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6omuve | Why is it that humans can eat the same thing for breakfast everyday without a fuss, but when it comes to Dinner/Tea/Supper it doesn't sit right? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"That is not true for everyone. For many, myself included, eating the same thing for breakfast is just as unsettling as it is for any other meal. Everyone is different. There are some people who eat the same three meals every day with very little variance over time.",
"I'm not sure this is true for everyone.. I'm often quite happy to eat the same lunch and dinner every day. Different folks different strokes I guess.",
"Many cultures eat very similar meals for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. You simply have different expectations in yours."
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6on4b0 | Why do batteries leak "acid" when they haven't been used for a long time? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Batteries produce electricity through a chemical reaction between an electrolyte and an electrode. In a lead acid battery, for example, these are sulphuric acid and lead respectively. As old batteries deteriorate - as old things tend to do - the acid can leak out."
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6on5hk | Why does antisemitism refer only to the Jewish people even though the term "Semite" encompasses both Arabs and Jews? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because the term was coined by people who used it to refer to groups that specifically hated Jews (Such as the Nazis), not groups that hated Jews and/or Arabs (For example, the Nazis got along pretty well with the Arab world, especially because of their shared antisemitism). URL_0"
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6oojn2 | Labor Unions | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"All a union is is a group of workers who have banded together to engage in collective bargaining. The idea is that one worker asking for a raise or better benefits can be ignored or fired, while _all_ the workers asking have to be taken seriously. They help to balance the power between the workers and management. Now, some unions offer other services beyond this basic idea - some will offer insurance, pensions, unemployment, etc. - but their basic purpose is still the same."
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6ooscp | Why do we have preferences for musical genres? Why can some people not stand listening to certain genres of music? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Musical preference is very personal and highly emotional. Think about the music you like and listen to constantly? Why do you like it? The reasons for that are tied to your individual personal experience. You might like a genre because you grew up listening to it and its familiarity brings you comfort. Or because your parents hated it and you wanted to annoy the crap out of them because \"parents just don't understand\". Or because you friends like it and peer pressure was strong. Or because everyone hates and you want to go against the grain. ~~Musical like and dislikes are also tied to the way the sound waves affect your brain. Remember there are studies linking classical music and Mozart to higher cognitive function. Baby Einstein videos and baby TV programming is full of classical music scores.~~ Props to /u/nospr2 for pointing out that The Mozart Effect as this was known was debunked. As I responded to his comment this knowledge was so widespread that references to it made to pop culture which is why I remember it. [Link for those interested] ( URL_0 ) I personally dislike certain music genres solely because the sound hurts my ears. My hearing is sensitive to certain frequencies and downright deaf others. **Edit:** I updated my comment in reference to the Mozart Effect as it was pointed out that this was debunked. I also thought about what /u/thudly and /u/thefarivegone said below about musical preferences reflecting our ego and the image we want to present to the world and the way we see ourselves. His comment is [here] ( URL_1 ). With this in mind, I realize I dislike and dismiss certain musical genres because of the stereotypes and culture associated with each, for example, Bachata, Hip-Hop, Rap, and Reggaeton. At the same time, I also like specific songs and even artist that delve into each of these genres and gain a new appreciation for what **I considered \"good music\"**. Again showing that music like a lot of art is subjective and completely in the Eye or in this case Ear of the Beholder.",
"Musical taste is subjective, everyone finds music enjoyable for specific reasons and a lot of that has to do with what you were exposed to growing up. People are both consciously and unconsciously conditioned to specific genres that they identify as enjoyable. As a result the genres they have always listened to are already associated with the positive feelings (Or negative if you like that sort of thing) they have when enjoying familiar sounds and styles. When a genre or sound that doesn't align with preconceptions of what the listener already enjoy, they are less likely to like music that contrasts with what they're already comfortable with. For me I like technical music coupled with thought provoking lyrics because it's what I've always listened to, it's my home base of comfort, so when I hear pop music and it's more of a simple more one track idea it's hard for me to like it because of my own preconceptions of what I expect enjoyable music to sound like. Hope that helps and wasn't too convoluted an answer!",
"A bit of a disappointing answer and I'm sure some will state otherwise, musical taste is learnt. No one is born a metal fan yet as they delve into the mosher culture they start to mimic the peers' appreciations which in turn eventually become their own preferences. Edit: That's not to say that you don't here a pop song on the radio that you \"totally hate\" but secretly want to hear more often can't be attributed to appreciating aspects of a genre you claim dislike. Axis of Awesome did a great song example of this where they took 60 top of the charts songs from the last few decades and showed that they all used the same chord structure. I guess what I'm getting at here is that you can learn to appreciate a pattern even if you don't like it all the time. Edit: [Axis of Awesome - Four chord]( URL_0 )",
"Part of it is human ego. People tend to form their identity around the things they like and believe in. Especially young people who are in the formative years and still figuring out who they are as a person. This is why people tend to develop the attitude that \"The things I like are the best, and everything else sucks!\" and if anybody criticizes their favorite thing, they take it as a personal attack, even though they have no real stake in the outcome of the dispute. Also, there's the [Mere-Exposure Effect]( URL_0 ) which basically makes things that are familiar more appealing. When you've heard a tune playing everywhere you go for a week or so, suddenly you get a jolt of dopamine (the feel-good chemical in your brain) from hearing it one day because you recognize it. It's the same mechanism that helps human beings learn any new thing. And then of course, things that aren't the same as what they're used to don't fire that dopamine, and it does nothing for them. It might even annoy them for various reasons.",
"Until an individual loves their true self: social, peer, and media pressures shape their persona.",
"I think it's something to do with our attraction mechanism, like how men and women have certain \"types\" of partners looks that they would prefer, then there are certain looks which are more generally attractive to each sex. Like how some pieces of art are generally attractive to a wide audience and some are more hit or miss. This same kind of philosophy I believe is applicable to musical genres, I theorize it revolves around our genetics and how our ears and eyes react to stimulus in our environment. Kinda like how some people prefer alcohol to weed, and vice versa. The way our brain processes input seems to be the biggest factor. Open to discussion though, hopefully someone can come through with some sources and or a better theory.",
"Musical preferences are normally derived from your cultural backgrounds. Things like what your family and friends listened too. What kind of music you hear at your religious institution. Also what country you came from. All of these factors as well as many others can play a role in what kind of music your prefer."
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6oot0m | If you looked through a telescope to mirrors far into space could you theoretically look back in time? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You are looking back in time if you look at a mirror in your bathroom. Just... not very far back in time. The image you are seeing, is made from light that traveled from its 'source' (whatever the image is) to the mirror, and then from the mirror, to your eyes. The travel time is how old that image is. So if a mirror is 1 light year away, and we ignore all the difficulties in being able to see an image in a mirror at that distance, and you saw your reflection, it'd be a scene from 2 years ago (1 year to the mirror, 1 year back). Bear in mind, you couldn't see the distant past, since your mirror would have to get there at slower than light speed. That means that even at the fastest possible velocity, you could only ever see scenes from after the Mirror had 'taken off' from Earth, because all the light reflecting off the earth *before* that time, would beat the mirror to where you set it up, and be further out in space. Of course, you don't need a mirror for this, any object you are looking at from a distance, you are seeing out of date by the travel time of the light. Of course, in our daily lives, this difference is unnoticeable.",
"Yes. A mirror seven light years away would show you an image of Earth 14 years ago. Really any time you're looking into deep space you're already looking \"back in time\" because that light has been in transit for years. Of course you would need an unreasonably powerful telescope to see the reflection of earth in a tiny mirror several light years away, and it would take you much more than seven years to get the mirror into position, and seven more years before Earth detects the signal. You can't outrun the light you just emitted so you'll never be able to see back before you completed the mirror project."
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6opmwm | Why do planes go up to 20,000 to 30,000 feet? | Couldn't they just go up to 1000 feet? Is it somehow more cost effective to be at a higher altitude? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Several reasons, off the top of my head. 1. Air is thinner at higher altitudes. That means considerably less drag on the airplane, so higher efficiency. 2. Ever heard the phrase \"speed is life, altitude is life insurance?\" It's typically a fighter plane saying, but the second part definitely applies here. Suppose you had multiple engine failures on your plane and had to make an emergency landing. If you're only 1000 feet in the air, that means you can coast maybe a few miles before you run out of time and crash. When you're six miles up, you've got a lot more time to call to the nearest air traffic controller, identify potential runway options (other airports, etc.) and get there before you crash. 3. The jet streams are up at those altitudes. A jet stream is a very fast-moving current of air that moves around the globe in a steady, predictable pattern. A lot of long airplane routes count on catching a particular jet stream. It's the difference between paddling your canoe with the river's current instead of paddling your canoe across a still lake.",
"> Is it somehow more cost effective to be at a higher altitude? Yes, higher altitudes have thinner air, reducing the drag on the airplane, and improve the odds of flying above bad weather."
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6oqeyg | If heat rises, then why does it get colder as you get higher on mountains? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"As hot air rises, it expands. As air expands, it cools. It's hottest at the ground, because the air is heated primarily by the sun warming the surface.",
"Because air expands as it reaches areas of less pressure (altitude), and expanding air cools down. Changes in heat with pressure are exactly how air conditioners, fridges, etc work. They compress \"air\" (actually a special chemical) so it gets hot, dump the heat outside where it isn't wanted, then let it expand and therefore cool, next to the area where you want it cold. Air doesn't \"un-rise\" when it cools because the lower pressure means it can cool without actually becoming heavier-- the actual reason it would rise/sink in the first place."
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6ot8y4 | Why is there such a drastic mood change when the guy ejaculates? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"What you're referring to is often called the \"[refractory period]( URL_0 )\" which is (mostly) very short for women and (mostly) much more pronounced for men. This is just biology - while you can't blame guys (or girls) for how our biology encourages us to behave, we can obviously be aware of it and treat each other lovingly and sensitively, being aware of how our bodies and brains naturally work. I believe this should really be explained to all girls (and guys) about how our sexual behaviour is so different. It's been a bone (ho ho) of contention for as long as cultural expectations have existed. Simply put, guys' physiology - which *includes* our emotional responses - are wired to drive very very intense sexual attraction until orgasm, and then be able to go off and do something else, like resume hunting for wilderbeast. You don't want men spending all their time shagging, and not doing other important stuff like defending from predators and killing each other. We guys are simply not biologically wired to \"bond\" over sex as such. We do bond over other things - do some googling about what triggers *oxytocin* (the bonding hormone) in men. Sexually speaking, we are wired to try and be attractive to females (often by exhibiting valuable physical skills or social dominance) and pass on our genes to females as \"efficiently\" as possible. That said, culture of course does play an enormous role in how we behave, above and beyond the necessities. Even though guys' brains aren't rewarded for post-coital smooching, culture and personal learning can alter that \"default\" behaviour, to quite a large extent. So if your current guy isn't making a lot of effort, chances are he hasn't learned why he \"should\" (in terms of your expectations). If you're unhappy, communicate to him about it, or find someone else if that doesn't work. Once you understand the \"why\", the decision and your happiness (at least in modern culture) is up to you. If you live in a very male-dominated culture, sadly it might not be and men are less interested in changing their behaviour.",
"The reason that guys get mood changes whenever they have climaxed is because ejaculation releases the chemical called dopamine into your brain, which is sort of the essence of happiness. The dopamine covers feelings of stress, worry, and anger. Not only that, but other endorphins are released into the body that can sort of reduce the perception of pain.",
"The Japanese have concocted a word for this - [Kenjatime]( URL_0 ).",
"Realease of prolactin and cortisol, mainly. Prolactin destroys testosterone and cortisol makes you feel irritable and hungry. And longing for a smoke too! All of this to prevent we fuck until our heart fails."
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6otrmm | How do antidepressants work? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Everything we think, feel, and sense is the on some level the result of electrical signals in our brains. Those signals are created when chemicals called neurotransmitters interact with neurons. There are many different kinds of electrical pathways in our brains, and many different neurotransmitters that trigger them... some are involved in the business of running our bodies, but two are also in the business of making us feel good: dopamine and serotonin. Dopamine is used in \"[reward system]( URL_1 )\" pathways in our brains, which fire when we are doing/experiencing things that are likely to keep us healthy and alive and able to pass on our genes: eating, drinking, sexing, caring... our brains 'reward' us for doing these things by releasing dopamine, which triggers specific pathways that make us feel good so we will likely do those things again. This is the chemical basis of learning, and also the chemical basis for addiction. Serotonin is mostly involved in regulating our gastrointestinal tract, but it also triggers pathways in the brain that make us feel good in response to our \"[perceived abundance or scarcity of resources]( URL_0 )\"... this is why we feel content when our basic needs (food, clothing, shelter, and companionship) are met, and why we feel like crap when they aren't. But dopamine and serotonin can only do their thing in our brains if there is enough dopamine and serotonin available, and some people have brains that don't produce enough of them. Those 'feel good' pathways aren't triggered, or aren't triggered *enough*, so the person is literally unable to experience the good feelings associated with things that should make them feel good. Most antidepressants block the breakdown of serotonin and/or dopamine, keeping more of it available *if* it is needed (i.e. this isn't the same as making the person feel good, there is just increased availability of the neurotransmitters that can *allow* the person to feel good naturally if the things that trigger good feelings happen). This highlights the difference between clinical depression and just not feeling good: when there is a lack of comforting stimuli, not feeling good is a reasonable response; when a person is literally incapable of feeling good even when there *are* comforting stimuli, that can be a medical problem."
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6ouyvw | why does our voice sound different to us compared to how others hear it? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You hear your voice differently because you aren't just hearing the sound waves that go in your ear. You're also hearing the vibrations that travel through your skull. Since bone is denser than air the vibrations travel at a different speed and are therefore heard differently by you than other people hear them."
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6ov6vq | What's the science behind waking up in the middle of the night after only a few hours of sleep feeling rested, only to get a full eight and wake up tired? | Example: Falling asleep at 9pm, waking up at 1am to go to the bathroom feeling well rested, but feeling the need for more sleep when the alarm goes off at 5am. | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Sleep stages. There are 5 different sleep stages; * the 'on-ramp', you know when you're at the back of a boring class / lecture and your head starts nodding, literally 'falling asleep' as it feels like you've fallen if you catch yourself. * stage 2, your brain waves start to slow down (iirc waking, your brain has a 'frequency' of ~20 cycles per second, as this slows you become more relaxed and eventually fall asleep) * stage 3, this is 'deep sleep', usually the period where people experience erratic sleep behaviour such as sleepwalking, wetting the bed etc * stage 4, now your brain is pretty much only producing delta waves, frequency of around 1-4 cycles per second... so slooooow! If you are woken from this stage, you will feel VERY groggy and disoriented * and stage 5, the stage we all know so well... REM sleep! AFAIK, it's the 15 mins of REM sleep per hour which 'refresh' you. If you don't get REM time, you will not feel like you've slept properly. This is why we feel so ughhhhhh after drinking, because alcohol interrupts this important stage. Hangover = dehydration multiplied by being horribly sleep deprived. On that note, my hangover cure? Get up, drink a pint of water, have something nourishing, then go back to sleep for a couple of hours.",
"With an alarm you are interrupting a sleep cycle. Waking up naturally will be more refreshing because you come out of the end of a cycle. If you wake up at 8 hours naturally without an alarm and you'll be just as refreshed as your 1am wake up.",
"Your sleep cycles are roughly 90 minutes in length. If you set your clock for a time that will be at one of the 90 minute increments from when you actually go t sleep, it will be much easier to get started on your day. For example, if you need to get up at 7:00 am, and can get to sleep by 12:30 am, you are better off setting your alarm for 6:30 because the alarm will go off as you are emerging out of your fourth 90 minutes sleep cycle of the night. By 7:00, you would be fairly deep into your fifth sleep cycle and woule feel tired and groggy.",
"As the other posts said, it is about when you wake up during your cycle of sleep. If you want to time when you wake up or when to go to sleep based on the sleep cycle you can use URL_0 to calculate it. It helps you wake up feeling more awake and refreshed instead of tired and groggy.",
"Yup. Look into getting a sleep sensing alarm- I use one on my iPhone called Sleep Cycle that purports to be able to detect where you are in your sleep cycles and wake you up closest to your natural waking point, within half an hour of your alarm (set alarm for 6am, it will wake you up between 5:30-6 depending on where it thinks you are closest to already waking). Has two sensing modes, movement based (need to have it on the bed with you) and a newer audio based one (need to have it pointed at you on a nightstand next to the bed). Both modes defiantly seem to work much more pleasantly than a traditional alarm clock- it also has some \"gentle\" wake up noises (I do birdsong. Not startling, but loud enough and unusual enough that for me, it wakes me up, especially when I'm close to being awake) The only trick is that our typical REM sleep cycles are about 3 hours from almost awake to deep sleep, so depending on when you go to sleep, that half hour waking window may still have you in pretty deep sleep, so it's best to try and get yourself to sleep in a time frame that syncs up with when you need to wake up.",
"When one sleeps, his body goes through various cycles. Waking up during/after certain cycles will leave one refreshed, yet during others, one feels tired. Just depends during which cycle one wakes up.",
"For men, testosterone levels are naturally at their highest levels in the morning. Men with low T tend to consistently feel tired when they wake up, no matter how much sleep they get.",
"Having done quite a bit of reading for my own benefit I think I can provide a bit more information. If you break down sleep to 4 categories, each is a deeper stage of sleep and being woken up in stages 3 or 4 can leave you feeling disorientated and groggy as your body has essentially shut down parts that are unnecessary for recovery during sleep. Bonus info, sleep trackers have a feature that wakes you in the lightest stage of your sleep before your target time, leaving you as refreshed as possible."
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6ovkcl | What's actually happening physiologically when for example your muscles or ankle is sore the next day after hiking, and it "hurts so good" when you massage it or put pressure on it? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The sensory nerves for \"touch\" have a stronger signal than the \"pain\" receptors so you get temporary relief."
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6ovp1q | How do trees know when it's been a year, to grow a new ring? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They don't really decide to grow a new ring. They grow faster in the summer than they do in the winter as there's more sunlight, so the wood from the winter is denser and darker. Each dark ring in the tree shows that the tree has lived through a winter."
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6ox6dl | Why can humans not digest fiber? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There are actually almost no animals that can digest fibers! Almost all animals who live off stuff like leaves and grass break them down with the help of symbiotic bacteria that live in their intestines. Humans only have a tiny number of bacteria than can break down cellulose, and they only break down enough of it to feed themselves. As for *why* we don't have these bacteria: probably because digesting that kind of food is not very efficient and you don't get a lot of energy out of it (for instance, I happen to have in my head that guinea pigs get about 40 kcal out of 100 g of hay). With a big energy-hungry brain like ours, it's better to have a digestive tract optimised for energy-dense foods like meat, fruit and starchy things, rather than one that'll be welcoming to cellulose-eating bacteria."
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6oxdlj | Who decided to make all barns red and what is the purpose of all barns being red? Drove down farm roads of Indiana the other day and every single barn was red and it spawned this question for me | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Nobody cares about the color of the barn. Just as long as it is painted. And with a big barn to cover the farmers order the cheapest paint they can get. The color of the paint comes from various different pigments that is added. So the price of paint is dependent on the price of the pigment. The cheapest pigment is iron oxide as it is found everywhere in the dirt. Iron oxide give a nice red color.",
"Looks like every question I ever will have will be answered by Reddit. Thanks!",
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why are barns usually red? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are so many barns painted red? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are barns always painted red? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are the majority of barns red? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: Why is red such a common color for barns? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [Why are barns painted red? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Why is the universal color for barns red? ]( URL_5 )"
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mldmd/eli5_why_are_the_majority_of_barns_red/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4tbluj/eli5_why_is_the_universal_color_for_barns_red/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zceo3/eli5_why_are_barns_always_painted_red/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
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|
6oxnp5 | what makes sticky things sticky? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkl1byr"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: What makes something sticky? ]( URL_7 ) 1. [ELI5, What makes things sticky? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are sticky things sticky? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [What makes sticky things...sticky? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5 why are things \"sticky\"? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: What makes things sticky like glue? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are things sticky? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: what causes something to be sticky? What is happening at the atomic level? ]( URL_5 )"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45r17w/eli5_why_are_things_sticky/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/126g4y/eli5_what_makes_things_sticky/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/3kl2to/what_makes_sticky_thingssticky/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bje0s/eli5_why_are_things_sticky/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hc0jc/eli5_what_makes_things_sticky_like_glue/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hr3v5/eli5_what_causes_something_to_be_sticky_what_is/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/t3txk/eli5_why_are_sticky_things_sticky/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4op11k/eli5_what_makes_something_sticky/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
|
6oyr98 | Most of the symptoms you hear of from cancer patients are actually symptoms of the treatments they are going through. So what are the actual symptoms of cancer and how does cancer destroy the human body? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkld035"
],
"text": [
"This is a tough question because there are hundreds of known cancers, and theoretically infinite unknown cancers. Each is as different as one species of bird is different from another species of bird. That is to say they share some characteristics, but individual types of cancers can have distict attributes as well as individual cases of each cancer can have subtle differences. The main connection of all cancers is that they are cells which no longer respect the rules and requests of the host organism. They are rogue cells. Almost a different entity forming inside the host. Since they don't play by the rules, they can wreak havok on those around them. When some bad cancer cells move into town you could say the neighborhood goes to shit. If it's bowl cancer you may lose the ability to handle waste, killing you from we toxicity. If it's stomach cancer you may become unable to eat or digest food. Starving you to death. Cancer also had a tendency to stop respecting it's original role also. Stomach cancer cells may make it into your blood stream, land in your heart, and just stay growing there. They don't care. It's warm and there is food. Kind of like homeless people setting up a camp in the downtown. They steal bikes, shit everywhere, and drop their needless wherever they want. Eventually killing the area around them. Meanwhile, your body sometimes recognized them as a post and attached then, other times it see them as regular citizens and continues protecting them. Hope that helps."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
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|
6ozckt | Why exactly does moving air feel cooler? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkleyn2"
],
"text": [
"It's the process of convection that is improving your body's ability to cool off. There are three types of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Convection is where the heat from your body warms the air in immediate contact. Normally that warmed air would stay close to you. But with the with air flowing, new, cooler air is constantly moving into place to absorb that heat from your body. So, moving air creates another avenue for heat to leave the body in addition to its usual processes. It's been a few years since I was in a physics class. I'm sure someone else can explain it better or make some corrections, but that's the gist of it. Edit for spelling"
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
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"url"
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|
6p0db8 | How can speakers both sound like a piano, a guitar, and human voice? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dklp4ym"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How do speakers virtually produce any sound? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: How do speakers work? My brain just can't comprehend how all the sounds and frequencies at one single point in a song (drums, vocals, guitar, etc) can be created by one single vibration of a membrane. All at once ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: How do speakers make sound? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: How come speakers can produce a plethora of pitches and sounds, but our voices can only produce one pitch at a time? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5 how speakers work, and specifically, how they play multiple different sounds simaltaneously ]( URL_0 )"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mgjz5/eli5_how_speakers_work_and_specifically_how_they/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3sa439/eli5_how_do_speakers_work_my_brain_just_cant/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qjo7q/eli5_how_do_speakers_make_sound/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c27ri/eli5_how_come_speakers_can_produce_a_plethora_of/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jxp9q/eli5_how_do_speakers_virtually_produce_any_sound/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
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|
6p0z3a | What would happen if they didn't remove our umbilical cords/placentas at birth? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dklql54"
],
"text": [
"They would dry up and fall off in a couple of days...just like the umbilical stub does. If you have ever been around a newborn, they still have a little of the cord attached. It naturally dies and falls off in a few days."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
|
6p2a8l | Why when something quotes old documents, is only the first letter of the quote in brackets? | For example, the book I'm reading now has the following quote: "[I]t is a pity to spoil a good mate by making him a master" | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkm0eqi"
],
"text": [
"I think that happens when they begin the quote midway through the original sentence, so the bracket indicates that the first letter isn't quite the same as in the source, because they capitalized it."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
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6p47oe | Why are clouds grey when raining, but white otherwise? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkmfr0l",
"dkmj3gr"
],
"text": [
"Thickness. When clouds hold a load of moisture, they appear darker. When they are whiter, they don't have as much moisture, so they aren't dark. If you see a green one, or greenish one, that means it is holding a lot of hail aloft. The sunshine acts as a prism and the light is bending towards the green.",
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 - why do clouds turn dark before they rain? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: why are rain clouds grey, and normal clouds white? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are storm/rain clouds grey instead of white? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5 Why clouds turn grey when it's going to rain ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are rain clouds darker than regular clouds if water is clear? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5:Why do clouds become dark/gloomy when it's raining? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5:Why do clouds turn grey when it's about to rain? ]( URL_5 )"
],
"score": [
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3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16gu58/eli5_why_are_stormrain_clouds_grey_instead_of/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2it1ni/eli5_why_are_rain_clouds_darker_than_regular/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64rfs2/eli5_why_do_clouds_turn_dark_before_they_rain/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3il1jh/eli5why_do_clouds_become_darkgloomy_when_its/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1e2je1/eli5_why_clouds_turn_grey_when_its_going_to_rain/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2akn32/eli5why_do_clouds_turn_grey_when_its_about_to_rain/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1n5gno/eli5_why_are_rain_clouds_grey_and_normal_clouds/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
|
6p57wu | How do buffet restaurants make profit? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkmoxr6"
],
"text": [
"They make food cheaply and charge more than what most people eat. Most people will have 2-3 servings. They generally charge enough to pay for 5-6, thus the few that eat more than 6 are more than compensated for."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
|
6p58ck | Why do people occasionally shiver while they are urinating? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkmpt68"
],
"text": [
"This is hard to explain like you're five, but the answer is that the part of your nervous system involved in sensing the need to urinate, is also related to the part that makes you feel \"shivers\" and it's being strongly stimulated by the contractions and emptying of the bladder."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
|
6p5zwb | How do doctors, nurses, etc. tend to sick people constantly without getting sick all the time themselves? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkmxf70",
"dkmvlum",
"dkmvsmf"
],
"text": [
"Hello! This is a great question, and something healthcare staff should always keep in mind when working around patients. Depending on what the patient's diagnosis is, different precautions are taken. Staff wear disposable **personal protective equipment (PPE)** based on protocol. & nbsp; A **standard or universal precaution** is applied to every patient, even if they do not have an infectious diagnosis. This involves basics like hand washing/sanitizing before and after contact, as well as gloves. You never know what someone has, so it is best to play it safe when coming in contact with potential disease vectors like blood and vomit. Patients with a **contact**-spread disease, e.g. norovirus, are designated as such and given adequate isolation to prevent transmitting the disease to another patient. This can be a private room or sharing a room with a patient diagnosed with the same infection. Staff wear disposable gowns as well as the aforementioned gloves. All equipment brought into the room is cleaned, or the room will preferably have its own set of equipment. Diseases spread through droplets up to 3 feet, whether by coughing or sneezing, such as influenza, require **droplet precautions**. A surgical mask prevents inhalation of these droplets, and often staff will also wear contact PPE if getting close to the patient Varicella (chicken pox) and measles, etc. are spread similarly, but form small particles that can travel further and penetrate surgical masks. In preparation for **airborne precautions**, staff are fit-tested with N95 respirators early on. Sometimes, things go wrong, even with the most skilled professionals. Hospitals have policies and procedures to dictate how to handle things like accidental needle-sticks to prevent transmission of disease. & nbsp; I hope this helps!",
"They take precautions against illness when treating others, including near religious handwashing, facemasks, sterile and single use equipment, and in extreme situations, quarantine procedures.",
"Im an ER doctor. I got sick all of the time x 10 years. I just took a year off and didn't get sick at all. It's prompted some soul searching."
],
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12,
4,
4
],
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|
6p6069 | Why do guys get random erections? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkmvpdp"
],
"text": [
"Sexually mature men can control their arousal. During puberty, hormones are all over the place causing all spontaneous arousal, etc."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
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|
6p613v | Why isn't there lightning during snowstorms? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkmw44r"
],
"text": [
"There is lightning during some snowstorms, thunder as well. I saw it during a blizzard in Flagstaff, AZ in the winter of 2009. I have attached a youtube link as well showing it from someplace up north. Cue up to around 1:34. URL_0 Hope that helps."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://youtu.be/nefLipXk36o"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
|
6p6nb3 | why does nasal congestion switch sides when you're laying down and then roll over? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkn0urz"
],
"text": [
"Behind your nose is a large cavity. It's filled with mucus when you're congested. It's really otherwise completely empty (filled with air). So, if you roll over, all the mucus just stays \"down\". Gravity."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
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|
6p8gzr | Why is there a 'D' in fridge but not in refrigerator? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkncogv"
],
"text": [
"That \"d\" was hammered into the word \"frige\" to help it sort-of look like how it's pronounced. \"Frig\" would look like it sounds like \"rig\", \"frige\" would have a long \"i\", and \"fridge\" looks like it rhymes with \"ridge\". Refrigerator comes from the Latin refrigeratus, which is why it has no \"d\"."
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
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]
} | [
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|
6p8vhr | How do airplane pilots know that turbulence is ahead? | Are they just reading weather radar and the potential of turbulence, reports from past planes, or do they have sensors that measure air pressure and what-not? Thanks in advance! | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkngb57"
],
"text": [
"If they are so-equipped, pilots are trained to interpret the returns on forward-looking weather radar that would indicate the potential for turbulence ahead. Additionally, if they are on an instrument flight plan (and most commercial flights are), they will be in contact with the ARTCC (Air Route Traffic Control Center), who will relay reports of other aircraft that have just traversed the area they are approaching, and will relay the information, along with recommended courses and altitudes to avoid the turbulence."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
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]
} | [
"url"
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6pay07 | Why does our urge to go to the bathroom grow the closer we get to the toilet? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dknzcqy"
],
"text": [
"Can't really explain better than this URL_0 > Most of what your brain and nervous system does is not conscious. What you control and perceive is only a small fraction of what your brain is doing day in and day out to keep you alive. Altering hormone levels, controlling your breathing, monitoring your energy levels, etc. It's like your computer. What you see on the screen or control with the mouse is only a small part of what the computer is doing behind the scenes. In fact this part of your brain is mostly oblivious to what you are 'thinking'. > One of those things, whether you consciously notice or not, is remaining constantly aware of your environment. Your brain is taking everything in and comparing it to past experience or innate instinct. So when you walk by your favorite restaurant your brain assesses your energy levels and if they are at all low says, hmmm, this could be a good time to restock, we don't know when we might find food again. So pretty soon your tummy is rumbling away because your brain simply cannot trust you to make the right decisions without some influence. Remember, our brains evolved in a much different environment than many of us live in now. One that was much less forgiving of missing chances to eat, drink, etc. > Peeing is no different. Your brain has been keeping an eye on how full your bladder is and giving you low intensity warnings that it is getting up there. But when your brain knows you are by a place where you can solve that problem, it ups those warnings so you have no choice but to take advantage. It has no way of knowing that you are going to the bathroom already, it just sees the stimulus and issues the response. > This normally works pretty well, but it can go haywire. Things like phobias, PTSD, and other conditions often result from the brain getting a stimulus-response relationship wrong. So a soldier in a war gets blown up by a roadside bomb and even when they are back in the safety of their homeland their brain cannot let go of the idea that a pile of rocks by the road could be a major threat. So they go into full threat mode when driving to the store or out for a walk. > So be happy that your brain has the peeing response right! Better the bathroom than something less convenient Edit : I have to ad , there are \"2 parts\" in you brain , sympathetic and parasympathetic. The sympathetic is what will act in cases of stress (someone is outside the bathroom door , you might find it hard to pee/poop because you are stressed ) , parasympathetic system does the opposite and will relax you instead (if you are going alone to the bathroom will be easier to do it , esp if you get closer)"
],
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/14fz47/eli5_why_does_my_urge_to_pee_intensify_as_i_get/c7cs17a/"
]
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|
6pc1yv | Why can you not smell an odour that your body is producing anywhere near as strong as other people can? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dko685i",
"dkodggq"
],
"text": [
"In the simplest of terms, the same reason you don't feel your clothes all day long or you don't see your nose all the time. Your brain starts ignoring constant stimuli after a while because it assumes it's safe so it diverts resources towards looking for new stimuli/sources of danger.",
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why can't people seem to smell their own body odor when it's over-powering to everyone within nose-shot? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: Why cant we smell our own body odor? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do our own body odors don't smell as bad to us as other people odors do? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Why can't we smell ourselves well? ]( URL_1 )"
],
"score": [
14,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1imdc9/eli5_why_cant_people_seem_to_smell_their_own_body/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fzuto/eli5_why_cant_we_smell_ourselves_well/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2o3oww/eli5_why_do_our_own_body_odors_dont_smell_as_bad/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fz76m/eli5_why_cant_we_smell_our_own_body_odor/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
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|
6pcxop | Why aren't people attracted to family members? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkodb4j",
"dkodiqp"
],
"text": [
"I mean they can be, incest is a thing. But if you want an evolutionary explanation, incest can often lead to severe birth defects in children and as a result, it is evolutionarily beneficial to have a hardwired response to avoid that. And that is likely what happened (I say likely because all current evidence seems to be anecdotal).",
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How come siblings are not attracted to each other? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [Why are people not attracted to their siblings? ]( URL_1 )"
],
"score": [
18,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5mjr7u/eli5_how_come_siblings_are_not_attracted_to_each/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/52arkg/why_are_people_not_attracted_to_their_siblings/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
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|
6pdhau | How do patents work? What can you patent? What can you not patent? How are patent infringements assessed? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkoi361"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How do patents work? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5 Patents? How do they work for simple things ? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5: How do patents work? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: How patents work and could you re-apply after they expire? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: How do patents work and what is involved with obtaining one? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: How patents work ]( URL_7 ) 1. [ELI5: when you apply for a patent how do they check there isn't already a conflicting one? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do patents exist? ]( URL_4 )"
],
"score": [
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/uvaxe/eli5_how_do_patents_work_and_what_is_involved/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/57al7j/eli5_how_patents_work_and_could_you_reapply_after/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/514ryy/eli5_how_do_patents_work/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zd0ia/eli5_how_do_patents_work/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3q3lha/eli5_why_do_patents_exist/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3e0i7c/eli5_when_you_apply_for_a_patent_how_do_they/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bh42e/eli5_patents_how_do_they_work_for_simple_things/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22lcbv/eli5_how_patents_work/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
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|
6pdr5u | What happens to A bug when it's pushed out the window of a car and how can they fly around in your car? | What makes the bug able the flu around the inside of your car while you're driving instead of being smashed to the back of the car? The bug obviously can't fly 60mph, so how can bugs fly around while you're driving? And what happens to them if you're going 60, and they fly out of the window? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkojza5",
"dkok07o"
],
"text": [
"The same reason you can walk through an airplane isle even though you are unable to move at hundreds of miles an hour (or fly). The same reason you are able to survive walking around outside even though the earth is spinning around at thousands of miles per hour. Ir more precisely, why you can swim in a pool even though that pool is spinning around the earth at thousands of miles an hour. The entire interior and the air of the car (or plane, or your place on earth) are all movin at the same speed. To the fly it makes no difference if the car is stopped or moving. It is sitting in a giant pool of air. All ot has to do is swim through that air.",
"Do you get thrown back at 60mph when you are driving? I think that would be pretty distracting. The air inside your can is pretty stagnant, even with the windows open, and the only speed the fly has to care about is how fast it is going relative the air inside your car. When they fly out the window the are suddenly travelling 60 mph, and very quickly decelerate, though their inertia is small enough that they may actually be able to do so safely."
],
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6pe997 | How and why did the trend of inserting English phrases into Japanese songs start? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkonmyo"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why do songs sung in foreign languages have lines in English? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do anime opening songs often include english words at key points in the song? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do the Japanese use so many English words and phrases in common speech? ]( URL_7 ) 1. [ELI5: Why in a lot of Japanese songs/sentences from shows, there are a lot of English words. ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do a lot of Japanese song have some English words in 'em? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5, why do Soken and Nobuo compose songs with English Lyrics for a Japanese game? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5: Why Non-English Songs have English in them. (Korean, Japanese, ect.) ]( URL_1 ) 1. [Why do non English speakers sing in English? ]( URL_5 )"
],
"score": [
3
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v73rr/eli5_why_in_a_lot_of_japanese_songssentences_from/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35xgr1/eli5_why_nonenglish_songs_have_english_in_them/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xbbx1/eli5_why_do_songs_sung_in_foreign_languages_have/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xsnmd/eli5_why_do_anime_opening_songs_often_include/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bte91/eli5_why_do_a_lot_of_japanese_song_have_some/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/6deye2/why_do_non_english_speakers_sing_in_english/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/ffxiv/comments/47n8q3/eli5_why_do_soken_and_nobuo_compose_songs_with/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/527v9l/eli5_why_do_the_japanese_use_so_many_english/"
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|
6pfhyf | Why does CGI on shows like Game of Thrones cost so much? What is the process of making a huge direwolf appear on screen? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkovwyy",
"dkow9qo"
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"text": [
"It costs because you need a lot of skilled personnel doing lots of hours. Hiring and employing such people costs a lot of money, because they are rare and the project takes time.",
"There's a scene in the latest GoT episode (no spoiler) in which someone jumps off a boat. Most of the boat did not exist, and neither did the sea around it and the sky above it: it was entirely CGI, and the acting was done in front of green screens in a parking lot in Belfast, with a few bits of wood to appear in close-ups. So that was expensive, but not nearly as expensive and time-consuming as it would have been to make a boat set, and the results are much better than if done the old Hollywood way with matte paintings for background."
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6phz51 | Why are galaxies planar and haven't been crushed into spheres by their own gravity, like other space objects of sufficient mass? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkpfvou",
"dkpfsbo"
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"text": [
"Because they rotate. Angular momentum spins them into a disk orbiting the supermassive black holes in their center. It is the same reason solar systems do not all collapse into their star.",
"Because they are spinning. Because a lot of this stuff had velocity not dirrectly in line with the center of gravity, it orbits instead of falling towards the center. A given chaotic mass, like a galaxy, will tend to average out the orbital velocities and form a mostly planar configuration as the various chaotic orbits interact with each other."
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6pljb5 | Why does the US have a President, but Canada and the UK have a Prime minister? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"dkq9y8p"
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"text": [
"The United States has a much stronger divide between the executive functions and the legislative function. When the Constitution was being written, the general goal was to create a government with a strong legislative center (Congress) and an executive that would help to balance Congress by holding the powers of execution (the President). Likewise, the President's king-like powers (leading the army, signing laws), could be limited by a distinct and powerful Congress with competing authorities (funding the army, writing the laws), and both could in turn be checked by a separate judiciary. Later on in the development of democracies and republics, people began to move more toward a parliamentary system. This is the case in England, where the King didn't get formally replaced, but slowly lost power to the legislature in bits and pieces over time. The checks and balances in such a system are weaker---since the head executive official is always the head of the legislature---but it also means that government is more efficient. In a parliamentary system, the parliament chooses the Prime Minister, who heads the government. Canada, gaining independence later than the U.S., also went with a system like the Parliamentary system in England, as did many of the other states that gained independence at the end of the colonial era in the mid-20th century."
],
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6pmfve | What is consciousness? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkqhfal"
],
"text": [
"Think of your body like a computer; an elegant machine. Now, one of the problems with computers is that you can't just throw the pieces together and have it process information, well... not on a complex level. So what is needed is an operating system. The unconscious, conscious and other bodily control factors are the operating system for your body. Why? Because your body has evolved to have one. For survival and reproduction, having a consciousness is vastly superior, as you can imagine. So why do you see through your eyes and not someone else's? Because your consciousness was shaped by your body. You wouldn't have turned into the same person you are today if you were inside the body of someone else. As a final thought, understand that we don't know exactly what consciousness is. We do have evidence that suggests it is just information, or the result or information. Studies suggest that the consciousness, or \"soul\" as some would call it, has no weight. This also leads us to believe that your consciousness is created by your body, and not the other way around."
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6pmz76 | Why does the prime minister of some countries appear to have more power than the president? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkqkm9u"
],
"text": [
"Broadly speaking, there are three main systems of government around the world. There are Presidential systems where there is a president who is head of state and head of government (\"head of government\" being the person who makes most of the big decisions). There are Parliamentary systems where the head of state and head of government are separate. The head of government is a Prime Minister or equivalent, and the head of state is either a constitutional monarch or a president. The head of state typically has limited power (at least in practice, if not on paper), but is generally meant to make sure the government doesn't overreach its power. Then there are Semi-Presidential systems which is somewhere between, where both the President and Prime Minister share responsibilities for actually running the government. Singapore, Malaysia and India are all parliamentary countries, so it's their PM who sets their major policies. The USA is presidential, and France is semi-presidential. Of course there are some countries that don't follow any of these systems, and there can be a lot of variation within these categories, but most countries do fall into one of them."
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6pnwub | Why are things so much more funny when you are not allowed to laugh? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkqw02z"
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"text": [
"That's an old question, if we make it broader. Similarly, why do sexual taboos arouse people so easily? Guys as old as Paul of Tarsus would talk about our inability to do what we want, and to not do what we don't. Freud would give complex explanations of psychological energies having a dynamic between the parts of the mind. Freud belive laughter was \"surplus\" mental energy relieved for some reason. For example, in jokes, we pay attention to the story, building up the energies of our \"inner censor\". When at the punchline it is revealed our internal censor did not need that much energy, the excess energy is relieved as laughter. He has different explanations for other kinds of comedy, too. Even if we don't accept 100% of Freud's conclusions, it makes sense that laughing is related to some for of \"energy\" that bursts out. And what is worse to build up energy, be it tension, anxiety, sexual arousal, then trying to to let it build up? It's like the \"don't think of a polar bear\" game. You always lose when you remember the game exists. The only way to not to think of a polar bear is forgetting about this prohibition. There's also the vicious cycle of trying to stay serious. You get prone to laugh, therefore more prone to perceive yourself in a silly state, therefore more prone to feel guilty and laught out of anxiety, therefore more prone to observe the absurd of a situation that should be serious and that you can't find serious anymore, which is natural comedy gold... An important part of this vicious cycle would be what Freud called \"economy of compassion\". Basically, it's the idea we don't laugh of things when we care - you don't laugh of a clown falling to the ground if you really think he got hurt (or maybe you do, if you hate clowns). And taking a dramatic situation and turning it non-serious is a classic comedic technique. When you start trying not to laugh of a serious situation, you get more and more emotionally distanced from it, which makes easier for it to become truly funny. If you like reading, this piece is simply *great*: URL_0"
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6pq568 | If the primary colors are Red, Yellow, and Blue, then why are pixels made to only show Red, Blue, and Green? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"dkrejn7",
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"text": [
"RYB are the subtractive color primaries, which works with paints and reflective surfaces where adding more tends to make things darker. RGB are the additive color primaries, used on screens and projections, working with light sources where adding more tends to make things brighter.",
"Primary colors as RYB (Red, Yellow, Blue) is mostly just for art, the scheme was created based on the way paint mixes. Unlike RGB (Red, Green, Blue) which is the basic or primary color scheme as defined for physics and chemistry texts and is used for electronics. RGB is also known as \"additive colors\" adding RGB together will produce a white light which is the basic principal behind TVs and other monitors. To get more into it RYB is for paint mixing and the like and RGB is for light. Because when you mix RGB light, mixing darker colors will produce lighter colors (i.e. mixing red and blue will produce a light pink). Where mixing paint darker colors give dark results (i.e. mixing red and blue will produce purple). So when it comes to colors the medium you're working with will decide what base color scheme is used.",
"The difference is pigments (paints, ink, etc) are subtractive colors. Light is additive. Imagine this: mix together the primary colors of paint. You get a muddy brown. Mix together Red, Green, and Blue light (maybe with one [of thses]( URL_0 ) bad boys.) You get white light. Pigment primary colors are actually Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow (you may have a printer that takes CMYK ink cartridges, K is black.) Since the pigment is absorbing many frequencies (colors) of light and only reflecting a certain few, we call it subtractive. White light is made of many colors, and this can be seen in a rainbow or a [prism]( URL_1 ). Imagine you had a white sheet of paper with red text on it, and you only had a red light source. What would happen? The text would be invisible. Since the only color of light you have is red, only red can be reflected. If you add another color, then you will be able to see the red text, since the white paper will reflect both colors, while the red text will only reflect red."
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6pruiw | how is it that we live in the 21st century but still can't invent uncloggable toilets | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkrojbb",
"dkroqfz"
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"text": [
"We can, but in the USA a law was passed some years ago that suddenly limited how much water a toilet can use to flush. Designers weren't ready, so for years they made ones that didn't work right. (Commercial buildings have higher water pressure, so theirs didn't do as badly.) Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why do American toilets clog up so much? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do American Toilets clogs up so easily? Is it the design fault? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: What causes toilets to become clogged? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do american toilets clog so easily? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do the the toilets in public restrooms hardly ever clog? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does my toilet routinely clog on small-moderate sized shits, and handles massive sized one's with ease? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: If public toilets are hard to clog, why don't we use the same technology for home toilets? ]( URL_0 )",
"Outhouses and porta potties are uncloggable toilets. They exist. If you changed your home toilet to some other transport method (not using water and not using electricity), you could have one. It's mostly due to the shape of the toilet that is used so that we can have small amounts of water in use, and no reliance on electricity, merely pressure."
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2x11dn/eli5_if_public_toilets_are_hard_to_clog_why_dont/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3e5bdc/eli5_why_do_american_toilets_clogs_up_so_easily/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2muyz4/eli5_why_do_american_toilets_clog_so_easily/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2173wb/eli5_why_does_my_toilet_routinely_clog_on/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xlyz8/eli5_why_do_american_toilets_clog_up_so_much/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19x6rd/eli5_what_causes_toilets_to_become_clogged/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2k8xxf/eli5_why_do_the_the_toilets_in_public_restrooms/"
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6psbdz | Why does massaging sore muscles feel painful yet awesome at the same time? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkrsj0u"
],
"text": [
"They found that massage reduced the production of compounds called cytokines, which play a critical role in inflammation. Massage also stimulated mitochondria, the tiny powerhouses inside cells that convert glucose into the energy essential for cell function and repair. “The bottom line is that there appears to be a suppression of pathways in inflammation and an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis,” helping the muscle adapt to the demands of increased exercise, said the senior author, Dr. Mark A. Tarnopolsky. Dr. Tarnopolsky, a professor of pediatrics and medicine at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, said that massage works quite differently from Nsaids and other anti-inflammatory drugs, which reduce inflammation and pain but may actually retard healing. Many people, for instance, pop an aspirin or Aleve at the first sign of muscle soreness. “There’s some theoretical concern that there is a maladaptive response in the long run if you’re constantly suppressing inflammation with drugs,” he said. “With massage, you can have your cake and eat it too—massage can suppress inflammation and actually enhance cell recovery.” Source NyTimes"
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6pt8o0 | Why is internet (a direct connection) only fast enough to stream a few TV shows at once when digital TV antennas can receive hundreds simultaneously? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dks5h6k",
"dks0ipo"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: cable tv vs cable internet TV, what's the difference? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: What is the difference between Cable TV and Cable Internet? Why doesn't TV ever need to stop and load like streaming services? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: How can a television broadcast be seen by thousands of people, yet there is only one copy of it? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does cable work better than internet streaming services? ]( URL_2 )",
"Just for terminology correction. The antenna does NOT receive and do anything with the channels it hears. IT just funnels the signal into a tuner. The tuner, which is on a set top box or integrated into your TV can generally only deal with processing and figuring out a single tv channel at a time, not hundreds. IT's like saying there is a hundred website on the internet you could potentially go to. However, your web browser has only one window, so you can only see one at a time. Thats how an antenna and tuner work."
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17zjle/eli5_cable_tv_vs_cable_internet_tv_whats_the/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ys9q8/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_cable_tv_and/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5qr4av/eli5_why_does_cable_work_better_than_internet/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45g4pv/eli5_how_can_a_television_broadcast_be_seen_by/"
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6ptdof | Why are different sized clothes all priced the same? e.g. A size 5 shoe costs the same as a size 13 shoe but they require vastly different amounts of material to make. | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dks5aur",
"dks1qq5"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why aren't plus size clothes more expensive than normal size clothes? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are different sizes of clothes the same price? Even though larger sizes would use more material than the smaller sizes. ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are clothes of different sizes the same price? Are the price mark-ups from the manufacturer big enough to neglect the cost of the extra fabric in larger clothes? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do all sizes of clothes cost the same amount when there is significantly less material in a small than a XXXL? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: How come shoes are the same price for different sizes? Don't bigger sizes shoe use more materials? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are bigger sizes of the same item of clothing the same price? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Why an XXL sized T-shirt would cost the same as a Small. ]( URL_6 )",
"The actual cost of material is only a very small fraction of the cost of most clothing items. Most shoes cost practically nothing to make. A dollar or so of material sewn together by people making $0.25 an hour. The rest is shipping, marketing, and pure profit."
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5al24j/eli5_why_are_clothes_of_different_sizes_the_same/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d9swd/eli5_why_arent_plus_size_clothes_more_expensive/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5qxz0r/eli5_how_come_shoes_are_the_same_price_for/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qbo3v/eli5_why_are_bigger_sizes_of_the_same_item_of/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1e4zzh/eli5_why_do_all_sizes_of_clothes_cost_the_same/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dfiyj/eli5_why_are_different_sizes_of_clothes_the_same/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vasuw/eli5_why_an_xxl_sized_tshirt_would_cost_the_same/"
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|
6ptmzf | How do cold chills work and why do they make people involuntarily spaz out for a second? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dks5rb6"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: What causes us to get those random cold chills? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: What are \"chills\" and why do we experience them? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do people get an involuntary shiver, or chill, at seemingly random moments? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do people get the shivers when there's a sudden significant temperature change? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5:What is happening when someone gets the shivers? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do we get \"chills\" when something extremely moving or pleasing happens? ]( URL_4 )"
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ltxyx/eli5_why_do_people_get_an_involuntary_shiver_or/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l3ty0/eli5_why_do_people_get_the_shivers_when_theres_a/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27cwc0/eli5_what_are_chills_and_why_do_we_experience_them/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2evxsp/eli5_what_causes_us_to_get_those_random_cold/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/394d8i/eli5_why_do_we_get_chills_when_something/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qu3rc/eli5what_is_happening_when_someone_gets_the/"
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6puyq1 | Why do so many companies want you to download their app? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkscpda"
],
"text": [
"It's a constant reminder of their existence and services, right on your screen, free advertisement."
],
"score": [
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|
6pv2n6 | How does your body proportionately distribute fat/mass across your body? How does it evenly for the most part distribute to all parts of the body? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dksjmni",
"dksg01n"
],
"text": [
"Well for one thing it's not even and a lot of this has to due with hormone levels. Estrogen will generally signal for more fat storage in the legs, hence women having thicker legs and posteriors. Testosterone will favor the arms and upper body. Cortisol will favor the stomach. See people with Cushing's for extreme example. Insulin the sides of the stomach. (love handles).",
"You have specialised adipose tissue throughout the body which converts excess food to fat and stores it. The more excess the more it divides and grows, where the fat is stored is based on age/sex/genetics as well as where the tissue is."
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|
6pv4nh | NSFW: Why is a sweaty ball scratch so enjoyable and do females have an equivalent place they love to scratch? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dksdvgb"
],
"text": [
"I've been told general down there scratching feels nice to everyone because of the intense amount of nerve endings present in similar tissue type. Or how it was put to me: \"nah. Vagina scratching feels good as hell\""
],
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|
6pw5jy | Why does the pigment in animals eyes change colour only after birth ? Are there any other body parts that change in a dramatic way? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dksoofp"
],
"text": [
"Hum, if I remember correctly, the pigment never change colour. What happens is that the \"default\" color is blue for quite a lot of mammals. After birth, the eyes begin to produce a pigment called melanine that gives the eyes their definitive colour."
],
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|
6pz5kg | Why are under cooked burger patties are safe to eat? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"It's basically... not. Everyone eating a medium rare patty that's not recently fresh ground from a whole steak is risking food poisoning. You just luck out more often than not due to meat processing factories keeping to pretty strict cleaning routines.",
"Um. Kinda, but not quite. The bacterias that typically gives us problems with undercooked meat: e-coli, lysteria in beef, trichonosis in pork - these bacteria are commonly found in the environment of those animals, on their skin, feces etc., digestive organs. Proper slaughter, handling and butchering of the animals trys to keep all of that stuff separate from the actual meat flesh. Cases where bacteria are introduced to say ground beef, usually this is due to improper cleaning of the processing equipment or poor staff practice, or simply cutting corners. Or, in the case of those few trichonosis cases from wild boars and such, its because of poor butchering practices - people not knowing what they're doing. If you have properly slaughtered animal meat, in a clean and modern, regularly inspected facility, you should be able to eat it raw (in theory). The cook to internal temperature guidelines are simply good practice for \"just in case\"... because food poisoning through bacterial infection is NOT fun. Note: This applies to beef and pork. Im pretty sure you'll still want to cook your chicken though. The vectors for bacterial infection are the same... and if you _really_ trust your butcher, go for that chicken sashimi.... its just harder to keep chicken flesh clean when you butcher it due to the small size of the animal.",
"They are not safe to eat. If they were ground very recently (in the last hour) the danger is less. If they were ground yesterday, or left out in a warm environment, really not recommended.",
"They aren't necessarily undercooked. They are just pink. You can fully cook and pasteurize meat at fairly low temperatures. With sous vide you can fully cook and pasteurize at 130 degrees, and the burger is still very much pink.",
"It's not safe. We take a calculated risk when we eat undercooked burgers. You have to cook a burger to a higher temperature than steak in order for it to be safe. URL_0"
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|
6q18cr | What exactly is plasma? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dktywjk"
],
"text": [
"Imagine an atom. The electron and neutron are seperate entities of the same thing. Now imagine that the electron doesn't have to hang out by its neutron & proton buddies (Nucleus) but can swim around freely with the rest of its plasma buds. Give enough energy to a gas and it will seperate into its different parts. Everything is in the same 'container' though. Kinda like this drink URL_0 All of the pieces are there just 'seperated' Edit: Corrected Neutron into Nucleus"
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6q1s9t | laundering money | So I'm watching this new show on Netflix ozark and the main character in the show is laundering money for a drug dealer and hes cleaning the money by investing in businesses and buying alot of things for those buisnesses. How does this exactly clean the money? And how do they get that money back? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"One day you start taking your dad's porn magazines to school, you sell them at like 2 dollars a pop. Your dad is an avid collector with a boxes full of them stashed away, so he's not noticing that you're taking them. You've started to save a fair bit of money from this so you decide you want to buy a new bike with the money. But you realized something, won't your parents wonder where you got the money? You can't tell them what you are really doing cause you'll get in trouble. You aren't doing any work or making money from chores or anything and suddenly you've got enough money for a bike? You need to show them that you're a good boy and earned your money fair and square. You get an idea that you'll start mowing some lawns for pocket money. You ask your parents if you can use the mower and they say yes. Now mowing lawns is hard work so you decide to fake it a little bit. You mow 1 lawn a day but say you did 3. You're only getting 10 bucks for the 1 lawn so you make up for the other 2 with your porn magazine money. Over a few weeks you've moved all your bad money through the lawn mowing business. You can now buy your bike because you earned it by being a good boy and your parents are so proud.",
"a) as /u/cerberus698 has explained there's laundering as in just getting \"clean\" money that (each note has a individual ID, the bank you robbed might know the IDs of the stolen bills). b) more importantly, and difficult, is getting money to appear legitimate. If you rob 1 million dollars from a bank I just need to look for someone who suddenly has a million dollars for no particular reason and I have a suspect. Or, perhaps more effectively, I could look at people who are making lots of money while poorly or unemployed to find drug dealers and other blackmarket operators. So all those people need a legal \"front\" from which they \"earn\" the money they've earned illegally. For example, in Breaking Bad the family launders money via a car wash company. The car wash company might see x clients in a day. But you fake the books and say you saw x + y clients in a day, y being fake clients and you put your money from drug dealing/etc in the till equal to the amount they would have paid. Now given the car wash might break even or make a small loss from its actual clients, this extra money will filter through the business and end up as extra profit which you can pay taxes on and spend without it being obvious you have an extra source of income. Of course this only works to an extent, if you're laundering loads of money through the car wash it becomes conspicuous. Someone might notice how ridiculously profitable your business is, and then investigate and find you're not seeing enough customers to make as much money. Thus the need to ever expand money laundering operations.",
"Let's use a simple example. You have a lot of illegally earned money. I have a legitimate business that sells pizzas. You buy a portion of the business (with legal cash), as the owner of the business you are entitled to a share of the profits. You then make a order for 500 pizzas, and pay for it with your illegal cash. The store will make some money from the sale of those pizzas, more if they never actually make/deliver the pizza, just ring up the sale for it. At the end of the year, the store will show a great deal of profit from the sale of the ghost pizzas. The store will then pass those profits back to the owner as a dividend. So on paper, it looks like the business is highly profitable, and you have earned a great deal of money as dividend from that business. Another way is two people to play poker at a las vegas casino. One person will intentionally keep losing to the other person. So the \"winner\" will just have to declare legitimate casino winnings as their income. Minus of course whatever fees the casino charges to run a private poker game.",
"First, Marty explained to the Langmores why the $8 million was almost useless to them. Ruth driving a Ferrari around the lake or Russ building a 5,000 sq. ft. house on the lake would draw immediate suspicion. In order to be able to actually spend the money, they need some way to make it look legitimate. What Marty does is take all the drug money and invest it into legitimate business. Then he can \"cook the books\" (fake the accounting) to make the businesses appear more profitable than they are. Now he can deposit the drug money in the business account and pay the owners hefty salaries so they receive a legitimate paycheck. This also helps avoid the Al Capone situation, where the Feds knew what he was doing, but couldn't pin anything on him. They eventually got him on tax evasion. I assume the show isn't going to go into a lot of detail for the same reason Breaking Bad didn't show the exact recipe for making meth. They want it to be a drama, not a tutorial. As long as you understand that Marty is taking illegally gained money and channeling it through legitimate operations to make everything look on the up and up, that's all we really need to know to enjoy the show. Hope that helps.",
"The definition of laundering money is to conceal the source of income. If you have large sums of money without any way to account for it, the feds are on your ass faster than trailer trash on velveeta, hence dirty money. To clean the money you need a shell business to have a source of documented income so you can actually use all of that money without being on anyone's radar and utilize a bank account. You keep the money but it has to look legit, like clean money.",
"Imagine you have a large cash \"business\" i.e. selling drugs. You start getting a lot of cash and you want to spend it. The problem is, for larger purchases (houses, cars, etc) you need to have clean money. If you go to a bank and hand them $10,000 in cash the IRS is going to look into it because that money was not reported or taxed. So large scale criminal enterprises need to clean their money. They do this by finding a business that uses a lot of cash (in Breaking Bad they use a nail salon). They give cash to that business, the business reports it as income from imaginary customers, pays taxes on it, and the criminal organization takes what's left after taxes and however much the semi-legit business takes. Now they have the money in a bank account, it's been taxed, and they can use it for whatever they want.",
"Three basic steps to laundering: Placement: Getting the money into the financial system. This step is why financial institutions report cash transactions $3k and up to the government/regulators. Layering: After money is in the financial system it gets moved around in numerous transactions. This is to hide the origin and make it more difficult to trace back. Integration: Pulling the now seemingly legit money back out so the criminal can use it. Source: I work for a financial institution and have to take yearly training on this.",
"There is a simple way to launder small amounts of cash. Say you have 1000 dollars in bills robbed from a bank or maybe even just in counterfeit currency. It's not safe to keep them but you need to stash the cash. You could go to convenience stores with the 20 dollar bills and buy 1 dollar packs of gum and get 19 dollars in change. You've just exchanged your 20 dirty dollars for 19 clean ones and can now safely hold onto it. At the end of the process you will have less than what you started with but all of it will be clean and entirely untraceable to your crime.",
"Laundering the money through a legitimate business under the facade that it was used for an actual business expense provides a fake source of expenditures. The money is reported to the IRS as a business expense and they offset this with a fake revenue amount so the IRS isn't out any tax dollars. Essentially it allows the launderer (first time I've used that word) to pay tax on the money and not arise suspicion in the eyes of the government. If the IRS was to audit the expenses or revenues of the business they would likely provide forged receipts that reflect the dollar amounts. That is the main risk, in that they could then tie the receipt to whomever issued it - to ostensibly double audit it. Unlikely they would do this. The other risk is having a 'story' that makes no sense, like that shitty clothing store down the street that sells only Jamaican-themed clothing but operates at the most expensive downtown location. Overall, it allows criminals to do things like obtain mortgages and be like the rest of us.",
"You have money that you have gained by shady means. Maybe it's drug money, maybe it's bribes, whatever. You can't put this in your account without getting suspicious looks from the government. You can spend it on stuff you can pay for in cash, but at one point you run up against a wall with that. You need this stuff in a bank. So you create a business, and that business is a money laundry. The name comes from the fact that laundries often were one of the favorite businesses for this. You need something in which people pay with cash a lot. So you put up this business, and do all those small bits which make it look like, at least on paper, to be a real working business. You don't really need customers for that, you just need the possibility that there are customers. Instead of the money from actual customers you use the dirty money for that, and you put it on the books as income. You pay taxes on it and it becomes \"clean\". There's lots of different ways to do that. Laundries are a perennial favorite, restaurants and bars also work well. I know one pizza stand which is completely out of the way and has never had a single customer anyone has seen, and which still is there 15 years later.",
"Money laundering is when you exchange illegally acquired money for legal money. Illegal money would be something that can be traces back to some sort of crime, like sequential bank notes. One method people use is to exchange this illegal, or \"dirty\" money, by using it to buy legitimate goods (like art work), then sell the goods to gain legal or \"clean\" money. It's called \"laundering\" because you are cleaning dirty money. Other methods include creating an \"alibi\" for the money you acquired. The alibi switches the source of the money from the crime committed (like drug deal) to a legitimate business deal (like selling products and services). This method is slower and more reliable, because you can report inflated sales numbers at a controlled rate (let's say, $1000 per day is reported in sales, but it really mostly comes from your own pocket) without raising suspicion. The best example of money laundering is in Rush Hour 2. The main villain makes $50 million dollars in counterfeit bills. He uses this to run a casino that was legitimately purchased by a wealthy investor. The casino gains money from people buying chips with legitimate money to play games. When players want to cash out their chips at the end of the day, they receive the counterfeit money instead of the legitimate money that the casino acquired through chip sales.",
"Minor Spoilers: I feel Ozark doesn't try to show a realistic way to launder money. For it to work, the main character needs to find a business or businesses which can report additional 8 million in exchange for some percent of the money. However none of the businesses he joins or buys can handle that much money within a short time span. IRS would probably flag them when they file taxes. I think he's actually doing slightly different thing and might have a partner, because they say he buys a lot of air conditioners for one of his businesses yet they get only one unit, it's possible the store selling air conditioners is one of the fronts for money laundering. The act of buying doesn't really help unless the business getting the money is a part of the conspiracy.",
"The car wash from Breaking Bad taught me a lot about money laundering. To make illegally obtained money \"clean\", you just slip it into the revenue stream of a seemingly legitimate business through fake sales and services. Not too much. But just enough that it looks like you are turning a decent profit. Then it is possible to inflate your expenses a little more in order to compensate for the windfall. Then you can slip a little more dirty money in and repeat. Or you can expand into other \"cleaning\" services. Having large sum of inexplicable money just appearing or disappearing tips off the feds big time."
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6q2ihp | Water boils at 100°C. How come steam comes off of water before it hits 100°C? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There are two different phenomena. One is the change of state: from liquid to gas (water to water vapour). Given a pressure and temperature, water exists in one form or another. If you had an isolated system with liquid water in it, kept pressure at 1 atm and start raising the temperature, at 100° it will all turn to gas. But that's not what you have. Your system is not isolated. You have an *air-water interface that is not in equilibrium*. This is related to something called \"water vapour pressure\". Water vapour can very well exist at room temperature (thank god, or you'll be breathing dry air, very uncomfortable). Water molecules will be released from the water surface and evaporated until the ambient humidity reaches equilibrium (100%). Thank god again, or you'll never get your clothes dry when hanging them in to dry. At that point (100% humidity), no more water will evaporate from the pot. Better said, water will keep evaporating and condensating back so that the relative humidity stays 100% and apparently everything is stable. If you happen to have 120% relative humidity you're out of the equilibrium again and the water in the air will condensate until equilibrium is reached (100% relative humidity). When you are heating water in a pot, it gets hot (duh!) and it's easier for the molecules to jump out and join the air (and evaporate and become water vapour, which is invisible to humans, by the way, that \"smoke\" you see over the pot is still tiny water drops). But the reason behind it is that the air needs them to reach equilibrium (100% humidity), not that the water is changing state earlier than expected."
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6q3zlo | Why do our bodies generally tend to want to eat unhealthy food more than healthy food even if it’s worse for us? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"For the longest part of human history the struggle was to get enough calories to survive. Evolution molded our diets to prefer calorie-dense foods because anyone who desired leaves over meat would have died of starvation and not passed their genes on to the next generation. However, in only the past few tens of thousands of years, we now produce more calories than we consume. That may sound like a long time but it's not nearly long enough for it to have had a large impact on our instinctual desire for certain foods. Our instincts still tell us that we might starve if we don't get enough calories and so we desire unhealthy foods."
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6q5mcy | What the hell is 'fake news' and why should we care? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Before Trump \"Fake News\" was news that was intentionally false, or intentionally highly misleading with components of truth presented in a false manner. Its intent is to deceive the public, much like propaganda, but without the government control elements that propaganda has. But with Trump it is any news that he does not like. Anything that goes against his personal narrative, regardless of if it is truthful or not.",
"The term was originally meant to be for click-bait pages that appear to be giving legitimate news but is in fact just trolling for hits and total baloney. Now, T-dog uses it for all sorts of news. He applies it to CNN when their coverage focuses on things he's rather they not focus on. He applies it to news from trusted-but-unnamed sources. He applies it just to jab at liberal news in general."
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6q6k7y | If heat rises, why are mountaintops full of snow? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Heat rises, yet it is cold on top of a mountain. E ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: If heat rises, why is it freezing cold above the clouds? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: If heat rises, why are higher altitudes generally colder? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: If heat rises, why is it so cold in the mountains? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5: If heat rises, why is it cooler in the mountains than the valley. ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: If heat rises, why are mountain summits so cold? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: if warm air rises, why is it colder the farther you get from the earth's surface? ]( URL_4 )",
"As you go upward in the atmosphere, the air gets less dense, so it can't hold onto heat like the more dense air at sea level. Hot air rises because the molecules are moving around more, making them less dense. Then like air bubbles in water, they rise to the top where they sit in the less dense air, and are unable to hold their energy."
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6q796d | Why is the former town of Chernobyl still uninhabitable yet Hiroshima and Nagasaki are thriving cities? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"nuclear bombs and nuclear reactors are pretty different beasties, despite both relying on nuclear material to do their thing. In the atomic bomb blast, almost all of the nuclear material was destroyed at the atomic level, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. It resulted in only trace amounts of radioactive material actually being left over. In the case of the chernobyl disaster, the leak meant the material didn't explode or evaporate, it just stayed put, being radioactive.",
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why can people live in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where a bomb spread radioactive material, but people are unable to safely survive for long periods of time in places such as Chernobyl or Fukushima? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5:How can Nagasaki and Hiroshima be habitable after WW2, but Chernobyl won't be habitable for at least 600 years? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are Hiroshima and Nagasaki both inhabitable but not Chernobyl? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: Why The nuclear accident in Chernobyl left the city indefinitely uninhabitable while cities like Fukushima, Nagasaki, and Hiroshima are populated (to my knowledge) ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: Why can people live in Nagasaki and Hiroshima but not in Chernobyl? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5:Why can people live in Hiroshima & Nagasaki but not in Chernobyl? ]( URL_4 )"
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6q7fxe | How does the IQ test accurately measure intelligence? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It does not. It was proven, almost as soon as it was invented, that not only were the areas the IQ test was used for like spacial reasoning, and pattern recognition were completely arbitrary, it was found that it neglected to test much more abstract, much more important aspects of intelligence like social intelligence, physical intelligence, mathematical, literary, good old fashioned common sense, and many, many other types of intellegences. I'm addition intelligence itself is completely arbitrary. As the old saying goes if you judge a fish by its ability to climb trees it will always be stupid. These realizations, in addition to the fact that minorities tended to score low on these tests due to their Reliance on more practical intelligences due to their harsh role in society, compared to the abstract types comprising the test it was used to \"prove\" that whites were the superior race, a fact that the well meaning inventor of the test regretted to his dying day."
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6q7k6p | What is depression? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"At its' core, what we know about depression is that it can have many different \"causes\", but the symptom that causes the most problems are dulled or non-existent serotonin and dopamine receptors. This is a problem, because serotonin and dopamine are the chemicals that allow us to feel happy in the first place. So, that is why it's so hard to get out of: A depressed person's brain is physically unable, whether temporarily or physically, to feel happiness for whatever reason. This doesn't mean that you're always *sad*, but it *does* mean that all that you *can* feel are pretty negative emotions. It's definitely something that can be overcome, but it's seldom something that can be just \"gotten over\" I don't like just linking to videos, but [this lecture on depression from Stanford]( URL_0 ) covers so much of it that I implore you to watch it when you have the free time. The summary of the thesis, as taken from the video's summary, that \"depression is as real of a biological disease as is diabetes.\"",
"**Clinical depression** is a mental disorder that causes distorted thinking, decreased emotional affect, changes in eating and sleeping habits, and some other significant symptoms. Let's imagine that you lose your job, your dog gets hit by a car, and your romantic partner leaves you. Feeling awful would be a normal, healthy response. Now let's imagine you get a promotion at your job. You spend an afternoon with your dog at the dog park, before coming home to your romantic partner who takes you out on a lovely date. Feeling awful *then* would seem abnormal, wouldn't it? One major feature of clinical depression is a lowered range of responses. After a great day spent doing a favored hobby with friends, a person with clinical depression would feel *neutral* or numb, or \"OK\". Not happy, not relaxed, not euphoric, just not-awful. The entire range of emotion from \"happy\" to \"unhappy\" gets slid down from \"really terrible\" to \"not-soul-crushingly-awful-this-minute\". Feeling awful is, well, awful. Feeling awful when there's no obvious cause adds an additional level of distress, because our minds like things to make sense. People with clinical depression sometimes do strange things to make their lives worse, because on some level, that helps the feelings they're experiencing \"make sense\". Feeling awful is some thing people try to avoid. When people are hurting, they may try to make themselves feel better. One way some people use is self-medicating, using known chemical responses to things like sugar or caffeine or alcohol or other substances to trigger feelings of pleasure, to alleviate the pain they're feeling. Self-medication is dangerous, because there's no objective check on how often, or how much you do, and because some chemicals create short-term ups, but contribute to longer-term downs. Cognitive distortions (thinking in ways that aren't really based on reality) in depression tend to be self-reinforcing. A person who believes they are awful will interpret events to make themselves feel worse. > Why is it so hard for some people to get out of it? Some theories suggest there's a chemical or biological component, the way two people can eat the same diet and do the same exercise, but one person loses a lot of weight and the other person doesn't. Because some elements of the disorder are rooted in cognition, it can be difficult to learn new ways of structuring our thinking. Imagine learning how to write with your non-dominant hand. Yes, you can do that, but it's difficult, takes practice, and effort. And because the disorder features feelings of powerlessness, helplessness, and fatigue, that makes the effort much harder to make. It's a complex disorder that we're still learning about, but for many people, a treatment that includes exercise, talk therapy of some sort, and medication for support seems to alleviate the worst symptoms and can restore a lot of function during an episode."
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6q8knh | why do people say "bless you" when someone sneezes? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In Medieval times it was believed that when you sneezed your soul escaped out your body. If you were not careful the Devil could come and snatch it away so you said \"bless you\" to ward off the Devil and protect your soul."
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6q8wyl | Why do people and companies blur out license plates? Couldn't I just go outside and get someone's plate number if I needed it? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why do some people blur out/black out license plate numbers in pics of vehicles? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do people blur out their license plate in pictures? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does Google Maps blur out license plates when you can go outside and look at license plates all day? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do people often blur out license plates if they're considered public info? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5:Why do they blur out license plates on TV? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do people blur/blackout license plates when posting vehicle pictures online? When I can obviously see everybody's license plate while out in public. ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5:Why do people blur out their license plates in pictures? ]( URL_6 )",
"After looking this up online, it sounds like there is no single reason and there are no laws requiring people to do so. Here are some reasons that make sense though. * Some movies/tv shows require consent from everyone to be filmed. If they blur out any identifying information on someone in the background like a license plate, someone can't come up to them later and say the producers didn't get their consent to film their car and use it to make money. * Privacy. If someone's parked out in front of a strip club, yeah people may see their car, but no one would think anything of it. Now if the Google Maps car comes driving by and takes a photo of it without blurring the license plate, now there's forever a record of that person being at the club. * People are weird. Think of a movie where the characters drive around in a car a lot. Not anything unique like the bat mobile. Just a regular car. Now if some crazy super fan were able to see the license plate in the movie, they'd be able to find information about the exact car in the movie, who owns it, etc. (In some countries you can get more information from a plate number than others). Similarly, maybe that crazy super fan is watching their favorite TV show and sees 5 license plate numbers in the background of a neighborhood. The fan finds the addresses of the owners of the cars and finds out that 4 of them live in the same neighborhood. There's probably a good chance that the show is filmed in that neighborhood. I've heard the house that Breaking Bad was filmed in has a problem of fans coming to it ever though it's just some random woman's home now, and I'm sure it's happened to other shows as well. Blurring out the license plates just makes things like this harder to track down. * Some sources that I came across said the number could be used for fraud, and that's why it's often blurred. Personally I don't really buy that one since you'd have the same amount of information (plate number, car make, car color, location, etc) as any other car that you see on the street."
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25j13l/eli5_why_do_people_blurblackout_license_plates/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pllo4/eli5_why_do_people_often_blur_out_license_plates/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zi662/eli5why_do_people_blur_out_their_license_plates/"
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|
6q99re | Why do the next year's model of cars come out so early in the year before it? (2018 cars coming out in the middle of 2017) | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkvkydi"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5:Why do new cars that are actually made in one year sold as the upcoming year model? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are car models always a year ahead of what they actually are? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do car manufacturers title their car models a year ahead of the current year? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [Why are car models always a year ahead? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: How can be a car declared as a car of the year, in the middle of the same year? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [Why are cars sold before the actual year of their model? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does the year of vehicle models correspond to the year after they were originally released? ]( URL_5 )"
],
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[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ih33j/eli5_how_can_be_a_car_declared_as_a_car_of_the/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/5knljv/why_are_car_models_always_a_year_ahead/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29wle1/eli5_why_are_car_models_always_a_year_ahead_of/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/4seomo/why_are_cars_sold_before_the_actual_year_of_their/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wx7t1/eli5why_do_new_cars_that_are_actually_made_in_one/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1d53az/eli5_why_does_the_year_of_vehicle_models/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m2rni/eli5_why_do_car_manufacturers_title_their_car/"
]
]
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"url"
] | [
"url"
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|
6qbqp6 | Why certain medications can create suicidal thoughts in people's minds? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkw2hjc"
],
"text": [
"Medications don't 'create specific thoughts', they influence the balance of neurotransmitters in your brain. The mood you feel is a product of the specific and relative balance of these mood-determining chemicals. As usual, both too much *and* too little of something lead to what we consider negative effects. Consider serotonin; it is one of the neurotransmitters that regulate 'happiness'. I say happiness, but it's more like 'activity'. Low levels of serotonin are associated with low mood, lethargy, and depression. It's not that a drug that lowers your serotonin level implants the 'suicide' thought, it's that the suicide thought is a common reaction to feeling depressed in the way that stubbing your toe on a table is associated with saying 'ow'. The table doesn't put the word ow into your mouth. Antidepressants like SSRIs often inhibit the breakdown of serotonin in the brain to try to keep the levels above where you get depressed. Too much of it, though, is associated with anxiety and a kind of cellular hyperactivity which can be harmful and even lethal at very high levels, so it's not like we can just take drugs to super-boost our serotonin levels. And serotonin isnt just a standalone mood lever from 'low' to 'high', it's one of a network of interracting chemicals, the total product of which is our mood and thereby our thoughts associated with particular emotions or states. A drug that down-regulates one could up-regulate another, so it's often a balancing act. Fun fact: most of the body's serotonin is actually found in the intestinal tract where it helps regulate the pumping action of the guts moving waste. High levels of serotonin in the gut lead to diarrhea. This may be why some people have bowel issues when they get stressed - serotonin gives you both anxiety and the runs when it's high. Tl;dr: brain drugs are a complex network that control our moods, and certain combinations lead to depressed moods to which suicidal thoughts come more readily, but they don't create specifically suicidal thoughts. Also, poop. Source: I poop when I'm stressed. Also, an education in biochemistry or whatever."
],
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|
6qc4qf | Locked smartphones. | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkw5lk2"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How come you cannot carrier unlock a mobile phone without paying for a \"code\", even with custom firmware and root access? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: What exactly is \"unlocking\" a phone? Why is it a big deal in the news in the past month? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: What is meant by an \"unlocked\" phone? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: Unlocked Smart Phones ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Cell phones \"locked\" to carriers, and unlocked phones ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: how does cell phone unlocking work? ]( URL_5 )"
],
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fm9om/eli5_what_is_meant_by_an_unlocked_phone/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/48ypex/eli5_how_come_you_cannot_carrier_unlock_a_mobile/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qtnuk/eli5_unlocked_smart_phones/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l6uiq/eli5_cell_phones_locked_to_carriers_and_unlocked/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1a46ds/eli5_what_exactly_is_unlocking_a_phone_why_is_it/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35pvpw/eli5_how_does_cell_phone_unlocking_work/"
]
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} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
|
6qfu8r | How does a metal detector work? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkwynwq"
],
"text": [
"Usually through electromagnetic loops. An electric current is passed through a ring of wire to create an electromagnet. That ring of wire is often a disk-like detector on a handheld detector, or a wire loop embedded in a roadway. When there is motion with nearby magnetic metals -- either the loop of wire moves is swept over the metal, or a metal object like a car frame rolls over the loop -- it makes an interfering magnetic field, which changes the electricity flow in the coil. The simple detectors play a sound using the same current used in the loop. When the electromagnetic field changes, it can be heard in the speakers."
],
"score": [
5
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"text_urls": [
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|
6qg7lz | What really is the difference between RAM and virtual memory? | I constantly mix these two concepts/terms together. | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkx4f41",
"dkx1a0n"
],
"text": [
"RAM is physical memory. It's divided into various addresses. Accessing RAM addresses means accessing the actual memory chip. Virtual Memory is another name for RAM. In fact, another name for each RAM address. It basically means that Virtual address 100 may be accessing RAM address 203, or 1050, or whatever it may be mapped to. So there is a *mapping* that decides which virtual address corresponds to which physical address. For example, virtual addresses 1 to 100 may be mapped to RAM addresses 2301 to 2400. Virtual addresses are specific to programs (i.e. each programs has its own mapping of virtual addresses to physical addresses. This mapping is managed by the OS.) The reason? Well there are many. 1. Allotting virtual memory to programs allows them to work within a restricted space (say 1 to 1000) rather than address the huge RAM space directly. It simplifies things. 2. A program doesn't need to worry about where exactly it's loaded in RAM. It can access its virtual addresses (say 1 to 1000) and they are converted to the actual addresses in RAM by the OS. 3. Allowing direct RAM access can allow a program to access OS RAM and thus cause system problems or even system takeover. So from a system security standpoint too, it's better to have virtual addresses that are then mapped to the right place by the OS, securing itself from any malice a program may intend to cause. 4. Virtual memory allows a program to see its memory space as a contiguous block (say 1 to 1000), whereas the corresponding RAM addresses may be scattered (say 2501 to 2550 and 4431 to 4480). Another simplification fot the program, again managed and made to work properly by the OS. 5. It can allow a program to \"believe\" that it has more RAM space than it actually does. For example, the OS may give the program virtual addresses 1 to 1000 (so a block of 1000) while only the addresses from 1 to 500 may be actually mapped to the RAM. The rest may be unmapped. Now, most operations of the program may be satisfied by accessing virtual addresses 1 to 500. So the OS saved a lot of resources and space. If the program accesses an unmapped address, say 700, the OS will allocate more RAM addresses to the program, map them, and then allow the access. It takes a bit of time (milliseconds only, but then that's more than nanoseconds) but because its not often, the OS saves time and power and space overall. **This is what most people commonly understand by virtual memory, but it's only one of the functions of virtual memory, apart from the others outlined above.** Edit: words",
"ram isn't virtual. its actual memory that your cpu stores information in. programs need to store data sometimes; data thats only relevant for *running* the program itself. thats the kind of data you *want* to have in RAM. when you don't have enough RAM, you can assign *space on your hard disk* as *virtual memory*: it *is real memory*, but not on the ram-sticks. that means that the cpu isn't talking *directy* to this virtualized memory: it first has to talk to the hard disk. conventional RAM is special, because the cpu can talk *directly* to it. in effect, real RAM is just faster."
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6qgx0k | Why do people yawn? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkx603a"
],
"text": [
"Probably due to a shortage of oxygen/build up of carbon dioxide when not exercising. Yawning is essentially a deep breath. It definitely is also partially behavioral, since most people tend to yawn when seeing others yawn - we might on a very primitive and subconscious level be communicating our willingness to fit in the group, or that we're tired. Nobody really knows one definite answer."
],
"score": [
4
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"text_urls": [
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|
6qjg51 | How do they measure the height of mountains on planets when there is no water? So how do they decide what's the 'zero'-point? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkxpuds"
],
"text": [
"It depends on the planet/moon in question. On Mars zero elevation is the elevation in which water reaches its triple-point (when it can be liquid, gas, or solid). On the Moon, zero elevation is the calculated average diameter of the Moon."
],
"score": [
8
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"text_urls": [
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} | [
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|
6qkvr0 | What's the difference between an embassy and a consulate? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dky0ubl"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: What's the difference between an Embassy and a Consulate? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: What are the differences between embassies, consulates and permanent missions? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [What is the difference between an embassy and a consulate? ]( URL_2 )"
],
"score": [
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bazsg/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_an_embassy_and/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tluvs/eli5_what_are_the_differences_between_embassies/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/103xqv/what_is_the_difference_between_an_embassy_and_a/"
]
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|
6ql5r4 | Why does the name for mother (mama, oma, amma, etc) contain an 'm' sound in almost every language, including languages with different roots (Latin based, Sanskrit-based, and Korean for example)? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dky36us"
],
"text": [
"Because those are the first sounds toddlers make when they first start babbling. Parents end up associating sounds with themselves because it's nicer to think that their toddlers are saying things instead of just making random noises. Also, Latin and Sanskrit are related to each other. They are both Indo-European languages."
],
"score": [
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"text_urls": [
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|
6qmjni | How do shows like Ozarks make money? There are no commercials and I already subscribe to Netflix | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkyeile",
"dkyegu4"
],
"text": [
"By itself, it doesn't make money. Together, collectively, with Netflix's library of shows & movies, it provides the content that gets you to subscribe and maintain a subscription. Ozarks is a Netflix house-produced title, Netflix made it, from their budget, and you pay netflix to watch it. Like, a newspaper article doesn't make money all by itself but buying a newspaper does.",
"Netflix business model is to add new content as often as possible so you remain a subscriber or maybe somebody is really into Jason Bateman and so they give Netflix a trial and like the other content and also remain a subscriber. If they never added new shows and movies it would get stale very fast and would have a hard time with keeping subscribers."
],
"score": [
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|
6qpb9r | Why do different instruments playing the same note sound different? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkyx6y7"
],
"text": [
"This is a frequently asked question. The Middle C in your example is just the \"fundamental\" tone, but notes from different instruments have more \"overtones\" or \"harmonics\" in different ratios, which define the tone. They can vary over time e.g. as a guitar string fades out, some overtones last longer than others."
],
"score": [
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|
6qrv9j | In Interstellar they land on a planet where every hour is 23 years on Earth. If possible how can this be? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkzj792"
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: how do the time differences between planets work in Interstellar? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5:Interstellar's relativity of time. ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5:[Interstellar] Time moves faster is some places in space than others. ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: Aging in the movie Interstellar ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: In Interstellar, why does one minute on one planet equal four years on earth? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: SPOILER ALERT\"Interstellar\" Time dilation ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5:Re-watching Interstellar. Can someone please explain time/relativity - in particular, roughly 4 hours on one planet equating to 23 years on Earth. ]( URL_5 )"
],
"score": [
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"text_urls": [
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3o6bum/eli5_in_interstellar_why_does_one_minute_on_one/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2m21qf/eli5_aging_in_the_movie_interstellar/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qxwlh/eli5interstellars_relativity_of_time/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/361v7u/eli5_how_do_the_time_differences_between_planets/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lmevc/eli5interstellar_time_moves_faster_is_some_places/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32fu9c/eli5rewatching_interstellar_can_someone_please/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lpzx9/eli5_spoiler_alert_interstellar_time_dilation/"
]
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|
6qs48o | How did nomads from hundreds/thousands of years ago deal with sun burn? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkzk9gz"
],
"text": [
"Most people living in sunny areas had dark skin, or tanned pretty well. Those that didn't had to put something over their head (like a fabric headdress) or stay out of the sun midday."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
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|
6qs767 | Why has Hollywood resorted to revealing every arc and twist of a movie, in a single trailer? When did thirty second commercial spots become not enough? Do they have so little faith in our attention span? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkzl1ix"
],
"text": [
"I think you need to go watch older trailers, trailers from the 60s or 70s often had a narrator who would walk you through the entire story scene by scene. It was only later that trailers kinda turned into abstract music videos."
],
"score": [
11
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"text_urls": [
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|
6qscx4 | Why is counting cards in Blackjack so heavily frowned against or punished if all you're using is your mind. Are you not allowed to calculate with your brain when playing a game? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkzm7v5",
"dkzm4w9",
"dkznrre"
],
"text": [
"The only reason the house exists is because the odds are stacked for them. Learning to count shifts the odds to you. If everyone did it they'd lose money and eventually cease to exist. This obviously takes the liberty of suggesting everyone possesses the intellect to do it, which they don't. But coming down on the few who can discourages other from trying and increases their profits. TLDR: they want more money",
"Casinos don't make money on winners, and counting cards gives the player an edge over the house. All casino games are weighted in favor of the house.",
"It's not illegal to count cards, however casinos reserve the right to refuse admittance to anyone they choose. If they suspect you of counting cards, first they'll wait and see how good you are at it despite distractions, free liquor, interruptions, etc, because counting cards incorrectly (losing count) actually makes someone lose faster than an average player. They love players who have a system but keep making mistakes. Those are favorites. But if the player persists and does well, then the casino will happily pay out their winnings and tell them never to come back again, because they've demonstrated that they'll cost the casino money again the next time. No charges laid in either direction, because both parties are doing things (mentally counting cards, adding someone to the blacklist) that are perfectly legal and within their rights."
],
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|
6qt2dk | How can a company like Netflix who is 20 billion dollars in debt still make profit for its owners etc? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkzs7lq"
],
"text": [
"Companies are constantly juggling debt, and $20,000,000,000 is really not a lot to Netflix. Consider that they are (as a company) worth about $80,000,000,000. The debt is (most likely) long-term debt, meaning they have years to pay it off. As long as they keep ahead of it (and they are) then it is not an issue."
],
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|
6qtxko | why do we sleep with blankets? Even when it's fairly warm? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dl007bo"
],
"text": [
"It's because our skin is a giant sensory organ. A change in air pressure or temperature tends to bother us when trying to fall asleep. Sleeping even with just a sheet provides us with a way to reduce the stimulus and sleep more easily. We also often feel vulnerable if naked and a blanket can solve that."
],
"score": [
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|
6qux1z | Body parts are usually around the same size among mutual people, but why does penis size vary drastically? What determines that a person will have a two-inch or five-inch or seven-inch, etc, penis | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dl0afg7",
"dl0ch1l",
"dl0loz5",
"dl0l93b"
],
"text": [
"Are you not talking extremes here? I did alot of sports so in the shower I inevitable saw alot of teammates their penis's. And there weren't to many extreme difference within guys with same cultural background. Just like somebody ears or nose can also be bigger or smaller. Different ethnic backgrounds is a different story. But that's probably genetic. Long story short I think the differences are not as big as you think they are, and that people focus to much on the differences. But as always the exception marks the rule.",
"Body parts are not usually the same size amongst people. Our height alone ranges from 4 to 7 feet (roughly). Most people have roughly the same proportions, and most people have roughly the aame penis size (proportionally). Some people have longer arms or legs, bigger or smaller feet. Body size has a ton of factors, both genetic and environmental.",
"The growth mechanism of the penis differs from most other body parts; the bones tend to grow proportionally, so limbs will usually retain proportion. The penis grows during puberty by responding to hormones, and it gradually becomes insensitive to these hormones, which causes the growth to slow down and, eventually, stop. So the penis isn't necessarily proportional to other body parts because of this. That having been said, most penises are average, just like with other body parts. On the Internet, you probably see a disproportionate amount of the extremes because they're more interesting.",
"I'm unsure if a non-explanation is allowed in the comments, but I believe OP meant that, for example, two best friends of the same build, and other factors, who have the same length arms, legs, etc can have different penis sizes. OP is then asking what factor determines the differing penis size, as it seems to be unrelated to the person's overall build."
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|
6qvca6 | Why does the moon always appear smaller in photos than he does in real life? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dl08nzl",
"dl0d4x9",
"dl0qvqg"
],
"text": [
"It depends on the lense of the camera. A lot of camera lenses have a wider view than our eyes, so something far away will look smaller. Also > than *he* does Bruv the moon is a chick.",
"It really depends on the lens. Wide angle lenses over-exaggerate distances, [so the moon will appear further away - and thus smaller]( URL_0 ). Telephoto lenses, on the other hand, make distances look smaller than they are, so the moon will [appear bigger]( URL_1 ).",
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [[ELI5] Why does the moon look so tiny in pictures when it looks so large from where I took it? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does the moon appear smaller in pictures than \"real life.\" ]( URL_4 ) 1. [Why do pictures of the moon look smaller and zoomed out on your phone compared to in person. ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does the moon always look so small and terrible when I try to take a picture of it with my cell phone? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do we see the moon as rather large, but through a camera it's seen as a minuscule dot? ]( URL_0 )"
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"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jB8-gQRwv60/VDmfXUsLPVI/AAAAAAAAFl4/aDMBdk99Lj8/s1600/total%2Blunar%2Beclipse%2Bwide%2Bangle%2Bover%2Bhouses.jpg",
"http://www.pxleyes.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/tele-images/telephoto9.jpg"
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[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ydjjm/eli5_why_do_we_see_the_moon_as_rather_large_but/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1kngj0/eli5_why_does_the_moon_always_look_so_small_and/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mo41f/eli5_why_does_the_moon_look_so_tiny_in_pictures/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/62aux0/why_do_pictures_of_the_moon_look_smaller_and/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1j4xpt/eli5_why_does_the_moon_appear_smaller_in_pictures/"
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6qvksf | When things are loading on my computer, why does the status bar often jump quickly to 99% and then stay there for a long time? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dl0a7wa",
"dl0a5dl",
"dl0f3ec"
],
"text": [
"The status bar is something that gets updated explicitly. So if the program has to load 100 data files the programmers just map one file to 1% of the loading process. But the 100th file might be way bigger so it may take longer. Or the 99% of the process is the loading of the data (again a linear mapping from data to load to %) and the last % is to unpack them. So overall it is bad programming of the developers OR something that just can't be timed. Like a download from a server, a version check etc. where the programmers can't know how long it takes in relation to other operations.",
"Status bars show how much of a process has been completed, not how long each individual task takes. The increments of a status bar are not based on the time it will take, because figuring that out could be very computationally intensive and drastically slow the very thing it's measuring.",
"It can depend on what is being loaded. Sometimes, when you file transfer or download something the final step of the process is something called a \"Cyclical Redundancy Check\" or an \"Integrity Check.\" When you download a file or an email, the place you are downloading the data will run what's called a hashing algorithm(SHA/MD5) against the file(s) you are downloading. The hashing algorithm will spit out a series of numbers and letters unique to that specific file or set of data and attach it to that data set or file. Once the step completes the download begins. SHA - Security Hashing Algorithm MD5 - Message Digest 5(although there may be more recent versions now.) At the 99% on your side of the download, the file has been received and the same algorithm is run again. The resulting series of numbers and letters that the algorithm on your end runs must match the original results that were generated on the other end of the download. This insures that the data has not changed in any way during the download process. Depending on the program you are using to download, it can also check for known hashes for that match malware. Example: You want to download a reddit app on your phone. Step 1. You connect select the app from the app store and tell it to download. Step 2. The app store accepts you request and runs the hash and spits out 12345 against the app. Step 3. The download begins Step 4. Your phone hits 99% and runs the same hashing process on the phone device itself. Step 5. The hash results show 12345 thus the integrity of the file is intact. Step 6. Install app"
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6qww8h | If I drill a hole directly from one side of the Earth to the other, then throw my sister down it, what would happen to her speed and trajectory as she approached/crossed the dead centre? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If the Earth was still and your hole was a vacuum, she would accelerate until she passes the core then begin to slow down, eventually stopping as she came out of the other side. Energy in = energy out. In reality though, she would slam violently into the side of your hole due to the Earth's rotation long before she made it anywhere close to the center."
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6qwy1h | How did banking work before the internet? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It doesn't specifically answer your question, but the movie \"Catch Me If You Can\" (Tom Hanks, Leonardo DiCaprio) *really* shows just how easy it was to abuse the length of time it took for one bank branch to communicate with another. People were able to get away with a great number of things that became extinct as soon as the Internet became the intermediary.",
"I'll go ahead and preface this by saying that Extra History did a really quite good series on the [history of paper money]( URL_1 ) that deals in a fair amount of depth with how early banking works, so you should definitely check that out if it's something you're interested in. The history of how banking works is intrinsically tied up in the history of paper money, so... you know. Hold on to your butts. Originally, a bank was just a place where you stored your gold. So you didn't have to get your gold out and carry it around with you everywhere, banks started to issue their own promissory notes. Paper money, then, is really just a sort of shorthand that says 'Hey, if you bring this to a bank, they'll give you a certain amount of cash in exchange, no bamboozle'. Banks put out their own notes (which were really just receipts saying you had a certain amount of gold in their vault) and kept their own logs -- but that also brought with it a bigger problem. Say you live in Homesville, and your money is deposited at the Homesville Local Bank. You travel to Awaysburgh, with your Homesville paper money, and you try to buy something. The Awaysburgh shopkeeper takes your $100 Homesville note, looks at it, and says, 'No.' Well, shit. See, for him to get that $100 worth of gold, he has to travel all the way to Homesville to go to the Homesville Local Bank and withdraw that money himself -- which is a pain in the ass. Now sure, he can wait until he has more Homesville residents passing through and paying him in Homesville dollars to make the trip worthwhile, but maybe there just isn't all that much Homesville traffic in his little town. He might be waiting *months* until he has enough Holmesville currency to justify schlepping all the way to your podunk town to cash in your debt. Until he goes there (assuming there's no one else he can palm your Homesville dollars on), that money is worthless to him -- literally not worth the paper it's written on. That doesn't help you, of course, because you're now hundreds of miles from home and you've got paper money that works great in your local tavern, but here might as well be toilet paper. Maybe he'll agree to give you something in exchange for it, but to compensate him for his effort and the risk he's taking (after all, what if your bank collapses? What if he gets robbed during the long and arduous trip to cash in?)... maybe he'll just give you $50 worth of stuff instead, how does that sound? So how did the banks get around this system? Well, Homesville Local Bank can set up a branch in Awaysburgh, with a store of gold in each branch. (After all, it doesn't matter *which* gold coins you get, exactly, only that they're of the same value.) Then, your Awaysburgh shopkeeper can easily take your notes to his loval Homesville branch, cash it in, and the two branches can shuttle money back and forth between each other to keep the coffers full. That explains how branches of banks form, and why they work better: two banks in separate cities sharing funds and customers are vastly more desirable than two banks that work entirely independently. This was helped somewhat by the creation of central banks and the notion of legal tender -- that the government would take over the printing of banknotes and ensure that there was (at least, in theory) a level of stability in the value of a currency, rather than it being at the whim of whether your particular bank just disappeared one morning -- but that's [a long and surprisingly convoluted story]( URL_0 ) that doesn't really play into the main question here. It's a lot easier to transfer information -- which, really, is all bank notes are -- than it is to transfer gold itself. Over time, this transfer of information became easier (first by writing, then by phone and now by computers), but the basic principle is the same. As long as all branches have a way of checking just how much money is in a person's account, the actual *method* of checking only really changes how convenient and safe the system is. That's why now you can get your money pretty much instantly at any branch of your bank, even halfway around the world, but historically it might have taken some time.",
"Phones Even working in retail as recently as the late 90s, we would have to call and verify checks over $500. Call up the customers bank, give the clients name and account number(from the check) and the bank would tell you if it would clear or not. They wouldn't give you extraneous info like how much extra was in there, or how short it would be, but they would easily tell you that yes, as of that moment, the check would or would not clear. Of course, this didn't account for things like someone going out and writing 10 different $500 checks in the same day when all they had was $600 in their bank account, so there was still a risk of checks not clearing even if you did get verbal confirmation.",
"There were chains, but generally they did not communicate balances in real-time. People wrote checks and it took days to get the actually money.",
"To really answer your question you need to narrow down which time period before the internet. In the 80's for example, there were ISDN and T1 connections (1.5 Mbps link) between bank branches and the bank's central mainframe. The 70's had T1's but likely only between larger institutions. So these were times of 3 to 5 day transaction periods for personal checking but 24 hour turn arounds on larger institutions transactions (large business transactions).",
"> Were there chains of the same banking company? It depended on the state. In the 1970s, big banks in California had branches all up and down the state. In Illinois, branch banks were not permitted (or maybe 1 or 2? not sure). The idea was to protect small banks. When I was a kid, all banks closed at 3 PM. The bank employees then processed all the money and paperwork until their workday was done. If you had a savings account, you had an account book, about the size of a passport. When you added or took money out of savings, you handed the account book to a bank clerk, who put it in a machine. Then the clerk punched in the transaction, and the amount in/out, and the new balance was printed. Interest on savings accounts was calculated quarterly. I was a little kid at the time, but I think my folks said that you had to walk into the bank to get your interest recorded, or you would miss it.",
"Banks used to me much more local... in fact, here in Illinois, banks weren't allowed to have multiple branches until the 90's. There were networks for ATMs going back to the 80's that shared information -- there were still ways for businesses to communicate/networks before the internet.",
"Way way back, they closed on Friday at 5, and didn't open back up until Monday at 9. You had to grab money for the weekend before 5 on Friday or you were ass out. If you could find someone that would take a personal check you could alleviate this problem somewhat, but that wouldn't be easy.",
"I worked in a bank branch in the 70s and 80s. Every afternoon 5pm or so, the armored truck would arrive and we had to be prepared with deposits, new account cards, documentation, etc. \"The bag\" was the center of our day. When a person or business opened an account, signers put their signature on a paper card, which got filed in the Operations area behind the tellers. We had to compare that signature to the one provided by each customer at the windows. No computers at our desks! I got the first one in my branch (downtown LA, 1981) Very common to place a ten day hold on any deposit from an out of state bank. *Edited to add ten day hold info",
"We have systems such as BACS in the UK which started in 1968 and was an electronic \"clearing house\" all the banks would be connected directly to via leased lines and funds would be transferred between banks this way. Before that, telegraphic transfer would be used between banks and branches. Before that, we had runners and the mail system.",
"Actually, I'm not sure the Internet has anything to do with how fast banks clear checks. They've used the ACH (Automated Clearing House) system for decades, which itself has probably been sped up due to process and technology improvements. URL_0"
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6qwz2e | How are animals able to retain such muscle mass with a restricted diet yet humans need a constant amount of protein and nutrients to maintain much less muscle? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The other factor at play in attaining and retaining muscles is myostatin. Myostatin is a protein (also called GDF-8) which inables/inhibits muscle growth depending on how much of it is present in muscle tissues. For example, Gorillas produce very little myostatin and, as such, are extraordinarily muscular without the need for extensive exercise. Humans, on the other hand, produce much more myostatin and so are less muscular and require regular strenuous exercise to attain significant muscle mass. This is due largely to our ancestors being very well adapted to running long distances. Our less muscular frame makes prolonged exertion possible as we're not burdened by a large amount of excess weight that additional muscle mass would add. A Gorilla is very quick over a short distance but it can't chase you for very long.",
"**Humans:** Evolved as endurance hunters and foragers of high calorie fruits, nuts, and roots. Additionally our ancestor's primary survival tactic was climbing a tree (or wading into water if you believe in the amphibious ape hypothesis). Collecting this kind of food and in this way does not require a lot of muscle and uses mostly slow twitch muscle fibers (the less bulky of the two). So having a lot muscle is unnecessary and a calorie sink. Same applies to our way primary way of avoiding being eaten. Extra muscle just means there is less tree for you use avoid being eaten. Furthermore, humans have been using intelligence to supplement for muscle for a long time. **Typical Predator:** Most of these predators evolved as ambush and short sprint hunters. For them having a lot of muscle and of the fast twitch variety allowed them to succeed at the ambush. Ambush is a popular strategy among predators regardless of species because herbivores can easily pick where they are going to eat since their food is everywhere. So if an herbivore knows you want to eat them, they will not come anywhere near you if they can avoid it. **Typical Large Herbivore:** Large herbivores will quickly find themselves in an arms race with predators. The smallest of their numbers will typically be attacked and successfully killed before larger and stronger members of their species. This sometimes gets further reinforced by sexual selection strategies that enforce it further such as now cloven animals will have heading butting contests over control of a harem. Those that don't try to compete purely by muscle advantage will turn to some other strategy (speed, agility, herds, packs, etc.) to survive and get smaller as a consequence. **Small Herbivores** You are probably indulging in a selective bias in regards to these animals so you forgot about them. They use a very wide variety of hunting and predator avoidance techniques. As such they are not as likely to use enhanced and enduring muscle to survive.",
"It's all down to the hormones and proteins in our body. We produce a protein called myostatin. This actively works to prevent the formation of muscle cells. We have a lot more of this than other animals that are considerably more muscular. In essence, our body biologically does not want to be muscular and tries to prevent it. We need to give it a strong need to be through a form of progressive overload coupled with the diet. So even if we had a gorilla's digestive ability and ate all the same food, we'd never naturally get as muscular because of our myostatin production.",
"Herbivores are capable of digesting cellulose and so can extract protein from it. They can also extract other nutrients or synthesize them via gut bacteria or enzymes from plants. Carnivores are able to synthesis or extract all nutrients needed from meat. Being omnivores we have the advantage of being able to eat a wide variety of foods, but it is a trade off in not being able to get as much out of the foods due to not being specialized in extracting nutrients from them. We cannot synthesize as much from meats as carnivores, and we cannot digest cellulose at all unlike herbivores. We are less likely to run out of food due to being omnivores, but we may become deficient in something due to not being as efficient.",
"Because human brains eat up such a huge % of our calories compared to other animals. A human brain is about 2% of the body's weight but uses 20% of the calories. Google turned up [this article]( URL_0 ) which includes this statement: > We do not expect BMR [basal metabolic rate] variability to explain a large amount of brain size variation, as there are other possibilities for maintaining an enlarged brain. Animals could reduce the size of other expensive tissues in the body (Expensive Tissue Hypothesis, Aiello & Wheeler 1995), or reduce energy allocation to locomotion or reproduction (Energy Trade-off Hypothesis, Isler & van Schaik 2006). It's saying that to feed our big brains, we have to increase our calorie intake (increased BMR), *sacrifice other tissues (i.e. muscles)*, be lazy to save calories, or some combination of the three.",
"I would challenge the premise that we need constant protein and nutrients. There are plenty of people just on Reddit that work out, are muscular, and fast for days. Head over to r/fasting and see for yourself. There's lot of studies showing how hgh and testosterone are boosted during periods of fasting. Dr Jason Fung deals with this stuff a lot but fair warning there is controversy around some of his claims.",
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why can horses and cows eat grass alone yet still pack on muscles while humans need more than just vegetables to bulk up? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: how are cows and rabbits able to eat grass and turn it into muscle mass, but humans have to eat cows and rabbits to do the same thing? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: How do horses grow such large muscles off of a diet consisting mostly of grasses? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: How do vegetarian animals get the protein necessary to build and maintain muscle? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: How do cows get so big eating grass alone? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5: How do large and muscular animals like rhinos, brontosaurus, and gorillas manage to get enough protein to maintain their muscles on a primarily vegetarian diet? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5:How horses are vegetarian and can convert that into muscle but I need to eat meat to build muscle? ]( URL_0 )"
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6qwzxy | How do people suddenly become allergic to things they weren't previously allergic to? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Do you mean something like a food that they could eat, then one day could no longer eat it?",
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5:How come allergies can be newly developed despite not being allergic to the certain product in the past? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: How does the human body suddenly become allergic to a certain type of food, after years of eating it without any problems? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: How does one become allergic to something? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: How does my body get allergic to something that I wasn't allergic to a few years ago? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: When I suddenly become allergic to something like shrimp, why is this happening and why does my body react the way it does? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: Why and how people get allergies ]( URL_1 )"
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6r0uxt | why do sinks, with all that basin real estate, have faucets that barely clear the front edge? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because the basin is designed to be filled and used as a reservoir from which to draw water and wash your face, without your hands having to maneuver around the faucet.",
"The sinks and the faucets are commonly sold separately. Someone didn't pay attention when they bought the hardware to go with the sink.",
"Could not agree more. We don't live in past eras where water was scarce and had to be held in a reservoir to be splashed up to the face and reused for others. Opt for the large hook neck faucet at your home if you can."
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6r4goy | What are birthmarks? Why do we get them? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"A birthmark is a congenital, benign irregularity on the skin which is present at birth or appears shortly after birth, usually in the first month. They can occur anywhere on the skin. ... Pigmented birthmarks caused by excess skin pigment cells include moles, café au lait spots, and Mongolian spots A significant proportion of newborns have a birthmark. Vascular birthmarks - a red, pink or purple blemish - are caused by abnormal blood vessels under the skin. Some people are born with pigmented birthmarks; these are usually brown and are caused by the clustering of pigment cells.",
"u/lol_dubldown had this to say: > Yerr not alone in askin' etc etc > URL_2 > URL_3 > URL_0 > URL_4 > URL_1"
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6r62gh | How come lakes don't get absorbed into the earth? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The ground underneath the lake is already saturated, which means there's already as much water in the pores as there is room for. If you kept pouring water on the ground, it would stop instantly absorbing once the soil was saturated, and the rest would run off. In hydrology terms, we call the initial portion that gets absorbed the \"Initial abstraction.\" Like imagine it rains 2 inches tomorrow - maybe the first inch of that rainfall would get abstracted into the soil, the rest would run off, meaning that it would flow downhill along the surface of the ground until it encountered a body of water."
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6r7uqc | What is beyond the universe? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"> What is beyond the universe? There's nothing beyond the universe. The universe is not expanding \"into\" anything else; it's just expanding. > To my understanding, the universe is ever expanding at the speed of light. It actually might be going faster than that, although it's impossible for us to say. However, the **observable** universe is indeed expanding at C. > Theoretically, if we could travel at the speed of light mph + 1 and we eventually caught up with the universe, could we overtake it? What would we see? There's no way to answer this question; you can't go faster than C. I can't break the rules of physics and then tell you what those same physics would say about the situation you'd be in."
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6rb2z9 | My understanding is that airplanes, rockets, and objects within Earth's atmosphere use the density of the atmosphere to provide resistance which pushes the object forward. So how do satellites, the ISS, and objects in space use propulsion if they are in a vaccuum? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Your understanding is wrong. Rockets don't push against the atmosphere to move forward. Rockets push out their own exhaust and as their exhaust gets pushed into one direction the rocket get pushed into the opposite one. Jet-engines also work that way but they need the atmosphere to provide the oxygen to create the exhaust while rockets bring their own oxidizer with them, which means that jet engines only can work inside the atmosphere and rockets can also work outside it. Things that have a rotor or flap wings do need an atmosphere to push against.",
"Your understanding is only partially correct. Planes using props or jet engines need air to push forwards\\* (rocketplanes, which are rare but have existed, do not), and all planes (rocketplanes included) use it to generate *lift*. Rockets do not use the atmosphere for thrust; they use the reaction force from throwing mass out the back at high speed. Spacecraft therefore also use rockets and other reaction-thrust systems (ion drives, for example, or even just venting fuel) for propulsion. \\*: they need air to burn their fuel, and in the case of propellers, turbofans, and the like they also need it to \"push against\". Pulse- and ramjet engines don't need the air to push against; they only need the oxygen in it to burn the fuel."
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6rcmqn | Gun Scopes. If you mount a scope on a rifle for example, the scope itself is obviously a few inches higher than the barrel. Wouldn't this make your round a few inches below target? How does a scope compensate for this. | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Firing a weapon accurately is never a case of \"point and shoot.\" Beside the fact that your scope or sights are higher than the barrel, the bullet will drop as it travels due to gravity--the longer it has to travel, the more it will drop. They never go in a straight line. For this reason, sights are adjusted to be accurate at a certain distance. It's not precisely parallel to the barrel, though the adjustment is so slight you often can't tell. In addition to adjusting for the height above the barrel, you adjust it for the distance you're firing at. Say you adjust for a range of 500 meters--if you line a target at that distance up in your sights directly, you should hit it. (Ignoring wind, recoil and other confounding factors.) If it's further away than that, you'll need to aim above it, to account for the bullet drop. If it's closer than that, you may actually need to aim below your target to hit it.",
"Any hand-held firearm that shoots a single bullet at a time such as a rifle or a pistol doesn't fire a bullet in a flat trajectory. Bullets will fall to the earth when fired from a gun over a flat surface at the same speed as they do when dropped. You can test this by firing a rifle on a level trajectory and dropping a bullet from the same height as the barrel at the same moment- they'll hit the ground at the same time. So, in order to hit targets that are more or less distant, the barrel of the firearm must be adjusted upward or downward to compensate for the distance, relative height, and other factors between the barrel and the target. If you shoot at something further away, you raise the barrel a bit and the bullet travels in an arc, going further than it would if you shot it level. This is done by adjusting the sights or scope- they'll generally have some means of making minor adjustments to them so you can set them for a specific range, and do so fairly quickly- you have to change your sight or scope settings to shoot at targets at different ranges, so you can compensate for the bullet's arc.",
"During WWII many fighter planes had guns in the wings. If these were fixed they would fire parallel to each other, instead guns were harmonised (angled inwards) so that all the rounds converged on a single point normally around 300 yards so they focused on a single point. A similar thing is done with the sights on a gun, regardless of whether it's iron sights or a scope. Though it's the sight and a single round that are harmonised.",
"As mentioned before the scope and barrel are zeroed. HOWEVER, something that is missed in a lot of explanations is that there are actually two zero points on the rifle. One at close range, one at far range, because the bullet follows a parabolic path it actually exits the barrel with a positive Y velocity and rise to a point 1/2 The distance to your target. The M16 for example have a zero target set at 25 meters with the rear sight elevation set at 8/3. Once you have zeroed at 25 meters you set the rear sight to 8/3+ 1 click. This sets you up to be zeroed at 25 meters and 300 meters. So at 300 meters aiming center target is identical to center target at 25 meters. At about 150-175 meters though the bullet is at the peak of its parabolic path and actually hits about 10 inches higher than your aim point ( I forget the exact difference.) So you aim slightly lower for targets at that range."
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17,
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3,
3
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6rdz10 | How is the main infantry rifle if the US military banned from civilian ownership despite the 2nd ammendment of the Constitution? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dl4a9cn"
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"text": [
"> A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the **security of a free State**, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. STATES have the right to a well organized militia. PEOPLE have the right to bear arms."
],
"score": [
3
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|
6rfogd | Why are insects, like Houseflies or Moths attracted towards light sources? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dl4rgey",
"dl4ow8g"
],
"text": [
"Imagine you're building a tiny robot. You want the robot to travel far from its started destination, rather than move in circles. As then it'll have a better chance of finding another robot. So you program it with the following rule *\"keep the light on your right\"*. That way they can make course corrections to keep going in the desired direction. Now suddenly the light source is right next to them. So they keep spinning around it to re-orientate. Occasionally bashing into them.",
"They used to navigate by light. When only moonlight or star light was the only source, they could travel by it, especially since no matter how much they moved, it would never really change position on them. This is why they repeatly fly into the light source. They don't understand it as a light bulb, just a moon they keep crashing into. Also, a source of light typically is not a danger and having a clear line of sight to light means there likely aren't any predators or other dangers in front of the insect, as they would block the light"
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8,
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6rgd7c | Can you explain me how works Internet ? (thinking about servers, ports, cookies and that kind of stuff) Thank you | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dl4u1tt"
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"text": [
"Many layers of technologies and protocols built up - so much so that your question is *nearly* unanswerable in that form. ***A network;*** *The Internet*, at its most basic form, is just a network between two or more computers. This 'network' uses the TCP/IP protocol (mostly) in order to address messages to and from each computer. There are devices in-between the source and destination computers, called 'routers' which will make decisions about where to send the packets appropriately that they may reach their destination. It is not so dissimilar to a carrier pigeon mechanism, except it is much much faster and you get 'acknowledgement' of packets received by the remote machine you sent a packet to. ***A server;*** Is just a computer on that network with a (usually) fixed address, typically mapped to a domain name to make it easier, which receives and replies to 'request packets' (okay, a HTTP server in this case, aka 'web server' which it appears you are specifically asking about). This server may host various files and/or data which users may request from. ***Ports;*** Each program listening for requests on a server (such as a 'web server program' or otherwise) chooses a 'port' to listen for incoming connection. Each computer may have 65535 ports (that's not a random number, but that's a different question). Typically a web server 'listens' on port 80 for unencrypted requests, though they can (and often are) configured for any other ports. So a DOMAIN NAME gives you an IP address which gives you a COMPUTER's address: the PORT defines what program you are talking to on that computer. Most web browsers default to port 80 unless you specify otherwise, so when you type URL_0 it is assumed it will contact google's server on port 80. It is the combination of IP plus PORT which gives you a packet mechanism in TCP/IP. ***Cookies;*** Is something of a temporary storage mechanism agreed between browser developers and webserver developers - it is unrelated to 'the internet' in that it does not touch or have to do with the underlying technologies. Your web browser, such as chrome, may store cookies or it may not, depending on your configuration. It allows the website to identify certain things about you - whatever 'things' were stored in that cookie in the first place when the website requested your browser 'create' it. Each time you browser makes a request to that particular webserver for which the cookie belongs, it will include that cookies contents in the request, thereby allowing the webserver to recognize and/or react to whatever that was. ***Kind of stuff;*** This is endless, there are millions of protocols and technologies involved in all various things flying around on the internet."
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3
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"http://www.google.com"
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|
6rhwuf | What are the physics behind a fire? | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dl55ues"
],
"text": [
"Fire is a chemical process. All the chemicals involves have mass, and temperature. It takes chemical bond energy and turns it into light and heat (which are really the same thing). It stops when the temperature, fuel, and oxygen conditions no longer are sufficient to sustain it. This is a frequently asked question, Search can find you many fine answers."
],
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4
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|
6ri86o | Why are films taped in 24 frames and other types of video media are in 60 frames. | Repost | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dl58w6i"
],
"text": [
"This is oversimplified (and some would say wrong). When commercial films began to be produced in the very late 1800s and for maybe 15 years or so, various frame rates were experimented with. Good persistence of vision occurs at about 18 fps and that was a target for quite awhile (most cameras were hand-cranked). When a sound system was settled on in the late 1920s, it was sound optically printed on the edge of the film and the optimal film speed for sound was decided to be 24 fps. Videotape from my experience was always 30 fps and I heard several reasons for that, the one that made the most sense to me was that its could use 60 cycle ac current as a reference (early commercial videotape was developed in the US). But for higher resolution there were two interlaced (odd vs even horizontal lines) \"fields\" shot per frame and some people speak of video as 60 fps but it's 30. The PAL system (Britain and many other countries) was 25 frames or 50 fields per second. I haven't worked in that business for 20 years soI have no idea what goes on today but I'd expect video is still 30 fps US and 25 fps PAL."
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4
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