors? Did they know enough about muscle growth to be the same build as many athletes/bodybuilders now? When did humans start becoming adept at bodybuilding?](_URL_1_?)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2uq6ly/very_interested_in_an_historians_perspective_on/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1huqtq/how_strongmuscular_were_ancient_warriors_did_they/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2qexcq/how_big_was_the_average_viking_warrior_how_would/"
]
] |
|
3ysqv2
|
how my neighbor's radon exhaust pipe is not a health concern for me.
|
My neighbors have a radon exhaust pipe that is pulling radon from beneath the slab of their home and exhausting it outside, about 15 feet from my home. These pipes are estimated to exhaust at 2000 pCi/L when the EPA says there is "no safe level" but you should mitigate your home if it is greater than 4 pCi/L.
Yes, the radon "dissipates" into the air but it has to go somewhere-- what's to stop it from coming in my windows and doors? So it's constantly coming into my home at a low concentration? No exposure is safe-- how is this not a threat to my health?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ysqv2/eli5_how_my_neighbors_radon_exhaust_pipe_is_not_a/
|
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"We have a radon exhaust pipe as well. The way it was explained to me is that the rador is exhausted into the air above the level at which people normally live and breathe. Mine is about 15 feet up on the side of my garage and my nearest neighbor is about 30 feet from it. It dissipates in the air. Inside, there is typically not much fresh air, even if you have a fan, unless you specifically have an air exchanger. And even if you do an air exchanger exchanges WAY LESS air then you would have outside. Have you had your home checked for radon as well?\n\nEDIT -- The way it was explained to me was that a house becomes more of a gateway for radon because breaking into the ground to forms a foundation makes it easier (creates an opening) for the radon to come into the home at that point. It is better to put it into the air to dissipate than to leave it sit stagnant in a home. ",
"To dilute your neighbor's exhaust to safe levels, you need 500L of air for every L of exhaust. If you have 5m between your houses, and your houses are 10m tall, and the pipe is 10cm (3\") wide, then you have 5000L of air in the slice of air between your houses that's as wide as the pipe. If you have a breeze of 10% the speed of the air flowing out the pipe, even ignoring that the atmosphere extends up much higher than the roof of your house, you are fine.\n\nIt would be much more important to run a radon test in your basement. Radon is not a localized geologic problem. If your neighbor has a problem, you probably have a problem as well.",
" > Yes, the radon \"dissipates\" into the air but it has to go somewhere\n\nActually, it doesn't. :)\n\nRadon is radioactive gas. Its most common isotope has a half life of a little less than 4 days, and decays into a solid. It is also a very heavy gas, 7 times heavier than air, and is more likely to collect on the ground than fly into windows and doors.\n\n > No exposure is safe-- how is this not a threat to my health?\n\nYou have to put this in the proper perspective. By these standards, no exposure to UV radiation is safe, no automobile is safe, no [banana](_URL_0_) is safe. What is more important is \"acceptable levels\", which represent little increased risk compared to other sources of exposure. ",
"Umm for the same reason the exhaust pipes on cars and trucks aren't a health concern for you assuming you aren't shoving your face in the tail pipe?",
"If your neighbors basement has radon, what makes you think your site doesn't? Maybe you should worry about things worth worrying about.",
"I'm curious where you have your own radon exhaust if you feel your neighbor's is a bigger concern than your own.\n\nIf you don't have one (and even if you do, no system is 100 %), any amount of radon coming from your neighbor's exhaust will be negligible compared to what you already have.",
"I agree with you that your neighbours having a Radon exhaust pipe is absolutely a cause for concern. \n\nHowever, the concern is not that their exhaust may harm you, it is that they have one and you, right next door, do not. It's a sign your local geology means you should be watching out for it building up in your basement. ",
"There is very little radon gas in the exhaust. What they probably have is an active soil depressurization system. Its purpose is to lower the pressure in the soil beneath the house by pumping vapours in that soil to the outside. Normally, the pressure of gasses inside the soil is higher than the the air pressure in the house. This pressure differential allows some of the gasses in the soil, including radon, to seep into the house. So the purpose of the system isn’t to pump radon out of the house, but to lower the vapour pressure in the soil under the house. Of course, some of that vapour being pumped out will consist of radon gas.\n\nRadon is a naturally occurring gas and there is always some radon in the air we breath. The amount coming from your neighbour’s pipe is very unlikely to increase your exposure by any meaningful amount if at all. \n\nIt might be worthwhile to have your own house tested, although it is not uncommon to have two houses next to each other where one has a problem and the other doesn’t. It has to do with the construction and airtightness of the houses and the makeup soil of the soil directly underneath each house.",
"Huh. I have a radon mitigation system but it exhausts out the roof. Because radon is heavier than air I figured it would be bad to exhaust it at ground level. I guess I never thought a lot about it, but so long as it's not in my house I don't care where it goes. Most of the houses in this area have them because there was a big scare about radon in the 80s and everyone freaked and bought one from fly by night salesmen. (It came with the house)",
"Some perspective: Your neighbor's Radon mitigation is not affecting your health. You not having Radon mitigation is a much more significant risk to you and your family's health.\n\n**Before you start overreacting to something you don't understand and make your neighbor think you're an idiot**, Google Radon and Radon Mitigation.",
"How is it that your neighbor has a radon gas problem and you do not. That's what I would be worried about. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://xkcd.com/radiation/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1lsrkc
|
why do homeless peoples dogs always seem so immaculately well trained?
|
And how do they do it?
Prompted by this [.gif](_URL_0_). I am not in any way implying the guy in the gif is homeless, but it reminded me of the kind of obedience you see in homeless dogs.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lsrkc/eli5_why_do_homeless_peoples_dogs_always_seem_so/
|
{
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5
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"text": [
"They don't exactly have very busy days, so they train their dogs in that time.",
"I think it's a combination of several things:\n\n1. They probably aren't fed well, so they may lack the energy to be as excitable as house-bred dogs. \n\n2. They're out in the open all day with a constant companion. This isn't a dog stuck inside a house while their master is at work all day. Nor is it a dog that is chained outside alone for the night. \n\n3. The dog may be one of the only things the homeless person feels they can \"control.\" Considering they have no other assets, they may put some extra care into their dog. In my experience, I've also noticed a high level of selflessness from the owner in these situations. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/ouazRNn.gif"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
z4vsh
|
How would a tyrannosaurus rex have laid down to rest, and then get back up? It seems with such small arms, lying down and righting-oneself up would be a disadvantage.
|
EDIT: Wow! Thanks for all of the responses. This is great!
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/z4vsh/how_would_a_tyrannosaurus_rex_have_laid_down_to/
|
{
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"text": [
"At least one scientific paper has tackled this question:\n\nNewman, B.H. 1970. Stance and gait in the flesh-eating dinosaur *Tyrannosaurus*. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society vol. 2, p. 119-123.\n\nHowever, since we now know that *T. rex*'s palms faced each other rather than towards the ground, they might not have been as useful for pushing off the ground as previously believed. ",
"Birds do not sleep on their sides, they bend their legs (and usually tuck their head under their wings) There is speculation that this is how a Dinosaur such as a T-rex would rest. Although obviously without the wing. \n\n\nMei, a dinosaur related to T-rex but much smaller has been found fossilised in this position. \n\n\n_URL_0_\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei_%28dinosaur%29"
]
] |
|
2qki5m
|
what the hell is windows updating all the time?
|
seriously windows installs updates almost every day but there are no changes at all
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qki5m/eli5what_the_hell_is_windows_updating_all_the_time/
|
{
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"text": [
"A majority are security updates. Behind the scenes stuff. Necessary, but usually not cosmetic in nature.",
"Updates aren't really pushed \"every other day\" (unless it's a super duper important thing that needs to be sorted now), but rather every month or so. Some updates require others to be applied first, before they can be downloaded which might be why you see new ones a day or so when it checks again.\n\nBugs or exploits in code are found, they're patched for your sake. Things are being changed, but not at the Desktop level.",
"You know how your computer isn't constantly becoming part of a botnet?\n\nYou're welcome.",
"They don't. They almost never release more than one set of patch updates a week, and rarely even that often. They can release updates for the definitions for the built in anti malware more often.\n\nSometimes you will need to reboot more than once to fully install a patch set, but that is usually when you have waited many weeks between updates.\n\nOften after rebooting as part of an update some third party software (java, adobe) will realize it wants to update as well.",
"They are released on the 2nd Tuesday of every month. \nTake a note of the number for the updates being installed. Some updates extremely rarely have had a bug where they reinstall over and over again.\nIf this is the case you can normally Google a way to fix this. Generally however the day after patch day when they are released, you should install them all at once and have nothing until the next month.",
"Real question is \"why is it so long to download a 350 ko patch, why does it take 100 % cpu to do so, why does it requests several reboot and why does linux does it so much better\". Being unable to use my computer for 30 minutes in a row because of updates was the reason I switched to Linux 5 years ago... "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2er5c7
|
Can small multicelled organisms sense or detect single celled organisms?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2er5c7/can_small_multicelled_organisms_sense_or_detect/
|
{
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"text": [
"Not my field specifically, BUT:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nWhile I can't seem to find any details anywhere (too many scare articles on 'brain eating amoebas') several places have said amoebas detect various chemicals in their environment and will move towards/away from certain stimuli including food. It's food is a single celled organism. \n\nNow the slime moulds are basically just a big mass of amoebas that display many of the things we would associate with much more complex organisms… but they are generally considered multicellular (it is vaguely up for debate, but the evidence is strong). \n\nSo there you have a multicellular organism that can detect bacteria. ",
"This question is too broad to answer - considering that many of these small organisms prey or live symbiotically with each other, there is not one, but thousands of ways that they detect each other or communicate.\nIf you consider 959 cells to be a small multicelled organism, than C. elegans can detect E. coli as it is their food source.\nThis trend goes all the way down to bacteria sensing other bacteria through methods such as quorum sensing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime_mold"
],
[]
] |
||
3x5exg
|
would inflation exist if our money were backed by something?
|
My understanding is that inflation occurs when the cost of goods goes up. If the cost of grain goes up, the cost of bread goes up, which means people need to spend more money to get the same amount of goods.
If our money were backed by something, like gold (or better yet, silver) would inflation occur? If not, why?
Bonus question: How does one calculate inflation?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3x5exg/eli5_would_inflation_exist_if_our_money_were/
|
{
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"cy1oj8g"
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"text": [
"Sure it would--but inflation would then be tied to the supply of the backing, rather than just the supply of notes themselves. For example, the Spanish imported so much gold from the New World that they experienced dreadful inflation that was really damaging to their economy. That's the downside of the gold standard--if somebody discovers an previously unknown vein of gold, suddenly you have inflation, even when your economists really don't think that's good for the economy right now.\n\nInflation is typically measured by looking at the increase in prices of a standard \"basket\" of goods and services. When you hear the word \"inflation\" without qualification, that usually means inflation on the kinds of things consumers buy, as measured by baskets like the U.S. Consumer Price Index."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
34e5a1
|
how can there be so many different interpretations of a single religious text?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34e5a1/eli5_how_can_there_be_so_many_different/
|
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"text": [
"Because try as we might, words can be very imprecise. Even nonreligious, everyday phrases can be interpreted in many different ways. \n\nAnd then add to that the fact that it's been translated from language to language to language, then the original meanings can be lost very easily. \n\nAs an experiment, take a sentence from your favorite book and type it into google translate from English to Spanish. Now copy that and translate it from Spanish to Japanese. Now copy that and translate it from Japanese to German. Now copy that and translate it back to English. Do you think the original message of the sentence matches the new one?\n\n",
"Religions are old. So the languages used are old. Plus words often have multiple meaning. \nOften while translating text from scripture the original meaning gets lost. And the new meaning gets stuck. The language also changes overtime. So all of these factors add to that change. ",
"A big source of different interpretations is the question of descriptive (X happened) vs. prescriptive (go and do X) portions of scripture. \n\nSome parts of the Bible, for example, are clearly descriptive. The message in the story of Cain killing Abel is not \"Now go and kill your brother if you feel jealous of him\". Other parts are clearly prescriptive, like the Ten Commandments. Some are both, like the story of [Shadrach, Meschach and Abednego](_URL_0_) refusing to worship an idol in Babylon.\n\nThe question of whether various parts of the Bible are just descriptive of events, or prescriptive at the time, or prescriptive for all Christians at all times, leads to a lot of disagreement about a lot of things. But they're good conversations to have.",
"I often wonder about this too! It seems the basic tenets of all religions are the same - be kind to your neighbour, give to charity, have faith - but the difference in interpretations can be vast. How come some people who read the bible interpret that we should not drink alcohol but other people reading the same book interpret that it is ok?\nI think this comes about from using a text as a guide to life.\n\nHypothetically, if we used any other different text (Lord of the Rings, or Pride and Prejudice) as a \"Bible\", there would be just as many interpretations of these as well. There will be as many interpretations of a text as there are people reading it, as each person brings their background and past experiences to what they read. In theory, if you find enough people with the same interpretation as you, you could start an ongoing religion where others who join later don't even need to interpret the text as you can tell them what it means. And so various branches of religions came about!",
"The comments about translation miss the point.\n\nThe reason that different people read the same text, regardless of its history, and come up with different interpretations is that there is no external, objective, verifiable referent by which to measure accuracy.\n\nOur brains possess mirror neurons and have the ability to emulate and model the thoughts and opinions of others. These areas of the brain are distinct from the areas that govern our own thoughts and opinions.\n\nThey have done experiments in fMRI scanners: subjects were asked about social issues, and what they think the stances of \"an 'average American', Bill Gates (a celebrity with relatively unknown beliefs) and George Bush (a celebrity whose positions are well-known).\"\n\nDiscrete areas of the brain activate to emulate those persons' opinions. But when asked about what *God* thinks about those social issues, the areas that light up correspond to *one's own opinions about social issues.* Put simply, to any given individual, **God thinks like you.**\n\nAnd since no two people have the exact same opinions about complex or controversial issues, their interpretation of scripture will invariably correspond to their egocentric projection about the will of God.\n\nAnd since God doesn't seem inclined to bestir himself to settle various questions, there's no method to separate true beliefs from errors. And the different interpretations persist.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Let's start with two assumptions that aren't true, but will set up a baseline: (1) that everyone speaks the same langueage (and that the scriptures are written in that language), and (2) that everyone is interpreting in good faith.\n\nEven within that framework, there is a great deal of room for disagreement. So a star appears that tells some scholars that something special is happening and they decide to take a 12-day road trip to find out what it is. They find the birth of a child. Now, this point is trivia, but people can get very hung up on it: how old was Jesus when the magi got to the manger? Was he born that day (and the star had guided them in 12 days in advance), or was he 12 days old (the star having appeard on the day of his birth)? Maybe it's neither, and the star appeared some days prior or after, such that the magi still arrrived to see Jesus as an infant, but . . . that kind of detail isn't really clear.\n\nNow, I used that particular detail because it is of little significance, but people argue about more significant details *all the time*.\n\nNow, that all said, we now can introduce the idea of things getting lost in translation. Consider: \"Factum est, autem, in diebus illis, exiit edictum a Caesare Augusto ut describberentur universis orbis.\" Now, I grant that this may or may not have been originally in Latin, but let's take it from there as I speak Latin.\n\nThis is usually translated as, \"In those days, a decree came down from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be enrolled.\" \n\nCan we trsnlate that differently? Yup! How about, \"However, as it was done in those days, a decree came out from Casear Augustus that the whole world should be counted.\" This actually picks up some nuances that are in the Latin translation but not typically carried forth, to wit, that this sort of decree was a common occurrance. It also avoids an archaic usage in English, by replacing \"enrolled\" with a more specific \"counted\" \n\nHow about \"However, Caesar Agustus had decreed that a census be taken.\" That's a very liberal translation, but probably closer to common contemporary English usage.\n\nAgain, it is a matter of little significance, which makes it a safe topic for discussion ;)\n\nFinally, we have the matter of good faith. In short, not every member of the clergy is a good person. Some are more interested in power than in leading their followers to salvation, and some will go so far as to mislead their followers for purposes of consolidating that power. Sad, but true.\n\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+3&version=ESV"
],
[],
[
"http://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2009/11/30/creating-god-in-ones-own-image/"
],
[]
] |
||
ehjve2
|
how are new variations of plants and fruits created?
|
I get that different "species" of them are combined, but how? It's not like the mating partner can be selected.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ehjve2/eli5_how_are_new_variations_of_plants_and_fruits/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fcjpanq",
"fckxksh"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Lucky mutations or experiments, seeing what pollen you can mix and still get a fruit for example. Nowadays also gene editing",
"A mating partner IS selected. Nowadays, it's all done in sterile labs, where a biologist can take pollen from one plant and purposefully fertilize another plant with it. Assuming there were two different varieties to begin with, this creates a third variety. As already mentioned, direct gene editing is also sometimes used, to add properties from a different species."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1ml5r9
|
How were Latinos/Hispanics treated in pro-Slavery America?
|
As a Mexican I noticed in history class that slavery always concerned "Whites and Blacks", so I'm curious as to how Hispanics/Latinos and other non-whites were treated in Slave states? Were any forced into slavery somehow? Were their rights restricted much?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1ml5r9/how_were_latinoshispanics_treated_in_proslavery/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cca8vdh"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"You may be interested in some of the past questions collected in our section on [How were other minorities treated during the period of racial segregation in America?](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/us_history#wiki_how_were_other_minorities_treated_during_the_period_of_racial_segregation_in_america.3F"
]
] |
|
cvsy6i
|
why dont my stomach acids dissolve me from the inside?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cvsy6i/eli5_why_dont_my_stomach_acids_dissolve_me_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ey66apa",
"ey68ums",
"ey69h98",
"ey6rqvz",
"ey6uoyu"
],
"score": [
11,
3,
6,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Gastric mucosa. The inner surface of the stomach is lined by a mucous membrane known as the gastric mucosa. The mucosa is always covered by a layer of thick mucus that is secreted by tall columnar epithelial cells and protects the stomach itself from the acids contained within.",
"Two things:\n\n1) Stomach acid does not dissolve your food. The acid activates enzymes in your stomach that break down protein. These enzymes will 100% eat away at your stomach (that's what an ulcer is)\n\n2) Your stomach produces a mucus coating that prevents the enzymes from eating it.",
"Your stomach is lined with a thick layer of mucus that protects you from your stomach acid. This layer is constantly being produced by the stomach surface underneath it, and maintained to protect your stomach.\n\nAnd as you can guess, if there are any imbalances in that system, your stomach acids *can* dissolve your from the inside!\n\nGERD is one disease where that happens. There's a muscle that closes off the bottom of your throat from the stomach so acid doesn't spill back up. But sometimes it doesn't work properly, and acid flows back into your throat, causing burns and, long-term, a higher risk of oesophageal cancer.\n\nStomach ulcers are another problem. When the stomach acid gets through the mucus layer and starts attacking your stomach, it forms sores and can lead to further complications. In the worst case your stomach perforates, allowing undigested food and acid to leak out. This results in severe damage and infections, and requires immediate surgery.\n\n_URL_0_",
"In addition to all the lovely attention mucous has already gotten, I want to chime in and say this is why extreme cleanses can be dangerous. I've heard people talk about the \"gross mucous poops\" they have when they're in the midst of a \"really effective\" cleanse. --Yeah, that shit is stripping your GI tract of a really important protective layer, if you're actual to the point of pooping it out. And then they're like, \"ummagaw, I am SO much more sensitive to 'bad food' since I did that amazing cleanse.\" -Yeah, no shit Becky. You just disabled your entire GI tract from digesting hardly anything without making you sick as hell. It's there ON PURPOSE, to protect us. :)",
"What would happen if you were stabbed in the stomach and your stomach acid spilled out?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_mucosal_barrier"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
fxl068
|
why does the charge in fully charged rechargeable batteries go down even if i don't use the batteries?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fxl068/eli5_why_does_the_charge_in_fully_charged/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fmv1c6y"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"it's a property called self discharge. depending on the chemistry and purity of the electrolyte, it can vary from several years to a few % of total charge a month to as high as 30% a month."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2iwjxq
|
How do these flash drives do this?
|
_URL_0_
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2iwjxq/how_do_these_flash_drives_do_this/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cl6h6ch"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"Based on the image I would assume those screens use e-ink/e-paper similar to kindle readers in that the last image on the screen is able to persist without power.\n\nSo while plugged into a USB port it checks the memory usage in the device and sets the screen to correspond to that, then when unplugged the image stays due to the nature of the e-ink screen. \n\nAnswering based off the image may be considered speculation though, and I'm not fully clued up on how e-ink screens themselves work so hopefully someone with better knowledge can follow up."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/Of7oWEM.jpg"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
apypzs
|
Since red blood cells contain no nucleus how is dna obtained from blood?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/apypzs/since_red_blood_cells_contain_no_nucleus_how_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"egceo3v",
"egcfxli"
],
"score": [
35,
34
],
"text": [
"There are plenty of white blood cells, for instance, these contain DNA (I'm not sure if this is where DNA is best extracted from, but I've shown you existence).\nAs an aside, blood type can help to narrow people down.",
"Generally, other sources are preferred for DNA, but as u/FilDaFunk said, there are other cells in blood. Various types of white blood cells, primarily. \n\nIf you're talking about blood recovered from a crime scene, there may also be traces of skin or organs in the blood due to trauma that caused bleeding. But blood type matching is also used as a preliminary to determine if it is even possible the blood belongs to a suspect or victim.\n\nGenerally, blood isn't taken as a sample for DNA testing if there are alternatives though. Saliva swabs, hair and even dead skin are superior sources. So most cases where you need to determine who blood belongs to come from crimes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6bq9qv
|
During the mid to late middle ages did heavily armored knights play much of a role in patrolling, raiding, chevauchee, etc. or were those mainly limited to lighter troops? Did knights ever opt to wear lighter armor or adopt a more flexible weapon than a couched lance for these sorts of duties?
|
Also, how much of a distinction was there between heavy and light cavalry in the first place?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6bq9qv/during_the_mid_to_late_middle_ages_did_heavily/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhpl9uy"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"You might find [this post](_URL_0_) I made a few weeks ago useful. To expand on it, I do think there's too much distinction made between heavy and light cavalry within a western European context, and indeed between infantry and cavalry. Reality was messier than that. \n\nLet's start with a brief primer on what John Gillingham calls Vegetian warfare. Medieval military thinkers, probably influenced by the late Roman writer Vegetius, generally tried to avoid risky pitched battles. A wholly defeated army was at best very difficult to replace, and at worst an irrecoverable catastrophe. Nor did they generally aim to wholly defeat their opponents, in the way Clausewitz would understand it. Instead, medieval rulers fought limited wars with limited forces and the goal of minimizing risk. \n\nThis meant, essentially, positional warfare, built around holding - and contesting - key fortified points which both controlled the countryside and served as bases for offensive action. In order to weaken these fortifications, medieval rulers struck at the land. When a raiding party burned and plundered, it struck its opponent twice, weakening him economically and harming his reputation. Depending on the stakes, this might be enough to resolve the conflict. When, or if, the time came to strike directly at a fortification, further plundering (euphemistically foraging) supported the army on the march, which with few exceptions was dependent on mass theft to stay in the field. In this situation, the defender would take advantage of his better logistics, keep his force concentrated, and try to drive in the foraging parties; if the invading army couldn't pillage, it had to retreat or give battle.\n\nSo, this is the small beer of medieval warfare: an awful lot of raiding and skirmishing. In this context, mounted soldiers, regardless of their skill as cavalry, had an advantage in mobility over any infantrymen. A *lot* of what are commonly called light cavalry were basically just mounted infantry who expected to dismount to fight. And, indeed, knights and men at arms were not averse to fighting on their own two legs. Regardless of how horsemen fought, they could get where they needed to be quicker and in better shape than walking men.\n\nLet me reiterate that knights and later men at arms were not limited to fighting in any one particular style. They did not depend on the couched lance charge to secure victory - full stop. All indications are they took a full and active part in the \"irregular\" warfare that dominated in the Middle Ages. My personal opinion is that the heavy horsemen probably occupied a reserve role, standing by and waiting for an enemy force to sortie against the raid."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/66o74v/how_did_a_medieval_european_raid_work/dgkd3bb/"
]
] |
|
13f4ki
|
Why does the sun shine in a "star" shape?
|
[This](_URL_0_) is what Im talking about. Is it an opticak effect. Is it caused by the lens, the atmosphere, the human eye, the star itself. What goes on here? Thanks smart people.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/13f4ki/why_does_the_sun_shine_in_a_star_shape/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c73eiu5"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"This is caused by the movable aperture blades in a camera lens. _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/uQoZU.png"
] |
[
[
"http://www.cameratechnica.com/2011/02/24/how-to-create-and-avoid-starburst-highlights/"
]
] |
|
6netau
|
Why do you see double when drinking or sometimes experience the situation where you need to close one eye to concentrate on written text? More specifically, what mechanisms in the brain create the situation where hemispheres of the brain might not communicate correctly in this situation?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6netau/why_do_you_see_double_when_drinking_or_sometimes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dk8xtgy",
"dk96d89",
"dk97t65",
"dk9ia64",
"dk9let1",
"dka3848",
"dka3pay",
"dka9snv"
],
"score": [
341,
11,
16,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Thank you for this question, there is some fascinating work in the brain going on here.\n\nAlcohol is a \"depressant\". This means that it slows down the brain. When we are intoxicated with alcohol our eye tracking slows down (along with a lot of other brain processes). \nEye tracking is what makes both of our eyes look at the same thing. As it is slowed down by alcohol this causes the eyes not to sync up correctly and both eyes are looking at slightly different points. \n\nOur brain interprets sight by comparing both eyes. So it effectively takes two images and blends them into one. Because the images are now not tracked we get a double vision effect.\n\nClosing one eye removes one of the two images and therefore alleviates this problem.",
"people that need prism in their glasses experience that every time they take off their glasses. some worse than others. me for example, have horizontal prism, and when i take off my glasses and look at a stop sign from about 100 yards away, there are 2 stops about 4 inches apart. it sucks, but you learn to work around it. closing one eye like you said, is what I usually do, but when you do that, you have a lack of depth perception, so its a double edged sword.",
"You see double because your eyes are not coordinating, this is not related to communication between hemispheres. \nSimply put, just like any other motor muscle in your body, the eye muscles are clumsier when you drink, so they can't align your eyes properly. Just like you would stumble trying to walk a straight line, your eyes \"stumble\" trying to both look at the same point and you see double as your eyes are each aligned on a different point in space.\nIf you experience double vision without drinking, or the need to close one eye to concentrate, I suggest you consult your optometrist. We can give you exercises to strengthen your eye muscles or prescribe special glasses for your condition.",
"Double vision was the first symptom I had that ultimately led to a brain cancer diagnosis. The Timor is pressing on my optic nerve causing the double vision. I essentially have a \"wonky\" eye although you can't tell by looking at it. If it weren't for my special prescription glasses I'd see double 24/7. Maybe you could go see a neuro-ophthalmologist?",
"Do a lot of people get double or very blurry vision vision when they drink? I thought that was just an easy trope they used for comedy and film. I drank SUPER heavily in my past, blacking out 3-4 times a week and I never experienced double vision. \n\n",
"Alcohol impairs the cerebellum by depressing its function. The cerebellum is used for controlling motor movements such as balance an coordination. This means the ocular muscles can become uncoordinated causing blurred or double vision. It is also why we may slur speech and and stumble around. Similar to how a toddler might as their cerebellum is still developing. ",
"Nobody mentioned this yet. Each hemisphere doesn't get one eye, no, that would be too simple. Each hemisphere gets *one half of each eye*. That's why when testing people with their corpus cut, they have to make sure half of each eye can't see the thing they are testing if they can see.",
"I have double vision, basically one eye is slightly askew to the right so the two images created by my eyes aren't quite synced together correctly. It isn't an issue, I've had it my whole life and I always read at least three grades above my level. It doesn't affect me in any meaningful way, I just see two overlapping images of everything. You can't even tell looking at my eyes. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2kuqep
|
what's the difference between looney tunes and merrie melodies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kuqep/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_looney_tunes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clow9v9"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Silly Symphonies was Disney\n\nLooney Toons was Warner Brothers\n\nMerry Melodies was made by an independent studio until being purchased by Warner Brothers in 1944"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
12vtgp
|
is gravity the only measure of mass?
|
in other words, do mass and gravitational force essentially mean the same thing? is there an observable difference between something massive and something that has immense gravitational force? (i know the "something" here doesn't exist in the universe, but i'm talking about, if it did, wouldn't we just perceive the object as having higher mass?
i know they say mass and energy are interchangeable
edit: if i remember correctly, moving near the speed of light also increases one's gravitational pull but, i guess what i'm asking is, if the "graviton" exists, could they populate/congregate in the absence of mass or speed?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/12vtgp/is_gravity_the_only_measure_of_mass/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6yrhxj"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Mass is a property, gravitational force is a force. Forces and masses are not the same thing, though there is a relationship between them: F=ma.\n\nThe problem is that many people think that weight is the same thing as mass, especially due to conversions from imperial (lb) to metric (kg), as if these quantities were equal. They are not.\n\nMass can be measured in a variety of ways. On Earth, we use a balance beam, comparing known masses to other masses, or some kind of spring system that is calibrated using known masses. But it is possible to measure a mass in the absence of gravity by observing its inertia. The mass of an object is a property of an object related to how \"difficult\" it is to change inertial reference frames.\n\nAs for objects that speed up - it is true that an object moving at a fast velocity will have an apparent mass different from that of the object at rest, but I would not agree that it increases the gravitational pull. I think a general relativity expert would need to comment further on that, though, as it is GR that deals with the gravity side of relativity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
21mcuy
|
How historically accurate is the architecture in the Asassin's Creed series?
|
Anyone care to share their knowledge?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/21mcuy/how_historically_accurate_is_the_architecture_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgehf6m"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I wrote this historical analysis of Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flags if that will help:\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.dropbox.com/s/70hdem5w4h7gzo7/Analysis%20of%20Assassins%20Creed%204%2C%20Black%20Flag.pdf"
]
] |
|
dg7ncq
|
why did vhs tapes show a blue screen on the tv when they started up?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dg7ncq/eli5_why_did_vhs_tapes_show_a_blue_screen_on_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f39utbq",
"f39x67r",
"f3a22rt"
],
"score": [
37,
12,
7
],
"text": [
"That was the VCR, not the tape itself.\n\nIt's the precursor to the HDMI no signal screen. Used to be blue.",
"That's not the tape. That's either the TV or the VCR telling you, \"I don't have anything clear enough to show you right now.\"\n\nI remember when that was a new thing. Before that, we saw a black screen with white lines or scrambled black and white dots.",
"The blue screen was not from the VHS tape, but rather from the VCR. \n\nIn many cases, VCRs would be hooked up to the TV with a coaxial (RF) cable. The VCR would generate a NTSC video signal on channel 3 or 4, which you would view by turning the TV to channel 3 or 4. In most of the US channel 3 was reserved (no broadcast signal) for this reason. \n\nWhen the VCR turns on, there was a desire for it to send some kind of signal to the TV so you'd know it was hooked up right. Otherwise the TV would just show static (if using coax) or a black screen (if using composite). \n\nThus, the blue screen. Easy to generate without complex circuitry (remember, VCRs were mostly analog devices) and it let you know the VCR was on, you were tuned to the right channel, and things were hooked up correctly. \n\nLater VCRs would then overlay text onto that blue screen or the video image such as PLAY / STOP / etc so you could control the VCR using the screen."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6yochg
|
why do events that have a negative effect on oil production cause immediate rises in prices of gas but when production is back to normal prices don't plummet back to where they started?
|
I notice this all the time with major weather events. is it simply gouging or is there a reason for this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6yochg/eli5_why_do_events_that_have_a_negative_effect_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmow6ht",
"dmow8jl",
"dmowcav",
"dmpl6py"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
9,
2
],
"text": [
"You have a lemonade stand. You sell it for 50 cents a cup. One day you find out it's going to be very hot outside and people are going to want more lemonade. You figure you can get away with selling it for a little more since the demand is there. So you start charging 80 cents. You notice that the number of people paying for lemonade hasn't gone down. So because people are comfortable with the new price you decide you won't bring prices down even when it's not that hot anymore. Now replace lemonade stand with gasoline stations. ",
"The events that cause gas prices to surge generally happen at a specific point in time (hurricanes, destruction of a refinery, a specific international incident). The events that cause the prices to go down (reconstruction after the hurricane, refineries coming back online, easing of international tensions) tend to be more spread out in time. Combine that with the general tendency for prices to rise and you don't notice the reduction as clearly as the increase.",
"The underlying factors behind the consumer price and the wholesale price for gasoline are very different.\n\nThe gasoline sitting at the pumps in your service station was paid for months ago. While the service station has to eventually average out its costs/expenses, the consumer price it charges isn't actually linked to what it paid.\n\nRather, the consumer price is based on what the market will bear. If a new gas station moves in across the street and tries to undercut them, they'll lower gas prices - despite the fact that their cost for gas hasn't changed.\n\nIn terms of events like a hurricane, the gas station ends up in a situation where it incurs a temporary shortage due a disruption of the supply chain. So the gas station knows that it will only be able to sell X gallons of gas over the next two weeks no matter what else happens because they're not getting resupplied before then.\n\nThe best way for them to accomplish this isn't to hold prices firm and sell out in an hour and a half. It's to raise prices to the point where X gallons lasts them the next two weeks because relatively few people are desperate enough to buy much gasoline.\n\nInterestingly enough, this is also the *socially* best outcome as it encourages a more equitable distribution of gasoline based on the perceived need of the consumer rather than hoarding.",
"Costs at wholesale go up. Price at the pump goes up immediately to pay for the next load of fuel at the new higher wholesale cost. Once the supply eases up the more expensive fuel is still in the tanks until the first post emergency load is delivered with reduced costs. So you have a delay in the price at the pump going down. There are stations that will gouge but most states have laws against gouging during an emergency."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
vc7eq
|
What are the long-term physiological effects of heavy body building in pre-teen years?
|
I came across [this video](_URL_0_) on the YouTubes, and I'm curious what the long-term effects will be for such a regimented weight lifting life so early.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vc7eq/what_are_the_longterm_physiological_effects_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c53am5p",
"c53bwou",
"c53gb1s"
],
"score": [
69,
11,
2
],
"text": [
"[Here](_URL_1_), with plenty of citations if you want to look into it further.\n\nThe important part\n\n > Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) fractures may be the key concern in this controversy. Damage to these plates induced by weight training is frequently cited as a reason for avoiding weight training in children. The existing medical and scientific data do not support this as a valid contraindication. One instance of epiphyseal fracture attributed to weightlifting has been reported in preadolescents (Gumbs, 1982). In pubescent athletes, five publications have reported instances of fractures related to weight training (Benton, 1983; Brady, 1982; Gumbs, 1982; Rowe, 1979; Ryan, 1976). **The overwhelming majority of these injuries were attributed to improper technique in the execution of the exercises and excessive loading**. Each report failed to consider that the injury may actually have occurred as a result of contact with the floor or other object subsequent to loss of balance and falling, and not be attributable to the actual weight training movement. Further, proper diagnosis and treatment of this rare injury resulted in no detrimental effect on growth (Caine, 1990).\n\nIt's inherently safe, but can be made unsafe through poor execution. [Which is also](_URL_0_) [true of adults](_URL_2_)",
"If I may, I think that the OP is wondering about the physiological effects of increasing muscle mass, low body fat %, as well as the actual act of weight training. I believe there is a subtle difference in these concepts. I am not qualified to respond to this directly.",
"I have heard the myth that muscle growth during those years can hinder bone growth, is there any truth to this? "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17MsUgv1H3g"
] |
[
[
"http://exrx.net/Kinesiology/Deficiencies.html",
"http://exrx.net/WeightTraining/Weightlifting/YouthMisconceptions.html",
"http://exrx.net/WeightTraining/Safety.html"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
6j3y53
|
In massed infantry warfare (pikes, Roman legions, muskets, ect.) were casualties higher for soldiers in the front row? How did they convince anyone to be in front?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6j3y53/in_massed_infantry_warfare_pikes_roman_legions/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djco8jy"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"There is always more to be said, but you may be interested in this answer by /u/iphikrates:\n\n[Did the people in the front lines of ancient armies basically know they are going to die?](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/48pumt/did_the_people_in_the_front_lines_of_ancient/d0ly1na/"
]
] |
||
2w71vc
|
can "playing dead" really trick bears? whats the reasoning behind this? bears dont eat/kill seemingly dead things?
|
Also, does this "trick" work on any other predators?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2w71vc/eli5_can_playing_dead_really_trick_bears_whats/
|
{
"a_id": [
"coo4ugh"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Playing dead is only suggested for Brown and Polar Bears and it does two things.\n\n1 - It makes them think you're not something they would want to eat, bears aren't usually scavengers.\n\n2 - It makes them think you're not a threat and therefore they don't want to fight you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
qd7cc
|
why do people's voices generally get higher when attempting to sound polite?
|
This is something I noticed the other day. I am a waiter at a local restaurant and I overheard one of my friends speaking to his table. Normally his voice is rather deep but when speaking with them it was at a higher pitch. I then began noticing this in a lot of other people, including myself. Is there a scientific reason behind this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qd7cc/eli5_why_do_peoples_voices_generally_get_higher/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3wnj1j"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"A low voice sounds big and intimidating. A high voice sounds like a harmless little child. So it implies \"no offense intended!\" instead of \"hey get out of my way\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2umlpv
|
Question about alaska
|
Did Russia really sell Alaska or did they lease/rent out it
I have found some sources telling both, some are saying that it was sold, others that it's just leased
If it's leased, why didn't russia get it back?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2umlpv/question_about_alaska/
|
{
"a_id": [
"co9xln1"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"The concept that it's just a lease appears to have originated as a plot element in the novel A Matter of Honour by Jefffrey Archer.\n\nThis theory has no basis in reality and the Alaska purchase of 1867 was just that - a purchase."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4i88c2
|
why do we do things, which we know are dangerous or bad for us long term?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4i88c2/eli5_why_do_we_do_things_which_we_know_are/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2vxjti",
"d2vxw6r"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Easy access to sugar and the use of fossil fuels have both been around for an extremely short time, evolutionary speaking. There hasn't been enough time for natural selection to gradually result in adaptations that discourage these behaviors.",
"Some reasons:\n\n\n*It's easier.\n\n*The short term benefits outweigh the long term risks. (For example, drinking coffee to keep you awake and alert for work.)\n\n*It's common behavior for your culture/environment. \n\n*Lack of better options. (For example, cars in the US are reliant on fossil fuels. If you want to get around anywhere and you don't live in a major metropolitan area, a car is the best option for travel.)\n\n*Life is full of risks. There is no way you can avoid everything that can potentially kill you or hurt you, so you just cancel out the riskiest things, like drugs, but still go with milder risks, like an occasional glass of wine.\n\n*The addictive nature of some of the substances, like sugar or caffeine. \n\n*People reason that bad things can happen to them even if they do everything for their body and the environment. They decide they would rather enjoy themselves now than spend their entire lives avoiding anything that poses the slightest risk to them.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
s7d2r
|
Why does North Korea have a poor record launching ICBMs
|
I read [this article](_URL_0_), among others.
Is it a product of not enough materials, poor testing facilities, brainpower, or AOTA?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s7d2r/why_does_north_korea_have_a_poor_record_launching/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4booi5"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Developing ICBMs is very complex. They are not simple things to design and manufacture.\n\nThe US had plenty blow up in the process of coming up with ones that worked. Thing is the US could afford to test many rockets till they got it right. North Korea is very poor and very isolated so they cannot build lots and lots till they come up with a workable one.\n\nAs such it seems they cannot get it right but frankly, given their isolation and lack of resources, it is amazing they get as far as they do.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/Missile_Issue_Brief_December_14_2011.pdf"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
3ujyey
|
why is the "black lives matter" toted towards police when statistically they seem to matter least to other black lives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ujyey/eli5_why_is_the_black_lives_matter_toted_towards/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxfhjcu"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Because the police aren't actually supposed to be killing people, perhaps? Besides, statistically, white people kill mainly white people, and the same for the other ethnic groups. \n\nThey're angry that a group who are supposed to *avoid* killing are not only killing anyway, but keep getting videotaped killing in situations where it's clear no attempt to de-escelate was made."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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