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j0mt09
|
One functioning nostril
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g6szwtr"
],
"text": [
"I can say that this is common. I can’t remember what it’s called, but iir, it’s to allow your sinus opportunities to like drain separately. It could also be a result of a deviated septum. Which is also common."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0nehe
|
Why is every country flexing with their army when at some point everything will come down to nukes?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6t9o20",
"g6tb4t7",
"g6tbks5"
],
"text": [
"Not all wars will come down to nukes. For example suppose some country wants to come in and carve out a few miles of your coastline because they want a naval base. It isn't much of your country and maybe it isn't worth killing everyone and destroying the world over. It sure would be handy to have something available between \"do nothing\" and \"death to everyone\". Otherwise you can be pushed around with impunity as long as it isn't worth suicide.",
"In the words of Sergeant Zim from Starship Troopers: \"If you wanted to teach a baby a lesson, would you cuts its head off? Of course not. You'd paddle it. There can be circumstances when it's just as foolish to hit an enemy with an H-Bomb as it would be to spank a baby with an ax. War is not violence and killing, pure and simple; war is controlled violence, for a purpose. The purpose of war is to support your government's decisions by force. The purpose is never to kill the enemy just to be killing him . . . but to make him do what you want him to do. Not killing . . . but controlled and purposeful violence.\"",
"Basically nuclear weapons can only destroy. What are you going to war for when your only weapon is turning the world to a wasteland? Most wars nowadays are fought over access to ressources, or indirectly to have a party that supports you in another country (again to gain access to their ressources through trade). There are no wars where total destruction is the goal since WW2. And even then they wanted the fertile russian land, just without the russians."
],
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14,
11,
3
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
j0nujd
|
Why are manatees so fat? It's not cold in Florida, wouldn't they overheat?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6tgw6k"
],
"text": [
"Manatees are warm blooded. Water is an excellent conductor of heat away from the body. The waters in Florida are not as warm as you think. Which is why SCUBA divers often wear wetsuits there."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0o05w
|
Why can’t anything travel faster than light?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6tmd72"
],
"text": [
"IIRC things can travel faster than light, relative to other objects, e.g. galaxies moving away from one another due to the expansion of the universe. However it’s not possible to accelerate a particle with mass past the speed of light. [This is a relatively easy article to read on the subject. ]( URL_0 )"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20160429-the-real-reasons-nothing-can-ever-go-faster-than-light"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
j0o543
|
why the rings of Saturn are all along one line.
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6tiuq8",
"g6tj9wl"
],
"text": [
"Gravity. As Saturn rotates and revolves around the sun, it pulls on all those little chunks and rocks. The sun also pulls, but more lightly. After millions of years of that, those uniform tugs bring them all into a uniform line, generally along the equator because that's where both the sun's and Saturn's pulls would bring them. (Think of it like you hold a string tied to a rock, and I hold a string tied to the same rock. If we both pull, the rock will end up between the two of us). Many things in astronomy work that way. Gravity tends to normalize rotations and revolutions. Note that all the major planets occupy roughly the same plane of orbit around the sun, and generally speaking most stars in the Milky Way occupy the same general rotational plane around the core. Also note that none of this is \"perfect\" from our perspective, it's all a little bit off or a little bit tilted sometimes.",
"Most of the material in orbit around a planet formed from the same stuff as the planet itself, so it has a common angular momentum. Imagine stuff moving in all sorts of orbits, but stuff that has intersecting orbits at big angles will hit each other over time at high speed and blast away. But stuff that's close to the most common orbit will hit each other at slower speeds, and be more likely to just stick together and keep similar orbits. So you get moons in these common planes close to the equators of planets. You get rings in something called a Roche Orbit where the gravity of the planet pulls things apart while still keeping it in a common orbit. URL_0"
],
"score": [
18,
6
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"text_urls": [
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche_limit"
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
|
j0o5to
|
Why does getting hit in the balls hurt so bad?
|
Getting hit anywhere hurts, but your balls hurt unreasonably bad even if you so much as flick one.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6tkfiv"
],
"text": [
"You must first understand how pain works and is perceived. It’s all through the nerves and the nervous system (we can say this is a big highway with many roads going off to everywhere, but instead of cars we have impulses. When they reach your brain, the brain responds and your perception is changed. The testicles are where the “endpoints” so to speak of a LOT of nerves are, and these nerves are connected to other nerves that branch upwards. This is why when you irritate the nerves near the testicles, you will first feel the intense pain of several nerves sending distress signals and your brain trying to process all of them, part of the reason why people hit hard enough in the testicles freeze and maybe fall over or have to get down on the ground. This lurching pain only travels upwards and messes with the nerves near your stomach, causing many to feel that tingling sensation upwards, and maybe even vomit. For future reference, this is a question that is easily searchable online, I’m not sure if this fits the subreddit."
],
"score": [
7
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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j0os93
|
Why does a glass of water left out in a room taste bad and stale after a few hours? , but water just sitting there in pipes resiviors tanks etc but doesn’t go stale?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6tssmz"
],
"text": [
"Water in pipes rarely sits still. It's why cold tap water is usually direct from the mains, and why it is recommended not to drink water from the hot tap which normally comes from a tank. Moving water is aerated. Still water isn't. If you notice in your glass, you'll see bubbles if it sits for a while. That's the air leaving the water."
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0p2ea
|
When doing skin grafts, how are the nerves connected from the donor skin to the body, and are blood vessels done using the same technique?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6tv5xi"
],
"text": [
"A lot of the fine work in surgery is handled by the body's natural healing ability. The body is designed to handle smaller cuts where the ends might not align perfectly again. Blood vessels will find blood vessels on the other end and grow together and similar with nerves. They will not be connected the same way they were before but at least they are connected. With blood vessels it does not matter that much what is connected to where as long as it is connected. But they will have to change over time to balance the blood flow. The nerves do matter where they are connected so at first none of the nerves will work. However nerves have the ability to remap themselves when they learn where the different nerves go and what they do. So after some time your brain will start learning which nerves are associated with pain or touch or move tiny muscles, etc. and you will start to regain control over the area."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0p56j
|
Why the dollar sign comes in front of the amount?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6tymwr",
"g6tye7l",
"g6tx346",
"g6tx4x8",
"g6u4edl"
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"text": [
"It's an accounting artifact from when accounting ledgers were done by hand with a pen. $104.35 some ledgers had 1 square for a number kind of like graphing paper. The $ in the square made it difficult to tamper with the number. Like this; URL_0 Same with using red ink or < $124.74 > or (126.24) for negative numbers instead of using the - sign",
"I also think it's helpful when you're considering different currencies, because it points out from the beginning what type of currency you're talking about",
"I always thought it's a way to prevent tampering with the number by adding more numbers in front of it.",
"Why not? So you know it's currency before reading the number. Let's you have a perspective immediately. It also allows for you to use, or not use, decimal points for cents, without if being messy.",
"In the global economy, many companies deal with multiple currencies (certainly every company I’ve worked for in UK and Netherlands). Most countries have the currency sign at the beginning so for standardisation’s sake (in spreadsheets, accounting systems, reporting systems etc) we always put it at the beginning regardless of the norms of that country. Or use the 3-letter currency code."
],
"score": [
42,
19,
16,
9,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.smartresolution.com/printing/products/products-zoom.aspx?p=21180"
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0pbe5
|
How does the "exeption that proves the rule" work?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6tyz9o",
"g6tytw5"
],
"text": [
"This states that if an exception exists or has to be stated, then this exception proves that there must be some rule which the case is an exception. If my pool says \"Kids can come here on Sundays.\", then this also means that there is a rule that \"Kids can't come on Monday-Saturday.\" or maybe \"Kids can't come on non-school days.\" etc. But there must be a rule otherwise why even tell me the first statement in the first place.",
"The most meaningful explanation I've heard is \"the exception proves there exists a general rule\", because an exception has to be from something. Eg, if you see a sign that says \"No parking on Sundays\", then you can deduce that you can park on other days."
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0pd8a
|
what does it mean by ‘non-polar’ and ‘lipid soluble’ in biological terms?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6ty683"
],
"text": [
"Non-polar - molecule’s charge is balanced, there is no part of the molecule that is positively/negatively charged. The molecule will not show any electrical properties. Lipid soluble - can dissolve in fats."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0pw61
|
How does a glass of water standing for a while create small bubbles on edge of the glass?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6uaaa0"
],
"text": [
"Bubbles mean something in the water is ~~changing from a liquid into a gas~~ escaping the water as a gas. Tap water contains atmospheric gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen, dissolved in it (dissolved means microscopic bubbles of gas get 'trapped' in the water by any change in pressure, such as water in a pipe or the wind blowing against the top of the ocean). As the glass filled with water sits out for a few hours, its temperature rises slightly (water gets warmer), which causes the dissolved gases in it to come out of the water and form bubbles along the inside of the glass."
],
"score": [
13
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0pxq4
|
Why are certain religions and cultures so concerned about controlling sex? (Both today and in the past)
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6u5sfd",
"g6uc3th"
],
"text": [
"It's YOU they want to control - sex is just the tool, the way in to your psyche. Sex is a primal, funadmental urge - people don't have complete control over it. You can control how you deal with it to some extent (most people can, anyway) but you can't stop your feelings altogether. This fact allows religions to guilt-trip you into submission. They have you by the short and curlies....",
"Because sex leads to having children. On the one hand, groups of people have wanted to have lots of children, to increase their numbers and help strengthen themselves against outside groups. On the other hand, groups have wanted their society to be stable. If people are having sex with their spouse, then everyone knows who the father is, and this creates a family bond and makes sure the child is taken care of by the father, and this strengthens society. If people are having sex with random strangers, then children are born and no one knows who the father is and the mother is stuck raising the children on her own, which societies don't like."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0q5cs
|
Why do cooks smash garlic before chopping?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6u8riq",
"g6u975f",
"g6u8mmz"
],
"text": [
"I was taught by Vietnamese mom that you smash the garlic to peel off the skin easily otherwise you will have to cut the stem part then try peeling with your fingers",
"Smashing garlic causes it to excrete a chemical compound called allicin, its what gives the garlic a strong smell and sharp taste. Allicin is produced in garlic as a defence mechanism from animals to stop them eating the garlic. They smash the garlic because of how it affects the smell and taste by releasing said chemical, making it stronger in the food.",
"Crushing the garlic actually makes it more flavorful. Its a reaction to being exposed to oxygen."
],
"score": [
14,
14,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0q713
|
Why can we imagine a bunny in our head, but we can’t choose to hallucinate it unless we use drugs ?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6uae8b",
"g6ugo85"
],
"text": [
"Because for the most part, we don't really control our brain. The brains job in the body is to send signals through the nerves to dictate what everything is doing, this includes concious and unconscious actions. We can imagine a bunny because it is part of our memories, an unconscious part of us. You can't stop your body sensing pain because the signal the brain is sending is telling the body there is an injury that needs paying attention to. As for the drugs allowing us to hallucinate what isn't there, that's because it alters the signals we receive and cause them to act in ways we normally don't, like seeing a bunny that isn't actually there.",
"Our brain has part dedicated to telling the different between fantasy and reality. Hallucinations happen when that doesn't work for whatever reason. It is vital to your survival, especially in the old hunter gatherer days, that you know the difference between a real bunny that you can catch and eat, and an imaginary one that will cause you to starve while wasting time trying to catch it. Similarly pain is meant to warn us of danger or injury so we can stop doing the thing that is hurting us. It is meant to be something we don't like, in order to force us to do something. If we could just stop hurting, we would--and then proceed to hurt ourselves anyway. And I can prove that is the case. One of the main symptoms of leprosy is the inability to feel pain. People with this disease with mangle and burn themselves, get infections from dirty cuts they didn't know they had and so forth. Even lose fingers when rats chew them off while they are sleeping. Someone invented a device to solve this. Instead of pain, it makes an annoying sound so they know they are hurting themselves. It didn't work. The patients just turned it off and went about hurting themselves anyway. So yeah, it's actually really important that we can't just decide to stop feeling pain."
],
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5
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0qe7x
|
Why do we have dark circles under eyes when we lack sleep?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6w5nnj"
],
"text": [
"Fatigue Oversleeping, extreme fatigue, or just staying up a few hours past your normal bedtime can cause dark circles to form under your eyes. Sleep deprivation can cause your skin to become dull and pale, allowing for dark tissues and blood vessels beneath your skin to show. Lack of sleep can also cause fluid to build underneath your eyes, causing them to appear puffy. As a result, the dark circles you see may actually be shadows cast by your puffy eyelids. Age Natural aging is another common cause of those dark circles beneath your eyes. As you get older, your skin becomes thinner. You also lose the fat and collagen needed to maintain your skin’s elasticity. As this occurs, the dark blood vessels beneath your skin become more visible causing the area below your eyes to darken. Eye strain Staring at your television or computer screen can cause significant strain on your eyes. This strain can cause blood vessels around your eyes to enlarge. As a result, the skin surrounding your eyes can darken. Allergies Allergic reactions and eye dryness can trigger dark circles. When you have an allergic reaction, your body release histamines as a response to harmful bacteria. Other than causing uncomfortable symptoms — including itchiness, redness, and puffy eyes — histamines also cause your blood vessels to dilate and become more visible beneath your skin. Allergies can also increase your urge to rub and scratch the itchy skin around your eyes. These actions can worsen your symptoms, causing inflammation, swelling, and broken blood vessels. This can result in dark shadows beneath your eyes. Dehydration Dehydration is a common cause of dark circles under your eyes. When your body is not receiving the proper amount of water, the skin beneath your eyes begins to look dull and your eyes look sunken. This is due to their close proximity to the underlying bone. Sun overexposure Overexposure to the sun can cause your body to produce an excess of melanin, the pigment that provides your skin with color. Too much sun — particularly for your eyes — can cause pigmentation in the surrounding skin to darken. Genetics Family history also plays a part in developing dark circles under your eyes. It can be an inherited trait seen early in childhood, and may worsen as you age or slowly disappear. Predispositions to other medical conditions — such as thyroid disease — can also result in dark circles beneath your eyes."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0qj0y
|
Is mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell or the nucleus?
|
Everyone says it's the mitochondria, but my teacher with a degree says it's the nucleus. Who do I believe?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6ue3fi",
"g6uentl",
"g6ungrv"
],
"text": [
"The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell - they are responsible for energy production. The nucleus is like the brain; it sends genetic information.",
"It probably a misunderstanding. The mitochrondia produce the power, but the nucleus controlls everything. Command Center vs Power Plant. The word \"powerhouse\" can occassionally be used to mean \"most important\" or \"most powerful\" which would indeed be the nucleus, but that is not what is meant here. You teacher probably is just thinking of it that way.",
"> my teacher with a degree Made me chuckle a bit, not sure why. The mitochondria are organelles in the cell, they serve many functions like everything else. The most commonly known function is the completing of the energy extraction from bioenergetic molecules like glucose. There is still energy extraction outside the mitochondria, but Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain happen inside mitochondria, and those account for the majority of energy coming from things like glucose. The nucleus has no metabolic significance, the nucleus is a library, an archive of information. This library gives instructions for how to make proteins and other stuff. Some of these proteins are required for a mitochondrion to function, some other proteins are produced by mitochondrial DNA itself. Everything is interdependent, and everything is ultimately dependent on the nucleus. So in essence, I on my third degree, say your teacher is wrong."
],
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7,
7
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[
"url"
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j0r265
|
Why do some phone charging cables are lower quality than others?
|
What I don't understand is what material makes them charge slower than others Please and thank you
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6uiu0c"
],
"text": [
"Most of the time is is simply thinner electrical conductors. A thinner wire has higher resistance so the voltage will drop over it at higher current. The resistance is also proportional to the cable length so a cable diameter that work fine on a short cable might not work for a long calble. A thinner wire is cheaper because less copper is needed."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
j0rgio
|
Why can humans easily feel the difference between 50F and 100F, but feeling the difference between 400F and 450F (like inside an oven) is near impossible?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6uktgj"
],
"text": [
"Our bodies are based around the range of temperatures we're most likely to experience. It makes sense and is beneficial for our bodies to be able to distinguish between two temperatures when both are within the normal range. Additionally, 50 and 100F are a lot further apart, proportionally, then 400 and 450. We don't sense absolute temperature, *per se*; instead, we sense temperature difference."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0ri6w
|
Why is the Sun deep red/orange in up close pictures but rarely looks that color from Earth?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6un7ok"
],
"text": [
"\"Up close pictures\" are heavily reduced in brightness so detail is visible. Otherwise your picture of the sun would just be a white circle which isn't particularly helpful. Many astronomy pictures are edited in such a way, as the human eye isn't as capable as the telescopes used to capture data. Certain wavelengths can detect different types of gas within nebula for example but it is up to artistic license what color each range of wavelengths are depicted because humans might not even be able to perceive the original. An image from a radio telescope being a blank page isn't very helpful either."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0sa3h
|
what does “kill the filibuster” mean and why is that something Democrats want right now?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6uqzhd"
],
"text": [
"The filibuster is complicated, but it effectively means any senator can require a 2/3 vote for anything in the Senate to move forward. This means anything that is in any way partisan will be filibustered by a senator of the opposing party. In order to push through Obama judicial nominees, the Democrats changed the rules so no senator can filibuster a judicial nominee, with the exception of the Supreme Court. The Republicans later extended the rule to include the Supreme Court. So now it takes a simple majority to confirm any nomination. The Democrats want the filibuster back right now so they can block a Supreme Court nominee. Basically each side loves the filibuster, but only when it helps them. Each side hates it when the other side is using it against them."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0sb4l
|
How does someone become a professional MMA fighter, seems you can’t be amateur for long?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6uucid"
],
"text": [
"They *usually* have a background in a more specific/traditional discipline with more institutional amateur/youth competition. Kickboxing, Wrestling, Boxing, Jiu Jitsu, Muay Thai, etc etc. They succeed in that as an amateur, but most aren't financially viable as a career. Guys inevitably train different disciplines now, even if just casually since most gyms are multi-discipline these days. I do BJJ, but could do boxing, kick boxing, or MMA out of the same gym. Edit: realized i didn't fully answer your question. You're right, \"amateur\" MMA is a bit of a misnomer compared to other sports. It usually just means lower tier competition. There are a ton of local/regional promotions, that while technically pro, act as an amateur/feeder system for the bigger promotions like UFC/Bellator. That said, it's a legit sport, but ultimately entertainment. A big name in another sport or a super charismatic person can quickly get a contract with a top tier promotion based on their accomplishments in other disciplines or their personality."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0sgq8
|
What is an algorithm?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6ur1wd"
],
"text": [
"An algorithm is a series of steps to accomplish some goal or task. Usually you hear it in terms of computer science and programming."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0sikm
|
Why does your brain randomly make up words to songs when you don’t know/can’t remember the actual word?
|
remember the Taylor Swift song: “all the lonely Starbucks lovers”? Why do we hum when it’s sentences we don’t know but our brain fills in the blanks (wrongly) when it’s a few missing words?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6usmpj"
],
"text": [
"Because this is how our memories ALWAYS work. For everything. It's just more noticeable in this case. In other words, our memory usually doesn't actually store a full picture of what happened. Instead it only stores the most basic information. When you remember something, your brain fills in most of it with, essentially, guesses. This is why eyewitness testimony is so notoriously unreliable. This is also one explanation for the Mandela Effect."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j0swil
|
What is the white residue that gathers on top my water bottles?
|
I have this water bottle that I use at home which I use constantly. I refill it with tap water frequently but every time I open the cap, I see this white residue gathered . What is that and is it safe for me to use that bottle again?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6utzwj",
"g6uu0mh"
],
"text": [
"Hi there. Guessing you live in a hard water area. What you’re seeing is probably a calcium buildup. If you make coffee, you’ll see the scaling on any interior rings or where water disperses. Just keep washing it out.",
"Hard to tell, but it's likely water that evaporated, leaving behind minerals present in the water. Could also be mold but that has a very different appearance. And really shouldn't ever happen unless you're not washing it at least every few days. And you really should wash it once a day."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j0t5pn
|
How does a torrent file work?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6v0rh4",
"g6uw05p"
],
"text": [
"A torrent is like a puzzle. It tells you where you can find the pieces, and like a puzzle tells you what it should look like when it's completed. Your computer reaches out to a tracker and says what part of the puzzle you still need. Anyone who already has those pieces will send them to you. Once you have all the pieces your computer checks the file against the picture it has of what the puzzle was supposed to look like.",
"A single torrent consists of multiple files that is concatenated together and split into equal length pieces. The torrent file contains a list of the files, their lengths and for each piece it have a unique hash to make sure it gets the right data from the peers. This means that if someone were to send out the wrong data the client will notice because the hash does not match the one in the torrent file. The torrent file also contains lists of trackers and other metadata that might be useful to the client."
],
"score": [
9,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0t7p2
|
In movies people instruct bleeding out characters to stay with them and to keep their eyes open. Does falling asleep/ blacking out actually accelerate the process of dying or is that just a movie cliche?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6ux66a",
"g6vvret",
"g6vskd6"
],
"text": [
"Unconsciousness doesn't accelerate the process of dying, it's just more helpful if people stay conscious so they can answer questions that first responders might have for them or just generally help people trying to help them. The way movies do it is almost always for dramatic effect.",
"All of the other answers here are correct. IRL, there are actually two more slightly less medical reasons. First, there is a strong belief, even among the medical community, that actively trying to stay alive plays a role in not dying. In moves they also tell the injured person to keep fighting and things like that. Encouraging them might play only a tiny role in survival, but it certainly won't hurt for an injured person to actively know that there is someone nearby who wants them to live. The second is the comfort of the caregiver. If you were trying to keep someone from bleeding to death while you wait for an ambulance, you would most definitely want active reassurance that the person was not, in fact, dead. Consciousness if very reassuring.",
"No source material to quote here other than my own knowledge: if my patient is on the verge of becoming unconscious there are a number of reasons I'd like them to stay awake. As some other commenters have mentioned, being able to talk and answer questions is useful. Additionally, airway managment of an unconscious person is a lot to deal with and can lead to all sorts of bad scenarios. But to really answer your question about Hollywood hogwash, it might not all be hogwash. When medical professionals give pain medications i.e narcotics, one of the reasons they can be dangerous is dropping the patient's blood pressure. Narcotics have varying degrees of direct effects producing drops in blood pressure. Depends what you're using. They also share an indirect effect: pain triggers a sympathetic response (fight or flight) and this adrenaline helps boost your heart rate and blood pressure. This is what helps you compensate for shock (in our example hypovolemic shock/blood loss). It helps you maintain perfusion to your brain and other essential organs during blood loss. If you eliminate all of their pain which is causing the fight or flight response with medications, they could also drop their pressure. So if you let that person fall asleep (no longer experiencing pain) it's very likely their compensation mechanisms will become less effective and this could have real effects on patient outcomes. Hollywood is certainly being dramatic about it but probably not complete BS."
],
"score": [
43,
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0thn6
|
Why do people who have accents while speaking, seem to lose them while singing?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6uxzh2",
"g6v367d",
"g6vntrc",
"g6v52dc",
"g6vag7u",
"g6v40gv"
],
"text": [
"I believe it’s because of two reasons: 1) They are trying to get as close as to the original version as they can, so they sort of mimic the original singer 2) When you hear someone having an accent, it (besides other things) means that when they produce a syllable, it usually is shorter/longer than you would produce it. But when they are singing, they need to phrase the syllables in order to maintain the same rhythm as the song does. So this factor is to disappear when one sings.",
"It's pretty simple actually. Your voice follows an unconscious cadence that we call an accent. Even having \"no accent\" or an \"American accent\" is still following some unconscious cadence that tells your mouth how to say certain things or where to place emphasis in a word. In singing, that goes completely out the window because you now have to follow the cadence of the vocal melody and make VERY specific sounds for it to sound right. It doesn't obliterate your accent, but you really need to listen for it. Here's some examples: Both vocalists from Sons of the East have notable Australian accents in many of their songs. Steven Wilson's accent isn't especially noticeable except when he sings r's like \"car\" in Open Car or when using British words, like \"windscreen\" in Arriving Somewhere But Not Here. I'm not sure if it's really an accent, but Radical Face has some pretty odd vocal phrasings in Welcome Home, The Mute, and Always Gold. A lot of country artists over-emphasize their accents (especially in pop-country or bro-country) because the southern drawl is seen as more authentic. For more natural contemporaries listen to Colter Wall or Tyler Childers.",
"Am American, was singing karaoke with friends from Manchester. Oasis came up. After I sing Wonderwall or some shit they say, \"Hey Protahgonist how come you sound like you're from Manchester when you sing?\" Answer: I'm mimicking the pronunciation of the lyrics as I've heard them. If I were given the lyrics without ever having heard the song before I'd sing it in my native accent.",
"In addition to the rhythm thing people have mentioned, there are some customs of singing that help blur the lines (especially between British English and American English). In singing, you aren’t supposed to pronounce the “L”s and “R”s at the end of words. As my American voice teacher taught me, “R and L are dead.” Think— girl, but pronounced more like “guhhhhl” than “gerrrrrlllll”. You want just a hint of them—- which tends to make American voices sound more British. Along the same lines, the vowel sounds used in singing also tend to follow more British vowels because they’re softer and carry the notes better. It’s way easier to sing after as “ahfter” than “ayfter” like many Americans do.",
"Different part of the brain controls singing than speaking. Most stutterers can sing, Mel Tillis for example.",
"I believe in some cases, people also just train themselves a certain way, so they perform without their native accent. Gavin Dunne (Irish) and Thomas Winkler (Swiss) are two singers who I know have really heavy accents in interview, but not when performing. That may not be the root cause but I see no reason it’s not a thing that may happen."
],
"score": [
65,
12,
5,
4,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0tn73
|
Why do we get the slow motion effect when a dangerous event happens.
|
I remember this happening twice very vividly. A major car crash where my seat came off the frame and I hit the air bag (which my thought was "this air bag doesn't hurt"). Also when I was 10 or 11 and I was thrown from my bike at 15-25 miles an hour (which my thought was "this is going to hurt") During both of those events it was as if time slowed down and was running in slow motion. The event with the bike allowed me to curl into a ball and roll with the fall. This also happened more than a few times when I played football in high school but nothing like the dangerous events noted above.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6v6v9m"
],
"text": [
"An increase of adrenaline and other hormones preparing you for action and speed up your perception and ability to react. This in turn makes time feel as if it passes slower during an incident. This effect is minor and is likely amplified in your memory of the event, so that your brain can pick apart and analyse it better."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j0u5ra
|
how come wood/lumber in houses and furniture not rot or decompose?
|
A fallen tree in the woods or a random stick on the ground rots but how come the wood in our houses don't? As far as I know wood is biological material so why does it not rot in our homes?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6v28cm"
],
"text": [
"Generally you need water for rot. Out in the woods, sticks/trees fall on damp earth and are subject to the elements. Wood for our homes and furniture is dried before use, sometimes treated with a sealant, and then stays dry inside."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j0u8xw
|
Why is it that some of the worlds most caustic chemicals and liquids do not interact with the glass beakers they're contained in while they dissolve pennies like cotton candy in water.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6v6ybr",
"g6vnf0m"
],
"text": [
"Glass is not very reactive and thats why it is used to contain those chemicals. There are some chemicals that react with glass and they obviously can't be held in glass containers. On the other hand metals are strong and heavy but most of them all very reactive for example they oxidate easily (rust). So it actually doesn't take a lot from chemical to dissolve some metals. Why some materials are reactive with others comes mainly from their electron structure.",
"All things are made up of atoms arranged in a certain structure. That structure is determine by the number of protons, neutrons and electronics. In general, the number of protons determine what kind of atom it is and number of electrons determines how it interacts with other stuff (neutrons are important for atomic stability). When an atom doesn't have the right number of electronics, it's called an ion and ions tend to be much more reactive than normal atoms because they are trying to grab or burrow electrons from other atoms to get back to the right number. Most caustic materials are acids and bases. Acids and bases work through hydrogen and hydroxides ions separating from each other when the material is in a liquid form, and the reactive bits of the ions can rip apart other materials in their attempts to bind and get to their proper electron balance. This only works if the materials in question can easily share electrons. For instance, metals (like copper) tend to be really good at letting electrons move around inside them (which is why they make good conductors), so they can be pulled around fairly easily by the ions. But in glass, the internal structure of the atoms, and their ability to hold on their electrons makes it basic impossible for the ions to get a metaphor grip on it and take them apart."
],
"score": [
15,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0ui9y
|
For those of us who take off our glasses/contacts, why when you squint, it improves your vision.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6v4bnp"
],
"text": [
"It's the pinhole effect. If light passes through a tiny hole, or pinhole, all the unfocused rays of light are blocked leaving the focused light to reach the retina undisturbed. The focused light rays help bring images and objects into clear focus. This is the pinhole effect.When we squint, we mimic the effect of looking through a tiny pinhole."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0up15
|
why does it hurt when you rub salt onto a wound?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6v6wsu"
],
"text": [
"Introducing anything to a wound, even air, can and will aggravate the nerve endings that are already firing to alert you to the problem that you have an injury and need to address it to prevent further damage. Alcohol and peroxide, both used for cleaning the wound, still sting even though what it's doing is \"good\", the nerve endings don't know this. All the nerves do know is that something is affecting the wound. Salt is a gritty solid crystal with some rather sharp edges on the microscopic level. Rubbing salt into a wound not only irritates the already active nerves, but is doing even more damage, aggravating even more nerves."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0vcnp
|
Why do antidepressants cause such different reactions in different people?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6vaud9",
"g6vg6ez",
"g6vpg47"
],
"text": [
"Partially because the medical causes of depression are not well known - brain scans and blood tests of depressed people often show very different information. So prescribing anti-depressants is a guessing game, trying to find one that works for a particular patient is usually a trial and error process. Most antidepressants alter the brain chemistry and affect people in different ways.",
"Depression and other mental illness is a very hard thing to treat as it's nearly impossible to see exactly where and what in the in the brain is causing it. If therapy doesn't work people may turn to antidepressants; which are often just mood stabilizers that tend to repress every emotion. Beyond that everyone's brain is different and a pill can't go into your brain and fix what makes you sad. In reality it's just an untargeted chemical soup for your entire brain to sit in which was tested on people and had decent results. This will of course affect the whole brain and not just your depression.",
"In terms of brain chemistry: Because although we know which neurotransmitters are involved in depression and what is actually happening in the brain, we can't tell on a case by case basis. Different antidepressants do different things also. SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). Usually once serotonin (which regulates overall mood) has transmitted it's message where it needs to the brain reabsorbs it. These type of antidepressants stop that to increase serotonin availability. Tricyclic antidepressants work by increasing levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine (the stress hormone). These antidepressants are older than SSRIs and have more side effects. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) work by blocking an enzyme called (yep you guess it) monoamine oxidase, which breaks down serotonin, epinephrine and dopamine (neurotransmitter related to our reward system). These are rarely used now however, as the side effects are pretty damn shitty. There are others too but those are the main ones I remember from class. So it's a combination of individual brain chemistry, and the type of antidepressants used."
],
"score": [
20,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0vooz
|
why there are no photorealistic drawings/paintings from before the last couple of centuries?
|
Why did the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, romans and all the smaller cultures from throughout history not leave behind any good drawings? I know they have their unique art styles but it can’t be that *nobody* attempted it.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6vd9b6",
"g6vdg31",
"g6viosu",
"g6wy1pb",
"g6ve8xl"
],
"text": [
"There ***were*** photorealistic paintings and drawings in ancient times. Have a look at the [Fayyum portraits]( URL_0 ). These date to the first century BC - 2000 years ago and yet look like they could have been painted yesterday. There are more [here]( URL_1 )",
"To get those, people had to study anatomy, perspective, optics and light, and more. The western world didn't start seriously investigating the natural world in these ways until around the Renaissance. Also, most/all art and learning at this time was paid for by really wealthy patrons, and there just wasn't enough people or wealth to support a bunch of painters making their livings off of portraits for nobles until the 1400s. It's worth noting that classical greece got very good at lifelike statues. Maybe their paintings haven't survived, or maybe they just didn't care much about paintings on canvas as a culture.",
"Photorealism takes a *long* time with little/no movement of the subject, change in lighting conditions, etc. Drawing a living, breathing subject photorealistically isn't a reasonable goal. Those drawings/paintings are almost always accomplished by referencing a photograph.",
"Because they didn’t have photos. Pretty much every photorealistic painting is just a photo that has been painstakingly recreated... basically like how when you trace an image on paper it looks way better than if you try to freehand. The fact that the photo is already on the same medium (a 2d piece of paper) instead of real life makes it easier. One method older painters discovered was to use a mirror, translating the image from a 3D plane to a 2d one and therefore making it easier to copy",
"Art is a craft, and as all crafts the techniques needed a long time to develop. For example, eyes. In ancient Egyptian pictures, faces are drawn in side profile, but the eyes are drawn as viewed from the front. It's a good abstraction of a human head, a 3D object with a myriad of details. Somewhere in ancient Greece art we can see the development of a new technique: draw an eye in side profile as a triangle with one curved side! The Egyptian artists were not less skilled than the Greece ones, and both produced luxury items. The combined knowledge of humanity just expanded over time. Another factor is time. Paint until very recently was made from organic compounds and rots. It also tends to be applied very thin and it doesn't take a lot of rot to destroy the picture. We simply have a lot less paintings preserved. Do check out Pompeiis murals though. They're some of the best preserved Roman paintings and there's some amazing art there."
],
"score": [
14,
9,
6,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2018/07-08/al-fayyum-egypt-mummies-portraits-history/",
"https://www.google.com/search?q=fayyum+portraits&sxsrf=ALeKk0275TWoUE4AmnwMqAKRbikRRDGBEQ:1601230621734&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4saXz-InsAhW7QkEAHa1_CBoQ_AUoAXoECBcQAw&biw=1154&bih=613"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j0vpp9
|
What is California's exit tax? Who does it apply to?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6vm7be"
],
"text": [
"Every year someone in the California legislature proposes some variation on the following tax: If you're a rich resident of California who moves out of state then you're subject to either a one off charge of a certain percentage of your assets, or you have to continuing paying taxes on a certain percentage of your income for a certain number of years. This proposed tax never leaves whatever committee it was introduced into because its so blatantly unconstitutional on its face that the state would never be able to enforce it. A very old, very well settled area of constitutional law is that states cannot impose restrictions a person's ability to move into or out of a state. A tax on moving out of a state is as clear of one of those restrictions as it comes. The legislators that introduce these bills don't do so because they think that the bill has any chance of passing, being signed by the governor, or then being enforced. They introduce them because in the context of California politics \"rich people\" are a popular boogeyman/scapegoat and so introducing these bills both allows the legislator to say that they're fighting rich people, as well as to allow them to reinforce the boogeyman by saying that had it not been for those rich people and their *special interest groups* the tax would have passed. But the legislators that propose these exit taxes are well aware of their unconstitutionality as well as the potential ramifications for if such taxes were not unconstitutional. IE, if this tax wasn't unconstitutional then California could also stop poor people from moving in, or just generally hold anyone who lived in the state hostage by preventing them from moving out of state."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0vya0
|
Why is "gen ed" required for college? Why purpose does taking courses unrelated to the degree serve?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6ve66h",
"g6vesu8"
],
"text": [
"The point of college is tho create well rounded adults who can read and write and think critically. Those classes do that. They may not pertain exactly to your degree but they contribute.",
"The classical idea in education for a long time wasn’t necessarily to become an expert in one field, but to have a wide understanding of lots of fields. This is why you can see old school scientists like DaVinci doing everything from painting to trying to invent flying machines to studying anatomy. This started to change with the scientific revolution where people became more and more focused on a narrow field, but the tradition of still learning and under standing a wide variety of things still existed and still seemed like a good thing. So it having to diversify your studies carried on and became incorporated into what would become modern colleges/universities. And many still argue that this diversification today is a good thing. Because there are some thing that societies deem everyone should know, like some higher math because you’ll need it to properly understand dhow to pay your mortgage. Or some biology because it’ll help you understand why you’re sick and why your medicine helps. Or some chemistry because it helps you understand why some pollutants/chemicals are bad for you. Or some physics to help you understand how the world around you works. I personally agree with this, that everyone should have to have some kind of this broader understanding. But I also know college is expensive as hell, so where I really think it should come down to is just better primary/highschool education, but that’s a whole other can of worms and I’m getting away from answering your question."
],
"score": [
14,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0vzfy
|
What does it mean when people talk about balancing a chequebook?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6veij2",
"g6vej6x"
],
"text": [
"Online banking sites keep track of all your spending and all you income in the Debit, Credit, Balance columns they show you on screen. Back in the day you needed to do all that by hand, because you wouldn’t know what you credit card looked like until you got the bill otherwise. Additionally, the online systems only can tell you what they know. So if you write a check for the few places that require one, your bank won’t know it right away and therefore give you the wrong accounts balance. Then they could charge you a fee for overdraft. Overdraft fees are a big source of income for banks.",
"It just means to keep track off the checks you write and subtract the amounts from your total balance so you don’t loose track of how much you’ve spent vs how much you have left. For instance, if you have $200 in the bank and write a check for $50, you’d write it in the checkbook and then you’d have $150."
],
"score": [
9,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0wkmd
|
What is the gunk that accumulates over mouses and keyboards from regular use?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6vi351",
"g6vjl11"
],
"text": [
"Oil from fingertips makes them sticky and dust and skin cells will stick to the oil and rapidly build up.",
"u/MJMurcott has it right. If you had to break down the ingredients, those would be the top two things (dusts and body oils) To follow: saliva, boogers, food, ejaculate, probably urine/fecal matter... Wash hands frequently :)"
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0x3zn
|
where does the iris go when the pupil dilates?
|
Thank you all for the explanations!
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6vm036",
"g6vo5bs",
"g6ws7d0"
],
"text": [
"The iris is a muscle and the pupil is just a gap - there’s no black part of your eye, but rather a hole the allows light in. The iris contracts to widen the pupil opening in low light conditions.",
"The iris is a sphincter muscle. When the pupil dilates, the iris looks thinner because it folds away. And then when the pupil gets smaller, the iris is pulled out again.",
"It doesn't go anywhere. It basically stretches out to make the pupil smaller, than pulls it itself together to make the pupil bigger. It's all still there, just not stretched out."
],
"score": [
12,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j0x4on
|
Why is orange juice bitter and acidic while a ripe orange is sweet and refreshing?
|
I prefer eating oranges a million times over drinking OJ but it confuses me because oranges are my favorite fruit.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6vm4ao"
],
"text": [
"Orange juice isn't bitter? I don't know how you are experiencing this."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j0x8ua
|
If a person dies while they're in debt, does the next of kin have to pay their obligations and what happens if they dont?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6vnhgk"
],
"text": [
"What kind of debt? A mortgage? A loan? What kind of loan? Secured? Unsecured?"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0ycmn
|
Why is a conductor so important for a band/an orchestra? What does a conductor do? How does one become a conductor?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6w2fgw"
],
"text": [
"They are conveying a number of different pieces to the orchestra, either as a whole, or even singular sections at a time. They aren’t just “waving their arms”, they are keeping time. Conducting (leading) everyone to play as a group. It’s really hard to separate different instrument groups from another because there are so many different sounds all blending together. Without a conductor, there is no visual cue to where anyone is supposed to play anything. Even aside from making sure everyone is playing on the correct beat, they signify breaks between sections and things like that where you might have a long sustained note that will not necessarily be directly stopped on any particular beat. There needs to be something to signal to everyone when to start or stop. It’s like the classic “Go in three. Wait, do you mean 1, 2, 3, go on three, or 1, 2, 3, and then go?” Situation. Except imagine no one is counting and everyone just goes whenever they assume is correct. It would be a mess. Outside of actually performing a piece they are in charge if making sure everyone is doing things correctly. No one is playing too loudly or too quietly, etc. I have a funny story of getting called out specifically by the conductor an annual joint concert involving a number of high schools in my area. I was told to basically play as loudly as possible during class, because I somehow ended up being a Viola section of one person, and people needed to actually hear what I was playing for that piece. Except I forgot to not do that once everyone got together. The event conductor pointed in my general direction and said someone around there is being way too loud. I don’t know exactly who it is, but don’t do that."
],
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7
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
j0yfwj
|
What makes certain elements radioactive ? How are they different from other non-radioactive elements ?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"Radioactivity is the random spontaneous disintegration of an atom of an element. The stability of the nucleus depends on the relative numbers of protons and neutrons present. The most stable nuclides tend to have an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons as each group of two protons and two neutrons, in the nucleus, makes an especially stable combination. A number of elements have atoms or nuclei which are unstable and consequently split up to form smaller atoms. This is due to all elements wanting to achieve equilibrium or stability in the nucleus. A substance is said to be radioactive if it contains unstable nuclei and is able to naturally release energy in the process of shedding high speed charged particles, in an attempt to reach a stable state. With this, a non-radioactive substance will remain intact indefinitely unless acted upon by an external force.",
"Atoms are made up from protons and neutrons. There are also electrons whizzing around the core, but the core itself only has two types of things protons and neutrons. The number of protons in the core determine what element an atom is. 1 proton is hydrogen, 8 protons is oxygen, 79 protons is gold. The amount of neutrons in a core does not influence what type of element it is. Different numbers of neutrons create different isotopes of an element. As far as chemistry is concerned those different isotopes are (mostly) the same thing. So any atom with 6 protons in its core is a Carbon atom. It doesn't matter with there are 12, 13 or 14 Neutrons in there with the protons, it is all carbon chemically. However carbon with 12 or 13 neutrons are stable while ones with 14 are radioactive. Why? Because in the core there are forces that push the core apart and forces that pull it together. The protons are all positively charged and repel each other, this is the same force that makes magnets and electricity work. However on the small scale of nuclear cores a different force called the strong nuclear force pulls all the parts of the core together. It is all a bit complicated like most quantum stuff is, but the upshot is that some configurations of neutrons and positrons created a stable nucleus while others will barely hold together and only require very little energy to convince them to undergo a metamorphosis into something else. A carbon atom with twice as many neutrons as positrons is stable. You are mostly made up out of Carbon with 6 positrons and 12 Neutrons (C12). Carbon atoms with an added neutron are much rarer but also stable (C13). Carbon atoms with 14 neutrons (C14) are much much rarer and not stable. After 6000 years half the Carbon 14 atoms in a given sample will be gone. (This is how we do carbon dating) Other version of carbon with more or less neutrons don't really exist in nature and when we create them in the lab they are so unstable that they don't last very long. All elements have radioactive isotopes like that. However some elements have no stable isotopes at all. All versions of that element will eventually decay into something else. This applies to the elements Technetium (43 protons), Promethium (61 protons) and any element with more than 83 protons. So all elements 'heavier' than lead and two lighter exceptions are radioactive.",
"Elements become radioactive when their nucleus is unstable. So the nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons. Protons, being positive, repel other protons. So, how do you get multiple protons to stick together in the nucleus? Well through the strong and weak nuclear forces, which you can increase the strength of by adding neutrons. That’s why larger atoms have neutrons in their nucleus, it helps keep the neutron stable. But, if something happens to make the nucleus unstable, like not having enough neutrons, or if the nucleus just grows so big that it starts to stretch the reach of the strong and weak nuclear forces, the repelling forces of the protons is enough to cause the nucleus to be unstable and decay, which could be through launching off alpha particles (a couple protons and neutrons to make the nucleus smaller) or releasing energy through light wave radiation, or a couple other things that push the nucleus back into a stable state.",
"TL;DR? Atoms get super wobbly once they have too many components. When atoms are squished together in very large stars, they form bigger and bigger atoms with more wee little atomic bits. Atoms can pile on this way until they form iron. Iron is a very stable, self-reinforcing shape of atom bits. If an atom gets even more bits than iron, it’s unstable. If we can personify the atom, and say that it “wants” something, the unstable atom wants to relax and be stable. It wants to be iron. So, the super big-ass atom wibbles and wobbles and jiggles until it spits out a wee atomic bit, and gets to relax a little. These bits it spits out are spit out very quickly, and if you’re in the way they break the bonds between the atoms you’re made of, scrambling them into a mess. All atoms with more bits than iron do this. They are all (slowly or quickly) transmuting into iron by ejecting extra bits.",
"Imagine a room full of people and every now and then you add someone to the room, there is going to be a moment when there are too many people in the room for it to be comfortable, at that point at least a few people will leave the room as soon as they get the chance. In this example the room is the atom, the people are the particles and those who leave are the radiation To make the scenario more realistic, imagine the same room full of angry people and a few calm people, the angry people shouldn't meet because they wil get into a fight so the calm people have to separate the angry people. If there are too many angry people for the calm people to keep them separated some angry people will leave and if there are too much people in general some of both angry and calm people will leave, similarly in the core of each atom there positively charged particles and neutral particles. Different ratios will result in different kinds of radiation. Atoms also have electrons but those don't really fit into the people model"
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
|
j0yo6f
|
How can social media platforms be bad for a person’s health?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6vyx0e"
],
"text": [
"They trick you to use them as much as possible, which is a kind of addiction. Also, prolonged device use can lead to insomnia (and who are we kidding, of course we're taking our phones to bed). Not to mention if you waste a lot of time on social media, you lose time which you could potentially use for exercise or other healthy habits. But that's just a potential that you lose. And if you hold your phone in a wrong way a lot you could probably get carpal tunnel syndrome ;)"
],
"score": [
5
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
|
j0yodp
|
How does the world's wealth grow?
|
From a transactional perspective, every business interaction is one person's $$$ moving into another's pocket. How then do we say that the world's wealth increases each year? Isn't wealth merely being redistributed? Even if we assume that more people are in the workforce than the prior year, it still is being paid for using existing wealth, and sometimes by borrowing from our own future, say, when one takes out a loan. Is then the increase in wealthy merely an increase of money we owe as a society to our future selves? I do understand more efficient and superior means of extracting natural resources from the environment but should that not be considered wealth we already have? *Note*: The premise of this question assumes that when doing the math to account for growth, we adjust for inflation. **Edit**: added note.
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"If I invent a way to grow 20% more crops from the same amount of land, water and other resources without adding to the costs of production, I have literally created more wealth. Using the same inputs, I have 20% more outputs. Similarly, if I create a computer system that reduces waste and spoilage in my warehouse operations so that with the same inputs I have 20% more product to sell, I have created wealth. Right now, the extra wealth is in the form of crops or the form of more available product. I spent less to produce each unit of output, so I have a bigger return on my inputs. That's an increase in wealth. The issue is how does that get reflected in actual money terms. There's often a misunderstanding about what money is. It's not some static unchanging thing that the world's goods and services conforms themselves to, it's the other way around. Money is just a way for people to exchange goods and services without having to barter directly for every good and service. Instead of having the mechanic fix my car in exchange for 4 hours of legal services, we each convert our services to a cost in money. But the production of the goods and services is the actual wealth - the money is just a way to compare the relative value of things. As more and more goods and services are produced (in part because there are just more people doing it, and in part because we're just better at it), more and more money needs to be created to properly account for the bigger basket of things we can trade. Sure, there's better and worse ways of creating additional money, but when it's created in such a way that it doesn't outpace the growth in goods and services, money retains its value. Only when it's produced at a pace that outpaces the growth of goods and services is there cause for concern. The alternative - that there is a fixed and unchanging amount of money no matter how many new goods and services are added to the economy - is ruinous. Money would simply run out. If the world had a total of $100,000,000 in 1900 to reflect the value of all goods and services in existence then, should that still be the total amount of money in the world 120 years later? Even with the huge population increase, the invention of the assembly line, widespread use of electricity, the transistor revolution, the computer revolution, the dot-com/internet revolution, robotics, nitrogen-based fertilizers, heavy farm machinery, etc. The world produces far, far more today that it dis 120 years ago. The amount of money available that serves as a proxy for all these goods and services should be far, far larger too.",
"A writer sits down and creates a story that is eventually worth millions. That is wealth created from thin air. A computer programmer writes code that makes someone’s life easier. Wealth is created. An oil company pulls a barrel of oil out of the ground. The world is one barrel of oil richer. And so on, and so forth...",
"A lot of people have given you good explanations, but another thing to consider is that while you have viewed every transaction as zero sum (one person gains X dollars, one person loses X dollars), actually every profitable transaction in the world creates wealth. The seller has taken some inputs (materials, labor, capital) that cost Y dollars and sold them for Z dollars which is more than Y. The difference between Y and Z (profit) is a representation of the increased wealth for the seller. But the buyer’s wealth has also increased! They think the item purchased is more valuable to them than Z, or they would not have purchased it at that price. So they are wealthier too."
],
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29,
4,
3
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
j0z4zh
|
Why does rendering a 4k video take longer than filming a 4k video?
|
So I made a video today using 4k footage I filmed on my phone. I then edited it in Adobe Rush, on my phone. Why can't my phone use the same processing power it uses to turn the data it's getting from my camera to make the footage, to just render the video? 1m of 4k footage takes 1 minute to make... 1m of 4k video takes 15 minutes to render?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"Because capture and rendering are handled by two separate parts of your phone. Typically capture is handled by a dedicated cmos sensor, while rendering is handled by your central processor, which also does a lot of other stuff and is not optimized for video",
"Filming dumps the video stream to storage, usually with minimal compression, and sometimes with no compression. Compression is fast and takes little CPU when you are doing light compression. This means the CPU is working only moderately to shrink the size of the resulting file to save some space. On raw video even this can yield a file that's quite a bit smaller than the uncompressed stream, but with 4K this will still be quite big. When you encode the video for some purpose, like to email or upload, you usually want the resulting file to be as small as possible, which takes a lot of CPU. You probably also want it to be as high quality as possible within that small file size, which seriously increases the CPU work necessary to compress it. With Handbrake, a video conversion software, I can set the compression pretty light with moderate quality, and have it save a movie faster than its running time. Or I can crank up the compression, crank up the quality to max, and it will take over a day. Now on to encoding hardware. Encoding can be done through the CPU or through special hardware that makes it dramatically faster. On a phone that has such hardware it can dump that video stream onto the storage with rather little CPU involvement. Then you move it to your computer and try to compress it with a general-purpose CPU, which is slower for this task, in addition to asking for better compression and quality. You can buy graphics cards that can make your computer do it much faster."
],
"score": [
10,
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j0zjcg
|
Why is it bad to drink alcohol if you're diabetic?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"1. with diabetes you have to worry about blood sugar that is too high and also too low. A little bit of alcohol may raise your blood sugar, but a lot will lower your blood sugar, possibly to dangerous levels. This can be especially significant if you've just taken your diabetes medication to lower your blood sugar. 2. When you drink a lot of alcohol, it makes your liver have to focus on processing it and not on regulating your glucose levels 3. You shouldn't drink alcohol on an empty stomach, so you may eat more if you drink alcohol. But also you may forget to eat at all if you are drinking, which messes up your blood sugar. Basically, you may not make good decisions when you're drunk. You'll need to check your blood sugar level if you're drinking a bunch, but you may forget if you're drunk or tipsy 4. Being drunk can mimic the symptoms of blood sugar that is too low, so if you do get low blood sugar, you may not realize it and you could pass out and die.",
"I go low 10-12 hours after drinking... its nearly killed me a few times I'm type 1 diabetic and alcoholic... sober 4 years",
"So when you drink alcohol bodybsees it as an \"impurity\" or \"poison\" and diverts the majority of its energy to processing the alcohol out of your system. This also stops digestion. So if you take insulin before a meal and then have a few drinks, your body is going to stop processing the food meaning you're not getting that sugar into your body. Depending on how much you drink your body could be processing that alcohol for a few hours. So even after you eat your sugar levels will remain really low. Its about balance. Just know than when alcohol is in your system your body won't be processing sugars from food very well. So if the alcohol is lowering your sugars and you're not taking in any new, you're gonna crash hard.",
"[From WebMD]( URL_0 ): > While moderate amounts of alcohol may cause blood sugar to rise, excess alcohol can actually decrease your blood sugar level -- sometimes causing it to drop into dangerous levels, especially for people with type 1 diabetes. > Beer and sweet wine contain carbohydrates and may raise blood sugar. > Alcohol stimulates your appetite, which can cause you to overeat and may affect your blood sugar control. > Alcoholic drinks often have a lot of calories, making it more difficult to lose excess weight. > Alcohol may also affect your judgment or willpower, causing you to make poor food choices. > Alcohol can interfere with the positive effects of oral diabetes medicines or insulin. > Alcohol may increase triglyceride levels. > Alcohol may increase blood pressure. > Alcohol can cause flushing, nausea, increased heart rate, and slurred speech. > These may be confused with or mask the symptoms of low blood sugar."
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13,
6,
5,
5
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0zk1x
|
Why do devices need to restart after software updates and is it the same for big servers?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6w5y8l"
],
"text": [
"Some of the code is loaded in memory and in use, you cant overwrite the code while in memory, that would crash and cause writes on different areas and maybe damaging user’s data. Imagine you put your pants backward, you need to take out both legs prior being able to switch back. In other cases you can just turn off some features, and then not restarting. let’s compare those cases with a shirt, you can take out both arms then rotate the shirt and then get arms into the sleeves. Why is that in most of the cases the OS require restart? Cuz Os provides services to apps and other services itself, so the easiest way is to do it before everything is set up, before any relationship is established either with software or to other services. Then you have an installer that would place the new code on place, before the system boots up. In this case, you wouldn’t be able to replace a motor belt while in use. And while you could technically replace battery while in use, the risk of damaging something is so high that you better stop, replace, and start over. From the “perspective” of other car parts, nothing changed"
],
"score": [
3
],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
|
j0zk6t
|
How can we get the correct temperature when it’s windy?
|
When it’s windy they always say a temperature and what it feels like do to windchill. How do they get the temperature with the windchill?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6w53hr"
],
"text": [
"We don't actually feel temperature. The only thing we feel is the rate at which we loose heat. If there's wind, we lose heat faster. Given the temperature and wind speed you can estimate how fast we lose heat. You can then calculate how cold it would need to be for us to lose heat at the same rate in wind still conditions, and that's the wind chill temperature"
],
"score": [
5
],
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[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j0zo39
|
Why does MSG have such a bad reputation?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"In late 60's, a doctor wrote to a respected Journal of Medicine that eating at Chinese restaurants gave him nausea and numbness and attributed to the MSG, a common seasoning used by the establishments back then. He coined this term Chinese restaurant syndrome. After vetting his claims in the lab on animals with enormous doses, research did show negative effects, racial bias towards using MSG in Asian cuisines took off. Allegedly, there was a claim the original letter was supposed to be a joke and Ho Man Kwok was a pen name of Dr. Howard Steel. But later this was debunked by the real Dr. Ho Man Kwok's children.",
"A not insignificant amount of its bad reputation is just straight racism based on its association with Asian cooking, in particular with the ludicrous [Chinese restaurant syndrome]( URL_0 ).",
"This article from 538 does a great job at breaking down the combination of bad science and racism against Chinese immigrants that led to its bad reputation: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )",
"Other people covered your question. I want to add: Every study that added MSG to *real food* showed that MGS or that even free glutamates had no correlation with headaches or other maladies. Studies that *did* show a correlation, used a bunch of MSG dissolved in a small amount of liquid. Studies on headaches showed that very strong flavors can cause headaches. This effect was more pronounced in women. In the MSG studies that used very strong flavors, a similar proportion of male to female participants was noted, suggesting a strong flavor and not MSG in particular was the cause. This is further reinforced by the real food studies showing no correlation.",
"Alternative bonus answer: because the Knicks haven't been good for a while and the owner is a bad man. Edit: I used \"bad man\" because every other descriptor I thought of was not appropriate for a 5 year old.",
"Studies of people who get migraines have shown that it is a migraine trigger for a certain percentage of migraine sufferers, though not everyone (example: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) ). Studies of the general population have not shown that it causes problems. So basically, people who aren't focusing on the migraine-MSG link insist that there's nothing wrong with MSG and it doesn't cause problems--because it doesn't cause migraines in the general population. But people who focus on migraineurs and MSG as a trigger, have found a link. Since most people don't get migraines, there are people who are pretty insistent that there's nothing wrong with MSG because they're not looking at the specific population of people who do have a problem.",
"What I want to know is how MSG has such a bad reputation but its in Chic-fil-a sandwhiches and people will eat there but not a chinese resturant that uses it.",
"My wife has always claimed that she reacts negatively to MSG. For years I've been using Goya sazon, which contains MSG, when I make rice and beans. My wife has never suffered any ill effects from eating my rice and beans.",
"I love MSG. Chinese food without it is bland. MSG is what makes Doritos taste so.damn good,too.",
"Uncle Rodger is a hardcore fan of MSG and if you don’t include it in your cooking, it will be met with a “hi-yah!”",
"So, is it safe to use MSG with moderation or should be avoided at all cost?"
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[
"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-msg-got-a-bad-rap-flawed-science-and-xenophobia/"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6029602/"
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j0zom3
|
How come our penises do not get stretch marks like our other parts of our body?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6w5mfz"
],
"text": [
"Stretch marks happen when skin is suddenly being stretched out and held like that for a long period of time. So the penis has a lot is loose stretchy skin, its only going to be erect for a few minutes. While if you gain weight because of diet or pregnancy, the skin is stretched out and is staying like that for a while. The body quickly had to grow more skin so it doesn't rip. The sudden growth causes the scars."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j100qs
|
How does cigarette smoke cause cancer in the lungs?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6w7mui"
],
"text": [
"There are particles, including radioactive particles, in the smoke that get deposited in the throat and lungs. Overtime those chemicals and radioactivity damage or can even kill cells; when a cell is damaged and tries to heal itself, it isn't always 100% successful. If enough cells get damaged and don't heal themselves 100% properly you end up with mutations that cause them to start growing out of control (aka, cancer)."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j10fgw
|
If the universe tends towards disorder (entropy), how do things self organize?
|
I've always heard that entropy in the universe is constantly increasing, and that systems tend to maximize entropy. If this is true, how do things like solar systems, that were once very chaotic, self organize into relatively neat collections of planets?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6was7u"
],
"text": [
"They use energy to organize themselves, and that converts the energy from kinetic, chemical, electrical, or any other into thermal. The overall energy is being disorganized even if in the process one part is more organized. Scientists predict that eventually everything will be so spread out that nothing can move the energy around. This is often called the heat death of the universe."
],
"score": [
7
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j10jd3
|
How do Billionaires with billions of dollars in assets pay almost no federal income taxes?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6wbtwl",
"g6wgbsa",
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"g6wdfzr"
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"text": [
"First off, selling asset results in capital gains taxes, not income tax. Secondly, they only pay taxes when they sell those assets. If somebody founds a company and hold shares since the start that are now worth $1B then there is nothing taxable. If they liquidated all the shares, then they’d pay capital gains taxes on those shares sold which would be at a 23% rate — far less than comparable rate were it income.",
"There are two issues at play here: 1) Most people with an income over $250,000 don't pay \"income tax\" - they pay \"alternate minimum tax.\" Alternate minimum tax is 26% This might sound low, but *all* taxpayers only pay about 50% of their theoretical tax rate due to the effect of deductions. The AMT exists to ensure that people in the upper income tax brackets pay, at minimum, 26% in tax. AMT also applies to capital gains, so if most of your income is derived from capital gains and you're a higher earner then you don't pay capital gains tax, you pay AMT. Even though AMT is a tax on income, the IRS treats it as a completely different thing from income tax. 2) Most people whose income is primarily derived from investments don't personally earn income. Rather, they put their assets in a trust and its the trust that earns the income from their assets. Because the trust is earning the income they, personally, don't earn any money and so don't pay any tax. However the trust does earn income and pay taxes on it as though it were them. In most cases, both of those factors are present for high income people. IE, their income is primarily being earned by a trust and the trust is paying AMT rather than income or capital gains tax. What this means is that they are paying tax at a rate of 26%. But a news article can say that they didn't pay any \"income tax\" without that statement being an outright lie. The substance of the statement - the implication that they didn't pay any tax, much less 26% tax on their income - isn't true, they did. But the literal wording of the statement is true because the money was paid by a trust as AMT and *not* personally by themselves as income tax. An equivalent statement would be something like \"People who drive Porsche's aren't paying for regular gas even though they use more gas than everyone else!\" That statement is true, people who drive Porsches *don't* pay for regular gas because their cars don't use regular gas. What their cars do use is premium gas, which is what they pay for. Most people can recognize that the statement on gas seems like nonsense since people are generally aware of how gasoline sales work. But most people don't know anything about taxes so its very easy to present a factually true but substantively false statement to mislead people.",
"In addition to the other replies. They also have the $$ to keep expensive accountants around, people who know all the tax loopholes and can tell the billionaires how much they need to donate to charity, which new purchase can be a writeoff, etc.",
"Simple answer assets =/= to income. Someone being -worth- a billion dollars does not mean they -have- a billion dollars. It means if they sell -everything- and get the full value of everything they sell, then they would have a billion dollars, and then they would pay taxes of everything and have less than a billion dollars."
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j10m67
|
- Why and how do humans have such different intelligence level?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6weisx"
],
"text": [
"Probably going to have to define intelligence, because there are a bunch of different things going on there Id define intelligence as the speed at which you can recognise and form patterns. We usually see intelligence as being similar to being able to memorise facts, or do maths better than others. The standard IQ test is pretty flawed because it only tests for the sort of inteligence that the testers are looking for while ignoring other important factors like being emotionally or socially intelligent. If you're thinking of \"why is person from political party X so dumb, clearly their policies wont work\", then thats a whole other thing, you're judging them based on one area, they might be very clever in other areas. There's not really an incentive for us to self reflect on our core beliefs often, its much easier to just keep building on a loose understanding of information we already took in and have a general understanding of. People dont usually go around with everything they've ever learned about each subject in the forefront of their thoughts, more \"I have an idea that I kinda like this but not that\" without having to think about pages of information that helped form that opinion years ago Edit: the point being that I think most people are pretty similar in intelligence, just a lot of people dont want to spend mental energy figuring out why they think a certain way every day and just let their brain chemistry dictate their interests"
],
"score": [
5
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"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j10o8h
|
What determines whether a gene is dominant or recessive?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6wub3t",
"g6wghlw"
],
"text": [
"\"Genes\" are not dominant or recessive. One version (variant, allele, mutant) of the same gene, can be dominant or recessive over another version of the same gene. I will assume this is what you wanted to ask. This question usually arises because we have 2 copies of each gene, one on each copy of the chromosome. So we ask, which copy is \"dominant\". In general, if a version of the gene introduces a new feature or property - technically called \"gain-of-function variant\", it is dominant. Imagine, there is a gene that makes things colored. Now there is a version of the gene that makes things colored, but it also, on top of it, makes them glow. In this case, the glowing is a new \"gain of function\". So both versions of the gene do what they do - they make things colored, but the new gain of function variant also makes the things glow. So what you see is that as long as you have even one copy of this new variant, glowing things appear - it's dominant over the other normal (can only color) version. Now imagine another variant of the gene, that cannot do anything. It just leaves things colorless and transparent. It's a \"loss-of-function\" variant - the function here being to color stuff. If one of your copies is this variant, it's going to leave things colorless. But the other normal copy of the gene will still add color to things. So things are going to appear coloured anyway. The only way that things will appear colorless to you is if BOTH the copies of the gene are this \"loss-of-function\" variant. So we say that this variant is \"recessive\" . That's the gist of why versions of genes may be recessive or dominant, but explained in a simplified manner. In reality, genes have very complex intertwined functions in cells, and it can be very difficult to see how a particular version of the gene will actually affect the millions of things happening in an organism and whether it will end up as a dominant or recessive type. This really only works well for very large and very obvious changes that we can observe and not for the details, and that too, typically in the few cases when a single gene is linked to an easily observable feature of the organism. This is NOT the case for most genes. The only reason we study these aspects is because historically , single genes and their variants causing large obvious changes were the easiest to discover. But in the era of molecular biology, one rarely talks of gene variants as being dominant or recessive. It's a bit of an outdated view, that is useful in some cases as a simple concept, but one that quickly falls apart as a general principle.",
"The net outcome is pretty obvious. If one parent has it, and half their kids get it, then that's a damn good sign you only need one copy for it to get expressed. Get enough people and enough kids and the statistics become clear. The mechanism of what exactly in DNA makes something dominant or recessive is [kinda complicated]( URL_0 ). Effectively, does it need both copies of DNA to make a working protein. If it works fine on it's own, then it's dominant. If it needs both halves, it's recessive. And there's plenty of in-between. (Seriously, nothing in biology is black and white, it's a goopy fuzzy mess of \"typicallys\" and \"most of the times\".)"
],
"score": [
14,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploinsufficiency"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j112vc
|
why do you feel your heartbeat in your body parts randomly
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6x0fqs",
"g6x3vsu",
"g6wo6p5"
],
"text": [
"Your heart is a pump, spreading blood throughout your body. Every time it pumps blood flows through your veins and arteries. Your body is designed to ignore the blood flow as it's just a normal process that there is no need to distract you with. You very rarely think about your own breathing, but now that i mentioned your breathing you are noticing every breath you take right now. Things like injuries can make you aware of that process. Smashed my finger so bad few years back the nail fell off, for 2 days it throbbed every time my heart pumped blood to it because of the swelling. Edit: added \"and arteries\"",
"Why do I feel like I'm having a heart attack daily?",
"Many different parts of your body carry a pulse! Sometimes you’re more sensitive to noticing it if you’re stressed or overworked or even excited."
],
"score": [
83,
35,
32
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j114jd
|
if water can evaporate at room temperature, why aren't there MANY more rainclouds constantly hovering over the entire planet?
|
If I leave my cup of water out uncovered, after a few days all the water will have evaporated into the atmosphere. If you leave a pool out uncovered, after a few months, the same will occur. So how is it that the Earth isn't constantly oversaturated with water and/or constantly raining nearly everywhere?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6wg6az"
],
"text": [
"Water vapor is an invisible gas. Clouds are made of water that has condensed back into a liquid. Even when there's no clouds, there's still usually a bunch of water vapor in the air, so that water from your cup/pool is just sitting, invisibly, in the air above it. It takes specific circumstances to condense it into clouds."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j1280y
|
What keeps atoms from moving / what keeps solid objects solid?
|
Some things are in liquid form, some are solid, and others are flexible. Why?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6woxa5"
],
"text": [
"> [atoms] what keeps solid objects solid? Atoms will push off from each other. They don't like to be too close to each other's fields without having formed a bond. So a group of atoms running into another group of atoms will all repel each other. The net effect is the physical collision we all know and love. > Some things are in liquid form, some are solid, Density, and the properties of the matter. If there's space for stuff to slide around, it'll behave like a liquid. If it's packed in close, it'll be a solid. When you cool a gas down, the electrons don't move around as fast, and they literally get closer to the core, which reduces the size of their field which repulses the other atoms away. All the atoms getting closer together makes the thing more dense, and at some point it turns into a liquid, and then a solid. (Water is funky though and forms a crystal lattice structure, actually getting bigger.) > and others are flexible. Why? A mix of how the molecules (bunches of atoms) are shaped and interact and hold onto each other. Plastics, for example, have long strands which can bend around and interweave with other strands, but they can have some wiggle room. Crystals aren't flexible as they form a specific shape (which is determined by how the atoms are shaped)."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j12jv1
|
what is in instant rice that makes the rice cook faster?
|
Edit: wow thank you for the awards!! And for the responses :) my curious mind is at ease
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6wq3r9",
"g6wqjal",
"g6xcrnu",
"g6x1t5u",
"g6y2eyg",
"g6xek06",
"g6xmx0s",
"g6ybdkz",
"g6xx3lh",
"g6xw339"
],
"text": [
"It is precooked rice that then dried. The process make cracks in the rice so water can penetrate it faster when you cook it again.",
"It isn’t really about what’s in the rice, but what has been done to the rice. Rice has a few different layers, and how you deal with those layers results in a few different kinds of rice. If you take a grain of rice and want to use it for food, you’ll have to take off some layers to get to the good grain. Take off the first bit, and you have brown rice. Take off a little more, and you have more standard white rice. Take off even more, and you have just the innermost layer that cooks much faster. Additionally, the producers will cook this milled down rice, then dehydrate the grains before packaging. This is what allows you to cook it quickly, as all you really need to accomplish is rehydration. It also removes nearly all the nutrition available in rice. This is why a lot of instant rice is also “enriched” with added vitamins/minerals",
"As others have mentioned, the rice is cooked, or partially cooked in a way that cracks the starchy outer layers and allows it to absorb water much more quickly. One interesting tidbit: if you attempt to salvage a water-damaged electronic device by placing it in a container of rice, use instant rice. It absorbs water much more effectively than traditional rice. (But really, do yourself a favor and go get some crystal style cat litter, which is made of silica gel, and is way better than rice) Edit: I’ve been reminded by some helpful redditors that using rice to rescue electronics is generally a bad idea. In fact, open air is generally more effective than a container of rice. Here’s a helpful article from a few years back that describes tests of several alternative methods. URL_0",
"Its with any instant food, they have been pre-cooked then frozen or dried, making the cooking time fast.",
"It is precooked. Dry heated in a 400 deg C air blower, then wet down with water, then dry heated in a 300 deg C blower. Source: used to make this rice for Uncle Ben's. The intermediate wet down was a breakthrough and allowed the cutdown from 8 min rice to 3 min rice. The resulting rice is way more fragile than normal rice.",
"Wait, where is this? Why do you guys have instant rice? It only takes a few minutes to cook it in a pressure cooker Edit: why is any1 downvoting me, it's a genuine question",
"Everyone is stating how cooking and drying changes the grain and that is true. However something they aren't mentioning: Water. There is more water inside the grain of instant rice. The difference is so large you can make a significant saving by not buying instant rice or choosing an instant rice that has been dried more than others. Next time compare a couple of brans and work out how much dry mass the nutrition label accounts for, the rest of the weight is water.",
"I didn't even know instant rice was a thing. Third world problems. And there's instant wine? How do they make instant wine?",
"What is Instant Rice? 🥺 Rice is the easiest thing to cook. It's literally rice and water that's it. 15 mins tops.",
"rice is made of long tightly wound strings of starch molecules. Cooking rice unwinds those strings allowing water to get between the molecules. Drying the rice after cooking leaves the space behind so water can get back in easily."
],
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3
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[],
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[
"https://www.gazelle.com/thehorn/2014/05/06/gazelles-guide-water-damage-truth-rice-galaxy-everything/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j12q8l
|
How can a psychiatric medication treat such a vast array of issues including anxiety AND OCD AND depression, etc?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6wwatc",
"g6x3gjs"
],
"text": [
"Because many of those conditions are a result of serotonin levels in your brain. SSRI usage can help normalize the serotonin levels for you, which makes anxiety and depression less debilitating. They are extremely effective when combined with cognitive behavioral therapy.",
"These medications work is by altering levels of various chemicals in the brain. However, these chemicals are used all throughout the brain in different functions and the drugs we use can't target one specific area of the brain. Let's take a drug that affects dopamine levels. Well in one part of the brain, dopamine is involved in movement. In another part, it's involved in motivation. In another part, it's involved in preventing lactation. And all of these parts of the brain are intricately connected with other parts of the brain to keep everything updated. There's a delicate chemical balance here that's easily upset by medications, among other things."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j12xex
|
How is it possible to remove a spleen using keyhole surgery, presumably without an incision large enough for the spleen to pass through whole?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6ws71e",
"g6wyedf",
"g6xdvur"
],
"text": [
"Because you suck the spleen through the tube. You dont care if you remove the spleen intact or not so you just suck it up all mushed through the tube.",
"Is it weird that I don't necessarily want that image out of my head? It's kind of dope. Good for you doctors",
"It’s called morcellation. I place the organ in a bag and cut it into chunks within the body and then pull the small chunks out. The bag helps prevent spillage into the body. This typically is not done for cancer cases, with concern for spillage and spread."
],
"score": [
22,
6,
6
],
"text_urls": [
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j130hi
|
How can people die or become paralyzed from merely hitting their head too hard in a fall, while others have had their heads/brains impaled by knives, bullets, golf clubs, etc., and had little to no neurological damage or symptoms?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6wuqbj",
"g6wsx8a",
"g6x3wul",
"g6x9kjo",
"g6x28yy",
"g6xfbv4"
],
"text": [
"Have you ever seen someone splitting logs with a too-small axe? They'll take a swing at the log, but the axe gets lodged in the log. No problem, they pickup the axe and the log together, flip it around so the axe head is down and the log up, and swing the whole thing down onto the block. The axe stops dead, and the mass of the heavy log is pushed down onto the axe, splitting it every time. Now think of someone's head being hit by a club. The person's head is heavier than the club. Yes, the club does lots of damage to the skin, or even the person's skull, but all of that absorbs the impact. The person's head doesn't move much, so the force on the brain is low enough so the brain's defences - a layer of liquid around it, for instance - protects it. There may be some injury around the impact site, but he brain learns how to work around that damage. But turn this around - the person is now falling, the head is moving at high speed, and it hits the solid ground. The skull stops dead. Like the log pushing down onto the axe, the person's brain is now thrown hard onto the inside of the skull. This is what does the damage to large areas of the brain.",
"It's sort of like how a car can have every body panel dented to smithereens and the upholstery stained, but run fine, but another brand new car can have it's break line cut and crash into a ditch. The brain is a complex machine, and sometimes a small injury in the quest place can do more harm than a large injury in a less important place.",
"So it very much depends on how you get hot on the head, how lucky you are, and how quickly you get medical attention. Let's quickly look at the brain. It's a large, squishy and very delicate mass of jelly floating in a few cm of fluid and sealed inside a solid mass of bone. When something hits the brain, hopefully the bones and liquid absorb the shock. However, if you hit your head with enough force, you'll bruise your brain at the point of impact, and, if you're hit hard enough, you brain will smash against the bone on the other side of the skull, bruising it a second time. The brain has loads of tiny blood vessels, so when it bruises, it bruises bad. The area swells up pretty significantly, and if the bruise is bad enough, you can start having a bleed within your brain. Both these things are bad, because you don't have very much space inside your skull, so swelling and bleeding put more pressure on to your brain, which damages it further. On top of that, if the bleed is bad enough, then parts of the brain may die from lack of oxygen cos the vessels supplying it aren't doing their job any more. Now, when you get impaled in the brain, there are a few big differences: first off, your skull is no longer sealed, which means that your brain actually has somewhere it can swell to. This is still not an ideal situation, and it may cause damage to specific areas of your brain, but it's less likely to cause the entire system to fully shut down. Second, you've (hopefully) managed to make your area of damage a lot more localised, so you may have completely destroyed your language processing center, but the rest of the brain is relatively unaffected. On top of that, the object now lodged in your brain is stopping you from bleeding out for as long as it stays loged there. Yay! Finally, and I think this is probably a significant factor, bias. If you manage to impale your head, there's a much higher chance of you dying instantly or on your way to getting medical aid. Surviving a brain implement also makes for a cool news story, so you're more likely to hear about it. I'd guess you're also more likely to be around other people when you impale your brain, which means you may get medical attention faster. On the other hand, hitting your head is something that's very easy to do by yourself at home. If you slip and fall in the shower, it's likely no one will be around to call the ambulance straight away. As such, you're more likely to get medical assistance a lot later, which will massively impact your chances of recovery.",
"As an aside from many of the other answers, hitting your head in a fall can result in more injury than just a head injury. Damage to the spine caused by trauma in a fall is often what leads to paralysis.",
"It can depend on what part of the brain is injured. It can also depend on whether they get a brain bleed. Actor Liam Neeson's wife died after hitting her head while skiing. She thought she was fine and went back to wherever they were staying. She ended up having a brain bleed and the pressure of the blood pooling in her skull damaged her brain badly enough that she died.",
"My step uncle was helping his son tie his rollerblades while having rollerblades on himself. Upon tying the skates for his son; he stood up, lost his balance and fell hitting the back of his head on the concrete and died instantly. Complete freak accident. From what I heard it wasn’t even a bad fall. Just slipped and was dead. I know this doesn’t answer your question at all but it just made me remember this happening. Life is crazy."
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j13aad
|
Why are foot soldiers still relevant in modern war when militaries have access to weapons such as drones, guided missiles, jets and tanks?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6wv3kw",
"g6wv6kd",
"g6wuyjj",
"g6wvpfo",
"g6wvu2l",
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],
"text": [
"You can’t clear a building with a tank. There’s a lot of aspects to warfare that matter more than “Destroy things and shoot the bad guys.” Occupying territory is a big aspect that isn’t easily accomplished without human infantry.",
"War isn't about killing your enemies, it's about conquering them. To do that, you have to occupy their land, so they cannot. Only ground troops can do that.",
"War isnt just big battles. Alot of times soldiers are doing things like providing medical assistance or working security for the local peoples. Or for example, extraction missions for hostages. No drone will ever be able to extract a hostage.",
"Big war machines help capture ground. You need soldiers to keep it. They man checkpoints, clear buildings, talk to the locals about enemy presence, etc. If you just rolled through with the big stuff, the enemy would simply reappear and recapture.",
"Wars or even conquests are never intended to kill or destroy. The main reason for a war is to use the people that live there to exploit the ressources that lie there, if you bomb a whole country there is nothing to exploit and no one to exploit it anyways. Nowadays, foot soldiers are mostly securing/helping the people so they can work safely, talking woth people, getting intel, they don't even try to scare or threaten.",
"because nothing is as cheap as, or as versatile as infantry. drones, guided missiles, jets, tanks, etc are good at doing one thing very well. but it can't do anything else. like if you need to talk to the locals, you could broadcast through a drone, but then you lose the 'personal' aspect and that could anger the locals or just cause them to ignore you. if you needed to take a local captive or hold them, you can't use a guided missile to do that. if you need to infiltrate an underground complex, a drone or a tank can't do that. etc etc"
],
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4,
3,
3,
3,
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j13af9
|
Why does hot food taste more spicy than the same food served cold?
|
Cool salsa on a cool chip, great Warm salsa on a hot chip, lit 🔥... And by lit I mean my mouth is a blaze
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6wvkbf",
"g6wxdsd"
],
"text": [
"Piquancy (spiciness) stimulate your nerves the same way heats does. Hot spicy food therefore elicits a stronger response than cold spicy food. Cold salsa + spicy = spicy Hot salsa + spicy = more spicy",
"Caspacin (the main chemical in peppers that makes them hot) fools your tastebuds into thinking the heat in your mouth is a lot hotter than it really is, so cool food is hot and actually hot food is hotter."
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j13ay9
|
Can a US state close its borders to other states?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6wuvh4"
],
"text": [
"During the early peaks of the Covid crisis several states, Rhode Island comes to mind, stationed their state police at the borders and turned back out of state vehicles - so the answer is a partial yes. Because the National Guard reports to the States it is certainly possible they could be used, however none of the regular active duty forces could be used by the States for this purpose."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j13tjr
|
Why is there a gap between a rocket motor and the rocket plume?
|
When watching videos of a rocket launch the actual flame starts several meters behind the rocket itself. Why is that? Why is there a gap between the engine and the flame with what looks like just clear air?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6x6zsd",
"g6x4ude"
],
"text": [
"Are you refering to something like [this]( URL_0 )? This is called a Shock Diamond (also called a Mach Diamond). The idea is, that the engine is burning with a flame that is invisible to human eyes. (Or glowing so faintly that you can't see it from miles away) When the engine burns it sends out a lot of hot gas out the back going really really fast. The engine nozzle isn't perfect, it's making the hot gas have a lower pressure than the outside atmosphere, the atmosphere is thus squeezing in slightly. This hot gas bounces off the atmosphere that's squeezing it and then hits other gas that also got bounced by the atmosphere, squeezing it even more. And then the hot gas going back hits this squeezed gas, squeezing it yet more. Between all this squeezing the gas gets squeezed enough to get so hot it can ignite fuel that wasn't burned in the exhaust. This burning portion glows. This is the flame you see. Now after getting squeezed it expands out again. And the atmosphere squeezes it back in again. So for some engines that a pushing really really fast, this effect can happen again. And keeps happening until there isn't enough back focused hot gas going back. This also happens with visible flames on some jet engines.",
"There is a gap between the engine and the *visible* flame. In that gap, the flame is so hot that its glow is in a color that you cannot see."
],
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7,
3
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://sourceforge.net/p/shuttleultra/tickets/_discuss/thread/5bf7cc75/f843/attachment/SSME_exhaust.jpg"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j141ss
|
How come cows get protein and fats from only eating grass, and lions get vitamins and minerals from only eating flesh? What is so diffeent about their metabolism?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6x09d5",
"g6x8k15",
"g6x1l0s",
"g6xt1qt"
],
"text": [
"Cows have special bacteria growing in their gut in order for them to be able to digest cellulose - the material that makes up plant cell walls. Th is bacteria has enzymes to allow the cow to digest and absorb max nutrients. Lions don’t have this",
"Lions eat the organs of the animals they kill. That’s where they get all the minerals and vitamins from. I’ve been told that the blood is where they get most of their sodium intake as well( but I’m not sure if that’s true or not)",
"Think of proteins and fats as being giant blocks of lego organized in specific ways. Different animals have different machinery inside that can only cut up these legos and build them up in specific ways. Maybe one of these machines can only break up square yellow blocks connected to a green 2x1 block. Maybe another one can only make breaks between a blue block and the block immediately above it. And different machines can only make certain combination of blocks. So the thing that determines what you can live off of is what your body is able to break down into nutrients or building blocks and what your body can make with these building blocks. A good example of this is how some people are lactose intolerant. Lactose is a sugar found in dairy. Lactose intolerant people lack the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose into smaller sugars that the body can then absorb and use.",
"It's because most of these things are inter-convertible. If you eat too many carbs, your body will turn some of them into fat, and store them. Similarly, the body can synthesize amino acids from basic building blocks, and use those amino acids to make proteins. Those building blocks may have come from carbs or fats that you ate, but the body turned them into protein. In short, carbs, fats, proteins can all be converted into each other. There are some limitations, for example your body can't synthesize ALL amino acids, some are \"essential\" and must come from the diet. Your body can't synthesize ALL fatty acids, some are \"essential\" and must come from the diet. But a large fraction of amino acids, lipids and carbs CAN be synthesized from building blocks that could come from the digestion of either carbs, fats, or proteins. Moving on to your question, it's important to remember that what's \"essential\" (meaning can't be synthesized) **varies by species**. Vitamin C is essential for us, we can't make it in our own bodies, we have to eat it. But cows can make vitamin C just fine, they don't need to eat it. There are significant differences between what's essential for cows and lions too. The reason cows can eat grass while lions (and humans) can't is because the cow's digestive system is designed to act as a breeding ground for cellulose digesting bacteria. These bacteria break down cellulose in grass to simpler stuff that cows can use, in return cows give the bacteria some of the stuff they need. Lions and humans don't have guts specialized to breed those bacteria, so we can't digest grass. Once cows have carbs from any source (including grass), they can turn them into proteins and fats too, because all that stuff is inter- convertible. Of course, cows have their own \"essential\" requirements, which might not all be met by grass. So they eat other stuff too, other leaves, grains, seeds, etc."
],
"score": [
14,
5,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j142n4
|
What's the difference between tax evasion and tax avoidance?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6x0da2",
"g6x4qol",
"g6x0no1"
],
"text": [
"Tax avoidance is legally reducing your amount owed to the lowest you possibly can. This can be done thru itemizing expenses, qualifying for credits, etc. Tax evasion is intentionally deceiving the tax system to get a lower tax amount owed. This is abusing and defrauding the system and can lead to significant penalties, charges, and jail time. The main difference is that tax avoidance is legal, as you are avoiding paying unnecessary taxes or paying more than you should, while tax evasion is illegal.",
"If whiskey is heavily taxed, I can stop drinking whiskey; this is avoidance. Or I can buy it from a moonshiner; this is evasion.",
"Tax avoidance is using legal means to reduce your tax liability. Deducting mortgage interest is an example of this. Tax evasion is using illegal means to reduce your tax liability. Failing to report income or claiming deductions you aren't eligible for are examples of this."
],
"score": [
41,
26,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j14fwc
|
Feeling like you are falling when you are going to sleep
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6x2vxl"
],
"text": [
"I heard it happens because your heart rate slows down to fast and your body is trying to keep you from dying"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j150zv
|
Could the internet in the entire world just shut off all at once, like in that episode of South Park?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6x9toj",
"g6x6p9l"
],
"text": [
"In a word, no. The internet is composed of [multiple independently owned networks]( URL_0 ). It would take a cosmic event to shut *all* of them down at once.",
"Very nearly impossible. The internet's original design, with 'distributed control', came from military research. One of the basic design goals was that in the event of a nuclear war, parts of the network could keep working and reroute traffic through surviving nodes even when their neighbors were destroyed, and there is no 'central node' whose failure can kill the whole network. (Look up ARPANet.) To disable the whole network, you'd probably need something like the mother of all solar storms to knock out computers planetwide. Or an amazingly widespread set of attacks knocking out thousands of nodes."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier_1_network#List_of_Tier_1_networks"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j155x0
|
How do walkthrough store security things work?
|
You know the things, the barrier things you walk through going in and out of the store. How the heck do they work??? I understand them picking up on electronic security tags but what about most items that just have barcodes? This has confused me since childhood and I'd love an answer. Do they even work on barcoded items? Are they specifically for security tagged items and nothing else? Please help a gal out
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6x7liu"
],
"text": [
"It's all based around magnets. The product being protected has to be tagged. Sometimes it's really obvious, like the plastic dangly thing on a nice sweater. Sometimes it's a little more hidden, like a little strip hidden between the plastic of a case behind the CD. They are magnetized to a certain strength. If the clerk doesn't \"demagnetize\" it (remove the tag or wipe the case across a *different* magnetic field that's hidden in the cashier's desk) then when you walk through those detectors through the door... it'll detect 'em and go off."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j15ig7
|
Why do we tend to get angry when we are hungry?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xdnd3"
],
"text": [
"When you haven't eaten for a while, the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood decreases, When your blood sugar gets too low, it triggers a cascade of hormones, including cortisol (a stress hormone) and adrenaline (the fight-or-flight hormone). These hormones are released into your bloodstream to raise and rebalance your blood sugar and the release of cortisol can cause aggression in some people!"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j15knp
|
Why do area measurements differ depending if I go with carpet or vinyl?
|
I had a company come in and measure my living area. They used a laser/light for measuring. 1. The difference between what measurement I had from other contractors and what this company had is significant. 775 sq ft v 1035 sq ft. 2. I noticed that all flooring companies give a higher number for carpet measurement. Can you explain like I'm five?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xakmm"
],
"text": [
"Probably material wastage. In other words, if you need to cover, say, 217 square feet of floor with one type of material, it’s not like you order a bucket of paint and just cover that much- you’re going to be cutting off pieces that are essentially unusable, if you don’t want to see a lot of patchwork and seams everywhere. Some materials like, say, tile have inherently less waste, whereas things like carpet tend to have more. Your contractors are probably estimating how much material they will have to purchase to do the job right, as opposed to how many square feet the area actually is. Hope that helps."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j15qg1
|
We can make food that gives our pets all the nutrients they need throughout their life, how come we don't make human kibble?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xav1b",
"g6xbp7c",
"g6xdbuf",
"g6xg8pd",
"g6xas5q",
"g6xd8jo",
"g6xi9dr",
"g6xb50f"
],
"text": [
"There's a few things out there that are basically this. Soylent, Huel, probably more by now. Problem is, humans tend to eat for pleasure to an extent that no other species does and desire, at least, more variety, so it's not an especially broad market niche.",
"*cough* bachelor chow *cough*. Seriously though, most of what we need can be had from shakes and supplements. We still want to shove stuff in our face hole.",
"They do make \"human kibble\"! Do you know of Soylent? I have a friend who eats their stuff a lot. They make drinks (a lot like Ensure) but also powders, bars, and more. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) To answer your question, it's not mainstream popular because most people eat for pleasure, so the idea of eating the same one thing all the time isn't appealing. However if you're really busy or depressed and lacking motivation to eat anything at all, it's a really healthy and useful option. Soylent as well as things like Huel powdered meals, Orgain meal replacement powder, Redcon meal replacement protein etc etc are all available online so you can even Amazon if you're already feeling low and want to stay home but also not eat poorly and feel even worse.",
"Have you heard of prison loaf? Actually nutraloaf. Can be eaten without utensils, served in prison as a punishment. Has all the essential nutrients. Btw the reason pets try so hard to eat people food instead of pet food is their kibble isn't great.",
"A lot of Humans have access to any type of food or nutrient they want. This makes kibble meaningless when we can have stew, or avocado on toast.",
"We do. It's just that things like trail mix and kashi bars taste significantly worse than a cheeseburger.",
"There's always the guy who lived on primate pellets: URL_0 . It was just for a week and seemed kind of doomed to fail, but might be worth a shot?",
"Variety is the spice of life. We had six varieties of ratpacks and over a period of a few months we were sick of them. Always trading off food with each other to get something you liked. Problem was everyone seemed to like the same thing. You can have your kibble, I will stick to the wife’s burnt offerings and occasional curry, thanks."
],
"score": [
104,
78,
22,
8,
7,
3,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://soylent.com/pages/products"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.angryman.ca/monkey.html"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j15vx7
|
Where does the bulk of the power we use come from? If not Coal, Solar, or Nuclear, then where do we get most of our power?
|
I've heard that Coal/Steam power is more uncommon nowadays, and Solar/Nuclear power has not yet become the norm. If not from these two sides of the spectrum, then where do we get the bulk of our power from?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xdhlp",
"g6xbvdw",
"g6xbp6k",
"g6xc0ij"
],
"text": [
"Here's a great map of the United States to get an idea of what powers each region: URL_0",
"It depends on where you live and is gradually shifting every year from coal/natural gas to some form of renewable. According to URL_0 , in the United States 63% of electricity was generated by fossil fuels. About 38% from Natural gas About 24% from coal And the rest from other sources like petroleum. These numbers will change from country to country and state to state. But it seems like on average more electricity comes from natural gas that from coal",
"It depends on where “we” live. It might be nuclear, it might be hydro, it might be coal, it might be natural gas...",
"Coal being more uncommon is relative. Around the world it's still the most used energy source. We want to change that, but that causes pretty serious problems. Not only do we need to replace it with renewable power, but we also have to find a way to stabilize the energy grid, because now that job is done solely by coal, natural gas and nuclear plants, and we aren't sure how the others could support the grid alone (we have concepts but they are only tried on a much smaller scale)"
],
"score": [
8,
7,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://2oqz471sa19h3vbwa53m33yj-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/us-power-plants-map.jpg"
],
[
"eia.gov"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j15zxv
|
Why do we wake up extra tired on a work day but energized on a day off with the exact same or sometimes less hours of sleep?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xffa4",
"g6xfktc"
],
"text": [
"Probably has something to do with your mental attitude towards the day. If you hate your job your body will feel the effects from that stress.",
"I assume you mean \"during the week\" being when you go to work, and \"on the weekend\" meaning the time that you have to do the fun things you want to do. Your free time, that isn't after a day of work. When we do what we want to do, we're enthusiastic. When we do what others want us to do, we're less enthusiastic."
],
"score": [
24,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j164pv
|
How do they figure out how many portable toilets to bring to a public event? What's the math? Is there a person who designates where they're placed?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xd8lq",
"g6xcy53"
],
"text": [
"There is a complex algorithm they use that combines projected attendance, projected sales of food, length of the event, and projected usage to determine what the most likely number of needed toilets is. They are then places in high-traffic areas usually around food stalls and the entrance.",
"The portable pros have all the answers! They give recommendations based on industry standards."
],
"score": [
13,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j16907
|
What exactly is a "mode" in the context of music?
|
After watching a video on modes in music, I'm left with this question I could not find an answer for through web browsing: "what exactly is a mode?" A "C Lydian" mode is literally a G major scale starting on C. If I was trying to analyze the chords of a song written in C Lydian, all signs would lead me to assume that the song is written in G major. What benefits exist in calling a certain scale "C Lydian" instead of the corresponding major scale based on the existing accidentals of a particular mode? Would love to hear your thoughts on this - thanks so much for your wisdom, friends.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xegwj",
"g6xh0zp"
],
"text": [
"Ok the modes are all the same scale , but starting on different notes within the key It’s useful to know for lots of different reasons and applications A lot of the people I play/communicate/talk chords with have condensed the terminology down to numbers like it’s a I (one) chord or a ii (two) It helps not only to understand what notes are in the scale of the chord you are on but also all the relative chords within the key you are in It’s also very useful when communicating chord progressions to other people like in jazz you’d say “ a two five one” or “a one six two five” So it’s not only extremely useful to know but also makes you a better player being able to quickly know all the chords and scales within a key",
"It's to do with which chord is the one the piece resolves to- so a piece in C lydian might use the notes in G major but resolves to a C chord- you can see how different they sound by playing a C chord (just a 5th) and a melody over the top with the notes of G major, then playing the same C chord with a melody using the notes of C major."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j16kxr
|
What does Social Media Depression mean
|
What are the cause and effects of social media depression?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xg7nw",
"g6xgszh"
],
"text": [
"facebook is designed, not to connect people, but to make people narcissistic and xenophobic. it's addictive because of the natural tendencies of the brain. It's depressing because it is *not* social interaction, it is a psychological introversion/obsession.",
"People look at other people's social media pages, sees all the activities they are doing, and goes into a depression, because their live are dull in comparison. For example, you know this guy who went to the same school as you, he is now the CEO of a medium company and is enjoying his vacation. You are sitting at home swamped in bills, you now feel worthless and begin to fall into depression. Not everyone will have this problem, usually the more competitive ones are typically more prone to falling into this rabbit hole."
],
"score": [
10,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j16n77
|
What laws or regulations enable a person in the US to live a lavish lifestyle even when that person is millions of dollars in debt?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xg1si",
"g6xgmb9",
"g6xi8cb"
],
"text": [
"Federal income tax law was the most complicated class I took, but I’ll give this a shot: if you lose money for whatever reason (like, say, filed for bankruptcy), you can choose to either deduct all of that loss on your current year’s tax return, or you can save some of it for a year when you made a ton of money but really don’t want to pay taxes on all of it. So let’s say you made $100mil in 2020, but you also have a net loss of $100mil still leftover from a bankruptcy a couple years ago, so you record the loss. Now, on paper it looks like you made zero dollars. Edited to add: my professor actually used Trump as an example when teaching us this concept. Trump works in bankruptcy filings and carryover losses the way Picasso worked with acrylics.",
"If you don't make any new income in a year, why *would* you have to pay income tax? If you're making your loan payments on time, why *wouldn't* you be able to also spend money on a lavish lifestyle?",
"It appears that you are sort of mixing concepts here. Living a particular lifestyle is a matter of cash flow, that is available spending and consumption ability and income. Debt is a liability which is properly offset by assets. So if you own a house worth 10m dollars and borrow 8m, that still gives a positive net worth and there would not appear to be any issues. Of course, if there is significant debt, payment on the debt might limit cash available for consumption. It might be reasonable to assess cash flow against net debt or assets but that is a measure and need not affect one's day to day activity. The same goes on when things go on like a nations debt/GDP ratio. This is a common economic measure but many people don't understand that this is similarly a liability/income ratio for a country. It cannot be extrapolated to the average quality of life of the citizens of the country."
],
"score": [
21,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j16sb0
|
What is RTX? How does it change the lighting in a game? Please be as detailed as possible?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xk4lm",
"g6xh216"
],
"text": [
"Imagine an oil painting of a dark room containing only an armchair, and beside it, a lamp. Everything in the picture is just paint, so the lamp is painted bright white to make it look like light, and the chair is painted with dark paint for the shadowed parts, and lighter paint for the lighted parts. This makes it *look* like the lamp is shining on the chair, of course it's all just paint. Now if the painter wants to add a cat to the arm of the chair, she will then have to repaint much of the picture to correct for how the cat is affecting the light. This is how video games worked the old way. With the ray tracing in RTX, they no longer fake the light and dark with paint. Instead, imagine they build a shadow box of the same scene, with an actual little 3D chair and lamp. Everything in the box is painted normal, neutral colors - no fake light made with paint. Then they put an LED light in the lamp. The LED light shines on the chair and makes the lighted and shadowed places. And if they add a cat on the arm of the chair, the light and shadow will change as the light interacts with the cat, changing the scene; nothing has to be repainted.",
"Its mainly Ray tracing, as in it simulates ray of light striking the object, forming shadows and etc. This allows lighting to not just be a brightness setting, but also part of the environment. The classic animation is literally sprite, and/or model skins, this means every light interaction is fixed to a certain ratio, such as shadows and what not., RTX allows dynamic lighting which makes the light interaction seem more fluid and life like."
],
"score": [
8,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j170db
|
How does my TV remote work even though it's pointed the opposite way (not towards the TV)?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xhtee",
"g6xinhr",
"g6xhvds"
],
"text": [
"Your remote operates via a directional infrared signal. The infrared light combined with a sensitive receiver can allow the infrared light to bounce off of the walls and objects behind you and still hit the television. If there are mirrors or paintings with glass on the wall it will help dramatically.",
"Your remote may not use infrared. It may be blue tooth of radio frequency. My father years ago when he had one of those giant satellite dishes could change channels from outside the house. It used RF as the control box also relayed the signal to the dish to move to to pan to the next satellite. (FYI you can tell if an IR remote is working or has dead batteries by pointing it at the camera on your phone, you phone will reveal the infrared that is invisible to the eye)",
"You TV remove emit Infred light, and Light have wave like properties, meaning it bounce off objects. a simple test will be have the tv behind you, and window infront with clear view. Point the remote out the window and you will find the tv unresponsive, because there is nothing to bounce the light back to the tv."
],
"score": [
8,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j17586
|
Why do we say that humans see 24 images per second (movies) but games bag about 60 FPS? How can we even see a difference?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xj9ew",
"g6xjd3a",
"g6xj0yd"
],
"text": [
"Simply because \"humans see only 24 frames per second\" is patently bullshit. The human eye can process information fast enough that it can even get a benefit from 240Hz monitors. The 24FPS thing is a historical remnant of times when technology wasn't quite good enough to do better, and it yields acceptable results even today for films. But try it with a computer game after playing on 100+ fps and you'll get dizzy from how choppy the game is.",
"24fps is just a traditional standard for film. It gives a particular look and feel. TV runs at 25 or 29.97fps so is already different. Try looking at some drone footage on YouTube that runs at 50-60fps l. It all looks different because you can already tell the difference.",
"As in, we can ONLY process a limited amount of images per second (the speed it takes for the cells in your eyes to receive and sent the info to your brain). HOWEVER, we can see high fps, we will perceive the extra frames as motion, higher fps = smoother animation. 60FPS was bragged because for a long ass time, 60FPS was the limitation of the monitor. Comparing 60fps to 30 and you'll notice a increase in smoothness, and if you only play on 60, you'll actually notice the choppiness of 30 despite it being seemingly smooth. We can actually \"see\" up beyond 200 fps, the image just feels smoother and smoother, until it feels like \"live\", as we approach the extreme FPS value, the graphic will feel more and more real worldish provided the texture keeps up."
],
"score": [
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j17pie
|
if most drinks contain water, why is it considered bad to only drink them and not actual water?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xlnx2"
],
"text": [
"Because they also contain other things. Such as: \\- Sugar - which in large amounts can cause all sorts of health issues \\- Artificial sweeteners - which a lot of people argue are not healthy for you \\- Caffeine - A stimulant that can actually be addictive If you had a drink that wasn't water that didn't contain any of the above or other weird chemicals, people would probably consider it ok to drink."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j17syi
|
Why does splashing cold water on my face make me feel more alert?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xmc8h"
],
"text": [
"Humans have evolved a reflex that wakes them up if they fall face first into water. This is to help prevent drowning. Drowning is bad."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j17ykz
|
Objectively speaking, why does depression make food taste worse?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xn67t",
"g6xmwug"
],
"text": [
"*Anhedonia*, the absence of joy, is a symptom of depression. It's not that the food tastes worse, but the *sensation of joy from the taste of the food* is reduced. The mechanism is not well understood, but it is generally believed lack of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, plays a role.",
"I think subconsciously all the things you loved just stop, whether it’s something tasting good or something you used to love doing. The food didn’t taste bad. You’re just done giving things a chance."
],
"score": [
45,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j17ymy
|
Where does value of a stock that pays no dividends come from?
|
If a stock pay dividends, then it makes sense to me why it’s value would go up: the company does well, earns more money, and pays more dividends, then it is returning value. If they announce a new product and people think it will sell well, then the anticipation of increased dividends could drive up the stock price (right?). But if a stock does not pay dividends, why would the price ever go up? Anticipation that they might one day pay dividends?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xoigu"
],
"text": [
"Stock represents the entire worth the company owns. In theory the majority could decide to dissolve the company, sell everything it owns like factories, machines and inventory, and spread the money on the shareholders. You own one piece of the company pie. If you buy shares of a company that still grows and that still makes more money, buys more factories, produces more patents, then your piece of the pie also grows. If people believe that the company pie will grow, for example because they announced a new product, then more people will want a piece of the pie. And that's why the prices go up, even if the company didn't gain any new stuff itself. But people believe that it will in the near future. There's almost always people buying and selling, so you can almost always be sure that somebody is willing to pay you money for some of your shares."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j188ca
|
Can cancer cells compete with other cancer cells mistaking them for healthy ones and effectively kill itself?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xrh1v",
"g6xoa4k",
"g6xw7y2"
],
"text": [
"[Such a thing is called a hyper tumor.]( URL_0 ) It's been suggested that it's why whales and other very large animals don't die of cancer all the time. Their tumors get tumors, and die. Unfortunately, human tumors are too small for them to be likely to develop tumors. So that doesn't really happen for humans.",
"Cancer cells don't really actively kill host cells. They passively kill by stealing nutrients. I think cancer cells cooperate with each other to some extent within a tumour, I don't know what would happen if two different tumours met.",
"Yes. It does happen. Except, they don't directly kill other cells, they outcompete them. One concrete example when we know this happens is when a tumour exceeds about 3 mm in size. When a tumour becomes larger than 3 mm, the cells at the center of it cannot get access to nutrients and oxygen because they are buried with about hundreds of layers of other cells around them (a typical cancer cell is about 20 micrometers in diameter... A 3 mm tumour has hundreds of layers of cells). The only way the tumour grows is if it can get blood vessels to grow on it.. Giving it a dedicated nutrient and oxygen supply. Fortunately for the tumor, it's DNA is pretty unstable due to the chaos in the cell caused by the crazy drive to grow and divide. Sooner or later, mutations appear in one of the thousands of cells in the tumor that cause the cells to secrete a small protein called 'vascular endothelial growth factor' or VEGF. VEGF causes blood vessels to grow on the tumor. Tumor Cells that secrete VEGF now have an advantage over tumor cells that don't, because they have access to blood and all the delicious nourishment that comes with it. Pretty soon the original tumor cells die out by starvation and the only cells that remain are the ones which can make blood vessels grow. The tumor has changed. It has in some ways evolved to be a better tumor, by natural selection. So while tumor cells can result in the death of other tumor cells it doesn't help us. We only end up with a more sophisticated version of the tumor. This has sometimes been called a hypertumor."
],
"score": [
13,
7,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[
"http://www.medgazette24.com/hyper-tumor-evolutions-way-of-fighting-cancer/"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j18cgh
|
What is HTTP/3, and how different will it be from HTTP/2?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6yk66j",
"g6xpz2n"
],
"text": [
"In practical terms? Things get faster. You get up to the counter at the local burger join. If it's a 1.0 place this happens: * You: Can I get a burger, fries, and a milkshake? * Them: Whoa, slow down there, I only do one thing at once. * Y: Can I have a burger * T: Here you go, your burger * Y: Can I have fries * T: Here you go, your fries ... Version 1.1 makes this a little better in that you can ask for things all at once, but you're only getting them in the order you asked, so if the burger takes 4m to cook you've got to wait before getting any fries. Version 2 further improves things. If this is a `2` store then the clerk can get multiple things at once and give them back in the order that they're ready. They can even give you half your fries now, and then the burger, then the other half of the fries. Unfortunately it uses the same service counter to hand things across, so one spill and the rest are held up. Pretend the clerk spills your milkshake but then instead of handing you the fries and burger has to remake the milkshake first. Version 3 fixes the 1-counter problem. If they spill the milkshake you still get the burger and fries right away. If you hear mention of the QUIC protocol, that's what it's doing. Switching that back to a browser, it means you might get to see a whole webpage minus one image, instead of a network blip during the sending of that image slowing everything else down. ----- The second advantage of this change is that Version 3 makes it quicker get to the ordering of food. In a 2 restaurant the clerk is a bit chatty. They always start with \"welcome to burger joint, what can I help you with today?\" and you have to say \"well... I'd really like to order some food?\" before they get around to serving you. In 3-land they say \"welcome, what can I get for you?\"",
"HTTP/3 is a new version of HTTP. It bulids on HTTP/2 and use a lot of the same protocol. However instead of using TCP as the underlying protocol HTTP/3 use UDP and then use a protocol called QUIC on top to do the rate limiting and retransmissions that TCP does. This allows it to be even faster then HTTP/2."
],
"score": [
77,
24
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j18dt6
|
What are pegged currencies?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xpary"
],
"text": [
"Currency A is pegged to currency B when one unit of currency A is worth a fixed amount of currency B, and that amount does not fluctuate. Usually this is done by currency A's central bank promising to always buy or sell currency A for that exact amount in currency B. For example, my country's old currency, the Estonian kroon, was introduced in 1992 and was pegged as 8 kroons to 1 German mark. This peg was maintained by the Estonian central bank until 2011, when we switched to the Euro. In the meantime the German mark switched to the Euro at a rate of just under 2 marks to 1 euro, so when we switched ourselves, it was at a rate of 15.5655 kroons to 1 euro. In practice the term is commonly used to mean a 1:1 peg - when some small local currency will be \"pegged to the dollar\" as a way of keeping the local prices exactly as they would be if you were paying in dollars. For clarity's sake."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j18n4x
|
With regards to video games, what is the advantage of running a resolution mode over performance mode?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xunsa"
],
"text": [
"You’re pretty much right, there is no direct connection between the resolution of a game and how good it looks. You can run the original Crysis at 8k if you want, it probably won’t look as good as a modern game running at 1080p. All the resolution does is describe how many pixels make up the image, the actual quality of that image can be very different."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j18o7f
|
Why do corpses thrown in water have stunted decomposition compared to someone in a grave
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xqkac"
],
"text": [
"Decoposition varies on a lot of factors. An important factor is how much oxygen is available. The bacteria and insects that is actually decomposing the body requires oxygen to work optimally. Another factor is heat for similar reasons. So keeping a body in a cold and oxygen starved environment means decomposition will take longer. There is of course a huge diversity in the conditions of rivers and lakes as well as different soil conditions. However it is more common to find cold and oxygen starved areas on the bottom of lakes then in the ground."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j18slf
|
Why is it that 4G plans have a data limit, yet WiFi is usually unlimited? Especially when the speed can be so similar?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xqzwy",
"g6xqy5t",
"g6y1nqf"
],
"text": [
"Because the cell towers can only handle so much data traffic, depending on the number of users in the area which is why they need to throttle people's speed sometimes. Home internet is routed through cable or fiber optics, and can handle much larger amounts of traffic.",
"Wi-Fi is merely a wireless extension of an existing land based internet connection. That land based connection such as Cable, DSL, etc may or may not have a data limit and generally won't pass that onto it's wifi users. A notable exception here is on airplanes, hotels Etc. 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE, HSPA, etc these are technically wireless but they are considered cellular connections that come from nearby towers that look kind of like light poles with electronics boxes on top. Sometimes you'll see them on ridge lines and in cities they will be strategically placed for maximum coverage. They have a much bigger range than Wi-Fi. Cellular is an internet connection with your wireless carrier. It's how you can surf the internet and make calls. Wi-Fi is a wireless extension of someones land carrier internet connection. Two different sources, they are just received by your phone wirelessly.",
"Note all the people supposing that cell towers can only handle so much: in Europe we get 13-20€ plans that provide between 80-100 GB of 4G+ speed (after which it's still free but they'll cut you down to Edge speeds) - [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) In addition (I have the 20€ plan) when I travel to a foreign country that's not in the EU, like Canada/US/Switzerland: they provide me with free 25 GB of data (beyond that I'd get charged by the MB). I think the real issue you guys have (much worse in Canada, by the way) is that there isn't enough competition and so they set whatever prices they like since they know you can't really jump ship."
],
"score": [
7,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"http://mobile.free.fr/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j18y0g
|
How come that baseball pros don't hit homeruns all the time?
|
They are capable of hitting homeruns and must have perfected the way to hit a baseball. Or is it just pure luck instead of skill.
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xrrg6",
"g6xsays"
],
"text": [
"It is what is known as an aimed for fluke, a bit like hitting a hole in one in golf. The swing is powerful enough if it connects at just the right place however even for the best hitters this only happens about 1 in every 30 swings.",
"using your logic the pitcher (the professional on the other team') has also gotten pretty good at not throwing a pitch that the other team will not hit a home run off of & #x200B; It is also the toughest thing to do in all of sports.. You could maybe get lucky and score 2 points in an NBA game or get lucky and score a touch down in the NFL but the chances of you getting lucky enough to hit a home run off of a professional MLB Pitcher are almost 0"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j18yj1
|
how Thorium reactors are cleaner than regular Uranium reactors
|
The way I see it Thorium reactors only works because it decays into U-233 after throwing neutrons at Th-232. Thorium in itself doesn't have enough fissile material to power itself either. Then what is so great about U-233 compared to U-235/U-238? The merit of U-233 must be in its waste, right? How do we know which materials come out of each reaction and in which quantity, or is that trial and error? I know for example Pl-239 has a half life of like 15000 years. Can we not hypothetically throw neutrons at the waste until it transforms into an isotope with a shorter half life? & #x200B; (yes yes, many questions, don't need to answer all literally, I just want to understand the process in general I suppose. Don't have a chemistry background but I can sort of follow some jargon)
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xsfe4",
"g6z8c3u"
],
"text": [
"Thorium reactor waste has shorter-lived isotopes, there's a lot more Th-232 around than U-235 since it's stable and making a nuclear bomb is harder from the isotopes in thorium cycle. > Can we not hypothetically throw neutrons at the waste until it transforms into an isotope with a shorter half life? No, because throwing neutrons in will also result stable atoms to turn to radioactive isotopes at the same time.",
"1. As the other person mentioned, Th-232 is extremely stable and plentiful, much more common than U-238. It also does not need the enrichment process to become fuel (only the CANDU reactor can use unenriched uranium). This means your fuel costs, which are already low for nuclear, will be even lower. 2. The waste from U-233 is not significantly different from that of U-235. We know what waste products will form because scientists conducted experiments with Thorium reactors back in the 50s and 60s. 3. Neutron bombardment can resolve the issue of some kinds of nuclear waste. Pu-239 is fuel, so it's a bad example. If you fire thermal neutrons at it you'll get fissions. But commercial reactors build up xenon as a waste product which reaches a steady state due to neutron capture (in other words, the reactions make more, but just as much gets transmuted by neutron capture and beta decay). One idea that has some potential as a gateway to fusion power is to use a fusion reaction to generate a bunch of neutrons, and send those neutrons into fission products from conventional fission reactors. You lose energy on the fusion reaction, but you make it up and then some with the resultant fissions, plus you're burning waste. Look up fusion-fission hybrid power for more information."
],
"score": [
15,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
j19coy
|
Why do people inject themselves with oil? How does this make your muscles bigger??
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xtlmd",
"g6xxr9l"
],
"text": [
"It makes their muscle look bigger, because they made it swollen with liquid. The body has some ways of removing excess liquids, but that takes time. It doesn't actually make them stronger. It is also bad for you.",
"think of it like blowing up a balloon, no different the issue however is the muscles aren't any stronger at all, they are being damaged and its dangerous, its basically a boob job for your muscles but it offers no real functional benefit at all, the people are too lazy to work out and just want to look big and muscular quickly so they inject themselves, like any vanity cosmetic treatment its ultimately pointless but also potentially exceedingly dangerous."
],
"score": [
19,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j19kg2
|
Why do consumer buy from retailers instead of manufacturers/ wholesaler when it is cheaper?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xuucc",
"g6xumkq",
"g6xusuv"
],
"text": [
"Ease of access to the consumer and ease of sale for the manufacturer. So first of all a company manufactured a product. They could sell this product themselves but that means having possibly huge marketing and sales teams as well as premises etc. So instead they sell in bulk to distributors/retailers. This also has another effect of bringing in guaranteed money. You can sell 10,000 units to one company in one go or you can sell those 10,000 units 1 at a time, not knowing when a sale will happen. So the retailer takes on most of the financial risk and has to try and sell what they have bought. Then there is the consumer side. Would you rather buy everything individually for less money from the manufacturer. Or would you rather pay a slight premium for everything to be in one place? I know I would prefer to go down to my local hardware store and pick up a drill, some drill bits and some screws all in the same place. There are exceptions to these and they would be for large, expensive or bespoke items. Where it is always/often better to buy direct from the manufacturer.",
"In some instances you actually can, but most of the time they will only sell in very large amounts of a certain product (because of storage costs).",
"Number: Depending on manufacturer/wholesaler, they may be in the business to sell large quantities of an item. This is not a problem for a retailer, but being stuck with 1000 apples is not what a consumer needs. Accessibility: Retailers tend to more accessible to people than the manufacturer/wholesaler. If the apple farm in 1068.82 miles away from where you live, people will not want to travel all that distance just to save on money."
],
"score": [
6,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
j19zaa
|
How do computers keep track of time, even when they're plugged off, and disconnected from the internet?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g6xwbvl",
"g6xwjvx",
"g6xwj1p"
],
"text": [
"Many computers will have a small button-cell battery mounted somewhere that provides a small amount electricity solely for maintaining a clock",
"Basically they have an internal clock that is on the CMOS (small memory chip) of the motherboard that is really low power and runs off of a battery. These days that time is updated when a pc connects to the internet and it remembers it when it is shut off. If that battery runs out the date and time will be reset and either manually input. Or more than likely updates when the pc connects to the internet again.",
"It doesn’t take much electricity to keep time(think about how watches that not only have to keep time but also display it running for years off a button battery). Computers have a small battery backup to keep time. If you leave a computer in a closet for 10 years, the battery might wear out enough to loose time, but those that connect to the internet will check and correct when turned back on."
],
"score": [
32,
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
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