q_id
stringlengths 6
6
| title
stringlengths 3
299
| selftext
stringlengths 0
4.44k
| category
stringclasses 12
values | subreddit
stringclasses 1
value | answers
dict | title_urls
listlengths 1
1
| selftext_urls
listlengths 1
1
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5uvyjc | How were the older cartridge games programmed? | Did the programmers have to know machine code to make the games, or was there some sort of higher-level language that compiled down to machine code, or something else entirely? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddx9f9j"
],
"text": [
"The oldest cartridge games (like for the Atari 2600) were programmed exclusively in assembly language. For the 2600 specifically, programmers often kept track of how many cycles their commands took in order to avoid overly long functions that would cause the video output to break. The book *Racing the Beam* goes into exquisitely detailed explanations about this if you wish to study further."
],
"score": [
32
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uw0p8 | How is information stored in the black plastic strip on a credit card? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxbjc3"
],
"text": [
"Iirc it's a set of magnetic zones with different directions, North and South poles, that the card reader can translate into numbers, like binary to regular text."
],
"score": [
13
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uw6by | Why are there so many marks on highway barriers and why are they almost always black? | I guess what I don't understand is if a red car hits a barrier it leaves a black mark not red. Why does this happen? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxbbti"
],
"text": [
"Most bumpers have black plastic and rubber on the edges; that's what scrapes against the barricades."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uw6md | Why are certain fruits, such as grapefruit and cranberries, dangerous to eat whilst taking blood thinning medication like Warfarin? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxbkq8",
"ddxc72n",
"ddxc1uo",
"ddxbph5",
"ddxggxe",
"ddxl6qm",
"ddxg5i5",
"ddxg0ij",
"ddxlytk",
"ddxi5cd",
"ddxk55z",
"ddxng0m",
"ddxfmix",
"ddxjlmt",
"ddxtqhv"
],
"text": [
"Warfarin and other drugs are metabolized (broken down) into active or inactive compounds by enzymes in your liver. Grapefruit and other foods contain substances that can inhibit the activity of these enzymes, stopping the metabolism of these drugs. It can either lead to dangerously high levels of the drugs remaining in your system, or in the case of drugs that need to be broken down before they're active, dangerously low levels as the pro-drug you've taken isn't getting metabolized properly. Also, it can result in other enzymes acting on drugs that aren't usually active or sufficiently active, resulting in the wrong kind of metabolite forming, which can be harmful as well.",
"Medical Student. Many drugs are metabolized by a certain enzyme called CYP P450 (or other enzymes that are also within the CYP family). Warfarin is one of these drugs. CYP P450 is basically what is breaking down warfarin in your body. So, anything that changes how CYP P450 does its job of breaking down warfarin will impact how warfarin works. Different drugs and other things (grapefruit juice, St. John's wort) either make CYP work better or inhibit CYP. If CYP is made to work better, for instance by St John's wort (commonly used for over the counter mild depression), then CYP will be breaking down warfarin super fast. The warfarin can be broken down so fast that it does not reach the level needed to actually thin the persons blood. To say again, by inducing CYP to breakdown warfarin better, warfarin cannot reach therapeutic levels. Another example is the CYP inhibitor cimetidine, which is commonly found in over the counter stomach medication (it's an antacid). Cimetidine is a CYP inhibitor, meaning CYP is not breaking down warfarin as well as usually. So, since warfarin is not being broken down, it causes warfarin to reach possibly toxic levels. Patients are at increased risk of bleeding. Overall, warfarin is not that great of drug, partially because it is dependent on CYP for breakdown and for a variety of other reasons. It also requires constant monitoring because it can be difficult to maintain within therapeutic range. Look up the list of things warfarin interacts with, and you'll be surprised that it's the most commonly prescribed drug thinner in the U.S.",
"The enzymes in the liver that metabolizes drugs are specifically called cytochrome P450. Grapefruit juice will inhibit an isoform of P450, specifically CYP3A4, in your liver. If warfarin level in bloodstream is not being metabolized, it stays in your blood and your concentration may become toxic.",
"Grapefruits contain furanocoumarins, which mess with a particular enzyme that decomposes a lot of drugs. On the one hand, that means if you eat a grapefruit, the drug can stick around in your system, and next time you take a pill you've actually got a double dose. On the other hand, some drugs are actually precursors of the active chemical, so no enzyme = no active drug. The cranberry interaction is contested, and I'm not aware of any study that's shown how it actually interferes with drugs. And of course, vitamin K is the antidote to Warfarin, so you'd want to keep your dietary levels of that steady.",
"I remember listening to Michael Savage around 2002ish and he started in on a rant about this. Something about since the doctors said not eat grape fruit with his medicine that meant he could just skip the medicine and eat the grapefruit for the same effect. That's when I stopped listening to Michael Savage.",
"Your question has been answered pretty well, but I thought I'd chime in... I've been on warfarin for almost 5 years. I have a genetic clotting disorder; about 1/3 of my extended family has the same thing. Which is all awful! But I think others in the thread have made warfarin sound worse than it is. I barely even think about it anymore. Every day I have the same amount of vitamin K by measuring out some broccoli on a food scale. This is second nature to me now and takes no extra time. (It's also helpful for counting calories w/ other foods.) I know (roughly) the translation of that amount of broccoli to other common vitamin K greens like lettuce, and I know the foods to completely avoid (kale is ridiculously high in K). Blood draws are also not an issue. I have a home testing machine that involves just pricking your finger. You barely feel it and you get the results near-instantaneously. My levels have been A-OK for the last 5 years.",
"Warfarin is a finicky drug. There are a lot of foods that interact, and potentially interfere, with it. Anything with Vitamin K will alter the effectiveness because warfarin interacts with vitamin K to slow clotting in the blood. When you eat something with a high vitamin K content, like a big salad full of leafy greens or a bowl of guacamole, it prevents the warfarin from doing its job. Grapefruit and grapefruit juice, cranberries and cranberry juice decrease the body's ability to metabolize warfarin, so it has essentially the same effect as eating the big salad. It's generally thought to be fine to have a small amount (4 ounces or less) of cranberry juice, but anything over that should be avoided. Grapefruit interacts with a lot of medications. Grapefruit contains compounds known as furanocoumarins that block the CYP3A4 enzymes, which reduces the enzyme's ability to break down and metabolize medications, resulting in higher blood levels of the drug...which in turn can lead to new or worsening side effects. So, it's quite often recommended to avoid grapefruit or grapefruit juice when taking many medications.",
"I'm an emergency medicine physician assistant. Warfarin (coumadin) has perhaps the most interactions of drugs with both food and other drugs. Hence people need constant monitoring (blood draws) to make sure they're at therapeutic levels and the drug itself comes in nearly a thousand different tablets. Here is a small list of foods that interact with warfarin. URL_0",
"There is a lot of misinformation in the responses to your post. Grapefruit contains a substance that inhibits the enzyme CYP3A4. This is found in the liver, but also in the gut. Most of the effect of grapefruit juice is actually because it stops the drug from being destroyed in your gut before your body can take it in. Usually the CYP3A4 in the liver isn't affected by grapefruit unless you eat a very large amount of it, so drugs aren't broken down slower and drugs that are injected are fine. But very little warfarin is broken down by CYP3A4, so you can drink three glasses a day of grapefruit juice and it won't matter. Cranberries may affect warfarin by inhibiting a similar enzyme called CYP2C9 (which is much more important for breaking down warfarin). But this is mostly suggested by individual case reports of people who said they started drinking cranberry juice before their INR went up, and most actual clinical studies haven't shown any effect.",
"Since I dont see any simple answers and I was on coumadin for many years, I'll take a stab at it. Most medications are food-friendly. But food is also a mix of chemicals, just like medicine. Coumadin is special because it doesn't want to be friends with a lot of different foods. People that take coumadin have to be on strict diets so that the coumadin stays at happy levels in their system since its job is to make your blood thickness just right.",
"Cranberries do not interfere with Warfarin, except possibly to cause some slight blood thinning like asparin could do. According to the cranberry institute, it is not included on medication warnings currently. URL_1 URL_0 URL_2",
"Actual ELI5: grapefruits and cranberries slow down how quickly warfarin is broken down. Too much warfarin leads to bleeding in your brain (and every where else). Side note: if you always eat the exact same amount of grapefruit when you are getting your levels checked, that should be fine.",
"The enzymes that metabolize warfarin are from The CYP family. Some fruits are also metabolized by the same exact enzyme. Consequently, if you're consuming said fruit and on a warfarin regimen, the enzyme being used will be breaking down the fruit whilst the warfarin levels elevate. If it elevates too much, takes a few days to reach the level, then there will be a toxic buildup of it requiring use of vitamin k as a reversal agent.",
"Adding onto what others have said: If you were consistently eating/drinking a certain amount of grapefruit or cranberry juice every day or every other day before being put on warfarin, you wouldn't have to stop. The dosage prescribed to you would be tailored to your specific intake of foods such as these and others containing vit K. If you did stop, however, you would need to consult your doctor and likely get a different prescription it's all relative with this drug. Consistency is key!",
"The long and short of it is imagine a drug is a tetris block floating around in your body, looking for other blocks to connect to. Our bodies release enzymes that search these blocks out and either break them apart so they don't fit anymore, or attach to the blocks to make them too large to fit. When you eat grapefruit or drink it's juice, it interferes with our bodies ability to break down or render safe these drugs. It slows down the rate at which we can break those tetris blocks down or grab onto them to make them too big to fit. So the drug stays in our body much longer than it should, leading to a higher overall dose of the drug. What happens to a drug once we take it? Why doesn't it just stay in our bodies forever and why does it wear off? The answer is that it is because our bodies metabolize and break the drug down into simpler and simpler chemicals and eventually the left overs are flushed from our bodies; usually by the kidneys. Most of the enzymes our body uses to do this come from the liver which you can think of as a kind of antidote dispense for any poison. Chocolate, Coffee, and Cigarettes all contain poisons that kill insects, yet when we imbibe them we don't get sick. It's all thanks to our liver giving us the enzyme antidote. When you eat or drink certain foods like grapefruit there are chemicals in it that interfere with the work the liver does. It greatly slows down the time it takes for a drug to be broken down and removed from the body. This in turn causes the serum levels of many subsequent drugs we take, to be much higher than normal because the body cannot break them down and expel them as fast as usual."
],
"score": [
4276,
126,
111,
63,
25,
17,
9,
7,
6,
5,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.ihtc.org/patient/blood-disorders/clotting-disorders/coumadin-interactions-with-food/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.livestrong.com/article/449375-why-can-you-not-take-cranberry-juice-when-taking-warfarin/",
"http://www.cranberryinstitute.org/HCP/New%20The%20Evidence%20for%20the%20Safe%20Consumption%20of%20Cranberries%20with%20Warfarin%20TherapyF.pdf",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17919554"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uw7mb | Why do we sometimes have extremely dark, sinister subconscious thoughts about the ones we love the most? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxbz4h"
],
"text": [
"those are called 'intrusive thoughts' and are usually linked with anxiety/stress/ocd. i can't provide anymore detail than that but if you're having an uncomfortable amount of them (im pretty sure everyone gets SOME form of intrusive thoughts at least some of the time) you can try to start meditating regularly."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uw7ut | why are trains still used so much today? | I understand that before planes and other forms of modern transportation trains would be extremely effective modes of transportation for people as well as resources. But what is it that industrial trains are transporting nowadays that requires dozens of rail cars? -someone woken up by train horns nightly | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxc7e9",
"ddxc02f",
"ddxbwws",
"ddxh8ae"
],
"text": [
"Trains mostly move big heavy loads that would be inefficient to move by trucks and planes. Trains move oil, coal, cars and trucks, raw steel, large machine parts, lumber, etc.. To my knowledge, we don't really use trains to move small, lightweight things like iPhones. It's better to move those by trucks and planes. A semi trailer with 4 axels usually has a max weight of about 80,000lbs including truck and trailer. A single rail car can carry upwards of 200,000lbs Also, passenger trains are a whole other story. I live in NYC. Once a city gets too big, driving cars just sucks. There is gridlock traffic on the streets basically all the time, while there is rarely train traffic. I guess trains are just better at dealing with traffic because there's never a train in the left lane trying to make a right hand turn.",
"Trains, for routes that already have rail lines built, have a very low cost of operation and high fuel efficiency. Having dedicated Right Of Way also has safety benefits. The cargo capacity of a rail train is massive compared to a handful of road trucks. Air freight is nice for getting stuff to places fast, but per unit of mass/volume, its expensive.",
"Trains still transport a lot of things, usually heavy things in large quantities to places that are hubs for more local delivery systems. They transport cars a lot, trash, coal, petroleum products, wood And trains are very efficient as far as pulling a load, I don't know any specifics but it's supposed to be the least carbon produced per ton pulled or whatever",
"Trains still have certain advantages. They can be very efficient, because steel wheels on steel rails have very low rolling resistance which means very low energy losses. This helps them be cheaper than air travel. They can be powered by electricity if the rail line has it. They can be developed to travel at high speeds, faster than road travel. The control and signalling means that journey times can be very predictable."
],
"score": [
12,
9,
4,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uwacl | What would happen to someone born with two Y chromosomes? Could they live? Has it ever happened? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxde70",
"ddxcx1e"
],
"text": [
"The possible chromosomal combinations are: XY: biologically normal male XX: biologically normal female XXY: [Klinefelter Syndrome]( URL_0 ) biologically male who is sterile, but usually has no other problems XXX: [Triple X Syndrome]( URL_3 ) biologically female, the condition varies from no abnormalities or problems, to neurological disorders and sterility X0: [Turner Syndrome]( URL_2 ) biologically female, X with no other X or Y, symptoms vary but usually a characteristic webbing of skin is present at the neck and fingers. XYY: [XYY Syndrome]( URL_1 ) biologically male, initially thought to have increased aggression, this is now dismissed; symptoms vary, and largely no specific problems are present All other chromosomal combinations, for example, Y0, or Y with no X, are not viable. If they occur, they will result in a miscarriage. Edit: corrected Klinefelter Syndrome description",
"No, YY is basically impossible. Evolutionarily speaking, all chromosomes used to be X shaped. It's like the X chromosome tells a body how to build a body, whereas the Y chromosome is like an afterthought that says \"hey make that a penis by the way.\". The Y chromosome is a mutation that happened a very long time ago and this is found in all mammals including humans and some other animals. It is synonymous with sexual reproduction and the very existence of 'male'. At least one X chromosome comes from the mother, and because all animals have a mother, it is impossible to create a new animal without an X chromosome being passed on. It IS possible for two Y chromosomes to exist in a XYY configuration. In humans this happens roughly 1 in every 1000 baby boys born. It doesn't actually effect them much, I suppose because the two Y chromosomes are basically a copy of each other and thus don't give the body mixed signals, almost like a 'echo' in the gene."
],
"score": [
26,
10
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYY_syndrome",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_X_syndrome"
],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uwaks | What is the difference between psuedorandom and random number generation? Why exactly is it harder for a computer to select true random numbers? | Mathematics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxcqu6"
],
"text": [
"true random number generator doesn't exist. Computers work off equations meaning that any input you give it is going to return a predictable output. Current RNGs work by either having a really complex equation thats output effects the next input. This make the determining the output almost impossible for humans."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uwamd | how does CPR help someone who has been drowning? | I understand CPR, and how it works for non drowning, but I assume (and may be wrong) that drowning people have water in their lungs (when unconscious not breathing). And if that's the case, how does blowing air into lungs (or compressing their chest) get the water out? Or does CPR help a drowning victim in different ways. | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxd1ma"
],
"text": [
"I'm not a doctor, just a paramedic, but this is my basic understanding of how it works. Not all drowning victim have water in their lungs due to involuntary laryngospasm. But either way, the lack of oxygen to the brain and other organs causes unresponsiveness and cardiac arrest. Once the person has been removed from the water, cpr is performed to reoxygenate the blood and circulate that oxygenated blood through the body and to reperfuse organs. If you're successful, the body will start to cough up and remove the water that's in the lungs. Also, the lungs can absorb small amounts of fluids on their own, getting rid of the last bit of water creating more lung surface area to exchange gases."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uwehg | Why is it easy to develop vaccines for certain viruses but really difficult to develop vaccines, for, let's say, HIV? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxeggu"
],
"text": [
"HIV is a particularly insidious virus because it attacks your immune system directly. It has evolved to be relatively blind to your white blood cells, making it easier for the virus to attack them and more difficult for your cells to fight back. Making a vaccine means taking a virus and killing it or weakening it, then letting your body get a good look at it to remember it for next time, but with HIV your body just generally ignores it regardless. That means the vaccine is ineffective. In addition to that, we don't have a sample of people who have recovered from HIV (because those people don't exist) to study the best way for your body to attack and defeat HIV. Without that vital information, we don't know how to make a vaccine that will trigger the right immune response. The flu is relatively easy to make a vaccine for...except that there are hundreds of flu viruses. So you can vaccinate against one species, but still get infected by the others. The yearly flu vaccine is made with predictions of which species will most likely be the most common (and most dangerous) and about three of the most likely candidates are chosen for the vaccine. Some diseases, like malaria, are more complex than a simple virus and have evolved a number of ways around the immune responses. The parasite has several life stages, and once they're out of one stage, the same immune response won't be effective. So you're not just vaccinating against malaria, and you're not even vaccinating against several species of malaria...you're trying to vaccinate against multiple species of malaria *several times over*. Ebola just takes a lot of *very careful* work. It's incredibly contagious and terrifying, so the work has to be done very carefully, which makes it go slowly. It evolves quickly, so a vaccine may not be effective for very long. None of that is helped by the fact that companies were not in any particular hurry to develop an ebola vaccine, because it's not threatening anyone in developed countries. Even in Africa, it tends to burn itself out after wiping out a few villages (which is morbid, and sad). The recent-ish outbreak was unusual in that it spread beyond the scattered village and threatened to threaten the US and Europe, making it more of a priority. But a vaccine is coming along. Zika is just a new virus and no one has been working on a vaccine before now. Vaccines always take time. Time to research the virus, figure out which proteins on the virus illicit an immune response, work on damaging the virus enough so it can't infect you without damaging it *too much* so your body doesn't fight it. Then animal trials, human trials, more human trials...scientists are working on it, but it can only go so fast..."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uwizd | Why does a scratch that barely bleeds sometimes bleed like crazy if you accidentally scratch the scab off a few days later? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxhufc"
],
"text": [
"When you first get a cut, the first thing that happens is your vessels in that area constrict to make sure microbes don't spread to other areas of the body. So this will cause bleeding to be slower than if your vessels were normal. Within minutes, a clot has formed and no new material will be able to come in. At this point, the priority changes from preventing infection to healing the wound. Like any living things, the cells in that area need nutrients to grow and divide. The body makes sure they get what they need by dilating your vessels and increasing blood flow to that area. This means that once that scab has formed, if you remove it, you will suddenly have more bleed than if your vessels were normal or constricted."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uwj3q | How much is actually known about the inner workings of North Korea's Government, and more specifically, its economy? | Beyond the limited press released content and undercover reporters, have there been any leaks from ranking members that shed insight into how the economy and government is actually organized? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxg6qg"
],
"text": [
"Other than Pyongyang, North Korea is almost completely undeveloped. Before the Korean War, the northern portion of the Korean peninsula was much more prosperous than the southern portion. North Korea is a country that was a developed, industrial country that fell away from industrial development. Other than countless people living in camps, rural North Koreans are subsistence farmers living a very meager and primitive existence entirely unaware of the outside world. They're told by the propaganda that as bad as they are, the rest of the world is much worse off. Pyongyang, the capital, also has a precarious existence with rolling blackouts and most of the buildings vacant largely used for show. Other than the government heads and military leaders, everyone lives in poverty. North Korea has some limited manufacturing and does business primarily with China, their closest ally. If you want to read more about this, I highly recommend \"Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Life in North Korea\", by Barbara Demick."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uwlev | How are there more stars in the universe than grains of sands in all the beaches on Earth? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxh334"
],
"text": [
"[This is a picture of one thirteen-millionth of the night sky.]( URL_0 ) Most of the ~10,000 objects pictured are galaxies. Astronomers estimate that there are somewhere between 100 billion and 300 billion stars in the Milky Way, which is admittedly on the large side for a galaxy. Overall, the current estimate is 70 billion trillion stars ( 7 x 10^22 ). On the other hand, there's approximately 7.5 quintillion ( 7.5 x 10^18 ) grains of sand in the world."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg"
]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uwojs | Why do we have morning breath? | Simply put, we brush our teeth before we go to sleep, wake up and our breath is terrible. Why? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxo2qq"
],
"text": [
"During the day, our mouths are constantly producing saliva which, to some extent, neutralises plaque. However, whilst we are asleep, we stop producing so much saliva which gives bacteria an ideal opportunity to feed on the plaque, giving us bad breath in the morning. That is also the reason we need to brush before we go to bed and when we get up even though we haven't eaten during the night."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uwsee | Why do we suddenly remember awkward moments in our lives while we are trying to sleep? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxnal7"
],
"text": [
"much like a computer processor, our brain can never 'not run', so while we are in bed and our mind is not occupied in any activity, it starts remembering things since it's the only activity it can do. and sadly embarrassing things are the things we remember the most"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uwwid | Why humans are relatively Hairless? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxhwuo",
"ddxnh2w"
],
"text": [
"Hairlessness allows us to regulate our body heat more easily. One of the main advantages humans have over other animals is our ability to run long distances, and hunt animals by tiring them out. If we were covered in fur, we would simply heat up too quickly and not be able to run for long.",
"Evolution. Humans evolved in Africa as a species of tool-using pursuit hunters. We are one of the few animal species that can actually sweat, allowing us to be active in environments far too hot for other large mammals and operating in them longer. When combined with our stance, large lungs, and efficient cardiovascular system we basically just followed animals under the mid-day sun until they fried internally because they couldn't keep cool like we can. Sweat doesn't work if it can't evaporate, and a layer of fur would just trap the sweat against the skin. When we moved to colder seasonal areas instead of re-growing hair we figured out that we can simply kill and take the hair of others to keep warm. This is far more efficient then growing your own as sweat was still an advantage in the warmer months."
],
"score": [
11,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5ux0lb | Why is Tony Blair getting hate for the Iraq War now more than during the war itself? | Maybe I'm missing something, but everyone in Britain seems to be bringing up Blair and the Iraq War out of the blue as if they realised recently that the war was a mistake. Countless people in the country, and worldwide, we're against the war when Britain went in. Why is Blair getting blamed again all of a sudden when the war was in the early 2000s? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxjpqz"
],
"text": [
"Because various reasons were given before and during the war to justify British involvement such as alleged WMD's, Iraqi freedom and combatting terrorism. Now we know there were no WMD's, hundreds of thousands of Iraqis have died and are still suffering through civil war and terrorism is arguably a greater threat to the UK than it's ever been. The power vacuum caused by the collapse of the regime allowed the Islamic State to suddenly arise and capture huge territories which is a relatively recent event. As for Tony Blair, well, it was ultimately his decision to commit to the invasion and now that it can safely be called a disaster and he's no longer PM some people feel he needs to be held accountable for that, some even going so far as to brand him a war criminal. The Chilcott Inquiry found that the invasion was ordered with little or no decent intelligence to support it and that peaceful options were largely ignored. That Inquiry finally concluded in 2016 after 7 years which might also explain why you're hearing more about it now."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5ux6v6 | The difference between equity in a company and royalties | So I've been watching Shark Tank like a fiend and people come in looking to have investors buy equity in the company. I understand that equity means they own a percentage of the company. However, occasionally a Shark will offer something like "I don't want any equity, but I want 5% of the royalties" and even if someone is coming in asking for 5% equity, they might turn this down. Wouldn't someone owning 5% of the company through equity already be getting 5% of the royalties? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxk7g9",
"ddxznkw"
],
"text": [
"Royalties must be paid to you every time something sells, even if the business isn't making a profit. Equity means you own part of the company, which is only useful if the company itself is profitable or valuable.",
"Let's say you invent a revolutionary form of artificial guacamole, and you want to try to sell it to a restaurant chain. They might offer you a 5% royalty on all items with your product sold. You make 5 cents on every $1 guaco-taco sold, and that is it. You have no other say, no involvement, you just cash your check every month. They might offer a 5% equity instead. You now own 5% of the company and get a 5% vote in company decisions. You don't get any regular income, but if they issue dividends or some other form of profit sharing, you get 5% of that money. If the company grows, your equity share could become very valuable, and you could sell it for a lot of money."
],
"score": [
13,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uxdaa | Is the sperm that wins the race inherently better? | I've read on this subreddit that the chance of getting a male or a female baby are exactly 50%, because the sex depends on the chromosome that the sperm is carrying. I've also read that you can select the sex if you're doing IVF, and this may come as a stupid question, but is the sperm you select somehow worse than the one who would arrive first by normally having sex? Is the sperm that wins the race healthier or just inherently better in some way? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxliex",
"ddxlj4j"
],
"text": [
"Hi recently graduated biomajor here; when it comes down to the great marathon to come first it might come as a surprise that the first sperm is often not the one to fertilize the egg; rather it is the second third or even tenth to fertilize it after the first one weakens the eggs defences; the best example would definitely be along the lines of when in 1998, The Undertaker threw Mankind off Hell In A Cell, and plummeted 16 ft through an announcer’s table.",
"At least it's less likely to be terribly defective. But no, having the best genes for a potential offspring does *not* correlate very strongly with being a fast swimmer. Consider how many people are born every year with various genetic weaknesses or defects."
],
"score": [
12,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uxfig | [Biology] what keeps or gut flora from drunkening us? | Without oxygen, bacteria will undergo its anaerobic energy burning method: producing alcohol and methane. What keeps bacteria from drunkening us due to their lack of oxygen? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxmc4v"
],
"text": [
"You're mistaking \"air\" for \"oxygen\". We don't have many air pockets in our bodies. We do have a great deal of oxygen. We wouldn't survive without it."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uxki3 | Why do we say "Antisemitism" and "Islamophobia", but not "semiteophobia" or "anti islam"? | English is my 2nd language, but I feel one means "fear of X" and the other means "hatred of X", which is a huge difference to me. Bonus question: How about Christians and Buddhists? Christanophobia and anti Buddhists? Also please keeps this clean of politic and such... | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxnqgv",
"ddxoeo9"
],
"text": [
"The term \"phobia\" means an irrational fear or anxiety, as a psychological disorder. But some time in the last few decades, the term started being used a suffix in broader contexts, especially political and social, to denote a simple hate for something. This use of \"phobia\" arose long after the term anti-semitism was in use. By the time \"Islamophobia\" entered public consciousness, it was more fashionable to label such things \"-phobias\" than \"anti- -isms\". URL_0",
"The term antisemitism comes from German as there was once a Society of Antisemites dedicated to removing Jews and Jewish culture from Germany."
],
"score": [
14,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia#Non_medical_use"
],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uxmht | Why do monitors look weird when you press on them? | All of them do it, even touchscreen ones if you press hard enough. Why? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxqg15"
],
"text": [
"Not all of them do, just LCD displays. The \"L\" in LCD stands for \"liquid\", and when you press on the screen, you are moving the liquid around, causing the color from the pixels to be messed up. Most smartphones don't have this issue as the glass is much stronger, so it takes a lot more strength to push it in. OLED and Plasma televisions don't have this issue."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uxmyt | how are smart phones and tablets able to keep getting faster without ever needing a fan, when older computers with the same performance needed big fans? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxogcm"
],
"text": [
"The reason for this is that the electronics get smaller. Smaller electronics have less electric resistance, so they're able to do the same work without consuming as much power and therefore also without developing as much heat. Processing power has doubled without increasing power consumption every 18 months on average for the past 40 years. Within the last 10 years, power-to-performance ratio got good enough to allow us to develop phones that are as advanced as we have now. That said, the CPUs mobile phones and tablets are well behind the performance of laptop and desktop CPUs from the same year. They don't have the same requirements for multitasking and long term performance. A phone isn't pushed to its limits over a long period of time. It loads a website or an app, which consumes a bit of power for a very short time, then the cpu goes back to power saving. A desktop computer from 2012 is still more powerful in raw computing performance than a 2017 flagship phone. It's just that mobile phones never need that level of performance to do the tasks a phone typically does. If you make a mobile phone keep processing at 100% capacity for a long time, it will soon get very warm,and the performance of it will be more and more limited to avoid overheating. A laptop or desktop computer, on the other hand, are designed to be able to run at 100% capacity pretty much indefinitely. To achieve this, they require much more extensive cooling solutions, usually with active fans to remove the heat."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uxpbp | Why do we usually only breath through one nostril at a time? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxnr13",
"ddxoim8",
"ddxnvck"
],
"text": [
"Do we? I don't feel like I do. I feel like I utilize both nostrils when I breath. Am I wrong?",
"Short answer: we don't know why. It doesn't cause people to die and there is no money in developing drugs for it so no-one has bothered to research it. As for *how*, that we do know. Erectile tissue is found in 3 places in the human body - the penis, the clitoris, and the nose. It is around the bone in your sinuses. In your nose, one side \"engorges\" to block airflow and the other reduces to allow it, then a few hours later the two sides swap. It's an autonomic response controlled by the hypothalamus so you can't control it. In most people the period is about 2-3 hours. It doesn't stop the blocked side from actually breathing, just reduces the airflow a bit. If you have congestion from a cold however, it will tip it over the edge and block flow. There are a few theories as to *why* - one is that by blocking one side of your sinuses it makes you roll over in your sleep and avoid causing bed sores or other damage - humans are heavy enough that we can't lie in the same position for more than a few hours without causing permanent harm. The other theory is as carbono14 says - it shifts the smelling responsibilities between different sensory organs to give them time to rest etc. But really, those are both just guesses. The whole thing is called the [Nasal Cycle]( URL_0 ) or Sinus Cycle.",
"Your body always make one of the nostrils less efficient than the other, because some smells take longer for your nose to sense them. That way you can sense the \"quick to sense\" smells and the \"slow to sense\" at the same time. Your body also keeps swapping this task between nostrils so that they both get to do both and be happy and fullfilled. But if you have rhinitis, a flu or some other issue with your nose, this might mean the less efficient nostril won't work at all. This is not how it is supposed to be and maybe a doctor can help you fix it."
],
"score": [
8,
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cycle"
],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uxpcu | How does a rubber erase pencil's lines? Why it can't erase pen's ones? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxnsr7"
],
"text": [
"A pencil mark is just graphite on top of a piece of paper. Think of it like something sticking to a frying pan. The eraser is like the spatula that scrapes it off with friction. Pen in actually is absorbed by the paper. Like water on a paper towel. You can't really remove it once it is there."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uxvhp | Why is that when someone loses balance, they lean their body in the least logical direction? | This isn't a very good example but: URL_0 If I'm losing my balance and I could fall forward, why do I instinctually lean forward rather than backwards in an effort to recover? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxp1w1"
],
"text": [
"You're actually trying to move your center of mass backwards, since that's what causes you to fall. Your heaviest pieces are in your core, so you instinctually push your core in the right direction. Because your waist acts as a hinge, that then causes the top of your body to move in the other direction, and it's a lot more noticeable a movement. You can try it on your own by standing still and thrusting your hips in one direction. Your extremities will move in the other direction a lot more than your hips did."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uxw3d | Why do vacuum sealed cups all have a hole on the lid? | Vacuum sealed cups seem to be all the rage right now, and they all have an open lid, instead of a seal. Is this due to utility, a patent issue, or what? For reference this is the kind of cup I'm referring to URL_0 | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxp3gp"
],
"text": [
"The small hole in the pic is for air to get inside the cup while you're drinking from it. This is why it's opposite where you put your lips. What this does is it lets the liquid come out smoother and faster."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uxz50 | How does cooking meat provide more energy? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxpocx",
"ddxptnd"
],
"text": [
"Cooking meat doesn't add more energy into the food - what it does (in simple terms) is make it easier for the body to get the energy out of the food. This essentially means that it takes less energy to digest the food so the overall energy gain is greater - it also makes the food more able to be digested completely meaning less energy is wasted by not being digested.",
"The body breaks down the food we eat into its basic nutrients, such as breaking complex proteins down into simple amino acids. This process requires energy, which the body needs to supply if it's going to do this on its own. Cooking food helps break down the nutrients prior to us consuming them, which means the body will have an easier time breaking it further down, which leads to a greater net gain from the food, as there's less energy wasted on digesting it. This lead to humans not having to hunt and gather as much food as before, which gave us an evolutionary advantage, as it allowed us to spend less time on gathering food and more time on other stuff, such as developing new technology."
],
"score": [
7,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uxzwv | Why is the inside of our body so sensitive to temperature changes? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxqekz"
],
"text": [
"The main and vital processes in our cells are carried out by the help of enzymes, proteins which are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. They work in a fixed temperature and pH value for a stable equilibrium. Changes in temperature would affect the enzyme activity and harm cells, throwing vital processes in the body off balance."
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uy76z | Why are we naturally drawn to certain types of facial features and find them "sexy"? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxum3e",
"ddy9145"
],
"text": [
"2 reasons. We find symmetry attractive because it's an outward indication of genetic health. If you have good genomes it is more likely your body will grow correctly, leading to nice even and symmetrical features on the left and right side of the body. Eyes that are the same size and distance apart, a nose which is centered on the head and doesn't tilt to one side or up or down. etc. IE not a lopsided face. We also look for the effect that hormones have on a body and face as these are outward signs of a persons sexual fitness. In men testosterone results in a broader jaw line, more prominent nose, wider neck, facial hair, and a more chiseled appearance. In women the estrogen results in softer features, rounded cheeks, a little more subcutaneous fat making skin smoother and smoothing over the bones of the face and skull making for a smooth and flowing facial contours. When they put make up on it helps enhance these sexual characteristics by making the eyes stand out more, adding color to the cheeks to represent the blood flow of arousal, and the same for the lips with red lipstick. A more masculine man is naturally well suited to fend off rivals and make many babies and a more feminine woman is well suited to also making healthy babies and being fertile.",
"Its not 100% natural attraction. Lot of it is subconsciously determined by society's standard of beauty."
],
"score": [
12,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uyczi | In nutritional science, why are things that are considered healthy one day suddenly seen as unhealthy the next day, and vice versa? | Some examples: * Saturated fats being considered unhealthy, but then it turns out they don't really pose a risk. * Carbs being the most important staple of one's diet, but suddenly they're the worst thing one can consume. * Salt intake which should be limited as much as possible, but now it turns out it's not a big deal. * Coffee being bad for your blood pressure, but now it's actually considered to have some protective effects. * All alcohol being bad, but it turns out moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial in some ways. Is it so hard to reach some consensus? It's quite confusing for the average consumer. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy2pbr",
"ddxt15e",
"ddxv5z2"
],
"text": [
"They are not though. If by nutritional science you mean health gurus and vloggers, then it's because they don't know shit and all they do is perpetuate each other's bullshit. That's why you see the fads you described. If you mean the actual scientists and official healthcare regulations/guidelines those tend to be much more moderate in their recommendations. They don't tend to demonise compounds and blame them for everything from autism to cancer to global warming. Everything is toxic in large amounts, obviously, but likewise you can't thrive without sodium (for example), which you get from your food. Alcohol is afaik the one where the beneficial effects are related to other compounds in certain drinks rather than alcohol itself. The tannins in red wine come to mind. Correct me if I'm wrong here. EDIT: grammar",
"In short, it's because we don't know everything about the thing and how your body deals with it. When scientists that study this stuff discover a new thing (saturated fats in excess may lead to heart disease), news outlets will often take it out of context or change the meaning entirely (saturated fats will kill you). I'm sure someone else can give a better formed response, but this is basically the idea.",
"Nutritional science is far from an exact science. It's still very young, compared to other sciences, and it's difficult to retrieve subjective data from research. Different people metabolize sugars, fats, etc. in very different ways. For instance, there was that documentary on the front page a few weeks ago about a 100+ year old WW2 veteran who lived on a diet of steak, bourbon, and cigars. That's hardly a \"nutritious\" diet, but it seems to work for him. In addition to that, it's very hard to have an accurate study of eating habits. People tend to lie about their diet, so to get any truly usable data you would have to monitor the test subjects 24/7. To do this for a large enough group of people over a long enough time period to have a sample size that you can extract accurate numbers from would be a huge financial burden, so most studies on the subject are based on self-reported numbers over the span of a month or two. There's too much room for error to get accurate information from such research. I've also heard stories of manufacturers paying for studies, i.e. someone who produces artificial sweetener pays for research showing a correlation between natural sugar and obesity, then use it as a marketing campaign, and everyone believes it. URL_0 had an interesting podcast that covered this subject to some extent. I believe it was titled \" basic things science doesn't understand about the human body\" or something along those lines."
],
"score": [
5,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"Cracked.com"
]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uylhw | why are some gymnastic/flexibility moves so easy as a kid but really hard as an adult? | I'm thinking mainly of cartwheels/handstands/headstands/the splits etc. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxuavx"
],
"text": [
"Ossification, that is the conversion of the more flexible cartilage with bone, does not end until adulthood (and even then, much of it takes place well into mid adulthood, such as in the skull). At the same time, ligaments and muscles that keep joint movement in check grow stronger and less permissible of extreme movement. The latter can somewhat be countered with exercising and training (that is, stuff like yoga), however not entirely... and that's not a bad thing. Gymnastic flexibility is somewhat unhealthy in the long run, as people who have hyper mobile joints are more prone to dislocations and wear and tear of their joints. Many gymnasts retire early due to injuries and overuse. To put it simply, some of the reduced flexibility helps to stabilize the joint along its strongest axis and protects it from arthritis and dislocations. Edited slightly after thread restored."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uymk0 | What happens to the information when you "delete" a file? (Ex. Empty your computer's trash, delete a picture) | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxujyq",
"ddy5e6v",
"ddxu9nw",
"ddxuaf6"
],
"text": [
"Trash is just a folder where files go when you delete them so that you have an option to restore them if you deleted accidentally, they work just as any other folder. When you empty the bin, the file is really deleted from the file system perspective. Typically the data that were stored in the file is not erased, only the reference to it (so called inode if you want to google) is deleted and the space the file occupied is marked \"empty\" so the next time a file is created, or an existing file gets larger, the data of the original file will be overwritten. It is done so because it's a fast way of deleting files, it takes practically the same time to delete a 100 GB file as it takes to delete 1 KB file and since many programs use files to communicate with each other, this prevents writing big amounts of data when deleting temporary files. If the data haven't been overwritten yet, i.e. shortly after deleting the file, it can usually be restored using some tools. There are even techniques to (at least partly) restore data that have been overwritten. There are programs that try to delete the files in a way that is really permanent, i.e. they rewrite the data several times to ensure the data can't be restored. This is handy when you want to get rid of some sensitive data.",
"When libraries had card catalogs, you would look up a subject and find the Dewey Decimal number for a book. Then you would find the shelf with that number and find the book. When you delete a file, it's like removing the index card from the card file. The book remains on the shelf. Now, suppose the library just removed the index cards for any books they wanted out of circulation, but when they got new books, they just dumped some of the \"out of circulation\" books off the shelf and replaced them with new books (and created index cards for them.) That's basically what happens on disk. The old data remains until new file data overwrites the old. I was the sole maintainer of the file system for a couple of operating system groups.",
"Usually, nothing. It's still there, your computer just stops caring about it. You can think of the storage as like a long row of coins. If the coin is heads it represents a 0, if it's tails then it represents a 1. When you save a file, your computer flips the coins to represent the new data. When you delete a file, it just stops remembering that those coins represent that file. Later, when you save another file, it'll pick that same space to store it in and flip the coins around to represent part of the new file.",
"Deleting a file just tells the OS to mark that memory space as unused, allowing it to be overwritten by new files. Until overwritten, the file itself is still there, just there's no direct way to access it. But with the right recovery software, one can possibly find the file again unless it has been overwritten."
],
"score": [
17,
11,
9,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uyodg | Why does getting your back scratched by someone else or using a back scratcher feel really good? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxybkl",
"ddxxxyr"
],
"text": [
"I have an extension to the main question, which would be that why does someone else scratching your back itch feel so much better than scratching it yourself?",
"Your back consists of thousand of nerves, but where your stomach, arms, legs etc. gets a lot of touch, thus stimulating the nerve points, your back doesn't, therefore it is nice when someone scratches your back."
],
"score": [
8,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uyqan | What caused unemployment to rise in the United States from 2000 to 2003? | I was looking at [this graph]( URL_0 ) and i'm curious as to what may have happened that caused a gradual increase in the civilian unemployment rate after the year 2000. Was the slight recession during 2001 to blame? Was it a delayed effect of NAFTA? Tax breaks? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxwnjl",
"ddy2ur9"
],
"text": [
"The .com bubble popped and that led into a recession. A devastating terrorist attack certainly did not help.",
"There was a significant recession (drop in the stock market) around 2001, the bursting of the “online” bubble, where huge stock speculation went into companies which had never even produced a dollar profit, but hopes and hypes were high."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uyqj9 | Why are chillis spicy and other fruits such as oranges sweet? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxve8m"
],
"text": [
"TL;DR: Evolution. Chilis and other spicy peppers have their seeds distributed by animals (like birds) that *are not affected* by the capsicum. Thus their seeds are distributed over large distances, rather than the limited range of land animals."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uyr18 | why is "fluoride free" a selling point for toothpaste when growing up we were taught it was essential for oral care? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy9jxa",
"ddy97bs",
"ddxv5co",
"ddy37bn",
"ddyf20o",
"ddxxepo",
"ddxv96u",
"ddyjl5p",
"ddy6t0m",
"ddxv74k",
"ddynore",
"ddyc1r6",
"ddye8h5",
"ddyalsy",
"ddymsve",
"ddygp7x",
"ddyqya1",
"ddyqmye",
"ddyhbdr",
"ddyewed",
"ddyeu9b",
"ddyholk",
"ddyo9fa",
"ddyda75",
"ddy9rrz",
"ddym1f2",
"ddyatcl",
"ddyntbu",
"ddyn4r3",
"ddyhm9l",
"ddyavtl",
"ddykege",
"ddyhuuf",
"ddykf57",
"ddyicpc",
"ddyl6ze",
"ddyqrop",
"ddydeqo",
"ddyk9te",
"ddylhaf"
],
"text": [
"In the rural area where I live, the well water has a fairly high fluoride content. Because it is a little bit higher than the recommended dose, and certainly more than added fluoride content in city water supplies, our local health unit has recommended that children in our community do not use toothpaste with fluoride, to prevent fluorosis. It is likely that fluoride free toothpaste is intended for communities like ours. Edit: spelling",
"Fluoride-free toothpaste exists for the same reason gluten-free products exist. Some people have an intolerance to fluoride that can present itself in mouth ulcers. Not uncommon, it seems to run in my family and I'm aware of a couple of friends that have the same issues. Not a big deal, doesn't cause any major harm, just uncomfortable. Because some people need it, the product pops up in the market. People see it and either assume it has health benefits or has read something somewhere that says it's bad for you. So the market for it increases and major brands pick it up to increase sales. Simple as that really. If you can use fluoride toothpaste then you probably should. I hear it's better for you. But if you have frequent mouth ulcers then try brushing with fluoride-free toothpaste and see if it makes a difference.",
"It's one of those unfounded conspiracy theories that just don't hold up to basic scrutiny. Like Chem trails. They say fluoride is bad in large quantities. And it is. But there are not large quantities in toothpaste. Small quantities can help strengthen your teeth without negative effects.",
"Toothpaste for toddlers should not contain fluoride due to the large amount they will swallow. Ingesting large amounts of fluoride while your adult teeth are forming will cause defects in them. [Dental fluorosis]( URL_0 ).",
"The scientific reason: Some people have a negative reaction to toothpaste containing fluoride. This can be white stripes on the teeth, mouth ulcers, or inflammation due to an allergy. The social reason: Some people think the government makes us consume fluoride in toothpaste and water to make the general population easier to manipulate and control. The argument behind this idea varies but what I've seen most is that Hitler added fluoride to German water right before the war supposedly to control the population. Therefore fluoride bad because Hitler's used it. I use toothpaste with fluoride because it works for me and I don't subscribe the theory that it is used to control he population.",
"When they first started adding fluoride to the city water supplies, there were conspiracy theories that it was some sort of government mind control plan. Those rumors have never really gone away and so some people think they need to avoid it at all costs.",
"For the same reason think vaccines cause autism and GMOs are bad for you. That is, people are woefully uninformed. This ranges from plain old not paying attention to full-blown conspiracy theories.",
"I know I'll get downvoted here, but fluoride in water has been linked to lower IQ. Here's one study: URL_0",
"My sister actually has to use one of those because of some intolerance to great amounts of fluoride. so i would say some people need it for medical reasons.",
"There's a large enough market made up of people who think fluoride is a Bad Thing to make it profitable now. A quick google search brought up this hopefully a somewhat balanced lay-person (of which I am one) article: URL_0",
"URL_0 Conspiracy theories be damned. When I see a scientific article like the one above, it's worth paying attention to. I have no lab of my own to test the degenerative effects of chemicals on the brain, so I'll take the word of scientists and go out on a limb that brain damage is a justifiable excuse to discontinue the use of something.",
"Since everyone seems to be on the pro-fluoride side, as i am, i feel compelled to point out that its actually quite easy to get fluoride poisoning if you use too much mouthwash or dont rinse properly after brushing. I got it once after discovering mouthwash as a 20-something. In light cases like this all it does is make everything taste like soap. Not sure what fluoride free toothpaste is usually used for, but i would have bought a tube to use just untill the symptom passed if i had known about it.",
"My partner is a dentist. She says that excessive accumulation of fluoride in the bones can cause skeletal fluorosis, a bone disease. This is most common in places where the groundwater has excessive fluoride. URL_0",
"Do you realize that fluoridation is the most monstrously conceived and dangerous communist plot we have ever had to face? URL_0",
"A long time ago, a dentist moved to a place in Colorado, and was mystified by the grey coloration of the teeth of the people who lived there. The other odd thing is that even though they ate as much sugar in their food as other places he had been to, they had very few cavities. The teeth staining and lack of cavities were both traced to a naturally high level of fluoride in the drinking water. This was during the age where the federal government was trying to \"fix\" everything that they thought they could. Iodine was added to all table salt, and as a result, goiter and some types of mental retardation (diseases resulting from low iodine levels) were virtually eliminated. Vitamin D was added to all milk, which dramatically reduced the incidence of rickets in children, etc... As a result, fluoride was added to public drinking water, in the hopes that it would reduce cavities and improve bone density. However, there has been some concern about \"how much is too much\". Some people are more sensitive than others to any substance you might name. The proper amount of fluoride for me might be too much for someone else, leading to health issues from ingesting fluoride. Some people drink a LOT of fluoridated tap water, and others only drink bottled water with no fluoride at all. The only way to be certain that you are not getting too much fluoride, is to try and eliminate all fluoride going into your body, and to then look to see if you begin having the symptoms of osteoporosis (lack of bone density, leading to your bones breaking or cracking easier than they normally would, when stressed).",
"Because there's an ongoing battle between people saying it's harmless and people saying it's harmful, with a lot of ignorant people on both sides",
"I work in water treatment and we feed fluoride. On the bags is a big skull and cross bones with the label Toxic. People think anything that is toxic is bad regardless of dosage. Chlorine is toxic but it makes water safe to drink in small doses.",
"From everything I've been reading fluoride is now considered a neurotoxin. Here's the [article]( URL_0 ) that discusses the medical journal's findings.",
"What's with all the antivaxxers=antiflouride comparisons. Who cares if people don't want fluoride in their toothpaste, it doesn't affect you, whereas antivaxxers actually affect everyone... I don't understand the outrage.",
"Some people are allergic or sensitive to fluoride. I know for myself I've been bothered by gum and mouth ulcers most of my adult life. A dental hygienist recommended I try 'Squiggle' fluoride-free toothpaste that is 38% xylitol, and it has greatly improved my oral health.",
"For the vast majority, the amount of fluoride in your average toothpaste is perfectly safe. In large doses, fluoride is in fact toxic. I think the argument against fluoride is that taking small doses every day over many years can be just as toxic as taking one large dose. So to avoid the risks, whether they may or may not exists, many people now want alternatives. Same reasoning applies to organic vs GMO foods.",
"My dentist told me I needed to be using fluoride free toothpaste. My teeth have weak enamel. We also have fluoride free water. I'm not seeing any responses here that explain why my dentist recommended it to me, and more about it being along the lines of antivaxing and extreme gluten-free movements. I have IBD and do better without any wheat in my diet, and my GI doc told me g-free was one of the big changes I needed to make, along with other things. Haven't found a moderate, science based reply in this thread yet. There's a reason why MDs would recommend these \"fads\".",
"Dentist here. It's to avoid long term fluoride ingestion by toddlers, which can cause dental fluorosis. Prolonged ingestion of fluoride in elevated doses during the permanent teeth formation years (be it from a contaminated natural water source, or swallowing toothpaste on a daily basis) is known to cause fluorosis (an anomaly in the structure of enamel, resulting in white stains, on most mild to moderate cases). So to avoid that, some dentists recomend fluoride free toothpaste for toddlers until they're able to spit properly. There's some discusion regarding the exagerated relevance of fluorosis (mostly a minor aesthetic issue, on most mild to moderate cases) against the cavity prevention power of fluoride. Is it better to provide better cavity prevention and risk some fluorosis, or is it better to prevent fluorosis and risk some cavities? That depends on each case and should be decided alongside your dentist.",
"The non flouride toothpaste won't calcify your third eye. Big market for that kind of stuff.",
"Not a dentist, but i grew up in a town that had the potable water supply high on fluoride content, so a lot of this can stain your teeth. so maybe that is why a fluoride free toothpaste would be marketable",
"If you're spending more than 89 cents on something besides Close-up or Aim you're doing it wrong. All those five dollar tubes of extra extra extra whitening are hype and all the other stuff in them is nonsense. Fluoride is the only active ingredient that keeps your chicklets from rotting out of your cake hole.",
"Some people are stupid. They believe things like \"vaccinations cause autism\" or \"climate change is a hoax\" or \"Trump is a good president\", and some people believe \"fluoride is a chemical put in water to control and contaminate people's [natural bodily fluids]( URL_0 ).\" Unfortunately, these people make up a pretty large percentage of the population. America is like 30% stupid, at least. But that means that there is a market for \"stupid products\", like fluoride-free toothpaste. So they get made. You (or maybe your parents) just got tricked into buying it because it was marketed as \"fluoride-free\", as if that is a good thing.",
"I work in manufacturing and highly concentrated fluoride is used in one of our processes as a cleaning solution. Extreme care is used around it because calcium neutralizes it. If you get it on you, you can't wash it off. It absorbs into the skin and dissolves your bones until it's neutralized. The emergency procedure is to apply a special paste to the affected area and rush the person to the hospital. Luckily, We have never had an accident. Knowing this about fluoride, it has never made much since to me to use it on teeth. Maybe we have some chemists on Reddit who could shed some light on this.",
"Because the symptoms of acute fluoride toxicity mimic other, common ailments (e.g., upset stomach, nausea, flu), there are undoubtedly countless incidents of fluoride poisoning that routinely go undiagnosed. As noted in the Journal of Public Health Dentistry: “Estimating the incidence of toxic fluoride exposures nationwide also is complicated by the existence of biases. Parents or caregivers may not notice the symptoms associated with mild fluoride toxicity or may attribute them to colic or gastroenteritis, particularly if they did not see the child ingest fluoride. Similarly, because of the nonspecific nature of mild to moderate symptoms, a physician’s differential diagnosis is unlikely to include fluoride toxicity without a history of fluoride ingestion.” SOURCE: Shulman JD, Wells LM. (1997). Acute fluoride toxicity from ingesting home-use dental products in children, birth to 6 years of age. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 57: 150-8.",
"Fluoride is very good for your teeth in a certain dosage. In low doses, it makes your enamel stronger and reduces cavities. In larger doses, it actually weakens your teeth. In large enough doses, it is toxic! And it does accumulate in certain areas of the body, such as the hypothalamus. So it's important to get the right dosage of fluoride: you want just enough to get your teeth the benefit of strengthened enamel. Personally, I like to use fluoride-free toothpaste because I like eating breakfast right after brushing my teeth in the morning. If I used fluoridated toothpaste, I would be eating the fluoride before it has a chance to act on my teeth, getting all the negative and none of the positive effects. I'm not worried about my teeth getting inadequate fluoride because I drink lots of tap water, which is fluoridated in my city.",
"Some people do not like having a foreign substance introduced into their precious bodily fluids.",
"Do some of your own research. Fluoride is classified as a neurotoxin. Do yourself a favor read about it",
"My daughter is allergic to fluoride. It makes her face swell and she breaks out in hives (we found out when we switched from baby toothpaste to the big kid stuff)",
"Fluoride is classified as a nuerotoxin with the likes of mercury, lead and others. Unfortunately I'm not intelligent enough to explain it but the link to the science is below. ;) URL_0",
"When my sister was little, she used a kids' flouride-free toothpaste that was meant for kids still learning how to brush properly. It was safe to swallow in case kids didn't spit it out.",
"We use fluoride free tooth paste for our 4 year old son. Fluoride is quite toxic at high concentration levels, that's why it warns you not to swallow toothpaste or mouthwash with fluoride. It's just safer to teach kids how to brush using a non-fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash.",
"I have an answer! Because there are some medications that don't do well with flouride! My wife was prescribed a special mouthwash that she can't use flouride toothpaste with. She uses regular toothpaste at night, but non-flouride in the morning when she has to use her special mouthwash.",
"I don't know if anyone answered yet, but it's some conspiracy theory shit. People think that the fact that they used it in our drinking water is actually to lower our IQ so people are dumb, therefore, more obedient. It reminds me of the gluten free thing. I wonder who started that rumor? Could it be....say a bottled water company?",
"Because fluoride is a waste product that is legitimately bad for you, they just figured out that it didn't do immediate damage so they built up a market for it. Nowadays the cats sorta out of the bag about how bad fluoride is for your brain an just about every part of you. (Source: mom is a heath consultant who spends her days figuring out what's actually good/bad for you and not just \"hippy BS\"",
"I used to be one of those people who thought fluoride fear mongering was conspiracy nonsense akin to chemtrails, until I read this report from Harvard: > For years health experts have been unable to agree on whether fluoride in the drinking water may be toxic to the developing human brain. Extremely high levels of fluoride are known to cause neurotoxicity in adults, and negative impacts on memory and learning have been reported in rodent studies, but little is known about the substance’s impact on children’s neurodevelopment. In a meta-analysis, researchers from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and China Medical University in Shenyang for the first time combined 27 studies and found strong indications that fluoride may adversely affect cognitive development in children. Based on the findings, the authors say that this risk should not be ignored, and that more research on fluoride’s impact on the developing brain is warranted. ... > The average loss in IQ was reported as a standardized weighted mean difference of 0.45, which would be approximately equivalent to seven IQ points for commonly used IQ scores with a standard deviation of 15.* Some studies suggested that even slightly increased fluoride exposure could be toxic to the brain. Thus, children in high-fluoride areas had significantly lower IQ scores than those who lived in low-fluoride areas. ... > “Fluoride seems to fit in with lead, mercury, and other poisons that cause chemical brain drain,” Grandjean says. “The effect of each toxicant may seem small, but the combined damage on a population scale can be serious, especially because the brain power of the next generation is crucial to all of us.” \\- URL_0"
],
"score": [
837,
404,
329,
145,
139,
39,
34,
24,
22,
16,
16,
15,
12,
9,
9,
8,
8,
7,
6,
5,
5,
5,
5,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_fluorosis"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.nap.edu/read/11571/chapter/9"
],
[],
[
"http://www.livescience.com/37123-fluoridation.html"
],
[
"http://wakingscience.com/2016/02/fluoride-officially-classified-as-a-neurotoxin-in-worlds-most-prestigious-medical-journal/"
],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_fluorosis"
],
[
"https://youtu.be/Qr2bSL5VQgM"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://wakingscience.com/2016/02/fluoride-officially-classified-as-a-neurotoxin-in-worlds-most-prestigious-medical-journal/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qr2bSL5VQgM"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(13)70278-3/fulltext"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/fluoride-childrens-health-grandjean-choi/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uytdu | Why haven't video games on numerous platforms incorporated cross-platform capability yet? What holds developers back when their game is on every platform individually? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxvseg"
],
"text": [
"The Platform companies not wanting to allow it. They believe they will get less money because people will not buy multiple copies of a game, and they believe that people may move away from their platform entirely. There are also concerns that mouse and keyboard on computers will put those players at an advantage over the controler players."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uyu8d | How did chemists of old calculated how many atoms of each element were in the compounds they studied? | How do we do it now? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxwz1a"
],
"text": [
"They didn't instead they worked in large weights, so 2 pounds of element or compound X to 7 pounds of element or compound Y. Knowledge about atoms is relatively recent in chemistry and a lot of early chemists knew what worked, but not how or why."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uyv8k | How do supermarkets produce so many store brand products to keep up with the brand names? | Grocery stores seem to have their own brand of just about any item. For example, in America, I can think of one cream cheese company that is pretty much the only big cream cheese company. I presume this company only makes cream cheese and related products. Similarly, for example, there are a handful of brands of paper towls, yet the grocery store still has there own brand. How do grocery stores manage to make so many different products, such as food, home goods, medicine, etc...? Also where do they make all of them? Is it a few large factories? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxw10i",
"ddy16w8",
"ddxw2wz"
],
"text": [
"A lot of the time the generic (store brand) products are made in the same factories as the brand name products. Often the products are even identical or close to identical. But then for others they can have specialised factories. If you look at the number of supermarkets there are all across the country it's easy to justify building a factory to stock them with a particular line of product, or line of products (factories will often make a number of different things that share either ingredients or processes)",
"The food industry, like most industries is a lot more complex and less-straight forward than most people would think. Many companies produce store brand (otherwise known as private label) products in the exact same facility as the branded products. This is especially true for commodity type products (think butter, milk, bread, flour...). The company producing the product may be getting more profit from their branded product but they cannot sell enough of that product to fully commit their factory to produce only branded product. There are also plenty of co-manufacturing/co-packing companies that have factories which produce products solely for other companies (both branded and private label). This is done for a number of reasons; specialized equipment, economies of scale, transportation and distribution network efficiency... For example in my industry (dairy) there are a few huge companies that you have probably never heard of. They co-pack sliced, shredded, chunked cheese for retail supermarkets, fast food restaurants and branded companies because they can work on a scale that makes it efficient to do so. Whereas a single fast food restaurant wouldn't have enough volume to do so on their own. They can invest in all the specialized equipment and not have to spend money on marketing, branding, product development... and other things that larger branded companies spend a lot of money on. Most grocery stores that have private label products will source them from both co-manufacting and the branded companies based on price, volume, quality...",
"they dont produce anything, they buy a production run... The factory just changes bags... (my dad worked at Frito lay for a while)"
],
"score": [
5,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uyvhj | How do our bladders work while we sleep? Do they stop producing urine, produce until a certain point, or slowly keep producing? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy47g2",
"ddxw67l",
"ddxzsy8",
"ddy0g1w",
"ddy8bxg",
"ddxwa6m",
"ddy09w7",
"ddxyw89"
],
"text": [
"Your kidneys continues to filter blood in your sleep therefore still producing urine. I believe that it is a combination of several factors that makes you pee less while you sleep; - You don't drink any liquid when you sleep, less input therefore less output. - Decreased blood pressure and/or heart rate. Increased blood pressure causes a higher urine output. As for the heart rate I was thinking maybe there will be less cardiac output, thus the kidneys will filter less blood and less urine (?) - Your bladder can hold up to 1000ml, although you start to feel the urge somewhere in between 40-50% filled",
"Urine is produced in the kidneys and transported to the bladder by tubes called the ureters. The kidneys are continuously producing urine (assuming you have functioning kidneys) and this urine builds up in the bladder until you empty it.",
"The muscle that lets a person urinate is involuntary in infants. So the infant may pass urine at anytime. Later the muscle becomes voluntary. Adults usually clear their bladder before going to sleep. Production of urine is continuous (provided that the kidneys are healthy). Control over the outlet valve is maintained by the person. In senior citizens, this muscle control may be partially or fully lost, leading to incontinence.",
"Trust me, as you get older, you will get rapidly figure out that you produce urine while you sleep. Especially when you have to wake up in the 2am hour bursting to go take a piss.",
"Your brain produces a hormone that tells your kidneys to concentrate your urine while you sleep. This hormone can be late to be produced in some people and that is one major cause of bed wetting. It's also why pregnancy tests work best with the first urine of he day, it's more concentrated and pregnancy hormones are easier to detect.",
"Our bladder (we only have one urinary bladder) only stores the urine, it does not produce it. The kidneys do. They filter the blood, and produce urine in the process. They will always produce some urine (unless there's a real problem), but they can change the amount of water in the urine (for example when you drink a lot of water, they will make your urine more diluted; when you're dehydrated they produce very concentrated urine). So urine will also be produced when you sleep. I'm not sure if they actually produce less because you sleep, or just because you don't drink when you're sleeping.",
"Your body also has an increase in anti diuretic hormone while you sleep. This reduces and helps concentrate urine",
"Your kidneys produce urine constantly at a rate of around 0.5- 1ml/kg/hr meaning for an adult they produce about 40-80mls per hour. They make more if you increase the rate by drinking caffeine, alcohol or lots of fluid. Your bladder holds a good 800mls or more (10 hours of wee) so while your kidneys continue to produce urine as you sleep it is not so much that your bladder will be unable to hold it all night- as long as you don't drink too much beer or coffee before bed."
],
"score": [
27,
24,
7,
5,
5,
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uyyr3 | How does Mastercard know my clothing size? | [This article]( URL_0 ) says that Mastercard knows my clothing size because "there’s enough information in a product’s Stock Keeping Unit, or SKU, to determine clothing size". This data could be used to estimate my weight and height and provide this information to flight companies. But how does Mastercard even know what I'm buying? I always thought that my local clothing store, or even bigger companies like H & M, C & A or Esprit, just submit my credit card data and how many Euros they want to charge. So how could Mastercard have any information about Stock Keeping Units? I never have to sign anything that'd allow H & M to transfer this kind of data. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxx7ao",
"ddxyzc9"
],
"text": [
"The article is about a patent that MasterCard filed. Patents are used to protect original and non-obvious ideas -- they give the owner of the patent exclusive rights to the idea for a fixed period of time. This is so you can't come up with a great idea and as soon as you put it in the market, 100 other people put out their own, cheaper version of it. A patent is a limited monopoly for a period of time; after that time has elapsed anyone can use the idea. Here's the key part: the idea does not need to already have been created and implemented for a patent to be filed to protect it. MasterCard had what they thought was a good idea. They filed a patent on it. The article says they haven't implemented the idea, and may never implement the idea. If they were to implement it, they would need to make sure that such an exchange of data would be covered under their privacy policy. But _just the idea_ isn't a privacy violation.",
"Just because they CAN doesn't mean they ARE. That said, it's not unreasonable to expect them to request specific product data at the time of purchase. You likely agreed to it at the application phase, or it's considered public information that is t subject to privacy laws."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uz00n | Is there any benefit to having ice cream prepared on a marble slab? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxycrk",
"ddxx6r0",
"ddy2roo",
"ddy9gan",
"ddyysic",
"ddyn1mf",
"ddydik2",
"ddyq5dl",
"ddxy1y3"
],
"text": [
"The slab is refrigerated and kept very cold. This allows you to manipulate the ice cream and mix things into without it melting. Doing this in the store allows you to have very personalized icecreams rather than just having to have pre-mixed choices only. But you could do the same with a steel slab or anything else you could keep cold.",
"The slab is refrigerated. It allows the ice cream to be manipulated without it melting all over and just being a huge mess.",
"I work at a Cold Stone (it's the same thing as Marble Slab, don't know which came first) 90% sure I just mix shit in the ice cream for your enjoyment.",
"you find me mint chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream in a carton and I'll stop going to marble slab type places. (trust me, if you like both mint chocolate chip and chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream, it's awesome)",
"Marble takes ages of compaction geologic formation. Basically, rock is preasurized under the earth under such conditions that it changes. The act of it compacting makes it denser, tougher, overall more resistant to damage and weathering. Rocks and minerals react under different temperatures. Typically you can note more durable minerals will take higher temperatures to melt down. Some minerals are no longer deposited from volcanoes because the Earth just doesn't run hot enough to melt them and let them enter a lava flow and be taken to the surface. Quartz is an example of an unstable mineral. If I remember right it melts at about 600 degrees Fahrenheit. The more unstable a mineral or rock is the easier it breaks down. So back to marble. It has undergone intense pressurization and heat to form. And this is more stable. This means it will not break easily if at all if you slam a metal scoop on it many times. Marble also retains cold temperatures well and heats up slowly, so you can keep cold things colder, easier on it than on say an aluminum tray. Durable, resistant to damage, holds cold temperatures well, looks pretty, and can't very easily chip away into your ice cream. Nobody wants marble flakes mix-ins.",
"If you're talking about places like Coldstone... no.. that ice cream is already made, and the stone is just so they can mix up more sugar into it. Preparing ice cream [like this]( URL_0 ), however, provides an opportunity to omit preservatives and excess sweeteners.",
"I always knew it was refrigerated, but why marble??",
"Marble is used in cooking some random things because it holds temperature well - specifically cold. So if you want to work with something and have it not warm to room temperature quickly, you use it. e.g. ice cream, sugar cookie dough. Alternatively you can use it to cool things rapidly since it takes a lot of energy to warm it up - like with peanut brittle.",
"It looks cool. When I take my kids out for ice cream they would much rather watch them do that than just scoop it out of a container."
],
"score": [
224,
219,
106,
18,
9,
7,
5,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/ke9JvRr.gifv"
],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uz3ie | How do you perform CPR and give compressions to a person who has fractured his chest bones? | I had done a first aid course a few years ago and I asked my instructor this same question but I couldn't get a straight answer from him. As far as my understanding goes CPR is used to simulate breathing and compressions are used to simulate heartbeat. So in a situation where a person needs CPR but also has fractured his chest bones wouldn't simulating heartbeats do more harm? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxy6nz",
"ddxy3wc",
"ddxy0g9",
"ddy12zx",
"ddy1jr5"
],
"text": [
"In a situation when a person actually needs CPR a beating heart takes precedence over anything else even a fractured sternum/ribs. if the ribs puncture your lung and give you a pneumothorax, they can still fix you up later, but if the heart stop beating only for 5 minutes your brain cells will start to become necrotic right away (with the hippocampus being the most vulnerable). Source: took a CPR class in med school, asked the same question that was my instructor answer.",
"> So in a situation where a person needs CPR but also has fractured his chest bones wouldn't simulating heartbeats do more harm? More harm than having no heartbeat? I can't see how. If done properly those chest compressions will likely break ribs anyway, even if they were fine to start with. Keeping the brain alive with moving oxygenated blood supercedes all other concerns including broken ribs.",
"Whether or not they have a fractured chest does not have any relevance to Cpr. The important thing is the forced contaction of the heart, damaged or not. If they are dead they are dead regardless of whether or not their Ribs are being pushed into their heart. You cant make them more dead. If they are revived good job. If they are revived with a bum ticker, good job. Tldr; a broken ribcage dosnt matter as they are already dead. Source 7 years primary care paramedic",
"First time I did CPR the snap of the rib scared the shit out of me. Didn't matter as the person didn't make it. Had they, it would be better to be alive with a broken rib than dead with your ribs intact.",
"If you need to do CPR, that is because the person has no pulse/is not breathing/heart has stopped. In any case, your heart beating, you having a pulse, and you breathing indicate that you're alive and well, which means this will always take priority over any other injury. Rupturing a lung can be fixed, further fracturing chest bones can be fixed, any other consequence of this can typically be fixed. Your heart ceasing to beat and blood and oxygen not making it to your brain cannot be fixed."
],
"score": [
22,
11,
8,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uz3j1 | Atomic vs. Nuclear Bomb | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddxzvrs",
"ddxypy4",
"ddydauu"
],
"text": [
"There are two kinds of nuclear bombs: Atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. The atomic bomb is an explosion releasing energy of unstable compounds. A hydrogen bomb fuses atoms together and turning them into new atoms. A hydrogen bomb needs an atomic bomb as a detonator.",
"Nuclear bombs are weapons that use energy from nuclear reactions to generate an explosion. Depending on context, atomic bombs are either synonymous with nuclear bombs, or are a subset of nuclear weapon that utilizes fission (splitting atoms) in order to make the explosion, as opposed to modern thermonuclear/hydrogen bombs, which utilize a two-step reaction through using a fission bomb to trigger a much more powerful fusion (combining atoms) reaction.",
"The other commenters are mostly correct, but I wanted to add some historical context. These bombs are based on the principles of nuclear physics and reactions of atomic nuclei, and all the scientists knew they should really be called \"nuclear bombs\" from the start. But in the 1940s, nuclear physics was still a relatively new field, and while many members of the public remembered atoms from school, very few remembered or were even taught about atomic nuclei (only discovered in 1911, after all). So the new technology was pitched as \"atomic energy\", as it was thought that people would relate to and get excited about \"the power of the atom\" better than the more accurate \"power of the nucleus\". When H-bombs came around in the mid-1950s, public exposure to nuclear physics had understandably increased quite a bit, so the advent of a new type of nuclear energy was used as a sort of opportunity to kill two birds with one stone by both introducing the more accurate term and using it to help the public distinguish the newer fusion technology from the original fission technology. Of course, \"nuclear\" (and especially the derivative \"nuke\") now refers to both fission and fusion, so it's a bit of a muddle, but it was always that way since there was never a real effort to standardize the terminology."
],
"score": [
10,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uz5kd | Why does going to bed later than usual but sleeping the same amount of hours as you normally would, feel worse when you wake up? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddycew1",
"ddyexv8",
"ddy1f35",
"ddyijkx",
"ddyvsjd"
],
"text": [
"The major contributing factor is your circadian rhythm. This rhythm is basically your natural biological clock. However it does not run exactly on a 24 hr cycle, there are slight deviations naturally and other factors can contribute to altering your biological clock. The next factor to take into account is which stage of the sleep cycle you are waking up from. There are typically 5 stages of sleep, stage 1/2 are \"active\" sleep cycles, your brain activity is still highly active and almost indistinguishable from a wake person. In stage 1/2, you are also more likely to respond to stimuli, such as someone calling your name. Stage 3 is regarded as \"inactive\" sleep cycle, this is the stage where your brain activity drastically drops, preparing your brain and body to enter stage 4. In stage 3, a person is much harder to wake up and waking from this stage leaves a person exhausted and generally disorientated. Stage 4 sleep is where actual rest and rejuvenation occurs. In this stage, your brain activity is picking up slightly but still in a mild manner, not too much to be called wakefullness, but enough to signal repairs in the body. Lastly is REM stage, this is where your brain is now increasing activity and causing dreams. After REM, the cycle repeats back from stage 1. Basically as you sleep, you go through this 1-4+rem cycle over and over, with each cycle lasting about 90 mins. Depending on what your body needs, stage1/2 will shorten as you go through the sleep cycles and lengthen stage 4 for rest and recovery or REM sleep. If you wake from REM, you will feel refreshed and ready, that is why most people dont remember dreams or recall a dream suddenly disrupted by waking up. If you wake up during stage 3/4, you will feel tired and exhausted, your brain was trying to turn down the power after all, and signal the body to recover from things like exhaustion or injuries. So thats it, a bit long for ELI5, but its a complicated question that takes many things into account, as is common when talking about neurological issues Edit: forgot to talk about sleep deficit and how that also contributes alot, but im on mobile and cant continue forever.",
"Feels worse? Am i broken ? If i sleep 8 hours but get up at 6 i feel like shit but if sleep 5 hours but wake up at 11, i feel awsome and ready to do a 16h shift ! Edit: it all make sense now, according to the top post, i have to wake up in the middle of my stage 3 sleep before the actual rest occur, also, a train could hit my house i woudnt wake up if its early morning.",
"That may be specific to you, not a general phenomenon that applies to everyone, having to do with your circadian rhythms. If your body clock works well with a certain sleep time, and you shift that, you may get poorer quality sleep in the morning when you're used to being awake, or just generally have disturbed your body's rhythm.",
"The reason is because: about an hour before we wake up, our bodies prepare us for the day by releasing certain brain chemicals, namely cortisol. One reason why it is important to get up around the same time everyday is because of this chemical timing. Our bodies become habituated to this cycle, this circadian rhythm, and if we all of a sudden shift away from that, we feel off. Kind of explains jetlag and the off week a lot of us have after changing our clocks for daylight savings.",
"How does having naps during the day affect sleep quality/sleep debt? I'm interested if naps are beneficial or actually disrupt evening sleep quality."
],
"score": [
388,
88,
43,
7,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uz9lp | Why couldn't a world develop where there was no competition and prey/predators and all life was purely vegetarian? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy2bj7",
"ddxzk7o",
"ddxz9n0",
"ddyleru"
],
"text": [
"Vegetarian = eating plants. A world in which all life was either plants or plant-eating would have competition, predators (the plant eaters) and prey (the plants.) If you mean a world of all plants, there would still be competition. If there are 96 nutrients in a given plot of soil and each plant uses 10 nutrients, then when the 10th plant grows they will start competing over the last 4 nutrients. Any world with finite resources will have competition because eventually those resources get used up. So now we'll have plants that starve and die, but their nutrients don't get back to the soil automatically. For that you'll need a saprophyte to break this stuff back down so new plants can use them, which means we bring in bacteria and fungi. So now we can make a pretty stable loop of plants using nutrients and saprophytes returning them, but the saprophytes will start to compete over the dying plants. Eventually it'll turn out that a saprophyte that can get its resources from either living OR dying plants will be more fit than one that can only get it from dying plants, which means predation will return.",
"It theoretically could happen, but then you would have an empty niche in the environment. If an organism evolved to be a carnivore or there was a food shortage, which inevitable will happen, then a predator will arise. Due to its lack of competition it would thrive in its environment and its population would quickly grow and spread out. Just like that a new breed of predator will be created and will likely continue down this evolutionary path.",
"Who said it couldn't? It didn't. and we have exactly one world we know of that has life on it to actually check what could happen.",
"this would violate all the principles of life. Life is built on competition and without it life stagnates as single-celled organisms."
],
"score": [
8,
6,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uzb9i | For massive websites like Amazon or Google, how are they built, scaled to a large size, and maintained? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy5o8v"
],
"text": [
"Well I am a web developer at the opposite end of things to Amazon and Google. If websites were ships those guys are making supertankers and aircraft carriers while I am making kayaks so I can't claim the expertise to actually build things like that but maybe I have enough grasp of the concepts to try a high-level ELI5. So first of all imagine a small 'normal' website. Imagine I build an online book store. On the homepage it might have a bit in the top corner saying: Hello rokd, with a link to manage your account/profile. The main section has a list of this week's 20 top-selling books and on the right is a column with teasers from a blog where I highlight my personal favourite authors. At the most simple level I have one database storing all the stuff I need. It has a table for users (including rokd), a table for books, one for sales, one for blog posts. I then have one script/executable page of code which gathers all the information and assembles in, something like: > < header > > print link_to_user_profile(getCurrentUser) > < /header > > < main > > print get_recent_bestsellers(20, week) > < /main > > < sidebar > > print get_recent_blog_items(5) > < /sidebar > This is all well and good but this one script running on one computer and one database running on one computer is doing everything for this page, and every other page served to every other user. So the only way to scale is to make those computers really really powerful and at google levels even a supercomputer isn't enough. Setting aside that problem completely for a moment, let's imagine I didn't want to bother building a blogging system for my bookshop because wordpress already exists and why invent the wheel. So I get a site at URL_0 and I change my page to something like: > < sidebar > > print ask_remote_server_for_something(server= URL_0 , account=somersettlerbookshop, request=latest_blog_posts(5)) > < /sidebar > So now my blog posts are being stored and rendered somewhere else. I just make an API call to URL_0 and ask for something, it supplies the answer, I don't even know or care exactly what database my blog posts are stored in, or what script on what computer renders the data into html. So long as URL_0 tells me what I want I don't have to give a shit how it does it. Well what Jeff Bezos famously did in 2002 is [issue an edict]( URL_1 ) that all teams in amazon had to built their shit to talk to each other in the same way as I talk to wordpress in the example above. Even though they are within the same company, and even though, at small scales, their code might be running on the same computer, they always had to pretend they were totally separate and only communicate through remote services and APIs. So I change my code to something like > < header > > ask_remote_server_for_something(server=user_subsystem, request=link_to_current_profile(currentuser)) > < /header > And so on for every element of my site. That way separate tasks can be split across separate computers. So 1 computer just runs the books stuff, 1 for the user stuff, 1 for the blog stuff, 1 for the sales, and 1 to coordinate all the requests and piece it together in a single page for the user. Now, we might add some cacheing. For example, I only write a new blog post every couple of days. So if you load my page at 9.00pm, then refresh at 9.05pm, at present, we are loading all my blogs from the database and rendering them all over again, even though nothing has changed. Our get_latest_blog_posts code might look like this: > blog_raw_data = get_recent_blogs_from_database(5) > rendered_blogs = render(blog_raw_data) > return rendered_blogs Waste of resources. So I can tell it to cache the results of a request and only re-calculate it if a certain amount of time has passed, say, 24 hours. The code changes to something like: > if (more than 24 hours has passed since I was last asked) then > > blog_raw_data = get_recent_blogs_from_database(5) > > rendered_blogs = render(blog_raw_data) > > cached_blogs = rendered_blogs > > return rendered_blogs > > else > > return cached_blogs Note that my top level page doesn't know or care about this change. It just asks for blogs, and it gets blogs, it doesn't matter to it whether they came from a cache instead of from a database. Now let's imagine my website needs to scale even more. It's a bookshop, so books is the hardest-working subsystem I have, and 1 computer is not enough to run it any more. So we changed > print get_book_information(bookID) to > print ask_remote_server(server=books, request=book_information(bookID)) But now we need several servers: books1, books2, books3. So make it something like > print ask_remote_server(server=find_me_a_books_server, request=book_fnformation(bookID)) and have another server in the middle, called a load balancer, which keeps track of whether books1, books2 or books3 has capacity to service a request, and sends it on accordingly. Once again our top level page doesn't know or care which of the 3 books servers answers the request, so long as it gets an answer. Basically we keep breaking our software down into self-contained 'black boxes' which communicate with each other through defined protocols, and that way if we outgrow 1 server we can use 2, or 3, or 300, on different continents. Still, we can't scale perfectly, because if I'm running my bookshop on 20 servers, and it maxes out, then while my _software_ is capable of seamlessly extending across 30 servers, I can't just wave a magic wand and have 10 new PCs in my racks, all wired up to my network. That takes time. But I want my site to suddenly have twice the capacity if it gets linked from reddit. By the time I get the new servers physically installed the reddit traffic has gone. So we invent virtual servers, where an entire physical server is virtualised in software within a more powerful actual server, capacble of hosting multiple virtual servers. And we take our find\\_me\\_a\\_server code, which used to say: \"Hey, books1, are you busy? Hey books2, are you busy?\" and hand the request to whichever server said \"no\" - and we change it so that if _all_ the books servers say \"sorry, I'm busy\", it just creates a new books4 server on the fly. Once we get used to coding in this distibuted fashion we can also rewrite our algorhythms to take advantage. So rather than simply separating the \"books\" workload from the \"sales\" workload, we can also improve performance of a particularly taxing sales data processing task by splitting that into parallel tasks across multiple servers. google's map_reduce is an example of this sort of thing but getting a bit out of my depth / scope of this answer to explain that in detail. There's another whole category of scaling around databases. Most traditional databases are 'ACID-compliant', and 'normalised'. Again this comment is getting way too long for me to go into detail on that but basically they are ways of ensuring your data does not get corrupt. Say for example my bookshop is extremely busy. As you visit the homepage the code asks the sales system for the top 20 bestsellers. It returns the #1 seller, _Harry Potter_ with 150 sales in the last week (narrowly ahead of the #2, _Bambi_ with 149 sales). While it does this, three people buy a copy of Bambi and one person buys Harry Potter. My code then proceeds to tell you that the #2 seller is Harry Potter with 151 sales (because the #1 is now Bambi with 152). So your list is 1 Harry Potter 150 sales 2 Harry Potter 151 sales WTF? Looks like my system is fucked, right? Traditionally databases avoid this through ACID compliance, so the database is locked while a transaction is made to ensure consistent results. Simplistically, this would mean while you are generating the list of bestsellers, nobody else can buy a book, because that would change the results. But everybody visiting my homepage generates that bestseller list. If nobody can buy while someone is looking at the homepage, I'll never sell any books. Customers will always get a \"database locked, cannot purchase!\" error and give up and go to Amazon... So some people realised, it doesn't actually _matter_ if your bestseller list is based on the most accurate and up-to-date data. If it's based on sales as of 5 minutes ago, that's fine, then we can carry on selling. We can tell you Harry Potter is #1 when it is actually Bambi #1 since we made a few sales a millisecond ago - who gives a shit? On the other hand it _does_ matter if we tell you we have 10 copies of Bambi in stock when we actually have zero left, since we made a few sales a millisecond ago. So people started carefully breaking down which parts of the database required traditional 'safety' / consistency / anti-corruption guarantees, and which parts didn't. And for the parts that didn't, by selectively adding caches, splitting amongst parallel systems, denormalisation, abandoning ACID-compliance, or even abandoning SQL paradigms completely, they could get more performance. tl;dr distributed computing, parallelisation, cacheing, load balancing, virtualisation, denormalisation, nosql"
],
"score": [
23
],
"text_urls": [
[
"wordpress.com",
"http://jesusgilhernandez.com/2012/10/18/jeff-bezos-mandate-amazon-and-web-services/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uzk3j | Since many of the clinical "decisions" made by doctors in the healthcare system are dictated by consensus guidelines, why can't many of the doctors be replaced by computer algorithms? | There are clear rules and guidelines for many, if not most, situations encountered by doctors in the daily hospital routine (I'm a doctor myself). Why can't at least a part of the diagnostic and management processes be automated? Certain physical examination skills can be made by personnel that will be specialised only in that, and the rest of the patient reception and anamnesis can be made by a computer program that can elaborate all the data and come up with the next best step, be it a chest x-ray (that can also be interpreted by computer) or a certain dose of a certain medication. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy2n7z",
"ddyfl6h"
],
"text": [
"I remember reading an article that suggested that 80% of what doctors currently do will eventually be replaced by a computer. You're definitely right about increasing reductionism/specialization in medicine, and that's not going away. I think the main reason human doctors can't be entirely replaced is due to the importance of interpersonal relationships. When my folks got sick I didn't want to speak to a robot, I wanted to have a human being empathize with me. Sure, I was familiar with the medicine, and sure a computer could have told me the same prognosis, but seeing a look of concern in someone else's face and talking it over was a relief. The next reason depends on specialty. For instance, certain surgical techniques are obsolete due to advancements in technology. And like you said, many clinical scenarios can be simplified. However, the fundamental implementation still rely upon human doctors understanding the underlying concepts, especially in a situation where those technologies are unavailable. Lastly, nuances. There are so many nuances in patient behavior/history that can't be easily codified that have clinical significance. Many times life experience allows healthcare workers in general to make decisions based on social/behavioral cues that a computer would never realistically perceive.",
"I discuss technical issues with customers a lot. They usually cannot explain the problem properly on the first try and it is a conversation to figure it out. I assume it is the same in medicine. Me: My back hurts Machine: your back is very complex. Which muscle hurts. Me: My pectorals Machine: that muscle name is insufficiently exact. Me: my left tricept. Machine: that is not in your back Or Doctor: point to where it hurts. Aha ... do exercise x."
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uzmr5 | Why do we bruise and is there a way to speed up the healing of bruises? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy2toh"
],
"text": [
"Bruising is caused by blood vessels rupturing under the skin. The bruise is basically the blood \"seeping\" through the tissue. As for speeding up healing, no more than any other internal injury. Your body just has to do its thing. If the pain is bothering you, try ice or anti-inflammatory remedies. If you think it is unsightly, make-up works well."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uzmsa | If only about 10% of energy is passed up each trophic level, why is meat so much more calorie dense than fruits and veggies? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy2npd"
],
"text": [
"The two statements are not related. Think of your question this way: \"If John has 1000 lbs of rocks and gives me 100 lbs (10%), why are my buckets heavier than his?\" The answer, of course, is John carries his rocks in 10 lb buckets and you carry yours in 20 lb buckets. The fact that he had more rocks to start does not have any bearing on how many rocks you put in your bucket. So the answer to your question is that the amount of energy moving up the trophic level doesn't matter. What matters is how that energy is stored. And animals store their energy in more saturated fatty acid chains, which are more calorie dense than how plants store their energy."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uzrea | Do you actually ask someone to be your girlfriend/boyfriend or is it just assumed after a while? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy478u",
"ddy5bow",
"ddy7oqy",
"ddy53zs"
],
"text": [
"Honestly it depends on the person. Some people assume after multiple dates you're exclusive, Some people date multiple people at a time until it is communicated they want to be exclusive. There are a million variations and the best way to know is to communicate, everyone will be different.",
"I think it really depends, generally very young, inexperienced people will just go out with each other for some time and after a while they'll be like \"well, guess we're GF/BF now\" - that's how it went with my first and only experience so far. When people are older and get more experience, they know all the bases and stuff, and they often make things clear very early on, they tell each other what they're looking for before the first date etc.",
"Completely depends on the couple. My current gf and I were hanging out with each other more and more. We initially started off as FWB which gradually developed into an exclusive relationship. At one point we turned to each other and just made a verbal agreement along the line of \"so uhhhh yeah boyfriend, girlfriend?...sweet cool\" and went for some wings. However I wouldn't go like 6 months assuming you were exclusive without having the conversation at some point.",
"Usually it is just assumed after a while. Sometimes there is a conversation about not seeing other people. Sometimes you just start saying those words in conversation and start spending enough time together than it precludes seeing anyone else."
],
"score": [
17,
5,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5uzrli | Why are most people afraid of lizards despite knowing that they can do us no harm ? | Edit : I am not talking about a komodo dragon. What I meant was a [house lizard]( URL_0 ). | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy5z2s"
],
"text": [
"Probably because they are kind of snake-like. From an evolutionary standpoint, it makes sense to be afraid of snakes and snake-like things that can hurt us and it's ingrained in our hindbrain to avoid them."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uztjt | How did they film the houses and cars being destroyed by nukes? | What kind of protection did they put the cameras in? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy5ixt"
],
"text": [
"They had big steel and concrete housings for the cameras and would even pile up dirt in front of them to protect them. The front of the camera would have very thick glass and in some cases periscopes so that the camera would survive if the periscope were destroyed. They also had external film for the cameras so that the film could be driven out of the camera into a well protected lead box as the camera were rolling. Even if the camera were destroyed they might save the film."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5uzv07 | The reasons why the colonies sought independence from England. | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy4g8v",
"ddy8c5k"
],
"text": [
"The American colonies fought for several reasons. 1. They didn't want to pay taxes on goods such as paper and tea. Those taxes were meant to pay off the 7 years war, but the colonists figured that they didn't ask for the war. 2. King George refused to listen to the colonists' problems. They tried to raise issues, but that wouldn't have been an issue if it wasn't for the main reason, number 3. 3. The colonies lacked representatives in parliament. This was the main cause of the revolution. The colonies fought against England because they had no say in their government, which ties in to reason 4. 4. Enlightenment ideas about government were popular in the colonies. The founding fathers fought for the principle of a government where the people held power, not a monarch. There's a lot more to it than that, but hopefully that summed some of it up.",
"The Colonies had a really great deal from 1607 to 1763 or so. They got to behave as independent countries essentially. They got protection from the British Military, and didn't have to pay taxes to the crown. The British Government tried to establish some taxation to pay for the French and Indian War, but they had let their \"kids\" run wild for too long, and a rebellion was on their hands."
],
"score": [
16,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v01xf | Why do house gecko's have low awareness but move really fast. | I've notice many times that house gecko's seem to ignore the presence of humans near them or not notice them at all. So I was wondering what's the point of being able to move quickly if you can't even notice a predator or threat in the first place. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy7ck5",
"ddy6fft"
],
"text": [
"Their speed is mostly for catching insects. They avoid predators using camouflage and hiding rather than speed generally.",
"Who says they don't notice them? If you can move that quickly, you can let a predator approach that much closer before running away, which means you spend less time running and more time doing gecko things."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v04g5 | Why can we reattach a severed limb if we keep that limb in a cold place but a decapitation is basically an instant kill? | Can't we just put that person's head or body in a cold place to keep them from dying as well? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy8qti",
"ddy7cbe",
"ddy6g42",
"ddy6oy7"
],
"text": [
"All death -- every last one -- is caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain. Decapitation prevents any oxygenated blood from getting to the brain -- because the brain and the pump (the heart) are no longer connected. We can repair arteries, but there's no possibility of repairing the damage before the brain dies.",
"The vital bodily functions of breathing and to a lesser degree even heartbeat depend on the brain's (or rather brainstem's) input. On the other hand the brain depends strongly on oxygenated blood delivered at a certain pressure (at least 55 mmHg), which it gets fron the heart through the major vessels in your neck. The brain has a very high demand for energy (sugar and oxygen) and has very little reserves in itself. A few minutes without supply will permanently destroy brain tissue. Even if we had the technology to reattach a severed head, we could never do it quick enough to save the brain. Let alone the damage done to the brainstem, spinal cord etc. by the decapitation. Edit: reversed autocorrect...",
"Well: decapitation = no more blood going to the brain = pretty quick death. You'd pass out before your brain is officially dead probably, but there's nothing we can do fast enough to fix you at that point.",
"The body cannot live without the mind. A russian scientist transplanted a dogs head and it somehow survived for a time. Maybe it would be possible under controlled conditions. This would only keep the head alive for a short time."
],
"score": [
4,
4,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v04sh | Why does spitting into a diving mask helps preventing mist ? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy6v6v"
],
"text": [
"It keeps water from sticking to the inside of the lens. Same thing as soaping up a mirror in the shower."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v04v3 | What's the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes? Please and thank you! | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyavcx",
"ddybv53"
],
"text": [
"A little bit of confusion I've seen in this topic. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is this and only this: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas resulting in the inability to produce adequate insulin. Type 2 DM is basically a catch-all for anything else that results in increased blood glucose levels. There are an array of dysfunctions that can cause this, including but not limited to resistance to insulin action. There is also inadequate insulin secretion, excessive glucagon secretion and/or excessive carbohydrate intake. As there are many type 2 patients that do not make enough insulin, it is relatively common for them to require insulin injections.",
"The analogy that usually gets the idea across is that diabetes is like your body not catching insulin(in this example a ball). Type 1 is where the pancreas doesn't throw a ball(insulin), so your body can't catch it. (5% of diabetics) Type 2 is that your body can't catch the ball (insulin).(95%) The effects are similar, but the causes and treatments are different."
],
"score": [
13,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v0cdn | How does LSD/acid work? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddy8fwi"
],
"text": [
"Apparently no one knew for the longest time exactly what it did in the brain, but literally last month a study was released showing that it acts on the seratonin receptors in a rather unique way. So the gist of the article I read was that there are five different types of seratonin receptors, and some drugs act one one or two or a few. LSD activates all of them - and again, in a unique way. Apparently the molecule lodges itself into the receptors, and instead of leaving miliseconds to seconds later, it can stay lodged there for hours, even causing the receptor to curl around and grab it tighter. If anyone else has more info, it's a pretty interesting subject."
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v0mok | How did mail-order music companies like Columbia House / BMG (Get 13 CD's for a penny) make money? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyamee",
"ddycrd7"
],
"text": [
"They send out the CDs, then continue to charge your credit card for years, usually sending you copies of CDs that wouldn't sell otherwise.",
"They didn't give away CDs for a penny. They forced you to purchase many CDs with those highly discounted CDs at a large markup and forced you to join a club where you were essentially on the hook to purchase a new CD monthly."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v0qvk | What is a virus and how is it different from bacteria? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddycb8s"
],
"text": [
"Microbiology PhD student here! A bacteria is a fully complete living organism, just a very small one composed of a single cell (and a smaller, simpler cell than those in your body). It does everything you would expect a living organism to do - it senses it's environment, often moves towards food and away from harmful conditions, eats (one molecule at a time), uses its food for energy and growth, and reproduces by dividing. It's the littlest kind of organism, but definitely an organism nonetheless. A single bacterium is called a \"bacterial cell\". By contrast, a single virus is called a \"virus particle\", which gives you some sense of the difference right off the bat. Viruses are a pattern of molecules that can reproduce, but must hijack the energy and biological machinery of a living cell to do so. They don't do most anything characteristic of life except reproduce. Viruses are a genome (made of either DNA or RNA) packaged up in a container that helps protect it against the environment and gets it inside living cells. Once the virus genome (and some other molecules that come with it) gets inside a host cell, it hijacks that cell's reproduction mechanisms to reproduce the virus instead of the cell. The cell is reprogrammed to use the energy from its metabolism and the machinery of its biological factories (ribosomes!) to make more virus particles, more virus genomes with protective coats that invade other cells, which are then released from the hijacked cell. Basically, a virus is a genome that fools living things into reproducing it. The name \"computer virus\" is apt and gives a good analogy - cells are like computers and viruses are snippets of code that invade them. When the computer executes the code, it makes the computer reproduce and distribute the virus, often getting damaged in the process. And like computer viruses, real viruses often invade a cell and then lie dormant until they are activated. Let me know if there's anything that's not clear or if you have any more questions! TL;DR: Viruses are genomes that trick living cells into reproducing them."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v0rp7 | Why are fractals found in nature? | I understand what fractals are, I just don't really understand WHY nature creates things in that manner. What makes it so significant? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddycij1",
"ddyfd34"
],
"text": [
"Fractals can be created with a couple of rules and lots of repetition. It'd be more surprising if fractals didn't occur in nature.",
"Sometimes fractals are energy efficient. I also defer to someone more knowledgeable on this topic."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v0uc3 | Why are so many drivers incapable of using a merging lane properly? Or using it at all for that matter? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyddio"
],
"text": [
"People are selfish and concerned over being first (even it the difference in time is literally a second or two)."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v0vuu | What determines the shape of a cloud? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddycs24"
],
"text": [
"Wind sheer, humidity, temperature, atmospheric pressures, storm systems near by, pollution levels, convection, the jet stream, and altitude. Amount other things. Its why no two clouds seem to ever be identical."
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v0w4u | When boiling water how do air bubbles form at the bottom of the pot? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddye2fz",
"ddycviy",
"ddyhrjg"
],
"text": [
"The bubbles contain water vapour and steam. A speck of water heated to that state expands 1700 times, easily making a bubble from 'nothing'. Edit 1700 not 3200, thanks /u/rawwwse",
"Those bubbles aren't air. They are water vapor. The water at the bottom of the pot heats up, transitions to vapor, and then bubbles to the top.",
"The bubbles are points of nucleation that form in imperfections on the pot or cup. Further solid impurities also can become points of nucleation. The bubbles are points where the liquid water changes to gas water vapor. Once the bubble becomes large enough the bubble will release from the bottom surface and float to the liquids surface. If there are no points nucleation it is possible the water will pass the boiling point without releasing gas stream. This can be extremely dangerous as the slightest agitation or contaminant will cause the water to seemingly explode as the entire volume of water seems to boil all at once."
],
"score": [
9,
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v0wvj | Why does tightly squeezing or biting down hard on something seem to help alleviate sharp pain? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddydpti"
],
"text": [
"When you're squeezing or biting down or something, your brain is focusing on that instead of the pain."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v0yxi | Why do root vegetables stay fresh for so long, despite eventually rotting even in ideal conditions? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddz7vop"
],
"text": [
"Just a guess (apologies if that's discouraged here) but I would assume the fact that they're starchier instead of sugary makes them more difficult for bacteria and mold to get into. They're made up of carbohydrates that are more \"complex\" and so take longer to be broken down."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v117a | Why can humans remember the first letter of a word/phrase/name we've forgotten, but not the whole thing? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyhrjr",
"ddyhcwt",
"ddyowxz",
"ddyt7q2",
"ddypyde",
"ddyjgib",
"ddyt756",
"ddyw8i1",
"ddyssdz",
"ddymo4y",
"ddyw0et",
"ddyxjwc",
"ddz0twt"
],
"text": [
"You're describing the tip of the tongue phenomenon. When we think of a word or thing, we have many cognitions: a visual memory of it, how the word looks when written, the sound it is in your language. When we know something starts with something but can't finish it, we're tapping into a less developed sense of sound and more of a visual or conceptual thing. In other words, we know what it is but can't locate the sounds without more thought.",
"I will often only remember the shape of the word. Where the tall letters were or any hanging letters like g or y.",
"This happens to me frequently. I'll say, \"Oh you know that guy... uhh... I can't remember his name. But he starts with a 'Z'.\" You can remember part of the word but not the whole word. This is called the Tip of the Tongue phenomenon. An occasional tip-of-the-tongue state is normal for people of all ages. TOT becomes more frequent as people age. TOT is only a medical condition when it becomes frequent enough to interfere with learning or daily life. This disorder is called anomic aphasia when acquired by brain damage, usually from a head injury, stroke, or dementia. Edit: [Tip of the Tongue]( URL_0 )",
"Late to the party but there are a few theories on this. The term you're referring to is called presque vu. My favorite of the theories that explains is this says this. When you are searching for a word your brain tries to help you by blocking your access to other words that are similar or related. Some times your brain accidentally shuts the pathways to remembering the correct word. This is why you absolutely KNOW that you know the name of the actor who plays the bald pirate with the friend with 1 eye. Your brain has literally shut you out from \"Lee Arenberg\" when it may have been trying to keep you from remembering the name of your similarly named highschool physics teacher. This also helps to explain why presque vu can be contagious. The social context and situation can have lots of people's brains acting similarly, especially when you're all pulling from a similar knowledge base.",
"This feels like it might be a Psychology question not a Biology one. Heuristic is a term that refers to a person's \"mental shortcuts\" when making decisions. It's how you can see a bear in the woods and know to get away. Without heuristics, you would have to observe a big fluffy animal in the woods, and manually sort through your information about everything that fits your observations of what you're seeing. Without out a shortcut, the bear would be on top of you while you're still trying to decide whether or not that thing with brown fur, four legs, ears, nose and a tail is a dog or not. Because of a second psychological phenomenon called \"the Primacy Effect\" we remember the first thing we heard in a list better than the rest. So now you have the first part of a word, and your brain is trying to make that fast connection based on all the words you've ever heard that start with the same letter. Tl:dr - the part of the word you can remember is a clue to figure out the rest of the word. Problem is there are a whole lotta words to run through",
"I do this all the time!! It happens most often with names and places and I usually remember the first letter and how long the word is. I have always attributed it to the fact that I am a Reader; I see words in print and don't always take the time to sound out each syllable in my head. As a result, I think I mentally file words and character names by first letter and length.",
"It's beausce as hmunas we olny raed the first and last letter of a word in their place, and see the rset of the wrod as a miturxe of letters. An example? You just read my sentence without skipping much of a beat, and several words were rearranged minus the first and last letter. So when the brain thinks of a word becuase the first letter is so imporant it remembers it, but fails the rest because it doesn't exactly need to visualize it in proper order. Example that I got in school years ago: \" fi yuo cna raed tihs, yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too. Cna yuo raed tihs? Olny 55 plepoe out of 100 can. i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno’t mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghi t pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt! if you can raed tihs forwrad it.\"",
"Or if you're like me you could say it starts with a d then think of it and it doesn't start with a d. like not even close like an s or some hogwash. Im still disappointed in myself :/",
"Sometimes when I know a word, but at the time I can't remember it, even the first letter of it, I will go through the alphabet in my head and see if it will trigger something. When I first started doing this, I was surprised by how many times the word would come to me when I reached the correct first letter. Now I do it regularly as my go to 'remember-something-I-know-but-can't-remember'. Does anyone else do this? Maybe I should post it there...",
"And is it related to the ability to raed any wrod, even cplmociaetd ones, as long as the first and last letters are correct?",
"The human brain is very efficient at compression. It compresses the item and indexes it. The indices can be but aren't limited to the first letter, last letter, length, sound, other letters in the name, associations, even smells and appearances related to the item. You are able to recall fragments of the index, but don't have enough to put it together to recall the exact item.",
"Yeah, this is not always true.. My gf always tries to remember something like: \"the first letter was M... or was it N..\" and we try to figure it out and after a while she is like: \"Now I remember it! Pickles!\" and I'm like what is this I don't even",
"Idk I'm a cashier and I don't even have a choice but to remember a persons entire card number, ex date and full name when I just glance before swiping. If I have to do it manually I can remember the 3 digit on top of that and the memory never goes away. I have thousands stored in my brain, I should sell them TBH."
],
"score": [
2343,
69,
57,
51,
15,
8,
7,
5,
5,
4,
4,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_of_the_tongue"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v12xk | Why do houses make creaking noises at night for no apparent reason? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyeko1"
],
"text": [
"It's impossible to say what the cause is in your house specifically, but there's a few things that could be going on here. Note that it's likely that the same creaking sounds are being made during the daytime, too, but there's more going on and more other noises - at night, it's quieter, so you're more likely to hear and notice them. If you're in an area where it's cold, it's colder at night. This may cause sounds as moisture in the house itself gets colder or freezes, and as the ground freezes and causes things to shift. Wind may cause the house to shift slightly and make creaking noises. A burglar or murderer may be slowly sneaking through your house, causing creaking noises as he/she steps on creaky boards. Point is, there's a lot of little things that can cause structures to shift; the ambient sounds that're always there are going to be more noticeable when you're more able to focus on them."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v13xh | If google encrypts my e mail in transit and at rest how do thry read it to target ads? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyftas"
],
"text": [
"It's like someone is giving you a box with a code lock and you can put something inside and he will deliver it wherever you want. But still.. He knows the code."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v13zh | Why do crickets make so much noise at night as appose to daytime? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyf3xf",
"ddyf9as"
],
"text": [
"They are more active when it's cooler outside, there's also less noise pollution at night, so even making the same amount of noise day and night, there's less background noise like cars/music/whatever to cover up the cricket sound.",
"Their goal is to attract a mate without being eaten. That's easier to do when it's dark out."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v14gd | Why are people more honest when they're tired? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyewwd"
],
"text": [
"Simply because lying takes effort. They could also be too tired to think of the consequences of telling the truth, or they could have forgotten that they were supposed to lie in this situation. The point being, lying takes serious thought for most people, and being tired reduces a person's ability to think clearly and logically."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v16fm | If we eat sweets for the taste, why do we not feel satisfied unless we swallow them? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddygt40"
],
"text": [
"Pleasure, in this case, from food, is released because you body craves fatty and sugary goods because they give the most energy. You'feel' good when you taste something sugary, and your body rewards you with dopamine after swallowing."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v16ls | Why can animals recognize their owners in person, but can't over the phone or on video? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyfczq"
],
"text": [
"Much of animals' means of identification is through smells/pheromones, which clearly don't transmit over video."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v19zn | What exactly went wrong when you have to use the pinhole reset switch on an MP3 player? What exactly does that little switch do? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddygvcq"
],
"text": [
"There are times when software gets confused and lost. When it is lost it doesn't know how to get back to home, and home the only place it knows how to \"be an mp3 player\". Pressing the reset button is like having a GPS tracker on someone who's lost - when you press it, you swoop in, pick the software up and plunk it back home. In technicalities, pressing the reset button usually triggers a circuit that forces the microcontroller in the mp3 players to reset just like it would have if you removed and replaced the batteries. The circuit can be outside the micro or it can be a dedicated pin on the microcontroller. No matter where the software gets lost, resetting the micro always starts it over from the beginning where hopefully it won't get lost again."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v1bnl | Why are breasts usually asymmetric if its development is driven by hormones which have systemic (and symmetric) effect? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyhiw8"
],
"text": [
"Put simply, the left breast is usually bigger because the heart is on the left side of the chest. That's really all it is."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v1f8d | Why Do Men Grow Bald And Women Don't? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyhnsc",
"ddyiqj3",
"ddypup4"
],
"text": [
"Women *do* go bald. It's just different. Men usually lose hair starting at the crown and moving forward, or at the hairline and moving back. Women usually lose hair in little wisps that pretty much just thin out the hair all over.",
"balding is mostly an hormonal issue. Free testosterone accumulate on the base of hair follicles making them weaker. The follicles on the top of the head are more sensitive than the ones on the side and back. Women suffer from hormone induced baldness but it's more distributed and less frequent than men.",
"Woman do go bald, it's just much more likely in men. The reason being is baldness is a recesive genetic trait found on the X chromosome. Men only have 1 where as woman have 2. Because of this if a woman has 1 x chromosome with the recesive bald gene but one with the dominant not bald gene she won't be bald. But her son will inherent one of the mothers x chromosomes so he has a 50 50 shot of either getting the recesive bald or dominant not bald."
],
"score": [
13,
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v1fml | In the U.S., how does policy allowing coal mining waste drain into streams help create more jobs? How is it in any way beneficial? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyi6dv",
"ddz0qif",
"ddykru3",
"ddyo7jw",
"ddylqk1",
"ddyhg3d",
"ddyj24v",
"ddyl1i6",
"ddyzz1r",
"ddyjq53",
"ddz9745",
"ddyz5zq"
],
"text": [
"The general argument is that regulations like this make it more difficult for someone to open or run a new business or plant, so they are less likely to build that. Those new establishments would have employed people, so by discouraging people from starting these establishments, they are in essence preventing jobs from being created. You'll see similar thinking applied when someone argues against any regulation. If I can inject my own opinion, this argument makes more sense if you're already not inclined to care about the environment. We could encourage the creation of jobs in other, non-environmentally damaging, areas by investing in solar, but it's easier to say \"fuck nature.\"",
"Here is the [actual rule]( URL_0 ). In layman's terms, what the rule does is give a federal regulatory body authority to deny a mining operations permit if they believe the mining operations will effect the natural habitat of a stream. The primary criticism of the rule is that it's purposefully broad and vague, and thus, gives regulators the ability to deny permits for almost any coal mining operation and makes it more costly to apply for coal mining permits. Also, the [Clean Water Act]( URL_1 ) already prohibits companies from dumping waste into streams and rivers. Regulators already have the authority to shut down mining operations if they suspect there are Clean Water Act violations. The functional effect of this rule would be to mire coal mining operations in a long, bureacratic money pit to pursue any new mining operations. It's worth noting that this rule was rushed through at the very end of Obama's presidency, less than a month before Trump took office. It's so new it really hasn't even gone into effect yet. Basically, it's a poor implementation of a good idea. We don't want industry to dump waste into streams and rivers. That's why we already have laws prohibiting it.",
"It doesn't. Coal is largely expensive as a source of energy in the US compared to any other fossil fuel. Some politicians thought that they could win an election by tricking people in coal mining country (who, by and large are not only suffering from low employment but some laid off coal miners are dealing with black lung) into thinking that jobs would come back to their area if regulations on coal mining were eased. If you were to drop all the regulations on coal mining, yes it would make coal more competitive but those regulations are there for a reason. Coal is a dirty, dirty fuel source. And the jobs aren't coming back, because [coal mining is more automated]( URL_0 ) than it used to be.",
"Let's say you have two mines/factories/whatever that are otherwise identical, but one needs to build pollution control facilities and pay pollution control staff, and the other company doesn't. Which one can sell its product for a lower price? If you ignore the external effects of the pollution, healthcare and cleanup, assuming those things get paid for, then it is cheaper to not have regulations. Even if you do pay for those things, it can be other industries essentially subsidising the polluting one by paying a larger share of tax for cleanup. Of course it's madness. But if you think China is 'winning' by building hundred of coal generating stations a year and making so much airborne pollutants it is toxic, then you think mimicking that will level the competitive playing field. China is understandably a bit bipolar on the issue, with efforts to cut pollution but the need to meet energy demands of a wealthier population.",
"It won't coal mining is already pretty automated by the use of explosives and heavy machinery instead of manpower. What used to take 30 boys in a coal town is now done by three. This won't change with this policy. What will increase is profits to the companies that lobbied for this change because now they can skip paying to control their waste. You might even consider jobs lost since there will now be no need for waste management personnel.",
"THe alternative is processing the waste, or storing it, or some alternative process that does not create the waste. by circumventing this expense, coal remains more cost competitive.",
"It's cheaper. But coal can't be cheaper than natural gas(its primary competition) in the US *anyway*, unless you ban fracking.",
"The theory is that it creates jobs by lowering the \"barrier to entry\" for small businesses. The reality is that no new business is going to be done in coal mining. At this point, it's all incumbents until the coal runs out, and the incumbents just want to make more money.",
"TL;DR. Companies seek maximum profits, not maximum new hires. Any money saved by cutting EPA regulations won't create jobs ... it will only put money in the company's pocket. It's a myth that money saved will be reinvested in hiring more workers, because a company will only hire the minimum workers required to satisfy product demand. It will never hire more workers than necessary 'just because the money is there.' It's also a myth that money saved will result in raises for the staff. Wages are determined by the market rate ... in other words, the lowest wages that a person will take to do the job. At best, executives may get a bonus if the company saves money. Someone may argue that if a company wants to expand, the savings would allow more hiring. But the truth is that if the product demand (and profitability) is there, management will find a way to hire, no matter what. They will borrow, extend an IPO, seek tax benefits, sell more stock, reduce marketing expenses, etc. But they will always find a way if they want to hire. This will all occur, with or without EPA regulations, because companies exist to make money ... not to be a job service.",
"This does not create jobs. This creates poison and people die from it so they can't go to work so this destroys jobs and lives.",
"It doesn't create jobs. It increases profits and shareholder value, making rich people richer.",
"Take a look at the Small Business Administration's page on [Mining and Drilling Operations]( URL_0 ) to see the volume of regulations that apply and the volume of different agencies involved. Simply combining many of these would make it simpler to deal with. You don't have to sacrifice safety and the ecology in order to simplify the process to make it easier to start a business, but you do need t make it easier to comply. For example, as a marketing communications person, I created a dealer price list that was as much a training tool on how to order custom made shades as it was a price list. By making it easier to order shades, I increased sales. In part, I didn't need to find new customers as much as making us easier to do business with. The problem with Congress is that its a legislature that has no accountability for the actions it takes and it does not have in the executive branch a single city manager type official to ensure its regulations and agencies it creates are easy to business with and that the agencies share their data between them."
],
"score": [
313,
97,
52,
26,
25,
17,
11,
9,
9,
7,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://www.osmre.gov/programs/rcm/streamprotectionrule.shtm",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Act"
],
[
"http://www.mining.com/study-shows-96-of-some-mining-jobs-can-be-automated/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.sba.gov/managing-business/business-guides-industry/mining-drilling"
]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v1g36 | How do the newer microwaves that can have metal placed inside them work? | I was at a Sears recently and saw some new microwaves advertising that metal could be put in the microwave without any harm to the appliance itself. How does this work? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyjric"
],
"text": [
"The metal inside is rounded, which helps prevent the charge from finding a way to arc out. Metal in microwaves builds up electric charges that shoot out at the edges. Things like aluminum foil has a lot of edges and corners. Truth be told, if you ding or clip any of those metal racks they will spark and cause a bad day"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v1gxb | Why did inorganic matter progress into organic matter and life? Why is that life infused with a survival instinct when inorganic matter never showed such proclivity? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyirn4"
],
"text": [
"3 billions years ago, the earth was basically one big chemicals mixing pot, and it spit out all sorts of things. Now, maybe some of the chemicals that formed were really hard, and maybe some could fly, or maybe some could sing. It doesn't matter. The point is, out of all of those chemicals, there was this one such chemical that could replicate itself. Now, imagine after a 100 years, how many of those chemicals would be left? The hard one could've just been obliterated, and the flying could have been burnt, and the singing one could've decomposed. But the self replicating one could've made copies, and so not only did the self replicating chemical (let's call it DNA) survive, but there were actually more of it! So DNA had an advantage over the other chemicals, not out of a survival instinct, but out of it's inherent nature. Now let's look at these DNA molecules themselves. Suppose one DNA molecule had a little protective shell over it, and the other didn't. They both replicate, but the one with the shell finds that it's offspring are more likely to survive. So the one without the shell and it's \"bloodline\" slowly dies off, and now you have only the DNA group with the shell. Now repeat the same process, but instead of shells, maybe one group has a golgi complex, or a cell membrane, and so on. In reality, these developments were *much* slower than that, but 3 billion years is a ridiculously long time. My point is, there was no conscious thought in improvement in these life forms. These cells didn't try to actively improve themselves, but the non shelled DNA couldn't help but extinguish, which means the shelled DNA were statistically more likely to survive, and the DNA without a golgi complex wasn't as likely to survive as the one with a golgi complex, and so on. I hope this was clear, this isn't really my best work."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v1img | What's the origin of the possessive 's (apostrophe S) ? | Bonus question: What's the proper way to use it when someone's name ends in an S? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddytu3f"
],
"text": [
"My college English teacher explained it like this: In middle-english you would talk about shoes owned by Paul by saying 'Paules shoen' In modern English you would drop the e after Paul for an apostrophe and replace the n at the end of shoe with an s: 'Paul's shoes.'"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v1lbo | Why do people tend to get more cynical as they get older? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyj90r",
"ddyjdwr",
"ddykuz8"
],
"text": [
"Old people have experience to draw on and tend to be more cautious as they have more to protect. As a result they know many ways things can go wrong as they have seen it happen before. I would counter that people don't get more cynical as they get old, they get less naive.",
"The hopes and dreams of youth get shot down over and over again. People disappoint you over and over again. Bureaucracy steps in one time to many to ruin your plans. You start to see how long it takes the wheels of progress to turn. Your plans to save the world fail and you learn that you can't save some people. World peace becomes a more and more distant dream.",
"Old people build up a vast knowledge base of experience. They are no longer as open minded, because they have a large amount of evidence and personal experience about what is true and what is not."
],
"score": [
15,
8,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v1nb1 | Why do different cars require different grades of gasoline? Do some engines actually require premium unleaded or is it just a scheme to make you spend more money? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyjjnb"
],
"text": [
"octane is an additive that makes gasoline less combustable. engines that have very high compression ratio (the ratio of cylinder volume at the bottom of the stroke vs the top of the stroke) can make the gasoline detonate before the piston gets to the top of the stroke. This is bad, commonly called \"knocking\", this means the explosion is actually trying to force the engine to run backwards. anyway, so yes, cars with high compression ratios need high octane gas to prevent this pre-detonation. side note, some modern cars can vary their timing to work with any octane, getting higher power/efficiency with higher octane, but not enough efficiency to offset the cost premium on the fuel."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v1smm | How do animals in the wild survive when they have serious injuries that would require medical attention? | I saw something where I Mongoose escaped a Lion but the Mongoose had broken it's leg? How would it survive? I see these wild life get injured but do they tough it out or do they normally die of starvation? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyl719",
"ddylsev"
],
"text": [
"They typically don't survive. If an animal gets injured, it's game over. This is very evident in predatory animals. Lions and such will careful stake out what they want to get involved with in order to lessen the chance of being injured. Lions and other big cats also typically go for a killing blow to the prey as quickly as possible. The long their prey is still alive and struggling, the higher a chance of the lion being injured during the struggle. If the lion sustains a broken limb, loss of teeth, or even loss of eyesight, then it won't be able to hunt or defend itself and will most likely just die. This goes for most of the animal kingdom, predator or not. Nature is savage, and usually doesn't provide a second chance.",
"Sometimes, not often a serious injury can be survivable if it heals quickly and doesn't terribly effect the day to day. But often the animal will die. Broken legs are a big one. Best case the injury will heal, but if it can't run it can't hunt or evade other predators."
],
"score": [
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v1uyd | What are fair split screens? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddylv04"
],
"text": [
"If you're going to ask about a current Reddit post, [it's helpful to include a link to it in the question]( URL_0 ). Split screen video games are where you have multiple players, each with their own view on half the screen. Think playing Golden Eye/Halo on a single system. One of the problems you run into here is that the other player can look at your screen to see where you are, making it impossible to sneak up on somebody who is \"cheating\". A \"fair\" split screen is one that somehow prevents this. The method used in the post I presume you're talking about involves using a 3D TV and giving each player special glasses. One player only sees the \"left eye\" image and the other only sees the \"right eye\" image. When it works right, this means two people are looking at the same TV, playing the same game & seeing completely different images."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/gaming/comments/5v00ea/so_i_heard_you_guys_like_fair_split_screens/?utm_content=comments&utm_medium=hot&utm_source=reddit&utm_name=all"
]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v1vk4 | Why do some liquids sting when applied to a cut, but others don't? | For example, alcohol and lemon juice makes wounds sting, but water does not. Is it because a lower ph causes the stinging? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddymahn"
],
"text": [
"Nerves work via electric potentials. These are shifted by ion concentrations. Some liquids affect these ion concentration gradients. If something is strongly acidic, basic, or salty, it will activate the pain neurons that are exposed in a cut."
],
"score": [
20
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v1zgd | How and why are tech companies rated so highly on their valuations? | Regardless of whether or not the start up really does live up to that valuation, what is going on? Why are there so many of these "unicorn" companies all over the US and the globe entire? Thanks in advance. | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyn776"
],
"text": [
"Part of it is because when a company raises money, they want to have a higher value each time they raise money as this signals that the company is growing.This helps existing investors build up value by investing early and with continuing investment. Each time this company runs out of money, they have to raise more to run. As the company is growing (and burning money), they need more and more and more. Eventually this can drive valuations very high, to unsustainable levels in some cases, as the companies need piles of money to then burn Source: work in venture capital Edit, re-read the title and didn't like my answer. Another reason is due to the influx of international capital as large firms seek yield. This is a huge problem with Chinese investors specifically. They often want to get their money out of China and are willing to pay outrageous prices in order to deploy capital in American companies. Then because existing investors don't want to lose out on the ownership (certain provisions can essentially make it pay to play). You see this a lot in tech due to the investment duration (life sciences takes forever, 15-20 years sometimes). Most funds have a 10 year life span so it can make investing in LS deals harder for them. So you have all of this money flowing in, that has to be invested, and tech companies tend to be easier to invest in (LS gets complicated). And that drives up the valuations... you have people bidding up the prices on shares when the companies are raising money. This ties into the above. Cheers"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v2200 | What is a bacteriophage? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyn8js"
],
"text": [
"Bacteriophages are basically just little viruses that infect bacteria. They land on a bacterium and inject their genetic material into it. The bacteria notices the genes and replicates them to make more viruses. When it has made a certain amount of viruses it will explode and release them into its environment."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v22y8 | exactly how, by what mechanism, does an air bubble in your bloodstream actually cause death? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddynb3h"
],
"text": [
"Small bubbles can block capillaries in vital organs, most urgently the brain, causing anything from pain and inflammation to neurological damage and paralysis. A small bubble impedes blood flow the same way a solid obstruction would — the bubble's surface tension relative to its size is too great for the force of blood to break it up or shove it along. Bad? Yes. Fatal? Probably not, although see below. A big bubble, on the other hand, gets us into the vapor lock scenario. Your heart, like the fuel pump in an old car (cars with modern fuel injection work differently), is a simple mechanical device. In ordinary operation, its contracting chambers squeeze the blood out and force it through the circulatory system. All is well. Now imagine a massive air embolus shows up and your heart starts squeezing on that. There's nothing to get any purchase on; the air just compresses. Blood flow stops, and eventually so does your heart. [Sauce]( URL_0 )"
],
"score": [
16
],
"text_urls": [
[
"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2866/can-air-injected-into-the-bloodstream-really-kill-you"
]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v24q3 | Why is it that we feel tired after we cry for a short while? What causes this? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddz0bj0"
],
"text": [
"For those that do feel tired after crying, it's because crying is cathartic. Crying is caused by many things, but I assume you mean sad crying. Usually crying only happens after you build up emotions and try to hold them back. Releasing the dam leaves you mentally exhausted as you just give in to the pain."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v26ak | What is the difference between a Get Request and a Post in HTML? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyynec"
],
"text": [
"It's a part of HTTP, the protocol that defines how webpages are transferred, not HTML, the language in which they are written. So in HTTP, there is a field in the request called \"method\" which can be GET, POST, or a few others. GET is for reading data, and cannot have a request body, i.e. the request contains only the URL of the resource you want to get. At most the URL can contain some parameters, like the ?id=123 & lang=en & page=5 you often see at the end. A server is not supposed to make any changes to the data in response to a GET request and always return the same data, because GET requests can be cached or sent multiple times. POST requests on the other hand are for changing data, and they can have a body, i.e. contain arbitrary amounts of data. So you can use them to upload files, they can change data and are not cached - which is why browsers warn you when you try to resend a POST request. If it was sent before, the data may already have changed, and you may not want to have the same change applied again. However, webapp developers often ignore these rules and use GET requests to change data or POST requests to read data. Sometimes they can get away with it, sometimes it causes problems. For example if you try to misuse a GET request to upload files, it will work for small files. But the URL parameter will get ridiculously long, and at some unknown point the browser or server will refuse to process it, or even truncate it."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v2b5z | why does this microwaved bar of soap behave the way it does? | URL_0 | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyrlhl",
"ddyrhxe"
],
"text": [
"Microwaves work by agitating the molecules in the food (and apparently soap) that you put inside them. Temperature is essentially a measure of the random kinetic energy in a material, so when the molecules are agitated and caused to vibrate more the temperature increases. Water is very susceptible to microwaves, so usually microwave food is essentially steamed to cook it. A bar of soap has basically three ingredients (or three types of ingredients anyway): a surfactant (used to break through oils that occur naturally on your skin and hair), fragrances/colors, and water. In chemistry this would be called a *hydrate*, because there are little pockets of water interspersed through the structure of the soap. In a microwave, the little pockets of water will begin to boil and exand. When they exand, they push the soap out of the way and break out in weird popcorn-like patterns. So why didn't the bar of soap expand uniformly? ~~Two~~ Three reasons, mainly: (see u/elpechos reply for the third) Soap doesn't have a molecular structure really. It's a mixture of a lot of things that all kind of just hold onto each other. In one are of the soap you might have a higher concentration of surfactant or color, in another area you might have two little \"pockets\" of water really close to each other. One \"pocket\" of water might be bigger than the rest of them. This lack of uniformity means there are going to be weak points in the bar of soap, so when the water inside starts boiling, the pressure will build and eventually break the weakest point. It's worth noting here that the outside of a bar of soap is usually polished (accidentally or intentionally); if you break a bar of soap in half, it'll be pourus on the inside, but you can rarely tell that from the outside. There will be weak points still, from imperfections at the molecular level as well as physical imperfections from handling, and once that weak point is broken, it's significantly easier for other weak points in the interior of the soap to propagate and merge into it, which is why you only really see two places in the bar of soap that exand. I'm guessing here because it's not shown in the gif, but I think it's a pretty safe assumption that if you were to let the bar of soap cool and then cut it in half to see the inside there'd be large empty pockets leading to those to holes in the outside. Additionally, it's easier to dissolve things in hot water, so when the water begins to boil it will soften the soap around it and weaken the soap in that way too.",
"It only works with ivory soap. It's soap that has air or water or something whipped into it. It gets hot and the stuff in it boils making it expand."
],
"score": [
10,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v2bdp | Could certain sensory input overload our brains and cause it to "crash"? | EDIT: Could large amounts of sensory input overload our brain and cause it to crash? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddys6ww"
],
"text": [
"I think I saw a video that explained what being autistic was like. It seems as though over stimulus is really hard for someone with autism to deal with which may result in sort of a crash. Normally your brain filters out the less important information. Like if you're computer was at the limit and just stopped processing the input from your keyboard while it caught up."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v2hkv | Why do humans have anxiety/low self worth? | [Comic made me think of it]( URL_0 ) What's the use for it, and why do our brains feel the need to compare to others and feel inadequate? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyv21s",
"ddytd02",
"ddzk0h7"
],
"text": [
"Evolutionary psychology perspective: social comparison helps us keep track of vital social information related to our own fitness, indirectly. 1) It helps us navigate our social world by paying attention to status hierarchies. Don't mess with high status people because that can get you ostracized in the group. Befriend them because you can gain skills or share in their status or access to resources. 2) It motivates us to pursue more resources and signal more of our own status Status signals to others that we're potentially a good partner. Status is related to perceptions of skill/ability and possessing resources. You can imagine some level of low self-esteem/anxiety can motivate people to be high-achieving. However, this can go \"wrong\" when the feelings themselves become debilitating. Why would this happen? Most likely environmental causes and genetic predispositions. Maybe the environment isn't suited to allowing you to self-improve. So you feel all the bad stuff from social comparison but feel helpless to do anything about it. And perhaps this perception has a genetic component where you're more susceptible to defeatist thinking? Neurologically, maybe the neural pathways responsible for these feelings are just too active. So they are actually giving you incorrect information about your own status (you actually ARE just as good as everyone else, but you don't feel that way). Lots of potential stuff to consider.",
"We're social animals-- a lot of our survival and functioning depends on our ability to fit into our social world. So it makes sense that thinking about how well we fit in would be stressful!",
"One of the recipes for healthy self esteem is a set of parents (blood or otherwise) that raise a child with lots of love and attention that set appropriate boundaries that are firmly enforced and are allowed to change as the child grows and matures. Also the parents who demonstrate healthy emotions and can teach the child that it's okay to feel bad, and to say when you feel bad instead of hitting or screaming when you feel bad. When a person was raised by or around people who belittled them, or dominated them, or were emotionally neglected, that person never got the chance to build their esteem because they were never given a space that was safe."
],
"score": [
9,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v2jro | Why do hot chocolate powder packets have a thin aluminum lining? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyrmdx"
],
"text": [
"Chocolate has oils in it. The oils would leach out if the packet were pure paper, as well as getting moldy from moisture seeping through. The oils would also react to plastic. The foil also keeps light out better than plastic or paper. Milk proteins react to light over time. It's why milk for schools is in cardboard cartons, and it's why gallon milk bottles are (usually) translucent instead of totally clear."
],
"score": [
17
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v2l0t | Is there any downside to booking a leg of an international trip separately? | I'm flying international and it's cheaper to book my last leg separately instead of all at one time. If all goes well is there anything different I'd have to do? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyu6jz"
],
"text": [
"Really the only issue is if/when your flights get delayed/cancelled, the airlines won't help you because the tickets were booked separately."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
5v2m7f | Why does liquid flow unevenly out of a bottle into another object? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyshga"
],
"text": [
"because of air flow. when you pour out of a bottle, you get that 'glug glug glug' thing happen, where a bunch of water comes out, then there's a short break before the next bunch. this is because as the water blocks the lid area of the bottle, the bottle becomes airtight, and the rest of the water cannot flow evenly. Next time you are drinking from a water bottle, try punching a hole at the bottom (if you can manage this without spilling everywhere). You will find the water will flow evenly. This is also why when you buy large water bottle things with nozzles at the bottom, you need to puncture a hole at the top of it to allow the air to flow through."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v3jyd | Goods and Services Tax (GST) | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddz03bv"
],
"text": [
"We're all familiar with taxes that tax your income. But there's another class of tax that taxes your expenditure - it's called a consumption tax. A goods and services tax is a type of consumption tax. A very simple type of consumption tax is the sales tax that is added on to the price at the checkout. But, what if, instead of just taxing the last sale, you taxed every transaction as the product trickles down the supply chain? When you do that you have a goods and services tax (sometimes called a value added tax, because every transaction in the supply chain adds value, and it is the value that is being taxed). Consumption taxes are seen to be reasonably fair because, unlike income taxes, they're quite difficult to avoid. However, they're not perfect because it favours richer people who don't spend their entire paycheque (ie they don't consume all their money), whereas poor people pay the tax immediately on payday. That said, rich people will always get a tax advantage over poorer people, it's just that with a consumption tax the advantage is a lot less than the advantage they get from avoiding income taxes."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
|
5v3k1j | What is the biological process that makes us hungry for dessert after we have eaten a full meal. | Just finished a giant rack of ribs, chips and salad. Feeling stuffed - someone mentions chocolate mud cake at the table for dessert and I immediately feel like there is more than enough space in my belly! | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddyzunq"
],
"text": [
"Humans have a biological imperative to seek fats and sugars. Those are really good at nourishing us and we can turn them into super useful fat supplies. They also were fairly rare way back when. So when we have access to them our instinct is to \"stock up\" on all of this really choice food, because who knows when it will be available again. So basically the \"urges\" part of your brain doesn't know about your job, your car, and the grocery store."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
]
| [
"url"
]
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.