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57340e5dd058e614000b68b9
|
Genocide
|
There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."
|
What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?
|
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"situation in Darfur"
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|
context-3_23_0.mp3
|
context-3_23.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide.
|
There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide.
|
question-3_23_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?
|
57340e5dd058e614000b68ba
|
Genocide
|
There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."
|
In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?
|
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"Colin Powell"
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|
context-3_23_1.mp3
|
context-3_23.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
|
The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in two thousand three, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on nine September two thousand four in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
|
question-3_23_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
In two thousand three what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?
|
57340e5dd058e614000b68bb
|
Genocide
|
There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."
|
In front of which committee did Powell testify?
|
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"the Senate Foreign Relations Committee"
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|
context-3_23_1.mp3
|
context-3_23.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
|
The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in two thousand three, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on nine September two thousand four in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
|
question-3_23_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kevin
|
In front of which committee did Powell testify?
|
57340e5dd058e614000b68bc
|
Genocide
|
There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."
|
What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?
|
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"text": [
"an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur"
]
}
|
context-3_23_3.mp3
|
context-3_23.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region.
|
In fact, in January two thousand five, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution fifteen sixty-four of two thousand four, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region.
|
question-3_23_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
What did UN Security Council Resolution fifteen sixty-four authorize in two thousand four?
|
57340e5dd058e614000b68bd
|
Genocide
|
There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."
|
Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?
|
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"text": [
"genocidal policy"
]
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|
context-3_23_3.mp3
|
context-3_23.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region.
|
In fact, in January two thousand five, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution fifteen sixty-four of two thousand four, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region.
|
question-3_23_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Justin
|
Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?
|
57340f5bd058e614000b68cd
|
Genocide
|
In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.
|
To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?
|
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"Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court"
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|
context-3_24_0.mp3
|
context-3_24.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes.
|
In March two thousand five, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes.
|
question-3_24_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?
|
57340f5bd058e614000b68ce
|
Genocide
|
In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.
|
What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?
|
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8.35
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9.33
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8.35
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"text": [
"the Commission report"
]
}
|
context-3_24_0.mp3
|
context-3_24.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes.
|
In March two thousand five, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes.
|
question-3_24_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?
|
57340f5bd058e614000b68cf
|
Genocide
|
In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.
|
China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?
|
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14.238027210884354
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3.42
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2.55
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"text": [
"the United States"
]
}
|
context-3_24_1.mp3
|
context-3_24.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution.
|
Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution.
|
question-3_24_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?
|
57340f5bd058e614000b68d0
|
Genocide
|
In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.
|
In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?
|
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18.69802721088435
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1.26
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"text": [
"his fourth report"
]
}
|
context-3_24_2.mp3
|
context-3_24.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.
|
As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution fifteen ninety-three] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.
|
question-3_24_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Emma
|
In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?
|
573410864776f419006617e5
|
Genocide
|
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.
|
In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?
|
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"structural conditions"
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|
context-3_25_0.mp3
|
context-3_25.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide.
|
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide.
|
question-3_25_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joey
|
In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?
|
573410864776f419006617e6
|
Genocide
|
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.
|
What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?
|
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|
context-3_25_0.mp3
|
context-3_25.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide.
|
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide.
|
question-3_25_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kevin
|
What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?
|
573410864776f419006617e7
|
Genocide
|
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.
|
Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?
|
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"Ervin Staub"
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|
context-3_25_1.mp3
|
context-3_25.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing.
|
Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing.
|
question-3_25_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?
|
573410864776f419006617e8
|
Genocide
|
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.
|
A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?
|
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"devaluation of the group"
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|
context-3_25_3.mp3
|
context-3_25.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide.
|
A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide.
|
question-3_25_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?
|
573410864776f419006617e9
|
Genocide
|
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.
|
What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?
|
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53.238163265306135
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"text": [
"humanizing a devalued group"
]
}
|
context-3_25_5.mp3
|
context-3_25.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses.
|
The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses.
|
question-3_25_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Emma
|
What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?
|
5733bc38d058e614000b6187
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?
|
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"resistance of bacteria"
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|
context-4_0_0.mp3
|
context-4_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon.
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon.
|
question-4_0_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?
|
5733bc38d058e614000b6188
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?
|
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"evolution"
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|
context-4_0_1.mp3
|
context-4_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy.
|
Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy.
|
question-4_0_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?
|
5733bc38d058e614000b6189
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?
|
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|
context-4_0_4.mp3
|
context-4_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment.
|
For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in nineteen forty-three by the Luria-Delbruck experiment.
|
question-4_0_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?
|
5733bc38d058e614000b618a
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?
|
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"penicillin and erythromycin"
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|
context-4_0_5.mp3
|
context-4_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
question-4_0_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Matthew
|
Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?
|
5731c593e17f3d14004223c5
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
What does emergence of resistance reflect?
|
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"text": [
"evolutionary processes"
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|
context-4_0_1.mp3
|
context-4_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy.
|
Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy.
|
question-4_0_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joey
|
What does emergence of resistance reflect?
|
5731c593e17f3d14004223c6
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?
|
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"text": [
"survive high doses of antibiotics"
]
}
|
context-4_0_2.mp3
|
context-4_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics.
|
The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics.
|
question-4_0_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joey
|
What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?
|
5731c593e17f3d14004223c7
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?
|
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"1943"
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|
context-4_0_4.mp3
|
context-4_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment.
|
For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in nineteen forty-three by the Luria-Delbruck experiment.
|
question-4_0_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joey
|
When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?
|
5731c593e17f3d14004223c8
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.
|
Who made the demonstration in 1943?
|
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"Luria–Delbrück"
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|
context-4_0_4.mp3
|
context-4_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment.
|
For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in nineteen forty-three by the Luria-Delbruck experiment.
|
question-4_0_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Who made the demonstration in nineteen forty-three?
|
5733b31dd058e614000b609f
|
Antibiotics
|
The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.
|
What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?
|
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34.84210884353742
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"concentration"
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|
context-4_1_4.mp3
|
context-4_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial.
|
Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial.
|
question-4_1_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?
|
5731bff5e17f3d1400422398
|
Antibiotics
|
The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.
|
What does this eliminate?
|
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29.876099773242633
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"text": [
"bacterial infection"
]
}
|
context-4_1_3.mp3
|
context-4_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection.
|
These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection.
|
question-4_1_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
What does this eliminate?
|
5731bff5e17f3d1400422397
|
Antibiotics
|
The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.
|
What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?
|
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3.43
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"text": [
"bacterial growth phase"
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|
context-4_1_2.mp3
|
context-4_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells.
|
A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells.
|
question-4_1_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Justin
|
What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?
|
5731bff5e17f3d1400422399
|
Antibiotics
|
The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.
|
What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?
|
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"division of bacterial cells"
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|
context-4_1_2.mp3
|
context-4_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells.
|
A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells.
|
question-4_1_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?
|
5731bff5e17f3d140042239a
|
Antibiotics
|
The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.
|
What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?
|
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"concentration"
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|
context-4_1_4.mp3
|
context-4_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial.
|
Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial.
|
question-4_1_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Matthew
|
What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?
|
5733b31dd058e614000b609e
|
Antibiotics
|
The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.
|
What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?
|
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|
context-4_1_1.mp3
|
context-4_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial.
|
These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial.
|
question-4_1_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joey
|
What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?
|
5733b31dd058e614000b60a0
|
Antibiotics
|
The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.
|
How do you predict the clinical result?
|
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|
context-4_1_5.mp3
|
context-4_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.
|
To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.
|
question-4_1_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Matthew
|
How do you predict the clinical result?
|
5733b4cf4776f419006610ca
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
What do anitibiotics mostly target?
|
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}
|
context-4_2_1.mp3
|
context-4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Most target bacterial functions or growth processes.
|
Most target bacterial functions or growth processes.
|
question-4_2_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Justin
|
What do anitibiotics mostly target?
|
5733b4cf4776f419006610cb
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?
|
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"penicillins and cephalosporins"
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|
context-4_2_2.mp3
|
context-4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities.
|
Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities.
|
question-4_2_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Justin
|
Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?
|
5733b4cf4776f419006610cc
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?
|
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"polymyxins"
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|
context-4_2_2.mp3
|
context-4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities.
|
Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities.
|
question-4_2_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?
|
5733b4cf4776f419006610cd
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
What 3 types go after protein synthesis?
|
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"(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines"
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|
context-4_2_3.mp3
|
context-4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides).
|
Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides).
|
question-4_2_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kevin
|
What three types go after protein synthesis?
|
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6503
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?
|
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"text": [
"mechanism of action"
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|
context-4_2_0.mp3
|
context-4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity.
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity.
|
question-4_2_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?
|
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6504
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?
|
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4.23
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"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
]
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|
context-4_2_2.mp3
|
context-4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities.
|
Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities.
|
question-4_2_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?
|
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6505
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
whats another word for cell membrane?
|
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6.52
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5.7
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"text": [
"polymyxins"
]
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|
context-4_2_2.mp3
|
context-4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities.
|
Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities.
|
question-4_2_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Matthew
|
whats another word for cell membrane?
|
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6506
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/
|
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5.34
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5.07
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"four"
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|
context-4_2_6.mp3
|
context-4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
Following a forty-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late two thousands and early twenty tens: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
question-4_2_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late two thousand's/
|
5733b4cf4776f419006610c9
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).
|
What three ways are antibiotics classified?
|
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"mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity"
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|
context-4_2_0.mp3
|
context-4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity.
|
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity.
|
question-4_2_8.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
What three ways are antibiotics classified?
|
5733b6a2d058e614000b6122
|
Antibiotics
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
What are antibiotics in chemical terms?
|
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"text": [
"semisynthetic modifications"
]
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|
context-4_3_0.mp3
|
context-4_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds.
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds.
|
question-4_3_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
What are antibiotics in chemical terms?
|
5733b6a2d058e614000b6123
|
Antibiotics
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
What type of antibiotics include penicilin?
|
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4.08
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2.44
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"text": [
"beta-lactam antibiotics"
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|
context-4_3_1.mp3
|
context-4_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems.
|
These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems.
|
question-4_3_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Emma
|
What type of antibiotics include penicilin?
|
5733b6a2d058e614000b6124
|
Antibiotics
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?
|
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4.85
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"text": [
"aminoglycosides"
]
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|
context-4_3_2.mp3
|
context-4_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis.
|
Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials--for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones--are produced solely by chemical synthesis.
|
question-4_3_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?
|
5733b6a2d058e614000b6125
|
Antibiotics
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?
|
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13.92
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13.17
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"synthesis"
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|
context-4_3_2.mp3
|
context-4_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis.
|
Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials--for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones--are produced solely by chemical synthesis.
|
question-4_3_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Emma
|
How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?
|
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6515
|
Antibiotics
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?
|
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|
context-4_3_0.mp3
|
context-4_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds.
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds.
|
question-4_3_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?
|
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6516
|
Antibiotics
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?
|
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38.93403628117914
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"audio_full_neg_answer_end": [],
"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
7.42
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
5.43
],
"text": [
"2000 atomic mass units"
]
}
|
context-4_3_3.mp3
|
context-4_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than two thousand atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
question-4_3_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Justin
|
What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?
|
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6517
|
Antibiotics
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?
|
{
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202
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13.99
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13.190000000000001
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5.83
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
5.03
],
"text": [
"penicillins"
]
}
|
context-4_3_1.mp3
|
context-4_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems.
|
These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems.
|
question-4_3_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Matthew
|
What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?
|
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6518
|
Antibiotics
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]
|
What is penicillins produced by?
|
{
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227
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15.18
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14.8
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"audio_segment_answer_end": [
7.02
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
6.64
],
"text": [
"fungi"
]
}
|
context-4_3_1.mp3
|
context-4_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems.
|
These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems.
|
question-4_3_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
What is penicillins produced by?
|
573016fb947a6a140053d0b4
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?
|
{
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9.05
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8.13
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"audio_segment_answer_end": [
9.05
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
8.13
],
"text": [
"tuberculosis"
]
}
|
context-4_4_0.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the twentieth century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
question-4_4_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Matthew
|
What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?
|
573016fb947a6a140053d0b5
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?
|
{
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18.464036281179137
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8.12
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2.59
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"text": [
"overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance"
]
}
|
context-4_4_1.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance.
|
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance.
|
question-4_4_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kevin
|
What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?
|
573016fb947a6a140053d0b7
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'
|
{
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411
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26.19403628117914
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24.88403628117914
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7.69
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6.38
],
"text": [
"World Health Organization"
]
}
|
context-4_4_2.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
question-4_4_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'
|
573016fb947a6a140053d0b6
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
In which century were antibiotics first introduced?
|
{
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3.65
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2.59
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3.65
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2.59
],
"text": [
"20th century"
]
}
|
context-4_4_0.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the twentieth century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
question-4_4_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
In which century were antibiotics first introduced?
|
573016fb947a6a140053d0b8
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?
|
{
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40.46403628117914
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37.45403628117914
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21.96
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
18.95
],
"text": [
"anyone, of any age, in any country"
]
}
|
context-4_4_2.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
question-4_4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joey
|
What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?
|
5730ba2f396df919000962ee
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What does there medicines do for livestock?
|
{
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284
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18.464036281179137
],
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17.25403628117914
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
8.12
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
6.91
],
"text": [
"develop resistance"
]
}
|
context-4_4_1.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance.
|
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance.
|
question-4_4_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
What does there medicines do for livestock?
|
5730ba2f396df919000962ef
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??
|
{
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411
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26.19403628117914
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24.88403628117914
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"audio_segment_answer_end": [
7.69
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
6.38
],
"text": [
"World Health Organization"
]
}
|
context-4_4_2.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
question-4_4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??
|
5730ba2f396df919000962ec
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?
|
{
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3.03
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2.59
],
"text": [
"20th"
]
}
|
context-4_4_0.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the twentieth century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
question-4_4_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?
|
5730ba2f396df919000962f0
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause?
|
{
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363
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23.49403628117914
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"audio_full_answer_start": [
22.06403628117914
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"audio_segment_answer_end": [
4.99
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
3.56
],
"text": [
"antibiotic resistance"
]
}
|
context-4_4_2.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
question-4_4_8.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause?
|
5730ba2f396df919000962ed
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?
|
{
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80
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5.69
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
4.9
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
5.69
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
4.9
],
"text": [
"vaccination"
]
}
|
context-4_4_0.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the twentieth century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
question-4_4_9.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?
|
5731bbe8e17f3d1400422341
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?
|
{
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3.65
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2.59
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"audio_segment_answer_end": [
3.65
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
2.59
],
"text": [
"20th century"
]
}
|
context-4_4_0.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the twentieth century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
question-4_4_10.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?
|
5731bbe8e17f3d1400422342
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?
|
{
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284
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18.464036281179137
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17.25403628117914
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
8.12
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
6.91
],
"text": [
"develop resistance"
]
}
|
context-4_4_1.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance.
|
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance.
|
question-4_4_11.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?
|
5731bbe8e17f3d1400422343
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?
|
{
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411
],
"audio_full_answer_end": [
26.19403628117914
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
24.88403628117914
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"audio_full_neg_answer_end": [],
"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
7.69
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
6.38
],
"text": [
"World Health Organization"
]
}
|
context-4_4_2.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
question-4_4_12.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kevin
|
What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?
|
5731bbe8e17f3d1400422344
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What regions in the world does this apply in?
|
{
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35.89403628117914
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34.56403628117914
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17.39
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
16.06
],
"text": [
"every region of the world"
]
}
|
context-4_4_2.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
question-4_4_13.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
What regions in the world does this apply in?
|
5732843bb3a91d1900202df7
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
When were antibiotics created?
|
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|
context-4_4_0.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the twentieth century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
question-4_4_14.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
When were antibiotics created?
|
5732843bb3a91d1900202dfa
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What is a common problem in antibiotic use?
|
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|
context-4_4_2.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
question-4_4_15.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
What is a common problem in antibiotic use?
|
5732843bb3a91d1900202df9
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?
|
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5.44
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4.37
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"livestock raising"
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|
context-4_4_1.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance.
|
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance.
|
question-4_4_16.mp3
| 22,050 |
Justin
|
Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?
|
5732843bb3a91d1900202df8
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
|
What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?
|
{
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9.05
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8.13
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9.05
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8.13
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"text": [
"tuberculosis"
]
}
|
context-4_4_0.mp3
|
context-4_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the twentieth century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.
|
question-4_4_17.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?
|
573018d5947a6a140053d0e4
|
Antibiotics
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified?
|
{
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0.28
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"text": [
"empirical therapy"
]
}
|
context-4_5_0.mp3
|
context-4_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified.
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified.
|
question-4_5_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified?
|
573018d5947a6a140053d0e5
|
Antibiotics
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing?
|
{
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27.95403628117914
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10.63
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9.93
],
"text": [
"laboratory"
]
}
|
context-4_5_2.mp3
|
context-4_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
question-4_5_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing?
|
573018d5947a6a140053d0e6
|
Antibiotics
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy?
|
{
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17.89
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16.41
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10.33
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
8.85
],
"text": [
"broad spectrum antibiotic"
]
}
|
context-4_5_1.mp3
|
context-4_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic.
|
While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic.
|
question-4_5_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joey
|
What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy?
|
573018d5947a6a140053d0e7
|
Antibiotics
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy?
|
{
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9.94
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7.659999999999999
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2.38
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0.1
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"text": [
"While the microorgainsim is being identified"
]
}
|
context-4_5_1.mp3
|
context-4_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic.
|
While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic.
|
question-4_5_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy?
|
573018d5947a6a140053d0e8
|
Antibiotics
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
How long does the identification process take?
|
{
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27.11403628117914
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9.77
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
9.09
],
"text": [
"several days"
]
}
|
context-4_5_2.mp3
|
context-4_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
question-4_5_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
How long does the identification process take?
|
573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d82
|
Antibiotics
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?
|
{
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309
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17.89
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16.41
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
10.33
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
8.85
],
"text": [
"broad spectrum antibiotic"
]
}
|
context-4_5_1.mp3
|
context-4_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic.
|
While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic.
|
question-4_5_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?
|
573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d83
|
Antibiotics
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
What happens in empirical therapy?
|
{
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"a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified"
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}
|
context-4_5_0.mp3
|
context-4_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified.
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified.
|
question-4_5_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Emma
|
What happens in empirical therapy?
|
573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d84
|
Antibiotics
|
In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
When is empirical started?
|
{
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20.38403628117914
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5.88
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2.36
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"text": [
"before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim"
]
}
|
context-4_5_2.mp3
|
context-4_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.
|
question-4_5_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Justin
|
When is empirical started?
|
57301a6b04bcaa1900d7719f
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?
|
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43.94408163265306
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2.7
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1.68
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"text": [
"fever and nausea"
]
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|
context-4_6_5.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis.
|
Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis.
|
question-4_6_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Emma
|
What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?
|
57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a0
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What causes diarrhea?
|
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53.6881179138322
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7.18
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3.6
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"text": [
"disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora"
]
}
|
context-4_6_6.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile.
|
Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile.
|
question-4_6_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Ivy
|
What causes diarrhea?
|
57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a1
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?
|
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69.09614512471656
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5.65
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5.28
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"text": [
"yeast"
]
}
|
context-4_6_7.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area.
|
Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area.
|
question-4_6_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?
|
57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a2
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?
|
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"a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid"
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|
context-4_6_8.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid.
|
Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid.
|
question-4_6_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kevin
|
What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?
|
57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a3
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?
|
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context-4_6_9.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
question-4_6_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joey
|
What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?
|
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4e
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?
|
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|
context-4_6_0.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated.
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated.
|
question-4_6_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Justin
|
What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?
|
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4f
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What do antibiotics need approval for?
|
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"clinical use"
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|
context-4_6_0.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated.
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated.
|
question-4_6_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
What do antibiotics need approval for?
|
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc50
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?
|
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"microbial organisms"
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|
context-4_6_2.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient.
|
Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient.
|
question-4_6_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kevin
|
What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?
|
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc51
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?
|
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|
context-4_6_5.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis.
|
Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis.
|
question-4_6_8.mp3
| 22,050 |
Matthew
|
Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?
|
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc52
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?
|
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"host microbiota"
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|
context-4_6_9.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
question-4_6_9.mp3
| 22,050 |
Matthew
|
What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?
|
57328a33b3a91d1900202e29
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
Why are antibiotics checked before use?
|
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"negative effects on humans or other mammals"
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|
context-4_6_0.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated.
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated.
|
question-4_6_10.mp3
| 22,050 |
Olivia
|
Why are antibiotics checked before use?
|
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2a
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
Name some adverse effects?
|
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"fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis"
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|
context-4_6_5.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis.
|
Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis.
|
question-4_6_11.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
Name some adverse effects?
|
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2b
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
Name some side-effects?
|
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"diarrhea"
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|
context-4_6_6.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile.
|
Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile.
|
question-4_6_12.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
Name some side-effects?
|
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2c
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What can happen to vaginal flora?
|
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|
context-4_6_7.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area.
|
Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area.
|
question-4_6_13.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kevin
|
What can happen to vaginal flora?
|
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2d
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.
|
What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?
|
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|
context-4_6_8.mp3
|
context-4_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid.
|
Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid.
|
question-4_6_14.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kendra
|
What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?
|
57301bfca23a5019007fcd81
|
Antibiotics
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?
|
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|
context-4_7_0.mp3
|
context-4_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models.
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models.
|
question-4_7_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Emma
|
What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?
|
57301bfca23a5019007fcd82
|
Antibiotics
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
What does STAT stand for?
|
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|
context-4_7_2.mp3
|
context-4_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities.
|
Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)- with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities.
|
question-4_7_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
What does STAT stand for?
|
57301bfca23a5019007fcd83
|
Antibiotics
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?
|
{
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19.550045351473923
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5.27
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"text": [
"penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline"
]
}
|
context-4_7_2.mp3
|
context-4_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities.
|
Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)- with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities.
|
question-4_7_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?
|
57301bfca23a5019007fcd84
|
Antibiotics
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?
|
{
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57.32009070294784
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66.91009070294784
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66.16009070294784
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1.73
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1.16
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"text": [
"unclear"
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|
context-4_7_5.mp3
|
context-4_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans.
|
However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans.
|
question-4_7_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?
|
57301bfca23a5019007fcd85
|
Antibiotics
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven?
|
{
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1541
],
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104.48013605442175
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
102.66013605442174
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
10.64
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
8.82
],
"text": [
"weighed against the beneficial effects"
]
}
|
context-4_7_9.mp3
|
context-4_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
question-4_7_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven?
|
57328cf2b3a91d1900202e33
|
Antibiotics
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?
|
{
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57
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4.9
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3.68
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10.56,
7.46
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9.41,
6.09
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4.9
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3.68
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"text": [
"increased body mass"
]
}
|
context-4_7_0.mp3
|
context-4_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models.
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models.
|
question-4_7_5.mp3
| 22,050 |
Salli
|
What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?
|
57328cf2b3a91d1900202e34
|
Antibiotics
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
When do intestinal microbiota develop?
|
{
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105
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7.904036281179138
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7.2240362811791385
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11.84403628117914,
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10.454036281179139
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0.8
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
0.12
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"text": [
"Early life"
]
}
|
context-4_7_1.mp3
|
context-4_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development.
|
Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development.
|
question-4_7_6.mp3
| 22,050 |
Emma
|
When do intestinal microbiota develop?
|
57328cf2b3a91d1900202e35
|
Antibiotics
|
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
|
Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?
|
{
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858
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57.89009070294784
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
57.32009070294784
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66.91009070294784
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66.16009070294784
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1.73
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
1.16
],
"text": [
"unclear"
]
}
|
context-4_7_5.mp3
|
context-4_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans.
|
However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans.
|
question-4_7_7.mp3
| 22,050 |
Kimberly
|
Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?
|
57302106a23a5019007fcdf7
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?
|
{
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0
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5.06
],
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0.1
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5.06
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0.1
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"text": [
"The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills"
]
}
|
context-4_8_0.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%).
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about one percent).
|
question-4_8_0.mp3
| 22,050 |
Brian
|
Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?
|
57302106a23a5019007fcdf8
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?
|
{
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197
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12.96
],
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11.87
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12.96
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
11.87
],
"text": [
"about 1%"
]
}
|
context-4_8_0.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%).
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about one percent).
|
question-4_8_1.mp3
| 22,050 |
Matthew
|
What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?
|
57302106a23a5019007fcdf9
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?
|
{
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563
],
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36.310045351473924
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
33.66004535147392
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
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5.95
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
3.3
],
"text": [
"reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon"
]
}
|
context-4_8_2.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial.
|
Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial.
|
question-4_8_2.mp3
| 22,050 |
Emma
|
What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?
|
57302106a23a5019007fcdfa
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
Have these potential effects been proven through testing?
|
{
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41.55004535147392
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"audio_full_answer_start": [
39.57004535147392
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11.19
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
9.21
],
"text": [
"inconclusive and controversial"
]
}
|
context-4_8_2.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial.
|
Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial.
|
question-4_8_3.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
Have these potential effects been proven through testing?
|
57302106a23a5019007fcdfb
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?
|
{
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731
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44.99206349206349
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
43.30206349206349
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
3.4
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
1.71
],
"text": [
"extra contraceptive measures"
]
}
|
context-4_8_3.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050 |
Amy
|
Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
question-4_8_4.mp3
| 22,050 |
Joanna
|
What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?
|
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