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7b7d3u
|
Why do companies like Apple avoid paying so much tax, what's the point?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"There's a recent video of John Oliver's Last Week Tonight that touches on this. Iirc (if I even understood it at all), the US government hopes these big companies will create jobs, on which they can then put income taxes, I think. They also expect these companies to help the economy grow and probably bring in money from other countries. These big companies also have lots of money they can invest in legal teams, which can find loopholes and optimal locations etc. to avoid taxes. I imagine the cost for these legal teams outweighs the taxes they would have to pay. As this is an educational sub, please correct me if I'm wrong. I'm just a guy on the internet who thinks he knows something, I'm by no means an expert."
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"score": [
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
7b7fmx
|
Is giving birth as painful for other mammals as it is for humans?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"Not always, no. Humans have bigger heads to house big brains, but narrow hips to stand upright. These work against each other and push human babies to be born early in development (which is why babies are useless but newborn deer can walk in minutes) and for the birth to be painful. It is all a trade off in survival benefits.",
"Not for most of them. Humans have two big problems in that regard: 1. Our hips developed to stand upright, narrowing them a bit. 2. Our skulls got bigger to hold our bigger brains. Put these two things together, and humans have to shove a larger head through a narrower passage than most other mammals have to go through, resulting in a more painful and more dangerous labor process.",
"Usually, no. Humans have a very unique combination of physical traits which makes childbearing so risky and often painful. 1- our heads are large, due to large brains. It's not a straight-line correlation of brain size to intelligence: sperm whales have massive brains. If you compare brain size to body size, the shrew has the largest brain-to-body-mass ratio. 2- Upright walking is capable to to modified hip structure. This leads to a narrower opening in the pelvis. 3- shoulder structure: getting a baby out usually involves a doctor, nurse or midwife manipulating the infant to get the shoulders out, usually one shoulder at a time. Our shoulders are too broad to just slide out in most cases. Once the baby's shoulders are out, the baby tends to slide of with relative ease. These three factors together and you get the trifecta for pain. As my friend used to say: \"YOU TRY PUSHING A WATERMELON OUT OF A HOLE THE SIZE OF A GRAPEFRUIT.\""
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"url"
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7b7hys
|
Can someone explain the UDHR and how is it enforced with UN members?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"Your use of \"enforced\" isn't exactly applicable. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a set of 30 concepts that the UN members have agreed define \"human rights\". It's a set of ground-rules for countries to use is setting their own laws.",
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not a treaty, so it can't exactly be enforced. However, it has served as the basis for the creation of multiple treaties such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political rights ... etc. Its principles are elaborated in international treaties which can be enforced by the UN. Individuals can nonetheless cite the principles of the UDHR to ensure the protection of their recognized human rights."
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"score": [
4,
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
7b7ir3
|
When getting anesthetized. What exactly does the drug to me?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"I'm answering this from the perspective of proper, \"operating room\" surgery with general anesthesia, though the first two steps are the same if you're only getting an IV (e.g. oral surgery) rather than IV + intubation (e.g. having your insides cut open). Intubation is when they cram a tube down to your lungs to control your breathing, but they will also give you a steady stream of anesthetic gas through it. There are also a variety of drugs that can be used in some steps, but I will give one of the most common examples. **The process goes something like this:** Edit for the sake of completeness: Before they do any of this, they'll give you a mask with 100% oxygen. This fact surprises a lot of people, but you can go 5x longer without breathing if you've been filling the lungs with 100% oxygen, compared to room air which is only about 20% oxygen. Important for the steps that follow. 1. The anesthesiologist will start by pushing lidocaine through your IV. This numbs up the nerves around the inside of your blood vessels, which is important for step #2. 2. We will administer propofol. We'll usually let the patient know that this feels a lot like getting an entire 6-pack of beer into your system at once. In fact it works in a way very similar to alcohol. It will burn in the blood vessels, but fortunately we've given you lidocaine first. Propofol can get you anywhere from \"a little loopy\" to completely \"blacked out.\" A normal dose is intended to knock you out, because you don't want to be awake for step #3. This is when the anesthesiologist may tell you to start counting down. Propofol is what killed Michael Jackson, but don't worry it's (probably) not going to kill you. 3. Once you're out, we'll push a drug like succinylcholine (or 'the sux', heh). This paralyzes the muscles in your body. We do this because it makes it possible to ram a tube down your throat without you choking on it. The downside is that you're gonna stop breathing on your own for a bit, so there's now a timer on getting that tube in. It's important that we knocked you out momentarily with propofol because it's absolutely terrifying to be awake and completely paralyzed. 4. After the 'breathing tube' is secured, we'll give you an inhaled drug like sevoflurane. The anesthesiologist has these gasses set up with a spinning dial, which he will crank up and monitor the concentration of on the machine. This is what you're probably imagining as \"anesthesia.\" You've read a long way through this post only to be disappointed, but we still aren't 100% certain how these gasses work, but they do. Generally speaking they depress your central nervous system, enough so that there isn't much brain activity going on. At low doses you may breathe on your own (after the sux wears off), but at high doses you'll need the machine to breathe for you. Inhaled anesthetics like sevoflurane actually have a tiny therapeutic window, which means there's not much leeway between \"just enough\" and \"your brain is shutting down and you're dying.\" Sounds scary, but the machine closely monitors all of this and we can be very precise. I hope this helps, and I'm happy to answer any questions you have."
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24
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"url"
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[
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7b7o5o
|
Why can't companies just buy enough land or real estate and make your their own state and provide themselves tax incentives (especially that Disney already made its own city)?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"Well for one, it takes something like ¾ of the current states to approve the admission of another state into the U.S. Second, they couldn't secede because SCOTUS ruled that states never had the right to secede.",
"Corporate tax is assessed at the federal level. State jurisdiction wouldn’t matter for that tax.",
"Buying enough real estate for the rest of the union to even consider allowing a company to be it's own state purely for the tax incentives sounds like a really expensive way to avoid paying taxes. It's much easier to offshore your profits away from the public eye and join the ranks of the collection of companies who have parked $2 trillion in profits offshore to avoid US corporate taxes.",
"Historically there were 'company towns' that were essentially this: URL_0 There are some advantages though to having a local government that you pay taxes to and inviting in other companies alongside you. One big one is that the company can focus just on the things its good at (making a product) instead of also trying to run a town, plan infrastructure, and divert attention to local issues. The second is diversity of community, where other companies and governments can bring in perks that a company couldn't or wouldn't afford on its own."
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7b7rpz
|
What's the difference between a cheap suit and good suit?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Two easy things to spot is how the suit lays (quality of material, cut, sizing) and thickness of the suit. In general, a more expensive suit is made to fit a narrower set of body types and can be easily tailored to a person's body. A suit that fits well, moves nicely (doesn't bunch up in weird places or overly restrict movement), and squares off a person's shoulders is likely a more expensive suit. Likewise, the thicker the material (generally) the more expensive the suit. Cheap suits have thin seams, thin material, and can look threadbare. This often correlates to how the suit lays on a person, and how few wrinkles it gets in a normal position. There are a lot of other giveaways like the types of lapels, the buttons on the cuffs, hints of the suit's interior, types of pockets, how the back is cut, etc... but those are harder to immediately tell without some experience looking at and wearing suits. Overall, the more expensive the suit the better it will fit and the better it will feel when wearing it.",
"From personal experience, cheap suits were thin and had a cheap quality to them. They weren’t even padded and I could see the thread coming loose after using it twice. Still, it looked as good as my other French Connection suit. I think it comes down to quality of materials."
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5,
4
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[
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7b7x01
|
What would happen if corporations actually paid their taxes?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Likely if multi-national corporations in America were forced to pay taxes on exports unlike any other country on Earth you'd see them pick up shop and move to a friendlier country. Then they'd try to pass rules preventing it, which would result in American companies becoming noncompetitive with foreign ones and losing all their business.",
"your tax liability is determined by all the rules in play. corporations (when they're not cheating) pay plenty of taxes. corporate taxes account for $444billion paid last year. corporations have the extra money to reorganize and reduce their tax liability. if we're wanting to remove ways to reduce tax liability for corporations, then fair's only fair. we'll remove personal standard deductible as well. education credits too. and your healthcare credits. your green car purchase. your childcare credits. everyone pays taxes."
],
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6,
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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7b81dr
|
Why do pressurized cans get cold when you shake them?
|
Edit: I’m talking about like a can of hairspray or can of air to clean a keyboard
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"The stuff in the can (called the propellant. In the case of stuff like \"canned air\", it's nothing but propellant) is a liquid because its under pressure. It's warm enough to turn into a gas (vaporize), but the pressure keeps it a liquid. When you spray it out of the can, it is no longer under pressure, so it wants to turn into a gas. Changing from a liquid into a gas takes energy, so it grabs that energy in the form of heat from the can, making it colder.",
"Seems that a lot of people missed the point of the question. The main reason is that heat transfer from your hand into the liquid increases by shaking the can (due to mixing and forced convection), which makes it seem colder as it is drawing heat from your hand faster. If you try it with a can at skin temperature then it won't seem to become colder. This is due to heat transfer being proportional to both temperature difference, and a heat transfer coefficient. And shaking increases the heat transfer coefficient.",
"When a liquid vaporises into a gas, there's an interaction involving a thing called 'latent heat'. Pretty much what happens is that when the liquid trys to turn into a gas, it needs an extra bump of energy to push it over the line. For example, when boiling water, you can heat it up to 100 degrees, and then start boiling it. You'll find that the water is 100 degrees, and the steam will be too. But what caused the water to change into steam if the temperature is still the same? This is where the extra energy required to cause the phase change comes into play. So in the case of the kettle, the energy is coming from the heat generated by the boiling element. For the aluminium can the heat for the 'boiling' comes from its surroundings (because its turning into a gas at below ambient temperature). So it effectively feels like its sucking heat out of the air. I probably should note that this is more relevant to the coolness felt when spraying an aluminium can. In terms of shaking one, aluminium is a great heat conductor, so you'll find that the temperature of the can is about the same as the temperature of your room, but because it transfers heat so well, it feels colder than your room. If you left the can in a place that had a temperature close to your body temperature, you'd find that the can wouldn't feel cold any more. The shaking of the can helps the heat transfer from your hand to the liquid inside, as your hand heats the aluminium, shaking the liquid (which hasn't been heated yet) absorbs some of the heat from the aluminium. If you hold and shake the can for a long enough time you'll find that it will no longer be cold.",
"I'm pretty sure it's due to the \"Joule-Thomson effect\", however, I'm not able to explain it in eli5 terms. If I remember (somewhat) correctly, it has to do with the pressure change from high to low pressure causes a cooling effect. At my work we use natural gas to measure pressure and some valves have 500psi on one side and 50psi on the other, they freeze all the time... Even in summer, because the gas is not 100% dry",
"They don't. I'm going to assume that thought the shaking caused the can to become cooler because the can was cooler than body temperature and it felt cool. You correlated that with the shaking rather than it just being cooler than you. Assuming nothing else has changed shaking a can would actually increase the temperature. Pressure and volume are proportional to temperature. Since the volume won't change (at least not in any significant way) we can say that pressure and temperature are proportional. Basically however pressure changes temperature changes, for example pressure goes down then temperature goes down. When you shake a can some of the gas in the liquid comes out of the liquid, that increases the pressure in the can. Since the pressure increases the temperature has to increase also. Eventually the temperature will go back down as the heat flows to the surroundings. Also shaking the can by itself adds a small amount of heat to the can. Basically you're doing work on the can (moving everything around). This work on the can adds energy, and therefore heat to the can. On the other hand opening a pressurized can will reduce the temperature, although the effect is a bit more complicated.",
"Shaking only vs spraying then shaking. Shaking only feels colder because when you first grab the can you heat up the can and the stuff inside with your hand locally. When you shake the can you mix up the stuff on the inside and it is no longer locally warmer (it is now well mixed) so it feels colder. This is the same as wind, but wind doesnt make outside colder it just removes the hot air bubble around you. Spraying and then shaking makes the can really cold because inside the can there is gas and liquid. When you spray some of that gas leaves. That gas was applying a pressure on the liquid to keep it from turning into a gas. Now that the liquid can turn into a gas it draws heat from its surroundings. This will happen on its own and shaking will speed up the process making the can feel cold quickly.",
"Most of the answers below are focusing on spraying from the can, but your question is specifically about shaking, not spraying. The can does not get any colder when you shake it. However, it may *feel* colder because the liquid inside the can is at room temperature, which is a lower temperature than your body. Shaking the can will allow the liquid to cool the interior surface of the can. Since the can is metal and metal is an excellent thermal conductor, shaking the can is an extremely effective way of ensuring that heat is continually drawn from your hand into the liquid. Thus, the temperature of your hand is drawn down towards room temperature more quickly. Shaking the can effectively acts as a [liquid cooling system]( URL_0 ) where the metal skin of the can acts as a passive [heat exchanger]( URL_1 ), removing the heat from your hand away and transferring it evenly throughout the liquid inside the can. It works in much the same was as the liquid cooling system in your vehicle does, albeit with a shake instead of a pump. A similar effect can be felt if you place your hand on one side of a metal object at room temperature and then poor room temperature water over the other side of it.",
"Joules Thompson effect (look it up)is the name of the phenomenon for when the temp drops by releasing pressure. It has to do with the relationship between volume, temperature and pressure.",
"The air warms the metal of the can, and the metal warms the liquid closest to it. When you make the liquid in the can move, the cold liquid near the center reaches the edge, making the metal cooler.",
"Pressurized cans get cold when you open a valve and allow gas to escape, not because you shake them. Reason is that the molecules running around inside the can are distributed in different speeds from lower speeds to higher speeds. When you open a hole in the can, the faster molecules naturally find the hole first and escape first. Then the remaining molecules left behind are on the average the slower ones, less active or to put it another way, colder"
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7b82rk
|
What gives something it's taste? Does pyrite taste like table salt because they are both cubes?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"Your tongue is covered with 2 types of taste proteins, receptors and ion channels, each of which have multiple subtypes. The receptors have a pocket into which only certain molecules can fit, and when the receptor pocket interacts with one of these molecules, it is activated. The activated receptor then sends a signal into the cell that it is attached to, which gets translated into an electrical signal that moves to the brain, where it is interpreted as a taste. Ion channels are similar, in that they send an electrical signal to the brain, but instead, these proteins just allow specific molecules to enter the cell which then activates the electrical signal. Sweet, umami, and bitter use the receptors, salty and sour use the ion channels. The important part is that each type of protein is VERY specific, meaning that they will only react to molecules that share similar chemical or physical properties. But as long as the receptor or channel is functioning, they will send the same signal to your brain. So, for example, if you eat white sugar or if you eat an apple, the type of sugar in each is different (glucose vs fructose), but they are both picked up by the same sweet receptor and so both of them will activate a sweet signal in your brain. So pyrite tastes like table salt (who is eating pyrite?!) because they both work through the same channel proteins, and send the same flavor signal to the brain What tends to give something its taste is that any given food releases multiple molecules which can be picked up by a combination of different receptors/channels"
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76
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"url"
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[
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7b8376
|
Why does the moon not appear spherical with the naked eye?
|
Even on a full moon it still just looks like a circle when you look at it, not a sphere. Wassup with that?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"dpfxytg",
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"text": [
"Because it is so far away, nearest and farthest part both appear \"infinitely distant\" to your visual system. Our eyes weren't made to perceive depth at a range of over 300,000 km.",
"It's too far away to see it in 3D. The difference between the edges of the moon and the point closest to you are so minute at a far distances that your eye can't see the difference."
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19,
6
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[
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[
"url"
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7b8cun
|
Is light infinite?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"No, it's not literally infinite. It's more like a shotgun with many trillions of pellets, but not infinity pellets. If you are far enough away, and/or if it's very dim, as few as zero photons might hit you. Experiments have been made in which just one photon at a time comes out, and if it goes through one sensor, it doesn't also go through the other sensor."
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"score": [
3
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[
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7b8fjz
|
What makes some clouds gray?
|
I’ve always had this basic understanding that clouds carrying too much moisture is the reason for rain, but if water is clear I don’t understand what causes the gray color clouds possess on a rainy/stormy day.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"You have seen things cast a shadow before right? Clouds cast a shadow too. A cloud that is full of water is blocking the sunlight that hits it.",
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: why do clouds look sometimes grey ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: What makes storm/rain clouds gray and normal clouds white? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5 : Why do clouds turn grey when rain/storm is due? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5:Why do clouds turn grey when it's about to rain? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: why are rain clouds grey, and normal clouds white? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do the clouds turn gray when it rains? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do clouds turn grey before a rain? ]( URL_1 )"
],
"score": [
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3
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zdiyh/eli5_what_makes_stormrain_clouds_gray_and_normal/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2eru9r/eli5_why_do_clouds_turn_grey_before_a_rain/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2akn32/eli5why_do_clouds_turn_grey_when_its_about_to_rain/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5et4f0/eli5_why_do_clouds_look_sometimes_grey/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/76fk4p/eli5_why_do_the_clouds_turn_gray_when_it_rains/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1n5gno/eli5_why_are_rain_clouds_grey_and_normal_clouds/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/55fob2/eli5_why_do_clouds_turn_grey_when_rainstorm_is_due/"
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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7b8o6u
|
In video games, other than namesake, what's the difference, if any, between saving and quick-saving?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Almost nothing. Its the same difference as Save-As vs Save on a standard document. Save As (normal save) gives you options as to where you save it, what you overwrite, what you name it as, etc. Save (quicksave) just immediately saves it to a standard named file in a default location."
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8
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[
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[
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7b9bzv
|
How do companies avoid tax using the Double Irish/Dutch Sandwich arrangement ?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Key things are transfer payments. You could create iamkimi Brands that owns all your product's names and trademarks and charges iamkimi Europe and iamkimi America to use those names and trademarks. Doing this smartly lets you recognize the profits wherever iamkimi Brands is located rather than where your sales are. This gets your tax rate down to the level charged in a low corporate tax country (Ireland is the common example) at about 12.5%. However, you can go much further. Doing this uses some unintended consequences of EU and EU member nation laws, with the goal of creating income that no one calls earned in their nation. By setting up a Bermuda company that has an office in Ireland, Ireland doesn't consider it an Irish company, and Bermuda doesn't tax the income the company earned in Ireland. You can't just do that with the first firm, but by taking a series of steps (the original was to have the iamkimi Brands pay a royalty to a Dutch subsidiary (iamkimi Netherlands) and then pay another royalty to a second Bermuda/Irish company (iamkimi Brands2) you create income that neither country recognizes as corporate income. And the US allows foreign subsidiaries to earn income indefinitely without tax so long as it's reinvested overseas, and you report to your owners the consolidated financial statements which include the income and assets from all your subsidiaries (the US firm iamkimi Holdings owns all the above firms so reports their income as it's own).",
"One of the ways I heard it is this: Apple has HQs in Ireland. They buy iPhones from China say at 200€ a piece. They then sell those iPhones to apple of America for 1000€. Apple of America then sells those iPhones for 1000€ for a grand total of 0 income. There's probably more nuance and you need to pay something, but the idea is to shift profits to where they are taxes the least",
"It's all done through subsidiaries that the company owns in lower tax areas. This is really easy when it comes to intellectual property because they can just sell their subsidiaries the rights for a one time tax payment or they can try to claim that the income generating idea was created in a lower taxed area. Another interesting and very very smart move: a parent company issues debt and the subsidiary loans the parent company money while the parent company is able to take a tax write off for the interest payments made to the subsidiary. It's genius really and, in my opinion, it's one of those \"don't hate the player, hate the game\" situations."
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9
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"url"
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7b9ets
|
How Tax Havens Work
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Tax shelters aren't so much used for income as for capital gains - if I own a company in the Cayman's and it makes a lot of money day trading then I only have to pay taxes on what shares of the company I sell - which qualify for a lower tax rate. Unfortunately regular income is treated completely differently - your work reports your income to the government and they also withhold from your paycheck to pay your taxes, usually too much. There's no way to avoid that tax. Even if you have a small nest egg that might benefit from a tax shelter you could never afford to set it up - you're talking around a million dollars to get a decent tax attorney and all the processing fees."
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[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7b9evp
|
How do the heart rate monitors at hospitals work?
|
First, what is the official name of those machines? I keep calling them heart rate monitors but I feel like that's more accurate for something you wear around your wrist, not one of the machines with the beeping and squiggly lines. Second, what do the squiggly lines indicate? What does the peak mean? And the valleys? (Not sure what else to call those parts...) Third, at what point on the squiggly lines does the machine beep? I wish I knew more of the technical terms but I guess that's why I'm asking all these questions here! Thanks in advance :)
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgasav"
],
"text": [
"It depends on which monitoring machine you're talking about. There's a Cardiac Monitor (also known as \"Tele\" for \"telemetry\") that uses leads on your chest to trace the heart's electrical activity from different angles. The heart normally goes through a highly organized electrical pattern and changes to this pattern can tell you alot about the heart's functioning. There's also a Pulse Ox machine attached to your finger that measures both heart rate as well as how oxygenated your blood is. This is called a plethysmograph tracing. Technically, it's measuring the changes in light absorbance of the blood in your finger, but it correlates nicely with your pulse. You generally want to have a smooth, uniform waveform. If it's chaotic and haphazard, the machine isn't getting a good signal and may be incorrectly calculating the oxygenation level of you blood."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7b9jgy
|
how do the popular search algorithms - the kind we see solving mazes - work? How are they different from one another?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgn593",
"dpge1ks"
],
"text": [
"IT graduate here. I'm going to talk about two algorithms: The greedy depth first search, and the A* (A Star) algorithm. Imagine you are walking through a maze; you know where you started, and you have a rough idea which direction the end point is. Depth first search - whenever you come to an intersection you take the path that you think is closest to the end point. You keep following this path until you get to a dead end at which point you go back to the last intersection and this time take the opposite direction from what you did last time. A* - whenever you take a step you make a guess of how far you are from the end point, and you add that distance to how far you've already traveled from the start point. Each time you come to an intersection you make this guess twice and compare weather you should go right or left. Let's say in this example you turn left: if you keep walking and it turns out longer than what it would have been if you'd turned right then you turn around and take the right turn instead. There are a lot more complexities and many more algorithms beside these two, but I've tried to ELI5 this as much as I can.",
"There are lots of different search algorithms out there, they are typically designed with a particular problem in mind. The one you see solving mazes is pretty simple, always turn left, when you reach a dead end turn around."
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7b9mjf
|
how do the servers know a game is pirated, like if you had a pirated copy of C.O.D what happen s to stop you playing online?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgb62t"
],
"text": [
"Old games used to just want to connect so servers would let them play. Now a days with faster connection, the first message your game sends to the server is the exact version of the game and the serial number of the copy and a signature of all the parts of the computer(processor, Ram, graphics card, sound card ect) and the IP address exact version of the Operating server ect. The server then looks up the serial number of the key with its database to realise that it has already been given to an other completely different computer with a different IP and not the same patch of the OS. It now safe to say it is a copy. Eli5: you call from a number. It is linked to your voice, speech pattern, the noise in the back and the caller ID. Same day, somebody with a different voice on a different caller ID, and a thick different accent call the same number pretending to be you. The person at the other end now knows it is not you."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7ba5f2
|
Is it possible to have pHs less than 1 or greater than 14?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgfhb8"
],
"text": [
"Yes. pH is the -log of the concentration of H (in moles/L) So for a concentration of less than 10^-14, or more than 10 you will get greater than 14, and less than 1, respectively. EDIT: typo"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7baei3
|
How does medicine not get broken down and destroyed by our stomach acid?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgidfi"
],
"text": [
"Some compounds don't react with stomach acid. If a potential drug is one such compound, hooray! Note that this happens fairly commonly, since drugs tend to be *relatively* small molecules compared to things like proteins. If the drug would be broken down by stomach acid then it can be put into a capsule that will make it to the intestines where it breaks down, or it can be administered via other means (e.g. injections). For other compounds only some will be lost due to stomach acid--acid doesn't work instantly. The cost of most drugs is in the research and testing that goes into them, not the synthesis itself, so it's no big deal to just make an oral dose more than you ultimately want absorbed, confident that the stomach will break down the excess. This is assuming that whatever the drug breaks down into is relatively harmless. You might find [this]( URL_0 ) thread interesting. It gives some more answers to your question."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3yenc0/eli5_why_are_pills_not_affected_by_stomach_acid/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bb58w
|
How does a landfill work? Why does the trash not keep piling up and extending outside of the landfill?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgob88",
"dpgnq8g"
],
"text": [
"How does it work? Well basically.... - Someone digs a hole in the ground (with some precautions, we hope, like linings that prevent toxic stuff leaking into the groundwater) Then, so it doesn't go out of control - we write rules to control what stuff, how much of it, and when we can dump the stuff in it, with varying degrees of moral/ethical/environmental control.... - some of the stuff rots, rusts, decays, biodegrades....basically the volume of the trash gets (slowly) smaller so we can put new stuff in. - some of it....doesn't get smaller or break down- it becomes more toxic or concentrated \"badness\" Finally....when we're all \"done\" with it (filled up, or too full of \"bad stuff\") - we cover it up, literally. We plant things (or build things) on top of it and society seems to forget it was a giant trash pile. notable examples: - Mount Trashmore Park, Virginia - Freshkills Park (Fresh Kills Landfill) NYC - Washington Park Arboretum (former Miller street dump) Seattle, WA (due to an attempt to edit the formatting this last one was briefly, and wrongly, labeled Mount Trashmore)",
"They dig a very very deep hole. Its really really huge. But it does keep piling up, and once it is full the cover it and dig another one."
],
"score": [
9,
8
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bb8qc
|
I am trying to understand why the sun sets at different times all along the west coast of the US. Sunset was at 4:53 PM today in San Diego, 5:05 PM in San Francisco, and 4:43 PM in Seattle. I am baffled: why is SF the latest but it's in the middle of California?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgp3fm",
"dpgoi1d",
"dpgokcl",
"dpgsfcb",
"dpgr9qf"
],
"text": [
"San Francisco is at 122.4194° W San Diego is at 117.1611° W, so, way east of SF. Seattle is at 122.3321° W (about the same as SF) but also much farther north where winter days are shorter.",
"> ELI5: I am trying to understand why the sun sets at different times all along the west coast of the US Because the West Coast isn't straight North/South but also varies from East to West.",
"San Francesco is the furthest west. The sun sets in the west. The earth is on a tilt, in the winter the north has less sun (because it is tilted away from the sun). Seattle is north enough for that to matter vs california, and san fran is just west enough to set later than san diego.",
"The easiest way to understand is to click here to see how the terminator mapped onto the earth's surface for last night's sunset on the US west coast: URL_0",
"The time of the sunset is dependent on how close a place is to the equator, as well as where it is within a time zone--whether further east or west. From the time of the spring equinox until the fall equinox, the further north you go (in the northern hemisphere), the longer the day is. And then with time zones, an entire section of earth is kept on the same clock time, but the sun passes over it in a progressive way. So ideally, when it's 12 noon, the sun should be directly overhead. In practical terms, that's not possible because the time zone is too wide for that. The sun may be directly overhead at noon in the middle of the time zone, but not in either extreme edge of the time zone. So with the sun setting in the west, that means that the sun sets earliest in the eastern part of a time zone and it sets latest in the western part of a time zone. That's going to be true no matter what time of year it is. So for example, check out the eastern standard time zone. That's a very wide time zone. Furthest east is eastern Maine and furthest west is western Indiana. It might be pitch dark in western Indiana while the sun is rising in eastern Maine, because even though the two areas are on the same clock time, they're really far apart east to west and it takes time for the sun to reach the westernmost part of the time zone. By the time the sun in setting in Indiana, it may already have been night for almost an hour in Maine. Meanwhile, that same time zone has (in the USA) northern Maine as its northernmost point, and the Florida Keys as the southernmost point. The closer you get to the equator, the less the length of a day changes due to seasons. At the equator, a day is close to 12 hours long all year round. In Florida, which is not at the equator but it's a lot closer to the equator than the northern US is, there's some variation of day length so that days are longer in summer, but it's not a huge variation. In contrast, if you are at the arctic circle in the middle of the summer, the days are so long that the sun doesn't set at all and it's daylight 24/7 for weeks. In Maine, which is a good distance south of the arctic circle, but a lot closer to it than Florida is, days are very long in summer and very short in winter. So you have to take into account these factors when determining time of sunrise and sunset on any given day in any given area. The sun will set much earlier in Maine than in Florida during the winter, because Maine has very short days in winter. But the sun will set much *later* in Maine than in Florida during the summer, because Maine has very long days in summer. But eastern Maine is further east than Florida, meaning that the sun may rise earlier in Maine than in Florida"
],
"score": [
19,
6,
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/sunearth.html?iso=20171107T0222"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bb9jr
|
What is the Glasgow scale and what is its relation/how is it used with dementia, Alzheimer’s, or other degenerative and mental health problems?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgr29z"
],
"text": [
"The Glasgow Scale is a way to quantify someone's Level of Consciousness and Orientation Three are three categories: * Best eye response * Best verbal response * Best motor response Best eye response is ranged from 1 to 4 where: * 1 = none (patient doesn't open eyes for anything * 2 = to pain (patient only opens eyes to painful stimuli) * 3 = to speech (patient only opens eyes to verbal stimuli) * 4 = spontaneous (patient opens eyes without needing any stimulus) Best verbal response ranges from 1 to 5 where: * 1 = none (patient cannot speak) * 2 = incomprehensible speech (attempts to speak are made but actual words are not understandable) * 3 = inappropriate words (patient can speak more clearly but no sense can be made of them) * 4 = confused (patient makes some sense but doesn't know one or more of the following (who he is, where he is, what day/time it is or what is happening at the moment) * 5 = oriented (patient is fully oriented and has no confusion, speaks clearly and logically) And best motor response ranges from 1 to 6 where: * 1 = none (patient has no motor response to any stimuli) * 2 = extension to pain (painful stimulus causes limb extension * 3 = flexion to pain (painful stimulus causes limb flexion) * 4 = withdraws from pain (pulls limb away from painful stimulus) * 5 = localizes pain (moves hand to source of pain in attempt to remove the pain) * 6 = obeys commands (normal voluntary motor response) So a normal person with nothing wrong with them will have a GCS of 15. Someone who is confused but otherwise normal will have a GCS of 14. In cases of dementia, Alzheimer's or other mental health problems, the patient may have a GCS baseline less than 15. GCS is helpful in identifying further or acute deterioration of patient's mental status if there is a drop in their score from baseline."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bbbaq
|
How does a download know that it's receiving the correct data?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgp011"
],
"text": [
"The transmitter creates a *checksum* for each packet, plus typically another one for the whole file, in which all the bits are put through a formula and a number calculated from all of them. The formula is designed so that any small change in any of the bits will result in a different (non matching) number. The receiver recalculates the checksum, and if something doesn't match, it can tell that the data contained an error, and it requests retransmission."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bbkix
|
Is cooking or reheating food in the microwave bad for your health or is this a myth?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgqwn0"
],
"text": [
"The microwave itself does nothing besides heating the water in food. There are zero residual effects. Your friend is a complete and utter moron. That said, there are a few very minor issues. Unlike ovens, microwaves allow you to heat food in plastic containers, some of which are not microwave-safe, and could leech chemicals into your food. Also, if you reheat improperly refrigerated foods, a microwave could be less effective at killing unwanted microbes."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bc0ex
|
How do cars know how much gas is in your tank?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgtfc0"
],
"text": [
"Inside the gas tank there's a variable resistor connected to a float that goes up/down depending how much fuel is in the tank. The value of the resistor is then sent to the car's computer/fuel guage."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bcnan
|
What are the causes and consequences of the recent purging of multiple Saudi princes?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgy5lr"
],
"text": [
"It seems that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) is strengthening his position in the Royal Family . The accused may actually have committed offences, but they may be the sort of offences that are traditionally overlooked for minor royals in Saudi Arabia. The charges may also be completely fabricated. The Crown Prince isn't eliminating direct rivals - he is heir to the throne and has been appointed to that position by the King, only the King can remove him. He is eliminating people that don't agree with his more moderate approach to social reform in the country. He is responsible for \"Vision 2030\", a plan to restructure the Saudi economy to reduce reliance on oil and make it more resilient. This is important because the Saudi economy is in danger of collapse owing to drops in the price of oil and extravagant public spending. Many see the modernizing policies of the UAE as a necessary model for Saudi's future. MBS has restricted the powers of the religious police, sponsored public entertainment events (which are usually heavily restricted in the country), and was probably behind the removal of the driving ban for Saudi women. This \"liberal\" approach puts him at odds with the country's religious authorities. The Saudi state is split between the royal family (the House of Saud) and Wahabbist religious clerics: the royal family runs the country whilst the clerics ensure that Saudi Arabia is morally and religiously proper as the home of the two holiest sites in Islam. In theory one cannot rule without the other, but Wahabbism's position as a hardline Sunni sect has led to it being aligned with the Islamist policies of Al Qaeda and ISIS. This has put the clerics in a difficult position, especially in the face of growing evidence that the Saudi state has funded terrorist groups (Saudi citizens have been providing private funding to terrorist groups for decades); arguably the Wahabbists are more vulnerable now than they have ever been. MBS has been highly critical of Saudi religious doctrine of the past few decades, but needs to ensure that his position in the Royal Family is unassailable before he can properly take on the religious authorities. At the age of 31 (with the King aged 81) he has the potential to lead Saudi for decades and mould it in his own vision despite the Wahabbists. **Summary**: Saudi Arabia needs economic reform and its hardline theocracy prevents this from happening. It is overly dependent on one industry, prevents 50% of its potential workforce from contributing to the economy, is becoming a pariah in international relations, and is becoming a less attractive location for companies to operate in. MBS wants to change this, but to overcome the disapproval of the clerics he needs to be completely in control of the Government."
],
"score": [
20
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bcqdj
|
Why do electronics not short circuit when put in distilled water?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpgxqt6"
],
"text": [
"Water is non conductive. The elictricity is conducted by ions that are dissolved in water. There are no ions in distilled water."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bd9bh
|
why can't 32 bit or 64 bit Windows run 16 but apps?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dph11rn",
"dph126d",
"dph4gk0"
],
"text": [
"The difference isn't so much in the \"number of bits\", but rather in the fact that 16 bit apps are old and are designed for an entirely different runtime and file format and they require a completely different set of dependencies. They're now known as \"16 bit\", but the reality is the operating system's kernel was completely different at the time, and the apps were designed for that particular kernel.",
"Because newer Windows isn't designed to read/run 16 bit apps. As far as I understand it, it's not a hardware issue, a 64bit processor could handle anything up to 64bit, but if the software wasn't designed to handle 16bit apps, it won't.",
"32-bit Windows **can** run 16-bit applications but you have to enable the legacy [NTVDM]( URL_0 ) feature first. This can be done by typing (at an elevated command prompt): fondue /enable-feature:ntvdm 64-bit Windows does not support 16-bit applications because Intel processors in long mode do not support 16-bit real mode and virtual 8086 mode. As the NTVDM uses virtual 8086 mode to emulate a Windows 3.1 environment, this would have required extensive modification to enable support for 16-bit programs. Market demand dictated that this was not worth doing. Workarounds include the use of virtual machines and the open source DosBox program."
],
"score": [
23,
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bd9oj
|
Difference between necessary and sufficient conditions
|
Philosophy major here. I some how managed to get a distinction in informal reasoning, and yet I never managed to grasp the distinction between a necessary condition, and a sufficient condition. I'd appreciate an ELI5 on how to tell the difference between them, and a definition of each.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dph5c94",
"dph0zkm"
],
"text": [
"Water is a necessary condition for making lemonade. Water is NOT a sufficient condition - water alone does not meet all of the requirements to make lemonade.",
"A is a necessary condition for B if it's always true whenever B is true. In other words, B implies A. A is a sufficient condition for B if whenever it's true, B is true. In other words, A implies B. The meanings are actually just their regular English meanings. If A is necessary for B, then you can't have B without A, because A is necessary. If A is sufficient for B, it means that as long as you have A, that's sufficient to show that you have B as well."
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bdksq
|
How do they make old songs sound clear in movie trailers?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dph41o9",
"dphgca8",
"dphbd4u",
"dphivhg",
"dphltzu",
"dphn6m8",
"dphpgud",
"dphnwfj",
"dphnz0h"
],
"text": [
"Large Hollywood movie production studios have contracts with many large record labels for access to their original master recordings of music, and for more popular songs, the record labels can also sometimes provide the individual unmixed track recordings of those songs. Basically, the movie studios can get separate high quality recordings of the drums, vocals, horn section, guitar, piano, etc, and completely remix the song to fit the context of the movie/trailer. As far as making the tracks sound “clear”, this is either just done by having high quality recordings, or the audio engineers have added some sort of compression, equalizer, or other form of effects processing to the tracks to give them and crisper, more modern sound. EDIT: These multitrack master recordings and the individual tracks are referred to as “stems.” I was not aware of this term at the time of writing.",
"Audio sweetening is a big field. As some others mentioned, studios try to get the best original sources they can find. When media has degraded they'll multiple different sources, each the highest quality they can find. These will be integrated together. There are many noise reduction techniques out there. Many begin by transforming the clips from temporal data (the waveforms you are probably used to) into frequency data (often visualized [like this]( URL_0 )). When working in frequency space the data is more like a speckled image rather than waveform data. Constant frequencies, such as a 60 Hz electrical hum, can be removed; as frequency data that can mean erasing or cutting down (perhaps to 10% of their old value) at the 60 Hz line. Many noises are easily visualized as long lines or dark areas when viewing audio as frequencies, and they can be digitally removed or have their intensity reduced. Frequencies outside the regular voice range can be removed; the sound engineer can start by dropping everything below about 300 Hz and above about 3500 Hz, then fine tune the range based on what they hear. The traditional high-pass and low-pass filters used in analog equipment do the same type of work, only less precisely. Mixer boards, both digital and analog, do them on a coarse scale. They cut both the high-frequency sounds and the low-frequency sounds, and can be used to boost or drop different frequency bands as needed. The big mixer boards with tons of sliders that are shown at concerts do this, allowing the sound engineer to modify different frequencies of noise during the live event. Reverberations and echos can be easily added, and with some software can be scanned for and removed or reduced. Multiple recordings can be mixed together. If the quality of old tracks is not good enough new recording can be mixed in. If part of a word is unclear in the original recording, a voice actor can sing the lines in a similar voice, and the sound engineer can align the sound sample, adjust the pitch and volume, and blend the two together. It may be Sinatra you hear, but there may be a mix of singers that have been skillfully blended in. Similarly for orchestral parts, new violin recordings, cello recordings, or flute solos may be recorded and mixed in. There is far more -- it is an entire industry with signal processing math, specialized software, in addition to artists and engineers involved -- but that should give an idea of how it works.",
"There are two other major possible ways to make it clear. First studios will go through and clean up old recordings or use remasters to make it sound clear. Second, although used less frequently, sometimes they will rerecord a song with an voice actor that can impersonate a persons voice and a Hollywood orchestra for the instrumental part.",
"When possible we get high quality remastered tracks of each instrument, called \"stems\". These stems allow us to basically remix the track as needed, pulling out parts we dont want and boosting ones we do to modernize and \"trailerize\" the music cue. Also, most of the songs you hear are not simply the song. Usually we have a music library company add some additional elements to it, like more drums, or a rise, or a string element, etc. On top of that, you have all the sound effects you typically hear in trailers, (the Hits, the Rises, the BWAAMS, etc) that can sound like part of the song when cut rhythmically. source: am trailer editor.",
"Any song can be remixed to sound \"clearer\" with proper compression. An audio engineer can use the equalizer to filter out any frequencies that don't sound good to the ear, and make the song more \"modern\".",
"Aside from the obvious (remastered stems, etc) it's also true that things sound different at high volumes in a theater environment than they do on your car radio or earbuds. It's harder to discern audio quality when it's being blasted at you in surround sound.",
"I actually work in a studio that does this very work! I’m an imaging specialist so I can’t speak for the specifics of the audio engineering aspect, but the place I work has literally millions of master recordings stored for different record companies, and they are digitized for the very purpose you described (as well as preservation and restoration). Check out this video to see where the work is done (and my office!): URL_0",
"Probably a combination of the following.... 1) access to a high quality source, possibly the original master recording on tape. The audio quality of a tune someone put up on YouTube, your parents cassette collection, a worn out record or even a CD might not be anywhere near what it was when the track was originally recorded. 2) Compression. Trailers and commercials are notoriously over compressed. This means the loud sound in a piece are squashed down a bit and the quieter sounds are boosted giving the whole thing more power and punch but making it a lot more fatiguing to listen to for longer. It’s kind of like how they say a sweeter drink might taste better at first but but by the end you might prefer one less sweet. This is why people complain that many commercials are much louder than the TV or Radio program they are listening to. Compression allows the whole thing to be made louder without blowing out the speakers or our ears during the loudest parts.",
"Remastering. Basically you take the original recording which is probably on a big roll of tape and feed it through a machine that lets you 'tune' it. In the older days it was an actual machine that had sliders and knobs for turning these parts up and this part down and clear out this scratchy sound, etc. These days it all goes into computers that do the same thing. Some programs even have interfaces with virtual buttons and knobs for those that want to feel like they have their mixer again. Those mixers were the size of a dinner table btw, like a full on Thanksgiving sized dinner table. Source: Dad's a producer, he had one of those for years until they cleared it out to make room for bigger speakers and newer tech. It had mostly been used as a table/cat bed for the last 10 years of its life and was incredibly expensive back in the day. But when they got rid of it it was worthless pretty much unless they wanted to find a collector which they didn't have time for."
],
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3,
3,
3,
3
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[],
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],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.americanphotomag.com/inside-iron-mountain-vault-housing-lunch-atop-skyscraper-negative"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bdu8u
|
Magnetic flux
|
Explain this as basic as possible
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphgrg1"
],
"text": [
"To understand magnetic flux, you first need to understand the magnetic field. The magnetic field is the force exerted on moving electric charges, the Loretz-force. You can represent it like [this]( URL_1 ). Arrows point in the direction of the force (which will be opposite for opposite charges). The lines are closer together where the field is stronger. This is where the magnetic flux comes in. Imagine you draw a surface trough the magnetic field [as such]( URL_0 ). The magnetic flux is defined as the number of magnetic field-lines that go trough the surface. In other words: the magnetic flux is the sum (or mathematically: the integral) of the magnetic field over the whole surface. A small complicated detail: the contribution of the magnetic field to the magnetic flux decreases as the surface became less perpendicular to the field. This can be intuitively understood that when the surface is parallel to the field-lines, the flux equals zero, since no lines go through the surface. edit: fixed link"
],
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3
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://imgur.com/kNJgA31",
"https://imgur.com/i6sObM2"
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bebmq
|
How do such small doses of things like cocaine and heroin kill you? How do these small powders have such a big effect on your body?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphb0fq",
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"text": [
"It just doesn't always take a lot of something to have an effect in your body. Cocaine and heroin have different effects on the body, but in general, they target receptors in your brain that then set off cascading reactions all over your body. Lots of medications have an effect at a much lower dose than the same weight cocaine and heroin. For example, a standard dose of the benzodiazapine clonazapam is 0.25mg. It's just formed into larger pills to make it easier to use. The thing is, unadulterated cocaine and heroin *aren't* super deadly in small amounts...provided you are more or less healthy and not using other substances. It's when you start mixing substances (like, cocaine and alcohol is bad news for your liver and also increases the risk of heart attack) or using while you have a health condition (it should be fairly obvious why using something like cocaine when you have a heart condition is dangerous). Body weight, how frequently you use, how you use (like snorting versus injecting)...there are lots of different variables. When you get into the truly hard-hitters like fentanyl, carfentanil, and other analogues, that's when things get beyond potent.",
"A small amount of drug contains millions of millions of individual molecules of that drug. They spread out when they enter your body and bind to receptors to cause their effects. Your body uses chemical signals to communicate, so it has many receptors that are designed to detect and respond to tiny amounts of chemicals. This is why drugs work in the first place. The specific effects that an individual drug causes determine a safety index, which is the ratio between what dose has some effect and what dose will kill you. For THC, this is very high. For opioids, it's much lower, meaning that the line between fun and fucked is relatively small.",
"Most people are describing how the drug actually works in the system, and although this is important information, the 2 biggest reason people die from overdoses are: 1. The person was clean for awhile and then relapsed. Sometimes the person will use the last dose they used before getting clean. Their body was weaned off that big dose, so Oopsie overdose. The body’s tolerance level went down and couldn’t handle that big dose. 2. Drugs are often cut with all sorts of filler and crap. Sometimes it’s safe, sometimes it’s not. You would be surprised at the weird chemicals people cut drugs with. Anything to stretch the drug and be able to sell more. The more un-pure the drug, the more filler, the more risk for overdose. Source:I’m a nurse and worked with junkies.",
"Heroin blocks the neurons that tell you to breathe. This requires rather large doses -- much larger doses than any real poison does. Coke will mess up your heart by making it beat so fast that it starves. Even smallish doses repeated can mess up the conduction system, pre-disposing you to a big heart attack 40 years later, which we think is what happened to Carrie Fisher.",
"Everything is poisonous at a certain dose. Water is poisonous at high enough levels. The dose makes the poison. Certain chemicals can have such disastrous impacts on the body's processes, that even small amounts are enough to disrupt major chemical or biological processes that are necessary to life. Carbon monoxide does this by preferentially binding to hemoglobin in your blood, asphyxiating your cells and preventing them from creating energy necessary for life. Botulism toxin has one of the smallest lethal doses of any chemical known to man, and several known to monkeys. It is capable of blocking your nerves from releasing chemicals needed to produce movement... Simple actions like breathing become impossible. It's all about what systems in your body these chemicals affect, and how they do so, as to what type of effect a large or small dose will have. If you're interested in learning more: toxicology is the field of science that deals with these sorts of questions."
],
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12,
4,
3,
3
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"text_urls": [
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7behyz
|
how do “smart” products save on electricity bills if they are always on?
|
As above. Smart lighting is supposed to save on energy costs but if they are always on and waiting for a signal, surely they are expending more energy than if it was a normal bulb turned on and off at the socket? The same question applies to smart plugs.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphblli",
"dphbdc3"
],
"text": [
"The amount that these devices consume for the purposes of waiting for a signal is very small. The idea is that the amount of energy saved by the primary utility of the device (the light bulb, or the device plugged into the smart plug) being on less because the smart circuitry turns it on and off as needed far exceeds the amount of energy that is consumed when the device is not operating but is communicating with the controller. In other words, you might spend an extra two cents in \"smart controller\" power to save 30 cents on power consumption.",
"They use about 2W or 3W when \"off\" which is most of the time. Let's say this means your 150W lamp or TV stays on for 1 hour less each day. The savings exceeds the waste. Even better if you get a very efficient device that uses under 1W when \"off.\" The savings are of course proportional to the energy involved, so a \"smart\" air conditioner or heater is your best investment here."
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bei7a
|
If two people with AIDS/herpes have sex without protection, does it make their AIDS/herpes worse? Or does it matter?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphbh21"
],
"text": [
"Herpes can be spread to more areas of the body this way, so it's still a problem. Regarding AIDS, I don't know."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7beldk
|
How do people grow those super giant vegetables?
|
I see pictures of giant squash, onions, potatoes etc. How do they grow those? Can anything be giant? Is there a special breed? Do they grow super fast or does it take longer for them to grow?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphszpk",
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"dphuueg",
"dphzcae"
],
"text": [
"This reminds me of when I asked my brother how he grew such an awesome beard. He just gives me a deadpan \"It's easy, just don't shave\" For giant veggies, they start super-early in the season and just let them grow without harvesting (a lot of times, this makes the veggie taste worse/tougher but you're not gonna eat them anyway). Combine with using good fertilizer, right water/sun amounts, protecting from pests etc. There are also definitely certain cultivar (breeds) that are used when you're going for an over-sized crop.",
"There are some variants of plants that lend themselves to growing larger than others. In the case of pumpkins, sometimes milk is used to help make the pumpkins grow larger (cut a slit in the main vine, insert a straw or wicking material, and add milk!). This gives the pumpkin a lighter orange tinge than normal. The same practice can be applied to many other plants.",
"In Alaska, we routinely grow giant cabbages, pumpkins, squash, broccoli, and others in the Matanuska Valley. There are varietals that have been developed to respond to the almost constant sunlight in the summer and don't stop growing. I grew out some zucchini this year and one of them was about 3 kilos and all I did was throw it in some old used potting soil and set it on the deck. Competitive growers also use special feeding schedules, greenhouses, and techniques to enhance growth. [Here.]( URL_0 )",
"A chemical called gibberellin causes plants to grow longer. That with a mix of other plant hormones like auxin (stimulates growth) and abscisic acid (tells plant to retain water) cause the plant to get bigger. A prime example of this in action is the comparison between store grapes and wild grapes. Store grapes have been treated with hormones and are more elliptical in shape (due to gibberellin) and more juicy (due to absiscic acid) whereas wild grapes are small and spherical. I'm assuming the farmers that grow the giant veggies tend to use a mix of these. Of course, if it's the case of like one giant eggplant or something, I'd attribute it to being a genetic rarity."
],
"score": [
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21,
12,
4
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"text_urls": [
[],
[],
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"http://www.amusingplanet.com/2015/10/alaskas-giant-vegetables.html"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7belfr
|
How are locks mass produced such that they all require different keys?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphc6x4"
],
"text": [
"They aren't as unique as you think. Even if they made only 1000 different keys, the chances of someone both having the exact same key as you *and* trying it in your lock are basically zero. If someone wants into something you have locked with a mass-produced lock, they will pick the lock or bypass it completely. They can't really just go around hoping their key will unlock something, especially since using the wrong key can get the key stuck or damaged."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7ben26
|
Why it would be “no use” to collect DNA from the last white male rhino, who is waiting to go extinct, in an effort to bring them back in the future.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphcn5u"
],
"text": [
"1) It doesn't address the reasons the white rhino is going extinct. Creating a captive population of white rhinos only to die in the wild isn't useful, first you need to address the cause of their extinction. 2) It doesn't provide you a sufficient genetic diversity. With only one male you're going to have significant issues with inbreeding if you try to create a population. 3) Cloning is super difficult. I don't know that I'd say it would be *no* use. But there are significant hurdles to jump."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7besgb
|
Why are some of my car windows fogged in the morning but not others?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphgah4"
],
"text": [
"Is your car parked outdoors? fog/condensation is usually caused by a temperature difference between the inside/outside glass, so if the sun is hitting the car at a certain angle this may explain why."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bf09r
|
why does wikipedia ask for donations almost every month? do they really need it to not disappear?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphgigw"
],
"text": [
"Wikipedia's biggest issue is that their amazing service requires constant overhead. So donations keep it running. Have you ever been inside a server location. That shit is cold, and cold is expensive."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bf31r
|
why is chronic pain so common?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphh0u8",
"dphgxwr"
],
"text": [
"Many reasons. A few I can think of: - The increasing problem of obesity correlates with this because increased weight on bones and joints contributes to osteoarthritis. Chronic knee pain, back pain and to some extent hip pain can all be connected to this. - Depression and anxiety in our society, for far too many reasons to enumerate here, are rampant, and the somatic symptoms of mental illness are hugely significant and often overlooked. Among these are chronic, nondescript pains. - Factitious pain and drug-seeking behavior are also to be considered when opioid abuse is at an all time high, whether or not the problem is one of overprescribing. Some instances of chronic “pain” are not really so, but that’s not something that can be proven, nor is it something that should be assumed.",
"Older, fatter, lazier, complainier, and addicted to opiods-er. Modern medicine has let people live a lot longer so they are more likely to develop a chronic condition in old age. Modern food production lets people eat all they want and so they are fat, which carries a whole host of chronic pain implications Modern life allows us to be more sedentary which again is bad for the health. Modern standards say any discomfort at all is bad, so people complain about stuff they never would have opened their mouths about in the 1800's. Modern medicine has addicted huge numbers of people to opiods and so they need to say they are in pain to keep getting the pills."
],
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13
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
7bfdq0
|
The idea of “mental competence” in or in avoidance of court cases.
|
How is it determined whether someone is mentally capable of standing trial in court, and what is the underlying idea behind stopping/altering a case for those reasons? Also what happens to a case where the defendant has been found to be incapable of standing trial?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"dphjfoe",
"dphjg81"
],
"text": [
"> How is it determined whether someone is mentally capable of standing trial in court, Anyone can call into question the defendant's competency to stand trial. Ultimately the judge makes the decision. If the judge rules that there is a legitimate concern, they can hold a hearing to determine competency. They can call for psychological evaluations, but the judge still makes the final call. > and what is the underlying idea behind stopping/altering a case for those reasons? American citizens have a right to competent defense, to address their accusers and call witnesses for their defense. They cannot do this if they are incompetent. > Also what happens to a case where the defendant has been found to be incapable of standing trial? The trial will be postponed and the defendant held under mental observation and evaluation till such a time as they become competent.",
"Mental competency examinations by trained psychiatrists search for underlying mental illnesses that might suggest a suspected criminal isn't capable of controlling their behavior because of mental illness. More basically, we try to make sure that people who commit crimes are doing so with the knowledge that they are doing something bad. If a person with dementia commits a crime, we can't really say that they were aware of it in any way. Usually, in the case that mental incompetence is claimed, it is **clearly** mental incompetence, and not just someone pretending to have a mental illness. When this occurs, the person is usually returned to their home under conditions like a family member living there, or an at-home nurse living there, or maybe even moving them to an assisted living facility. In the case that a violent crime is committed, like rape or murder, the person would very likely be committed to a mental health facility until such time as they are capable of standing trial, or until they die.",
"> How is it determined whether someone is mentally capable of standing trial in court The judge will make that determination after hearing legal arguments made by attorneys for both prosecution and defense, supported by the opinions of psychiatric experts who have evaluated the defendant. > what is the underlying idea behind stopping/altering a case for those reasons? That it is fundamentally unfair to convict someone of a crime who is so mentally out of it that he cannot understand the nature of the proceedings or assist in his own defense. > Also what happens to a case where the defendant has been found to be incapable of standing trial? Most of the time, the defendant will remain in custody at a government mental health facility until such time as he is determined to be fit to stand trial. It's entirely possible for such a defendant to remain in custody for longer than the maximum legal sentence for the crimes with which he has been charged."
],
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8,
5
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
7bfzax
|
What is the difference between milk chocolate, dark chocolate, and extra dark chocolate?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Oh man the first ELI5 I can answer! I'm a pastry cook and I love chocolate! So technically the true chocolate classifications are white, milk, and dark. If there is a chocolate labeled \"extra dark\", it's just an extra marketing term. (Semi-sweet is a subclass of dark because it does not contain milk) The main ingredients in chocolate are chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, sugar, milk solids and dairy fat (for the sake of the ELI5 we'll just call these \"milk\"), flavoring, and lecithin. The flavor is usually vanilla and is in almost all chocolate, so we're going to ignore it. Lecithin is an emulsifier (which means it's the thing that helps keep the chocolate smooth) and is in almost all chocolate, so we'll ignore it. NOTE: in this context, chocolate liquor is *not* alcohol. It is the name for the paste that is made from ground cocoa beans. I know that's kind of confusing, but just roll with it. So the ingredients that vary widely between the classifications are: chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. White chocolate contains: cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. Milk chocolate contains: chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. Dark chocolate contains, chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, and sugar That is the simplest explanation for what the differences are, and if you're happy with that then stop reading and go eat chocolate. But I will expand on what the percentages you see on chocolate packages mean. If you eat two different brands of high quality chocolate, both labeled as 70%, you would probably notice that they taste very different. Why is that? The percentage on packages is the percentage of the actual cocoa bean that is in the product. So a dark chocolate at 70% is made with 70% cocoa bean and then 30% other ingredients (in this case sugar, vanilla, and lecithin). A 45% milk chocolate is made of 45% cocoa bean and 55% other ingredients (sugar, milk, vanilla, and lecithin). Okay so if they contain the same amount of bean why do they taste so different? Well, part of it can be the variety of bean and the roasting process, but that's more into the nuanced flavors(fruity, nutty, caramel, etc). The biggest factor in the actual intensity of the chocolate flavor is that processed cocoa beans have two components. Remember above? *Chocolate liquor* and *cocoa butter*. So a 70% chocolate might have 45% chocolate liquor and 25% cocoa butter. OR it might be 60% chocolate liquor and 10% cocoa butter. Either way it's labeled as 70% chocolate. A higher percentage of chocolate liquor will give you a more intense chocolate flavor. So basically, a cheaper chocolate can taste better than an expensive chocolate if it has a higher content of chocolate liquor. Lemme know if you want any more info or fun facts about chocolate! I'm off to go see Thor: Ragnarok, so I'll check back later. Edit: Holy crap you guys. When I left, OPs post literally had like 200 upvotes and I was like, \"Cool, the few people that read this will know some new stuff!\" I never expected to see so many responses! I'll have to get back on tomorrow and respond to more of you. It's almost 1am and I need to go to sleep for now. Also, thank you for the gold! I'm happy to share and discuss and learn new things from others. I'm glad someone thought what I shared was worth that much! Also also, everyone should go see Ragnarok. My god that was a good movie.",
"Chocolate is a mixture (immulsion?) Of Cocoa bean powderized solids and Cocoa bean fatty oils (called Cocoa butter) White chocolate is Cocoa butter without solids and sugar Milk chocolate is solids and butter with milk and buttload of sugar Semisweet is solids and butter and less sugar. Dark is solids and butter and even less sugar Extra dark is even less sugar. Until you get to Cocoa nibs, which is basically the bean crushed",
"The type of chocolate depends on the sugar to cocoa ratio, and the inclusion of other ingredients such as milk. The darker the chocolate, the more cocoa and less sugar and other filler it has. The darkest of chocolates are around 80% cocoa. As the chocolate gets lighter, more sugar and additional ingredients are added. If I remember correctly, Hershey at one point was no longer able to call their products chocolate because they did not contain the defined amount of cocoa butter. They had to call it a chocolate flavoured candy.",
"There are actually legal definitions set out by the FDA as to what constitutes different kinds of chocolate. And as a chocolate scientist (yes, that is actually my job) these are things I work with every day when I'm formulating new products. Milk chocolate must contain at least 10% of what we call chocolate mass (which is cocoa beans that are ground into paste) and 12% of milk solids with 3.39% milk fat. So essentially, milk chocolate has to have a milk component and a chocolate mass component. The rest of the chocolate is made up of sugar and cocoa butter. Cocoa butter is the fat portion that is extracted from the ground up cocoa beans. Dark and extra dark are actually not terms that have legal definitions. They are used primarily for marketing purposes. However, semisweet and bittersweet ARE legal terms that actually have the same definition. Semisweet and Bittersweet chocolate must have at least 35% chocolate mass and no more than 12% of milk solids (having any milk in it is purely optional though). Bittersweet is often used when talking about a chocolate that contains more than 50% chocolate mass, but usually once you start making chocolate with that much chocolate mass in it, you just start referring to the cacao content. Ex. Ghirardelli has a really popular 72% cacao chocolate square (in the red wrapper) and they have an 86% cacao chocolate (called like intense dark or something). It's also really helpful to remember that the more chocolate mass you add to a chocolate the less sugar is in it. That is why \"darker\" chocolates are more bitter. If a chocolate is 72% cacao, it is ~ 28% sugar. If it has 86% cacao, it has ~ 14% sugar. Chocolate is quite literally my life, so if you have follow-ups, I am here for it. Source: real life chocolate scientist. If you buy chocolate at a grocery store, you have probably eaten my chocolate.",
"I'm a bean to bar chocolate maker in the US. Mostly the question was answered, but I'll REALLY ELI5: -Milk chocolate must contain milk. You can even have dark milk chocolate. -Dark chocolate just means there is more cocoa product than \"the average\" milk chocolate. -White chocolate doesn't have cocoa powder, and usually contains some kind of milk.",
"The increasing inclusion of dairy fat to make it more delicious. Dark chocolate can have vanilla in it and still be dark chocolate.",
"Milk chocolate actually is a mixture of dark chocolate and condensed milk, not regular milk. Dark chocolate is simply any chocolate that is majority chocolate. The crazy thing to think about is whenever they list a chocolate's percentage, most of the rest of the weight is made up of sugar. 70% chocolate is nearly 30% sugar for example."
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[
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[
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|
7bg7ck
|
Why Do Balloons Get All Shriveled When They Lose Air Then Tighten Up When Touched
|
When you fill up a balloon with helium and it starts to deflate, it gets those weird wrinkly lines. I always loved the feeling you get when you grab the wrinkly balloons and they tighten up, but I never understood why they become wrinkly or why grabbing them causes the wrinkles to disappear.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"dphtkvu"
],
"text": [
"Rubber balloons are obviously stretchy, but they're also porous. That's how helium leaks out - through the pores in the rubber. But in order to leak out, the helium needs pressure behind it from the helium inside the balloon. Once the balloon is deflated, there isn't any pressure pushing the helium out, so the helium remains trapped inside the rubber walls. The rubber itself is saturated with helium, so doesn't shrink to its original size. The pattern that develops is where helium is concentrated unevenly through the rubber, causing bumps and ripples on the surface. When you touch the balloon, your skin transfers heat to the rubber, which causes helium to outgas (evaporate) from the rubber, allowing the rubber to shrink closer to its original size."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bgdf9
|
How do stock options work?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Can someone explain Stock Options and how they work? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5:How does trading stock options work? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: Can someone explain Stock Options and how they work? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Can someone please explain how stock options work and how to use them? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: How do Stock Options work? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: How do stock options work? ]( URL_0 )"
],
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5
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1kzpr6/eli5_how_do_stock_options_work/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qspbx/eli5how_does_trading_stock_options_work/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/787ko0/eli5_how_do_stock_options_work/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4kniys/eli5_can_someone_explain_stock_options_and_how/d3gf70d/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l6ywa/eli5_can_someone_please_explain_how_stock_options/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4kniys/eli5_can_someone_explain_stock_options_and_how/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bggg7
|
Stock options - How do they work, and what motivates the buyers and sellers?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphsgv5"
],
"text": [
"Let's say, for example, that they are options to buy the stock at a slightly higher price a month from now. Buyer: \"I think the stock is going way up, so an option to buy at this modest price is like free money.\" Seller: \"I don't think the stock is going to go up, so selling you this option is like selling you a worthless piece of paper for cash.\""
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bgp3z
|
What is the use of weak induction when we can use strong induction?
|
if we assume true for all n-1...1, it includes assume true for n-1. So what is the purpose weak induction? Is there a scenario where strong induction will give me an incorrect proof where as weak induction would? confused about this even after using induction many times... Thank you
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"To quote a reddit post from a while back about weak vs strong induction, it all lies in the differences between the two. URL_0 “ “Weak\" induction only cares about the ladder rung you are currently standing on. As long as that one exists, you know that you can step up to the next rung. All the other rungs below you could have fallen off or exploded. You don't care: As long as the rung you are standing on is OK, then you can keep moving up the ladder. For \"strong\" induction, you need all the previous rungs to still exist before you can safely move up to the next rung.” So if you don’t have all the previous rungs, you must use weak induction.",
"> Is there a scenario where strong induction will give me an incorrect proof where as weak induction would? No, they are logically equivalent. If the weak inductive property holds, so does the strong one. But sometimes one lends itself better to a particular proof than the other. It is kind of like how (x + 1)(x + 1) and x^2 + 2x + 1 are the same, but one can be more useful than the other, depending which way your proof is headed."
],
"score": [
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://amp.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1cemvv/eli5_the_difference_between_weak_and_strong/"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bgri3
|
How are files moved with SFTP and AS2?
|
So, my school participates in a program to encourage girls to get interested in math and science. Last Friday, we visited a local business that moves a lot of data. They said they move millions of files every month using SFTP and AS2 (IBM software, no idea the name though) I wrote what I could down in my notes and went home to do some research. After searching around (Reddit, Youtube, etc.), I have a basic idea of what the SFTP and AS2 protocols mean and a very basic understanding of how they work, but I'm still wondering how the files actually move. For example, if my question was going to be sent to another person using SFTP or AS2, how does that work? How does the actual letters get transformed and reassembled from one computer to another? Thanks in advance!!!
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphv9fl",
"dpi2jjc"
],
"text": [
"Files aren't letters. They're saved as millions of blocks of 0's and 1's. That information is broken up into chunks and encrypted and transmitted to the other side. Imagine secret code Morse signals. The receiving side receives the signals, decrypts it, and then saves it onto their storage device",
"> For example, if my question was going to be sent to another person using SFTP or AS2, how does that work? How does the actual letters get transformed and reassembled from one computer to another? A file is a series of bytes. A byte is just a number between 0 and 255 inclusive. (In base 2 numbers, you can use eight binary digits to write any number between 0 and 255. We chose to use eight binary digits just because. Some older computers used six or ten.) If you want to put text into a computer, you have to come up with a way to make numbers mean letters. You need a function that maps between them. There is no one right way to do this, but we've come up with some ways that work okay. ASCII is one of the most famous and widely supported methods. Someone just decided that they'd represent the symbols you can type (along with some others that made sense for controlling the computer hardware at the time) as numbers between 0 and 127. A byte, except you use one binary digit less, just to leave space for later. Let's say you want to write a famous quote, like: \"Sen luktado, ne ekzista progreso.\" (Without struggle, there is no progress.) You look up each letter and symbol in the ASCII table: `S` is 83, `e` is 101, `n` is 110, ` ` (space) is 32, and so on. And you put those in binary: 01010011 01100101 01101110 00100000 Hard for you and me to read, easy for a computer to read. But we can teach the computer how to show us the right letters for each of these numbers. > I'm still wondering how the files actually move. The \"explain like I'm a computer program\" version is found in the series of links [here]( URL_0 ). If you really want to learn things the hard way, you can have a go at it, but I would have trembled at reading those RFCs when I was in college. SSH is a protocol built on top of TCP/IP. TCP/IP is about the lowest level of networking you'll ever need to know if you become a software developer. TCP/IP is a protocol that allows you to send a series of **packets** of data to another computer and get a series of packets in response. A packet is a blob of bytes that starts with a bit of metadata: who it's for (the IP address and port), who it's from (also an IP address and port), how long it is, some other stuff that tells you how to send the packet around. See, the internet is a series of tubes, and you can send a ball bearing down a tube, but it's a lot harder to send a basketball... Anyway, you break up your data into a series of packets that you can send one at a time so you don't overload everyone's network hardware and so you can resend only a little bit of data if something gets lost. The SSH protocol adds on authentication and encryption. You can prove who you are to the other computer, and it can prove who it is, and the data passed back and forth is obscured so nobody else can read it. The SFTP protocol adds on a series of commands. Each packet starts with a length (four bytes) and then a type indicator (one byte). The type indicator can be a command, like \"read data from this file\", or something that tells you what the data in the packet is about, like a blob of data read from a file, or a list of file attributes (size, last modified, etc). So to send a file with SFTP: 1. Create a TCP/IP connection. 2. Open an SSH connection on top of that TCP/IP connection, set up encryption, and authenticate. 3. Open an SFTP connection on top of that SSH connection by sending a packet with type SSH_FXP_INIT, aka \"start doing SFTP things\". 4. Open the file by sending a packet of type SSH_FXP_OPEN. We need to tell it the file path we want to open, that we want to write to that file, and potentially some extra bookkeeping info. The server will give us a handle we can use to refer to that open file. 5. Write data to that file by sending a packet of type SSH_FXP_WRITE. We'll give it the file handle, a number (byte offset from the start of the file) saying where to write the data, and the data to write. 6. Close the file by sending a packet of type SSH_FXP_CLOSE, again sending the file handle. It's a little verbose, but it works."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://wiki.filezilla-project.org/SFTP_specifications"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bhdhv
|
Why do we feel more awaken after washing our faces or taking a shower?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dphzqdh"
],
"text": [
"One theory is that this is instinctual behavior from human evolution. Being unconscious and landing face down in water is very dangerous due to the risk of drowning so the theory is humans evolved an adrenalin response to having water on their faces."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bhgud
|
How do elevators for extremely tall buildings work?
|
There obviously is some kind of code, but how does the elevator know where to go and when?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpi0ljm"
],
"text": [
"Typically the ground-floor elevators each visit only a certain range of floors (e.g. \"express to floors 30-45\"). For *supertall* buildings there is an express to a *sky lobby* from which new, different elevators go to higher floors. URL_0"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_lobby"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bhkz0
|
How do we know what √pi= or what pi^x= if pi is infinite?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpi2cwc",
"dpi1qjj"
],
"text": [
"π isn't infinite, it's irrational. The relationship between a circle's diameter and circumference is not infinite, it a real and tangible number that we can know as excatly as we know what 12 is. We know exactly what π is, it is π. We know what π is as much as we know what 1, -1, 1000, sqrt(2), e, or j are. They are just symbols to represent a number we have an understanding of. Irrational numbers (π, sqrt(2)) simply have a non-repeating decimal representation when we display them in base-10 (using the ten numbers from 0 to 9 in the standard decimal notation). That doesn't mean we don't know what they are, just that we can't express it exactly in a base-10 representation. Much the same as how 1/3 in base-10 is infinitely repeating as 0.33333.... and that doesn't mean we don't know what 1/3 is or that we can't represent 1/3 exactly. Not being able to display it in base-10 is absolutely not the same as not knowing excatly what it is or it being infinite. Base-10 isn't some fundamental correct way to display numbers. We can actually use base-π as a just as valid base and π works out nice and cleanly. 16 however would be an infinite string of digits, yet you know what 16 is and what it's root is. 1 to represent one is as valid as π is for pi. We also do have eqautions to exactly express π in base-10 (as we know exactly what it is), they would just take forever to calculate. π/4 = 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9... for example. We know what sqrt(π) is because we know is what π is. If we wanted to express what sqrt(π) is in a base-10 decimal representation, we simply just take the root of one of the many equations we have for excatly calculating π. Edit: series should be π/4, not π, as pointes out by others.",
"Take any circle and divide circumference by the diameter. That is the value of pi, and it's finite. However, its value cannot be described in decimal notation using a finite number of digits. Other numbers such as 1/3rd likewise cannot be accurately represented in decimal, but unlike 1/3rd, pi is not a rational number and thus cannot be represented as a simple fraction either."
],
"score": [
29,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bhrbt
|
Why are onions the foundation of so many meals and recipes?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpi3xdi"
],
"text": [
"Any veggie that is aromatic is used to create base flavors in a dish, like onions, garlic, peppers, celery, leeks, that kind of stuff. Their flavor permeates other parts of the food you are cooking."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bhrqb
|
Why is it that we have emojis but have yet to utilize bold, italics, or underlining in text messages?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpi4oxv"
],
"text": [
"The chosen method to implement emojis was to add each one as a Unicode character. Messages remain just a sequence of characters with no mechanism to add \"markup\" for formatting such as would be required to have italic and bold text. Unicode explicitly refuses to add character variants like italic and bold for several reasons including: it would greatly multiply the number of characters needed; and it would make searching for text very hard, because then abc would not match *abc* or **abc** ."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bibou
|
Why all diagrams showing the big bang shows something like a cone. Shouldn't this be showed like a sphere?
|
see evidence: [1]( URL_0 ), [2]( URL_1 ), [3]( URL_2 ), [4]( URL_3 ),
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpi7uih"
],
"text": [
"They use one dimension to show time. That leaves two spacial dimensions to work with for showing the size of the universe, and a 2d sphere is a circle. A circle getting larger as you go through the third dimension (representing time) gives a cone."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bic1v
|
What is molasses, chemically?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpi8arw"
],
"text": [
"It is sugar. Molasses is a middle stage in the process to make crystalline white sugar. Conversely, brown sugar is not one of the stages in the process. It is made by adding molasses back into white sugar until you get light or dark brown sugar."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bidpr
|
How does a cow's digestive system work with 4 stomachs?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpie5xn",
"dpiubtp"
],
"text": [
"Cellulose, the main component in grass, is *really* hard to break down. Cows and other cud chewers convert cellulose to a usable form of energy very slowly by breaking apart and breaking down cellulose with specialized enzymes. Each of the 4 stomachs, and the initial chewing, serve as a different \"stage\" in the breakdown process.",
"the 4 stomachs are there in order to create separate environments for digest different things. 1. the rumen and the reticulum are sort of working together since material can flow freely between this two compartments. There the pH is somewhat **neutral**, in order to provide the right environment for microbial life forms, who actually do the digestive work on cellulose. 2. the Omasum is a chamber with a lot of foldings and is used to adsorb a lot of the water from the material exiting the rumen 3. the abomasum is basically the \"normal\" stomach which means that the **pH is very low**, so the proteins can be denatured and digested. Much alike what happens in our own stomach."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bihgs
|
Why do some people faint when surprised?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpibto0"
],
"text": [
"It's a vasovagal syncope response. Basically, the vagus nerve is triggered by stress, which causes your heart rate to slow, and your blood pressure to drop temporarily. You need about 60 mmHg systolic to sustain consciousness, so dropping below that makes you fall unconscious (i.e. syncope). Once you're horizontal, though, things easily correct themselves. People more frequently experience this response due to seeing something traumatic if they're new to healthcare (e.g. a nurse or medical student) or when taking a mean shit (vasovagal maneuver)."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7biiie
|
Why does fecal matter make you so ill if eaten?
|
In a nutshell, it comes from the body but is dangerous as all hell when it goes back in the body?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpiaip2",
"dpii1gc"
],
"text": [
"It follows the everything has a place and everything in its place. There are more bacteria in a square inch of your colon than people ever born, the bacteria serve a purpose there. You have different bacteria in your small intestine, your colon,and your mouth. You get sick if you get the wrong bacteria in the wrong places or too many bacteria. That said ,fecal transfers , transferring fecal matter from people with healthy bacteria to people with low counts is a burgeoning field.",
"You know how poop smells bad to us? (Most of us, anyway) That's a typical sign that it's bad to eat. There are no cultures that love the poop smell, as a general rule. That makes it either an instinct ingrained in us through countless generations, or all the people who hate the poop smell didn't eat poop and lived, passing on their traits. It's the same sort of thing as bad meat, spoiled milk, and other things that can make you sick smelling terrible. All the people who loved bad meat smells died off. I realize this answer wasn't really the why behind medical effects of eating fecal material, but it still answers your question from a different angle."
],
"score": [
12,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bijye
|
Why aren't there any successful third party candidates in major United States Elections?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpi9zs3",
"dpia0jp",
"dpia7ay"
],
"text": [
"First Past the Post voting, which is the system we have, encourages strategic voting, which discourages diversity. Basically if a simple plurality wins, then everyone is encouraged to pool together and vote together, and it always devolves into a 2 party system, even in mathematical models. CGP Grey has some really good videos on this. Basically everyone chooses the lesser of two evils until it's just two parties fighting for the few swing people in between.",
"Because the United States uses a first past the post system where the candidate with the most votes wins, even if it's not a majority. This means that if a third party becomes sufficiently popular, it siphons away votes from one of the two main parties. So if Party A has 40% support, and Party B had 60%, but now splits even with Party C (each getting 30% now), then A wins the election. This naturally results in people converging around two coalition-type parties so as to not split the vote and means that third parties don't get much support.",
"Edit: I thought the question related to national debates and I answered as such... but I'm leaving my answer because it's one of the reasons why people don't *know* about other political parties. The Commission on Presidential Debates controls access to the national debates. This nonprofit private organization was created by the Republican and Democratic parties (hey look, something they can agree on!). With the exception of Ross Perot, they have never let a third party candidate onto the debate stage, going so far as to have Ralph Nader and Jill Stein arrested for attempting to gain access to the debate stage. If you really get down to it, both of the our \"big\" political parties are awful. They steal from the American people, and usually it's just which American people get stolen from that's different. But by maintaining an image of being different, they guarantee that any voter will at least vote for one or the other, and not a third party candidate who a given voter might agree with more. Example...let's say I'm a pro-choice, pro-gun, environmentalist, anarcho-capitalist...who do I vote for? I can satisfy three of my four platforms with a vote for the libertarian party. I can't get more than two out of the Democrats or Republicans. Basically, the ruling oligarchy (name a major party political candidate who has pulled themselves up by their boot straps ???) maintains a chokehold on the American public by creating an organization that controls the presidential debates and ensures that the Green/Libertarian/Socialist/whatever parties don't get a national stage."
],
"score": [
20,
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bj0wi
|
The theory of luck egalitarianism
|
I've done readings on it but I'm really struggling to make sense of it completely. Most of the language is so verbose. Can anyone help?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpiet6u",
"dpifgs8"
],
"text": [
"As I understand it, luck egalitarianism is the argument that society should concern itself with ensuring that people are not punished for things beyond their control (the results of \"luck\"), but that society has no obligation to reverse or address other problems (the results of choice). So, for example, a luck egalitarian might say the government should pay a stipend to people born blind -- because that was just bad luck of genetics -- but shouldn't pay healthcare costs for someone who went blind because they improperly used fireworks, knowing the risk. It gets a lot more complicated (what if the person set off the fireworks because they were born with a genetic predisposition to stupid risks?) and many people reject the approach.",
"My understanding is this: Everyone should start the race in the same place, but we shouldn't control how fast anyone runs. That is, nobody should get a head start just because they're born into an advantageous situation (born rich). But some people are gonna work harder, be smarter, and get ahead, and they should be allowed to be more successful."
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bj0wz
|
Why can't we start a farm in America where we breed a bunch of Rhinos or other endangered animals.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpidu20"
],
"text": [
"I'm going to point out the Giant Panda as an example. In zoos, they have a perfectly safe environment with some roam to roam, plenty of food and a few choices of potential mates. And they don't want to breed. Getting animals to breed in captivity is a hard task."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bj30k
|
what’s the difference between covalent and polar covalent bonds?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpiectv"
],
"text": [
"All forms of bonds are a sharing of electrons. Atoms \"want\" to have a stable number of electrons; in the simplest cases, they want 8 electrons in their outermost energy level, and they will \"borrow\" electrons from other atoms to fill up this level. The three traditional categories (ionic, polar covalent, and covalent) are a bit of a simplification. It's really more of a gradient of how equally this electron is shared. In ionic bonds, one atom mostly or entirely strips an electron from the other; they are held together by their differing electrical charges. A nonpolar covalent bond is more or less equal; the electron spends equal time near one nucleus and near the other. A polar covalent bond is in between; the electron migrates between the nuclei, but spends significantly more time on one \"half.\" The category of a particular bond is determined by the difference in electronegativity of the atoms involved. Electronegativity can be seen as a measurement of how strongly an atom will grab electrons. Since chlorine is much more electronegative than sodium, it will (almost) completely strip sodium's electron for itself; this makes an ionic bond. To use your example of polar covalent bonding: the oxygen in a water molecule is very electronegative, but not quite enough to completely steal electrons from hydrogen. Instead, the electrons spend noticeably more time near the oxygen, giving the oxygen end of the molecule a partial negative charge, while the exposed hydrogen protons have a slight positive charge. Edit: clarification and elaboration"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bj3uc
|
Why does two people cuddling increase their body temps? Wouldn't the temperature remain the same since the added heat is dissipated between the two people?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpietq9",
"dpiej5k",
"dpiessb"
],
"text": [
"Imagine a person being a square box, and they sleep on the upper part of the bed: ▀ . That person has a surface area of \"one box\", and a perimeter of 4 sides exposed to the air. Now add a second person to the lower part of the bed: ▄ . That person also has a surface area of \"one box\" and a perimeter of 4 sides exposed to the air. People produce heat from their internal processes, and then some of this heat is lost to the (colder) environment through the 4 sides. Now put our two people together on the bed: ▀▄ and then make them cuddle, like so: █ . Their total area is \"two boxes\", \"twice the people\", but ... look at that, they only have 6 sides exposed to the air instead of 8. Two sides (one from each person) are touching each other, and since we assume them to be equally warm (both people at around 37 degrees), they have a smaller perimeter exposed to the cold air now that they're cuddling. That allows them to lose heat at a slower rate than when they're separate, making them retain more heat, and feeling warmer. Cuddling is good. And now I feel so alone.",
"The trick is that temperature is dynamic, not static. If you're temperature at some moment is, say, 90 degrees, that means that you are generating some amount of heat (say 95 degrees worth) and then dissipating heat at some rate that leads to your temperature reading as 90 overall. If you were to put on a coat, you'd reduce the speed at which the heat dissipates. That would lead your temperature to go up, despite no internal changes. cuddling is like putting on the coat, but even better since not only is the person you're cuddling likely to insulate you better than the air, but they are also likely producing their own heat (so if they're hotter than you you might actually gain, not just lose slower).",
"Surface area. A person will lose heat in all directions unless they wear clothes. Cuddle with somebody else and a significant part of your body heat is absorbed by them, warming them, and their heat is absorbed by you. Together, especially with clothes and/or blankets, the heat between you can build up. So essentially you're \"wearing\" the other person just like when you wear clothes. It keeps the heat in. Edit: If you want to consider the math, then you don't divide by two. You divide by less than two, since the heat is lost through all sides except the side of the bed and the side touching the other person."
],
"score": [
16,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bj7lt
|
How is the "Trickle down" system different from the basic pyramid scheme?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpign7j"
],
"text": [
"Pyramid schemes are \"trickle up\" schemes. Money flows from the bottom to the top, so as long as you can keep adding more people below you, you'll make money. The reason we call them schemes is that they usually imply that you can make money other ways, but in reality the money is to be found almost entirely in getting people to join the scheme. Trickle down -- assuming you are referring to the economic policy idea -- is the belief that reducing the tax/regulatory burdens on people who make a lot of money will help people below them in the system. Money flows downward, because the billionaire takes his tax break, spends some of it to hire more workers, who spend some of that to buy more goods and services, which means money goes to the workers that provide them, and so on. Many people don't believe that trickle down is correct (in the sense that there's no special advantage to tax breaks for the rich as opposed to tax breaks for the middle class, and maybe even a disadvantage) but it's not really like a pyramid scheme."
],
"score": [
18
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bjdxf
|
Why is the "don't look back" trope so common in stories?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpiq6da",
"dpin3ca"
],
"text": [
"One interpretation of the story of Lot is that if they truly wanted to flee, if they truly trusted they would be spared, there would be no reason to look back, especially when told not to by the angels who let them flee. A large through-line of the morals of the Old Testament is that obedience to God is of prime importance, and that when a rule or law is given, it is expected to be obeyed. For Orpheus, I think we can drum this up to the fact that the Greek Gods were just giant assholes. However, there's a similar lesson as Lot's in terms of obedience to a higher power - if Orpheus had obeyed the offer as given, it would have been fine, it was his inability to trust in that promise that led to it unraveling. The same lesson - when a higher power gives you a rule or restriction, follow it. As for Spirited Away, in Eastern lore, the Spirit World is a place that is not meant for humans, and can be inherently harmful to them. To look at it is to disrespect the spirits, which consider themselves above humans. Once again, the theme of deference to a higher power in exchange for some boon or being allowed to leave somewhere unharmed. The idea of looking back in all three of these examples means there is a lack of trust in the being or force that is allowing them to leave or escape, usually with something they otherwise would not have been allowed to leave with. It disrespects the higher power that (in the higher power's view) was intruded upon or otherwise approached/appealed to, and did offer a boon for a condition of implied trust. Lot's family was allowed to leave (and even allowed to leave to Zoar instead of escaping all the way to the mountains) so long as they didn't look back, only because the angels were appealed to. Orpheus had to strike that deal with Hades to bring Eurydice back from a place where she did rightfully belong, being one of the dead. And in Spirited Away, Chihiro and her parents wandered into the territory of the spirits despite simply being humans, and being allowed to leave like that was no small feat. Again, these all represent normal people going against the established order of things, whether by taking something from where it belonged, intruding on somewhere they should not be, or by attempting to escape from a fate they should have been subjected to. And the higher powers allow this, but the lack of trust caused by the act of looking back, of not having certainty in what they were promised, is what can ultimately be their undoing.",
"Personally, I think this trope is about being able to let go. In these stories, a character is having to leave behind a big part of their life and when they look back, it means they are unable to let go and hence suffer because they can’t move on."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bjzpb
|
How does chloroform work?
|
Is it just like the movies? Could you throw a rag soaked in it over someone’s face and they pass out?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpikvqs"
],
"text": [
"Chloroform is an anaesthetic which acts on the nervous system and will eventually induce unconscious and death. It takes several minutes of inhaling chloroform to become unconscious, and on waking the victim will most likely have a terrible headache. I tried this, I would not recommend it."
],
"score": [
19
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bkh77
|
What is the purpose of having a Concert hall volume option?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpip4t2"
],
"text": [
"The purpose of the setting is to digitally simulate the slightly delayed echo effect of a large venue. While in a small room (like the typical location of a household computer) both the soundwaves coming directly at you and the ones bouncing off your walls, floor, etc, hit you at essentially the same time from a human perception standpoint; you are technically hearing an echo, but your brain doesn't bother to process it as a separate sound. As the room gets bigger, the longer it takes for the sound bouncing off the walls and floor to reach the ear, eventually reaching the point where the echo starts being processed on its own. For classical music in particular this echo (or reverberation/reverb) was both an obstacle and a tool, as the composer would need to adjust their performance for individual venues to properly account for the reverb, but could also integrate it into the performance for a more 'full' sound. More information on reverb and reverb settings (particularly from a music production standpoint) can be found here: URL_0"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://sonicscoop.com/2013/11/03/the-five-main-types-of-reverb-and-how-to-mix-with-them-by-jamey-staub/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bksmy
|
How does the text summarizing alghorithm work?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpj6jhb"
],
"text": [
"I do text analysis/extraction for a living so this is my thing (I've only been doing it for a year, so I'm no expert). I skimmed the algorithm posted by rift95 (he deleted his comment so here is the link he posted URL_0 ) and will try to explain it (assuming I understand it correctly). Basically you rank each sentence in a paragraph based on some factors (will explain later) and the sentence with the highest score is the best summary for that paragraph. Do that for each paragraph, and you have a list of best summary sentences. Then you make a summary paragraph by chaining those summary sentences together. The ranking of each sentence is determined by how many words in that sentence appear in other sentences. (i.e. The score of a sentences is the sum of all its intersection). edit: Also a good implementation would give more important words get more points (e.g. prepositions don't give many points, keywords like location names and people names get more points). Here's an example paragraph I made: We bring you this new interesting story. This is my favorite news because we talk about the President. This Tuesday President Trump went to China. What will Trump do next? Notice that not many words in the first sentence appear in other sentences in the paragraph. This means that it will get a low score and be a bad candidate for a summary sentence. The third sentence has words like \"Trump\" and \"President\" which not only appear in other sentences, but are also proper nouns so they would be given more points. I need to go to a meeting so I'm cutting this explanation short. Hope someone found this interesting or helpful!"
],
"score": [
68
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/shlomibabluki/5473521/raw/82485819f0dff0da1c68be8f1faef935b7bffa3f/summary_tool.py"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bkweh
|
Why do extremely high pitched sounds hurt our ears, but extremely low pitched sounds do not?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpir1y8"
],
"text": [
"Pitch refers to the frequency of a Sound wave The way we hear sound is by the sound wave going into our ear which then moves a little hammer like device. It bounces to the frequency of the wave. The higher frequency, the faster the hammer bangs. And at a point yeah it starts hurting. Physically hit yourself with a hammer for an example. The faster you hit yourself, the more tender and sensitivite your skin becomes, and the more it hurts. If you go slower, your skin has more time to recover for the next blow so it hurts less. Same applies to the hammer Inside your ear. Low frequencies bounce the hammer less, so it doesnt hurt at all. Don't get this confused with volume though. A high volume of either of those can still hurt. Larger Volume means the energy of the wave is larger, meaning the hammer strikes harder. A harder strike will hurt you more than a softer strike."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bl01i
|
is it correct to say that if an airplane has 1/1000000 chance of crashing, in the flight number 500000 has a chance of 50% that an airplane has already crashed?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpiqywz"
],
"text": [
"> is it correct to say that if an airplane has 1/1000000 chance of crashing, in the flight number 500000 has a chance of 50% that an airplane has already crashed? No. Consider a 6-sided die. There's a 1/6 chance that you'll roll a 1. But you don't have a 50% chance of rolling a 1 after three rolls. The way you calculate this is by calculating the odds of *not* rolling a 1 three times in a row. The odds of rolling a 1 are 1/6, and thus the odds of rolling anything else are 5/6. So the odds of rolling \"anything else\" three times in a row are: 5/6 * 5/6 * 5/6 = 5/6^3 = 125/216 ~= 0.578703 So the odds of rolling a 1 at least once after three rolls is 1 minus the odds of never rolling a 1 after three rolls: 1 - 0.578703 = 0.421296 ~= **42%** After three tosses of the die, there's a 42% that you will have rolled at least a single 1 **** The plane example is essentially the same thing. 1 - (999,999 / 1,000,000)^500,000 ~= 0.393469 ~= **39%** So a 39 percent chance of crashing in the first half-million flights (also note that plane crashes are a *lot* rarer than one in a million). And in case you're wondering about what happens after a million flights: 1 - (999,999 / 1,000,000)^1,000,000 = ~0.63212 ~= **63%** Which fits your intuition that you shouldn't automatically have crashed by the millionth flight."
],
"score": [
13
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7blkwh
|
If people are "innocent until proven guilty", why are "innocent" people kept in jail until trial?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpiuwc9"
],
"text": [
"EDIT: slightly simplified: > Courts can't treat you as guilty until you are actually found guilty. > But, judges have the power -- once the cops show that there's actually some reasons to think you might have committed a crime, to keep you in jail to make sure you can't run away from the trial or to protect society (if you seem dangerous). > However, these reasons for keeping you in jail have nothing to do with you being innocent or guilty, just with those two questions (will you show up and does public safety require you to be kept away from people). It's sort of like being arrested. Being arrested doesn't mean your guilty, but we allow cops to arrest people in certain circumstances to let us get to the point where we can determine guilt or innocence. The justification for holding people in jail is (in theory) that they will not show up for the trial if they are not held or that there is substantial reason to believe that they are a threat to others. The former reason has nothing directly to do with being innocent or guilty (though sometimes when the evidence seems particularly damning it can make judges think that the person trying to flee is more likely.) The latter comes closer, but isn't about criminal punishment, so much as public safety -- it's far easier to challenge and far more temporary than a prison sentence. Of course, in practice this reasoning can lead to egregious violations of civil rights, but the reasoning is distinct from the presumption of innocence, which is more about which side wins ties, who has to prove what at trial, and related issues."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7blxya
|
Why do so many business facing companies still force customers to talk to a salesman to get any pricing information or to place an order, when in many cases a website with online ordering would save customers and the company time and money?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpiybib"
],
"text": [
"As a former B2B salesman, I can tell you that we try to gauge what your ability to spend is before we give you the bottom line. Plus, we were making custom solutions so the amount of work for us was not fixed according the the pure number of sales. Lastly, we tried to head off any potential dissatisfaction by making sure we knew what the business actually needed. Sometimes people go into something knowing what they want to spend, not what they want to get out of it. If they are spending and not meeting their needs, then it's bad for both parties."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bmbj6
|
How do external factors affect the testosterone levels of a young man if it's already at its highest?
|
I've been told that through ages 16 to 25 your testosterone are at its highest. I've also heard that doing heavy physical activities like lifting weights increase test levels. Also that following certain diets Vitamin D/Zinc/fats vs lots of sugar affect testosterone levels. How do external factors affect the testosterone levels of a young man if it's already (supposedly) at its highest?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpj1kcn",
"dpj2uy7",
"dpj1qzw"
],
"text": [
"At ages 16-25, testosterone levels are, on average, at the highest values they will achieve in your lifetime. However, the absolute value of those levels can change based on things like activity and diet. The highest value one person achieves will be different than the highest value another person achieves, but both of those values are likely to be when they're in their late teens and early 20s.",
"\"Highest\" doesn't mean highest possible, it is a statistical assessment. If you followed 1000 men from age 15 to age 60, *most* of them will have the highest levels between 16 to 25. A 20-year-old couch potato will likely be at or near the highest levels of his life, even though it could have been higher if he was a powerlifter.",
"When we say \"ages 16-25 have the highest testosterone levels\", we're talking in averages. There are absolutely going to be exceptions when we're talking at the individual level. We're also not saying \"they're at their absolute cap\", we're just saying \"they tend to be higher than other age groups\". Someone who is a weightlifter, taking testosterone supplements, eating a diet designed to boost muscle growth and testosterone, who is 40 years old may well have a higher free testosterone count than a randomly selected 16-25 year old."
],
"score": [
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bmitw
|
Difference between beat, bar, steps, tempo, tact, and rhythm.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpj575y",
"dpj8p12"
],
"text": [
"Many of these have multiple meanings, these are the ones I run across most often. Beat: a length of time. This is used nonmusically as well, “step on stage, give a beat, then deliver your line”. In music is it usually the pulse that you can clap to. In 4/4 time, for example you get 4 beats in your bar. Bar: a bar is a logical collection of beats. Bars usually get 3 or 4 beats, but other options are possible. Step: I usually see this in composition programs. It is common to have a run of notes that are all the same length, for example 8 sixteenth notes. The step is the distance between each note. If you were notating this, you want to step at sixteenth notes. You typically set your step to eighth notes or triplets or quarter notes. Tempo: how fast the beats happen. Usually measured in “beats per minute” or BPM. Rhythm: this is the collection of notes in the music. Take all the notes in a phrase, and that is the rhythm. Tact: I have never heard of this.",
"Masters degree in conducting here: tact in this context likely refers to tactus, which is the term for how many beats are felt in each bar. For example, in 4/4 there may be 4 beats in the bar, but if the conductor wants the music to flow “faster” they might only conduct 2 big beats instead."
],
"score": [
50,
8
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bmrpp
|
why do we have aversions to certain food bring mixed together?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpj8ge9"
],
"text": [
"its cultural not biological, ever notice you can go to somewhere not in the US and they eat 'weird stuff'"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bmsz2
|
How does a major oil pipeline "destroy" the environment if it's just traveling through the area?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpj5fud",
"dpj622r",
"dpj5gx3"
],
"text": [
"The short and simple answer is that, if well-constructed, designed, and solid, it does not. It can destroy the environment if: - It is punctured, creating an oil spill - It is designed badly, creating an oil spill at some point without puncturing, OR it creates a barrier to important local species. - It is built badly, same as designed.",
"What others said, plus there's still an impact to the environment since you need to haul piping out and install it. You might need to cut down trees, fill in some wetlands, or make other modifications to the environment in order to actually get the pipes and equipment out to remote areas and then securely install it.",
"It does not destroy the environment unless it leaks. Then it can be a gigantic mess. Also, people opposed to fossil fuel consumption point out that the more pipelines we build, maybe the more fuel we'll end up using per year."
],
"score": [
13,
10,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bmvo4
|
How do trees petrify?
|
I have a chunk of petrified wood on my desk that I received as a gift. It got me wondering: How do trees petrify? How long does it take?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpj9db0"
],
"text": [
"The basic idea behind petrification and fossilization is that when a tree or other dead thing gets buried, the ground water, which can be slightly acidic, dissolves the organic tissue. This is usually pretty slow, and as it does so, it leaves tiny gaps where the organic molecules were. Then minerals in the water can chemically bond to the remaining tissue. This is also why the new minerals can look like the old organic tissue, even under a microscope (preserving things like tree rings and fibrous tissue)."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bmvt1
|
Why are reptiles (and amphibians?) more prone to having the genetic defect of two heads than say mammals or fish?
|
I've seen a lot of gifs and videos on Reddit and throughout the internet of two-headed snakes, lizards, bearded dragons, etc just chilling as if having two heads with one body is completely normal. I've never seen a fish or a human or a rabbit with two heads. What makes reptiles and (I think?) amphibians more susceptible to this genetic anomaly and also capable of surviving/thriving with it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjfzns",
"dpjf689"
],
"text": [
"It is not entirely understood, but having more than one head (polycephaly), occurs in many organisms. However, one theory says that reptiles are more suspectible to enviromental factors (and that is why scientists have been able to make two headed tadpoles), and that may be the reason why it seems to be more common. However, almost all the time, a two headed organism (including a reptile) doesn't even develop or dies within minutes in the wild. In captivity, however, multi-heades animals can live much longer, and that is why you see them more. If you look there are many cases of two headed and even three headed non-reptiles including cows, pigs and even humans. These animals, if you notice, are ones that humans look after so we would notice and record when polycephaly occurs, but for more wild animals they would die so quickly that it would be very rare to find.",
"Mammals have very large brains relative to their body weight when compared to reptiles. Large brains require lots of energy, which means lots of blood flow. About 25% of the blood that gets pumped through your body goes right to your brain. If you had two heads, that would mean about 50% of the blood in your body would go to both heads, which doesn't leave enough for the rest of your body to survive on just one heart. As for fish, having a second head would significantly impair their ability to swim due to the increased drag. Any fish that are born with two heads will be easy prey. Reptiles have small heads relative to their bodies and don't need to be hydrodynamic/aerodynamic, so they are more able to survive such curious deformities."
],
"score": [
8,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bnden
|
How is cholesterol deposited in our arteries?
|
I've been reading a lot recently (because I'm newly in my 30s and starting to pay attention to my health) about cholesterol, and the effects of atherosclerosis. I get that cholesterol forms a plaque on the inside of your arteries which "hardens" them somehow, but my understanding of the process breaks down there. Why/how do our arteries become "hardened", and why is cholesterol able to stick and form plaques? Shouldn't the constant motion of blood (which is mostly water and thus also good at scrubbing/dissolving things) keep this from happening?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjccig"
],
"text": [
"Our blood vessels don't stay the same throughout the day, the vessel walls are constantly under stress due to multiple factors (e.g. The changes in our blood pressure, imflammatory stresses such as hyperlipidemia smoking, toxins, immune reactions etc). These factors create a burden on the endothelial cells and have a cumulative effect which increases with time. At some point the integrity of our vessels are compromised but usually the body can handle it to a certain point. But when these stresses exceed the threshold of our bodies' repair mechanism, imflammatory cells (monocytes) start to migrate between the layers of the endothelium. This is the first step in atherosclerosis. After that, the cells get activated under the tissues and become macrophages, which absorb the freely circulating LDL-cholesterol (aka bad cholesterol). This is when cholesterol starts to deposit under our vessels and keep building up, creating a plaque formation which narrows the arterial space. After a certain time these deposits become calcified which causes the vessels to harden. The importance of this situation is that it weakens the endothelial structure, making it prone to injuries. Also it causes the blood pressure to increase in order to overcome the narrow arterial space which in turn creates a risk for the plaques getting ruptured, and thromboembolism. Finally because of the deformation in arterial walls, the arherosclerotic surfaces become sticky compared to normal and this creates a tendency for blood clot formation which also increases the risk for thromboembolism."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bne7n
|
The true difference between i5 and i7 processors
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjaqa5",
"dpjdhlc",
"dpjdqi0"
],
"text": [
"The biggest difference between i5 and i7 processors is the number of concurrent threads they can handle. i7 processors are equipped with hyperthreading, which is a technology that allows a single processor core to do almost as much work as two separate cores. Imagine a single processor core is like a chef. Both the current generation i5 and i7 processors have 6 chefs. The chef receives a set of ingredients and a recipe, and lays it all out on the table. This table is like a processor's cache - it's the memory that the processor has to work with. The chef then prepares the meals, and puts them back on the table. Now, the chef has to wait for the waiters to clean up the table and bring new ingredients. The chef busts out his phone and takes a break while this happens. Hyperthreading is like giving the chef 2 tables. Now, while the chef is cooking one set of meals from table A, the staff can clear table B and bring new ingredients. Once table A is complete, table B is ready for cooking. The chef can now switch back and forth between the two tables and have almost no down time. One of the other big differences is the size of the table - that is, the size of the cache. i7's generally have larger cache sizes than i5's do, which can help them do more work in the same amount of time. Edit: Just realized that I didn't really help you make a decision. :) Having more cores is only useful in certain situations. When the work can be 'parallelized,' - that is, divided up such that the result from one chunk of work doesn't depend on the result of the previous chunk of work - then being able to handle more concurrent threads is a very good thing. For example, if you're building a house, you need to pour the foundation before you can set up framing, and you need to set up framing before you can run electrical and plumbing lines, and you need to set up electrical and plumbing before you can put up drywall, etc. It's not possible to split a task like that up into several chunks and do them all simultaneously. If you're building 20 houses, you can pour all 20 foundations at once, set up all 20 frames at once, etc. The result of building part of one house doesn't depend on the construction of other houses. To a CPU, gaming is often like building a house. The calculations for one moment in the game will influence subsequent moments in the game, so it's not possible to divide the work up among several processor cores. Video editing, on the other hand is highly parallelizable. Rendering frame #25 doesn't usually depend on the results of rendering frame #20, so software can divide that work up and distribute it across the processing cores. TL:DR; Gaming doesn't usually benefit as much from multiple processing cores. Results will definitely vary from game to game though. Video editing often does benefit from more processing cores, so you can reduce rendering time significantly by using an i7 instead of an i5.",
"Quick shout out to /r/PCMasterRace and /r/buildapc. The daily simple questions thread in the former might be a big help to you going forward. Now, onto your question. Generally speaking, the difference between i5s and i7s (in the desktop realm, laptops are different) is the number of threads. This basically means how many tasks the processor can do at one time. You can picture it like pieces of paper. In the i5 scenario, each piece of paper can only be used for one thing at a time. So, if you want to doodle, an entire piece of paper has to be dedicated to doodling. In the i7 scenario, each piece of paper can be used for two things at a time. So, if you want to doodle *and* take notes, your piece of paper can handle that. The slight catch here is that software has to be programmed in a certain way to take advantage of multi-thread technology. Most modern programs do this, but some still don't which could lead to a situation where you have a piece of paper that can handle both doodling and note taking, but the program (person) using the paper is like \"no, this paper is for note taking only.\" PS for CPUs: AMD also makes processors that you may wish to look into. They generally have lower single core speed (smaller paper), but more cores and threads (more papers overall). Their current line is called \"Ryzen.\" Bonus: GPUs (graphics cards) are basically processors (and RAM) specifically designed for visual calculations and outputs. Feel free to ask more. :)",
"ELI5 is not really the right place to get the help you are looking for, u/bendvis gave a great answer to i5/i7 but that does not answer the questions you don't know to ask yet. To add some answers about the rest of the system, you really want to educate yourself before rushing out to buy that shiny i7 and 1080ti, you should check out r/buildapc. You say you want to build for gaming and video production. What kind of gaming? Is it match 3 clickers or you trying to play ArmA? The hardware you choose depends on the task. What sort of videos are you producing? Gaming youtube stuff or you rendering output from a high end camera? You will want different hardware if you are streaming vs local recording. What sort of budget are you working with? All these questions are asked and answered all the time at r/buildapc. Welcome to PC, it is not supposed to be easy because that is no fun."
],
"score": [
45,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bnlku
|
Why do adults need less sleep than children?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjeou0",
"dpji346"
],
"text": [
"Every noticed how when you're taking in a lot of new impressions you get more tired? Like when traveling, living in a new environment etc. Not only are childrens brains under intense development physiologically, they also need to learn an immense amount of new skills, from basic ones like just getting the hang of your body, talking and developing a social intelligence, to things like math or school stuff in general. As we enter puberty, and even more so once the brain matures in our early twenties, the brain starts to enter a more static state. It starts removing paths and structures in the brain it doesn't consider necessary. This makes our brain a lot more efficient, and allows us to refine our skills and expend less energy on maintaining it. Since we don't need to maintain the brain quite as much and continually make so much room for new things, we also don't need as much time to process everything, as we do when we sleep. Interesting side note: There are some studies that have linked neuropsychiatric issues like ADHD and ASD(autism spectrum disorders) to the brain not \"shedding\" its less important structures. I know me and my SO who both have ADHD and ASD have more need for sleep than other people I know, and are highly susceptible to mental fatigue, which makes sense with the above explanation.",
"^ All of this about brains, plus their bones and muscles are growing all the time which means they need more sleep to cope with the physical building work"
],
"score": [
12,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bnnfr
|
Why does breathing as "ahhhh" cause moisture enough to coat a surface where regular breathing doesn't?
|
I was thinking about this while cleaning my glasses. I have to hold my glasses close to my mouth and make an "ahhh" type breath to get water vapor. Regular breathing doesn't do this. Why?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjexzm"
],
"text": [
"An air stream with a high velocity will drag a lot of ambient air with it, due to the speed resulting in a lower pressure. A slow air stream will not drag a lot of ambient air with it. Therefore, if you blow really hard with your lips forming a small opening, your breath will be \"diluted\" with a lot of ambient air. If you exhale more slowly, and with your mouth open, you will have a higher concentration of \"breath\" in that airstream. Because your breath will always be relatively warm and very humid, it'll carry a lot more moisture than the ambient air. Since it's more concentrated when you blow slowly, it'll be more likely to condense on a surface."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bnttc
|
Why did vehicle fatalities decline dramatically in 2008/2009 and stay down since then?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjg63y"
],
"text": [
"Hard to know for sure. Cash for Clunkers may have been part of it, which took 690,000 old cars off the road and replaced them with newer, safer cars. Traditionally, those cars would have been traded in / resold and stayed on the road until they completely wore out. Instead they were crushed."
],
"score": [
17
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bo0ul
|
Unix shell accounts - what are they?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjg6dz"
],
"text": [
"In Unix, the shell is essentially the command line interface. Linux, an operating system designed to be *very* similar to Unix also uses a shell as the command interface. Now-a-days it's easy to download an installation package and install Linux on your own computer. Back in the days when your friend told you how desirable a shell account was, it was much harder to get your hands on a copy of an operating system like Linux. Instead you could pay extra money to your ISP and get a shell account on *their* installation of Linux. This was helpful if you wanted to learn about operating systems and advanced programming. The Unix/Linux systems give users a lot more access to the inner workings of the OS so they make great learning tools."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bo2fh
|
If conjoined twins share a stomach, do they both feel full or hungry at the same time?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjhsg2"
],
"text": [
"It's hard to make general statement about conjoined twins because literally every case is different, but the feeling of hunger is regulated by hormones, most importantly Leptin and Ghrelin, which circulate in the blood. So if the conjoined twins share their circulatory system (which they *have to* if they share a stomach), then these hormones will always affect them at the same time. However, there might still be a different reaction in the brain to the hormones."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bobz7
|
Nietzsche's view on the truth
|
I'm a bit familliar with his words. He says language cannot convey the truth because it is not perfect, that philosophers shouldn't seek it. But then, what should they? What are his whole thoughts about the truth?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjr6rb",
"dpm0at6"
],
"text": [
"I don't think he thought that philosophers should not seek truth, but rather that they shouldn't deny themselves or others the ability to live a happy, fulfilling life because of things they believe to be true. He encouraged the examination of truth from multiple perspectives rather than attempting to construct some idea of universal truth and his argument for it was essentially that we construct \"truth\" from a series of concepts and abstractions which themselves are defined by more concepts and abstractions and each of these layers is so based in interpretation that it's impossible to distill anything that is universally true from them. Rather than waste the time and effort on the impossible task of trying to search for universal truth, Nietzsche thought philosophers should seek to build value systems that would positively affect people's lives, even if those value systems weren't based in anything that is actually true. That's my (probably) pretty poor ELI5 summary. For his whole opinion on the topic, his essay \"Truth and Lies in a Non-moral Sense\" would be a good place to start, though he touches on the subject throughout quite a few of his works.",
"First I want to share two beautiful fragments that demonstrate his incredible logical ability and show one of his most interesting observations about truth. I translated this so pardon if there's something sounding weird or just incomprehensible. Posthumous fragment 19 [258] > Man is indifferent about truth: that is demonstrated by the fact that tautology is the only possible form we can use to access the truth. To seek the truth means also to correctly classify, to subordinate to a given concept the singular cases. But the concept is our reflection, as it's the past time. To subsume the entire world under correct concepts means to order the singular events based on the most general original human form of the relation; that is, just to confirm as valid the concepts, to find in them something we've actually already put into them - so this is just a tautology. Then the posthumous fragment 19 [253] says that man doesn't want to be deceived only when the consequences of the illusion could be negative for his conservation. Towards the *pure knowledge, without consequences, of the truth*, man is *indifferent*. Interesting the parts of the metamorphosis in the *Zarathustra* (camel, lion and child), where the child plays with the reality, whatever is \"the truth\", without suffering for the unknowableness of the whole reality. It's important to observe that Nietzsche doesn't set a path, a system like some other philosophers, to organise the reality - he is pointing out that reality is something huge, terrific, awesome, and he's developing a *reaction* to the acquisition of this experience of the individual, a reaction that makes justice to life more than the previous philosophies or, better, ontologies, which seem to be against life."
],
"score": [
25,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7boeex
|
Why does stationary water freeze at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, but moving water takes a lower temperature to freeze, even just dripping water?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjl2mr",
"dpjnxwj"
],
"text": [
"Flowing water has enough internal energy to resist crystallization. The water molecules are flying past each other, and so they are gaining energy from the jostling against the riverbed, each other, or their container. This gives them enough energy to remain above freezing temperatures.",
"Ok, let’s try again: when you freeze a tray of ice cubes, the outside freezes first and the liquid in the centre last. That’s because the edges are cooler than the centre and the temperature isn’t constant across the whole volume of the water. Movement mixes the cooler edges with the warmer centre meaning the whole volume of water would need to reach freezing point to freeze rather than just the outside edge"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7boiol
|
how Denatured Alcohol may cause blindness is swallowed.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjjwnw",
"dpjjzsz"
],
"text": [
"It contains (or rather, can contain) methanol which is poisonous to the central nervous system. Methanol poisoning may result in blindness, coma, and death. Denaturing alcohol does not chemically alter the ethanol molecule. Rather, the ethanol is mixed with other chemicals to form an undrinkable solution.",
"Denatured alcohol means theres an ingredient added to pure alcohol to make it non consumable. In this case the other chemical is mainly methanol, which is poisonous in addition to causing blindness."
],
"score": [
8,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bom7c
|
Explosive Decompression
|
What really happens when the human body is exposed to a vacuum?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjlacy",
"dpjn4le"
],
"text": [
"Air will be sucked from your lungs, leading to asphyxiation and thus death. Bubbles may form in your blood which could be dangerous should you somehow have air to breathe. Exposed liquids such as saliva and the moisture on your eye may boil. But otherwise, the body is surprisingly tolerant of a vacuum.",
"Simply being exposed to a vacuum isn't necessarily going to be a case of explosive decompression. Generally speaking that's going to be a change of 1 atm or less, to 0 atm. In this case, you will experience gradual swelling, exposed fluids will boil, and you will die of asphyxiation. Explosive decompression is more likely in a highly pressurized environment, where there is a differential of several atmospheres, such as happened with the Byford Dolphin. Neither circumstance involved a vacuum, but a connection was formed between a 9 atm area and a 1 atm area. The person closest to the connection experienced an immediate ejection of all of his internal organs and dismemberment, in part due to being forced through a 24 inch hole."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7boou7
|
Where does the bank interest on a savings account actually come from?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjl9nq"
],
"text": [
"When you deposit $1000 in a bank account earning 1%, they take most of that money and loan it out to someone else at, say, 3%. 1% goes to you, and 2% goes to the bank, to cover overhead, defaults, and to provide profit to the shareholders."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bor8b
|
How do whales avoid the bends or decompression sickness, especially when they breach so quickly.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjpd0b",
"dpjpho7"
],
"text": [
"Whales don't breathe compressed air. The bends occur to SCUBA divers because they are breathing air that is compressed due to their depth underwater. Nitrogen bubbles enter the bloodstream in a compressed state - then if the diver ascends too quickly, the nitrogen bubbles will expand as pressure decreases, potentially causing problems. Whales breathe air at normal atmospheric pressures. As they descend, the Nitrogen bubbles are compressed, and then they expand again when the whale ascends, but they do NOT expand any LARGER than they were in the first place.",
"Whales do not breath underwater. There fore there bodies don't equalize at different depths like a scuba diver taking in more air at lower depths. The same principal applies to free divers who dive on a single breath of air. Its not the depth its the breathing at a lower depth that causes problems."
],
"score": [
13,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bp3wy
|
the different fat types: mono- unsaturated; poly-unsaturated, saturated, trans etc
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjte2z",
"dqpmx32"
],
"text": [
"So a fat is composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. The carbon is the backbone for fats, and simply put, they like to make 4 bonds total with other atoms to be happy. So in the case of a [simple saturated fat]( URL_1 ), if the carbon is in between two other carbons, itll want to bond with two hydrogen atoms, and if its on the end of the backbone, itll bond to 3 hydrogens. The \"saturated\" part means that the fat molecule is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as it can. In [unsaturated fats]( URL_2 ), two or more of the hydrogens are removed and the associated adjacent carbon atoms need to form double bonds with each other to fulfill the 4 bonds. The mono vs. poly unsaturated terminology describes whether there are one or more double bonds in a fat molecule. The [biggest difference physically]( URL_3 ) between saturated and unsaturated fats is that the double bonds causes a kink in the geometric structure, due to repulsion between the electron bonds. Because of this kink, unsaturated fats cannot stack close together easily, and thus, they are less likely to solidify than saturated fats. This is why saturated fats are solid at room temp whereas unsaturated fats are liquid. This also plays a role in the health effects they have in a diet. One other thing to note is that [trans fats]( URL_0 ) are unsaturated fats, however, the placement of the hydrogen atoms around the double bond removes the kink so that they act a bit like saturated fats.",
"The two main types of fat in your diet are saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats are just chains of carbon with each possible bond to the carbon being hydrogen. The chain is fully “saturated” with hydrogen bonds. Unsaturated fats are also chains of carbon but have at least one double bond between two of the carbons in the chain. The difference between monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats are the number of double bonds in the chain. This double bond makes a “kink” in the chain that makes it harder to clump together compared to saturated fat. Because of this, foods with a lot of saturated fat are usually solid at room temperature like butter while food with unsaturated fat are liquid like olive oil. Typically saturated fats are considered less healthy than unsaturated fats because they raise cholesterol and more likely to suffer from heart disease. Some types of unsaturated fats can lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease which is why unsaturated fats are considered more healthy. However, not all unsaturated fats are good for you. The double bond in the “good” unsaturated fats are configured in what is called “cis” position, which means the hydrogens on the double-bonded carbons are on the same side. When they are on the opposite side of the double bond, it is in a “trans” position. Trans fats have been found to cause a ton of problems like increasing inflammation and the risk of diabetes/heart disease. In fact, trans fats are so bad for you that they have been banned in many countries and will be soon banned in the United States as well."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://userscontent2.emaze.com/images/ce057010-e2bd-4786-88b2-7e4b6fb17861/16b36a47-243d-4d25-afc2-917b63a2c131.png",
"https://dr282zn36sxxg.cloudfront.net/datastreams/f-d%3A06552404282f841f9c2d706f98018bdd0b77ccee803123f43669aa80%2BIMAGE_TINY%2BIMAGE_TINY.1",
"http://www.fullmarks.org.za/Members/wllhea002/questions/alkene.png",
"https://courses.washington.edu/conj/membrane/fattyacid.png"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bppzs
|
Why does taking a deep breath and then exhaling slowly have a calming effect?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjys1a"
],
"text": [
"A combination of all the extra oxygen in the blood and the deliberate focus of taking the breath have a general relaxing effect that lowers blood pressure. The deep breath itself stimulates the vagus nerve and that causes your body to release a chemical called acetylcholine that helps it relax."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bpsxg
|
why does your body ache and feel sore when you have a cold/flu?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjvgke",
"dpjv7pb"
],
"text": [
"Several reasons: When your are sick your heart rate and blood pressure rise, leading to increased circulation around the pain receptors in your body. This causes them to be permanently irritated (to be more precise: they are irritated easier, because the blood vessels tend to be really close to them. If the blood vessels expand, they take up more room, which increases the chance of them irritating the nerves directly). In addition to that, the lymphatic system and especially the nodes swell as well, which increases pressure in these areas leading to increased irritation of said pain receptors. And last but not least, your body tends to release water (basically water) to infected areas, to help your immune system fight of the bad guys. And you guessed it, if this water is close to pain receptors, the get irritated more easily. tl;dr: pressure on the pain receptors through swelling of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and accumulation of water (basically water) I really hope I'm remembering correctly and did not make a complete fool out of myself. *formatting",
"When viruses are replicating inside your cells, your cells realize this and take little pieces of viral proteins and put them on the outside of the cell, which essentially says \"Hey, something's not right here.\" Your immune system recognizes that and begins the process of attacking/breaking down infected cells to prevent the virus from spreading more. This process includes release of molecules that cause inflammation as well as lower your nerves' pain threshold, the combination of which causes the sort of all-over soreness you're talking about"
],
"score": [
15,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bpwy2
|
The difference between breathing ‘through your chest’ and ‘through your stomach’.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpjwbpf"
],
"text": [
"Breathing through your stomach: Mainly by contracting your thoracic diaphragm (separates thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity), which increases the volume of your thoracic cavity and draws in air. Breathing through your chest: Mainly by contracting the muscles between your ribs (intercostal muscles), which again increases the volume of your thoracic cavity and causes air to be drawn in. \"Mainly\", because most of the time, you use a mix of both, slightly contracting your diaphragm and your intercostal muscles. And even if you \"breath through your chest\" your diaphragm will contract, too. We can do this because a) sometimes our body needs ALL the air it can get. And using two different methods at once is more efficient (higher increase in volume = > more air drawn in) and b) safer, because if one fails (or partly fails, think of a broken rib) you still got the other one"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bqihj
|
How do animal offspring know when to stop following their parents (mothers)?
|
I know some parents may leave the children, so there is no decision. Just not sure if there is a status quo across nature.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpk8ojf",
"dpk94xd"
],
"text": [
"It’s not like a ‘hey you’re too old go away and don’t come back’ kind of thing. It’s more of a gradual process, sometimes involving the mom getting in a fight with the baby, where the baby will kinda linger near for a while until they decide to leave all together.",
"For many predator species the mother has to dive them away by force. This is an instinct the mother has in order to prevent over competition for resources in a small area."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bqpec
|
. Why do whales breach with a huge jump...Just for fun?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpk3rkx"
],
"text": [
"This has been asked several times. Nobody is really sure, but theories abound. Most fall into 4 categories: - Scratching an itch - Killing and/or removing parasites - Impressing friends/enemies/mates - It's fun"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bqvmo
|
Who determines foods' serving sizes, and how?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpk5ucp"
],
"text": [
"They probably try to find a good/ideal ratio between the volume of food and the calories per serving. I imagine most manufacturers try to aim for the serving size to be in the 100-200s kcal range as people begin to start getting turned off when they see serving sizes in the 300kcal range (I'm talking about chips and snacks and such). They probably have data related to which numbers sell best"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
7bqvx8
|
how do hydraulics work?
|
I know there’s a liquid of some sort involved but how is it so powerful?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpk4i2l"
],
"text": [
"It's all about using fluid (normally water or oil) to move energy around. Whenever you have fluid in a tube, such as a hydraulic pipe or hose, all of that fluid will be at the same pressure. Because force=pressure*area, by increasing the cross-sectional area of the pipe at one end (ie making it larger), you can increase the force at that end of the pipe. On the flip side, by decreasing the area, you decrease the force needed. This is how a relatively weak motor at one end can translate to a very large force at the other end. Of course, you don't get anything for free, and the payoff is that to make up for the smaller force at the driving (master) end, you need to move it much further than the resulting movement at the driven (slave) end. But in a lot of cases, we'd much rather make a weak motor move further than make a much stronger (and more expensive) one more less distance."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
7bqwjf
|
How do computers understand what they were programmed to do?
|
For example, in java if you write if , how does it know what an I or F is? How did it suddenly just read English and make sense of it??? Eli5 pls.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpk488t",
"dpk4d4x",
"dpk4kq6"
],
"text": [
"At a very low level, computers only understand how to do simple arithmetic operations, obey simple logical rules like if, and, and or, and store/load values in memory. Basically anything humans ask a computer to do has to be translated into the discrete set of actions you're asking the CPU to do in those terms. There are different types of software that do this translation for different programming languages and it can get very complicated, but at the end of the day their job is to turn code you've written into discrete actions your computer needs to perform.",
"The computer doesn't understand English nor the instructions we write. It needs a translator that can change what you wrote, to something the computer understands. That's the job of the **compiler**. The compiler has a dictionary and a rulebook to know how to change the code you wrote to machine code. Edit: grammar",
"This is just a basic explanation of it - but when the programming language was created, someone went through and basically mapped all the instructions to particular machine instructions that the machine understand. With Java, that is where the compiler comes in. The compiler is set up to go through your code and interpret in a way such as \"If = MachineInstructions\", and so on. A programming language doesn't read your language, someone created it to interpret what you write. Someone could just as easily make a programming language that works off special characters that aren't alphabet letters. The programming language itself is there to give you a sensible format/interface to interact with the machine code."
],
"score": [
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
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