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msib99 | ... Manufactured Homes - Just as Good Yet Advised Against | My SO and I are in the market for a home (the market is insanely competitive). We found a home that checks a lot of our boxes, but it's manufactured. Our realtor warned us against them and I don't understand why. Something about financing being different? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"So the biggest things you’ll run into from a financing side is some mortgage companies will not borrow for manufactured homes. The biggest reason is that manufactured homes tend to depreciate while fabricated homes tend to appreciate. No matter how you feel about the quality of the build and workmanship in a manufactured home, for your mortgage company it just might not make sense.",
"Roughly a year ago John Oliver did a piece about manufactured housing and why it's currently a pile of scum sucking property managers effectively cheating people out of their money. They don't appreciate as an investment, partially because of perception, partially because they really are more shoddily made than actual fabricated housing. Particleboard walls rather than plaster or gypsum board, stud distances that would be non-code in a fabricated house, plumbing that wouldn't ever pass inspection in a fabricated house, etc. The foundations have the worst aspects of pier-and-beam, and free board combined, often becoming twisted from the very weight of the building over time, and impossible to adjust. This also makes them impossible to move if you ever need to, we'll circle back to that in a second. Central heating is usually fairly easy, central cooling on the other hand isn't. Swamp (evaporative in some areas) cooling is okay, but only if you don't live anywhere with humidity levels higher than about 60% on average. But they have about the insulative effect of a sheet of paper, so it really doesn't matter what kind of cooling and heating you have, you're going to feel the seasons. And then there is the land. If you own the land, your own acreage somewhere, the land will appreciate, but the house WILL NOT. It can actually have a negative effect for tax and appraisal purposes on occasion. But owning the land is still FAR preferable to renting. When you rent land you have to pay rent AND mortgage, and the rents can be atrocious. Just enough land to hold the trailer, plus a couple hundred square feet, where you not only have zero control over what can be done on it, but also zero privacy. And for that \"privilege\" you pay as much or more than you would for an acre or even more land within about 30 miles, generally speaking. And then you have to pay \"hookup\" and \"sewage\" and \"access\" and sometimes a dozen or more extra fees, fees that are typically rolled into rent in an apartment. But not for pre-fab. And then there are the property managers. You aren't a customer, you are a product for them, and they will milk you for every single cent they can pull out of you, and bleed you even more. And the contracts are incredibly one-sided. You \"own\" the house, but can't move it, because of the foundational issues mentioned above, and quite often because the houses are packed so closely together that there is literally zero room to get the house out. So, you want to move, you can't take the house with you, but the property management company gets the rights of first refusal. AND they control how much you sell the house for, because of that right of refusal, and they control the appraisal, and all the other things that mean that when you do sell eventually (ANY house, regardless of prefab or onsite, you'll sell eventually. You'll need to move for work, school, family, whatever.) you don't even break even, and certainly don't come out ahead on the deal. Prefabricated housing is terrible as it is now. Build a house on a property you own, it'll be a better investment, and probably cheaper.",
"Much depends on whether you will own the property or whether it will be in a community where you own the building but rent the lot. Unfortunately, many of those rental agencies have little regulation, so they just keep raising the rates for lot rental, and for utilities such as water and sewage, thus screwing people over. The fact that you are beholden to such a rental agency can be a real negative to living there and for future resale of the home. Thus, while a prefab can be a great home, the real issue is *where* the home will be. Not all lot-rental agencies are bad, and some areas have more government regulations regarding their operation.",
"It’s because, at least in the distant and recent past, manufactured home were built with substandard build quality and materials, and being transported 100s of miles didn’t help the quality of them. Banks are bureaucracies, similar to governments, in the end. Change is slow, difficult, and driven typically by extreme circumstances! So even if manufactured homes have gotten on par with stick built, it will be quite some time before banks change policy enough to recognize that.",
"Because when people hear \"manufactured home\", they think \"trailer\". All trailers are manufactured homes, but not all manufactured homes are trailers. It's just stigma. However, I do know some people who live in manufactured homes that are not trailers, and I must say, the quality is not on par with a traditionally constructed home imo."
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msiv9p | Why do things blur when in motion? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Think of your mind's eye like a canvas where your brain is constantly painting on it by continuously gathering light via the eyes. But whatever it paints, it fades really fast. You can see this effect by closing your eyes and observing how everything kinda fades out instead of disapering instantly. So your brain has to constantly paint to maintain a stable image. But if an object moves around too fast, the latest instant that the brian paints is smeared over that disapering afterimage of the previous moment, resulting in a blurred image."
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msj3u7 | What is a p value and a null hypothesis in scientific research and how significant are they | I’m starting to get into science a lot more these days but I do not know what p values and null hypothesis are. Appreciate the help. Thank you. | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Going to start off with some relevant definitions first Dependent variable — the thing that’s being measured, a response variable (ie. heart rate) Independent variable — the thing that’s being manipulated or set by the researchers; the variable that is hypothesized to cause a change in the *dependent* variable (ie. a drug treatment) Population — the group being tested. Important to note that the conclusion can only be generalized to the population of the study. If the experiment (“sample population”) only includes men of Asian descent aged 45 and over, then the conclusion cannot be assumed to extend to men of other backgrounds, women, young men, children, etc. The alternative hypothesis is the research question in the form of a true/false statement (This drug affects heart rate). The null hypothesis is the “blank.” It assumes there is no relation between the independent and dependent variables (This drug has no effect on heart rate). With no evidence, we default that the null hypothesis is true. The experiment aims to disprove the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative.* The p-value is the probability of getting the observed result under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true — that there is no relation between the variables. A small p-value means that it would be very unlikely to observe this result by random chance; therefore, it is likely that something is causing it. In a well-designed experiment, the cause can be attributed to the independent variable. *Just because a result is not significant, does not necessarily mean that the null hypothesis is definitively true, it just means we did not find evidence to say otherwise. Same goes for the alternative. Just because a result is significant, does not mean it is the end-all explanation. We just have evidence to support the conclusion. That’s not a go-ahead for all you conspiracy theorists out there to say “Gotcha!” If the results can be observed time and time again, then that’s more and more evidence to support the explanation.",
"Let's say you want to understand if the temperature of the day relates to how many times a day my dog farts. My null hypothesis is: the days temperate does not effect how much my dog farts. Ie that any relation is just chance. My aim (Alternative hypothesis) is to reject that statement, so I can prove that the temperature DOES effect my dog's farts. I want 95% confidence to prove my aim. So I need 5% confidence (p value) I can reject my null hypothesis. Say I run this test and record the data for a year. Plug in all the values, and get a result that says it's a 50:50 that these are related. Sadly then, I cannot reject my null hypothesis, and cannot then prove that the temperature and my dogs farts are related."
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msjixl | When you jump into a cold pool, why does it seem so much colder in 55 F degree water than it does being in 55 degrees air temperature? | I mean jumping into 55 or 60 degree water seems super cold, versus being in that above water is not too bad. Why is this? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Air isn't as good at transferring heat as water is. This is why liquid coolers are better than straight air coolers for computers.",
"A couple of things contribute to this effect. Water is simply more dense than air, which means can just hold alot more energy--or in the case of cold water, pull the warmth out of your body faster. Surface contact is another, and with that increased density comes more contact area, which means the heat is pulled out from anywhere it touches."
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msjpxt | What prevents animals with sharp pointy teeth (sharks, alligators, etc.) from constantly biting their gums? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Also in nature we only see 'successful' adults, cos any animal that - in this case - has not well aligned teeth, causes itself harm, inflammation, cannot feed properly and dies.",
"Well generally animals with sharp teeth like that have the aligned like a zipper. Alternating and interlocking but fish like an angler fish have teeth that get so big they can actually properly close their mouths because their teeth stick out so to keep their food from coming out they lock their teeth together. But never are they just stabbing their gums every time the close their mouths and bite and stuff."
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mskiqa | How do reflections work in last gen games? I know it’s not ray tracing but how do they work? | For example in last of us 2, there are times you can be in front of a mirror and all your movements are reflected perfectly, no matter what you do. And the scenery in the background moves the same way the scenery in the mirror does. While I know this isn’t ray tracing, what is it? How does it work? How is it different than raytracing? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You can render what the camera would see if it where behind the mirror, in another pass. This is one way things were done in older games, often times at a much lower resolution.",
"In older games they literally just put a duplicate player character model there inside a copy of the room the mirror is in. Mirrors really are 'a portal to the mirror world' where a copy of everything exists. When you move yourself then it just moves the character in the mirror too.",
"The quickest dirtiest way to do is to have all the objects duplicated and placed on each side of the mirror, then always apply the same transformations (except mirrored) on both copies."
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msknlp | Why is it that when you're sleepy and drifting off, any movement or disturbance can be so uncomfortable or almost painful? | I'm certain this isn't just me. During the day when I haven't gotten enough sleep, and I'm starting to nod off, if someone tries to get my attention or I try to move myself or really any disturbance I can sense, there's a very unsettling feeling I get, like a mini, momentary adrenaline rush, that attempts to jolt me awake. Is there a name for this? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I never thought about it but you’re right. My cat tends to jump up on me as I’ve just drifted off and then I’m wide awake for another hour at least and that feeling of sleepiness is gone. It’s miserable and you’re right it does kinda hurt to start awake like that"
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msku8j | Why can one knuckle be cracked 4+ times when applying pressure from multiple directions? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because the cracking sound/sensation is air bubbles in the fluid that's in the joint popping, not the bones or anything.",
"The crack is from gas dissolved in the fluid in between \"popping\" out when stretched. So an uncracked joint is like an unopened can of soda, and stretching the joint is like opening the can. The gas has room to now pop out and that makes a noise. But, when you stretch one side of a joint, the other side isn't getting stretched, it's getting squeezed. So the other side is basically still an unopened can, and bending the joint in a different way stretches a different part and \"opening\" a different \"can\"."
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mslt5a | How do commercial fishers know what they are going to catch? | They will seek out huge loads of one species and throw out the rest... but how do they hunt and track specific species? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Location, depth, bait, tools. Certain fish are only in certain locations, so to fish a specific fish you must be in a specific location, this isn't necessarily the difference of Alaska vs Florida, but can be location where a certain environment or phenomenon is observed IE: where currents come together, or where certain food can be found said fish like. Certain fish swim at certain depths, you fish as deep where the fish will be. Certain fish are attracted by certain kinds of bait. To catch specific fish you might use different methods or tools, something that is most effective for that kind of fish, it's not always just massive nets.",
"By taking everything out then keeping what they want and throwing back dead or alive what they don’t."
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msm95q | Why can only some female lobsters lay eggs, ie YouTube videos mention the ones that can-have notches on fin and can't be kept, what makes them different from other female lobsters? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Fishermen notch the tail of egg-bearing females they catch, to mark her out as a breeder. If she gets caught again, hopefully the next fisherman will let her go, too, so she can continue to make lots of little baby lobsters. The notch does not create fertility, the notch is something created by a human due to fertility. [Sauce]( URL_0 ) ETA: Non-notched females can breed just fine. The lack of notch just means they haven’t been caught in a gravid condition by someone who notched and releases within the last three or so years.",
"A notch on a lobster tail is a mark made by a human to tell other humans that she was caught before and was seen with eggs. The notch will go away within 2 molts of the shell. Depending on the area it's either a tradition that fishermen use to keep a sustainable population, or it's a regulatory requirement. It's a common tradition, and sometimes law that egg bearing female crabs and lobster can't be kept if caught"
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msmish | why do we weigh less right after we wake up then when we do when we go to bed? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Like others said, we don't lose only moisture, we also expel co2 when we breath out. That is carbon which we ingested as food. That is why when you don't eat but still use energy (even when not working) you lose weight. You can lose approximately 300-500g of fat a day depending oh how active you are when not eating. Every breath you exhale you lose few micrograms of carbon and on average day (depending on activity) it can be up a kilogram or more (up to 2.3 pounds of carbon).",
"Because we lose moisture through breathing and through our body. Also we're not consuming any foods or liquids because we're asleep. Many people urinate in the night too, so when we wake up we are usually at our most dehydrated and need to drink something soon after waking.",
"Evaporation losses from your skin sweating and breath exhaling water. Water in your body is around 60% of your weight. It's one of the reasons a lot of people are more interested in Body Fat Percentage than a persons weight. Weight can be misleading due to how much water you currently have and the large fluctuations in your weight to water gains and losses.",
"Water loss through sweat and exhalation, but also mostly the co2 you exhale. Your body takes in o2, and expels cot and h2o, and those hydrogen and oxygen come from the things that you eat. Most of the weight you lose comes out your lungs, not your butt."
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msmse0 | What exactly is happening during sleep paralysis? | I just had it happen to me for the 1 billionth time and am once again, terrified. Why does the body do this? I wonder if we are the only species this happens to? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I'm sure a better answer will come along, but when you sleep there's a chemical that paralyses your body so you don't act out your dreams. From my understanding when you're more awake than asleep, almost a lucid dream state (aware you're dreaming) awake but that chemical is still active you enter sleep paralysis. You try to move but you can't and panic usually sets in. This mixed with the lingering dream inducing chemicals causes the hallucinations. Basically your mind wakes up more than it should when it shouldn't. Edit. To answer the follow up question, why does your body do this, the scientific why I don't know. Usually it's more common when your sleep deprived or stressed, also drugs even done prescription will add to this (I know peele that take antidepressants and it increased occurrences a crazy amount). I would address that is either are a concern. Some people are more prone to it but better quality sleep should help reduce it significantly.",
"Your nervous system has to block some signals from your brain while you sleep so that you don't move around. When it doesn't turn on fast enough/not work perfectly, you get sleep-walking. When it works too well/doesn't turn off when it's supposed to, you get sleep paralysis.",
"Excellent descriptions already given, but this article goes into treatments as well... URL_0",
"Used to have it all the time, scared the crap out of me. From what I've read, it's natural for your body to paralyze itself when it goes to sleep, to help protect you from hurting yourself. When you have sleep paralysis, it seems like you're almost between sleep and awake and so you have some symptoms of both. The long term solution is to work through emotional traumas, and work through mental health issues, since that's almost always the cause. I worked through some stuff, and I haven't had it happen in like 4-5 years, used to happen every night. A trick to get yourself to be able to move is to try to move your fingers/toes and lift just your neck. Keep doing that and eventually you'll gain some movement and can wake up. Worked for me once I learned about that. Realize that it can't hurt you, as terrifying as it may be, so try not to freak out."
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msnrgb | "Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed". Does it mean that making babies does not add mass/matter to the planet ? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Correct. All you're doing when you produce a baby is taking a bunch of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms, along with a load of other types of atoms as well, and rearranging them. You got the same amount of atoms you started with, they're just in the shape of a baby instead of the shape of a bowl of cereal.",
"\"You want a physicist to speak at your funeral. You want the physicist to talk to your grieving family about the conservation of energy, so they will understand that your energy has not died. You want the physicist to remind your sobbing mother about the first law of thermodynamics; that no energy gets created in the universe, and none is destroyed. You want your mother to know that all your energy, every vibration, every Btu of heat, every wave of every particle that was her beloved child remains with her in this world. You want the physicist to tell your weeping father that amid energies of the cosmos, you gave as good as you got. And at one point you’d hope that the physicist would step down from the pulpit and walk to your brokenhearted spouse there in the pew and tell him that all the photons that ever bounced off your face, all the particles whose paths were interrupted by your smile, by the touch of your hair, hundreds of trillions of particles, have raced off like children, their ways forever changed by you. And as your widow rocks in the arms of a loving family, may the physicist let her know that all the photons that bounced from you were gathered in the particle detectors that are her eyes, that those photons created within her constellations of electromagnetically charged neurons whose energy will go on forever. And the physicist will remind the congregation of how much of all our energy is given off as heat. There may be a few fanning themselves with their programs as he says it. And he will tell them that the warmth that flowed through you in life is still here, still part of all that we are, even as we who mourn continue the heat of our own lives. And you’ll want the physicist to explain to those who loved you that they need not have faith; indeed, they should not have faith. Let them know that they can measure, that scientists have measured precisely the conservation of energy and found it accurate, verifiable and consistent across space and time. You can hope your family will examine the evidence and satisfy themselves that the science is sound and that they’ll be comforted to know your energy’s still around. According to the law of the conservation of energy, not a bit of you is gone; you’re just less orderly.\"",
"I guess yes. The components of the baby's body are taken from the planet afterall. Also, it isn't \"creating\" a baby. It's more akin to manufacturing one.",
"Yeah all the chemicals needed to make a human come from the food we eat. We're just a bunch of atoms arranged in a way they become a chemical chainreaction that is able to sustain itself",
"The human body is basically a giant combination factory/engine. When we consume fuel (eat), we transform it into energy (motion) and mass (growth). When a woman is pregnant, a portion of what she eats is used to grow the baby inside her."
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msnwu7 | How do shells form? Why are there so many types? Why do all the curly shells curl in the same direction? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Mollusks like snails and clams have very delicate bodies, so they need protection from the elements and predators. As mollusks develop in the sea, their mantle tissue absorbs salt and chemicals. They secrete calcium carbonate, which hardens on the outside of their bodies, creating a hard shell. The shell stays attached to the mollusk but it is not actually part of its living body because it is made of minerals, not mollusk cells (unlike most animal structures). The mollusk continues to take in salt and chemicals from the sea and secrete calcium carbonate, which makes its shell grow even bigger. When a mollusk dies it discards its shell, which eventually washes up on the shore. This is how seashells end up on the beach.",
"Shells are secreted out through the skin of mollusks- they take on the shape of the animal that’s tucked inside it. Think of a slug as a snail that hasn’t grown its shell yet. I’m not sure if all shells curl in the same direction, I think they are just shaped that way because that’s how the mollusk inside it grew proximodistally",
"All the curly shells don't curl in the same direction. About 90% of gastropod species have shells that curl dextrally (right-handed) and 10% have a sinistral coil. Bivalve shells don't have a handedness to their shells and neither do cephalopods."
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msp1lv | Why does beer do that thing when hit with another beer on its cap | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If you hit on top of a bottle you create a shockwave traveling downwards. If it hits the bottom it gets reflected and interferes with the shockwave coming from the top (you can see the same effect when you create a wave in your bathtub - when it hits the wall the waves start to look different). This creates some high and some low preassure areas (like the wavepeaks in your bathtub (more water above the floor - > more preassure) ). Why is this important you ask? What? You didn't ask? Too bad, I will tell you anyway: Gas dissolves in liquids, because the preassure above the liquid keeps the gas inside. When the preassure is lower, the gas leaves the liquid. In some drinks, like beer, there is so much gas inside, that it wants to leave, but the gas is surrounded by so much liquid, that it can't escape. In these low preassure areas the gas can actually escape the liquid and form tiny gas-bubbles. on the surface of these bubbles more gas can escape and form bigger bubbles. These big bubbles are what makes you go \"dude wtf\" on partys, when someone hits your beer.",
"Beer is carbonated, that means it has CO2 gas dissolved in the liquid. Generally there is more gas dissolved then there wants to be based on the pressure of the air on top of the beer. When you tap someone's bottle you send a pressure wave thru the beer in their bottle. This wave bounces around the bottle reflecting off the glass and in some points the pressure will be lower than normal so the CO2 escapes the liquid and makes a bubble."
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msq4o2 | We're told for muscle growth you need to eat enough protein, but how important is the type of protein? | I'm aware of essential and non essential proteins, but pretty ignorant beyond that. For example, what proportion of your intake needs be essential protein? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"TL;DR: [This link]( URL_0 ) is a fantastic guide to protein intake for all types of diets, goals, and body types. The whole site is built around synthesizing and analyzing **actual** scientific studies (not just ones bought and paid for by supplement companies). So to begin, being an ELI5 question, beware you're going to get a lot of pseudo-science/bro-science answers here. So far, what I'm seeing in this thread is mostly correct for a normal diet regime, i.e. just eating healthy. However, you mention muscle growth in your title and I see you talking about the gym in a few comments, so \"just eat rice and beans\" is not going to cut it for you specifically. Why? Read on. It's very well-proven that to gain muscle with any sort of speed you need to do two things: 1) eat more calories than you burn (yes this means you will gain some fat as well), and 2) make sure these calories are comprised of a minimum of 1.5g of protein per kg of bodyweight (or 0.7g per lb). So if you're a 70kg/154lb person, you'd need to eat about 105g of protein. Adjust as necessary to your weight. Red beans, a non-meat, relatively high-protein source, have about 24g of protein in a 100g serving (EDIT: 100g of dry beans, that is. 100g of cooked will have less). Obviously this is an extreme example and no one actually eats this way, but it's illustrative to see that you'd have to eat almost *500g* of dry beans to get your daily protein. Prepare your rectum. So what to do? You will have to add protein supplementation, but since you're vegan that means the two best \"complete\" proteins--whey and egg-- are out. Complete means it contains the whole range of essential amino acids, which are primarily what your body use to build muscle. Protein in and of itself doesn't build muscle - it's your body's breakdown of it into amino acids that does the work. If a particular protein doesn't have the aminos in the right amounts/ratios, it's less optimal for muscle growth. The drawback with non-meat proteins (beans, soy, some veg, grain, etc) is that they have a much lower bio-availability of their proteins. Bio-availability is just how much of the particular element your body can actually access. With animal proteins, bio-availability is about 95%; with non-animal proteins it's about 70%. This is true for protein supplements made from plant sources as well. So either you need to eat \\~25% more of it than compared to animal protein (whey, milk, meat, fish, etc), or you need to supplement the protein with EAAs (essential amino acids). These are easy to find in powder form. They are bitter so are best mixed in a berry smoothie or something like that. All of this is to say, at the end of the day your body is an amazing machine and will more or less adapt to whatever you put in it and give you its best possible result along the way. I'm not saying that the only way you'll ever build muscle is to follow my advice. I'm just trying to lay out a simple and easy way of thinking about how to maximize your efforts. Take everything we say with a grain of salt. I'm not omniscient and neither is anyone else (or science for that matter). Start with something reasonable, try different regimes, and see what makes you feel (and look) the best. What works for me may not work as well for you. Ultimately, if you're able to stick to regular exercise and maintaining quality food intake, that's the real victory. Good luck my friend. OBLIGATORY \"THIS BLEW UP\" EDIT: Thanks to everyone for the awards and follow-up comments. Just to add two things: 1. Several users have rightly pointed out that if you are overweight or new to weight training, you can gain a decent amount of muscle and be in a caloric deficit at the same time. This is true and what colloquially is called \"noob gains.\" But as you get more trained / lose more weight, this will eventually plateau and you will need to add calories again. There is also the idea of \"body recomposition\" where you are simultaneously losing fat and gaining muscle. Outside of having gifted genetics, this generally takes a lot longer to build muscle than just eating a surplus. It also requires a more strict monitoring of your calories and macros. But by all means give it a shot. 2. You'll notice there is an inherent bias in what I've written - it's from the perspective of someone who has trained for a long time and is of a normal weight. It's impossible to give advice to every person of every type of diet, age, weight, goal, etc in one thread. I'm simply trying to give a general overview of what I've found that works, but please don't just take my word as gospel. Find a regimen that you enjoy and can stick with and then once you do it enough you too can pass along what you've learned to strangers on the internet for super valuable internet points.",
"There are some great explanations in the thread, so I’m trying one for a five year old. Proteins are like lego sets. You can build a lot of different things with the same bricks. Your body has 20 types of bricks (amino acids) with which it builds all protein the body. When you eat protein, you disassemble (digest) one set and use the pieces to build your own sets (proteins). The more similar the 2 sets are, the easier is it to build. If you want to build a starship (your muscles), it’s best to disassemble a similar looking starship (animal muscle aka meat). If you eat castles (plant protein) you need to disassemble more castle sets to get all pieces you need for your starship.",
"It's more about the amino acids (building blocks of proteins) than the specific proteins- Wikipedia- > An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet. All other amino acids, and the proteins built from them, our body can cobble together just fine on its own. So, you generally should have these in your diet occasionally, but fortunately it's easy to do- rice & beans covers them all, for example.",
"Unless you have a very restricted diet (for health or palate reasons) then you don't have to worry about it. By eating commonly available sources of protein (eggs, meat, chia, hemp etc) you will be eating complete proteins in sufficient quantities by default. If you do have a restricted diet, i.e. a strict vegetarian and you dislike a lot of foods and you don't have time to prepare food that blend enough protein types to make your overall intake 'complete'..then you should be getting some multi-vitamins and some protein supplements to mix into smoothies. Bottom line, if you focus on overall protein intake as a percentage of your diet calories, and eat a varied menu, then you don't have to overthink it. Edit: added in chia and hemp as examples, as many people had mentioned them in the thread.",
"You need to research nutrition elsewhere than reddit especially if you're going to be vegan. After years of being a vegetarian but a diet that included fish, dairy and eggs, I followed advice and thought I was getting enough iron. I became so anaemic after my periods became very heavy that I was 24 hours away from needing a blood transfusion. Anemia destroyed my hair and its never been the same and restoring iron levels took over a year. Moral of the story: do not be casual about altering your diet. Read both the pros AND the cons of veganism so you can not only make an informed choice but also to be aware of the potential dangers that come if one isn't disciplined enough to cook nutritious meals.",
"URL_0 I’d check out this article if you have a chance because it talks in great detail about all the benefits you can expect from a plant based diet and has a section dedicated to protein. It also tells you which foods have particular nutrients that vegans need to include in their diet. As long as you’re eating a balanced healthy diet, you should have no problem getting your protein. I’ve been vegetarian for 11 years and vegan for the past 2, I’ve never had any problems meeting my protein needs. The other commenters emphasizing the protein source being insignificant are correct. Also, all plant protein contains all the essential amino acids, they only vary on the amount of each amino acid. Again, this is something you shouldn’t worry about as long as you’re eating a variety of healthy foods. What is more important is making sure you are getting enough vitamins and minerals that vegans can tend to be deficient in. There are vegan supplements that contain all of these essential nutrients, or you can just ensure you’re eating foods that contain sufficient quantities and foods that are fortified with these ingredients. Almond milk is typically fortified with B12. Nutritional yeast is a vegan must if you don’t use it already, as it is fortified with B12 and other vitamins.",
"I'm vegan and work out quite a lot. (I also teach biology, so I have at least some professional insight into the biochemics behind it). I don't pay any special attention to my protein intake, it's all a bit overblown. Just make sure you eat a variety of foods, and you'll get all the essential amino acids you need. :) Lentils, chickpeas, lots of veggies and you're golden. :) Protein deficiency isn't really a thing. Do take care about B12 though, usually B12 is supplemented into animal food, so you get it when you eat meat that has eaten B12 fortified food. Just supplement it directly and don't worry about it too much.",
"In general you want a mix of amino acids that your body needs for optimal muscle growth, so serious athletes should stick to eating human flesh, preferably of fellow athletes. This is the idea behind feeding livestock trimmings to the same species of livestock (cattle eat cattle, poultry eat poultry), to accelerate their growth. The practice with cattle has been banned in areas that have had outbreaks of mad cow disease, which could infect cows who ate nervous system tissue from infected cattle. The same risk exists with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, so you shouldn't eat peoples' brains, and should trim around spinal columns.",
"When it comes to being vegan, knowing your proteins AMINO ACID profile is number 1. Beans are not a complete protein and need to be eaten with brown rice. Same thing with lentils, must be eaten with brown rice. I also lift weights and build muscle on a vegan diet, and eat my body weight in in grams of protein. Edit: From the research I’ve done and based off my own metabolism, I am on a 30/30/40 split. 30% fats, 30% carbs, 40% protein. 1 smoothie with protein powder a day, all other protein sources come from various plants. Every meal will consist of 2/3 types of protein as well.",
"Someone has probably cited the 1.5g protein/kg bodyweight guideline. That's a good place to start. Animal protein will generally be more \"complete\" than plant sources, in that they'll contain the full spectrum of amino acids, including the EAAs (essential amino acids). In general, though, splitting hairs over the details isn't helpful. If you're trying to gain muscle, ensure each meal has two palm-sized serving of high-quality protein. Chicken breast, fish, etc. I wouldn't make it more complicated than this until you have a specific goal that requires it. [Good source here] ( URL_0 ). Protein isn't the whole story, though. If muscle growth is your main goal, carbohydrates are a crucial element, as well, as they initiate the insulin response that causes muscles to take up the nutrients that need to grow. In addition to the two palms of your protein of choice, have a handful or two of some sort of carbohydrate, ideally: - Rice, quinoa, or a similar grain - Potatoes or other tubers - Fruits ... Etc. This is also discussed in the link above. Finally, people are sure to mention EAA and BCAA supplements, as well as nutrient timing (ie, post-workout meals, etc.) To this, I'd say, the supplements are _supplements_. If your meals include enough high quality protein from food, feel free to add the supplements — they may aid in recovery. If your meals are regularly missing protein, the supplements are unlikely to make up the difference. Takeaway being: Focus on your *food*. Supplements will only make a meaningful difference if your diet is in place. And, if you choose to use them, I recommend EAAs over BCAAs, as they're more \"complete\". As for timing — it's definitely true that consuming carbs and protein immediately after a workout helps your body use the nutrients more effectively. If you can eat your normal meal within two hours of your resistance trainings, do so. Alternatively, the common \"post workout shake\", and a meal later, works just as fine. Again, though, \"when\" will be much less important than \"what\". Make sure your meals contain the right amount of protein an carbohydrates for your goals. When your meal composition is consistently on point, fine-tune the timing. More \"advanced\" strategies are useful for specific situations, but nailing the above _consistently_ goes a long way. Ultimately, there's no \"best\" strategy for everyone (that we know of). Consistent meal composition and consistent progressive overload in your training will get you where you want to go, but I wouldn't stress much over precision unless you're a figure athlete, competitor, or have some other specific reason to do so. If you've got a food log or representative sample of how you eat on a given day, we can probably give some more specific notes. No worries if not though! Good luck on everything!",
"I will say this. My sister works at a gym. A long time ago when she was trying to build muscle it felt like she hit a wall. She started eating meat again and no longer had issues. She is very much into health, nutrition and fitness. Might be part of the reason we don't talk anymore.",
"* histidine cauliflower, bananas * isoleucine spinach, blueberries, apples * leucine kidney beans, apples, blueberries, bananas * lysine kidney beans, black beans, tomatoes * methionine broccoli, cauliflower, spinach, tomatoes, apples, bananas, blueberries * phenylalanine black beans, kidney beans, bananas * threonine spinach, kidney beans, broccoli * tryptophan spinach, apples, oranges, bananas * valine spinach, broccoli, apples, blueberries, oranges"
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msrfeh | How do pregnancy tests work? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Pregnancy tests check your pee or blood for a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Your body makes this hormone after a fertilized egg attaches to the wall of your uterus. This usually happens about 6 days after fertilization. Levels of hCG rise quickly, doubling every 2 to 3 days. URL_0",
"When a woman is pregnant, her body produces a hormone called hCG. That hormone is detectable in her blood and urine as early as ten days after conception. The pregnancy tests have a chemical that reacts with hCG and changes color. So you pee on the stick, the urine wicks up to the test area, and if hCG is present, the second line appears, or the minus sign turns into a plus, or the circuit is completed that lights up the led that says 'Pregnant'.",
"At the end of the test that you dip into the urine there are lots of molecules of dye attached to proteins with a specific shape. When a woman is pregnant she has a hormone called hCG in her urine that will stick to the protein with dye attached. The urine goes along the test by diffusion and when it gets to the test line the proteins will stick to the line and hold the dye in place making a coloured line appear (a positive test). The rest of the dye will travel along with the urine to the end of the test where the proteins will stick to the control line and make a coloured line appear to show that the test is completed (on both positive and negative tests)."
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mss9dc | Why does audio sound acute when it's sped up and deep when it's slowed down? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"What makes a tone sound high pitched or low pitched is its frequency; the space between each sound wave. When you play back some audio at a higher rate, it winds up making the sound outputted have less space between each wave, thereby making it sound higher pitch.",
"Longer waves sound deeper \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / is lower than WW When you speed things up, the waves get smushed smaller"
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mssbzu | defending murderers in court | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's mainly the principle of it, a fair court system requires that everyone have the right to a legal defense. Even if that defense has no ground to stand on, they still have to go through the motions of playing Devil's advocate to the prosecution.",
"Let’s say that there’s photographic evidence, DNA, a survivor who gave a positive ID, fingerprints, a handwriting match, AND the murderer confessed multiple times under no pressure from the police. In that case, the defense attorney isn’t going to necessarily try to prove innocence. They’ll try to get a lesser sentence, avoid the death penalty (in states where it’s allowed), etc. But if there’s even a shadow of a doubt about whether or not the defendant is guilty, then yes, they’re going to pursue that. Some perspective on this: In court, people are being tried for very specific crimes. It’s not always a question of did someone die as a direction result of your action. It’s a question of do your actions line up with the very specific parameters outlined in the statute defining what you have been charged with. Manslaughter is different than first degree murder and the definitions change between states. Some states don’t even have particular kinds of charges. So for instance, you kill someone in a car accident. In one state, you could get manslaughter. In another, vehicular homicide. Since the definitions are specific, that gives room for an attorney to say the defendant didn’t commit that specific crime because of X so they are technically innocent of that crime even if their actions resulted in another person’s death. Another example is drunk driving. You could be charged with a DUI with certain BAC ranges. Or a DWI, which I think is usually a more severe charge with a higher BAC. Some states only have DUIs. Others only have DWI. I’m sure some places have acronyms I don’t even have listed here. If you’ve ever heard of someone getting away with drunk driving because the keys weren’t in the ignition, that’s an example of these loopholes allowing lawyers to get guilty people declared innocent of a specific crime. Also, I’m not a defense attorney. Just married to one.",
"Yes, defence still defend him because due process is important. If state could inflict punishment on individual without proving guilt according to due process, it will not be long until state abuses their power. For example, what if state tortures the suspect This will allow corrupt police to torture innocent people, such as political opponents. Even if they are innocent, harm will be done and thus can be used to terrorize opposition. This is why due process does not allow torture and, among other things, appropriate punishment for prosecution is to remove everything they gained from torture, even things that are real without doubt and thus letting a murderer go free. We thus need a lawyer to assess the situation and defend the murderer.",
"Criminal courts are supposed to come as close as possible to establishing if someone actually committed a crime. One of the problems with convicting people on the basis of them being a \"well known murderer and everyone knows he's done the crime(s)\" is that they're sometimes wrong and one of the principals of our justice system is that it's worse to convict an innocent man than to let a guilty person go free. That's why we have the presumption of innocence and require the high bar of \"beyond a reasonable doubt\". We have some outstanding cases of well-known criminals turning out to have not been criminals and even with safeguards in place courts often convict the wrong person. You can look up the \"Central Park Five\" for a specific example or just do a search on the growing number of DNA exonerations. In practice there often no evidence to back up the assumption that someone is guilty other than that they're a young black guy who was in the general vicinity of the crime. The way it's supposed to work is that the prosecution presents all the evidence that the defendant is guilty and the defense presents all the evidence that they're not guilty. The idea is that if the evidence is strong enough we'll still get the criminal. But, in theory, if public confidence is based on spurious reasoning, the defense attorney should expose that. In order for that to work we need the defense attorney to operate as if they believe that their client is innocent and to do their best to prove that. Note that we also have safe guards against some of the obvious problems. A defense attorney isn't allowed to lie in court. So if you tell them, \"I killed al those people but my cousin is willing pretend that I was playing pinochle at the time.\" They can't use that in your defense.",
"> a well-known murderer and everyone knows he's done the crime(s) This is unknowable and only for the court to determine. > Does the defense still try to say he is innocent or do they just try to reduce the sentence The individual defense strategy will be discussed between the accused and the attorney and will depend on the wishes of the accused and the risk-assessment by the attorney for the possible trial outcomes based on all the external factors (evidence, witnesses, public attention, track record of the presiding judge, etc.) - i.e. the attorney will usually advocate for the best possible outcome for his client that is the most likely to be achieved. Details will vary according to circumstances and legal system."
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mstg9a | How do people regularly self check their testicles without hurting themselves? And how do they detect when something is wrong? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Same way you’d examine any other body part. Gently but firmly feel the area in question, testicles in this case. Take note of what “normal” feels like, if there are any bumps or lumps or skin abnormalities. Then do this regularly, I believe once a month is recommended, and if anything changes, a new bump, a new color to skin, new pain somewhere, that means something has changed and could be a problem. Testicles are sensitive, but they’re not snowflakes, they can take a bit of controlled poking and prodding",
"Sadly there is no way out of this. Tapping your testicles until you feel a bit of pain is important. If you don’t feel any pain then you should seek immediate medical attention"
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mstlos | Why do people need skin grafts? Why can't the skin just grow back like it does for q cut? At what size of injury do doctors decide on a graft? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Your skin has several layers to it. The cells on the outer layer of your skin are actually dead, and can’t replicate. The living skin cells that can replicate are found in a slightly lower level, called the basal layer. When you have a small cut that doesn’t need stitches, the outer, dead part of your skin has been damaged, but that basal layer is still mostly intact and can thus replicate to make new, healthy skin. When you damage too much skin however, or if your injury goes too deep, it can exceed the amount of healing that those replicating cells can replace without help. In the case of needing stitches, it’s just a matter of holding the edges of the broken skin together until the basal layer can do its thing. But if you wipe out the basal layer over a large area, there’s no hope for the existing cells that can divide to cover that much area, and in the meantime you’re losing fluids and leaving those tissues like fat, muscle and bone open to infection or further injury. Situations like that are when grafts become necessary. Source: am medical student",
"You are a big rubber bag of jelly. The rubber is say 5mm thick. If you lose more than 15% of your rubber skin, at any depth of 2-3mm or more, your rubber bag skin can't quite hold in all your jelly and things go wrong, the jelly leaks and all your internal pumps get damaged. The bag can heal itself at this level, but it can take weeks and infections and scarring is worse. You can shave 1mm off intact rubber bag, and use it to patch the areas that are damaged, keeping everything in. Areas where the full thickness of rubber bag are damaged definitely need patches, we can temporarily use rubber from old rubber bags, but its a temporary fix, and it's best to use thin layers of your own rubber. A full thickness defect of 2-3cm needs intervention, partial thickness, depends on where it is, whether it extends into the dermis, and whether it cross joints, the genitals, or hands and feet. Edit; the deciding factor is usually how long it will take to heal, if it will heal in under 2 weeks, the scarring can be minimal provided infection is prevented, if it takes longer than that scarring can be bad, however some laser therapies are good at minimising scars, so pracices can change. The donor site usually has colour/pigment changes that can be minimised with moisturising and massage"
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msusnb | How do cells determine what size to grow to before dividing? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It sounds like a simple question, but it isn't. I was actually doing my PhD on precisely that topic some years ago before changing labs. The short answer is we don't know. It's actually amazing that we don't know even whether cells grow in size linearly or exponentially, and whether the relationship between size and mass is constant. There have been some fantastic technological leaps recently that allow us to measure single cell mass, lab I worked in had an instrument that could measure it to the the picogram scale while the cell is alive and adherent, for days. So I expect we'll have an answer soon, but so far there are some hypotheses: Hypothesis 1) geometric mechanism, more likely in rod shaped bacteria and yeast than mammalian cells. Here the cell would sense its size by relating surface area to volume. For most cell shapes, these two don't increase hand in hand. So one mechanism is: if a cell produces a critical component or molecule that is needed to trigger cell division (given an external proliferation signal), then as soon as it reaches a given size, the molecule's concentration at a particular peripheral subcellular location would reach a certain designated level that can trigger division. Hypothesis 2) landmark mechanism, more likely a later mechanism in organism development, after the establishment of these landmarks. In this hypothesis, cells keep growing until they reach a certain landmark, then they know they grew big enough to divide (again, given an external proliferation signal). We already see this mechanism in other biological phenomena, like lateral inhibition, where if each cell has a receptor and a ligand on its surface, then as soon as cells have enough contact, enough of the ligands of one cell would bind the receptors on another cell leading to the culmination in a signal that tells the cell to do something (like stop growing). Hypothesis 3) titration. In this mechanism, the cell would need to produce something that increases in amount with size while having something else that doesn't increase at all, it's constant. Then the cell would measure the ratio, as soon as the increasing signal reaches a given level relative to the reference yardstick, it means a certain size was reached. There are many candidates for this, it could be any ubiquitously required protein that is needed more when the cell is bigger. And for the yardstick, it could be just a protein whose production cannot be regulated so you get just the gene dose that depends on the amount of DNA, which is constant, or even the amount of DNA itself. As you can see... We don't have any idea really, lots of valid hypotheses, lots of evidence but nothing solid. We are pretty certain cell size is regulated, because it's unbelievable how homogenous cell size is (of one type). And even if you start with variable cell sizes of a given type, they converge rapidly after few generations. Here's a good review on the matter but there are many many more (and books too if you're interested) : URL_0 URL_1",
"It’s not necessarily about how big they grow. Cell division is regulated by proteins called cyclins, and so whenever a cell is triggered by those proteins, it will begin to divide. Then, when it’s divided enough (such as, it starts running into other cells) it’s triggered to stop. If something goes wrong during that process, that’s how you get cancer (cells dividing uncontrollably and not listening to the signals that tell them to stop)."
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msva8q | What are our eyes doing when we switch focus and see our reflection in a computer screen? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Basically, there's a lens in your eye which focuses a particular distance onto your retina. Muscles around this lens can contract or relax, making a different distance from your retina in focus. When you focus further away than your screen, you can get focused on the reflection of yourself in your screen.",
"Tiny muscles in our eyes are changing the shape of the lens, changing what our eyes focus on. Same thing happens any time we change what we are looking at, if the distance is significantly differentz"
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msvy6y | Can you lose fat while growing muscle simultaneously? | Hi, Please don’t kill me! Every-time I’ve ever seen a discussion involving this, people seem to get super angry. I’m not undermining the value of a good diet, caloric deficit, and resistance training. But I legitimately am curious if one has to go before the other. I feel like there’s a finite space, and fat and muscle could kind of coexist to an extent. But if those factors listed above are all in play, would the deficit hinder muscle growth, even if we’re resistance training? Just curious of how/which comes first. Thanks!! | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"While I am by no means near a professional level, as an amateur bodybuilder I can firmly tell you, yes. You can most definitely do that. In the spirit of this sub let me try and keep this simple. & #x200B; Your muscles grow, because you are damaging them when you train. You lift heavy weights, in order to quite literally tear your muscles apart. Now since your muscles are made out of protein, in order for your body to repair the muscle, it needs protein from food, to have something to repair the muscle with. (this is also why most people eat meat, since it's literally already complete, existing muscles of different species) Now in order for your body to survive and keep up it's daily functions (such as keeping your heart beating, pumping blood through all your organs, breathing, digesting, etc...) he needs energy. Energy is given to the body through consuming food. Energy is measured in different units, most commonly in something we call calorie. Now your body has it's own requirement of how much energy (calories) it needs, but for this example let's say it needs 2000 just to survive and keep up it's daily functions. If you now consume more than 2000, the body will store this excess energy, in fat cells and you will gain weight. If you give the body less than 2000, he has to get the remaining, needed energy from somewhere else, since this is what he absolutely needs to survive. He then has two options: He burns of the fat, that he stored in fat cells for later use or he breaks down muscle tissue in order to use their protein (remember that's what they are made of) To a certain degree, your body will use both of these options to keep himself going, when you underfeed him. However, since you basically only wish for fat to be burned and muscle fiber to be preserved, there are certain things you need to look out for. First and foremost, you need to supply your body with enough protein throughout the day. You must also keep an eye on the intervals in which you eat, since you have to avoid going long stretches of fasting (you do not want to give him a chance to attack muscle fibers). You must also (and this is the part many people seem to forget) keep using your muscles. I'm sure you heard the expression \"use it or lose it\" before. You need to keep working out, and you need to keep the weights fairly heavy, because otherwise the body will think, he does need that much muscle anymore and start eating it. So the trick to doing what you have asked is, slightly eating less than what your body needs to maintain itself, so you are still forcing him to eat fat from your fat cells, in order to fill the remaining energy difference, while also keep working out, in order for you body not to \"view\" your muscle mass as not needed, and start consuming it. In short: eat less, train fucking hard, up that protein intake. & #x200B; There is so much more to say about this, but I hope this will suffice. If you need more just send me a message :)",
"From the r/Fitness wiki: The ability to gain muscle while losing fat is dependent on the relationship between your fatness and muscularity. An overly-fat and under-trained person will be able to achieve simultaneous fat loss and muscle gain. A very lean person near his/her limit for muscle growth will not. As one moves away from the overly-fat, under-trained status towards a leaner, more muscular body this ability is diminished. At some point, the vast majority of people will see better/quicker results by choosing to do one or the other (gain muscle, lose fat – often referred to as ‘bulking’ and ‘cutting’, respectively) at a time. For a highly general rule of thumb: if you have been training effectively for a year or more, you’re better off with a bulk/cut cycle. See Lyle McDonald’s Adding Muscle While Losing Fat – Q & A for more discussion. A 2011 paper suggests a weekly rate of body-weight loss of 0.7% can permit muscle gain in both men and women while losing fat mass. Women were also able to increase muscle while losing fat at a weekly rate of body-weight loss of 1.0-1.4%. Men, however, lost muscle mass at this increased rate. In real terms, 0.7% body-weight loss was achieved via a daily deficit of 3.2 calories per lb of total bodyweight (or 7 calories per kg of total bodyweight). At this rate, your goal calorie intake = TDEE – [BWlb x 3.2kcal] (or TDEE – [BWkg x 7kcal]). This is a good place to start. The 1.0-1.4% range works out to a daily deficit of 4.5-6.4 calories per lb of total bodyweight (or 10-14 calories per kg of total bodyweight).",
"The short answer is yes. You lose fat by eating at a caloric deficit. You gain muscle by taxing your muscles in a specific way. Your body will then take the nutrients you are consuming to rebuild and grow your muscles. I have read that your calorie intake should only be about 300 to 500 calories less than you are burning to balance muscle growth and fat loss.",
"I'm not an expert or body builder, but my guess would be: \"yes, but\" As in, yes you can do both simultaneously, but it's probably not as efficient in practice as focusing on one or the other at a time. Your body is a system, and getting the timings of exercise and diet right to feed muscle growth while also burning fat seems... Difficult. Meticulously difficult. This gets into habit building tendencies, too. I guess if you're the type to be motivated by this kind of meticulous methodology, then it may work for you? But it's probably easier and more likely to succeed by focusing on one or the other at a time. On the other hand, if you're not great at building new habits generally, then switching between the two modes may be more difficult than just trying to find a healthy, achievable balance that is \"good enough\" to achieve your goals. That's kind of where I land -- not great at habit building, so just going for some kind of achievable balance that I can stick to long term."
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mswtdr | Why is urine primarily a yellow color among most organisms on earth? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The yellow colour comes from [bilirubin]( URL_0 ). It is a waste product from the decomposition of hemoglobin which is pretty much universal in animals."
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msxotd | why do paper cuts hurt and sting but an axe wound on the top of my foot doesn’t really hurt at all beyond the initial injury | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"There are more nerve fibers per square inch in your fingertips than most other areas of your body. When you get a paper cut, the paper slices through these nerve fibers, resulting in many pain signals being sent to your brain. Comes down to more pain = more nerves damaged",
"I'm no expert but I'd wager it has to do with two main things. Your fingertips are on of the most sensitive parts of your body as they're used for touch, more nerve endings mean more pain signals. Pinch the skin on elbow and you can literally feel the difference in sensitivity. The second, is your hands are extremely dexterous compared to other body parts, plus you move and use your hands all the time. You'll often open the wound or otherwise disturb it just by using them, so fresh pain signals and slowing down its healing. Someone far more qualified than me could likely give a better answer but that'd be my thoughts."
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msyqec | How does learning a language work neurologically? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"To the best of my understanding. Think of an apple; in your brain you have caused certain neural pathways to fire, these contain everything you associate with the essence of “apple”. The color the taste what it looks like etc. They also have the pattern of sound that makes the word apple, and the visual of the printed word. When you learn a new language you are adding new neural pathways for the sounds and the writing and associating them with what you already know. So if you learn Spanish, the word “manzana” triggers the same pathways as the word “apple”."
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mszk6d | What happens neurologically in our bodies that makes us feel specific emotions? Like what microscopic processes take place that produce the emotion anger, or sadness, or joy? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Emotions are caused by a network of neurons in your brain. Neurons are how the different parts of the brain talk to each other, and with the rest of the body. The part of the brain called the amygdala is particularly associated with emotions. Other parts of the brain process things like your senses or impulses or memories, and those parts are always communicating with your amygdala too. When something triggers an emotion, like a sad song or memory, then the part of your brain processing it sends signals to your amygdala. At the connections between neurons, called the synapses, tiny chemicals called neurotransmitters are released. These are things like serotonin, dopamine, endorphins etc. When these are released, you feel emotions."
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mt06cz | Why do fruit not come in the color blue? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Plums and (obviously) blueberries are blue. Also violets, tulips, lilacs , lavender, hyacinths, crocuses, and many other flowers would fall broadly under the blue category.",
"It does though. There's quite a few: blueberries being the most obvious but also concord grapes are bluish, blue tomatoes and some blackberries are actually closer to a blue color."
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mt0s7x | Why do we put braces on kids who still have some/all baby teeth? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Are you seeing brackets (the part cemented to the tooth) on baby teeth? If you're talking about braces while some baby teeth are still there, the orthodontist is probably just getting a head start on the adult teeth and making space for new (larger) teeth to come in. If you're seeing braces on the actual baby teeth, they're likely trying to deal with something other than crooked teeth. For example, fixing an over or under (or cross) bite.",
"Not an orthodontist. I think a lot of orthodontic work has to do with how the jaw is growing. If you work on kids while they're young and the face is still growing, you can ensure the jaw grows correctly. As an adult, I needed major jaw surgery to correct an open bite. Something that likely could have been prevented with orthodontic intervention when I was young.",
"Some would say orthodontics is more art than science. Teeth start eruption at roughly the same age for most people - Statistical Science. The mechanics of how to move those teeth around is a combination of engineering, materials science, and health science. The decisions of WHEN to start treatments, WHICH treatments to rely on, and planning out the resulting facial features is all an INDIVIDUALIZED artistic endeavour. To answer the question of why while they still have baby teeth, comes down to the elasticity of the human body in it's growth phases. Much of the work done is about making space in a mouth where there isn't quite enough --to do so requires expansion and movement during the growth phase. Sometimes, it is to move the baby teeth out of the way, making room for /allowing the adult ones to come in better aligned. Othertimes, it is about moving the baby tooth root, while it's still attached, to reduce the risks of the adult tooth developing, then erupting, in the wrong orientation.",
"I am not an orthodontist, but sometimes the braces are used to make room for adult teeth which reduces the need for orthodontics later. This can reduce the overall cost and time they have to deal with braces."
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mt1dkq | What causes a bug in software? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Writing a computer program requires a high level of precision, basically to the point of perfection. A bug is an error in the programming code. Think of it like a pothole or crack in the road. The bigger it is, the sooner you will notice it and the more damage/disruption it can cause. And some are so small, perhaps in a section of the program that is hardly ever used, that you don't notice it for a while. It's called a bug because back in the Grace Hopper days (I don't remember what decade that was, sorry, but 60s or before for sure) a computer failed because an insect type of bug had gotten into the computer - back then, they were a huge box 4 ft * 4 ft * 8 ft or bigger - and managed to short something out."
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mt26w0 | air pollution | ELI5: why did the air quality improve during the lockdowns last year, and did it improve everywhere? Does the earth actually clean things up by itself or does it just send all the smog to the same place like plastic island in the Pacific? If the latter, where did it go? If the former, how does it get cleaned up and is there some side effect to this? | Earth Science | explainlikeimfive | {
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"A large portion of air pollution comes from cars. With everyone working from home or unemployed because the businesses shut down, there were a whole lot less cars on the road (i live in Los Angeles and the freeways were practically empty at first). The pollution eventually settles out, gets diluted and spread out, or simply gets washed out of the air by rain."
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mt2yn6 | Why does rubbing alcohol not damage electronics but water does? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Rubbing alcohol (isopropyl) doesn't conduct electricity. It doesn't complete an electrical circuit and it doesn't cause iron to oxidize (rust). Water does. Edit: Pure water doesn't conduct electricity - as I've been informed 1000 times.",
"You can wash electronics with soap and water without damaging them, so long as there is no current running in the device. Capacitors that still have a charge can cause shorts, so this is also a potential hazard when cleaning electronics. Alcohol is used because it evaporates faster and it's a better solvent.",
"The most risky liquid for electronics is salt water. It causes galvanic corrosion and can act to short circuit power components. If you ever drop unprotected battery powered electronics into salt water, you have *seconds* to remove the battery; you have *minutes to hours* to rinse out the salt water and you have *days* to let the clean water dry off. You can make a galvanic cell (battery) by taking any two different metals and dipping them in an ionic solution (eg: acid, salt water etc.) When you drop your phone into salt water, the frame (aluminum or steel) and the circuit traces (copper) form a battery. The very fine copper traces oxidize (rust) rapidly. You can make this happen even faster by applying a voltage to drive the reaction. Clean water on unpowered electronics is pretty harmless. Many electronic manufacturing processes flush or rinse with distilled water. If you leave it for a long time, the damp metal will react with air to rust and it will tend to pick up salts and contaminants that may make it act like weak salt water. Alcohol evaporates very fast and is usually applied very sparingly. The risk with alcohol is not the electronics but the structure. Many adhesives are alcohol-soluble including hot melt (used to tack down wires and physically stressed components) tapes and, most importantly, some of the glues used to build up touchscreens. Generally the amount of mass (for glues and tapes) or the amount of exposed surface (tapes and screens) means that you need a long exposure to do much damage. Soaking a screen in alcohol overnight will almost certainly destroy it while doing the same with clean water probably wouldn't.",
"Rubbing alcohol evaporates quickly. You might still have moisture from water in your electronics for days after, but rubbing alcohol is likely to be gone within minutes.",
"Water (H2O) has the ability to auto ionize. Meaning that molecules of water can react with one another to split themselves into two different ions. Hydroxide: [OH]- and Hydron: [H]+. Ions are very good at carrying charge, and if an electrical component is exposed to an ion containing solution it can short circuit meaning that the charge from the circuit is free to flow anywhere exposed to the solution without much resistance. Isopropyl Alcohol (CH3)2CHOH will not ionize because molecules of rubbing alcohol will not react with one another. No auto ionization means that charge won’t run through the solution and the circuit is more or less safe",
"Water doesn't damage electronics. It shorts their connections. If there is no power to the circuit(s) before it completely dries there is no damage. (Perhaps corrosion later). Rubbing alcohol evaporates rapidly so it dries before any damage can occur. It's that simple."
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mt3fge | How does a pack of candy cigarettes have 14g of sugar but the serving size (1 pack) is only 12g, per the label? Are nutrition weights different than regular weights? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"So it looks like the company is using math to get a percentage of a large unit of candy, and it’s not working out for them right. In other words, they’re calculating the sugar content and general weight of a large bulk order of candy, and not taking into account product loss when determining serving size. It’s laziness. Take their measurements with a grain of salt.",
"Maybe they've reduced the contents, but not updated the label completely. Less product, same price, lazy graphic artists/company not bothering to relaculate the nutritional values..."
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mt3h46 | Why do your veins contract in a cold environment when it would make more sense for them to expand so there would be increased blood flow meaning increased warmth and bodily heat? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You would lose more body heat that way. The reason is to preserve vital organs when body heat is being lost faster than it can be produced.",
"The extremities are not essential, according to your body. Your organs are essential, so they get the good stuff.",
"Because increased blood flow also means increased heat *loss*. The body reduces blood flow to the extremities in cold situations so as to preserve heat in the core, which is where all the important bits are. As a result, arms and limbs end up becoming colder, but the core remains warmer than it would otherwise."
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mt3qj5 | How do iridescent paints work? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"They are normal paints with lots of tiny little pieces of iridescent material in them. Think glitter glue. You can even buy the iridescent powder at most art stores so that you can mix it into whatever paints/inks you like and make your own."
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mt45af | How come we still have so many cables above ground? | When I travel around my city and regional areas, I’m struck by how, in our high tech age, we still have so many old fashioned-seeming wires and cables, many in the air and suspended up wooden poles (I get that wooden is probably safer than metal!). Can they not all go underground? Is it a cost or knowledge thing? Will we always need them? Will future cityscapes look wireless? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"some places have unstable ground, places with earth quakes for example. Its is easier to find and fix broken cables if you can see them. Another part is money, why bury them if they are doing just fine where they are"
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mt4yoq | () Howcome radioactivity and DNA mutations are only bad? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Let's say I went to your computer right now and opened a document you're working on (like a Reddit post, an essay if you're in school, or an email message to your boss), and I randomly changed a letter. The vast majority of time, it would look like a typo. It'd be no big deal, someone might notice but it'd be obvious what you meant. Every once in a while, it might actually change the meaning. If so, it almost always does so in a bad way, like if you ordered 10 batteries it changed your order to 90 batteries - or if you invited someone to a \"black party\" instead of a \"block party\". A well-placed typo could cause you to lose money or lose friends. What are the chances that a typo actually improves your document? Sure, it's theoretically possible, but it'd be super rare! Radiation is like that. A bit of radiation hits one cell and damages some DNA. The vast majority of the time, the result is nonsensical so nothing bad happens. Sometimes something bad happens, but your body catches it and kills the cell. But the more radiation, the bigger the chances you get a bad mutation. It turns out that there are lots of ways to mutate your DNA to cause lots of extra growth. It's kind of like changing the order from 10 batteries to 90 batteries. So if you keep damaging DNA, there's a greater and greater chance that you'll damage it in such a way that starts causing uncontrolled growth, which we call cancer. Is there a chance a random mutation could give you superpowers? Sure, it's possible, but just billions and billions of times less likely than you getting cancer.",
"They're not. This is natural selection. Genetic mutations that are favorable for your body, and environment, are passed on and your species survives longer. Bad mutations equal cancer, disease. Good ones equal better survivability long term. It's hard to understand, but going meta, the fact that we aren't covered in hair still is a huge mutation that turned positive for homo sapien sapiens."
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mt5opt | What Exactly is Happening When Someone "Throws" Their Voice? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's an illusion. They make something look like it's talking while hiding their own lip movements. They don't \"throw\" anything. The \"throwing\" is just the brains of the people watching assuming that the thing that looks like it's talking is doing the talking.",
"\"Throwing\" their voice is a term used to describe what a ventriloquist does. Nothing is actually \"thrown\", it just means that the ventriloquist is attempting to make it appear as though the sound is coming from the dummy by speaking without moving their lips. Because the dummy is sitting off to the side, the image is one of the voice being \"thrown\" across the gap between them.",
"So you're suggesting, IN DIRECT OPPOSITION TO DECADES Of ESTABLISHED COMIC BOOK PRACTICE, that there's no such thing as \"super-ventriloquism\"? What the hell has Superman been using all these years, then?",
"Voice throwing is changing your voice in such a way as to make it sound like someone speaking from a distance. Just about anyone can change their voice to speak in a low tone or a high squeaky tone. Voice throwers do something similar and just change the tone to make it sound far off. I don’t think it has to involve echoing, since the only time I’ve heard someone do was outdoors in a completely open area. It was pretty funny actually. This guy had my dad completely fooled as he kept making it sound like someone far off was yelling “hey Jack!” My sister and I figured it out after a couple times that he did it but my dad was clueless."
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mt5ymu | Why is shorting of stocks a thing? What benefit does it provide to the market system when people can just borrow money and bet on a business to fail? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's a way for large investors who are holding shares of the stock to earn a small amount of passive income, by lending the shares out and collecting interest while doing so",
"To answer the why, just look at Nikola Motors. Almost the entire company was smoke and mirrors. The investment company that released the report that proved it paid off their research by shorting the stock. By having a mechanism to make money off downward stock prices, it financially incentivizes entities that uncover malfeasance to release that information to the public. Just because it can be abused doesn't mean it's always a bad thing... Misuse should certainly be much more harshly regulated, but shorting isn't inherently bad.",
"It's not really borrowing money, it's more like borrowing the stock. You are essentially selling stock in the future that you haven't bought yet in the hope that, when you end up buying it, the value will be lower. Aside from the obvious personal benefit to the person doing it, when it works, there is also the general benefit of people being able to create more balanced portfolios of stocks that might go up even when the general market falls. A balanced portfolio might increase investments in it in general, and that can increase the longer term investments as well, that are not only speculative, benefitting the whole economy, at least in theory.",
"Shorting, like speculating in general, has the valuable market function of putting pressure on stock prices to move toward their \"correct\" level. The process of shorting a stock involves selling it. Selling lots of shares of a stock reduces the stock price. If the people shorting the stock are correct about it being overvalued, then they will be helping it reach the lower, more correct price faster. Also, there's no good reason for it to *not* be a thing. Shorting a stock won't cause a healthy business to fail, and the person who risks the most in the exchange is the person doing the short. There's no clear way in which the person shorting the stock is violating anybody else's property rights or causing undue harm to them. At worst, it'll cause an unhealthy business to lose investor confidence faster, but that's not a bad thing. And if the business is healthy, then it'll just help the people who have a better understanding of the company's value, who will be able to buy the stock more cheaply and make money when it goes up. The GME situation demonstrates a desirable outcome: Funds that were shorting the stock lost money. They were duly punished for their poor foresight, a lot of smaller investors made a bunch of money, and Gamestop will continue to sink or swim based on whether it successfully transitions to a digital distribution platform.",
"It allows market participants to express negative views on a stock and facilitates a higher degree of market efficiency, helping to reduce relative over pricing of securities.",
"It benefits the market because it's a tool investors can use if they think a company is buffing their numbers and is destined to fail. This helps root out fraud, like any tool it can be used for nefarious purposes as well.",
"Good answers in this thread on the role of short selling and how it can benefit the market. I am going to take a slightly different angle to this: why would it not be a thing? There needs to be a reason for something to be disallowed. A basic short sale consists of three transactions, all of which look pretty reasonable to me: \\- If I want to have a share temporarily in my portfolio, and someone who has that share is willing to lend it to me for that time (for a fee we both agree on), why would we not be allowed to make that deal? \\- If I have a share in my portfolio and I believe the company will go down, why would I not be allowed to sell it? \\- If a share has recently dropped in value, and I now like it, or if I need to have that share to give back to a lender, why would I not be allowed to buy it? Why would any of these transactions be disallowed? And if all three of them are allowed, that means short selling is possible."
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mt6gqv | - What is the difference between a HDD and SDD (in terms of computers) | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"HDD's are like merry go rounds. You have to wait until an empty spot for you to put data in. And once data is in, you need to wait for the circle to come all the way around again to take it out. SSD's are like boxes. You put you data in and then put it on a shelf. When you need the data, you take it off the shelf and take it out. No need to wait for the circle to come around again."
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mt6h13 | How does synesthesia work? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Our brain reads messages from our senses and processes them. Our brain tells us what red looks like, and what a car sounds like, based on the messages it gets from the eyes and ears. For some people, the processing for different sensors overlaps and people end up \"seeing\" colors when they hear things, or other combinations of sensations. So it's basically just your brain processing senses a little bit wrong. Usually it's harmless and can create interesting experienced for those who have it."
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mt6wef | Why is fish meat so different from mammal meat? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because fish separated from mammals hundreds of millions of years ago. Fish and mammals separated a long time ago, and since then both have changed (mammals more than fish) for the specifics of their environment. Fish love in water where they don’t have to bear the weight of their bodies, but instead can float/sink using special organs called swim bladders. Mammals on the other hand have to fight against gravity and push themselves across land. These two different environments selected for two different kinds of muscle to best fit each needs."
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mt7na0 | Hard to swallow pills sometimes but not food? | So why are pills hard to swallow sometimes but when you eat and swallow food its almost always bigger than the pill and never a problem? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's bigger but it gets chewed into smaller fine semi solid. Try swallowing solid food of same size as the pill, like maybe a small chocolate without chewing at all. I mean don't do it, cause you will end up choking yourself.",
"Because you don't \"chew\" the pill. When you chew, your saliva makes the Bolus (chewed-up food) slightly wet, so it slips through the Esophagus. like when you drink water with the pill. it's easier than crying in the corner."
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mt8gcr | What happens when electricity is provided to a poor conductor or an insulator? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"current = voltage / resistance. If you have a poor conductor, then it has high resistance, so the electricity doesn't flow as fast. If it has an infinite resistance (ie, a perfect insulator) then it doesn't flow at all. You can basically just think of the insulator as blocking the flow of electrons. They can't get through the material, so no electricity can flow."
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mt93in | How do certain surfaces become a mirror when polished perfectly? | Saw a video where the back of an iPhone was turned into a mirror, how does that work? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Light reflects on any surface as you can see in a mirror. When you look in the mirror in an angle, you can't see yourself anymore because the light does not reflect back to you. A rough object has all tiny bumps, that you can compare with microscopic mirrors that all point in different directions. So,when you look directly in it almost all reflections point away from you. polishing flattens those bumps, or even removes them so that all those microscopic mirrors point directly at you",
"Essentially, everything reflects light. the difference between any matte surface and a mirror is how flat the surface is. For a mirror to be, well, a mirror, you need to make it so flat that the majority of visible light will be reflected in the same direction, unlike with matte surfaces, where, because theyre rougher, the light will be scattered in all directions."
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mt9tfa | Why is time considered to be the fourth dimension? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"\"Meet me at a restaurant\" gives a location in 3 dimensions. However if I don't also include the time then you won't find me there. You need to know the place and time to be able to meet somewhere.",
"A dimension in maths and physics is defined as the minimum number of coordinates you need to specify a specific point in the object you refer to. So the surface of the earth is 2 dimensional because only two number is required to specify a point, the longitude and URL_0 might sound strange but the surface of any 3D object is 2D. But in a way, you already knew and used that because you measure the surface area for example square meter or square feet. You do not measure a surface volume in cubic meters or cubic feet. If you want to include the height above or below ground too you have 3 dimensions because another variable is needed. If you like to specify when and where something occurs on or above the earth you need to include the time, the is another required number so another dimension. Time is not a spatial dimension you can move freely in but a temporal dimension but it is still a required number to specify when and when an event occurs.",
"Until Einstein came along in the early 20th century, time wasn’t a dimension, but a variable. What this means is that things like position, velocity, etc. depended on it. It was assumed that the entire universe has a global “clock” that everyone just agreed upon and that the notion of “1 second” was the same for everyone. Einstein’s revelation in 1905 was that this was not the case. He argued that depending on how fast you’re moving (compared to the speed of light), you actually have a different “clock” that someone moving at a different speed would not agree with. So now in order to describe the dynamics of an object, you had to not only describe their position in the usual 3D sense, but also take into account their clock. This is most easily done by considering time to be another dimension in their movement. There is a slight subtlety to this because when you add time as a dimension, the way you calculate distances in this “4D” space changes from the usual way you’d do so in 3D space. I’m not 100% sure of this next part but I think this reflects the different nature of the time dimension (you can’t move freely in it).",
"Let's say we want to go to the ice cream shop for some delicious ice cream. To get the ice cream we'll need to factor in 4 things: 1 & 2: latitude and longitude. These will get us to the right address of the ice cream shop. 3: height. the ice cream shop is on the ground so we need to be too. We can't be in a plane flying over it because we wouldnt be able to get any ice cream up there. 4: time. We have to go while the ice cream shop is open. If we went in the middle of the night it would be locked up and we wouldn't get any ice cream."
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mtaxn2 | How do epipens work, and how can they treat such a wide range of allergies? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"All of the things that cause severe allergies cause the same dangerous symptoms, swelling that can close off the airway and low blood pressure from the sudden over relaxation of the muscles inside blood vessels. Epinephrine works by helping to reverse those two dangerous symptoms, so it doesn't really matter what specific allergen caused the reaction in the first place.",
"Epipens are adrenaline injectors. They work line any other intramuscular injection, in that they deliver a dose of adrenaline into a muscle, which is then taken up by the body. They can 'treat' a wide range of allergies because, fundamentally, the reaction is the same. During a severe reaction, the throat closes up making breathing difficult, which is the main threat to life. Adrenaline induces bronchodilation, which makes breathing possible. However, just using an Epipen is not enough after an anaphylactic attack. Adrenaline injections are useful in the field, but professional treatment should be immediately sought.",
"Epipens deliver a shot of epinephrine (aka adrenaline) to counteract the symptoms of the most severe form of allergic reaction, anaphylactic shock. Anaphylaxis happens when the immune system reacts to an allergen very strongly causing the blood vessels throughout the body to dilate leading to dangerously low blood pressure. It also causes the muscles in the airways to constrict making it difficult to breathe. Epinephrine counteracts these symptoms so that the person can stay alive long enough to get medical treatment. Epipens are not helpful for every allergic reaction, only the ones that result in anaphylaxis.",
"It's not about the allergens, it's about the reaction those allergens do in the body. When an allergic reaction occurs, some bodys reacts with a variety of symptoms which can lead in the worst case to death, called anaphylactic shock (an overreaction of the immune system). One symptom (or problem) of anaphylaxis is a swelling in the airways and edema. Epinephrine, which is the substance in an EpiPen, contracts your vessles and reduce the swelling. More it raises your blood pressure, which is an other problem of a anaphylaxis, because your vessels widen so a shock can occur. Epinephrine reduces furthermore the release of substances, which your immune system releases, which can results in those symptoms. All in all a epipen treat's the symptoms but not the allergies. This is why you should still try to remove the allergens. I hope this is understandable. Sorry for the spellings, i'm not that fluent in English."
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mtbbgk | Why isn't the capsaicin molecule broken during the cooking process? Why is the food still spicy afterwards? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Capsaicin is very stable, heat doesn't destroy it and freezing has no effect on it. Acids don’t neutralize it, either. In fact, quite the opposite. Acids help preserve the heat in capsaicin. Edit: NOT ALL acids neutralize capsaicin. Acetic acid can neutralize it, albeit with large amounts.",
"Lots of molecules aren't destroyed in the cooking process. If you look at spices alone you have the molecules responsible for the tastes of cinnamon, oregano, mints, cumin, turmeric, etc. You can recognize them as the same thing before cooking and after. You also have some fibers that are not broken down. You have vitamins that vary in their ability to withstand cooking. Fats survive cooking well. Heat largely breaks down, alters or combines proteins and also sugars as well as causing acids and bases to do their reactions faster. It also facilitates some mechanical changes like making beans absorb water faster (and all the reactions that produces).",
"it gets destroyed if you cook it for too long, just cooking it preserves the flavour whereas overcooking it destroys the flavour"
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mtbkqy | - How/why do bubbles form in carbonated beverages and why do they only seem to come from the bottom of the bottle? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"So... Carbonated beverages are an unstable solution kind of like a wagon stacked sky high with swaying boxes. Even though this system is unstable though it does need something to trigger the instabilities to make the boxes fall. In the case of the wagon its tiny bumps in the road or imperfections in the wagon's wheels and bearings that start things a swaying. In a soda bottle it is tiny microscopic imperfections in the surface of the bottle. This is why bubbles seem to form streams. Tiny imperfections in the bottle provide points for CO2 to form up on and then make a bubble. You know the mentos in coke trick? That isn't a chemical reaction. That happens because the mentos has a very rough surface texture and the CO2 just goes crazy for it. To answer your next question - \"what happens if we made an absolutely perfect bottle?\" Happy googling, you're going to have some fun there. Short answer - explosions."
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mtcezk | What exactly are neurotransmitters and why do we need so many different types of neurotransmitters? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Neurotransmitters in short are little chemicals that our body responds to in various ways (transmitters). We add neuro because they originate and communicate across neurons. We have a number of different neurotransmitters based on a few reasons, what is the likely the most important reason is to send different signals to the same tissues or similar tissues; as well as to reduce “noise” from neurotransmitters escaping and activating nearby cells and neurons.",
"This is like how you stop calling a bunch of leaves as leaves, but as salad instead, when it is in a bowl. Neurotransmitters are basically chemical molecules. But when it is being used to as a way for neurons to communicate to each other (READ: TRANSMIT signal), we start calling those chemical molecules as neurotransmitter. A good example is adrenaline (or epinephrine). It is a chemical molecule. When it is in the blood, we call it hormone. When it is in the brain, we call it neurotransmitters, when it is in a syringe (like epi-pen) we call it medicine. note: this is ELI5, lots of details omitted.",
"Neurons are the cells that do little bits of math in our brains. They can do more complicated stuff when they work together. Two neurons talk to each other using structures called synapses that look kinda like a handshake. Synapses are generally one way: one neuron talks, and the other listens. A neuron talks by releasing a bunch of chemicals into the space between the 'hands'. These are neuro-transmitters. You may have heard of serotonin or endorphins. These are neurotransmitters. Often, we talk about a neurotransmitter having a 'meaning' - serotonin is called the happiness chemical for example. This isn't quite accurate. Instead, each one is like a note in a song. A particular note may be more common in sad sounding songs, but it can also be used in happy songs. The meaning is in the combination and sequence of notes. It's the same with neurotransmitters. The timing, amounts, and mixtures of neurotransmitters sent between neurons hold the meaning. Some chemicals are used as neurotransmitters, but have other uses in the body. For example, glutamate is an amino acid - meaning our bodies use it as kind of a building block for a lot of things. It's also used as a neurotransmitter.",
"You remember that puzzle game where you fit the shapes in the different slots that look like the shapes? In your brain there are tons of these different slots called receptors. Each type of slot has a particular job or function which depends on what type of cell its on and where that cell is in the brain. There are so many of these slots in the brain that we haven't even finished finding them all yet! And there are so many things that the brain needs to do all the time just so there needs to be so many different types of these slots! Neurotransmitters are the shapes that fit into the slots. They can fit directly into the slot, off to the side of the slot, or they can even not fit through the slot but block any other shapes from fitting in! Now when these shapes fit into a slot they can make the slot do something, change what the slot does when another shape comes along, or prevent shapes that should fit from making that slot do anything. Keep in mind that these shapes are only considered neurotransmitters if they are produce in the brain and fit into slots in the brain. And that what the neurotransmitter \"does\" is determined by the receptor it fits into!"
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mtcnb5 | Are gas giant planets gassy? As in could I land on a gas giant and like poke my finger through? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Gas giants are weird. If you tried to land on a gas giant, you'll first encounter an atmosphere, similar to what you would expect on earth. It would start very very thin and becomes more substantial as you go down. As you get deeper the pressure would increase to very high levels, the temperature would rise, then the gas would turn into liquid. Unlike earth, where the transition between the atmosphere and the ground happens at a very defined point, gas giants transition smoothly. So the atmosphere would become thicker, then soupy-er, until it's basically a liquid. You would be very dead long before this point, but if you somehow continue to dive deeper, you would encounter another smooth transition, from the liquid mantle made of mostly hydrogen to the solid and rocky core. > and like poke my finger through? Not really. The atmosphere doesn't start at a set altitude. Vacuum just become less and less void as you get closer to the planet, and there is no point where the change is abrupt enough that it would feel like poking something. **************** **[edit]** Many people are asking why we can see gas giants so sharply if their atmospheres doesn't have a clearly defined boundary. This happens because the transition zone from hard vacuum to dense atmosphere, while being several hundred kilometers in height, is very small compared to the overall planet (like a fraction of a % of the radius). The decrease in pressure is also exponential, so only the very lower layers are dense enough to see. [You can actually see the fuzzyness in some close up photos.]( URL_0 ) [The same is true for earth's atmophere.]( URL_1 )",
"Not exactly an eli5, but this is my favorite reddit post ever, which describes what we believe would happen if you tried to land on jupiter. URL_0",
"The structure of gas giants isn't well understood yet and likely won't be until we can send probes into the atmosphere. It's very likely that under the atmospheric layer lies a comparatively thin ocean of liquid helium and trace amounts of other liquids. This ocean will be contantly boiling off as more liquified gases rain down from above. Under the ocean lies a huge rocky planet structure far larger than the inner planets. This rocky core will have a very thin crust that will be contantly broken apart, melted and reformed by the huge amouts of nuclear decay in the core and by the tidal heating of the orbiting moons. Despite the fact that there's an ocean of liquid helium sitting on top, the planet's core is generating so much heat that the crust can't remain solid. This core heat is what's boiling the oceans and causing the incredible storms in the planet's atmosphere, such as the famous giant red spot on Jupiter.",
"There's an interesting phenomenon that happens with gases around gravitational cores (a.k.a. planets). It's called pressure. The deeper you go, the higher the gas pressure is. The average ambient air pressure in Death Valley, CA (86 m below sea level) is consistently higher than in Denver, CO (\\~1700 m above sea level). So, can you land a spacecraft on the \"surface\" of a gas giant? No. It would implode from the crushing external pressure long before it reached any notional surface and your rendered self and craft would continue to crash down until it reached a level where the density of the constituents roughly matched the density of the surrounding planetary media, be it gaseous or solid in nature.",
"There's no 'surface' to a gas giant, although that's not technically true, its true enough for colloquial use. Perhaps the best way of thinking about it is like with deep sea diving, only the water is a few thousand miles deep instead of just a couple. There will be a point you can 'land' although instead of being land it's the point your craft is buoyant. Given the nature of gas giant weather and tides this will change both depending on where you are and the configuration of the planets moons and possibly its sun(s). Once at this point you *could* extend your arm beyond that point, but it wouldn't feel any different than say holding your arm underneath you while diving, the pressure is higher, but not noticably so. You don't come to a surface, per se, but instead the atmosphere smoothly transitions into the planet. Gas giants do have a solid core, so technically you could call that a surface and the rest of it an atmosphere, but an important thing to remember is that the 'gas' in the planet makes up the majority of its volume and mass. As mentioned elsewhere, too, the pressure would continuously increase until, even if warm enough to be a gas, that gas will become a compressed liquid, superheated.",
"Gas giants are quite strange, and there's no real short answer The outer atmosphere of gas giants are, well, gas. Jupiter for example is swirling masses of hydrogen, helium, ammonia gas, methane, water vapor amongst a few other things As soon as you enter the atmosphere you'd feel the intense winds, winds that can reach well above 1000mph near the equator. If you survive that and kept plummeting towards jupiter's center you'd begin to enter thicker and thicker clouds, as the pressure increases. The hydrogen, under enough pressure, would become a liquid (although this boundary is considered to be ill-defined), the hull of your spacecraft would start creaking under the immense pressures Basically, you could fly a very sturdy aircraft (that accounts for the aerodynamics of the planet's atmospheric composition) through the upper layers of the atmosphere, but as soon as you get anywhere close to the \"surface\" (liquid hydrogen) the pressure would be far too great for any human or likely any man made craft -- at least that we could make right now -- and crush it Jupiter is frickin amazing though, if you were to continue down far enough you'd reach an area of jupiter's hydrogen core than was so dense a s under such immense pressure that it would literally be **metallic hydrogen** Jupiter is sick af and you could write dozens of volumes of books about it , and we learn more every day!",
"I've only seen it tagentially mentioned, so I'll add this small point to the already excellent answers. As you descend through the atmosphere the pressure will get greater and greater. At some point the gases will become liquid. Given you are in some sort of craft, somewhere around here is where the average density of your craft and the density of the surrounding gas/liquid equalise, and you simply float, unable to escape or descend further through the planet. This is how some people think we could live on - or at least visit - Venus, with craft that float on top of the fairly dense atmosphere. At those altitudes it's believed the temperature would be fairly pleasant.",
"Yes, gas giants are gassy. No you can not poke your finger through it. It is generally accepted to believe that gas giants have a solid core.",
"You can't land on a gas planet any more than you could land on a cloud. If you tried to, you'd just fall until either the increasing pressure crushes you, or you reach the point where the planet's density matches yours, and you'd just float there."
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mtcssk | How do chickens lay eegs? | Like, how do they even mate? Also another question how do I know that the eggs im buying aren't fertilized? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Like every vertebrate that isn't a mammal, chickens only have a single opening at the back end for digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems called a cloaca (the Latin word for sewer). Chickens mate by holding their cloacas together to transfer the sperm cells. Kind of like kissing someone else's butthole with your own, but easier for chickens since they don't have buttcheeks. Hens have been bred to continuously lay eggs regardless of if they've mated. Commercial egg producers don't keep roosters with the hens, so there's no chance for an egg to be fertilized. if you get farm eggs, you can get a fertilized egg. Unless the embryo has grown significantly, it has no effect on using the egg."
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mtcxy1 | Why do basements get dirtier than other places and floors in the house? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Basements are used often for storage and are therefore rarely cleaned as carefully or as often as the rest of the house.",
"Dust will always fall down, also people won't clean their basement nearly as often as they clean the rest of their house"
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mtds7f | If everyone wants financial success, how does a "Great Depression" happen? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The economic crisis/crash isn't a singular event. It happens gradually and in a few steps. Usually follows a major event. For example, when the coronavirus started to hit our shores, travel was banned first. So many people from the hospitality and tourism industry were laid off. Demand surged for medical industry & things like masks/sanitisers. Airlines were hit HARD. So what happens is, there are a lot of people unemployed suddenly and stock prices of things like airlines drop. Trade also slows down as people try to 'predict' what will happen. In any crisis, people spend less. People spending less = less money in the economy. Less money = more layoffs unless the crisis reverts or there's government intervention or something of that sort. In short, everyone is not working as usual. Certain jobs start to be irrelevant and more people are unemployed leading to the weak economy."
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mtdttx | Why has RAM storage not paced with long term storage? | Long term storage capacities, at least for consumers, are easily accessible at 2T with phones routinely coming with 256G base. However, RAM is only seen in 1/2/4G configs. Yes some phones are offering 8 and 16 but that's abnormal. Anyway, why do we not see 256G RAM cards? Is it a manufacturing thing? Obviously, it's not practical to have 256G RAM but my question is more as to why they aren't similar. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Ram has increased at a similar rate, but it has always been below storage. Ram is more expensive because it needs to be faster.",
"You seem to be talking phones in particular. On the desktop market you can get 256GB sticks of RAM. That's *huge* compared to 20 years ago. But RAM is expensive because it has to be very fast, and phones just don't do enough things at once or enough huge things to warrant needing all kinds of RAM. Meanwhile, storage increases because people find themselves with the ability to take HD video, which takes up space quick. A phone able to hold all these apps and photos and videos is a selling point. Plus, RAM needs to be continually supplied electricity to keep its data. More RAM means more battery used.",
"RAM is meant for short term storage with quick erasure and replacement. The storage in RAM is designed with that in mind, with longer term writes being pushed into the less volatile HDD or SSD drives. Most programs don't need more than 8 GB of RAM, even on a full PC, pulling information from HDD a little at a time based on the needs at the time. And on a phone, most of that 8 GB is there to allow multiple programs to run at once. They have no need to burn through the storage in the phone with the constant rewriting just to enable 256 GB or 2 TB of RAM."
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mteklg | How do adults develop allergies/ food intolerances if it wasn't an issue during childhood? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because you are not exposed to every possible allergen as a child. For example: Mosquitoes in Texas (where I grew up) are not the same (to me) as the mosquitoes in DC, or Australia, or Kenya. I never had an issue with Texas mosquitoes but it took me two seasons of pain and hot welts and abject misery to acclimate to the mosquitoes in the three other regions. Same thing with hay fever/pollen allergies. If you were never exposed to the pollen of the X plant in the first 25 years of your life, there is no reason to think you are going to be fine with it when you are initially exposed during the 26th year of your life. There are other concepts that explain why the body may *lose* tolerance to certain chemicals/compounds/etc. The above is just one way they can develop/manifest."
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mteu5s | - What makes the whites of your eyes greyish / bloodshot when you're super tired? | I haven't slept well in months (cos baby). The whites of my eyes haven't been bright white for a long time now - they're perpetually greyish and feel really rough / sandpapery. Why does being tired make them discoloured? Also, by most evenings my eyes are bloodshot. What makes this happen and why aren't they bloodshot all the time given how knackered I am? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Your tears have a particular mixture of water, oils, proteins, sugars, and salts to help moisturize and protect the surface of the eye. As you stay awake longer, the quality of your tears degrades because your tear ducts also get tired. This causes your eyes to dry out easier, causing irritation and redness. It also makes you want to rub you eyes to help smear the tears you have left. Your tear ducts need shut eye time to recharge and refresh it's production of tears. If you don't let your body sleep, your tear ducts are not able to produce good quality tears. You can substitute with artificial tears (different from the eye drops with medication to reduce redness) but ideally, you should restore your natural tear production."
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mteydp | Where does all that muscle go in retired body builders? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It atrophies. It gets broken down by the body for sustenance. This applies to everybody, not just bodybuilders. Muscles that don't get used regularly disappear within weeks and months - they are expensive in upkeep after all."
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mtf54o | Could you theoretically take CO2 and water and create food (carbohydrates) using electricity? | Similar to what plants do, could you theoretically take CO2 and water, break them down somehow using electricity and then recombine them into carbohydrates that people can eat? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yes we can. There are multiple steps involved but we do know how to turn carbon dioxide into fat. Each of these steps are being used in various industrial applications but generally not combined. They are generally inefficient and creates a lot of excess heat. So using plants is a much more efficient way to do this. But it is a theoretical possability and we do have all the equipment.",
"Yes; there's nothing physically or chemically inhibiting this, it's just difficult, time-consuming, and energy-intensive. Any process done \"naturally\" can be recreated, at least hypothetically, in a lab."
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mtf94z | How come my phone has 5 bars but no service? What are the bars actually measuring if not service strength? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"You're probably outside range of your own phone provider's towers and are connected to a different provider's towers. The signal strength is good, but you don't get phone service from them. The reason this works is even if you don't have service with this carrier, you can still call 911 from them, so your phone still tries to stay connected to something, even if it's not a tower it can use for normal service.",
"The bars represent the strength of the connection to the cell tower / Wifi router. If that tower or the wifi router themselves are not connected you won't get internet no matter how strong the connection to your phone is.",
"5 bars just means the phone is connected to the nearest tower, but if the tower doesn't have any internet to give the phone won't get it"
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mtgmft | How do polygraphtest work? And how accurate are they? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"They monitor vital signs like heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and skin conductivity (to measure perspiration). They get a reading all of these metrics when asking baseline questions, so if they see dramatic changes in the vitals, they think that you’re lying. Are they accurate? Not at all. They physiological responses that they are measuring are by no means exclusive to being untruthful. There’s a reason why the results are inadmissible in court.",
"When I was in the military we had a bunch of computers stolen that were to be sent ahead of me to a work location. I flew out as scheduled for a month and they sent me other equipment. When I got back, I was polygraphed as part of the investigation. Afterwards, the guy said “What would you say if I said we had a witness that saw you take that equipment?”. I said “You’d have a liar because I had a broken foot at the time and was on crutches”. (A month earlier I really did have a broken foot and I could prove it) The guy bursts out laughing and reminded me he had not “*accused*” me. He had just asked the question about what I would say **if** that were true. He confined that 70% of the time, a guilty guy will confess right there. Their final verdict of my interview was “I didn’t know who did it, but I suspected who did it”. Which is an cop-out way to get me to open up about my suspicions without evidence. I think they use the polygraph to intimidate people and to pressure people who might be on the edge of confessing. It think scientifically it’s a useless device."
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mth3p1 | How do forehead thermometers measure your internal temperature? Wouldn't it just give the temperature of the surface of your skin? | We have forehead thermometers at work now, and I'm curious how the thermometer measures your internal temp? If I have a fever, but it's 10° outside and my face is frozen, wouldn't that affect the reading? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Your forehead is a spot where the flesh on top of the bone is very thin. Lots of little blood vessels(capillaries) in that area as well, so generally your skin temp on your forehead is really close to your overall blood temp.",
"Well. This is a problem that occupied medicine science for a while. And then they discovered that temperature difference between different parts of your body are, at a certain temperature range, somewhat linear. As in, the temperature on your forehead is not the same as your internal body temperature. But in some given circumstances, it is pretty close. And the difference in those circumstances is well known and easy to calculate."
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mth8g3 | How are things like google earth and google maps etc even possible? | It must be a crazy amount of data, how does google earth even work? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Google maps actually uses mobile 360 degree cameras mounted on cars driving around for most of its streetviews, with satellite overviews. Google has massive server farms:data centers that process images as they are received.",
"A lot of satellites take those pictures and put them together so you can virtually \"travel\" the world. Since that takes a long time and some places are more populated or popular than others, some of those pictures are new and others are several years old."
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mth99c | How do some waves become tsunamis but not all? | Earth Science | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Tsunamis are the result of massive displacement of water volume, either from a underground cliff collapsing, or large land collapse (e.g. volcanic explosion sheered off land mass). Wave action is a different geophysical process from tsunamis.",
"Imagine a swimming pool with nobody in it, on a windy day. The pool will have waves in it, caused by the wind, but they're small. Those are normal waves. Then somebody does a cannonball into the pool. The wave caused by that is a tsunami. Now just scale that up to the whole ocean, where tsunamis are caused by single large events that displace lots of water, such as earthquakes. In fact, the literal analogy to the cannonball in the pool would be an asteroid impact in the ocean."
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mti88o | Why is it so uncommon to find predator bones in the woods? | So it’s much more common to find deer and rabbit bones out in the woods, but how come it seems so rare to come across bear or cougar bones? I understand they are not as high in population but they’re definitely out there. Where are the bones??? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"A wolf eats about 20 deer a year. Assuming an average life span in the wild of 8 years, this is 160 deer carcasses for 1 wolf carcass. That's why it's more likely you'll see prey bones than predator bones.",
"There are fewer of them, and when an animal is sick or wounded its natural instinct is to hide somewhere for protection. So yeah, they're there, but you've got a smaller chance of encountering them to begin with, and they aren't likely to be in places that you'll casually stumble across while out for a stroll.",
"Predators are trophy animals, studied and monitored closely. Not saying that's completley why you aren't seeing their remains in the woods, but it probably plays a role. Edit: Reproductive rates of smaller mammals like rabbits are way higher then your large predators.",
"It's just a numbers game. In a 10 mile square area there might 1,000 deer but only 1 bear. Predators require a large area to hunt and also don't like other predators in their same area. It's really hard to for a predator to kill a given animal so they need a lot of opportunity which just means a lot of area. Also if there were say 100 bears in the 10 mile area with 1,000 deer the deer would leave because it was to dangerous and the bears would kill so many deer that there would be a lot less deer thus the bears wouldn't be able to eat enough to live so they would die too. This is a very simple explanation but it gets the point across. The ecosystem just can't support a large amount of predators for a given area so there are just less predators. A lot of them will also give birth at a much lower rate. A deer might have a fawn every year whereas a bear might do it every 3 years. Coyotes and wolves are different in that aspect but still a lot less compared to deers or elk or rabbits or whatever."
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mtizp9 | How does the 0.1 % of bacteria escape from antibacterial sanitizer? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Who says it does? The \"kills 99.9% of bacteria\" is *primarily* to keep the company safe. It likely kills 100% of the bacteria that the company has tested it against, but if they say it kills 100% and someone finds a bacteria it can't kill, or gets sick despite using their 100% effective sanitizer, the company opens themselves up to lawsuits because they \"lied\" about the effectiveness. If they say 99.9% and one or two gets by, those are just part of the 0.1% and you can't sue them because they didn't promise 100% effectiveness.",
"Just to clarify - bacteria don't have resistances against alcohol-based sanitizers. Alcohol works by denaturation of every protein inside those bacteria (and dissolving/destroying lipid-layers which is also good against viruses like covid). This is different to antibiotics which have a very special attack point and thus can be evaded. The problem with alcohol is that is has a protein-error if you use it in f.e. open wounds (it gets \"used up\" with you own proteins) and it evaporates. The 0.1% of active bacteria (if at all) happen to be lucky to not be exposed long enough or in a high enough alcohol concentration. Additionaly there are some bacteria which have non-active forms. Those spores do survive alcohol because they are not bio-active but may become active when conditions change."
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mtj6by | How are DOGE coins made? And at which rate? | I see a lot of conflicting opinions about the 'infinite' number of DOGE coins. If I understand correctly, there are currently around 130 billion DOGE coins and there are 10.000 coins created with every 'block'. But what is a block? And are there more blocks being created if more people buy and sell the coins? If there are people out there who really know and understand the technicalities of the used blockchain, please ELI5: How are DOGE coins made? And at which rate? Thank you! | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Coins such as DOGE alter the mining difficulty in order to target a set average interval between new blocks (groups of transactions being added to the history of transactions). For this coin specifically, new blocks are added approximately one a minute on average.",
"> But what is a block? Basically its just a grouping of transactions. > And are there more blocks being created if more people buy and sell the coins? No. Blocks are done over a set timeframe. If there are more buy/seller s than the network can handle then they get delayed and the transactions with the highest fees get the highest priority. > How are DOGE coins made? basically everytime there is a transaction the network creates doge and give it to the miners who confirm transactions on a peer-to-peer basis."
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mtk4au | Is it possible to the delay heat death of the universe? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Heat death will occur so far in to the future, that on a human scale, it might aswell take forever for it to happen, literally.",
"What you're asking is if it's possible to reverse the trend toward entropy. That being the universal trend toward a uniform dispersion of energy. Currently, no. At some point in the distant future, all of space and time will freeze in place due to a lack of energy to keep molecules moving. Theoretically speaking, the universe is a closed system, so you'd need to bring in new energy from some place outside the universe to reverse the trend and even then, that'd be just temporary unless the flow of energy is constant.",
"The philosophically tricky part of this question is: Delay relative to what? To ask whether a particular action x delays the heat death means asking what *would've* happened had action x not been taken. And, well, that second option is kind of non-specific. There are a *lot* of courses of action which count as \"not x.\" In a local, non-closed system, things still tend toward thermal equilibrium, but you can slow down the inevitable using insulation. If you have a litre of hot tea next to a litre of iced cream, a really good Thermos and some thick Styrofoam will slow down the heat death of your lunch. We can create a *local* delay in thermal equilibrium, then, by spending a lot of energy on pumping a lot of heat out of a very massive cold thing into a very massive hot thing, and then coming up with a really good cosmic Thermos to prevent energy from equalizing between these two regions of space. But, in designing and building such a thing, will we have created *more* entropy elsewhere than would otherwise have existed, and actually hastened heat death globally even though we delayed it locally? Who's to say. If you knew enough about the universe to answer questions like that about any particular action, you could be [Maxwell's Demon.]( URL_0 )"
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mtk7ky | So, what happens when wind stops? Did the moving pressurized air just keep going to the next two? Like, is all the wind just moving around the world continually depending on where the pressure is, like a water bed? Or do wind patterns dissipate...or something? | Earth Science | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Wow, cool question. What is wind, wind is the movement of air. Why does air move, air moves based on a few different things but pressure differences is one driving factor. Closely in related is temperature differences... which causes changes in density which causes... changes in pressure. Add to that the earth is spinning and our distance from the sun changes and the planet is tilted and the final answer is the wind never stops moving on our planet. Sometimes it moves faster than others but it is always moving even when it seems completely still and stationary. Look up in the cloud at aircraft trails, on a still calm day the still spread out. On a windy day it happens much faster.",
"Wind is localized air movement (it's probably defined pretty well but that's not important here - or is it). It's not a collection of specific air molecules. The wind (gust) can change all molecules and its still the same wind (gust), like people and Greek ships. The wind gust stops when it loses it's kinetic (moving) energy. That energy has been transformed into some other energy (potential, heat, etc) or given away (like the cue ball gives its kinetic energy to the black ball in billiards). Now, if a wind gust has a million molecules, and all except one stop, you can safely say the wind stopped. Same with two, three, ten, hundred, thousand. It's hard to choose which is the cutoff line. But most air molecules don't really stand still anyway. There's tons of influences that keep em moving. When you move you keep displacing air. Heat, pressure, moving molecules, etc all affect air. In practice, wind stops when the gust becomes so small we stop calling it wind."
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mtkkhn | . Why do chilies and mustard/wasabi taste spicy but in different ways? | When eating chillies you get the hot lasting coating in your mouth and lips. Whereas eating mustard or wasabi you get a short strong nasal / nose (lack of a better word) burning sensation. What causes the difference be between these even though they can be described as "hot". What causes of the difference between these two feelings "hotnesses?" | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Not a food scientist, so maybe some of what I say here is wrong but this is what I’ve picked up over the years. Wasabi in most of the world (outside Japan) is actually just horseradish with other additives for colour. The “heat” you experience from that is isothiocyanate, which oxidizes (reacts with oxygen in the air) when mixed with saliva and creates a new compound which binds to specific receptors in our nasal passage and mouth and causes an irritation. The receptors don’t know exactly what is happening so they send a pain signal to our brain. It’s largely similar with chillies, where the heat is caused by capsaicin. This chemical compound binds to taste receptors in our mouth (we actually have these taste receptors through our whole digestive system, hence the “burn” on the way out.) On a molecular level, capsaicin causes a release of calcium into the receptor, which “overloads” it so it causes the receptors to send pain signals to the brain. The reason we’re told to drink milk **before** eating something spicy is that milk has compounds that “clog” these receptors and prevent the capsaicin from binding. Sort of like armour. Capsaicin is water phobic, meaning it does not mix with water. So drinking water only spread it around and ensures it binds with more receptors. Capsaicin bonds are alcohol soluble, so alcohol will break them down, causing them to wash away. So **after** eating something spicy, a bit of wine or a shot of tequila are good options. Heat is measured on a scale called Scoville heat units. The hottest things on that list aren’t chillies, it’s a cactus in Africa I believe. If you are some, it actually causes so much calcium transfer that it permanently kills the receptors. So, assuming you survived, you’d never have taste again."
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mtli44 | Why is it so difficult to copy other people’s breathing patterns? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"A person's rate of breathing is not arbitrary. Your body breaths exactly at the rate it needs to, therefore if you forcefully change it is uncomfortable.",
"After decades of being married I try to NOT breathe in unison with my husband. Time. Time is what it takes. That and a profound sense of safety and comfort.",
"It depends on a lot of things, weight, age, health, emotions, breathing is pretty different for a lot of people for a number of different factors"
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mtmd1i | Photons have no mass, how can they transfer momentum to solar sails? | In my head it always made sense that you need mass to transfer momentum. | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"The equations you learn in basic physics are just approximations that work for most ordinary things. They're technically not correct, though, particularly when you get to extreme energy/mass levels or something very small. Photons have momentum, and so they can transfer that momentum. Their momentum is given by a constant times their wavelength (which basically describes how energetic they are). This is observable when light (photons) knocks out electrons from their orbit. And maybe it helps to explain why this all works out by again pointing out that while they have no mass, they do have energy. And transfer of momentum is also about transfer of energy."
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mtmf60 | In print media, what do the [brackets] mean and how am I the only person who didn’t learn this? | So when I’m reading an article online, I have no idea why in the middle of the article they just chuck in a random bracketed word [applesauce] and then just carry on with the sentence. How do you read this in a sentence so that it makes sense, and why is this commonplace? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Brackets are typically used to indicate a modification to an original quotation, such as to correct errors or provide additional information."
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mtmgrd | - where do the seeds come from to grow seedless varieties of fruits? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"The approach is different depending on the type of fruit. Many are grown via cuttings or grafting of the parent seedless plant. Which does not require seeds. Some of them are species that will naturally grow seedless fruit if you cover the flowers to stop them from being pollinated. Some of them are sterile hybrids whose parent plants were two slightly different species."
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mtnvdh | How golf cameras are able to follow the ball on its fly? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It takes a lot of practice but the short answer is very good camera operators. Camera operation is an art unto itself and it demands 100% attention and an incredible ability to multi-task because they have to spot, pan, and zoom as smoothly as possible within seconds of a que they have no control over. On something like that there are usually multiple operators covering from different angles and the director is watching a bank of monitors calling out which feed goes live to the audience. So if 5 cameras are covering 1 or 2 lost the ball and the other 3 are of varying quality and the best one goes out to broadcast. Shouts out to IATSE. Without hands the show don't go.",
"These are great answers. There is a lot of skill involved here. Also, if you every wondered how they film something incredibly fast like a railgun, this video below is worth your 3 mins: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) TL;DW : Technology. Mirrors that move."
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mton2r | If the sun rises from the east and sets in the west, why is a south facing room the best for growing plants? | Just started growing plants and am told south facing rooms receive the most sunlight, with north facing receiving the least. Why don’t east/west rooms receive the most sunlight? | Earth Science | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Here in the northern hemisphere, south-facing windows get the most sun because of axial tilt. For most of the year, when the sun is at its highest point in our sky, it's actually off to the south a bit.",
"If you live in the northern hemisphere then a south facing room will receive most sun during the day as it will sweep from east to west. An east facing or west facing room will only receive direct sunlight for half the day. In the Southern Hemisphere things are reversed with north facing being optimal. I have a solar array on my Southern Hemisphere house and it sits on our north facing roof where it receives optimal sun for the same reason."
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mtos57 | How do parrots copy humans on what they say, how does that work? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"So the short answer (being \"how\") is actually relatively simple; their tongues are so large and complex that they can use them to produce exceptionally distinct sound waves, reproducing not only human speech patterns, but the patterns of animals. Hell, any sound really, as there's been cases of domesticated parrots mimicking household appliances. As to \"why,\" the answer gets a bit more complicated. What's known for certain, and this is true with many species of avians, is that they have to learn or adjust to the 'local' mating call to find a mate. Imagine, if you would, you travel to a new country and now have to mimic their accent to even be seen as a viable mate, or even human. Weird, but that's how birds work particularly when their mating calls are from a distance. Aspects of mimicry outside of mating are a bit theoretical, as it can be assumed to be bonding/play, or simple attempts at communication. Hope that helped.",
"Some birds can learn to mimic the sounds of other birds and even humans. If a bird can learn to imitate a sound, they can copy the sounds others make. Scientists wondered why some birds can learn to imitate sounds and others cannot. The new study found that parrots’ brains have special areas for learning and remembering sounds. Like parrots, birds that can learn to imitate sounds have brains with special learning areas. Birds that cannot learn to imitate sounds do not have these special learning areas. The special learning areas in the brains of birds that can learn to imitate sounds are called a core and a shell. The core is in the front of the brain. The shell is in the back. Scientists think that this is because birds that can imitate sounds learn to copy sounds before they learn to fly. It may be that in birds that can learn to imitate sounds, the core and shell were duplicated a long time ago and have changed very little since then."
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mtp4k4 | what is the European Super League and why does everyone hate it? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Let me try and explain the European club football pyramid: First, the most important point: All professional football teams in Europe play under the same umbrella, that is called UEFA. UEFA runs the highest club competition in Europe, called the UEFA Champions League, whose winner is the European champion. The teams that will play in any given year's Champions League are the previous year's winners of the national leagues of European nations. Oh, yes, the national leagues: Parallel to the Champions League, every nation also has its own leagues. England has its own, called the Premier League, my country Turkey has the Süper Lig, etc. The qualification process varies by country depending on that country's teams' previous performance, but by winning the national league, any team in any given European country could go and get to play in the Champions League, and win it and become the European champions if they are good enough. Each nation has lower divisions of their leagues too, but those divisions are all interconnected with the top division. At the end of each season, the top teams in lower divisions switch places with the bottom teams in the higher division, a process known as 'promotion and relegation'. This ensures that, if I and a bunch of my friends decided to form a team in our Turkish town tomorrow, after enough victories in the following years, we could theoretically get promoted to the Turkish Süper Lig, win that, go to the Champions League, win that, and become the European champions. Improbable, sure, but theoretically not impossible. By winning enough games for a long enough time, any team could win the Champions League. Every other continent also has a similar system to determine their continental champion. Every year, the winners from all 6 continents play in the FIFA Club World Cup. The winner is crowned the world champion. Now these 12 rich teams owned by bastards have decided to bypass this whole system by creating their own league in place of the Champions League. They seem to like the American system of 'closed league', where the owners of teams decide who gets to play, where even after years of horrendous performance you just continue to be part of the competition, where new teams (which are referred to as 'franchises', ugh) have to ask for permission from the league to be part of it. This would make the entirety of European leagues pointless. Sure, the national leagues would continue to exist, but with no way of joining this 'Super League' besides invitation, and no way for the 'founding clubs' to ever not qualify for it, pretty much all the excitement of European football is being stolen.",
"The proposed European Super League is a breakaway competition that is not sanctioned by UEFA (Europe's football governing body, who operate the Champion's League and Europa League) not FIFA (the world governing body). It would be played by 15 founding members, plus 5 others who would be each year. The 15 founding members have their places guaranteed in perpetuity. The main goal is, unfortunately, money. The founders think they could guarantee £310 million to each club playing, raised through selling broadcasting rights, each year. (Personally, I doubt this claim will hold up.) This is more than a team gets for winning the Champion's League. The big reason for opposing this is largely because it is a brazen attempt to concentrate more money into the hands of the chosen few. Presently broadcasting money from the Champion's League helps subsidise the Europa League, and thus spread the wealth that the Champion's League creates (largely by selling broadcasting rights and advertising). Another major sporting concern is the fact that teams are guaranteed their place, regardless of performance. There is no major football competition in the world that operates like that, except maybe MLS in the USA. In the Premier League any team, regardless of stature, can be relegated into the division below and replaced by a team who proved their work in that division. A team has to perform well in their domestic league (or win a major European competition) in order to play in the Champion's League the next season. The fifteen founding teams want no part of that, and want the big games guaranteed over more worthy teams regardless of how far they fall. And they won't even have to share the money with poorer teams! For most of the big names in Europe failure to qualify for the Champion's League is an embarrassment and also a painful financial hit as their finances tend to assume they qualified. It is worth pointing out that of the six English teams who are planning to found this, only one has consistently qualified for the Champions League in the past few years, only two look like they'll qualify this year, and three of them look likely to fail to qualify for any European competition!"
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mtp6dl | ; If I dispose of trash and the trash company takes it to the dump, how is it contributing to trash in the ocean? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"the lovely part is is america actually ships tons (literally, tons) of our trash/plastic to other countries with less trash infrastructure for them to deal with < 3 additionally some countries with more people simply don’t have the space or money for a proper garbage dump, or a garbage service costs too much for families so it ends up in water or on the street",
"If it goes from your can to the dump and buried then it doesn’t end up in the ocean. The problem is with recycling. We “export” our plastics overseas by ship. If the ship wreaks and spills plastic it can end up in the ocean, but also more than likely the poor countries who receive our plastic can’t process it and it gets dumped in the ocean. There is very very little plastic that actually gets recycled. Most either ends up in the dump or sent overseas."
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mtpxrh | Why do trees die when they are old? | I read about palm trees living more than 100 years and I thought of this question. Do they have diseases like we have cancer or something like that? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Plants can indeed get diseases (that's what happened to the bananas that banana flavoured candies were made based on). They can also get attacked by insects or animals that might prevent the tree from doing the things it needs to do to survive. Even more than this, trees just get old. Old trees have more difficulty protecting their heart wood (the important part of the tree) and so they get problems like any old organism, especially a problem for an organism that can't seek shelter from the elements."
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mtpyc3 | Why do the shape of noses vary geograpically? Shouldn't it be the same for every country and so why are ears/eyes not shaped as differently as well? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"gv165dj",
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"Natural selection chose certain nose shapes best suited for survival in each geographic area over the course of thousands of years. Ear and eye shapes do vary as well. Not everybody has the same size eye, angle of eye, closeness of eyes, size of pupil, etc etc, same for ears it's just less noticeable",
"Longer noses and smaller nostrils in cold climates allow the air to be warmed up and slightly more humid before it enters the lungs. This also has a side effect of making it more restrictive so larger nostrils with shorter noses are found on hotter climates."
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mtq1td | How is it humanly possible to swallow a sword and not die? (What are the bodily functions that enable this) | ELI5 How do people swallow weird / sharp objects and not damage/kill themselves? For example, sword swallowing, it's long and sharp, I just don't understand how this is humanly possible, would it not just slice the oesophagus? Do people have to build up to it, is oesophageal widening a thing? Presumably humans were not designed to be able to safely swallow weapons. I feel like I'm being really stupid here but what are the mechanics behind this phenomenon, Google just isn't landing for me right now. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"> it's long and sharp Actually, no it is not. It is long but swords performers will swallow are blunted. There is no way the audience can tell from a distance if the sword is sharp or not. The main issue is practice to relax the throat and stop the gag reflex. Widening the opening isn't really an aim, the \"swords\" selected are just narrow enough to fit by design.",
"Daniel P. Mannix wrote a very cool and insightful book called ‘Step Right Up’. Based on his own experience working a traveling carnival, he explained exactly how sword swallowers prepare and perform their feats. The blades are not sharp and have a blunted tip. They must be immaculately clean and of proper width. The performer strikes a pose that aligns the jaw, throat and esophagus in a straight line in order to facilitate insertion. Some artists were known to swallow neon tubes that would then be illuminated."
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mtq3o9 | how does derealization and depersonalization work? | for example, if you lived in 1 house all your life, how would depersonalization make you feel like it was all foreign and confusing? how does derealization make you feel like you're out of body, yet you physically can't look down at yourself? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gv18ppp"
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"The brain is complex. Your experience of reality feels unified and sequential: there is only one \"you\" that has a single coherent experience over time. However, that's not necessarily what's *actually* occurring in your brain. And this helps explain things like depersonalization. When you see a red ball, your brain actually processes those two bits of information separately at various points. It perceives the color red and it perceives a shape that's round. At some point, it integrates those two pieces of information: it's a red ball. The last stage is the only thing you're aware of. People who were born blind or become blind early in life but with a condition that can be treated with technology/surgery later in life have this trouble: their brain has the info but it doesn't know how to integrate it into a unified, sequential experience that makes sense. All that is a long way of saying that there is something in our brains that's responsible for identifying \"me\" and \"not me\" and something that identifies \"real\" and \"not real\" and something that locates your position. If that process gets interrupted or derailed, you will feel as if you are not you, or that things are not real, or that \"you\" are somewhere outside your body (despite not being able to see yourself). The specifics of why and how this happens aren't super well known. To some degree, it's a normal thing that can happen to anyone. After a car crash, lots of people report depersonalization and/or derealization. Drugs can also induce these sensations, too, because they mess with your brain."
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mtq8sy | Since you can’t feel pain in your brain, what are headaches? I know there’s other nerves in your head that aren’t in the brain, so is that where the pain comes from? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Pressure builds and presses on the vagus nerve at the base of your skull. This causes the pulsing, radiating pain most commonly found in headaches. Even though your brain cannot feel pain, your skull can. It has a lot of nerve endings and pressure from the inside or outside, hurts. Tension headaches are caused by muscles on your head cramping and causing pain. [Head and neck muscles]( URL_1 ) [Vagus nerve]( URL_0 )"
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"https://s3.amazonaws.com/drleonardo.img.library/4175_72ELJ_v_medium.jpg",
"https://training.seer.cancer.gov/images/anatomy/muscular/head_neck_muscle.jpg"
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mtqcls | Why do gas stations authorize ridiculously large amounts of money when I'm trying to buy like $20 with of gas? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"gv193ye",
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"Gas stations don't know if you are buying $20 or $200 in fuel, so they authorize the card for a typical amount of money. This way they know the credit card provided is capable to charging the actual amount purchased. I imagine they have smartly calculated the over/under to set the average auth amount while having some risk on the upper extreme of large sales. In Canada and Arco (west coast US chain), the customer selects the amount to authorize on the card and the pump shuts off automatically when that amount of reached.",
"Not sure if it is still a practice, but I remember a consumer reports clip about this issue. & #x200B; Station dings your card for (say) $100.00. That comes out of your account right away. You pump (say) $50.00. That refund of $50.00 does not go immediately back to your account. It can take up to 72 hours. In the interim, arbitrage allows the parent company to make a miniscule profit off your $50.00 before they give it back. & #x200B; Multiply that over literally thousands of similar purchases every day and it adds up."
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mtqgcf | why can the liver regenerate itself but the rest of your organs can’t? | I was reading an article and it said the liver can be cut and transferred to another body and the liver will regrow in both people. Why can’t we do that with other organs and why can’t they fix themselves? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The cells of the liver are \"programmed\" (genetically) to do that. The cells in your, say, your heart, not as much. Why did the liver evolve this self-regenerative ability? Because, it's job is to process toxic junk in your body. It *has* to regenerate. Why doesn't everything in your body do that? 1) your genes don't last forever. At the ends of your chromosomes are these things like called a telomere that caps it off. The telomeres shrink as they get copied to make new cells. Eventually, you run out of telomere space. And then you start losing critical genetic information. We think this may be what it means to get old, at least partly. You die. 2) evolution isn't particularly \"smart.\" It just happens. While it would be nice to evolve into immortal, regenerating beings, our species is still able to survive and reproduce without it, so we did. If there were some mechanism to regenerate infinitely, it's probably rare or costly or just \"locked out\" for our species. By \"locked out\" i mean that the branch of the evolutionary tree we happen to spring from already eliminated that ability for one reason or another, including random chance (mutation).",
"Some other organs can regenerate, like muscles and skin. What you're talking about is structural organs. These organs derive their function in large part from their shape, and the shape of the organs is one that can't be regenerated cell by cell. Muscles and skin can do that because each cell really only needs to think about what it itself is doing, and not how it fits into a bigger picture organ. The liver takes this to the extreme. It has even less function derived from structure than skin does. It's just a blob of cells that each contain a bunch of things other cells don't contain. It doesn't have any complex interactions with neighbouring cells when it comes to growth, so its much easier to regrow and also takes a lot less specific evolution to be able to get to that point. Animals that can regenerate complex structures like limbs have evolved to be able to do that. We haven't needed to evolve that ourselves, so the basic regeneration processes we have aren't refined enough to do more than build scar tissue for organs beyond the liver."
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mtqxpx | How is it decided what type of energy is expended when something happens? | For example, if I were to drop a book on the ground, it would impact with a loud noise. Why is it a loud noise and not, say, lots of heat energy and no noise? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There are really only 2 types of energy transfer. Heat and work. Heat is well...heat energy. This is the energy from the random motion of every molecule or atom in an object. Work is the energy on a larger scale, it's the energy it takes to move an object. In your case, the noise you mentioned would be the work. Because noise is caused by vibration in the air, motion caused by the book falling. So how is it decided? Quite simply it depends on how that energy is transferred (what you called \"expended\"). Heat is transferred through a huge number of microscopic collisions. And work is transferred through macroscopic collisions, like pushing and pulling on something."
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mts2h8 | Why is water incompressible? | Does it mean that it requires a lot of pressure to compress or doesn’t compress at all? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"It takes a lot of force to compress. The same is true for all solids and liquids. The atoms are fairly rigidly held at a set distance apart, and pushing them closer together is very difficult. Gas, however, is mostly just empty space with atoms occasionally bouncing off one another. It's not difficult to push them closer."
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mts5co | How does eating spoiled food actually make you sick? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Most food gets spoiled because of microbes growing in it. These microbes are competing with animals like you for dead animal and plant material...if you eat the food they are growing on, they lose their food source and might die. So some kinds of microbes make chemical compounds that taste bad or are straight up toxic to keep animals from coming along and eating their meal. A lot of food poisoning happens when you consume these toxins and they make you sick in various ways. Sometimes you also get infected by a pathogen, but it's definitely not the main way to get sick from spoiled food. This is why cooking spoiled food doesn't necessarily make it safe. If you kill all the microbes, you may still leave behind the toxins.",
"One of two things: 1. The spoiled food contains actual microbes that make you sick when you eat them. 2. The spoiled food contains toxic chemicals produced by microbes, and this toxic bacteria poop makes you sick when you eat it. Food safety measures like cooking food and boiling water protect you from option 1, but often not option 2. Eg water with e coli in it can be made safe by boiling, which kills the bacteria. You're still drinking dead e coli bodies, but they're harmless. On the other hand, canned food with botulinum bacteria is toxic because it contains botulinum-toxin (aka BOTOX) which is spectacularly poisonous. Boiling or cooking it kills the bacteria but does not remove the poison they've already pooped into the food, so it's still just as dangerous to eat."
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mts77r | Why do we physically shake when we get nervous? | I procrastinated way too much and I’m having more trouble that I normally would with turning pages in my notebook. I also remember shaking onstage when it was actually quite warm before a violin concert I played at. Why do we do this? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gv1kzab"
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"text": [
"Adrenaline. Your body never moved past worrying about things eating you. So when you are scared, nervous, anxious etc. Your body is preparing to either fight a lion or run from it. Meanwhile the modern human that you are, are really just nervous about a test and trying to work your fingers to turn a page. But since you have adrenaline running through you, your muscles have all this extra energy just bursting to get out. This comes out as loss of fine motor control and shaking."
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mtsjpw | Windows XP Japanese is faster than the English version of Windows XP | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gv1mh64",
"gv1npki"
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"text": [
"> My friend reformatted his old laptop It is far more likely to do with the reformatted laptop than the switch of language.",
"Because of VTEC! JK looks like it’s because he reformatted the laptop removing clutter and gives him a blank slate to work with."
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mttonm | How does HIV effect the body? | What happens to the body when you have HIV? What other things that you might be effected by are worsened by HIV? Simple wording would work best for me. I appreciate the help. Follow up question(s): Which ways to HIV spread? (I know blood and semen (?) are ones but how does it happen? Are there others?) | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gv1vrnw"
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"text": [
"HIV is a virus that infects and kills certain types of cells that are part of your immune system. These cells attack and kill other germs in your body. As you lose more and more of these cells, you become susceptible to infections a healthy person normally wouldn't get, and infections that are normally not serious like the common cold can become serious. HIV is spread when certainly bodily fluids like semen, blood, and breast milk (but not others like saliva )enter your bloodstream. So any way you can contact those fluids can expose you to HIV. Most commonly, unprotected sex and sharing needles for injecting drugs. (Touching HIV positive blood with bare skin will probably not infect you unless you have an open wound but you should still not touch it). It can also be transmitted from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding."
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mtuh6k | Why does the smoke rise? | I think that it have to be attracted by gravity because of its mass. | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gv1xf64",
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"text": [
"It has such a low density that the lift caused by heat is enough to counteract the effect of gravity.",
"Smoke has less density than the air in our environment. Similar to how the ground has more density than water, and water has more density than the air. Something floats in the water if it is less dense, yes? This is similar to that. Your helium balloon floats away because the helium is less dense than our air. Smoke is also less dense than the air, and so it loves to be above the air. Gravity has less of an effect, because the force of the smoke moving above the air is stronger than the force of gravity."
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mtuni7 | why is elephant pregnancy is so long compared to other intelligent animals?? | I am saying like whale pregnancy is 10-14 months despite their massive size. Dolphins have 10-12 months other intelligent animals like monkeys, apes have 6-8 but none of them have this long. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gv1yptu",
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"text": [
"I'm going to regret asking this, but... How long *IS* it?",
"I'm not sure about the whales, but generally in Africa animals that aren't able to run within a few hours of being born get eaten pretty quickly. This requires more time to develop."
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mtuu3h | Why is the color brown not in “the rainbow”? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gv1zpi6"
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"text": [
"Brown technically IS in the rainbow, it's just that because of how color works, it technically also *can't* be. Brown cannot exist as light, because it is essentially dark orange. It needs a lighter surrounding to even exist. Source: URL_0"
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mtvlxg | how is it possible to dive 300m deep? | I have a basic understanding of scuba diving ( < 40m) and diving with nitrox. I know that you can simply replace nitrogen with helium to avoid nitrogen narcosis (heliox). But how does it work with oxygen? Oxygen also becomes toxic at a partial pressure of 1.6 bar, which would only be 5% oxygen at a depth of 300m. Can you breathe such a mixture without becoming unconscious or is there another trick? Edit: Math error | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The world record of 330 meters was done using 10 different mixtures from 92 bottles and took a whole 14 hours. They were using specialized devices too, though I can't find a source that says what exactly was different.",
"The percentage of oxygen does not matter, only the partial pressure. One way to think about this is that the walls of the lungs only cares about the oxygen molecules that actually hits it. So even if there is a lot of extra nitrogen or helium in the mixture that will hit the walls all the time it does not matter as long as the oxygen hits it at a steady rate so it can get absorbed. All the extra innert gas is just there as stuffing to make up the pressure. So yes, you can survive on 0.1% oxygen at 300m because the partial pressure of oxygen would be around the same as in an airplane. The big issue with deep dives like this is that air under pressure behaves differently. It is much more massive which means it takes quite a lot of effort to move it around. And it creates a lot more friction as it passes over surfaces. Even though it is still a gas it takes on a lot of the properties of a liquid due to its increased mass. And human lungs are not designed to breathe liquid. Similarly equipment such as pumps, valves and hoses works differently with this high pressure air then normal air.",
"You’ve done the math wrong. 300 meters depth is 30 bar; 1.6 bar partial pressure would be 5%, not 0.5%. As others have pointed out survival depends more on partial pressure than concentration, so this 5% is survivable, but the math error is crucial.",
"As you dive deeper, you are able to use mixes with little oxygen as the pressure is so high that it is enough to survive. Look up “saturation diving”. Really cool but really dangerous way of deep diving and basically staying down there for days."
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mtvvau | What does it mean, exactly, when people say ‘once you put something on the internet it’s there forever’? | I’m 21 and know quite a bit about technology. However i’ve always been curious as to what people exactly mean when they say ‘once you put something on the internet it’s there forever’ My first thought is that billions of people are able to screenshot and save your post, even if you delete it. But I’m sure there’s more to it and i’m curious. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"You pretty much hit the nail on the head. If you put something online, even if you delete it later, there is no way of knowing who saved it and when it might resurface.",
"Besides the other answers referring to screenshotting, there is also the possibility of getting your words or media archived. Police have used archives from instagram and facebook and other popular sites to find deleted posts and use them as evidence in serious criminal cases."
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mtx2dv | why when we see something that hurts us (e.g. you come across a picture of the guy you like with someone else), we feel the heart twitching a little bit? | I am not sure I explained it well, but if you experienced it,you know what I am talking about. It's that feeling in the heart that you feel, even for split second, that feels literally like it's getting tight. Why does that happen? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Being ignored, or ditched for someone else, activates the anterior singulate cortex, the same part of the brain that deals with physical pain. The heart twitching, like the rest of the affair, is completely psychological."
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mtx3mc | Why do our mouths get dry when we breathe through them, but not our noses? | Just another one of those thoughts | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Your body has developed each body part to suit it's task. Your nose is designed for breathing - to suit this your body lines it with a thicker mucous (snot) that will keep it moist while breathing. Your mouth on the other hand has more complex tasks - eating, speaking and so on. To this end it is beneficial that your mouth uses a different fluid (spit) that is a lot thinner - this means it won't provide the same coating or protection that a thicker mucous will, and it will dry quite quickly. Instead the thinner fluid will be much more appropriate for jobs like eating - where our body will use the fluid to break down the food and help aide travel and digestion through out bodies.",
"Our noses can get dry in the right situations, but in general they will resist drying out better than the mouth because the opening is smaller, so air stays inside the moist environment longer and more of the moisture has a chance to be reabsorbed."
],
"score": [
76,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
} | [
"url"
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| [
"url"
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|
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