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luc9wq
|
What exactly causes blackbody radiation?
|
Ive heard that it is because of the vibration of molecules caused by heat, but if that is true, why isnt it monochromatic? are different parts of an object different temperature?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"The particles of a heated body vibrate at a range of frequencies. This range and distribution depends on the temperature, and the number of particles of the body vibrating at a specific frequency at any time is described by the same plot as the black body radiation spectrum. Note, that a specific particle does not necessarily keep the same frequency all the time - they all interact, bumping to each other and absorbing radiation, thus exchanging energy and changing frequencies.",
"> are different parts of an object different temperature Temperature is the average motion of movement in a material. Average meaning that different atoms move differently and at different speeds, but take the average of it all and you get temperature."
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5,
4
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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lucay4
|
How do the ‘shake your phone gently’ images actually work?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp5ybaz"
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"text": [
"It's not known for sure but the most likely explanation is that the area that seems to move is quite different in color from the area that doesn't and the rods and cones in your eyes take slightly different amounts of time to send signals to your brain. URL_0"
],
"score": [
19
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12854649/"
]
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lucsfv
|
What is Maxwell's Demon and how is it different from Gibb's Paradox?
|
Been having some trouble understanding the differences between the two and would appreciate anyone who can dumb it down for me. & #x200B; Thanks in advance!
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"So as i understand it, Gibb's paradox is a thought experiment that deals with a lot of math and definitions of entropy that aren't consistent with how we understand entropy today. The idea is that if we have two neighbouring containers of identical gas, of identical temperatures, the amount of entropy in each canister is X. This makes the total amount of entropy in both canisters 2X, because they are identical in every way. Then a door opens between the two canisters. Trough mathematics, Gibb's determined that the resultant amount of entropy in the two connected containers now rises to more than 2X as the gas mixes. If the doors are then closed, the amount of entropy would reduce to 2X again, breaking Newton's second law of thermodynamics by lowering the amount of entropy in a closed system. However, this experiment doesn't take into account the fact that individual particles of gas are interchangeable because each and every molecule is identical to every other molecule, therefore, the amount of entropy in the system doesn't increase when the doors are opened. Maxwell's demon is similar but it works a little different. We again have two identical containers of gas, connected with a door. The gas canisters are both the same temperature, but the temperature of a container of gas is the average of the speed of all the individual molecules. Some are faster, some are slower, but the ratio of fast to slow molecules is the same for both canisters. This time, there is a little creature, a demon, who controls when the door opens and when it closes. It only opens the door when a fast moving (hot) molecule moves from canister A to canister B and when a slow (cold) molecule moves from canister B to canister A. This way, canister B slowly heats up, molecule by molecule, while canister A cools down, decreasing the amount of entropy in the system. The problem here is that it isn't a closed system, since the demon is putting energy into the system by identifying fast and slow molecules and selectively opening and closing the doors. The amount of entropy here is determined by distribution of heat, unlike with Gibb's paradox, where entropy is determined by the degree of diffusion of particles between the two canisters, ignoring that it doesn't matter if two identical particles switch canisters, the end result is the same. I hope this explains it. Edit: some typos"
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8
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
lud16i
|
What does dopamine do?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"gp5sh45"
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"text": [
"Dopamine is something called a neurotransmitter, and its released from the ends of nerve cells for the sake of sending a signal to the next nerve cell in the line. I'm guessing you've probably heard phrases like \"dopamine rush\" before. Those aren't particularly accurate. It would be more accurate to say something like \"This stimulus triggers enhanced communication between neurones in my brain's reward-motivation circuits, thereby making me want to do more of this thing and less of other, less reward-motivated things\". But that isn't as catchy as \"dopamine rush\". The phrase \"dopamine rush\" is essentially equivalent to saying that a bright light causes a \"glutamate rush\" because it results in the optic nerve sending more signals to the brain about the the quality of the light its seeing, and it uses glutamate as the neurotransmitter for doing this."
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5
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
lud41z
|
why do you look better (more attractive) in the mirror with the lights on at night rather than during the day?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"gp5ta5q"
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"text": [
"The light from a lamp is many many times weaker than daylight, so we see less and the brain \"fills out\" more. Brain does not know the flaws, so it doesn't fill in those. Many blemishes and flaws that we have, especially pigmentation flaws like freckles and moles, also absorb *much* more short wavelength light like blue and UV. Daylight has a lot more blue and UV than a lamp does, so these flaws become even more visible. I have a basically antique tanning lamp at home. It's a mercury quartz discharge lamp, so it produces white light with extreme amounts of blue and UV. You look like a fucking diseased zombie in the light of that lamp. Scars you didn't even know you had look like dark scabs, every little pore looks like a dirt filled nasty hole."
],
"score": [
19
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
lud9ho
|
How is it that software run ON operating system but not software and operating system are 2 independent programs running on the same resources?
|
Both software and the operating system use the same resources like RAM, hard disk, processor etc. Shouldn't they be 2 different programs that run on the same resources? How is it that software run on top of operating system when they are running on the same resources side by side?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"The whole notion of \"programs\" is something operating systems create. Without an operating system there's no such thing as \"2 different programs\". The CPU is just hardcoded to load some code from a fixed location on boot, and start running it. Back before modern operating systems, you had unlimited access to the machine. There was nothing above your code, so you could do whatever random thing you wanted with the hardware, sometimes up to doing physical damage to it by commanding it to do something it couldn't tolerate.",
"They are not running on the same resources. An application is running on a the subset of resources that the operating system have assigned to it while the operating system itself can run on all the resources. This is why we say that the application runs on the operating system."
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"score": [
10,
3
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[
"url"
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[
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lue2u0
|
Why can't we breed bees en masse
|
In nature the bees create a queen with royal jelly. Can we not use the chemicals involved in this process to mass create bee queen's and then farm the hell out of the bee queen's to create billions of bees. Assuming the pupate at a very fast rate? Could we not solve the bee problem this way?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"The bee problem isn't due to insufficient bees. Be colonies will grow prolifically on their own. The problem is that we've created an environment in which bees die. You can create more colonies but that doesn't change the fact that we place those colonies in a very hostile environment for bees. And not just bees really. People overstate the importance of bees and massively understate the importance of insects in general. And insect populations as a whole have plummeted.",
"I can’t really answer your question but I can add anecdotal evidence. My uncle is a bee keeper as a hobby, he’s been doing it for decades. My parents live on an old Christmas tree farm. All the trees are to big to sell so my dad thought it would be cool to have some bee hives spread out among the rows of pine trees. My uncle tried 3 summers in a row to get a colony started. He brought in different “boxes” for them and tried different queens but nothing worked. The fledgling colonies just couldn’t make our yard work and we gave up. So if an experienced bee keeper couldn’t get 10 acres of wooded lands to work I guess it’s not as simple as we all think breeding more bees should be",
"We breed bees en masse every year. Some beekeepers actually specialize in just breeding queens. They will farm queen cells and just create thousands of queens every month. The thing is those queens need a hive, and those hive need clients. So we can technically make thousands of new hives every month, but someone needs to purchase them and place them in areas where there is enough food for the bees to thrive. The thing that you aren't told about the \"bees dying\" is that it is commercially easier to let them die. A lot of bee death is caused by the almond growing industry. It is more profitable to take hives to the almond groves, let them do their bee stuff and then let them die rather than retrieve them. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )",
"Afaik the issues for bees include: 1. Being poisoned by bee-unfriendly pesticides sprayed on crops. 2. Not having enough to eat. A huge field of wheat can't feed a bee. A bee can't make it across that stretch of hundreds of acres without dropping from exhaustion because they've had no food to sustain them in the meanwhile. The same in residential areas: most people favour big sterile grass lawns (no food for bees), pebble gardens or paving (definitely no food for bees). And people that do plant flowers don't necessarily choose bee friendly options. The showiest, prettiest flowers are often double petalled which stops bees from getting into the middle of the flower where the nectar is. [This flower is a rose.]( URL_1 ) It's the kind of rose bees like. But most people don't want that kind of rose in their garden. In fact, a lot of people wouldn't even be able to identify that flower as a rose. [This is the kind of rose that most people think of when they decide to put flowers in their garden]( URL_0 ). But bees don't really like that type of rose, even though it might look prettier to you and me.",
"Some Bee keepers raise queens and sell them, and is a bigger source of revenue than honey. A local keeper even uses artificial insemination to get the quality's they want. ( Used to buy a queen for 7-10 dollars, now 40-60 dollars) I keep bees and often buy queens to split my hives, the queens are sent to me in the mail. In the 70's I lost very few hives, this year I have lost 3 out of 8 hives I had last summer. We can get all the queens you want, but you can't control what gets sprayed on the farmers fields.",
"We do breed bee's en masse but domesticated bee's aren't the bee's that are in danger of extirpation or extinction in most areas. It's things like solitary bee's or certain species of bumble bee's which are in danger. Much of the issue is habitat loss and conflicts with humans which aren't easily resolved even if we kept breeding and releasing bee's",
"You're missing the actual issue. Beekeepers already do that. Our problem on the commercial side is that colonies ate getting harder to maintain. Every year 20+ percent losses are becoming standard. I personally had a great winter season and still lost 15%. It's expensive and time consuming to rebuild those colonies. The bigger problem ecologically is that the mix of monocultures, pesticide, fungicide,and herbicide use, and the advent of varroa mites are killing native bee populations, and there's no commercial scale operation to rebuild those, because they operate different conditions.",
"We can and we do it's just that with industrial farming and the extended use of Neonicotinoids and glycophosphates, we are poisoning them and other bugs and pollinators. We are in the middle of a mass extinction and it is happening from the bugs on up. I know local farmers here in Louisiana who have kept bees for generations who come out to a hive-full of thousands of dead bees after they have found a \"new\" source of pollens coated with this shit. We are killing them with impunity and no one seems to be able to stop it or hold the companies accountable. Silent Spring is upon us.",
"Outside of the human-caused issues facing bees (like insecticides), there are natural issues. Others have described how bees reproduce by the trillions (like all insects), but we're in the middle of an evolution of immunity in the general bee population. Varroa Mites, European Foul Brood, American Foul Brood, wax moths, bee-diarrhea (yes, that's a thing)... all devastating to bee colonies. Typically the \"stong would survive\" - but the business of beekeeping isn't allowing nature to take its course. We have treatments for these things like Oxalic Acid (for mite control) among other others. For commercial beekeeping these options are too expensive (time and materials) compared to just rearing thousands of queens and letting them reproduce like insects, only to die after 1 season. If we humans were to let evolution do its thing, the bee population would plummet to very low levels with only the bees immune to these myriads of ailments surviving. They would eventually rebuild and spread across the world, but what would happen to the world food supply/etc in the meantime without the sheer numbers of pollinators? I have 3 hives in my back yard. They're a pain in the ass, but I'm involved with the local beekeeping community and when we find a colony of bees with natural immunity, we breed them and spread them around. It will take time.",
"The bees in danger aren’t necessarily the farmed ones, but wild species some of which don’t even have colonies but live in little one unit burrows."
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"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/07/honeybees-deaths-almonds-hives-aoe"
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[
"https://www.google.com/search?q=david+austin+rose&safe=strict&client=ms-android-samsung-rev2&prmd=sinv&sxsrf=ALeKk00ihGLyvaL2qQpYWxFnvtbU35_qCw:1614519198129&biw=360&bih=572&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid6u_b2IzvAhWBtHEKHfNKCQoQ_AUIBg#imgrc=WYwdKogzZJKpBM",
"https://www.google.com/search?q=single+petal+rose&safe=strict&client=ms-android-samsung-rev2&source=android-browser&prmd=sivn&sxsrf=ALeKk01LACnIG-0GLsN5Or5lRQZ-8cNJjA:1614519570461&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLnOuL2ozvAhXWZxUIHRpsBR8Q_AUoAnoECAsQAg&biw=360&bih=572&dpr=3#imgrc=whxaJuAlBOt99M"
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[
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[
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luehbp
|
How do astronomers determine an exoplanets mass?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"gp601ci"
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"text": [
"The best indicator is how much it moves it's star through gravity. Each force has a counterforce, by estimating it's orbit and measuring the little wobble the star does we can calculate it's mass.",
"The mass of celestial objects have gravitational pull. The gravity of a planet has a pull on other objects (moons, other planets, etc) that we can observe and measure. These measurements can be used to calculate mass.",
"Exoplanet mass is usually determined by the doppler wobble method. Planets orbit their host star. All planets have their own gravity which pulls on the star, causing it to move slightly towards it. So, as the planets orbits the star, the star wobbles slightly. This wobble can be detected by looking at the light from the star. If you know what the doppler shift is, it's to do with that. If you don't, don't worry about it. The gist is that the star's motion causes its light to look slightly more red or slightly more blue to us, depending on its relative velocity. The size of the wobble can be used to estimate the planet's mass. This becomes pretty complicated pretty quickly when you have multiple planets orbiting a star, and you need longer observations to really know what it is you're observing."
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3,
3
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[
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[
"url"
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|
lufk9b
|
Why do people become unconscious after being hit on the head?
|
My mum asked me this and I'm curious to know the answer in a way she can easily understand
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"A hard enough blow to the head causes a surge of neural activity as the brain impacts the inside of the skull (a concussion). That surge of overloaded signals causes the nervous system to shut down for a moment, causing a blackout.",
"It should be noted that unconsciousness from a head injury is rare and very serious. Even extremely serious head injuries usually leave you fully conscious. It's not at all like Hollywood where you can give the guard a knock on the head and tie him up and he'll wake up an hour later feeling fine.",
"It's kind of like when you roll and ankle and it takes a bit to walk it off. The brain is too busy swelling to do its job at the moment."
],
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6,
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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lufs2p
|
Why is everyone happy Amber Heard got fired from Aquaman 2?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"gp63eto",
"gp6428q"
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"text": [
"It is clear that to some extent both actors were cruel to each other. It appears that she was the much more abusive one in the relationship. Especially damning is that she lied about his abusiveness, which hurts women who are actually abused but might not be believed due to things like this. As a result, Depp lost several movie rolls and his career is in turmoil. At first, it was clear that her career was not in turmoil. That is blatantly unfair. Having her career take a nosedive is bringing balance back to the situation.",
"It wasn't just a legal battle. She claimed Depp did a lot of bad things to her during trial, and then it turns out she was abusive toward Depp. Mind you, Depp is also pretty beloved by people for being Jack Sparrow and Edward Scissorhands. And it is possible Depp did also hurt her, he has struggled with alcohol and drugs at times and has even been in legal trouble over getting physical, especially when they had made up for a time and released a joint statement that their relationship was \"at times volatile.\" But people took a side regarding the whole matter, that Heard tried skating by as an innocent victim when she also partook in violence, and decided to try getting her off Aquaman. Some may consider this part of what Some call \"cancel culture.\" Anyway, it finally happened so those wanting it to happen are obviously happy."
],
"score": [
10,
10
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
lug6nd
|
Atoms and molecules
|
What is the difference between a atom and a molecule?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"gp64pro",
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"text": [
"An atom is a single thing made up of neutrons and protons together in a core surrounded by electrons. A molecule is multiple atoms combined into one. It's the difference between an Oxygen *atom* (number 8 on the periodic table of elements) which has 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons and an Oxygen *molecule* (two Oxygen atoms together, which is what we breathe to survive).",
"Atoms are smaller than molecules. Atoms are made by electrons and protons and have 1 or 2 orbits. When am atom needs more electrons it shares his electrons with another atom, an makes a molecule, like O² or CO²",
"Atoms are the basic building blocks for most stuff in the universe. All atoms we know about have been charted on the periodic table of elements. Atoms look kind of like the solar system, they have a big thing in the middle called a nucleus, with is kind of like the sun. Very big and everything else rotates around it. The planets in this metaphor would be the electrons. Molecules are combinations of atoms. The structure that they combine in can get very complicated. You could have dozens or even hundreds of atoms in one molecule. We have a formula for writing molecules that shows which atoms are in them. For example H2O (the 2 should be subscript) is water. One water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom."
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3,
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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lug90r
|
When a medication causes dry mouth, what is it doing?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp6ba58"
],
"text": [
"There are a number of mechanisms that could cause this. So salivary glands receive their command to make saliva from the brain via nerves. These nerves at their ends where they connect to the gland release a chemical, acetylcholine (ACh). The salivary glands then have a few types of receptors keyed to accept this ACh. When they get this chemical, it tells the glands to make some saliva. So we could interfere with this process by impacting on the body's ability to make or recycle ACh, or what if we introduced a drug that likes to sit in that receptor and blocked the ACh from getting in? Or we could look at it another way, what if the issue is further back, the brain sends those signals down to release ACh in response to stimuli. The act of chewing, the smell of food... the brain starts sending those signals down to the salivary glands telling them to start making saliva in preparation for this food. What if the drug induced numbness or interfered with those signals going to the brain... Or chemo radiation for throat cancer can just physically damage the tissue of the salivary ducts"
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3
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[
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[
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|
luh6zq
|
if muscle soreness is caused by micro tears in the muscle why does it not hurt like a regular cut of the skin and what causes the limited range of motion after?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"gp6d4hs"
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"text": [
"The limited rang of motion is an artificial limit your body sets to prevent further damage.",
"Muscle fibers being torn apart, even on a micro scale, is much more damaging than skin getting cut. However, there are more nerve endings in the epidermis than in muscle tissue so it will be more painful. Muscles work by contracting and pulling the fibers together. If there are micro tears, then those fibers won't fire and contract until they heal. That will restrict range of motion and strength."
],
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8,
4
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
luhgwp
|
If the universe is expanding, what is it expanding into?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp6hymw"
],
"text": [
"Think of it this way. In between the stars and planets is the vacuüm of space. Sure, there’s gases, dusts, comets and whatnot in that vacuum but mostly it’s empty. Complete nothingness. If you draw an imaginary sphere around all those galaxies, stars, planets, moons and everything else, that’s the universe. What’s outside that sphere is the same as what’s inside that imaginary sphere, the nothingness of hard vacuum speckled with galaxies. When the universe expands, those galaxies drift further apart, increasing the distances between them. Enlarging that imaginary sphere you drew around it. But what lies beyond that sphere is the same as what lies within. The nothingness of hard vacuum."
],
"score": [
3
],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
|
luhnyl
|
Can an intense enough sound generate heat?
|
If I remember right from highschool, heat is just molecules moving fast. Since sound travels through air, moving molecules on it's way, can a sound intense enough generate some kind of heat? (I apoligize for my ignorance both in english language and physics!)
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"Yes, sound can generate heat. Actually, sound waves almost always generate a little bit of heat as they travel and almost always end up as heat when they are absorbed. Sound and heat are both macroscopic descriptions of the movement of atoms and molecules. Now by intense enough, I'm assuming you mean volume. The DB level will increase the heat factor by a very small amount in comparison to the volume increase. It would also depend on the material that the sound is passing on/over/through and multiple factors of that material: absorptions coefficient, reflective coefficient, molecular density, heat dissipation etc. Hope that helps.",
"Sure. There's a process called ultrasonic welding where sound is literally used to weld materials together by heating them."
],
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11,
3
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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luhph6
|
Texans were charged billions of dollars more for electricity during the blackouts. Where is that money going?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Primarily energy producers who raised their rates to the maximum they could get when supply was far outstripped by demand",
"Presumably... oil and gas at a premium to run massive generators vs coal. Then the added cost to fix the grid and all that entails. This isn’t normal or good, but it’s the system they decided on...",
"In theory to winterproof the electricity grid, in reality into the pockets of the electrical companies."
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5,
4
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
luhwiw
|
How can smells permeate through water?
|
I’m watching BBC Earth and I don’t understand how sharks can smell blood at hundreds of meters away
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp6dgik"
],
"text": [
"Its really the same way anything outside of the water smells. Particles of whatever you're smelling float about and get caught by whatever you're using to smell. This works in both air and water; so a vulture detecting some small bit of rotten flesh floating in the air is essentially the same as a shark detecting a small bit of blood floating in the sea. Then they just follow the smell as it gets stronger until they find the source."
],
"score": [
6
],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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lui93v
|
what do people who take entheogenic drugs exactly mean when they say that they feel omniscient and all-powerful?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"Do you know that sensation you get when you have been struggling to solve a puzzle for a long time and you suddenly figure it out? Or there is an “inside joke” that a lot of people get but you don’t get it and then suddenly you get it? It’s this feeling like the answer was there the whole time and then it is suddenly revealed to you. It’s the pleasure of figuring things out. It’s why we do crossword puzzles. I believe psychedelic drugs give the user a powerful sense of having figured something out without the underlying process of actually having solved anything. The user senses the aha moment, thinking “Oh I get it now, I can see how it all works” but will struggle to articulate exactly what has been figured out. Because the drug is affecting the receptors in the brain that give you that feeling."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
luiiyo
|
Why do content creators/ streamers get dmca strikes when they play games and music plays? The music artists gave their consent for their music to be used in games which the streamer then plays so why do the streamers get striked?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp6ir8o",
"gp6p6yb",
"gp6vk48"
],
"text": [
"Most of the time it's an automated system. The music is copyrighted, though allowed for use in certain media. However an algorithm that can spot a certain track being played is a lot easier to program than an algorithm that can spot if a certain track is being played, then recognise the context in which it is being played, cross reference this context with the agreements permitting to that track, and then decide which action to take.",
"Thanks for the responses guys. Learnt something new today!",
"Because it's often a copyright violation, and the streamers are responsible to YouTube or wherever to ensure that they have the appropriate licenses. When tracks are licensed to be used in a game, that may or may not include rights for players to rebroadcast. Broadcasting is a form of distribution, and requires its own rights. Some artists/labels are unwilling to give that license, some may have already sold exclusive broadcasting rights. If they are willing, then they will ask more money for it - and game makers may not be willing to pay the extra fees. It can also be because of false positives. However, on the other side the coin, the potential for false positives are also a reason why some artists are unwilling to give such broad distribution rights - because it makes enforcement of their licenses far harder. If they never grant broadcast rights except to limited, specific partners, they can more easily block actual infringement. With regards to the fair use argument, that's not a particularly strong argument for distributing large segments or entire tracks to the public over a form of mass media for commercial interests. There is also financial harm because this causes increased costs in policing enforcement and is an area where they make money licensing it. It does not on the surface look like fair use, and, regardless of how a court would rule, YouTube does not want to deal with those risks and does not have to deal with those risks."
],
"score": [
28,
7,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
luj0kb
|
If I toss a coin 100 times, does the option of getting heads 100 times have the same probability as getting 50 heads 50 tails?
|
My friend is trying to explain why not all possibilities have the same probability but it's not making any sense to me. I thought all possibilities have the same probability.
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp6lwfz",
"gp6nbec",
"gp6o8z4",
"gp6lxar",
"gp6lumf",
"gp7zu4f",
"gp6lyt7"
],
"text": [
"No. There is only one route to getting 100 heads. There are a **LOT** of routes to getting a 50:50 split. To take a shorter sample of four flips: You can get equal heads and tails from HHTT HTHT HTTH THTH TTHH THHT But you can only get all H from HHHH",
"No. The possibility of getting 50 heads and 50 tails is much higher. However, there are equal chances to getting 100 heads and getting exactly 50 heads and 50 tails alternating in the order of HTHTHTHT... etc, or in getting exactly 50 heads then exactly 50 tails with no breaks. Basically if the order in which heads and tails matter, than the odds are the same for any set order as is getting 100 of either side. If the order doesn't matter and your just counting up the number or heads and tails, than the 50/50 is much more likely.",
"The thing is that your friend and you are talking about different things. What you are think of is that each *specific sequence* has the same probability. For instance, (going with only 4 tosses here) HHHH has the same chance as HTTH. However, things change when you only look at the amount of heads vs tails. For example, both HTTH and THTH have 2 heads. With a bit of math, you can calculate that there are 6 sequences in total that give 2 heads, while only one gives you 4 heads. That's why you are more likely to get 2 heads than 4 in a series of four coin tosses. This is what your friend is talking about.",
"If you toss a coin 1 time, the chances of heads or tails is 50% each. If you toss it again, the chances of getting beads both times is 25%. This is because instead of two outcomes (heads or tails) there are 4 (heads-tails, heads-heads, tails-heads, and tails-tails). If you repeat this 100 times, the chance that you will get heads every single time is extremely tiny.",
"No because there is only one outcome which can result in 100 straight heads, but there are additional ways to get to 50-50. Example, you can toss heads, heads, tails, tails vs heads, tails, heads, tails... etc",
"Toss your coin only two times: Here are the possibilities : H H/ T T/ T H/ H T/ There is only one road to H H but two road for the alternative bc TH = HT. In fact probabilities would be the same if you wanted your serie of alternative head and tail in a specific order",
"No. Imagine a bell curve style ball drop, with 100 heads on the left, 100 tails on the right, and 50/50 in the middle. There may be a couple balls that drop on the sides, but they'll congregate in the middle. This is because the 50/50 doesn't have to be in a h/t/h/t order, but any combination that eventually adds up to 50/50. The all one side HAS to be all that side, in order."
],
"score": [
217,
31,
26,
9,
6,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
luj93o
|
Why, on one night, the moon is quite high at 3pm. Then, 2 days later, it's low in the sky at 6pm where it is much bigger and more yellow.
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp6r8au"
],
"text": [
"The Moon moves faster across the sky than the sun does because it's orbiting the Earth, and obviously the Earth is rotating as well. The Moon takes about a month to orbit the Earth, so that's why its cycles last about a month. Each day it moves a few degrees every day. The Moon looks larger near the horizon because of an illusion, the cause of which [is still debated]( URL_0 ) Because it's closer to the horizon, your brain assumes that it's larger than it actually is. It hasn't actually increased in size at all. The reason the Moon looks more yellow near the horizon is the same reason that the sun looks yellow when it's actually white. The atmosphere scatters the incoming white light. Blue light is scattered more strongly than red light, so the white light of the Moon or sun is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum, making it look more yellow. When it's at the horizon, the light from the Sun or Moon has to travel through more of the atmosphere to reach your eyes, so the effect is more pronounced. The phases of the Moon are just because of the Moon's relative position to the Sun. One half of the Moon is always lit up and the other half is in darkness. If the Moon is full then that means the Earth is between the Moon and the Sun, so we see the whole of the side that's lit up. A new Moon occurs when the moon is between the Earth and the Sun, so the dark side is facing us."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-the-moon-and-the-s/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lukhmu
|
When we "see" images in our head, how do we actually do it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp6xdp0"
],
"text": [
"Current theories propose that when we imagine something, we try to reactivate the same pattern of activity in our brain as when we saw the image before. Curiously enough, there are people that are described as \"mind blind\" that can't form images in their minds eye."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
luklxw
|
If it gets leaked so often, why do game developers put files in a game before they release them?
|
Like when they put data files in a game, then data miners find the information and leak it. Can't they just copy the files onto a separate server that the public can't access and then move them over so the files don't have to be planted there first? Is this out of convenience or is it something technical I don't understand?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp6xe5h",
"gp709oy"
],
"text": [
"Less data to have to transfer at launch. If you literally just had 100% digital downloads for everything with no pre-downloaded files, that's a lot more data that needs to be uploaded to thousands/tens of thousands/hundreds of thousands of people at the same time. And bandwidth costs money. And at the end of the day, the leaks rarely are of a nature that are negative - if anything they'll drum up even more interest in the game.",
"There are a variety of reasons you might do this. Bandwidth issues have already been talked about. Some others are: - Your company or the platform you're on has some kind of limitation to how you can do patches that mean you *have* to release the content early. You can see this in Genshin Impact - almost 4 weeks ago they released patch 1.3, a big content patch that was going to contain 3 2-week long premium gacha banners. They only announced two of them, because I guess they wanted to keep the third a secret or something, but because the company has a 6 week patch cycle, they had no choice but to add the third character to the game files in the original 1.3 patch, cos that banner is going to be the 5th and 6th weeks of patch 1.3. - You actually want dataminers to find the stuff to generate hype about new content so you put in a few little hints like emotes or sprays or something but not the full content. - The game files are built in such a way that would make removing the content really difficult and not worth the hassle. Skyrim is an example of this - the game files include loads of content that was cut from the final release, but instead of being deleted were just hidden. Fallout 76 probably has the same thing, since it's made on the same platform, and that would be an example of a game still receiving patches but that also has dataminable content."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lul8fp
|
Why do grapes take so long to freeze?
|
They're so small but even at -20 C they still take upwards of 8 hours to freeze even though a similarly sized drop of water freezes within an hour.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp714ba"
],
"text": [
"Grapes take longer to freeze than water because of the sugars present. The sugars have the effect of dropping the freezing point and also increasing the amount of energy that has to be extracted to change the phase of the juices from liquor to solid"
],
"score": [
26
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
luljyb
|
If we see something happen X light years away, did it really happen X years ago?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp7347v"
],
"text": [
"You had it right. Because of the speed of light, looking at more and more distant object means you are also looking deeper and deeper into the past. The relativity angle you may be referring to is that for an object traveling near light speed, time will slow down as you near the speed of light. So for a photon traveling at light speed, no time passes at all. However, for you, an outside observer, time will pass at “normal” speed."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lum4cm
|
why is the heart the biggest concern with high cholesterol and not other parts of the body?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp76wig",
"gp7g4iw"
],
"text": [
"You can live about 8 minutes without pumping blood. Heart and lungs are super important. Nothing else kills you faster except physically destroying the brain",
"Cholesterol does deposit in other parts of the body. The arteries in you legs, neck, and guts can all become blocked off due to high cholesterol. The reason why everyone is so concerned with the heart is because a heart attack (no blood flow to the heart itself) will prevent blood from flowing anywhere else. Without blood flow to anywhere else, it doesn't matter if there's blockages in your legs. In short, there's a reason why heart disease is the #1 killer in the US."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lumkgu
|
How is it possible that the entire world is in some kind of debt?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp7e86u",
"gp7jctl"
],
"text": [
"Let's say you borrow $100 from me. On the books, you are in debt to me. Let's say I borrow your lawn-mower. On the books, I am in debt to you. We are both in debt.",
"The US borrows some money from US citizens. The UK borrows some money from UK citizenst. Repeat this for every country in the world. Now every country in the world is in debt."
],
"score": [
11,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lumy5h
|
What causes an oasis to grow in the middle of deserts?
|
I'm a little bit of a plant guy, but what I do mainly is indoor planting, so I know not everything can thrive in sand, but is there some kind of root system or pocket of water that creates such a lush environment where the surrounding area is rather barren otherwise? The idea of the oasis always fascinated me, yet the actual physicality of its occurrence never actually seemed to make sense.
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp7gruu"
],
"text": [
"Essentially the surface of the ground erodes to the level of the water table (there is water beneath a desert!) at some point in history, plants take hold, draw the water table down a bit, the ground surface follows it down, and you end up with a permanently vegetated depression in the sand containing some surface water."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lun1kb
|
Why do ears feel clogged by air when changing altitude such as driving up the mountains?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp7fwh2",
"gp7fz1i"
],
"text": [
"The air in the space between your jaw and inner ear has air in it naturally. That's why your hearing goes weird when you yawn, or stretch your jaw. The higher altitudes have thinner air, so the air pressure difference makes the air from the higher pressure low altitude expand. That causes the clogged and sometimes painful feeling on our ears when we climb mountains or fly. (That's my understanding of it anyway. Fellow redditors, feel free to critique or correct me if I'm wrong.)",
"Ideally the air pressure needs to be the same on both sides of your eardrum. If the space behind your eardrum was fully sealed it would be come very uncomfortable when the pressure changed. Air pressure changes with altitude so when you drive up or down a big hill the pressure will be different on the outside of your eardrum. We have a tube (eustachian tube) that connects the middle ear with the back of your sinuses in order to keep the pressure the same. When it changes, you need to equalize this pressure in order to feel comfortable. This can happen either naturally or swallowing/yawning can help the tubes open and equalize the pressure. Occasionally those tubes can be blocked for a variety of medical reasons."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lun3p4
|
why is carbon used to filter water
|
Whether it be to filter aquariums or ammonia or the very water that we drink why is it used that way how does it interact with water
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp7ezjy"
],
"text": [
"Have you ever taken charcoal for an upset stomach? Because of the porous nature of it it is very full of surface area. That allows it to bind to lots of bad stuff. Charcoal is pretty much just carbon"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lunf25
|
Why do fruit trees grow naturally in the wild while home grown fruit trees take so much care and effort?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp7hezu",
"gp7htcn",
"gp7hvyd",
"gp8d8bk"
],
"text": [
"It depends where you live. If you live in the Northeast or the northwest, you can easily grow apple trees in your yard. If you live in the southeast, especially Florida, citrus and avocado will grow wild. But if you live in Minnesota, you ain't growing oranges, and if you live in Texas, you ain't growing apples. So if you want fruit trees to grow in your yard without a lot of effort, you've got to pick ones that are native to your area or at least growing similar climates.",
"Home fruit trees don't take a lot of effort, if you don't mind little mammals, birds, and insects eating all of the fruit. In the wild, this is OK. In your back yard, not so much. Of course this only applies if you have plants in your yard that are native to the area. Growing an orange tree in Minneapolis is super hard, in Orlando - not so much.",
"Wild trees spent lots of time adapting to the environment or the environment adapted to them but either way it's a natural balance where the tree flourishes. When you take it inside your house it's expecting all of that natural balance to be available to it and so you need to replicate as much as possible for it to flourish inside.",
"A wild fruit tree will spread hundreds or thousands of seeds every year, but not many of them will grow into an adult tree. The few that do have happened to end up in an optimal location, with enough sunlight, water, fertiliser (eg if an animal are the fruit and pooped the seed out), etc. When you’re growing your own tree in your garden, you’re probably just growing one, so you need that one to survive and have to therefore provide the optimal conditions yourself."
],
"score": [
15,
14,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lunog5
|
How in the world do we “hear” that voice in our head but not hear it? What does it sound like? It’s so mind-boggling (see what I did there?)
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp8k7yo",
"gp7ul8r",
"gpa8qgp"
],
"text": [
"If you’re asking “how” it’s the neurons in your brain firing in closely the same ways you would when you have an actual dialogue with yourself. Except the brain isn’t receiving the input from your ears. The internal self can be different for different people. Some of us don’t actually have it. Children for example learn to first to speak to themselves out loud and then learn to internalize their thoughts. It’s not known though if that’s due to their brains being undeveloped or if they actually lack the concept of “self” yet. In essence though it’s a form of thinking and problem solving we have evolved to have.",
"You would hear this voice even if you didn't know a language, it is your consciousness speaking to itself with logic. Wanting that apple because you are hingry doesn't need words, the act of doing the action materializes in the brain and paints a picture, combined with years of learning a language and givi g objects names it will also combine those names to the thoughtprocess.",
"When I was 5 I tried to explain this to my family and ask WHY this \"voice\" exists. But i couldnt articulate it..so theyre first thought was that I was insane.... Now I know i was trying to explain the inner monologue we ALL have inside of our minds. U would think grown ass adults would be smart enough to catch that. People were really stupid in the 20th century, apparently. I mean if my kid asked me that I wouldnt think \"crazy voices' id relate right away. Id be like \"oh he means the inner monologue\" or id at least google wtf hes talking about before condemning him as a psychopath. Which isnt even the correct mental illness btw (my mom held this over my head for 13 years and was apparently the basis for why she abused me, she thought I was legit mentally ill and interpreted all my actions through that lense until she abandoned me at 13 years old, didnt learn this until i was like 21)"
],
"score": [
7,
5,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lunrdh
|
What are those patterns that we see when pressure is applied to the eyes?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp7n8xf"
],
"text": [
"Activation of cells in your retina from the pressure...this begins the chain of signalling events that leads us to consciously experience vision (ie activation of neurones on our cerebral cortex, the outer layer of our brain, in the visual areas of the occipital love). Read more here: URL_0"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/why-do-we-see-stars-when-we-rub-our-eyes/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
luo58u
|
How does "brain fog" happen, biologically?
|
I'm aware that it is caused by depression, or stress, but how do said things cause it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp8itlj"
],
"text": [
"Depends on the situation. For depression, it could be related by a lack of serotonin. Serotonin is the so-called \"happy chemical\" in the brain that might be lacking for some depressed people. In real life it's a molecule that allows communication between neurons and have a lot of different functions. Anyway, some neurons that liberates serotonin are located in a region called the \"raphe\", those neurons activate the prefrontal cortex (just behind your forehead) which is a brain region highly implicated in cognitive processing, reasoning, plannification and so on. A lack of activity of serotonin neurons could induce a lower activvity of the prefrontal cortex and that could explain why some depressed people experience a sort o brain fog and difficulty to process things, and that's why some feel like they're getting dumber. It's not a permanent damage to the brain tho, it's a bit like turning off the light in a room and lacking the ability to turn it on again, but the electrical installation is fine."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lup11y
|
Quantitative Easing
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp7wvq6"
],
"text": [
"If people aren’t buying stuff, the central bank might try to get people to buy more stuff to improve the economy. They do this by loaning the government money (buying gov bonds). The government will use that money to buy stuff, or give it to regular folk who will buy stuff, or maybe a tax break so people have more money to buy stuff, anything that might that might get people to buy stuff and start a domino affect of more stuff being bought to give the economy a kick in the pants."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lup7p5
|
I know that our eyes send the message to our brains upside-down, our brians just flip the image, but like how do we know that?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp8vasx"
],
"text": [
"It's a necessary consequence of how lenses work. We know that our eyes flip the image because we know what shapes our eyes are and what materials our eyes are made out of, and we know how light passes through those materials in those shapes. And light flips upside down when it passes through your corneas."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lupl3y
|
What makes nasal breathing so much better? And when you get better at it (doing so automatically, for example), what kind of longer-term benefits does it have?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9v7hj",
"gp8y1sy"
],
"text": [
"I'll add to the other answers here that if your mouth is shut, and you breathe out through your nose? People nearby do NOT get to smell what the inside of your mouth currently smells like. (If you're wondering why this makes a difference, you may want to wander over to your dog, or your friend's dog, when they're just lying there panting, and smell near their head, to smell what the inside of THEIR mouth smells like.) --Dave, there's reasons there's multiple brands of mouthwash, Sen-Sen, Tic-Tacs, scented toothpaste, etc., available",
"Among the pros, the air passing through your nose gets warmed up (or cooled down) to the right temperature for your bronchi. Cold air is bad for many pulmonary defense mechanisms."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
luqp0n
|
If an electric car plugs into an outlet that takes its power from coal or gas, isn’t that just trading one pollution for another?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp8914l",
"gp9b62h",
"gp88hcc",
"gp88lzt",
"gp8bzea",
"gp895f2",
"gp9yn7t",
"gpa2uot",
"gpa4c3i",
"gpa1ijl",
"gp9pvt8"
],
"text": [
"Yes, but that's not a bad thing. Even in an old coal-fired plant the conversion is much more efficient than in an automobile engine, all the pollution is in a fixed place where it can be treated, the least efficient plants are closed every year, and eventually it might be replaced by more renewable sources. All these are better than their gasoline engine alternatives.",
"1. The total amount of pollution is less, because even if the electricity is 100% non-renewable (see pt 3 below), huge power plants are much more efficient at getting energy from fossil fuels than a combustion engine can possibly be. A gasoline engine turns less than 30% of the fuel's energy into usable work. With electric cars you get more miles per fossil fuel burned. 2. That smaller amount of fossil fuels is being burned at power plants. Power plants generally have better scrubbing/emissions control than cars, have tall stacks so the pollution is never at ground level, and are releasing the pollution in remote places rather than where cars (and people) are. Downtown/freeway smog avoided. 3. In reality the electric power is very rarely 100% non-renewable. So it's already better, and will automatically improve even more as renewable sources become more widely used. Source: My MSc thesis on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The hydrogen for these is made from methane (natural gas). A LOT of people have OPs question, and it's a good one.",
"Yes, but it's easier to shift the grid to renewables and reduce power plant emissions than it is to do the same with 270 million separate internal combustion engines.",
"It is. But there are some aspects that still make them \"better\" than ICE cars in terms of pollution. 1. you take the source of the pollution away from the cities (where people live) to more remote locations, therefore fewer people are exposed to high levels of pollutants 2. As electricity production becomes more sustainable, the cars will automatically mirror this improvement if they're electric.",
"Even if the *entire power grid* was driven off of gasoline, which it obviously is not, industrial engines are easily twice as efficient as your corolla. This means that the same energy requires half the pollution. Combine that with regenerative braking and no engine idling, and you can see why electrics make for efficient vehicles *even in heavily fossil-fueled grids*.",
"Yes, but a good portion of electricity is renewable these days and becoming more so every day. And even if there is pollution, it’s not spewing out of the back of a cars directly into populated areas.",
"We could talk about how much more efficient an electric motor is vs an internal combustion engine but others have already gone there. Instead, remember that a gas car will burn the same amount of fuel per mile for as many years as it lasts. Not only does an electric car start as the greenest option, in all but the most extreme cases, an electric car actually gets cleaner over time as the grid is cleaned up.",
"In the UK you can chose the company that supplies your energy. Some of these companies only use renewable sources.",
"But COAL isn’t the only thing that Gives your Electricity. HYDRO/SOLAR/WIND are Green energy. In the Eastern part of the world , Hydropower is the Main source of electricity to houses. So Cars can go Green again. But buring coal for Electricity too can be greener because even though the Burn’t pollution is Treated at once the emission starts. Also Cars that use petrol have Sulphur/lead/CFCs/Greenhousegases too. So ElectricCars are the Future",
"Yes, but it's doing it in a more efficient (and less polluting way). Coal and gas plants are highly regulated and burn cleaner (per mile driven) than your tiny car's engine. And it's cleaner to move electricity through wires to your car's battery than to haul gasoline from refineries to gas stations. EVs are not ZERO pollution. But they're a whole lot less than combustion engine cars on a mile per mile basis.",
"Gasoline powered cars will always remain as gasoline powered cars for their whole life. Electric cars will use whatever fossil/renewable power mix is supplying their local grid. Electric cars are able to move from a 100% fossil fuel grid, and then as that grid upgrades to become renewable, then eventually that same car can leverage its local 100% renewable power grid. Even if an electric car is only ever powered by coal power plants for its whole life, it still ends up using less fossil fuel over it's operational life due to the super high efficiency of coal power generators, as compared to gasoline powered car engines, but that has been said elsewhere in the comments."
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[
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[
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|
lur5e7
|
Why do galaxies and solar systems form flat connections?
|
I am curious about why is for example milky way flat and not spheric, by spheric i mean why arent stars and planets spinning around like atom particles do?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp8bxxv",
"gp8cqea"
],
"text": [
"It's because they're spinning. Spinning things tend to flatten out in the middle. Here's a good video explaining it further. URL_0",
"Well, first off, electrons don't \"orbit\" the nucleus the way you're thinking of. In fact, the first electron has no orbital angular momentum at all (!), meaning it isn't (on net) going \"around\" the nucleus in any sense at all. But to answer your original question: a large collection of random objects moving random ways usually has some net rotation concentrated in one plane over another, just because it's very unlikely that every random movement exactly cancels out. Particles on one \"side\" of that rotation (that is, that are orbiting in some other plane at some angle from the main plane) have to pass through the main plane at some point in their orbit, and are likely to collide with something either in the plane or also crossing the plane from the other side. This means that most collisions happen between either a particle moving \"up through\" the plane and another moving \"down through\" it (although of course \"up\" and \"down\" don't have their normal gravity-based meanings here), and when those collisions happen, they tend to cancel out some of that \"vertical\" (that is, out-of-plane) motion. Over long periods of time, this tends to cause \"clouds\" in space (that is, objects composed of lots of smaller objects that aren't physically attached to one another) to collapse into discs. The time it takes is relatively short on astronomical timescales, and so we mostly see the end result."
],
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmNXKqeUtJM"
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
lurml5
|
How does tolerance to capsaicin work?
|
I love spicy foods, to the point it’s almost all I eat. As soon as I see a menu I look for spice and often ask for more. Everything I make at home gets more than a dash of cayenne. My parents have said that when I was a toddler I would eat hot salsa whenever I could and living in San Antonio it’s equivalent to butter. I would cry if it was taken away. I don’t feel a “burn” in the mouth anymore unless I eat something radical like a ghost pepper+. What is physically different in my mouth than a normal human being?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp8gc1p"
],
"text": [
"There is a specific protein called TRPV1 which is used by certain pain neurons to detect things like heat, acid and also certain chemicals like capsaicin. Some people are born with a genetic mutation causing less TRPV1 to be produced. This would make it harder to feel pain from these things. A similar effect can also happen if the TRPV1 receptors trigger too often."
],
"score": [
3
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lusflp
|
How have multiple civilisations created bow & arrows independently of each other?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp8ji6z",
"gp8jy2s"
],
"text": [
"Throwing a pointy stick (spear) is pretty intuitive. All it takes to go from that to a bow and arrow is for some person to have some sort of elastic \"string\" which either by accident or on purpose, they observe throw something some distance. From there it's not much of a mental stretch to combine \"Pointy thing\" with \"stretchy thing\" to make \"stretchy thing that shoots pointy thing further than I can throw it\".",
"Some people are blessed with common sense and logical thought. Given time, humans will naturally find ways to be more efficient and effective with everyday activities to improve their quality of life, using any and all resources available."
],
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3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lutcko
|
How come broth made from chicken meat (which I think is a complete protein) is not a complete protein?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp8pg92",
"gp8qzy4"
],
"text": [
"Typically when people cite such things they are referring strictly to bone broth and not broth made from meat. Bone broth will typically lack a few essential amino acids. If you eat it with meat, then there's no issue. If you ate it by itself and that was all you ever ate in your diet, then you might have problems. Most people don't eat just one thing so it's not an issue.",
"There are nine essential amino acids that make something \"a complete protein\". Broth making can destroy methionine, tyrosine, and histidine, at the concentrations available in chicken. Chicken isn't the best possible protein source, and extensive processing is never good for protein sources."
],
"score": [
7,
5
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
luu7zy
|
how come you can donate more than half your liver and it'll grow back in aa few months, but excessive alcohol will permanently scar it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp8tght",
"gp9unhn",
"gp8tt5g",
"gp9m2h9",
"gpa8p73",
"gp8uz8n",
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],
"text": [
"Alcohol damages cells indiscriminately; and once you have a lot of damaged cells, the repair mechanisms can’t keep up. When you chop off half of a healthy liver, the remaining healthy cells regrow the missing part.",
"The thing is. The liver doesn't really grow back. I mean, it grows back...but it doesn't grow back as it was. A liver transplant takes 1-2 lobes of liver (out of the 4 you got) and the remaining lobes will regrow to the same livermass. But they're still two lobes (only primitive lifeforms have true regeneration. Unlocking true regeneration for humans is like the holy grail of transplant science). This growing back is a crucial part of the livers function, because it will be continually damaged throughout your lifetime by various toxic byproducts. But whenever it grows back it will not grow back perfect, slight imperfections and scar tissue for every regenerative cycle...and eventually those scars impede the livers function. Kind of like an analog recording of a recording. The small flaws build up over each iteration. With alcoholics this is due to various reactive byproducts from heavy alcohol use (and it usually takes years of alcohol abuse to become a problem), but in other forms of cirrhosis (liver scarring) it can be due to different poisons or viral infection or because there is some sort of regenerative flaw (like replacing damaged livertissue with fat).",
"The same way that when you get a big wound, even after the skin heals (skin is even more regenerative than the liver ofc), it still doesn’t look quite the same. The answer is, more or less, scarring. When there is enough damage, normal tissue is replaced by scar tissue, and the tissue in that area permanently loses its ability to grow back into healthy tissue. And because alcohol hits the liver slowly and all over, you can’t really lop off a chunk and let the healthy tissue grow back over it",
"The big difference is the timing, removing half a liver happens all at once and presumably the liver was healthy to start with and will be healthy after. When you drink excessively you exceed the bodies ability to heal the liver, so basically it's breaking down faster than it can repair itself. It's so focused on breaking down alcohol that it's overwhelmed. Also the byproducts of alcohol breakdown are slightly toxic to the liver and in high enough amounts add to the damage.",
"Roughly speaking, liver is made by two different kind of cells/parts: funcional liver cells _(haepatocytes)_ and structural cells and fibers. The formers \"do the job\", the others build the _connective tissue_ that gives liver its structure. When liver suffers a single damaging event, like cutting out a chunk of it for organ transplant, after the event, all cells have plenty of time to replicate in a coordinated way, properly rebuilding the same amount of liver that was cut away. When liver suffers chemical or metabolic damage, the funcional part is much more affected than the structural part, because the former is the one directly involved in the chemical break-up of toxins like alcohol. If the damage is not a single event, but it's a daily habit, the damage will also hit the very cells that are trying to replicate to replace the damaged ones. Keep it going long enough, and the voids will eventually be filled with easyer to build structural parts: in a word, *scars.* And since voids will be filled, functional cells will no longer have a place to growh, and eventually not even the \"chemical signals\" that multiplying is even needed. The end result is a liver that is actually bigger to compensate for the loss of function, but eventually made mostly by \"scar\", non-functional components.",
"That's a great question, could you chop off the part that's damaged by alcohol and regrow a healthy liver??",
"Your liver constantly regenerates itself whenever it's damaged, whether by alcohol or physical removal, but that healing process involves the creation of scar tissue, which doesnt have hepatic function. Constant drinking generates more liver damage and scar tissue than a single liver donation.",
"Think of it as a tree. As long as there is good soil you can cut most parts of a tree and it will eventually grow back in a month or so but little disturbance of the soil pH or lack of nutrients kills your tree forever. Hope this helps."
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[
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[
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|
luvyyp
|
Why do objects reflecting UV light seem to glow in a way that makes them look much more like a 'source of light than reflection of other wavelengths.
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp92n3r",
"gp930xq",
"gp93d7u"
],
"text": [
"As UV photons hit a fluorescent material they are absorbed, and other photons of a longer (lower energy) wavelength are emitted. As we can't see UV but we *can* see the emitted light, it provides a striking contrast, but in a sense the thing glowing becomes a source of light by being powered by higher-energy light.",
"What you seeing isn't them reflecting UV light. If they were, you would see nothing because UV light is invisible to your eyes. What you're seeing is called Fluorescence. The stuff is taking in UV light and emitting visible light. Usually they do that in a dark setting so that the emitted light is brighter than the visible light being reflected. If it was brighter, you wouldn't see it as well.",
"What you're seeing is *fluorescence* - the objects aren't just reflecting UV light. Instead, they're absorbing that UV light and re-emitting that energy later as a *lower* frequency light. This is really important. You can't see the UV light. Human eyes can't detect it. UV lights usually also emit some visible violet light, but our eyes aren't very sensitive to high frequency blue anyway so it still seems *really* dim. So although there's relatively a ton of light bouncing around, we can't see most of it. The fluorescent material absorbs that invisible UV light and instead of emitting more invisible UV, it emits visible lower frequency light. Our eyes see that very well, *especially* if it's around green/yellow, which is what our eyes are most sensitive to. *To our eyes* the material is very bright. Relative to the invisible light around it, it *is* bright. In our experience, the only things that glow brightly relative to their surroundings are sources of light. It's all \"bright\" in the sense that there's lots of energy, but we can't detect most of it."
],
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5
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
luwdhx
|
The Energy / Ecological Cost of Crypto Art
|
I've been seeing a lot of news around about crypto art, which is something like digitally signing a file to a cryptocurrency on the block-chain. While I do not have a complete understanding of that process, I understand it slightly more than my main question: What do people mean when they say making this crypto art consumes a massive amount of energy? I do not understand how a small-time artist can click a few buttons and, as a friend put it, "use up more energy than an island nation." I've tried looking around, and have read a few articles about it, but cannot seem to get my brain to understand their tech lingo, and when I do it seems they skim right over the thing I'm questioning. Is the energy consumed directly by the artist selling this stuff? Or has it already been consumed, and that consumption is being tied to the artist when they do the deed? It obviously cannot be directly from the artist, since that would obviously show up immediately in their power bills in some way. Normally I would accept that it's bad at face value from these people, but I'm having a hard time villainizing small time artists for trying a new method of paying their bills, especially one as lucrative as this. Can anyone help me?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp96r6r",
"gp9qoro"
],
"text": [
"*Quick googling* Ok, so it looks like crypto art uses blockchain technology to buy, sell, and trade original works of art to ensure their authenticity and, more importantly, their exclusivity. Apparently, the idea is to use blockchain technology to keep the record. Regardless of what's going on with the art, anything that uses blockchain technology uses a lot of energy. The idea behind blockchain has been [pretty thoroughly discussed]( URL_1 ) here on ELI5. The short version is that the data is encrypted and sent out to anyone and everyone who is part of the network that wants it. In order to process a transaction the data has to be sort of decrypted, except *no one* has the encryption key. The only way to process the encrypted data is to brute force it. Skipping more details, the encryption is a math problem that's ease to solve but hard to figure out what the problem actually *is*. As a very simplistic answer, 30+40 - > 70 is really easy to figure out. But 70 - > 30+40 is really *hard* to figure out. Given only \"70\" it could be 31+39 or 35\\*2 or 1+1+1+1+1+1... or 71-1 or 50\\*2-30 etc. There's no way to figure it out, really, except to guess every possible solution until you find the right one. No human can do this by hand - you have to check *billions* of possible solutions. A computer has to do this. This is crypto \"mining\" - the computer is set to just keep trying solutions until you get the right one. Ultimately, the process isn't computationally difficult: each guess takes just a little bit of computing power. The most efficient way to do this is not to use a very powerful single processor, but to use many many wimpy processors working in parallel. Graphics cards happen to be good at this, because that's kind of almost a bit like the same process used for graphics processing. In order to reward people for doing all this work, the person who completes the process and finds the solution gets a reward. I have no idea what that is for crypto art, but for Bitcoin, the reward is that you get a \"free\" bitcoin. I say \"free\" in quotations because you have to use electricity to power the computer doing this. My computer used to be a fairly nice if budget gaming rig ten years ago and uses a single old, low-end graphics card. I need a 650 watt power supply to run my computer, but it rarely if ever actually uses all 650 watts unless I'm playing a *very* graphics and computer intensive game. A proper crypto mining rig is going to be using *many* of the highest-end graphics cards the miner can afford to buy, stuffed into whatever server space they can find. I'm not going to bother counting all the cards in [this image]( URL_0 ) of a mining rig, but you can see with just a glance that it's a lot. A quick estimate puts it at ~100 cards. You can also see at least 20 power supplies, all of which are, I dunno, 1000 watts? Probably bigger? And those cards are all running at max capacity, which means those power supplies are also running at the highest safe capacity. So you're looking at 20,000 watts of power usage just in that one room. That's a lot of energy. Plus all that electricity is creating a lot of waste heat, which means you need a powerful air conditioner also running to keep everything from overheating, which sucks up even *more* power. And that's *one* rig, out of all of the hundreds or thousands or tens of thousands of rigs all trying to mine that crypto thing for that one transaction. I don't know that it's as much as even a small island nation, but I also wouldn't be surprised. **TL;DR: Processing the transaction itself requires a computer somewhere to pull the right number out of a hat. Whoever pulls the number gets a reward. There are a *lot* of numbers so people build very powerful computers that can pull thousands and thousands of numbers out of the hat at the same time to increase the odds of getting the right one. Those computers suck up a lot of juice.**",
"So, the concept of bitcoin is that it is designed to mimic how currency is backed by natural resources (as opposed to currency backed by government.) Think like how the value of the dollar was once tied to the value of gold because it represented gold. In the case of bitcoin, bitcoin is backed by computational power, which in turn means actual electrical power. Currently there are 144 bitcoins produced a day. If a bitcoin is worth $50000 then you can assume that people will spend a bit under $7.2 million per day in electricity to generate bitcoins. So like gold or any other resource backed currency, people will gladly destroy the environment to mine it. Bitcoins are just backed by electricity."
],
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"https://i.pinimg.com/originals/33/61/47/33614745da62580aebb02e9163c0d007.jpg",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/search?q=blockchain&restrict_sr=on&include_over_18=on&sort=relevance&t=all"
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
luwsan
|
Still and carbonated water taste
|
To me, still water is bland but fine, even nice if chilled. Carbonated water, on the other hand, tastes like shit no matter its temperature. Even if it's gone flat, it still tastes awful. I dislike carbonated water to the point that even when I'm really thirsty and can down half a litre without blinking, I still will not drink carbonated water. Add flavour however, and still flavoured water tastes like shit (whether formally carbonated and gone flat, or never carbonated, it all has that 'flat' taste to me). Flavoured carbonated water is delicious though! Whether it's something heavily flavoured like coke, or just a lightly fruit flavoured sparkling spring water. Is there a reason for the difference? I am a supertaster and a dislike of carbonated water is common, but why the drastic change when a little flavour is added?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9brrf"
],
"text": [
"As explained by WIRED: \"The carbon dioxide in your favorite soda pop tastes sour to your tongue, thanks to an enzyme that converts CO2 into protons that sour-sensing cells can detect. That means your Coca Cola isn’t just packed with high-fructose sweetness, but, perhaps counterintuitively, its carbonation delivers a delicious squirt of sour too, according to a new study.\" The acidity may be unnerving to taste in something like water, which we know to be neutral-tasting, whereas with a mild fruity flavor, that \"tangy\" aftertaste is likely more familiar."
],
"score": [
5
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lux1zw
|
how do the recycling symbols on plastic work?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp99seg"
],
"text": [
"There are 7 numbers, each identifying the type of plastic. #1 Polyethylene Terephthalate #2 High density polyethylene #3 polyvinyl chloride #4 Low density polyethylene #5 polypropylene #6 polystyrene #7 other Just because it has a number stamped doesn’t mean it’s easily recycled. Most places only recycle #1, 2, and 5. They are stamped for consumer knowledge, not just for recycling. The number can tell you a lot about the product or package. For example, you can microwave #5 plastic. The stamps are also used in recycling centers. The machines can scan and read the number so they know how to sort the plastics. Fun fact: black plastics are not able to be recycled because the machines can’t read the number against the dark color"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
luxzl0
|
Black heads and pimples
|
What is the difference between me politely and lovingly popping my pimples at home with clean hands and my dermatologist going ham on my face with their metal sticks or those suctioning machines, what's the reason the doctor's way is more advisable? (Other than them being a professional and me being a mortal)
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9ehxu",
"gp9eaqz"
],
"text": [
"Think of it like showering in the rain vs showering at home. Sure you get wet and you can remove the dirt and all, but you never know what germs you can get from bathing outside and the rain could be dirty. Also, you can't control the rain. You also have more toiletries at home in case something goes wrong. The doctor's clinic is supposed to be a clean and safe environment where they use sterile materials so there is less risk of getting infections and if something goes wrong, they have the necessary materials for it. Also, there are some areas where popping pimples in an unsterile environment can be dangerous (around the nose area). Infections here can spread to the brain through the veins.",
"Clean hands, clean tools, and proper procedure. All to prevent it from getting infected and being worse. Sometimes it will be the same at home as it is with a doc, and sometimes not. Blackheads are a build up of sebum and whether you remove them or a professional removes them is really just what I mentioned above. While there is blood sometimes, it's usually just a giant pore full of sebum being removed. No skin break. Pimples are a bit different because sometimes you should just let them go away on their own. Popping them invites trouble, and then sometimes it needs to be popped to drain. But if you lance it correctly (as opposed to just popping with fingers), and it doesn't get infected, that's exactly the same as going to a pro. You're just upping the risk a bit compared to a blackhead, and you could cause some scarring. Now if there's a cyst, maybe the contents need to be cultured. You start getting into the territory where maybe you can remove the cyst and the sac ok, but a quick trip to the doc is good because this has more potential to be a big infection."
],
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17
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
luycw8
|
How does selective breeding for temperament in animals work? How do the personalities of the parents determine the personalities of their potential offspring?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9eyi5",
"gp9skf6"
],
"text": [
"I'll use an example of Russian foxes that were bred to be more docile and easier for humans to interact with. The foxes that were the least shy and aggressive were allowed to have babies and the ones that snapped at humans weren't allowed. They found that after multiple generations of selective breeding that the foxes produced less stress hormones when around humans. Coincidentally, they also looked more like baby foxes with dappled coats. So, while they were only trying to select for temperament, they also selected for looking more like juveniles.",
"Temperament/personality is at least partially genetic. The other answer here talking about the foxes is a good example of how that would physically work. A lot of your \"temperament\" is what hormones you're producing and how much, and where and how many their receptors are. \"High strung\" dogs could make more stress hormones, or be more sensitive to them (via more receptors). Extra loving loyal dogs (golden retriever etc) probably produce oxytocin (trust/bonding hormone) more than other dogs. So only breed the wolves that make the most oxytocin for 5,000 years and you've got a Golden. Ultimately, everything (including moods and behaviours) is chemical reactions, and everything about animals (including moods and behavious) is influenced by evolutionary control. Yes, in humans too. Evolutionary psychology (how behaviours evolved the same way limbs and senses did) is pretty cool."
],
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7,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
luynz2
|
How is Proxima Centauri’s density 33 times that of our sun?
|
It appears that [Proxima Centauri]( URL_0 ) has a mass 1/8 of our sun and a diameter 1/7 of our sun. Rough math should put its density slightly less than our sun, yet the same article states that Proxima Centauri’s density is 33 times higher. I’m beyond confused. Edit: my math was TOO rough and this does make sense.
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9ibiq",
"gp9g5yi"
],
"text": [
"Lets say that Proxima Centauri weighs 1 pg(ProximaGram) and has a diameter of 1 pm(ProximaMeter). That would put the sun at 8 pg weight and 7pm diameter. Density is weight per volume, so we first have to calculate the volume of both. Volume: v = 4/3\\*pi\\*r\\^3 v(proxima) = 4/3\\*pi\\*1pm\\^3 = 4/3\\*pi\\*1 v(sun) = 4/3\\*pi\\*7pm\\^3 = 4/3\\*pi\\*343 we can just shorten the (4/3\\*pi) term to see that the sun has 343 times the volume, because volume goes into three dimensions and therefore grows exponentially, if it grows in all directions. The density is now weight divided though volume: density: p = m/v p(proxima) = 1/1 = 1 p(sun) = 8/343 \\~ 1/43 This is not the searched for 33, but that is probably due to rounding, since these are all just approximations, we are after all just 30% off. & #x200B; NOTE: This is not proper math, it is just to show the relationship between weight and volume of spheres. In proper calculations you need to keep the 4/3\\*pi, we can leave this out, since we only want to see the specific relationship between the two bodies, not a representative weight in units.",
"Volume is exponential with diameter. Do a calculation of the volume of the two spheres given the two diameters and you might find your missing 33x difference."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
luyss9
|
what is the advantage of being in a location with a few wireless access points over one where you have a lot?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9gs8u"
],
"text": [
"Wireless networking uses radio waves within a fairly narrow band, and the range of channels is such that there are only about three that don’t overlap at all, and 11 total with some amount of overlap with their neighbors. The problem this causes is that someone trying to talk to one access point on the same or nearby channel as another can interfere and be interfered with by people talking to that other access point. It is like trying to hold a conversation in a crowded room; because it is crowded you are necessarily wedged closer to other conversations and start talking over each other. Having a bunch of talking in the same space actually interferes with communication overall."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
luyzqi
|
How do international newspapers arrive at 5am every day?
|
Also, how did rural homes get the daily paper from major newspaper companies?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9hnd4",
"gp9qbyv"
],
"text": [
"They have contracts with local printers. The international newspaper will send the digital file to the local printer who will print it and then distribute it to various retailers.",
"The simple truth is that they contract a local news paper with their own printing press so that they get access to local printing and distribution services; Nearly all newspapers are printed in the same format (and if they for some reason happen to be in a different format, it's often exactly twice as large sheets so that it's possible for the machine to cut the larger sheets from the same huge roll of paper) and if you want to buy printing services from a local news paper, the trick is pretty much to print the same size as they print themselves (or, to be precise, they probably made the conscious choice to have the same size as the large national papers, to be able to sell spare printing capacity.) so that no-one has to fiddle with recalibrating the printing press in the middle of the night. Most printers have a distribution area consisting of about an hour and a half up to two hours worth of driving in either direction from the printing facility. Most news papers around here guarantee delivery to subscribers before 0600, and the local delivery staff gets their bundles at approximately 0300 and most districts are timed to just short of three hours; three hours walking, three hours bicycling or three hours driving. Rurally, this may mean around 200 newspapers and a lot of driving and in a condo development, it may mean walking and just shy of 700 newspapers depending on availability of elevators and such. In reality, this means that the further away from the city you live, the earlier in the night your paper is printed. Your local edition may have begun printing just around midnight and the national contracted prints (that often lack the localisation, for simplicity) are printing in parallell through the night. The last localised paper leaves the press around 0230 and is dropped off for the local delivery pickup just shy of 0300. The national and other contracted papers consist of dailies, weeklies, bi-weeklies and monthlies of all kinds, often with their delivery days spread out over the week so that you don't clog the system entirely by delivering the national nurses union's monthly paper the same day as the tech unions' cooperative paper that comes bi-weekly. And the local papers tend to try to run their larger weekend editions on the day when the finance papers don't come out. And so on. But, yeah. As someone else pointed out, the printing facility is \"just an advanced printer\" (with emphasis on advanced) and local newspapers has made a business out of printing for other brands as well. It works especially well for the finance papers who rely entirely on the local distribution networks and still get access to all of their customers easy in the morning."
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv032k
|
what happens to my mortgage and possibility of selling in the future if the housing market crashes like it did in 2008?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9nl3k",
"gp9n9ix",
"gp9zcw1"
],
"text": [
"The good: you can refinance your loan to get a lower interest rate if the market crashes. The bad: you will have a hard time getting any value out of your home if you try to sell, much better to wait untill the market is rebounding. The ugly: you can get so upside-down (owe more than the value of the house) on your mortgage that the bank will demand a lump sum payment to protect its investment.",
"Unless you have an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM), your mortgage is the same. If the housing market goes down you’ll not be able to sell for as much as you would otherwise be able to.",
"It depends how much you still have to pay on the mortgage. What causes the issue in a housing market crash is \"negative equity\"--e.g. when the value of your house is \\*lower\\* than the outstanding amount you owe on your mortgage. Since you have to pay off the mortgage as part of selling the house, this means you have to find that shortfall from somewhere if you decide you want to move out, and obviously you can't just resolve the issue by moving into a cheaper property. Now, if you're not planning on moving out and can still keep making your mortgage payments, this isn't an issue, obviously."
],
"score": [
24,
7,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv064g
|
When you try to relight a candle right after you just blew it put, why will it relight before the flame hits the wick?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9pj2p",
"gp9nxwk",
"gp9ne6q"
],
"text": [
"When a candle is burning, it's not liquid or solid wax that is burning. It's vax vapor/gas. The heat of the flame evaporates liquid wax from the wick and the resulting flammable wax gas is able to mix with oxygen in the air and burn up. More liquid wax is drawn into the wick by capillary action (think water sucking into paper towel) and the self-sustaining cycle continues. When you blow out a candle, there's a few seconds where the wick is still hot enough (from just being in a fire) to continue evaporating wax into flammable gas. That's the \"smoke\" you see from a just-extinguished candle. You can light that smoke trail, sometimes even several inches from the wick in still air, and the flame burns down the trail of flammable vapour just fine.",
"The white smoke you see after you blow out a candle is wax vapor. That wax vapor can be lit on fire.",
"It's still gassing off and you are lighting off the trail of gas that's rising off the wick"
],
"score": [
14,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv08c3
|
How can we SEE a shockwave from an explosion?
|
For instance, [in this image]( URL_0 ), what are we actually seeing?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9ntlq",
"gp9nth3",
"gp9nrij",
"gpa2udo",
"gpao9tr",
"gpchrqm"
],
"text": [
"light gets bent by different density air. You can see hot air going up from a fire, because it is less dense. A shockwave pushes the air out and compresses in a wave. The more dense air bends the light and we can see this bending, because it contorts the image we would see without the bending.",
"Air of different pressure will refract light differently. We can see the pressure wave because of the way it bends light differently from the surrounding air.",
"The air being compressed enough to where it distorts the image. It’s like looking more through water as it’s molecules are forced closer together. It’s still just air though. You wouldn’t see it in space.",
"In addition to the other answers you’ve gotten, sometimes you see a white cloud around the explosion, especially with really powerful explosions in humid air. That’s called a [condensation cloud]( URL_0 ). It’s actually caused by the opposite side of the shockwave causing the air to get much less dense, which makes water condense. The [Beirut explosion]( URL_1 ) had a very pronounced cloud.",
"Refraction index of air. Just like heatwaves lifting off a desert floor. The density of the air bends lightwave.",
"Good answers here for that photo but I thought I'd add how in other images you can \"see\" the shockwave because of condensation. you know how when the air gets cold at night, water droplets start forming on everything, or when you take something cold out of the fridge, water droplets form on it? this is because cold air is \"squeezed\" , as it cools down, it gets more concentrated, more dense. This leaves less room for water molecules to hang out as individuals, as a gas. The water molecules start bumping into each other and sticking, until there are enough of them to see. In an explosion of course it's not cold, you would think it's hot. but as the shockwave rolls out, it can leave a low pressure area in its wake which drops the air temperature just enough to cause condensation. The explanation for why the temperature drops from the shock wave is more complicated than ELI5 but the reverse process is easier to understand I think. If you take a certain amount of warm gas in a jar, and then squeeze it down with a piston, you now have that same amount of heat in half the space. so that half is now hotter, and the other half left behind is colder. Look for a photo of the Beirut fertilizer explosion for a good example. Also you can look for something called a shock cone formed around fighter jets at or near the speed of sound. Edit: clean up"
],
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18,
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8,
3,
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[],
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[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_cloud#Nuclear_weapons_testing",
"https://youtu.be/DwRF5liTGB4"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv0od9
|
Why does helium and sulfur hexafluoride have opposite impacts on your voice after inhaling, even though they are chemically very different? They're not that chemically similar, but they aren't chemically opposite either, just two very random compounds/gases.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9q6j2",
"gp9px5o",
"gp9s718",
"gp9pzr2"
],
"text": [
"They both have their effect because of their density. Helium is much lighter than air, SF6 is much heavier. Their chemistry doesn't matter, neither are reacting in this scenario. *EDIT: Importantly they* ***are*** *chemically similar in that both are non toxic. These are the lightest and heaviest non-toxic, non reactive gases. Hydrogen would make your voice even higher than helium, but you're a spark away from exploding your lungs.* Your voice is produced by your vocal cords vibrating. Literally flaps/folds wiggling back and forth in the air. If you replace that air around them with something relatively thick and heavy (like SF6), then the cords vibrate slower due to the extra resistance. Imagine swimming in a pool of honey or syrup. You'd move slower than swimming in water. It's the same here. Helium is lighter than air so your vocal cords are free to vibrate faster than usual, for the same reason.",
"Their different densities are what effect the sound of your voice. Helium is very light and sulfur hexafluoride is very heavy. Sound moves at different rates through gases with different densities.",
"Just an FYI to anyone out there. Since SF6 is heavier than air it has a tendency to sit in your lungs which can cause asphyxiation. If you’re planning on experimenting with it, consider taking a decent break between uses. And laying down to let the air “fall” out of your lungs.",
"It has to do with the density of the gas When lighter-than-air helium enters your vocal tract, it's not the vibration rate of your vocal cords that changes; rather it's the speed of the sound waves travelling through the less dense helium. This speedy sound waves make your voice all squeaky. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has the opposite effect. Those sound waves slow down, which lowers your voice. This effect - which is pretty funny - has done the TV talk show rounds. Because the gas is so dense - it's about five times the density of air - it behaves a little bit like liquid. URL_0"
],
"score": [
20,
3,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.sciencealert.com/sulfur-hexafluoride-youtube-video-extinguishing-candles-potent-greenhouse-gas"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv0rdb
|
How do touch-less thermometers work?
|
I feel like they aren’t nearly as accurate as you would think? At my work one day I was read 94.7 and I know that’s not true.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9qfp0",
"gp9qoan",
"gp9s4dl"
],
"text": [
"Every object in the universe that isn't at absolute zero glows. This is called black-body radiation. Something has to get quite hot, about 1,000 F, to glow in the visible spectrum of light. But, things that are about 100 F will glow in the infrared range. The thermometer is detecting the infrared radiation that your skin is putting out and uses that to determine what temperature you are.",
"It’s just an IR thermometer. The accuracy is likely fine, it’s just that your forehead may run cooler than your mouth, arm pit, ear, or butthole. That said, it needs to be used properly, when taking the reading it needs to be perpendicular to your forehead. It’s likely your reading was user error.",
"Just to touch in the accuracy part of your inquiry, it's measuring your skin so if you just came out of the cold and weren't wearing a hat your foreheads temp will be lower. This isn't to say it won't tell you if you have a fever since fevers will still radiate stronger through your skin but in reality screening stations should wait 5 minutes at least before testing you. These types of thermometers also require calibration over time so it is possible it's off. The one I own was off by 2.75 degrees. Basically you take your temp with an oral and with the contactless and you can adjust the contactless by however many degrees it's off."
],
"score": [
9,
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv0xf4
|
Why can’t people drink unpasteurized milk, while babies can drink breast milk eventhough it’s not pasteurized?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gp9ra24",
"gp9u9ka",
"gp9wth6"
],
"text": [
"You can drink unpasteurized milk but you run the risk of having germs in the milk make you sick. But, if you drank the milk directly from the cow, or shortly after milking, the germs won't have had much time to grow. Breast milk is the same way. Drinking it directly means that it hasn't had time to grow germs.",
"You can drink unpasteurized milk, humans have been doing it for a loooong time. We domesticated cows like 10,000 years ago, pasteurization (named after Louis Pasteur ) started in 1864. that said raw milk is a good medium for bacteria so mishandling can lead to transmission of disease via the milk so while it can be perfectly safe to drink it's far safer to pasteurize it.",
"Pasteurization has nothing to do with being able to digest milk. Pasteurization kills bacteria which could contaminate milk, especially when it's being transported long distances and passing through large processing facilities. When humans first started drinking milk from other animals, they were milking their own animals and drinking (or fermenting) it before it could be contaminated. When people started transporting it from farms to urban places is when the problem started, which was eventually addressed by pasteurization in the 1800s."
],
"score": [
18,
5,
5
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv2di8
|
Why is there so much salt in the ocean? Where does it come from?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The sodium and chlorine, which you think of as components of salt, actually entered the ocean separately. The sodium is from dissolved rock, both from the sea floor and from runoff from the continents; sodium is very soluble and many of the most common rocks on the surface of the Earth (like basalt and granite) contain it. The chlorine, on the other hand, is mostly outgassed from volcanic vents. Other ions, particularly calcium, dissolve easily but are also removed from seawater more quickly (e.g. calcium being filtered out by living things to make shells and bones, which ultimately become rock and recycle back into the mantle). The reason there's so much of it is that it leaves the ocean only very slowly. It can be left on land when the sea recedes after times of high sea level, it can be buried along with the seafloor by subduction under continental plates, or it can slowly react with other rocks on the seafloor. All of these processes are very slow and the rates at which they happen are proportional to how much salt is already in the ocean: if the ocean gets saltier, they speed up; if it gets fresher, they slow down. This acts as a negative feedback that keeps the level of salt in the ocean relatively stable even over geologic time.",
"It comes from rocks on the ocean floor and on land. When rain and rivers flow on land, they dissolve anything soluble (like sodium minerals) and carry it eventually into the ocean. When water evaporates from the ocean, only the H2O evaporates and all dissolved stuff is left behind. That evaporated water then rains over the land and picks up more salt on its way back to the ocean. So the water keeps cycling but the salt has a one-way\\* path into oceans, so over millions of years it builds up. \\*actually it's complicated and chel\\_of\\_the\\_sea's amazing answer goes into that. But the bottom line ELI5 is \"salt from the land runs into oceans and accumulates there\".",
"Fun bonus thought. As the salt levels build up over time, sea life adapts by increasing the amount of salt in its blood to match, to remove osmotic pressure. Sea life that left the ocean long ago has lower blood salt levels that match the ocean salt levels of the time. That's us, we have prehistoric ocean blood.",
"I think it’s important to note why most lakes are not salty because that’s the next logical 5 year old question. Lakes are usually fed by a river and also drained by a river. The salt moves into the lake from the river and then also carried out by a river. The ocean doesn’t have a river to drain it, only evaporation. It’s also important to note that some lakes are indeed salty if no draining river is present.",
"Rain fall down on mountains and becomes rock-flavored (salty) Salty rainwater washes into rivers then into the ocean Ocean water evaporates into clouds but can't carry the heavy salt Clouds bring more rain to pour on mountains. Repeat this process over thousands and thousands of years and you have a salty ocean",
"I don't think any of the answers really hit on the main reason, which is that rocks, or more precisely, rock-forming minerals, react when placed in contact with water (most rcok-forming minerals are salts of conjugate bases for weak acids like H2CO3, H4SiO4, and so on). On this planet, pretty much everywhere near the earth surface contacts water, and there is reaction that occurs because that is what water and minerals do when in contact at low temepratures, and some of the product of that reaction is dissolved ions (insoluble constituents like aluminum and silica remain, but soluble ions like potassium and sodium run away in the water). Those ions flow downhill with the water and enter the ocean, so that s the main reason that there is any salt (dissolved salts, actually) at all in any ocean (or salt lake). The stuff comes in but does not leave very fast. Water, on the other hand, evaporates and recycles. The fact that salt contents in oceans do not go much above that general 3% content over time, when you would expect that it should since it always enters but apparently does not leave, is the real problem. Maintenance of concentration in oceans when new material is constantly added requires salt loss somewhere. Where, is the question. Evaporite precipitation is pretty uncommon as an actual process, so does not work as an explanation. Most of that \"loss\" apparently occurs when ocean fluids are drawn into subsurface rock and react with that rock, exchanging elements between rock and water at the higher temperatures encountered at depth. These fluids eventually resurface as \"black smokers\" (hydrothermal discharges, or \"geysers\" at the bottom of the ocean). The fluids are completely different, chemically, from sea water because of that water-rock interaction at depth and high temperatures. There is also a lot of chemical interaction occurring in any pile of wet sediments; that water is also eventually returned to ocean but with completely different chemistry than it had at burial (than the ocean has at any given time). On average, it has been estimated that all ocean water passes through such chemical \"filtering\" on the order of 10 million years, so there is a buffer system operating to maintain the general chemistry and salinity of the oceans that works on a time frame of 10 million years. Thus, sea water composition does not continue to increase with time as more and more rivers bring in new salts. Isolate basins that are not in free exchange with open oceans and do not get cycled through the rocky subsurface beneath oceans at spreading centers (as an example), do see increased salinities with passage of time. They do become exceptionally salty and do reach the point of evaporite precipitation (saturation of water in the salts), but those situations are the rarity, not the rule.",
"Erosion. Water rains down on earth, and it flows back to the oceans in many ways. For example through rivers and ground water. This water will bring salt and other minerals with it, because the water moves and the movement of the water causes other small particles to move with it and erode everything it touches, which may be rocks, minerals (including salt), soil, etc. The water itself evaporates, but the salt and other materials are left. This is why the ocean is salty. There remains a balance because new water always flows in and water always evaporates",
"Water on land flows down rivers to the ocean. The only way for water to escape the ocean is evaporation. This leaves any carried salt behind. The reason why the ocean doesn't constantly get saltier is because it has reached an equilibrium state where salt precipitates out about as fast as rivers carry it in.",
"Long time ago there was a kingdom far far away in an island when slat was rare to find. There were a poor shepherd who found an animal that was injured in the area surrounding the kingdom. The old man helped the animal and treated its injuries. It turns out that the animal wasn’t an ordinary animal but a magical one. To return the favor to the old man it gave him a magical millstone that can produce salt. They both went their own ways. The shepherd arrived to the kingdom with his magical millstone that can be activated and deactivated by two commands that the magical animal told to him before they leave each other. In the kingdom people started talking about the sudden wealth of the shepherd, whom then was asked to meet the king and explain to him where did he get all that salt from. When the shepherd arrived to the castle he was welcomed by the king. The shepherd later explained to the king how he come in position of the magical millstone that can produce the salt. The king then ordered him to bring it to him to see with his own eyes how it works. The old man later did bring the millstone. Then the king asked him to show him how it works. The old man to his simple and kind nature said the command to make it work. The king was shocked that the rare and expensive thing they know as salt was produced just like that. The king immediately confiscated the millstone and ordered his guards to execute the old man. The poor man died but without telling any one the command of stopping the millstone. To king’s greed the millstone kept in produced games salt in a matter of days the whole kingdom was covered in salt. Then after some years The Who island sunken into the ocean and until this day the magical millstone keeps producing Salt down in the deep waters of the ocean. Hope you enjoyed the story. Peace;)",
"Where does it come from? Where does it go? It's dissolved rock salt",
"I wish you could be here when I measure out the amount of salt I need to put into my aquarium to run my Reef Tank. I have a 200 litre system and need 2225g of salt to turn RO/DI water into Sea Water. Volume wise that is more than 2 litres of salts. I operate my tank at 35PPT\\[parts per trillion\\] which is a tad higher than Sea Water. Point being there is a LOT more salt in sea water than is expected."
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv3pls
|
Does doing gymnastics make you shorter?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpa4jhs",
"gpa8fv5"
],
"text": [
"No. Small people make better gymnasts. They have lower center of gravity (better balance), smaller moment of inertia (flipping, twisting is easier), and weigh less (hanging on rings/bars is easier). Once you get to a competitive level, nearly all gymnasts are pretty small. But that's because being a world class gymnast is much more possible for smaller people, not because doing gymnastics has *made* them small. It's the same as how playing basketball doesn't make you taller. Tall people have a major advantage, so almost all pros you see are tall.",
"Broadly speaking, doing gymnastics does not make you shorter. There's a bit of a survival bias in gymnastics where shorter competitors tend to do better. Gymnasts usually specialize earlier then most other athletic disciplines. This means that kids that had growth spurts which led to lower coordination (as they figured out their new bodies) were less likely to stay at the top of their class. Gymnasts also benefit from having smaller broader bodies because it makes movements more efficent. The reason its hard to hold a broom straight out from the handle is the reasons shorter gymnasts persevere. It takes less energy for them to manipulate their body. This means they can spin and flip faster. Doing gymnasts does have an impact on the body though. When ever a gymnast does a handspring, flip, or vault there is compressiom and large forces on the joints. Overuse and high impact can lead to damage to growth plates(cartilage that turns into bone). This process can stunt growth. High impact movements that cause damage to growth plates are not isolated to gymnastics and can happen in a wide range of athletics. The difference as mentioned above is that gymnasts usually start specializing at younger ages then other athletics. This has created a narrative that doing gymnastics stunts your growth. This narrative is not 100% untrue but recent changes to training, recovery, and nutrition have helped lower these risks."
],
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3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv3x70
|
How do humans detect when another human is watching them for a prolonged period?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpa4czk",
"gpa6knx",
"gpaadby"
],
"text": [
"You don't have any specific spider sense. Multiple studies have shown that this is a myth. You simply never notice the times people stare at you and you don't find out.",
"People try to be a little quiet when doing these kinds of things, especially when it's without the consent of the person being filmed or watched. Maybe you notice the uncommon moments of silence of your friends and you instinctively guess you're being watched? Just a guess, I don't think this kind of experience is as paranormal as you described it to be.",
"Considering I’ve stood 5ft away from people and staring right at them in a marked vest with high visibility patches and they never saw me I’d say we don’t have that ability."
],
"score": [
53,
5,
4
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv3zgt
|
How does spreadable butter work? Like what makes it spreadable?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpa4q7a"
],
"text": [
"They add oil to it to make it spreadable. Other than that it's just regular butter. The oil adds fat though so technically it's not as healthy as regular cubed hard butter. But hard butter you have to either let sit out until it softens to use easily, or just deal with it being hard."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv4ih0
|
Why do most clouds form at a particular height in the atmosphere?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpa88vl",
"gpafaqk"
],
"text": [
"Humidity tends to be very uniform over a larger area as the air is exposed to the same conditions and mixes with each other. The higher you get the lower the pressure which lowers the temperature. So at some specific altitude the temperature dropps bellow the dew point at the current humidity. Air that reaches this altitude will then form clouds and clouds dropping bellow this altitude will evaporate and become transparant. When you have patterns of clouds like this it is because there are two different layers of air with different humidity. Where one goes above its cloud altitude it forms clouds. This can form different types of clouds such as waves or mushrooms depending on how the air layers interact with eath other.",
"There are two factors at play. First is the dew point. This is the temperature at which water vapor condenses out of the air. At a temperature above the dew point, water vapor stays in gaseous form. But once the temperature reaches or drops below the dew point, you get \"dew\" on hard surfaces, but you can also get water condensation around tiny \"condensation nuclei\" to form fog or clouds. The other factor at play is that temperature decreases with altitude. So at the surface, the temperature may be above the dew point, but at some altitude above the surface, the temperature reaches the dew point. If there is water vapor in the air and condensation nuclei, you will see clouds form at a particular altitude. This is why the base of clouds is generally flat appearing. That flat line is the point at which the dew point is reached."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv4iue
|
Why is garlic good for your heart?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpb96x3",
"gpa73cb"
],
"text": [
"Garlic contains sulfur compounds. Specifically, Allicin, which lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels. The effects last roughly a day after consumption, but the effects are limited: a person with high blood pressure won't suddenly be cured by eating a head of garlic and a person with low pressure won't be negatively affected either.",
"Could you first provide a source for how you came to this conclusion? A lot of studies on what nutrients are 'good for you' are observational, meaning they simply observe what people eat or (worse) rely on self reports. This information then is linked to things like life expectancy or the occurrence of certain diseases. An example of this would be drawing the conclusion that consuming lots of olive oil and pasta is good for you health, because Mediterranean counties have a high life expectancy. There are experimental studies that have looked at health benefits of certain foods - giving one group of people something and a control group something else.. but they are difficult to set up. So the important first question is what your assumption is base on."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv6bti
|
- When tv shows replay footage from several years ago, it looks grainy and incredibly old. But when watching it those years ago, I didn't notice this. Is there a reason by why this is the case?
|
Additional info, I was watching something on TV today which replayed some live footage from 2006. But the clarity of the footage seemed like it was recording 10 years before that point.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpadncr",
"gpb9xci"
],
"text": [
"Yes. Old TVs don't show defects in the image as clearly as modern ones. Also, analog signals lose quality when recorded.",
"Couple of reasons Back then the quality of the footage was the best it could be, you didn't have anything to compare it to Older CRT TVs blurred the image a bit so that the low resolution and colour compression didn't looks so bad Most modern TVs do a very rough job of upscaling old tv to match their native resolution, which tends to highlight all the problems old CRTs were trying to hide Finally, old tv footage would have been archived to tape, and will have lost some quality during the transfer, and possibly more while sitting in storage for years"
],
"score": [
7,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv6u4i
|
URL_0 the microorganisms breathing and if so how?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpafe9j",
"gpaipnu"
],
"text": [
"The oxygen in the water surriounding a cell just flows through its membrane and the carbon dioxide flows out. Technically, all our cells are microorganisms and they breathe this way. What we usually call breathing (lungs etc) is just a delivery of oxygen to the cells inside us.",
"In oxygen-breathing animals, oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the breakdown of carbon chains like sugars. That's why the waste products of our respiration are carbon dioxide (oxidized carbon) and water (reduced oxygen). Microbes live everywhere, and not all places have plentiful oxygen. So microbes that live in hot springs or underground can use other elements like sulfur or iron as their final electron acceptor."
],
"score": [
11,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv6zpm
|
Is there a significant difference between kids' multivitamins and adults'?
|
I like the gummy ones (who doesn't) and there always seems to be more flavour variety in the kids' ones. Why do adults only get boring swallow tablets?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpafsv4"
],
"text": [
"In theory yes as there are significant differences in the amount of vitamins used by a growing body, however the lack of regulation means that the contents will vary dramatically from brand to brand."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv7oej
|
Why is red light softer on the eyes when your eyes are in night vision mode?
|
I have LEDs setup in my room and I can manually change the light color by mixing red, green and blue or I could pick on of those specific colors themselves. After laying in the dark for a while I decided to turn on my LEDs and set them up on low brightness to help my eyes adjust. Except I found that if I just chose red that I could up the brightness without affecting my eyes. Why is that?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpajq1w",
"gpg54rl"
],
"text": [
"Different colors of light have different energy levels. Red light has the lowest energy of all of the visible light. Blue has the most energy. The lower energy photons don't bother your eyes as much.",
"Our eyes have different cells types for day and night. Cone cells are used in bright light, perceive color and use the photopigment photopsin. Rod cells are used in dim light, do not perceive color and use the photopigment rhodopsin. Both also have retinal. Retinal is \"used up\" when exposed to light and it takes time for the body to \"recycle\" it. This is why it takes time to accommodate to a dark environment. As it turns out, rhodopsin is not sensitive to long-wavelength red light, so the retinal in the rod cells does not get depleted much in red light. So in an environment of red light, night vision is preserved. In the military, red lights are used for this very reason. Army flashlights are equipped with red filters to help preserve night vision, and the colors of military maps are specially chosen to be easily perceived in red light. On submarines, certain areas of the ship (like the bridge) are lit with red light at night so if the submarine has to surface, the crew will already have good night vision and won't have to wait for their eyes to adapt to the dark."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv7svp
|
Milton Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis
|
Title
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpak4jh"
],
"text": [
"\"Permanent income\" in this theory is referring to \"expected long term income\". Or in other words, what you expect to make over the next year or two. Milton's theory basically says that someone is more likely to spend more money when they expect to make more money. If someone gets a raise and knows their gross income will increase, their spending is more likely to increase. As opposed to someone not getting a raise, but getting a Christmas bonus, inheritance, or a big tax return. Someone getting a short term windfall that doesn't increase their yearly income is just as likely to put it into savings as they are to put it back into the economy. For example, I work in the HVAC industry. In the summer months, I get a lot of overtime every week. So I expect to earn a lot more in that time of the year, and am much more likely to spend more in those months. Whereas when the winter starts coming up, and I know I'll be getting less hours, I'm more likely to save money where I can in the expectation of making less."
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv7wwy
|
Why does fire burn upwards??
|
If gravity pulls things down then why does fire go up??🤨🤨🤔🤔
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpajlkr",
"gpajm7i",
"gpajih2"
],
"text": [
"Fire creates hot air. Hot air is less dense than cold air. Gravity pulls the cold air down harder than it pulls the hot air down. The effect is that hot air rises. In space with microgravity, fire burns in a sphere around the source and will actually burn through all of the available oxygen and stuff itself out.",
"Hot air and flame gases are lighter than normal air. It's because the molecules are moving faster so they are farther apart on average. Gravity pulls down the heavier cool air more strongly than the lighter material so that rises.",
"Fire is hot. Hot air expands and gets lighter, so it floats upwards in surrounding air like a hot air (quite literally) balloon."
],
"score": [
15,
7,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv7y08
|
How is there a cure/treatment being published almost every day in medical journals?
|
It seems like I hear all these amazing breakthroughs in treatments and vaccines, but almost none of them are accessible to the public yet. If so, why bother publishing it at all to give false hope knowing there is a flaw with the study somewhere down the road? Wouldn't it make sense to wait until an actual treatment or cure makes it through the peer review studies and becomes accessible to the general public before publishing?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpakevs",
"gpajwk2",
"gpajxx1",
"gpal299"
],
"text": [
"The general public are not the target audience for academic journals. Studies are published there for fellow academics to read, scrutinize, follow-up, etc, and this is an important part of the process of furthering the study. The issue is not that they are publishing in journals, but that the quality of the reporting of these studies in other media is often lacking. Journalists will overstate the significance of preliminary results, or assert a much higher degree of certainty in a conclusion than the researchers actually expressed. For example, a study noting a small, but statistically significant, correlation between a particular food and incidence of disease will be reported in the papers as \"X causes cancer, say scientists\".",
"Medical journals are the peer review process. I think what you're upset with is the mainstream media reporting about hypothetical treatments as if they are just around the corner. The explanation for that is that news companies love stories about new medical breakthroughs but don't tend to do the follow up stories on how difficult it is to get that discovery into an actual treatment.",
"Medical journals cater more to the medical community than to the public at large. And the medical community would have an obvious interest in knowing what's on the horizon and what the future holds. It can also be taken like how videogame developers talk about a game before it's out, or how we discuss fusion power when research has been going on for decades and will still take a good long time to achieve. It's exciting to think of the future, and showing that progress is being made is better than being left in the dark and it might inspire others to also pursue their own ventures. Having papers published and peer-reviewed is also a point of pride for the scientific community, and publishing (especially if they give details on how they got as far as they have) allows others to do independent testing and see if their research holds water.",
"A cure is based on several brakethroughs. Each of the brakethrough papers you hear about is usually only one tiny piece of the picture and is not enough to start designing a cure with. And we are not able to even find a way to make a cure on most of the brakethroughs as there tends to be unforseen problems with most approaches. But in addition to the brakethrough papers that gets all the attention there are lots of very important boring papers as well. They can represent an entire years worth of work for a scientist and might just conclude by confirming or refuting the findings of someone else or end up trying something which failed. These are very important as well and is often used to make the brakethroughs in our understanding and ensuring that the way to develop a cure is actually possible. But they do require a lot of funding and work and sadly does not get the same publicity as they deserve. So when you hear about an amazing new discovery within for example cancer research where they talk about making a possible miracle cure what they are actually saying is that they have found what looks like a tiny piece of the puzzle that could be used together with lots of other similar discoveries to develop a drug. And this drug might work against some cancers or it might be deadly to humans. We do not know and it requires a lot of work before we even get to know. But the discovery is still an important step."
],
"score": [
17,
9,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv80m1
|
What is the difference between an anxiety attack and a panic attack?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpal4bc",
"gpax7uz"
],
"text": [
"I was curious, so I googled it... I’ve had panic attacks for years. “Panic attacks come on suddenly and involve intense and often overwhelming fear. They’re accompanied by frightening physical symptoms, such as a racing heartbeat, shortness of breath, or nausea.” And it goes on to describe unexpected vs expected; unexpected ones come out of nowhere, no idea what caused it, and expected ones are caused by external stressors like phobias. Or triggers. And then for anxiety attacks... “Anxiety attacks aren’t recognized in the DSM-5. The DSM-5 does, however, define anxiety as a feature of a number of common psychiatric disorders.” Which they go on to suggest that because it isn’t defined specifically, it can have other symptoms... Their definition can be fairly wider because the DSM-5 hasn’t narrowed a definition down for them. So my anxiety attacks wouldn’t necessarily look or feel like your anxiety attacks, but my panic attacks look pretty much the same, symptom wise, as the next person’s. Source: URL_0",
"**Anxiety attack** you freeze, can't think, can't follow conversations, can't connect emotionally to people, just feel a big screaming black hole in your core. You might faint, but it can also not be visible at all from the outside. Feeling of weakness and inability to move. **Panic attack** you feel trapped but you are popped full of energy to get out, you can't breathe properly, pant, cry and/or scream and your adrenaline is high af. That's my experience, having had both, I can say they are extremely different, like night and day. Anxiety attacks are the worst imo but can be completely invisible from the outside but even if panic attacks can look much worse from the outside, they feel like the more healthy reaction. After an anxiety attack you just feel horrible, but after a panic attack, although you might feel exhausted, you also feel like you somehow needed that to happen."
],
"score": [
14,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.healthline.com/health/panic-attack-vs-anxiety-attack"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv92k4
|
What is threat modeling and how does it work for cyber security companies?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpapal5"
],
"text": [
"Threat modeling is making a model of your security measures so that you can identify how various different threats might attack you. If you compare it to a physical scenario it is like going around looking for how different people might possibly get through your fences and doors. If you find out that some people might have an easy time gaining access to one area you have to find out what potential harm they can do there and if they can get access to other places where they can do more harm. So you do the same thing but in a digital sphere. So you find who can access which areas on your computer system and what is preventing them from getting further access. The objective here is to both find flaws in your system which people might exploit so that you can fix those flaws but also to better react whenever you do discover an attack."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lv9fgc
|
If acid in stomach kills bacteria, then how come foods like curd provide us probiotics
|
We all know one of the uses of acid in our stomach is to kill microbes. Then how come curd be a source of probiotics for us if the acid already kills the bacterias before they even reach our intestines? Also, how do any probiotics work wouldn't all of them be killed by the acidic pH in stomach?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpav9ip",
"gpas087"
],
"text": [
"Some bacteria thrive in slightly acidic environments. Interestingly, these are the kinds we find in fermented foods: sourdough has a pH of 3-5, yogurt and kimchi have a pH of about 4.4, kombucha has a pH of about 3. Some bacteria can even tolerate quite acidic environments. *Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM* is able to survive exposure to pH 3.0 for five hours. [Source]( URL_0 ). The stomach's pH varies. The stomach when \"resting\" has a pH between 5.0 and 6.0. When food enters the stomach, a strong acid is secreted, but The pH within the stomach rarely, if ever, drops below 3.0. Pure stomach acid has a pH of 1.8 when it first enters the stomach, but is quickly diluted in the presence of food. [Source]( URL_1 ). So - it's a combination of the \"good\" bacteria being able to survive some degree of acid and your stomach not being acidic enough to kill them all off.",
"The acid kills most of the bacteria, but some bacteria might get lucky and get through the stomach alive. They might be shielded from the worst effects, they might get through the stomach quickly or they might randomly have ended up in a region of weak acid. It only takes a few individual bacteria to get through in order to have some sort of effect as the bacteria does multiply themselves given the right conditions. That being said most unregulated probiotics cures are administered in the worst possible conditions. The bacteria is not given any sort of help getting through the stomach. Medical microbiobiote transplants either comes as enima or in the form of pills which does not dissolve in the stomach acid in the same way. By drinking fluids containing bacteria it is unlikely that any bacteria will get through although it is possible. And when the bacteria does end up in your large intestines the other bacteria there have already made the environment hostile to other bacteria and a few additional ones will have little to no chance to survive in those conditions. The medical transplants take place after powerful antibiotics cures which kills off all the other bacteria present in order to prepare the gut for the transplant."
],
"score": [
6,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/349/2/77/533643",
"https://www.foodenzymeinstitute.com/content/Digestion-in-the-Stomach.aspx"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lv9ton
|
Why does everyone have a unique voice?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpay056"
],
"text": [
"combination of social, genetics, and random factors. Who teaches you to talk has a large impact on speech patterns. Everyone's vocal cords are not a perfect replica so there is going to be variation in sound. Even who you talk with during your adult life can change how you speak to some degree."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvac0j
|
How can we look at the sun easily when it's rising/setting but hurts our eyes when we look at it at noon?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpav3dl"
],
"text": [
"Simply put: Atmosphere. At high noon, theres some 80-100km of atmosphere between you and the sun. A good amount, but it doesnt refract much. However, the closer the sun is to the horizon, the more atmosphere is between you and the sun, and im talking on the scale of several hundred or thousand kilometers here (Which, btw, is why its color shifts to red on those positions, as the earths atmosphere scatters red the least, so thats most of the color that our eyes pick up) and as a result, a lot less of the suns light arrives in your eyes, because most of it is just being scattered around."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvad83
|
how do we extract meaning from language?
|
Do we link words to mental images and then form a movie out of them? Eli5 how we extract meaning from language?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpavsm5",
"gpaxt29"
],
"text": [
"Meaning is the final form of information in our brain and nobody really knows how exactly it's represented in neurons. Some parts of your brain are dedicated to extracting that meaning from information, be it visual images, sounds or internal signals from your organism. Again, nobody knows the entire process but your brain doesn't follow a well defined process \"if X, do Y\". It's a self learning process where neurons exchange information with each other and can semi-randomly change the way they are doing it based on the \"nah, that's wrong\" and \"now that seems like I'm getting it\" responses until they stumble on a more or less correct solution. This technique is now used everywhere for all the neural network algorithms (all that \"neural-X\" or \"deep-X\" stuff that does amazing things): you just put a bunch of neurons in such a way that they can, in theory, produce a soluton and then repeatedly feed them information and correct them based on how well they handle the task.",
"One of the truly remarkable things about the human brain is how it handles language. There's an entire section of it dedicated just to language-based communication. It's so big and so powerful that I can write every single word of this comment without having to think about it at all - my brain just sends the instruction of \"describe how you work\" to the bit of the brain that handles language, and that bit figures out exactly what words are needed in exactly what order and sends them out. It's so skilled at this that I only even consciously know which word I'm typing as my fingers have already begun typing it, and it's so much more skilled at this than my conscious mind that when I read it back for any grammatical errors or unclear wordings, my conscious brain gets really confused thinking about what words should come next - but the moment I start writing again it's all autonomous. That's the sheer power and amazingness of the human brain's ability to process language. It does the same thing in reverse - upon hearing language, your brain knows what's being talked about long before you're consciously aware of it or have formed a mental image in your mind. When you hear the word cat, you automatically know what that means long before you start imagining a cat, and when you hear \"my cat died\", you know that's a sad thing automatically, without your brain having to go step by step through the process of what a cat dying is like. Your brain basically has a huge store of information about the meaning of words and the uses of grammar that lets it handle language processing for you, just sending your brain progress reports regularly. This information store is also why your ability to understand foreign languages can vary a lot - if you just listen to a language lots with subtitles, but without spending any time learning that X means Y, you will pick up a pretty comprehensive understanding of the language's grammar, but you'll have fuck all understanding of most of the vocabulary. Grammar doesn't need that information store to learn, but vocabulary is all about stocking up those shelves. And eventually you get to a point where you no longer need to consciously translate sentences word for word, because your language centre can go straight to the information store and know what words mean."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lvaeti
|
why do crabs that live in colder temperatures have more prominent spikes whereas crabs that live in warmer climates tend to have smoother shells?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpboyk6",
"gpbx11x"
],
"text": [
"You could make some argument about the spikes on King crabs acting like hair to keep them warmer .... but It's apparently a more boring aspect of evolution that gives them defense where they need more from cold-water predators, and spiky/smooth is more due to chance. It's more obvious when you look more broadly: lobsters have developed mostly the opposite traits - spiny in warm water, and smooth but with large claws in colder water. In both cases, though, the more delicious variety is found in colder water.",
"Do you happen to have a citation that shows this is definitely true? Because it could just as easily be that there happen to be one or two well known crabs from cold areas that are spiky, and one or two well known smooth crabs from warm areas, and it provides a false impression. Certainly _some_ tropical crabs are spiky, like the [arrow crab]( URL_1 ) and some coldwater crabs are smooth, like the [hoff crab]( URL_0 )"
],
"score": [
144,
17
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Close_up_of_Hoff_crab_carapace.jpg/220px-Close_up_of_Hoff_crab_carapace.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stenorhynchus_seticornis_%28Yellowline_Arrow_Crab%29.jpg/220px-Stenorhynchus_seticornis_%28Yellowline_Arrow_Crab%29.jpg"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvba5k
|
What’s the difference between a negative feedback loop and a positive feedback loop?
|
I feel like they’re just two names for a two-ended process in which one end causes the other to react. Beyond biology (which I only vaguely remember from high school...) I’ve heard the terms be used in medicine, psychology, tech stuff...you name it.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpazfd9",
"gpazuer",
"gpb0l8m",
"gpaz8x3"
],
"text": [
"A negative feedback loop: the end result of the loop, as it builds up, helps turn the loop off. Most hormones are like this. You get enough end product, you dont want to build forever. Positive feedback: the end product stimulates *more* production. The system speeds up faster and faster as more end stuff is made. A few things are like this, but they are rare because its a lot of energy. Other stuff usually will turn this off or else you run out of* raw materials. Hope that helps!",
"Negative feedback loops are much more reliable and stable than positive feedback loops. THe latter tend to cause oscillation, exponential growth or even chaotic behaviour, because the feedback is tending to amplify whatever input you're getting--a negative feedback loop will reduce its effect as your output gets closer to the target value, making it a lot easier to narrow in on it.",
"A negative feedback loop basically stops the thing that started it. For example if theres too much sugar in the blood, a negative feedback loop lowers the blood sugar and the loop stops because the blood sugar is no longer low. A positive feedback loop does the opposite, it increases the reaction until there is no more cause, for example: a classic positive feedback loop is childbirth. The pressure from the baby during labor stimulates the release of oxytocin, which stimulates the contraction of the uterus, which increases pressure, thus the feedback loop. The loop only stops when the stimulus ends, in this case when the baby is finally born.",
"Negative feedback helps keep a system in check. Hormones etc. A positive feedback loop forces the system out of balance."
],
"score": [
11,
6,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lvcf1b
|
why clementines are so big these days?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbdnzz"
],
"text": [
"They’re bred to be larger, tastier and juicer with thinner peels. It’s a result of selective breeding for the traits we desire. Just about every plant or fruit we use as crops in agriculture has been modified in this way. Lots of citrus especially has gone through m this, most of what we eat are hybrids and not the original fruit we discovered was edible."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvch87
|
Why do clouds float when they have tons of water in them?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpb5jag",
"gpb5i95",
"gpbf8z2",
"gpcsays"
],
"text": [
"Clouds are composed of a lot of tiny water droplets. Finer than the finest mist, they are fog. Each of these droplets falls very slowly, due to (in short) how thin they are. Thinner than a feather. They fall incredibly slowly, experiencing air more like a thick tar than like the almost-nonexistent way that we experience it, simply sue to their size. In addition, clouds tend to form on top of updrafts. Huge columns of rising air.",
"The air isn't uniform. Some parts are cooler, and denser, than others. Clouds have water in them, but so does all air. When there is too much water, tiny droplets form and you can see it as a cloud. The difference in temperature is small, but the cloud is only slightly heavier than the air around it.",
"Another question to ponder is why are the clouds are \"up there\" to begin with. It turns out that the vast majority of water vapor condensing above comes from down below. Since bodies of water constantly emit water vapor, the air down near the ground tends to be moist. That warm moist air is less dense than dry air so it rises. At some point, the moist air hits a sort of ceiling that it cannot cross without condensing in the cooler layers of the atmosphere high above the ground. So the condensed droplets kind of billow over that elevation similar to how steam condenses on top of a locomotive smoke stack. And the droplets are suspended for a good while before they drop down below and either vaporize or collect enough bulk to fall as rain. The supply of water vapor needs to be steady for a cloud to maintain its bulk otherwise it would just dissipate as the water droplets slowly drop out of it and evaporate.",
"Clouds are basically just a collection of tiny water droplets in an updraft. They are very tiny though, like half the width of a human hair tiny. Basically rain clouds form when a lot of warm humid air rises up from the surface. This happens because warm humid air is lighter than cold dry air. As the air rises, it also cools which allows the moisture to come out of air and form these tiny droplets. Now these droplets should fall back to the ground, but the warm humid air is still rising from below and these are strong enough to continue blowing the droplets upwards to keep them suspended. This is why you could say a rain cloud is tiny water droplets in a constant updraft. These updrafts could be thought of as the fuel for a rain cloud. As the tiny droplets remain suspended in the air, water is sticky so it continues to accumulate more moisture from the air around it and they get bigger and more droplets form and merge until they also form larger drops. Eventually these drops become too heavy for the constant updraft to hold up and it falls as rain. Now an interesting thing is clouds can weigh over a million pounds. What would happen if it were to suddenly fall as rain all at once? Well you wouldn't want to be under it as that kind of mass would obviously crush you. Although this can't really happen, something similar called a heat burst can happen in some extremely rare instances. Sometimes the droplets will fall from the cloud and the layer below them is dry enough that the water evaporates in the lower layer. This is called virga. This causes temperature and density changes in the air layer which can't support the cloud above anymore and allows a sudden downburst to happen where the air will fall quickly down to the surface. As air is compressed it heats up so temperature at the surface can rise dramatically in a very short period of time. In one rare occurrence it was said to be enough heat to cook the corn crops while still in the field. Luckily that sort of thing doesn't happen very often."
],
"score": [
6,
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvd9bm
|
Why do paint, light and ink have different primary colors?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbcy97",
"gpbbclm"
],
"text": [
"There are two ways of mixing colours: * additive mixing is when you mix coloured lights, ie mix substances that produce certain light wavelengths * substractive mixing is when you mix coloured pigments, that is substances who absorb certain light wavelengths Your eye contains three kinds of receptors for light: * low wavelength (\"red\" photons) * middle wavelength (\"green\" photons) * high wavelengths (\"blue\" photons) # In additive mixing Your eye works as follows: if you emit only red/green/blue photons, your eye will interpret it as red/green/blue. So if you mix colours, you have photons of different kinds emitted and: * if you emit red and green photons, it will interpret it as yellow if there are as many red photons as green ones, and as something ranging from orange if there are more red photons to greenish/lime green if there are more green photons * if you emit red and blue photons, it will interpret it as magenta (a pinkish hue) if there are as many red photons as blue ones, and as something ranging from reddish purple if there are more red photons to blueish violet if there are more blue photons * if you emit blue and green photons, it will interpret it as cyan (a light tealish blue) if there are as many red photons as green ones, and as something ranging from greenish teal if there are more green photons to to indigo if there are more blue photons * if you emit all three, you will have more muted colours (colours tending towards grey with a hue depending on the photon types which are prevalent) This gives you the hue, and then the brightness (black/dark colours to white/light colours) depends on the intensity of the light (the number of photons). That's why it's called additive: adding colour makes the result lighter. So your primary colours are the ones corresponding to the colour-perceiving cells in your eye: red, green, blue. # In substractive mixing You mix pigments, and they absorb a certain colour, and reflect others, so: * if they absorb the green photons, they look magenta * if they absorb the blue photons, they look yellow * if they absorb the red photons, they look cyan And so if you mix pigments, they absorb several kinds of photons, so: * if you mix magenta and yellow, you absorb green and blue, so it looks (orangish) red with differences of hue according to the proportion of each * if you mix magenta and cyan, you absorb green and red, so it looks (violetish) blue with differences of hue according to the proportion of each * if you mix cyan and yellow, you absorb red and blue, so it looks green with differences of hue according to the proportion of each * if you mix all three, you will again have greyish colours And again, this gives you the hue, and then the brightness (white/light colours to black/dark colours) depends on the amount of pigment: more pigment makes the colour darker. That's why it's called substractive: adding colour makes the result darker. So your primary colours are the ones corresponding to opposite of the colours perceived by the cells in your eye: magenta, yellow, cyan. # What about paint, light and ink? I guess that you've got it now: * for paint it's substractive colour mixing * for light it's additive colour mixing And for ink? I guess that you mean printing ink, and it's the same colours as for painting, except that generally you will add black because the black produced by mixing magenta, yellow, and cyan in equal parts does not look as black as some other pigments that really absorb almost all light wavelengths. In painting, you can also use white (but it changes the quality of the color, making it flatter and less bright) or black (but it makes the colours duller) so painters tend to avoid that and use white only when they need pure white to cover another colour (otherwise, they generally dilute their colour to have less pigment), and use very rarely black except when they need a really black area, because if you want to make a darker hue of a given colour you obtain better results by mixing it with the opposite colour (e.g. to have dark red, you mix magenta with a some green).",
"With light, when you have nothing you're starting with black, then adding more and more colors of light eventually builds up to white. With ink, when you have nothing you're starting with white, then adding more and more colors of ink eventually builds up to black."
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvda5n
|
Why do stone and marble counters feel cold to the touch? They have been in the same temperature as the rest of our house for hours, and yet they are significantly colder.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpb9fs0",
"gpba18o",
"gpb9k5k"
],
"text": [
"The marble has a higher thermal conductivity than the other objects at the same temperature. This means when you’re in contact with the marble you lose your heat at a faster rate than you would if you were in contact with a material with a lower thermal conductivity.",
"You, at around 98f are warmer than the surfaces in your house at around 73f in most houses. The surfaces that feel coldest actually are the ones that draw the heat from you. On wood you quickly make a warm spot close to your body temp, since it doesn't conduct heat well. Stone moves the heat away fast, and it takes a lot more heat to make that warm spot. On the other hand, it works the other way too. When its hot outside, that stone (outside, and only if it's been hot a while) will feel a lot hotter than the wood. It usually isn't noticed because it usually isn't as big of a heat difference.",
"It has greater conductivity. Those materials (and metals) can pull the heat away from your hand faster so they feel colder. They’re all the same temp, they just feel that way. Leave a piece of wood and a piece of steel outside in the cold. After a few hours they will both be the same temp, but feel different for the same reason."
],
"score": [
57,
14,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lve75x
|
Why do people put "from a pet free home" on things they are selling?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbencr",
"gpbeaj2",
"gpbhe4i",
"gpber4q",
"gpbetrz",
"gpbhbb7"
],
"text": [
"It's shorthand for \"This isn't scratched/chewed up, peed on, covered in fur, stuffed full of kibble, or infested with fleas, and it doesn't smell like wet dog.\"",
"Sometimes things can pick up odors from animals, especially if they're close to litter boxes, or they could be scratched up/worn from animals. And some people have allergies to animals and those allergens can get stuck in the fabric and cause issues after leaving the house.",
"My brother gave me a really nice retracting love seat once. I got it into my living room and realized that all I could smell was his dog, and when I sat in it I was covered in dog hair. It was out at the curb moments later. No matter how much one thinks their animals don't smell, they do. I would never buy a used piece of fabric covered furniture from a home that had dogs or cats for that same reason.",
"Having a pet can devalue things, like furniture, which can be scratched by cats or slobbered on by dogs. If it's something like a game console then fur can build up in the fans/air intakes and cause it to overheat if the new owner doesn't clean it out themselves.",
"A sofa from a house with dogs (no matter if the dogs are allowed to be up in the sofa, but more so if they are) always has some dig hairs in it. If you dislike dog hair, or happen to be allergic and really can't have any for health reasons, you'll prefer to buy a sofa that you know has had no animals in it.",
"Not all pets drop fur or stink, but many do, and that sentence is just a guarantee that the item won't have pet taint."
],
"score": [
35,
22,
10,
6,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvf0aw
|
How does a computer generate sound and music that then transfers it into headphones that then play it to our ears?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbj8ww",
"gpbjm3v"
],
"text": [
"Sound is vibrations in the air. The faster the vibrations, the higher the pitch. A computer is sending a very complicated digital signal to the little speaker in the headphone. That signal tells an electromagnet when to turn off and turn on, which causes the headphone to vibrate, which makes the air around the headphone vibrate, thus producing a sound that you hear in your ear. So the short answer is, it's all 1's and 0's. Lots and lots of them. Millions of them for every second of music.",
"Audio is analog, or in other words it has infinite values between 0 and 20k Hz, Hz is a measurement of how many times something happens in a second, so a sound at 20k Hz \"pulses\" 20 thousand times in one second. Computers are binary, which means they deal exclusively with on and off values. With enough binary bits played in one second you can create the illusion of an analog signal for sound. At some point those bits need to go through a DAC, or Digital to Analog Converter, so the computer signal can actually become an analog signal to be used on speakers."
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvf5yh
|
Why do we automatically make the ‘sour face’ when eating sour food?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbklzy",
"gpbkxe4"
],
"text": [
"That's a good question - \"sour\" is how we describe the taste of acid. Generally the acids we eat come from two sources - 1) fruits like lemons, oranges, mangos, etc., 2) acids produced in fermentation like in kombucha, vinegar, some beers, and fermented dairy products. The sour face is an involuntary reaction which means it's wired deep into our brains and not a learned habit. If you give a new born a lemon they'll make the face without anyone ever having seen it before. The cause is likely 2 reasons - 1) it can aid in the release of saliva in your mouth to help dilute the acid which might have been harmful if too concentrated. 2) its a social signal to others that the ingested food is sour, this can trigger further involuntary saliva production in people around you, helping them with the acidity, it can also signal to others, without language (again going back to primal instincts here) that the food is *wrong* the acidity can come from spoilage and the food is not suitable for consumption. The first person might get sick and die, but the others who witnessed the reaction know it was the food and to not eat it.",
"When we eat sour food we typically close our eyes, pucker our mouths and begin to salivate. This happens because our tastebuds sense that what we are eating is acidic, and we have learned as humans over many centuries that sour tastes (bad milk, unripe fruit) can be potentially harmful and make us sick. Tasting something sour triggers the nervous system and then our physical reactions are automatic and to protect us from these potential harmful foods. Your eyelids close to protect your eyes from the acidity and your mouth salivates to flush the sourness out of your mouth."
],
"score": [
56,
11
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvflm5
|
Why does nausea come in waves? Especially when you’re hungover?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbyaw1"
],
"text": [
"Peristalsis would be my first guess. As the muscular movement that forces things up tends to go hand in hand with the feeling of nausea, each spasm of the stomach/esophagus will send a wave of \"Oh God,\" signalling it's time to find a toilet."
],
"score": [
15
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvfly7
|
Why can’t we create as much force when lifting a heavy object that is close vs far away from us?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbn0dq"
],
"text": [
"Torque increases proportional to the length of the lever arm it acts on. Think about how it's a lot easier to get a nut or bolt loose with a really long wrench than with a short one. In the case of holding something far away from you, it's not that you're \"creating less force\", it's that you're providing a longer distance for the weight of the object to create torque over, and now you're having to fight against a larger torque to keep the heavy object from falling. Your arm is the wrench and the bolt it's trying to turn is the joint in your shoulder."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvfmtn
|
how many sets of "poles" does the earth have and are some of them the same?
|
so i know the earth got a physical north/south pole (those "ice lands"), a magnetic north/south pole, and a north/south pole relative to its axis of rotation. in principle all of these should be the same, but in reality some are different, like the magnetic and the physical. where are the rotation axis poles, and are there more poles?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbmsel"
],
"text": [
"The ice masses are called \"polecaps\", and are roughly centered around the geographical poles because being at the axis of rotation has the consequence of being the coldest area. The magnetic poles are roughly oriented at the geographical poles too because the magnetic field is caused by a dynamo effect. This effect is also influenced by the material inside earth though so they can move a little and even flip orientation. (The exact nature of this is still being researched) I don't think any more poles exist regarding earth, but pole has a bunch more meanings, like electrical contacts are called poles too, and in math a functionvalue that diverges (becomes infinite) at a single point is a pole too."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lvg15h
|
Why do lumps form on our heads when we hit them really hard? Should it not make an indention?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbpaw1"
],
"text": [
"Unless you get hit really hard, which would require hospitalization, your skull will be undamaged. The bumps are damaged blood vessels overflowing. When we bruise elsewhere, it also gets swollen in the same way, from broken blood vessels and inflammation. But on your head, since there is only a thin layer of tissue surrounding the skull, you can feel the bumps externally. If you get the same bruise somewhere else, you can't feel it from the outside as a bump since there is more tissue and room for the swelling to go."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvg4v1
|
Why do landlocked countries have naval forces?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbsw4y",
"gpbps0s",
"gpbp3r9"
],
"text": [
"Landlocked countries are usually defined as those without a coast. However this doesn't mean they have no access to the sea necessarily. For instance Paraguay would appear to be landlocked, but it is connected to the ocean through rivers. They have a navy which patrols these rivers for protection against the usual things like piracy, smuggling, or that sort of thing and of course defense against aggressive neighbors if it comes to that.",
"In short, they don’t. The countries that do have naval forces use them primarily to protect internal waterways and transport routes. I believe Bolivia still has a decent sized navy even though it lost access to the sea in the War of the Pacific (~1881). Azerbaijan does have a navy also, but it operates solely on the Caspian Sea.",
"Most of the time, they don't. They might have some form of a border patrol/border guard force if they share a big body of water (lake, sea) with another country and need a way to help enforce their border laws on that body of water. That would look more like the \"Coast Guard\" as we know it compared to an actual Navy, though, and sometimes it's a department within a bigger border patrol organization."
],
"score": [
8,
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvgp7l
|
Why Aren't There Many Bluetooth Mobile Games?
|
It isn't a new technology and was used in Nintendo DS to play multiplayer offline. What is the reason behind not making more mobile games or apps that have this technology so you can do more when you aren't connected?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbxh82"
],
"text": [
"Much lower bandwidth, lower range and ability to propagate between walls, potentially more security concerns with having two devices paired together via bluetooth, less stable, and more cumbersome to start the connection as compared to wifi. The only benefits that Bluetooth has over wifi are that it's much lower power, and the protocol has built in transfer protocols for things like audio that can make very specific use cases more efficient and easy to implement."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lvgv75
|
why do people's faces look different when they sweat such as during a workout or a really hot day in the sun?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbzdx6"
],
"text": [
"In both cases the body is overheated and looking to cool down. There are two basic mechanisms for cooling, the first is through sweating which cools the skin via evaporation, and through radiative cooling where the blood vessels close to the skin expand increasing blood flow and allowing heat to radiate away like a hot cup of coffee cooling on the table. In order to sweat more the holes in your skin which release sweat will open wider, that \"looks different\", the wider blood vessels in the skin will make the face look flushed, that \"looks different\". A hot day in the sun can also make the skin tissue look different from the light-damage caused by exposure to the nearest star."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvhrz8
|
What it means to get your tires rotated
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpbxm8i",
"gpbxoxp"
],
"text": [
"It means change the position on the car - like take the tire on the back left and move it to the front right, etc. You do this because tires do not wear evenly in each position, so rotating them to new positions periodically can help prolong the life of the tires.",
"when you get your tires rotated they take them all off of your car and put them back on, but in different places. the right front will most likely go on the back left, left front will go on back right, back right will go on front left, back left will go on front right. this is done so the tread wears down evenly."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvi3hw
|
Why do people tilt their head down to listen after they've knocked on a door? Does the ear capture sound better when the head is tilted down versus straight ahead or up?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpc3y51",
"gpcm3uu"
],
"text": [
"Do mean: .... when someone knocks on your bedroom door to talk to you. Or knock on the front door. And I'm going to assume its awkward to keep eye contact when they want to talk you or helps them remember what they were going to say or they are listening through the front door.",
"i have often wondered this. i rotate my head a bit to listen for any response, and sound travels better through gaps in the door like down by your feet.. but i think the down tilt is more about how we move our head closer to the door without awkwardly standing right next to the door. you have to lean over which tilts your ears down. one other thought - you can better gauge the direction of sound by moving your head in different positions. owls i've read even have one ear slightly higher than the other to better figure out direction."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvi4b2
|
Why do elements have half lives, and all of them have one?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpc03r0",
"gpc6frs",
"gpc2crf"
],
"text": [
"Elements that are unstable (which are typically the larger ones, like your classic uranium, plutonium, radium, etc) have half lives. Imagine you squeezed a bunch of magnets together in a ball, and then to keep them from repelling themselves away from each other you used a bunch of rubber bands to hold that ball together. That is kind of like how the Nucleus of an atom works, the protons (like the magnets) want to repel away from each other since they're all positive charges. The protons are held together in the nucleus by the strong and weak nuclear forces (like the rubber bands). In smaller atoms, the rubber bands are able to hold this ball together pretty easily. But as the atom gets larger, with more and more protons squished in, it becomes harder and harder to hold them all together. Eventually something happens that triggers a spilt and some of the protons go flying off, forming two new byproducts of the original element. like one of the rubber bands snapping and letting some of the magnets go. The thing is, this event for each atom is totally random. We don't know exactly when the rubber band will snap. But, when we have a big group of them together, we are able to find a rough estimate of how long it will take for the rubber bands to start snapping. This estimate is the half life time. Which literally means \"After X amount of time, we can expect that half of the original material has decayed\" or in our analogy \"after X amount of time, we can expect half of our magnet balls to have snapped rubber bands\".",
"It is estimated that the proton has a half life somewhat longer than the current age of the universe. So for all practical purposes some elements never decay. Technically they all can but this is splitting hairs.",
"Not every element radioactively decays; many are stable forever. Radioactivity happens to atoms that are unstable - usually because they have too many neutrons and the internal forces that hold them together \"want\" to shift into more stable configuration. Kind of like how a ball on a hill \"wants\" to roll down, until it's in a dip with nowhere to go but up. We can force this, by shooting unstable atoms with particles, like giving that hypothetical ball a little push, but radioactive atoms also just... decay spontaneously. Uranium-328 will just shoot out alpha particles at random, until there's no more uranium left. Unstable hydrogen isotopes will shoot out electrons at random. When I say *at random*, I really truly mean random: as far as we know, radioactivity is based on quantum stuff that is 100% unpredictable - we can't possibly know when a radioactive atom will emit radiation, and there doesn't seem to be any direct cause for it. It's just a certain % chance to happen in a given time frame. When you look at a single atom, it'll just be there until a seemingly random time, and then decays out of nowhere. When you have a hunk of a billion atoms, some of the atoms will decay *way* faster than others, and some will decay *way* slower, and their individually random decays end up fitting a curve that looks like a y = 1/x graph. We measure this curve by the *half-life*, which is the time it takes for 1/2 of the hunk of stuff to decay, on average. After one more half-life, 1/4 of the original sample remains. One more half-life and half of *that* has decayed and you have 1/8 of the original sample."
],
"score": [
10,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvi6be
|
Is there any particular reason almost every adult mouthwash burns?
|
It seems like every mouth wash i buy, no matter brand or whatnot, burns nearly unbearably. If I want to get a thorough rinse of my mouth why make it sting so much. I know there are children's mouthwash that doesn't burn, does that just not work as well or is there some marketing reason that mouthwash burns?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpc3y9j",
"gpbzn35"
],
"text": [
"Mouthwash \"burn\" is typically caused by alcohol. Some dentists recommend against alcohol-based mouthwash since there's some evidence that alcohol might do more damage than help, when it comes to oral health. If you're using alcohol-free mouthwash and it still burns, then speak to your dentist about it. It may be a sign of an issue that needs to be addressed. As always: Do not take medical advice from the internet. Do not take medical advice from Reddit. Speak to your doctor (or dentist, in this case) for medical questions.",
"Adult mouth wash has alcohol in it. Kids doesn’t. I’m pretty sure the reason is alcohol has a much better clean while kids mouth wash has more fluoride to help with teeth growth"
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lvi852
|
why we move our hands when we run/walk
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpc0dgz"
],
"text": [
"In a word: balance. Try running with your arms locked by your sides, you will not feel as \"secure\" for lack of a better word."
],
"score": [
15
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
lvigex
|
Why are there conifers in the Southern U.S.?
|
From what I was taught, the needle-leaves prevent against damage from the cold, explaining their more widespread occurance in northern climates like the taiga relative to broad-leafed deciduous trees. When driving from Tennessee to southern Alabama, why do conifers get more common the further south I go? When I was young, I never understood why "cold weather" plants were ubiquitous around where my grandmother lived. How do the features of conifers better enable them to survive in the hotter, more humid climate?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpc2gfn"
],
"text": [
"Oh oh I know this one! Conifers were forced south by the last Ice Age. This is also why the BlueRidge has so many tree species."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
lvj4gf
|
why does a "dead" tooth hurt?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gpc4euj",
"gpc7imk"
],
"text": [
"Usually because of a massive bacterial infection, which may be spreading through the gum or into the jaw. Just like an infected wound on your skin hurts a lot, an infection in your mouth also hurts a lot. As always: Do not take medical advice from the internet. Do not take medical advice from Reddit. If you're experiencing tooth pain, speak to your doctor or dentist.",
"The tooth's nerves and pulp might be necrotic, but nearby ennervation in the gingiva and musculature around it are likely inflamed due to infection and are reporting the inflammation and pressure as pain. A toenail doesn't have nerves, either, but if you have an ingrown toenail, it can get infected and the inflammation/infection in the dermal tissue will trigger a similar pain response."
],
"score": [
22,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
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