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7513883 | 1 | Messenger used his study to discuss the pitfalls and advantages of nativism as it applied to the folk people of the island. After seven centuries of English occupation, a movement of Irish patriots promoted what they saw as the essential elements of Irish identity, including language and religion. This led to many researchers, tourists, and authors holding up Inis Beag and the surrounding areas as examples of true Irish identity. According to Messenger, the island was the subject of a great many works he described as "romanticized," focusing on cultural forms that outsiders found attractive. These included "the traditional garb of the folk, their skill in rowing the famed canoe, called curach, the manner in which they manufacture soils and grow in them a variety of crops, and their Gaelic speech." Messenger was critical of the attitude of outsiders towards the purity of these customs. He found that 11 of the 111 adult males and 9 of the 85 adult females had given up the traditional local garb for imported styles from the mainland. This behaviour was especially prevalent among the younger women, with no adherents between the ages of 18 and 29. He also found that use of the local curach had declined in recent decades, from 30 to 50 three-man crews fishing nearly all year in the early 1900s to nine crews working from the island in 1960. And despite the nativist opinion of the region's Gaelic , in his visit to the island, Messenger found that essentially all of the islanders older than eight spoke English proficiently, mixed English regularly into their speech, and even confessed to their priests in English. He attributed the rise in English to a practical view of language; many young people emigrate and would be disadvantaged by speaking only Gaelic . | Messenger used his study to discuss the pitfalls and advantages of nativism as it applied to the folk people of the island. After seven centuries of English occupation, a movement of Irish patriots promoted what they saw as the essential elements of Irish identity, including language and religion. This led to many researchers, tourists, and authors holding up Inis Beag and the surrounding areas as examples of true Irish identity. According to Messenger, the island was the subject of a great many works he described as "romanticized," focusing on cultural forms that outsiders found attractive. These included "the traditional garb of the folk, their skill in rowing the famed canoe, called curach, the manner in which they manufacture soils and grow in them a variety of crops, and their Gaelic speech." Messenger was critical of the attitude of outsiders towards the purity of these customs. He found that 11 of the 111 adult males and 9 of the 85 adult females had given up the traditional local garb for imported styles from the mainland. This behaviour was especially prevalent among the younger women, with no adherents between the ages of 18 and 29. He also found that use of the local curach had declined in recent decades, from 30 to 50 three-man crews fishing nearly all year in the early 1900s to nine crews working from the island in 1960. And despite the nativist opinion of the region's Irish language , in his visit to the island, Messenger found that essentially all of the islanders older than eight spoke English proficiently, mixed English regularly into their speech, and even confessed to their priests in English. He attributed the rise in English to a practical view of language; many young people emigrate and would be disadvantaged by speaking only Irish . | [
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751397 | 1 | Early life and education Coelho was born in rural Los Banos, California , to parents of Portuguese descent. Coelho attended public schools in nearby Dos Palos, and grew up working on his family's dairy farm. At age 15, Coelho was injured in a pickup truck accident, which doctors later suggested was the precipitating event for the onset of his epilepsy. For years after the accident, Coelho did not know he had the illness. After the Kennedy assassination, Coelho decided to become a priest.'Why Tony Coelho fights for the disabled: epilepsy kept him from Vietnam and the Jesuits,' The National Catholic Reporter, January 20, 1995. He went to a doctor for a medical exam, a prerequisite for entering into the seminary. The doctor informed him that he had epilepsy. Because of canon law, he was unable to become a priest. Once the diagnosis was reported to the state, Coelho lost both his driver's license and his health insurance. Congress In November 1978, Coelho was elected to the 96th Congress. He was later elected to the five succeeding Congresses where he served until his resignation on June 15, 1989. He served on the Agriculture, Interior, Veterans Affairs, and Administration Committees during his tenure , but he specialized in rights of the disabled. Coelho was credited by congressional colleagues as the primary sponsorExcerpt from the Congressional Record-House, July 12, 1990, headed "Tribute to Hon. Tony Coelho," 136 Cong. Rec. 17297, 1990. of the Americans with Disabilities Act, signed into law by President George H.W. Bush. By 1994, four years after the law's passage, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that some 800,000 more people with severe disabilities had found employment than had been employed when the ADA was first enacted."Coelho Reflects on the Law," The Modesto Bee, January 18, 1997, B1. After leaving Congress, he joined Wertheim Schroder & Company, an investment firm , as a managing director. In 1999, Coelho was made Chairman of Vice President Al Gore's presidential campaign. During his tenure, Coelho moved the campaign headquarters from Washington, DC to Nashville , Tennessee . He oversaw an overhaul of the campaign's message and strategy, and changed personnel and consultants. Gore prevailed over former Senator Bill Bradley in the Democratic primaries of 2000 in every primary and caucus contest and received the Democratic nomination to be president. Before the 2000 Democratic National Convention, Coelho became ill and resigned his position as General Campaign Chairman. Doctors later found and removed a tumor on the left side of his brain. He was replaced by former Commerce Secretary William M. Daley. He participates annually at New York Law School for its Tony Coelho Lecture in Disability Employment Law & Policy. He has endowed a chair in Public Policy at the University of California in Merced. He is the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Epilepsy Foundation. He partnered with NBCUniversal and the American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) to create the NBCUniversal Tony Coelho Media Scholarship, which encourages people with disabilities to pursue media-related degrees and URL He is a former chairman and current member of the Board of Directors of the American Association of People With Disabilities. He also sits on the Council on American Politics, the advisory board of George Washington University Graduate School of Political Management. Coelho also served as an advisor of ZeniMax Media . Coelho also serves as a founding partner of Vectis Strategies, a national public affairs firm. | Early life and education Coelho was born in rural Los Banos, California to parents of Portuguese descent. Coelho attended public schools in nearby Dos Palos, and grew up working on his family's dairy farm. At age 15, Coelho was injured in a pickup truck accident, which doctors later suggested was the precipitating event for the onset of his epilepsy. For years after the accident, Coelho did not know he had the illness. After the Kennedy assassination, Coelho decided to become a priest.'Why Tony Coelho fights for the disabled: epilepsy kept him from Vietnam and the Jesuits,' The National Catholic Reporter, January 20, 1995. He went to a doctor for a medical exam, a prerequisite for entering into the seminary. The doctor informed him that he had epilepsy. Because of canon law, he was unable to become a priest. Once his diagnosis was reported to the state, Coelho lost both his driver's license and his health insurance. Congress In November 1978, Coelho was elected to the 96th Congress. He was later elected to the five succeeding Congresses where he served until his resignation on June 15, 1989. He served on the Agriculture, Interior, Veterans Affairs, and Administration Committees during his tenure however he specialized in rights of the disabled. Coelho was credited by congressional colleagues as the primary sponsorExcerpt from the Congressional Record-House, July 12, 1990, headed "Tribute to Hon. Tony Coelho," 136 Cong. Rec. 17297, 1990. of the Americans with Disabilities Act, which was signed into law by President George H.W. Bush. By 1994, four years after the law's passage, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that some 800,000 more people with severe disabilities had found employment than had been employed when the ADA was first enacted."Coelho Reflects on the Law," The Modesto Bee, January 18, 1997, B1. After leaving Congress, he joined Wertheim Schroder & Company, an investment firm as a managing director. In 1999, Coelho was made Chairman of Vice President Al Gore's presidential campaign. During his tenure, Coelho moved the campaign headquarters from Washington, DC to Nashville . He oversaw an overhaul of the campaign's message and strategy, and changed personnel and consultants. Gore prevailed over former Senator Bill Bradley in the Democratic primaries of 2000 in every primary and caucus contest and received the Democratic nomination to be president. Before the 2000 Democratic National Convention, Coelho became ill and resigned his position as General Campaign Chairman. Doctors later found and removed a tumor on the left side of his brain. He was replaced by former Commerce Secretary William M. Daley. He participates annually at New York Law School with its Tony Coelho Lecture in Disability Employment Law & Policy. He has endowed a chair in Public Policy at the University of California in Merced. He is the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Epilepsy Foundation. He partnered with NBCUniversal and the American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) to create the NBCUniversal Tony Coelho Media Scholarship, which encourages people with disabilities to pursue media-related degrees and URL He is a former chairman and current member of the Board of Directors of the American Association of People With Disabilities. He also sits on the Council on American Politics, the advisory board of George Washington University Graduate School of Political Management. Coelho served as an advisor of ZeniMax Media as well. Coelho serves as a founding partner of Vectis Strategies, a national public affairs firm. | [
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751455 | 1 | Barbara Wiedemann reading aloud from Half-Life of Love at BookFest 2009, Montgomery, AL A poetry reading is a public oral recitation or performance of poetry. | Kyle Dacuyan reading at a poetry festival in Berlin A poetry reading is a public oral recitation or performance of poetry. | [
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7515857 | 1 | Sunni Islam Ash'aris and Maturidis Some Muslim apologists such as Ahmad Deedat and Zakir Naik insist that Jesus never told anyone to worship him nor claimed to be God or equal to God. Although most Hindus believe in multiple deities, only some learned Hindus, insist that a Hindu should believe in and worship only one God. The major difference between the Hindus and the Muslims is that many Hindus believe in the philosophy of Pantheism , which means "everything is God". On the contrary, Muslims believe that everything belongs to God, as mentioned in 42:4 and Ayat al-Kursi (2:255) which states: "To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on (Literally: in) the earth." According to Abdullah Yusuf Ali (d. 1953) , "The pantheist places the wrong accent when he says that everything is He. The truth is better expressed when we say that everything is His. How then can any creatures stand before Him as of right, and claim to intercede for a fellow-creature?" | Sunnis thumbnail|A rock carved with the text of "al-'Aqida al-Murshida" (the Guiding Creed) by Ibn Tumart (d. 524/1130) — the student of al-Ghazali (d. 505/ 1111) and the founder of the Almohad dynasty — praised and approved by Fakhr al-Din Ibn 'Asakir (d. 620/1223), located at al-Salah Islamic secondary school in Baalbek, Lebanon. Ash'aris and Maturidis Muslim apologists such as Ahmad Deedat and Zakir Naik insist that Jesus never told anyone to worship him nor claimed to be God or equal to God. Although most Hindus believe in multiple deities, only some learned Hindus, insist that a Hindu should believe in and worship only one God. The major difference between the Hindus and the Muslims is that many Hindus believe in the philosophy of pantheism , which means "everything is God". On the contrary, Muslims believe that everything belongs to God, as mentioned in 42:4 and Ayat al-Kursi (2:255) which states: "To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on (Literally: in) the earth." According to Abdullah Yusuf Ali (d. 1953) in his commentary on 2:255 , "The pantheist places the wrong accent when he says that everything is He. The truth is better expressed when we say that everything is His. How then can any creatures stand before Him as of right, and claim to intercede for a fellow-creature?" | [
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751884 | 1 | Aghadowey - Rev John Elder - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his resignation in or before 1773 Ahoghill - Rev Thomas Shaw - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his death in 1731 Antrim - Rev John Abernethy Ballyclare - Rev Thomas Wilson 1st Belfast - Rev Samuel Haliday 2nd Belfast - Rev James Kirkpatrick Cairncastle - Rev William Taylor Comber - Rev John Orr - the current non-subscribing congregation was not founded until 1838 Downpatrick - Rev Thomas Nevin Dromore - Dr Colvil Dundalk - Rev Patrick Simpson - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his death in or before 1779 Duneane - Rev John Henderson - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his death in 1753 Holywood - Rev Michael Bruce Larne - Rev Josias Clugston Moira - Rev Samuel Harpur - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his death in or before 1731 Newtownards - Rev John Mears Newtownlimavady, under the Rev Joseph Osborne, is included in a list given by James Armstrong in ' A summary history of the Presbyterian churches in the City of Dublin', P64. However, William Dool Killen in History of the congregations of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, P 177 states that Rev Osborne's ordination by the Presbytery of Antrim occurred after 1740. He and his congregation joined the Synod of Ulster in 1743.Limavady Ancestry - Church Records | Aghadowey - John Elder - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his resignation in or before 1773 Ahoghill - Thomas Shaw - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his death in 1731 Antrim - John Abernethy Ballyclare - Thomas Wilson 1st Belfast - Samuel Haliday 2nd Belfast - James Kirkpatrick Cairncastle - William Taylor Comber - John Orr - the current non-subscribing congregation was not founded until 1838 Downpatrick - Thomas Nevin Dromore - ? Colvil Dundalk - Patrick Simpson - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his death in or before 1779 Duneane - John Henderson - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his death in 1753 Holywood - Michael Bruce Larne - Josias Clugston Moira - Samuel Harpur - the congregation rejoined the Synod of Ulster after his death in or before 1731 Newtownards - John Mears Newtownlimavady, under Joseph Osborne, is included in a list given by James Armstrong in A summary history of the Presbyterian churches in the City of URL However, William Dool Killen in History of the congregations of the Presbyterian Church in URL states that Osborne's ordination by the Presbytery of Antrim occurred after 1740. He and his congregation joined the Synod of Ulster in 1743.Limavady Ancestry - Church Records | [
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7527838 | 1 | The Aristotelian Society for the Systematic Study of Philosophy, more generally known as the Aristotelian Society, was founded at a meeting on 19 April 1880, at 17 Bloomsbury Square, London.Five individuals attended this meeting: F. G. Fleay, Alfred Senier (1853–1918) (later Professor of Chemistry in the University of Galway), Herbert Burrows, Edward Clarkson, and Alfred Lowe (Carr, 1928–1929, pp.360). The Aristotelian Society resolved "to constitute a society of about twenty and to include ladies; the society to meet fortnightly, on Mondays at 8 o'clock, at the rooms of the Spelling Reform Association…"Carr (1928–1929), 360. The rules of the society stipulated: The society's annual conference, organised since 1918 in conjunction with the Mind Association, (publishers of the philosophical journal Mind), is known as the Joint Session of the Aristotelian Society and the Mind Association, and is hosted by different university departments in July each year. | The Aristotelian Society for the Systematic Study of Philosophy, more generally known as the Aristotelian Society, is a philosophical society in London. History Aristotelian Society was founded at a meeting on 19 April 1880, at 17 Bloomsbury Square, London.Five individuals attended this meeting: F. G. Fleay, Alfred Senier (1853–1918) (later Professor of Chemistry in the University of Galway), Herbert Burrows, Edward Clarkson, and Alfred Lowe (Carr, 1928–1929, pp.360). It resolved "to constitute a society of about twenty and to include ladies; the society to meet fortnightly, on Mondays at 8 o'clock, at the rooms of the Spelling Reform Association…"Carr (1928–1929), 360. The rules of the society stipulated: Annual conference The society's annual conference, organised since 1918 in conjunction with the Mind Association, (publishers of the philosophical journal Mind), is known as the Joint Session of the Aristotelian Society and the Mind Association, and is hosted by different university departments in July each year. | [
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753016 | 1 | References & | Electronics Printing processes such as silk-screening and photolithography are used in electronics to produce printed circuit boards and integrated circuits. Some common substrates used are;Rogers& Plett, p. 162 Glass-reinforced epoxy, eg FR-4 board Ceramic-PTFE laminate, eg 6010 board Alumina ceramic Silicon Gallium arsenide Sapphire Quartz References Bibliography Rogers, John WM; Plett, Calvin, Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design, Artech House, 2010 . | [
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7539403 | 1 | Filmography Film Year Title Role Film Company 2006 First Day High Indira "Indi" Dela Concepcion 2007 I've Fallen For You Alex Tamayo Reyes 2008 Shake Rattle & Roll X Joy 2009 I Love You, Goodbye Melissa "Issa" Benitez 2010 Paano na Kaya Mae Chua Till My Heartaches End Agnes Garcia 2012 The Healing Cookie Limguangco 24/7 in Love Patty Escalona 2013 Bakit Hindi Ka Crush Ng Crush Mo? Sandy Veloso 2014 Bride for Rent Racquelita "Rocky" Dela Cruz Past Tense Rosabelle "Belle" Garcia2015 Must Date The Playboy Victoria "Tori" Alcantara Etiquette for Mistresses Ina Del Prado All You Need Is Pag-Ibig Anya del Rosario 2017 The Ghost Bride Mayen Lim2018 Da One That Ghost Away Carmel Monseratt One Great Love Zyra Paez 2020 U-Turn Donna Suarez Television TV Shows / Guestings / Appearance 2020 Bawal Lumabas: The Series Emerald Tesoro Kapamilya Channel A2Z iWantTFC Maalaala Mo Kaya: Pancit Kristine Kapamilya Channel A2Z 2020; 2021 Pinoy Big Brother: Connect Herself / Host Kapamilya Channel A2Z TV5 2020–present It's Showtime Herself / Regular Host Kapamilya Channel A2Z 2020 Love Thy Woman Jia E. Wong ABS-CBN Kapamilya Channel 2019 Maalaala Mo Kaya: MVP Cherry Ann "Sisi" RondinaABS-CBN 2018–2019 Pinoy Big Brother: Otso Herself / Host2018 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Mata Sarah Ipaglaban Mo: Korea Hazel Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tangke AniStar Hunt: The Grand Audition Show Host 2017–2018 Ikaw Lang Ang Iibigin Bianca Agbayani-Dela Vega 2017 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Sulat Cze Legaspi2016 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Korona Jeany Rose Joromat The Voice Kids Herself / Co-Host The Story of Us Cristine "Tin" Manalo2014Ikaw Lamang: Book 2 Andrea M. Hidalgo-Hidalgo / Jacqueline "Jacq" Sanggalang Ikaw Lamang Isabelle Miravelez-Hidalgo 2013 Wansapanataym: My Fairy Kasambahay Elyza 2012–2013 Ina, Kapatid, Anak Celyn Marasigan / Celyn Buenaventura 2012 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Kalendaryo Pauline Chaves 2011–2012 My Binondo Girl Jade Dimaguiba / Jade Sy / Yuan Sy 2011 Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin young Alondra Sebastiano2010 Your Song Presents: Kim Various roles Wansapanataym Presents: Super Kikay and Her Flying Pagong Super K / Kikay Your Song Presents: Maling Akala Yen Cobangbang / Karl Anda Banana Split Various roles Maalaala Mo Kaya: Bimpo Joy Carbonel Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo Gwen Marie Crisanto 2009 Tayong Dalawa Audrey King2008Your Song Presents: My Only Hope April Padilla Maalaala Mo Kaya: Notebook Ameng Jurado My Girl: Turns 18 Herself My Girl Jasmine EstocapioSineserye Presents: The Susan Roces Cinema Collection: Maligno Eliza2007 Your Song Presents: Ngiti Sansan Love Spell Presents: Cindy-rella Cindy / Rella Your Song Presents: Someday Jodie Borela Gokada Go! 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7545593 | 1 | Ronnie Nyogetsu Reishin Seldin Ronnie Nyogetsu Reishin Seldin (July 3, 1947 – May 30, 2017) Post about Seldin's passing born in Brooklyn, New York, was a noted shakuhachi player. | Ronnie Nyogetsu Reishin Seldin Ronnie Nyogetsu Reishin Seldin (July 3, 1947 – May 30, 2017) "Forever the Peaceful Sound: The Shakuhachi Master Ronnie Seldin" (post about Seldin's passing ; archive from 25 August 2017; accessed 16 May 2020). born in Brooklyn, New York, was a noted shakuhachi player. | [
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7547202 | 1 | Judaism The prophet Abraham prostrates himself before three visitors In Judaism, the Tanakh and Talmudic texts as well as writings of Gaonim and Rishonim indicate that prostration was very common among Jewish communities until some point during the Middle Ages. In Mishneh Torah, Maimonides states full prostration (with one's body pressed flat to the earth) should be practiced at the end of the Amidah, recited thrice daily. Members of the Karaite denomination and other Scriptural Jews practice full prostrations during all their prayers. Traditionally, Orthodox Ashkenazi Jews prostrated during Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, as did Yemenite Jews during the Tachanun part of daily Jewish prayer. Ethiopian Jews traditionally prostrated during a holiday specific to their community known as Sigd. Sigd comes from a root word meaning prostration in Ge'ez, Aramaic, and Arabic. There is a movement among Talmide haRambam to revive prostration as a regular part of daily Jewish worship. Rabbinical Orthodox Judaism forbids prostration directly on a stone surface outside of the Temple Mount, in order to prevent what its sages believed to be a conflation with similar practices of Canaanite polytheists. | Judaism The prophet Abraham prostrates himself before three visitors In Judaism, the Tanakh and Talmudic texts as well as writings of Gaonim and Rishonim indicate that prostration was very common among Jewish communities until some point during the Middle Ages. In Mishneh Torah, Maimonides states full prostration (with one's body pressed flat to the earth) should be practiced at the end of the Amidah, recited thrice daily. Members of the Karaite denomination practice full prostrations during prayers. Traditionally, Orthodox Ashkenazi Jews prostrated during Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, as did Yemenite Jews during the Tachanun part of daily Jewish prayer. Ethiopian Jews traditionally prostrated during a holiday specific to their community known as Sigd. Sigd comes from a root word meaning prostration in Ge'ez, Aramaic, and Arabic. There is a movement among Talmide haRambam to revive prostration as a regular part of daily Jewish worship. Judaism forbids prostration directly on a stone surface in order to prevent conflation with similar practices of Canaanite polytheists. | [
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75472 | 1 | 300px | 1948 San Francisco roadway plan | about | transport planning|transport engineering|transport Francisco roadway plan | [
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75482 | 1 | upright=1.5| Asgårdsreien [The Wild Hunt of Odin] (1872) by Peter Nicolai Arbo The Wild Hunt is a folklore motif (Motif E501 in Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature) Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. p. 257. that historically occurs in the folklore of various Northern European cultures. Wild Hunts typically involve a "soul-raving" chase led by a mythological figure escorted by a ghostly or supernatural group of hunters passing in wild pursuit. The leader of the hunt is often a named figure associated with Odin in Germanic legends, but may variously be a historical or legendary figure like Theodoric the Great, the Danish king Valdemar Atterdag , the Welsh psychopomp Gwyn ap Nudd , biblical figures such as Herod, Cain, Gabriel, or the Devil, or an unidentified lost soul or spirit either male or female. The hunters are generally the souls of the dead or ghostly dogs, sometimes fairies, Valkyries, or elves. The concept was developed by Jacob Grimm in his Deutsche Mythologie (1835) on the basis of comparative mythology. Grimm believed that a group of stories represented a folkloristic survival of Germanic pagan tradition, but comparable folk myths are found throughout Northern, Western and Central Europe. Grimm popularised the term Wilde Jagd ("Wild Hunt" ) for the phenomenon. | upright=1.5| [The Wild Hunt of Odin] (1872) by Peter Nicolai Arbo The Wild Hunt is a folklore motif (Motif E501 in Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature) that historically occurs in the folklore of various Northern European cultures. Wild Hunts typically involve a "soul-raving" chase led by a mythological figure escorted by a ghostly or supernatural group of hunters passing in wild pursuit. The leader of the hunt is often a named figure associated with Odin in Germanic legends, but may variously be a historical or legendary figure like Theodoric the Great, the Danish king , the Welsh psychopomp , biblical figures such as Herod, Cain, Gabriel, or the Devil, or an unidentified lost soul or spirit either male or female. The hunters are generally the souls of the dead or ghostly dogs, sometimes fairies, Valkyries, or elves. The concept was developed by Jacob Grimm in his (1835) on the basis of comparative mythology. Grimm believed that a group of stories represented a folkloristic survival of Germanic pagan tradition, but comparable folk myths are found throughout Northern, Western and Central Europe. Grimm popularised the term ('Wild Hunt' ) for the phenomenon. | [
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75482 | 2 | See also Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Mallt-y-Nos, a Welsh version of the legend Valkyrie Flying Dutchman Buckriders List of ghosts Moss people, wood spirits serving as typical prey of the wild hunt in parts of Germany. Nightmarchers | See also Buckriders Flying Dutchman Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Mallt-y-Nos, a Welsh version of the legend Moss people, wood spirits serving as typical prey of the wild hunt in parts of Germany. Nightmarchers Valkyrie List of ghosts | [
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7548870 | 1 | Evolutionary emergence From a Darwinian standpoint, symbolic culture has proved hard to explain. One difficulty is that the concept itself often seems unsettling and philosophically unacceptable to natural scientists. Modern science became established in opposition to the idea that culturally accepted fictions can be equated with facts. Yet the concept of symbolic culture requires us to grasp just that paradoxical possibility. Long before the late twentieth century invention of the Internet, evolution allowed humans to flit between two realms, reality on the one hand, virtual reality on the other. Symbolic culture is an environment of virtual entities lacking counterparts in the real world. It was once thought that art and symbolic culture first emerged in Europe some 40,000 years ago, during the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition – often termed the 'symbolic explosion' or 'Upper Palaeolithic revolution'. Some archaeologists still adhere to this view. Others now accept that symbolic culture probably emerged in sub-Saharan Africa at a much earlier date, during the period known as the Middle Stone Age.Henshilwood, C. and C. W. Marean 2003. The origin of modern human behavior. Current Anthropology 44(5): 627-651. The evidence consists of traditions of ground ochre with strong selection for the colour red, examples of so-called ochre 'crayons' which appear to have been used for purposes of design, probably on the body, and geometric engravings on blocks of ochre. All this apparently formed part of a cosmetics industry dated to between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago.Knight, C., C. Power and I. Watts, 1995. The Human Symbolic Revolution: A Darwinian Account. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5(1): 75-114. One theory is that this constitutes evidence for a ritual tradition.Watts, I. 2009. Red ochre, body painting, and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 62-92 . In addition, from about 100,000 years ago, there are pierced shells which appear to show signs of wear, suggesting that they were strung together to make necklaces. If the ochre tradition has been correctly interpreted, it constitutes evidence for the world's first 'art'—an aspect of 'symbolic culture'—in the form of personal ornamentation and body-painting.Power, C. 2010. Cosmetics, identity and consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 17, No. 7-8, pp. 73-94. It was initially countered that pigment-only decorative systems are merely individualistic display, not necessarily indicative of ritual, whereas the bead traditions testify to language, institutionalised relationships and full-scale ritual and symbolic culture.Henshilwood, C. S. and B. Dubreuil 2009. Reading the artifacts: gleaning language skills from the Middle Stone Age in southern Africa. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 41-61.Kuhn, S. L. and Stiner, M. C. 2007. Body ornamentation as information technology: towards an understanding of the significance of beads. In P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer (eds), Rethinking the Human Revolution, Cambridge: McDonald Institute Research Monographs, pp. 45-54. More recently, however, those making this criticism have conceded that the evidence for ochre pigment use, stretching back towards 300,000 years ago, must indeed be recognised as the earliest durable media testifying to a collective ritual tradition.Kuhn, S. L. 2014. Signaling Theory and Technologies of Communication in the Paleolithic. Biological Theory 9 (1): 42-50. | Evolutionary emergence 30,000-year-old cave hyena cave painting From a Darwinian standpoint, symbolic culture has proved hard to explain. One difficulty is that the concept itself often seems unsettling and philosophically unacceptable to natural scientists. Modern science became established in opposition to the idea that culturally accepted fictions can be equated with facts. Yet the concept of symbolic culture requires us to grasp just that paradoxical possibility. Long before the late twentieth century invention of the Internet, evolution allowed humans to flit between two realms, reality on the one hand, virtual reality on the other. Symbolic culture is an environment of virtual entities lacking counterparts in the real world. It was once thought that art and symbolic culture first emerged in Europe some 40,000 years ago, during the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition – often termed the 'symbolic explosion' or 'Upper Palaeolithic revolution'. Some archaeologists still adhere to this view. Others now accept that symbolic culture probably emerged in sub-Saharan Africa at a much earlier date, during the period known as the Middle Stone Age.Henshilwood, C. and C. W. Marean 2003. The origin of modern human behavior. Current Anthropology 44(5): 627-651. The evidence consists of traditions of ground ochre with strong selection for the colour red, examples of so-called ochre 'crayons' which appear to have been used for purposes of design, probably on the body, and geometric engravings on blocks of ochre. All this apparently formed part of a cosmetics industry dated to between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago.Knight, C., C. Power and I. Watts, 1995. The Human Symbolic Revolution: A Darwinian Account. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5(1): 75-114. One theory is that this constitutes evidence for a ritual tradition.Watts, I. 2009. Red ochre, body painting, and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 62-92 . A bone apparently engraved with six lines from ~120 kya may be the earliest evidence of human use of symbols . In addition, from about 100,000 years ago, there are pierced shells which appear to show signs of wear, suggesting that they were strung together to make necklaces. If the ochre tradition has been correctly interpreted, it constitutes evidence for the world's first 'art'—an aspect of 'symbolic culture'—in the form of personal ornamentation and body-painting.Power, C. 2010. Cosmetics, identity and consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 17, No. 7-8, pp. 73-94. It was initially countered that pigment-only decorative systems are merely individualistic display, not necessarily indicative of ritual, whereas the bead traditions testify to language, institutionalised relationships and full-scale ritual and symbolic culture.Henshilwood, C. S. and B. Dubreuil 2009. Reading the artifacts: gleaning language skills from the Middle Stone Age in southern Africa. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 41-61.Kuhn, S. L. and Stiner, M. 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7551808 | 1 | Rawhide A dog with a rawhide chew toy. Rawhide chew toys are most often associated with dogs, though rawhide toys are plentiful in the bird toy section of most pet stores. Rawhide is suitable for all animals except herbivores , as it is made of animal skin. Rabbits, which only eat vegetation, cannot have rawhide toys because their digestive systems cannot process them. This is a rather sturdy kind of chew toy and it can take months for a small animal or bird to destroy. Examples of rawhide chew toys are twists and rawhide bones. Chew toys made of leather are not recommended for dogs as they cannot be properly digested in the stomach and may cause blockage in the intestines. | Rawhide A dog with a rawhide chew toy. Rawhide chew toys are most often associated with dogs, though rawhide toys are plentiful in the bird toy section of most pet stores. Rawhide is suitable for all animals except vegans , as it is made of animal skin. Rabbits, which only eat vegetation, cannot have rawhide toys because their digestive systems cannot process them. This is a rather sturdy kind of chew toy and it can take weeks or even months for a small animal or bird to destroy. Examples of rawhide chew toys are twists and rawhide bones. Chew toys made of leather are not recommended for dogs as they cannot be properly digested in the stomach and may cause blockage in the intestines. | [
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7555901 | 1 | Filmography Television Year Title Role(s) Network 2020-present FPJ's Ang Probinsyano PMaj. (PC/Insp.) Roxanne Opeña ABS-CBN 2019 The Haunted Aileen Robles-Sebastian Nang Ngumiti ang Langit Grace Andrada-Villaluna Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tubig Sarah Past, Present, Perfect? Shantal iWant 2018 Asintado Samantha Del Mundo-Guerrero / Katrina Ramirez ABS-CBN 2017 The Better Half Camille Villalobos Saison/Camille Villalobos Cabrera2016 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Pictures - Courageous Catie Feliz Lucas The Story of Us Lucia Cristobal Single/Single (season 2) Joee Cinema One2015 Single/Single (season 1) Joee Nathaniel Rachel Mercado-Laxamana ABS-CBN Maalaala Mo Kaya: Email Bea2014 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Jeep Berna Ipaglaban Mo: Ako ang Biktima Shirley 2013 Juan Dela Cruz Prinsesa Mirathea "Mira"2012 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Marriage Contract Enez Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo Sarah Trinidad Maalaala Mo Kaya: Sumpak Joyce2011 100 Days to Heaven teenage Madam Anna Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tsinelas Christie 2010-2011 Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Alyna Alyna Natividad2010 Rubi Maribel Dela Fuente Maalaala Mo Kaya: Ketchup Rox 2009-2010 May Bukas Pa Lea 2009 Jim Fernandez's Kambal sa Uma Vira Mae Ocampo / Marie Perea 2008-2009 Komiks Presents: Dragonna Rona / Olive2008 Your Song: Million Miles Away Lizzie Valderrama Lobo Gabrielle "Gabby" Dizon2007 Your Song: Just A Smile Away Joanna Catapang Maalaala Mo Kaya: Telebisyon Onay Your Song: Break It to Me Gently Maya Rounin Selene Love Spell: Shoes Ko Po, Shoes Ko 'Day! Joanne 2006-2008 Star Magic Presents: Abt Ur Luv Neri Larazaga2006 Star Magic Presents: My Friend, My Love, My Destiny Yeng Love Spell: Charm & Crystal Charm Your Song: Cuida Pam Su Komiks: Bampy Herself Komiks Presents: Agua Bendita Agua Cristi / Bendita Cristi 2005 Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin Hazel Gerochi-Fontanill 2004–present ASAP Herself/Performer 2003-2005 Ang Tanging Ina Severina "Seven" Macaspac 2003-2005 Bida si Mister, Bida si Misis Shaina 2002 K2BU Violeta "Bullet" Garcia 2002-2003 Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay Guinivere "Gwenn" Martinez2001 Ang TV 2 Herself/Co-host Sa Dulo ng Walang Hanggan young Carmela Estocapio 1999-2001 Marinella Rina Fuentes 1997-1999 Mula sa Puso Jennifer Matias 1996 Kaybol, Ang Bagong TV Herself 1996-1997 Lyra Lyra Monteverde GMA Network | Filmography Television Year Title Role(s) Network 2020-present FPJ's Ang Probinsyano Roxanne Opeña ABS-CBN 2019 The Haunted Aileen Robles-Sebastian Nang Ngumiti ang Langit Grace Andrada Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tubig Sarah Past, Present, Perfect? Shantal iWant 2018 Asintado Samantha Del Mundo / Katrina Ramirez ABS-CBN 2017 The Better Half Camille Villalobos2016 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Pictures - Courageous Catie Feliz Lucas The Story of Us Lucia Cristobal Single/Single (season 2) Joee Cinema One2015 Single/Single (season 1) Joee Nathaniel Rachel Mercado ABS-CBN Maalaala Mo Kaya: Email Bea2014 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Jeep Berna Ipaglaban Mo: Ako ang Biktima Shirley 2013 Juan Dela Cruz Prinsesa Mirathea "Mira"2012 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Marriage Contract Enez Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo Sarah Trinidad Maalaala Mo Kaya: Sumpak Joyce2011 100 Days to Heaven teenage Madam Anna Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tsinelas Christie 2010-2011 Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Alyna Alyna Natividad2010 Rubi Maribel Dela Fuente Maalaala Mo Kaya: Ketchup Rox 2009-2010 May Bukas Pa Lea 2009 Jim Fernandez's Kambal sa Uma Vira Mae Ocampo / Marie Perea 2008-2009 Komiks Presents: Dragonna Rona / Olive2008 Your Song: Million Miles Away Lizzie Valderrama Lobo Gabrielle "Gabby" Dizon2007 Your Song: Just A Smile Away Joanna Catapang Maalaala Mo Kaya: Telebisyon Onay Your Song: Break It to Me Gently Maya Rounin Selene Love Spell: Shoes Ko Po, Shoes Ko 'Day! Joanne 2006-2008 Star Magic Presents: Abt Ur Luv Neri Larazaga2006 Star Magic Presents: My Friend, My Love, My Destiny Yeng Love Spell: Charm & Crystal Charm Your Song: Cuida Pam Su Komiks: Bampy Herself Komiks Presents: Agua Bendita Agua Cristi / Bendita Cristi 2005 Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin Hazel Gerochi-Fontanilla 2004–present ASAP Herself/Performer 2003-2005 Ang Tanging Ina Severina "Seven" Macaspac 2003-2005 Bida si Mister, Bida si Misis Shaina 2002 K2BU Violeta "Bullet" Garcia 2002-2003 Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay Guinivere "Gwenn" Martinez2001 Ang TV 2 Herself/Co-host Sa Dulo ng Walang Hanggan young Carmela Estocapio 1999-2001 Marinella Rina Fuentes 1997-1999 Mula sa Puso Jennifer Matias 1996 Kaybol, Ang Bagong TV Herself 1996-1997 Lyra Lyra Monteverde GMA Network | [
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7555901 | 2 | Filmography Television Year Title Role(s) Network 2020-present FPJ's Ang Probinsyano Roxanne Opeña ABS-CBN 2019 The Haunted Aileen Robles-Sebastian Nang Ngumiti ang Langit Grace Andrada Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tubig Sarah Past, Present, Perfect? Shantal iWant 2018 Asintado Samantha Del Mundo / Katrina Ramirez ABS-CBN 2017 The Better Half Camille Villalobos2016 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Pictures - Courageous Catie Feliz Lucas The Story of Us Lucia Cristobal Single/Single (season 2) Joee Cinema One2015 Single/Single (season 1) Joee Nathaniel Rachel Mercado ABS-CBN Maalaala Mo Kaya: Email Bea2014 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Jeep Berna Ipaglaban Mo: Ako ang Biktima Shirley 2013 Juan Dela Cruz Prinsesa Mirathea "Mira"2012 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Marriage Contract Enez Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo Sarah Trinidad Maalaala Mo Kaya: Sumpak Joyce2011 100 Days to Heaven teenage Madam Anna Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tsinelas Christie 2010-2011 Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Alyna Alyna Natividad2010 Rubi Maribel Dela Fuente Maalaala Mo Kaya: Ketchup Rox 2009-2010 May Bukas Pa Lea 2009 Jim Fernandez's Kambal sa Uma Vira Mae Ocampo / Marie Perea 2008-2009 Komiks Presents: Dragonna Rona / Olive2008 Your Song: Million Miles Away Lizzie Valderrama Lobo Gabrielle "Gabby" Dizon2007 Your Song: Just A Smile Away Joanna Catapang Maalaala Mo Kaya: Telebisyon Onay Your Song: Break It to Me Gently Maya Rounin Selene Love Spell: Shoes Ko Po, Shoes Ko 'Day! Joanne 2006-2008 Star Magic Presents: Abt Ur Luv Neri Larazaga2006 Star Magic Presents: My Friend, My Love, My Destiny Yeng Love Spell: Charm & Crystal Charm Your Song: Cuida Pam Su Komiks: Bampy Herself Komiks Presents: Agua Bendita Agua Cristi / Bendita Cristi 2005 Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin Hazel Gerochi-Fontanilla 2004–present ASAP Herself/Performer 2003-2005 Ang Tanging Ina Severina "Seven" Macaspac 2003-2005 Bida si Mister, Bida si Misis Shaina 2002 K2BU Violeta "Bullet" Garcia 2002-2003 Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay Guinivere "Gwenn" Martinez2001 Ang TV 2 Herself/Co-host Sa Dulo ng Walang Hanggan young Carmela Estocapio 1999-2001 Marinella Rina Fuentes 1997-1999 Mula sa Puso Jennifer Matias 1996 Kaybol, Ang Bagong TV Herself 1996-1997 Lyra Lyra Monteverde GMA Network | Filmography Television Year Title Role(s) Network 2020–present FPJ's Ang Probinsyano Roxanne Opeña ABS-CBN 2019 The Haunted Aileen Robles-Sebastian Nang Ngumiti ang Langit Grace Andrada Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tubig Sarah Past, Present, Perfect? Shantal iWant 2018 Asintado Samantha Del Mundo / Katrina Ramirez ABS-CBN 2017 The Better Half Camille Villalobos2016 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Pictures - Courageous Catie Feliz Lucas The Story of Us Lucia Cristobal Single/Single (season 2) Joee Cinema One2015 Single/Single (season 1) Nathaniel Rachel Mercado ABS-CBN Maalaala Mo Kaya: Email Bea2014 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Jeep Berna Ipaglaban Mo: Ako ang Biktima Shirley 2013 Juan Dela Cruz Prinsesa Mirathea "Mira"2012 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Marriage Contract Enez Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo Sarah Trinidad Maalaala Mo Kaya: Sumpak Joyce2011 100 Days to Heaven teenage Madam Anna Maalaala Mo Kaya: Tsinelas Christie 2010-2011 Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Alyna Alyna Natividad2010 Rubi Maribel Dela Fuente Maalaala Mo Kaya: Ketchup Rox 2009–10 May Bukas Pa Lea 2009 Jim Fernandez's Kambal sa Uma Vira Mae Ocampo / Marie Perea 2008-2009 Komiks Presents: Dragonna Rona / Olive2008 Your Song: Million Miles Away Lizzie Valderrama Lobo Gabrielle "Gabby" Dizon2007 Your Song: Just A Smile Away Joanna Catapang Maalaala Mo Kaya: Telebisyon Onay Your Song: Break It to Me Gently Maya Rounin Selene Love Spell: Shoes Ko Po, Shoes Ko 'Day! Joanne 2006–08 Star Magic Presents: Abt Ur Luv Neri Larazaga2006 Star Magic Presents: My Friend, My Love, My Destiny Yeng Love Spell: Charm & Crystal Charm Your Song: Cuida Pam Su Komiks: Bampy Herself Komiks Presents: Agua Bendita Agua Cristi / Bendita Cristi 2005 Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin Hazel Gerochi-Fontanilla 2004–present ASAP Herself/Performer 2003–05 Ang Tanging Ina Severina "Seven" Macaspac Bida si Mister, Bida si Misis Shaina 2002 K2BU Violeta "Bullet" Garcia 2002–03 Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay Guinivere "Gwenn" Martinez2001 Ang TV 2 Herself/Co-host Sa Dulo ng Walang Hanggan young Carmela Estocapio 1999–01 Marinella Rina Fuentes 1997–99 Mula sa Puso Jennifer Matias 1996 Kaybol, Ang Bagong TV Herself 1996–97 Lyra Lyra Monteverde GMA Network | [
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7558207 | 1 | Medea Medea is said to have killed and dismembered her brother whilst fleeing with Jason and the stolen fleece in order to delay their pursuers, who would be compelled to collect the remains of the prince for burial. The Italian film director Pier Paolo Pasolini staged a sparagmos ritual as part of a long sequence near the beginning of his film Medea (1969), before dramatising the episode in which Medea kills her brother in a similar way. | Medea Medea is said to have killed and dismembered her brother whilst fleeing with Jason and the stolen fleece in order to delay their pursuers, who would be compelled to collect the remains of the prince for burial. The Italian film director Pier Paolo Pasolini staged a sparagmos ritual as part of a long sequence near the beginning of his film Medea (1969), before dramatizing the episode in which Medea kills her brother in a similar way. They all get raped | [
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756252 | 1 | Spanish period Spanish and French protectorates in Morocco and Spanish Sahara, 1935. For many years Spanish fishermen on the Canary Islands come near the coast of Western Sahara, where fish abound. At the end of the 19th century , many Africanists companies formed to explore and exploit this territory still largely unknown. On the African continent exclusively colonized by the Germans present in Togo and Cameroon and in East Africa and the Spaniards in the region, the Spaniards want to be the first to claim this territory despite the presence of Arab populations there. Berbers organized into tribes. Establishment of the protectorate In 1881, the Sociedad Pesquerías Canario-Africanas built a landing stage on Durnford Point , on the site of Villa Cisneros. OnJanuary 1884, Emilio Bonelli y Hernando of the Sociedad Española de Africanistas y Colonistas signs a treaty with Sahrawi chiefs who cede the Río de Oro peninsula to Spain but the latter does not take possession of it. the28 november, Emilio Bonelli signs another treaty with three representatives of Oulad bou Sbaa (Sba) which authorizes the establishment of counters: Villa Cisneros (in Río de Oro, now Dakhla ), Puerto Badía (in Angra da Cintra), in Ausserd (in La Guera, current Lagouira ). On December 26, 1884 , Spain proclaimed a protectorate ref. necessary named Río de Oro on the coast from Cape Juby to Guergarate ( Bahia del Oeste ), ostensibly at the request of the local population ref. necessary . The protectorate also made it possible to close the door to Donald MacKenzie who was seeking to establish new trading posts on this coast. The Berlin conference ratifies the Spanish claim the following month. Villa Cisneros is the administrative capital and Bonelli has a fort built there with workers from the Canaries. theApril 6, 1873 , the Spanish protectorate is extended to Cape Juby delimited by a natural border the Draa river which takes its borders from the Sahara Español from Tan-Tan to current Zag Seguia el-Hamra to the north that the Draa river is compared to the towns of Zag in Tan-Tan as well as 240 kilometers inland to Bir Lehlou to Ausserd at the seaport of Guergueret where the Emirate of Adrar begins near the towns of Zouérate in Fdérick ( Mauritania). It is then placed under the authority of the Governor-General of the Canaries comprising the Canary Islands and Sahara Español (Western Sahara) under the name of "Provincia Ultra Marina de Sahara Español" who appoints a deputy governor. InMarch 1887, Villa Cisneros is attacked and looted by the Oulad Delim then again inMarch 1892 and in November 1894. theMarch 2, 1895, the Spaniards sign an agreement with Sheikh Ould Hakim of Oulad Hakmassaouï . However, inMarch 1898, a gang of Oulad Delim attacks Villa Cisneros again, kills several employees of the Hispano-African Commercial Company ( Compañia Mercantil Hispano-Africana ) which produced globally a production of canned sardines for world trade and plundered them. stocks while the Spaniards flee by boat to Foum el Oued, a coastal town very close to the current capital of Western Sahara (Laayoune). | Early Spanish period (1870-1958) Spanish and French protectorates in Morocco and Spanish Sahara, 1935. For many years Spanish fishermen on the Canary Islands come near the coast of Western Sahara, where fish abound. At the end of the 19th century , many Africanist companies formed to explore and exploit this territory still largely unknown. On the African continent exclusively colonized by the Germans present in Togo and Cameroon and in East Africa and the Spaniards in the region, the Spaniards want to be the first to claim this territory despite the presence of Arab populations there. Berbers organized into tribes. Establishment of the protectorate In 1881, the Sociedad Pesquerías Canario-Africanas built a landing stage on Durnford Point , on the site of Villa Cisneros. On January 1884, Emilio Bonelli y Hernando of the Sociedad Española de Africanistas y Colonistas signs a treaty with Sahrawi chiefs who cede the Río de Oro peninsula to Spain but the latter does not take possession of it. the 28 november, Emilio Bonelli signs another treaty with three representatives of Oulad bou Sbaa (Sba) which authorizes the establishment of counters: Villa Cisneros (in Río de Oro, now Dakhla ), Puerto Badía (in Angra da Cintra), in Ausserd (in La Guera, current Lagouira ). On December 26, 1884 , Spain proclaimed a protectorate named Río de Oro on the coast from Cape Juby to Guergarate ( Bahia del Oeste ), ostensibly at the request of the local population . The protectorate also made it possible to close the door to Donald MacKenzie who was seeking to establish new trading posts on this coast. The Berlin conference ratifies the Spanish claim the following month. Villa Cisneros is the administrative capital and Bonelli has a fort built there with workers from the Canaries. On April 6, 1885 , the Spanish protectorate is extended to Cape Juby delimited by a natural border the Draa river which takes its borders from Tan-Tan to current Seguia el-Hamra to the north that the Draa river is compared to the towns of Zag in Tan-Tan as well as 240 kilometers inland to Bir Lehlou to Ausserd at the seaport of Guergueret where the Emirate of Adrar begins near the towns of Zouérate in Fdérick ( Mauritania). 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757240 | 1 | Raised vegetable beds covered in plastic mulch. Plastic mulch is a product used , in a similar fashion to mulch, to suppress weeds and conserve water in crop production and landscaping. Certain plastic mulches also act as a barrier to keep methyl bromide, both a powerful fumigant and ozone depleter, in the soil. Crops grow through slits or holes in thin plastic sheeting. Plastic mulch is often used in conjunction with drip irrigation. Some research has been done using different colors of mulch to affect crop growth. This method is predominant in large-scale vegetable growing, with millions of acres cultivated under plastic mulch worldwide each year. Disposal of plastic mulch is cited as an environmental problem ; however, technologies exist to provide for the recycling of used/disposed plastic mulch into viable plastic resins for re-use in the plastics manufacturing industry.Plastic mulch film recycling process Agricultural plastics recycling website, accessed 07.03.08 | Raised vegetable beds covered in plastic mulch. Plastic mulch is a product used in plasticulture in a similar fashion to mulch, to suppress weeds and conserve water in crop production and landscaping. Certain plastic mulches also act as a barrier to keep methyl bromide, both a powerful fumigant and ozone depleter, in the soil. Crops grow through slits or holes in thin plastic sheeting. Plastic mulch is often used in conjunction with drip irrigation. Some research has been done using different colors of mulch to affect crop growth. This method is predominant in large-scale vegetable growing, with millions of acres cultivated under plastic mulch worldwide each year. Disposal of plastic mulch is an environmental problem . Technologies exist to provide for the recycling of used/disposed plastic mulch into viable plastic resins for re-use in the plastics manufacturing industry.Plastic mulch film recycling process Agricultural plastics recycling website, accessed 07.03.08 However these methods are not very effective due to contamination by agrochemicals of the plastic. Other concerns include residual microplastics in the soil which can have negative effects on soil ecologies, including microbes and earth worms. | [
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757334 | 1 | The Great Emirate of Diriyah (), also transliterated as the Emirate of Dir'iyah and also known as the First Saudi State, Sir James Norman Dalrymple Anderson. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Stacey International, 1983. Pp . 77. was established in the year 1744 (1157 AH) when the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and tribal chief Muhammad bin Saud formed an alliance to found a socio-religious reform movement to unify the many states of the Arabian Peninsula. In 1744, both Abd al-Wahhab and Saud took an oath to achieve their goal. Early establishment The House of Saud and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering Najd, and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from Kuwait down to the northern borders of Oman. Furthermore, Saud's forces brought the highlands of 'Asir under their suzerainty, while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to enter the field of jihad. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad. Saud's forces went so far as to gain command of the Shi'a holy city of Karbala in 1801. Here they destroyed the shrine of the saints and monuments and killed over 5000 civilians. In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Nejd . Category: 1744 establishments in Asia Category:1818 disestablishments in Asia Category: 18th-century establishments in the Arabian Peninsula Category:19th century in Saudi Arabia Category: Anti-Ottomanism Category:Former Arab states Category:Former emirates Category:Former countries in Asia Category:Former countries in the Middle East Category:Former monarchies of Asia Category:History of Nejd Category:History of Hejaz Category:History of Oman Category:History of the United Arab Emirates Category:History of Saudi Arabia Category:House of Saud Category:Ottoman Arabia Category:States and territories established in 1744 Category:States and territories disestablished in 1818 de:Saudi-Arabien#Geschi | The Great Emirate of Diriyah (), also transliterated as the Emirate of Dir'iyah and also known as the First Saudi State, James Norman Dalrymple Anderson. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Stacey International, 1983. p . 77. was established in the year 1744 (1157 AH) when the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and tribal chief Muhammad bin Saud formed an alliance to found a socio-religious reform movement to unify the many states of the Arabian Peninsula. In 1744, both Abd al-Wahhab and Saud took an oath to achieve their goal. Early establishment The House of Saud and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering Najd, and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from Kuwait down to the northern borders of Oman. Furthermore, Saud's forces brought the highlands of 'Asir under their suzerainty, while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to enter the field of jihad. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad. Saud's forces went so far as to gain command of the Shi'a holy city of Karbala in 1801. Here they destroyed the shrine of the saints and monuments and killed over 5000 civilians. In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd . Category: 18th-century establishments in the Arabian Peninsula Category:19th century in Saudi Arabia Category: 1744 establishments in Asia Category:1818 disestablishments in Asia Category: Anti-Ottomanism Category:Former Arab states Category:Former countries in Asia Category:Former countries in the Middle East Category:Former emirates Category:Former monarchies of Asia Category:History of Hejaz Category:History of Nejd Category:History of Oman Category:History of Saudi Arabia Category:History of the United Arab Emirates Category:House of Saud Category:Ottoman Arabia Category:States and territories established in 1744 Category:States and territories disestablished in 1818 de:Saudi-Arabien#Geschi | [
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7578037 | 1 | Hal and Roger Hunt are fictional characters appearing in the children's Adventure novel series, by Canadian-born American author Willard Price. The sons of world-renowned animal collector John Hunt, Hal and Roger have grown up alongside exotic and dangerous wildlife. In Amazon Adventure, the boys' literary debut, Hal is 19 years old and Roger is 13 years old. Hal Hunt is the typical hero: tall, handsome and muscular, but still fast on his feet despite his broad build. He has survived an attack by a Portuguese man o' war and fought and defeated a panther unarmed and single-handedly. With remarkably little practice, he learns to hold his breath underwater for more than a minute while diving for pearls in the South Seas.South Sea Adventure (1952) He also has a scar on his shoulder blade caused by a spear, courtesy of Merlin Kaggs. He's the older and more mature of the two brothers, and is often left in charge of the mission when their father is absent. Roger has the power to attract and tame virtually any animal. This is sometimes played for laughs, such as when was attacked by ants in Amazon Adventure, or seriously when he has to take care of a valuable animal . The most prominent examples of his ability is when he tames a furious man-eating lion in Lion Adventure with a few softly-spoken words. He has also tamed crocodiles, infant gorillas, polar bearsArctic Adventure (1980) and a killer whale and an elephant, to name a few, during the course of their adventures. During the course of their adventures, Hal and Roger have made many enemies. These include Hal's embittered ex-school friend, Sylvester K. Inkham (nicknamed "Skink") and an angry witch doctor with no scruples. Some, through their interactions with Hal and Roger, are led to redeem their past misdeeds, while others simply suffer the consequences of their actions. Of these enemies, only one, the "Reverend" Merlin Kaggs, has made more than one appearance as a villain .Diving Adventure (1970) | Hal and Roger Hunt are fictional characters appearing in the children's Adventure Series novel series, by Canadian-born American author Willard Price. The sons of world-renowned animal collector John Hunt, Hal and Roger have grown up alongside exotic and dangerous wildlife. In Amazon Adventure, the boys' literary debut, Hal is 18 years old and Roger is 13 years old. Hal Hunt is the typical hero: tall, handsome and muscular, but still fast on his feet despite his broad build. He has survived an attack by a Portuguese man o' war and fought and defeated a panther unarmed and single-handedly. With remarkably little practice, he learns to hold his breath underwater for more than 2 minutes while diving for pearls in the South Seas.South Sea Adventure (1952) He also has a scar on his shoulder blade caused by a spear, courtesy of Merlin Kaggs. He's the older and more mature of the two brothers, and is often left in charge of the mission when their father is absent. Roger has the power to attract and tame virtually any animal. This is sometimes played for laughs, such as when was attacked by ants in Amazon Adventure, or seriously when he has to take care of the valuable animals in ‘’AmazonAdventure’’ . The most prominent examples of his ability is when he tames a furious man-eating lion in Lion Adventure with a few softly-spoken words. He has also tamed crocodiles, infant gorillas, polar bearsArctic Adventure (1980) and a killer whale and an elephant, to name a few, during the course of their adventures. During the course of their adventures, Hal and Roger have made many enemies. These include Hal's embittered ex-school friend, Sylvester K. Inkham (nicknamed "Skink") and an angry witch doctor with no scruples. Some, through their interactions with Hal and Roger, are led to redeem their past misdeeds, while others simply suffer the consequences of their actions. Of these enemies, only one, the "Reverend" Merlin Kaggs, is the only villain who made more than one appearance .Diving Adventure (1970) | [
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75807 | 1 | In traditional logic, a contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility or incongruity between two or more propositions. It occurs when the propositions, taken together, yield two conclusions which form the logical, usually opposite inversions of each other . Illustrating a general tendency in applied logic, Aristotle's law of noncontradiction states that "It is impossible that the same thing can at the same time both belong and not belong to the same object and in the same respect." | In traditional logic, a contradiction occurs when a proposition conflicts either with itself or established fact. It is often used as a tool to detect disingenuous beliefs and bias . Illustrating a general tendency in applied logic, Aristotle's law of noncontradiction states that "It is impossible that the same thing can at the same time both belong and not belong to the same object and in the same respect." | [
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7617772 | 2 | A cabinet painting (or "cabinet picture") is a small painting, typically no larger than two feet ( 0.3 meters) in either dimension, but often much smaller.Although up to four feet in each dimension could still qualify; see the Metropolitan Rubens. The term is especially used for paintings that show full-length figures or landscapes at a small scale, rather than a head or other object painted nearly life-size. Such paintings are done very precisely, with a great degree of "finish".Rubens from Metropolitan New York From the fifteenth century onward, wealthy collectors of art would keep these paintings in a cabinet, which was a relatively small and private room (often very small even in large houses) to which only those with whom they were on especially intimate terms would be admitted. A cabinet, also known as a closet, study (from the Italian studiolo), office, or by other names, might be used as an office or just a sitting room. Heating the main rooms in large palaces or mansions in the winter was difficult, so small rooms such as cabinets were more comfortable. They offered more privacy from servants or other household members and visitors. Typically, a cabinet would be for the use of a single individual; a large house might have at least two (his and hers) and often more. A rare example of a surviving cabinet with its contents probably little changed since the early eighteenth century is at Ham House in Richmond, London. It is less than ten feet square, and leads off from the Long Gallery which is over a hundred feet long and twenty feet wide, giving a rather startling change in scale and atmosphere. As is often the case, it has an excellent view of the front entrance to the house, so that passerby and daily activities can be observed. Most surviving large houses or palaces, especially from before 1700, have such rooms, but they are often not displayed or accessible to visitors. A "cabinet miniature" is a larger portrait miniature, usually full-length and typically up to about ten inches ( 25.5 cm ) high. These were first painted in England, from the end of the 1580s, initially by Nicholas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver.Strong, Roy: Artists of the Tudor Court: The Portrait Miniature Rediscovered 1520-1620, Victoria & Albert Museum exhibit catalogue, 1983, pp. 156-67, | A cabinet painting (or "cabinet picture") is a small painting, typically no larger than two feet ( 0.6 meters) in either dimension, but often much smaller.Although up to four feet in each dimension could still qualify; see the Metropolitan Rubens. The term is especially used for paintings that show full-length figures or landscapes at a small scale, rather than a head or other object painted nearly life-size. Such paintings are done very precisely, with a great degree of "finish".Rubens from Metropolitan New York From the fifteenth century onward, wealthy collectors of art would keep these paintings in a cabinet, which was a relatively small and private room (often very small even in large houses) to which only those with whom they were on especially intimate terms would be admitted. A cabinet, also known as a closet, study (from the Italian studiolo), office, or by other names, might be used as an office or just a sitting room. Heating the main rooms in large palaces or mansions in the winter was difficult, so small rooms such as cabinets were more comfortable. They offered more privacy from servants or other household members and visitors. Typically, a cabinet would be for the use of a single individual; a large house might have at least two (his and hers) and often more. A rare example of a surviving cabinet with its contents probably little changed since the early eighteenth century is at Ham House in Richmond, London. It is less than ten feet square, and leads off from the Long Gallery which is over a hundred feet long and twenty feet wide, giving a rather startling change in scale and atmosphere. As is often the case, it has an excellent view of the front entrance to the house, so that passersby and daily activities can be observed. Most surviving large houses or palaces, especially from before 1700, have such rooms, but they are often not displayed or accessible to visitors. A "cabinet miniature" is a larger portrait miniature, usually full-length and typically up to about ten inches ( 25cm ) high. These were first painted in England, from the end of the 1580s, initially by Nicholas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver.Strong, Roy: Artists of the Tudor Court: The Portrait Miniature Rediscovered 1520-1620, Victoria & Albert Museum exhibit catalogue, 1983, pp. 156-67, | [
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7621043 | 1 | Anthropology and neuroscience Cultural neuroscience is another area that focuses on sociality's impact on the brain . However, unlike neuroanthropology, cultural neuroscience only borrows ideas from other humanistic sciences, such as anthropology and psychology, without direct, long-term studies with these professionals. Studies in cultural neuroscience focus on differences in brain development across cultures using methods from cross-cultural psychology, whereas neuroanthropology revolves around regions in the brain that corresponds to differences in cultural upbringing. | Anthropology and neuroscience Cultural neuroscience is another area that focuses on sociality's impact on the brain , but with a different focus. For example, studies in cultural neuroscience focus on differences in brain development across cultures using methods from cross-cultural psychology, whereas neuroanthropology revolves around regions in the brain that corresponds to differences in cultural upbringing. | [
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7634972 | 1 | Sectarianism Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah has many times spoken against URL and said that he will be the first "to join a true Sunni URL Hezbollah has slammed ISIS for seeking to ignite sectarian strife in URL Sectarianism, power-hungry politicians and a sham democracy are among the main factors that have prevented the establishment of a strong Lebanese state, Hezbollah MP Hasan Fadlallah has URL While Hezbollah strongly opposes sectarianism, its involvement in support of Bashar al-Assad against a mostly Sunni Muslim opposition in the Syrian Civil War has contributed to sectarian tensions with Lebanese Sunnis.Inside Hezbollah: fighting and dying for a confused cause. Channel 4. 2014-04-01. Hezbollah officials have stated their aim is to defend Lebanon and Syria from takfiris, a term they use to denote Sunni Islamist forces, but which many Sunnis interpret as a slur against them as a whole, Islamist or non-Islamist.Lebanon’s Hizbollah Turns Eastward to Syria . International Crisis Group. 2014-05-27. | Sectarianism Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah has many times spoken against sectarianism and said that he will be the first "to join a true Sunni URL Hezbollah has slammed ISIS for seeking to ignite sectarian strife in Lebanon. Sectarianism, power-hungry politicians and a sham democracy are among the main factors that have prevented the establishment of a strong Lebanese state, Hezbollah MP Hasan Fadlallah has said. While Hezbollah strongly opposes sectarianism, its involvement in support of Bashar al-Assad against a mostly Sunni Muslim opposition in the Syrian Civil War has contributed to sectarian tensions with Lebanese Sunnis.Inside Hezbollah: fighting and dying for a confused cause. Channel 4. 2014-04-01. Hezbollah officials have stated their aim is to defend Lebanon and Syria from takfiris, a term they use to denote Sunni Islamist forces, but which many Sunnis interpret as a slur against them as a whole, Islamist or non-Islamist.Lebanon’s Hizbollah Turns Eastward to Syria . International Crisis Group. 2014-05-27. | [
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763519 | 1 | Category:1963 births Category:20th-century classical composers Category:20th-century Japanese composers Category: 21st-century classical composers Category:21st-century Japanese composers Category: Autistic savants Category:Blind classical musicians Category:Blind people from Japan Category:Japanese classical composers Category:Japanese male classical composers Category:Japanese people with disabilities Category:Living people Category:People on the autism spectrum Category:People with epilepsy Category:People with intellectual impairment Category:20th-century male musicians Category:21st-century male musician | Category:1963 births Category:20th-century classical composers Category:20th-century Japanese composers Category: 20th-century male musicians Category: 21st-century classical composers Category:21st-century Japanese composers Category: 21st-century male musicians Category: Autistic savants Category:Blind classical musicians Category:Blind people from Japan Category:Japanese classical composers Category:Japanese male classical composers Category:Japanese people with disabilities Category:Living people Category:People on the autism spectrum Category:People with epilepsy Category:People with intellectual impairmen | [
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764545 | 1 | "Bhārat", the name for India in several Indian languages, is variously said to be derived from the name of either Dushyanta's son Bharata or Rishabha's son Bharata. At first the name Bhārat referred only to the western part of the Gangetic Valley in North India, but was later more broadly applied to the Indian subcontinent and the region of Greater India , as was the name "India" . Today it refers to the contemporary Republic of India located therein. The name "India" is originally derived from the name of the river Sindhu (Indus River) and has been in use in Greek since Herodotus (5th century BCE). The term appeared in Old English as early the 9th century and reemerged in Modern English in the 17th century. | "Bhārat", the name for India in several Indian languages, is variously said to be derived from the name of either Dushyanta's son Bharata or Rishabha's son Bharata. The name Bhārat originally referred to the entire Indian subcontinent and the region of Greater India . Today it refers to the contemporary Republic of India located therein. The name "India" is originally derived from the name of the river Sindhu (Indus River) and has been in use in Greek since Herodotus (5th century BCE). The term appeared in Old English as early the 9th century and reemerged in Modern English in the 17th century. | [
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7648723 | 1 | Aircraft 270x270px|THK11 THK-01 - WĘDRYCHOWSKI, J. & DULĘBA, Leszka & ROGALSKI, Stanisław & TEISSEYRE, Jerzy - Türk Hava Kurumu THK-2 THK-03 - JACOBS, Hans & DFS - (DFS Habicht) THK-04 - SSCB - Türk Hava Kurumu (АНТОНОВ УС-4 (Antonov US-4)) THK-5 THK-5A THK-07 - Antonov, Oleg Konstantinovich & SSBC - Türk Hava Kurumu (Antonov PS-2) THK-09 - SCHAWROW, W. B. & SSCB - Türk Hava Kurumu THK-10 THK-11 THK-12 THK-13 THK-14 THK-15 THK-16 Mehmetçik (Turkish: "Little Mehmet" 1 ) THK-TAYSU ( Tarimsal Havacilik ve Yangin Söndürme Uçagi) | Aircraft 270x270px|THK11 THK-01 - WĘDRYCHOWSKI, J. & DULĘBA, Leszka & ROGALSKI, Stanisław & TEISSEYRE, Jerzy - Türk Hava Kurumu THK-2 THK-03 - JACOBS, Hans & DFS - (DFS Habicht) THK-04 - USSR- Türk Hava Kurumu (АНТОНОВ УС-4 (Antonov US-4)) THK-5 THK-5A THK-07 - Antonov, Oleg Konstantinovich & SSBC - Türk Hava Kurumu (Antonov PS-2) THK-09 - SCHAWROW, W. B. & SSCB - Türk Hava Kurumu THK-10 THK-11 THK-12 THK-13 THK-14 THK-15 THK-16 Mehmetçik (Turkish: "Little Mehmet" ) THK-TAYSU ( Abbreviations in Turkish: Tarimsal Havacilik ve Yangin Söndürme Uçagi) Agricultural Aviation and Fire Fighting Aircraft | [
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765924 | 1 | World War I occupation and beyond After calling on the German colony to surrender on 6 August 1914, French and British troops invaded unopposed the next day. No military personnel were stationed in the protectorate. The police force consisted of a commander and deputy commander, 10 German sergeants, 1 native sergeant and 660 Togolese policemen deployed throughout the territory.Haupt, p. 79 The Entente forces occupied Lomé, then advanced on a powerful new radio station near Kamina, east of Atakpamé. The colony surrendered on 26 August 1914, after the German technicians who had built the radio installation destroyed the station during the night of 24/25 August. In the weeks before the destruction, Kamerun, German Southwest Africa, German East Africa and 47 ships on the high seas were sent reports of Allied actions, as well as warnings of trouble ahead.Haupt, p. 87 On 27 December 1916, Togoland was separated into French and British administrative zones. After the end of World War I, newly established Czechoslovakia tried unsuccessfully to acquire the colony . Following the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, on 20 July 1922, Togoland formally became a League of Nations Class B mandate divided into French Togoland and British Togoland, covering respectively about two-thirds and one-third of the territory. | World War I occupation and beyond After calling on the German colony to surrender on 6 August 1914, French and British troops invaded unopposed the next day. No military personnel were stationed in the protectorate. The police force consisted of a commander and deputy commander, 10 German sergeants, 1 native sergeant and 660 Togolese policemen deployed throughout the territory.Haupt, p. 79 The Entente forces occupied Lomé, then advanced on a powerful new radio station near Kamina, east of Atakpamé. The colony surrendered on 26 August 1914, after the German technicians who had built the radio installation destroyed the station during the night of 24/25 August. In the weeks before the destruction, Kamerun, German Southwest Africa, German East Africa and 47 ships on the high seas were sent reports of Allied actions, as well as warnings of trouble ahead.Haupt, p. 87 On 27 December 1916, Togoland was separated into French and British administrative zones. After the end of World War I, members of the newly established Czechoslovakia government considered acquiring the colony as Czechoslovak Togo, but the idea never proceeded past creating a flag . Following the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, on 20 July 1922, Togoland formally became a League of Nations Class B mandate divided into French Togoland and British Togoland, covering respectively about two-thirds and one-third of the territory. | [
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766488 | 1 | History Support for competing ideas and robust debate can be found in the philosophy of John Milton in his work Areopagitica in 1644 and also John Stuart Mill in his book On Liberty in 1859. However, the more precise metaphor of a marketplace of ideas comes from the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States. The first reference to the "free trade in ideas" within "the competition of the market" appears in Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s dissent in Abrams v. United States.Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919) The actual phrase "marketplace of ideas" first appears in a concurring opinion by Justice William O. Douglas in the Supreme Court decision United States v. Rumely in 1953: "Like the publishers of newspapers, magazines, or books, this publisher bids for the minds of men in the market place of ideas". The Supreme Court's 1969 decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio enshrined the marketplace of ideas as the dominant public policy in American free speech law (that is, against which narrow exceptions to freedom of speech must be justified by specific countervailing public policies). While the previous cases dealt with natural persons, the 1976 decision Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council expanded it to corporations by creating a curtailed corporate commercial speech right, striking down a government regulation of advertising in the process. It has not been seriously questioned since in United States jurisprudence, but the legacy of those decisions have led to subsequent decisions like Citizens United v. FEC that curtailed the government's ability to regulate corporate speech and much more expansive advertising campaigns, commercial and political than Americans had experienced previously. The general idea that free speech should be tolerated because it will lead toward the truth has a long history."How Much Does a Belief Cost? Revisiting the Marketplace of Ideas", Gregory Brazeal, Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, vol. 21 no. 1, pp. 2–10 (2011). English poet John Milton suggested that restricting speech was not necessary because "in a free and open encounter" truth would prevail.John Milton, Areopagitica, in Areopagitica and Of Education 1, 50 (Harlan Davidson, Inc. 1951) [1644]. President Thomas Jefferson argued that it is safe to tolerate "error of opinion [...] where reason is left free to combat it".Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1801), in Writings 492, 493 (Merrill D. Peterson ed. 1984). Fredrick Siebert echoed the idea that free expression is self-correcting in Four Theories of the Press: "Let all with something to say be free to express themselves. The true and sound will survive. The false and unsound will be vanquished. Government should keep out of the battle and not weigh the odds in favor of one side or the other".Siebert, Fred S. "The Libertarian Theory" in Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm's Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do, p. 45. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. (1963). These writers did not rely on the economic analogy to a market . | History Support for competing ideas and robust debate can be found in the philosophy of John Milton in his work Areopagitica in 1644 and also John Stuart Mill in his book On Liberty in 1859. The general idea that free speech should be tolerated because it will lead toward the truth has a long history."How Much Does a Belief Cost? Revisiting the Marketplace of Ideas", Gregory Brazeal, Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, vol. 21 no. 1, pp. 2–10 (2011). English poet John Milton suggested that restricting speech was not necessary because "in a free and open encounter" truth would prevail.John Milton, Areopagitica, in Areopagitica and Of Education 1, 50 (Harlan Davidson, Inc. 1951) [1644]. President Thomas Jefferson argued that it is safe to tolerate "error of opinion [...] where reason is left free to combat it".Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1801), in Writings 492, 493 (Merrill D. Peterson ed. 1984). Fredrick Siebert echoed the idea that free expression is self-correcting in Four Theories of the Press: "Let all with something to say be free to express themselves. The true and sound will survive. The false and unsound will be vanquished. Government should keep out of the battle and not weigh the odds in favor of one side or the other".Siebert, Fred S. "The Libertarian Theory" in Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm's Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do, p. 45. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. (1963). These writers did not rely on the economic analogy to a market . However, the more precise metaphor of a marketplace of ideas comes from the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States. The first reference to the "free trade in ideas" within "the competition of the market" appears in 1919 within US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s dissent in Abrams v. United States.Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919) The actual phrase "marketplace of ideas" first appears in a concurring opinion by Justice William O. Douglas in the Supreme Court decision United States v. Rumely in 1953: "Like the publishers of newspapers, magazines, or books, this publisher bids for the minds of men in the market place of ideas". The Supreme Court's 1969 decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio enshrined the marketplace of ideas as the dominant public policy in American free speech law (that is, against which narrow exceptions to freedom of speech must be justified by specific countervailing public policies). While the previous cases dealt with natural persons, the 1976 decision Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council expanded it to corporations by creating a curtailed corporate commercial speech right, striking down a government regulation of advertising in the process. It has not been seriously questioned since in United States jurisprudence, but the legacy of those decisions have led to subsequent decisions like Citizens United v. FEC that curtailed the government's ability to regulate corporate speech and much more expansive advertising campaigns, commercial and political than Americans had experienced previously . | [
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766488 | 2 | However, the more precise metaphor of a marketplace of ideas comes from the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States. The first reference to the "free trade in ideas" within "the competition of the market" appears in 1919 within US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s dissent in Abrams v. United States.Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919) The actual phrase "marketplace of ideas" first appears in a concurring opinion by Justice William O. Douglas in the Supreme Court decision United States v. Rumely in 1953: "Like the publishers of newspapers, magazines, or books, this publisher bids for the minds of men in the market place of ideas". The Supreme Court's 1969 decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio enshrined the marketplace of ideas as the dominant public policy in American free speech law (that is, against which narrow exceptions to freedom of speech must be justified by specific countervailing public policies). While the previous cases dealt with natural persons, the 1976 decision Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council expanded it to corporations by creating a curtailed corporate commercial speech right, striking down a government regulation of advertising in the process. It has not been seriously questioned since in United States jurisprudence, but the legacy of those decisions have led to subsequent decisions like Citizens United v. FEC that curtailed the government's ability to regulate corporate speech and much more expansive advertising campaigns, commercial and political than Americans had experienced previously. Reliability In recent years, questions have arisen regarding the existence of markets in ideas. Several scholars have noted differences between the way ideas are produced and consumed and the way more traditional goods are produced and consumed.See, e.g., How Much Does a Belief Cost? Revisiting the Marketplace of Ideas, Gregory Brazeal, Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, vol. 21 no. 1, p. 1 (2011); The Competition of Ideas: Market or Garden?, Robert Sparrow & Robert Goodin, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, vol. 4 no. 2, p. 45 (2001); Speech, Truth, and the Free Market for Ideas, Alvin I. Goldman & James C. Cox, Legal Theory, vol. 2, p. 1 (1996). It has also been argued that the idea of the marketplace of ideas as applied to religion "incorrectly assumes a level playing field" among religions.See, e.g., Makau Mutua, Facilitating Freedom of Religion or Belief, A Deskbook. In addition, the idea of a marketplace of ideas has been applied to the study of scientific research as a social institution . Economic historian Joel Mokyr argues in his 2017 book A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy that political fragmentation in Europe (the presence of a large number of European states) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive, as entrepreneurs, innovators, ideologues, and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities. This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced, large unitary empires such as China and India. China had both a printing press and movable type, and India had similar levels scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700, yet the Industrial Revolution would occur in Europe, not China or India. In Europe, political fragmentation was coupled with an "integrated market for ideas" where Europe's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin, had a shared intellectual basis in Europe's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters . | Economic historian Joel Mokyr argues in his 2017 book A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy that political fragmentation in Europe (the presence of a large number of European states) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive, as entrepreneurs, innovators, ideologues, and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities. This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced, large unitary empires such as China and India. China had both a printing press and movable type, and India had similar levels scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700, yet the Industrial Revolution would occur in Europe, not China or India. In Europe, political fragmentation was coupled with an "integrated market for ideas" where Europe's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin, had a shared intellectual basis in Europe's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters. However, the more precise metaphor of a marketplace of ideas comes from the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States. The first reference to the "free trade in ideas" within "the competition of the market" appears in 1919 within US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s dissent in Abrams v. United States.Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919) The actual phrase "marketplace of ideas" first appears in a concurring opinion by Justice William O. Douglas in the Supreme Court decision United States v. Rumely in 1953: "Like the publishers of newspapers, magazines, or books, this publisher bids for the minds of men in the market place of ideas". The Supreme Court's 1969 decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio enshrined the marketplace of ideas as the dominant public policy in American free speech law (that is, against which narrow exceptions to freedom of speech must be justified by specific countervailing public policies). While the previous cases dealt with natural persons, the 1976 decision Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council expanded it to corporations by creating a curtailed corporate commercial speech right, striking down a government regulation of advertising in the process. It has not been seriously questioned since in United States jurisprudence, but the legacy of those decisions have led to subsequent decisions like Citizens United v. FEC that curtailed the government's ability to regulate corporate speech and much more expansive advertising campaigns, commercial and political than Americans had experienced previously. Reliability In recent years, questions have arisen regarding the existence of markets in ideas. Several scholars have noted differences between the way ideas are produced and consumed and the way more traditional goods are produced and consumed.See, e.g., How Much Does a Belief Cost? Revisiting the Marketplace of Ideas, Gregory Brazeal, Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, vol. 21 no. 1, p. 1 (2011); The Competition of Ideas: Market or Garden?, Robert Sparrow & Robert Goodin, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, vol. 4 no. 2, p. 45 (2001); Speech, Truth, and the Free Market for Ideas, Alvin I. Goldman & James C. Cox, Legal Theory, vol. 2, p. 1 (1996). 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766715 | 1 | An incantation, a spell, a charm, an enchantment or a bewitchery, is a magical formula intended to trigger a magical effect on a person or objects. The formula can be spoken, sung or chanted. An incantation can also be performed during ceremonial rituals or prayers. In the world of magic, incantations are said to be performed by wizards, witches, and fairies . In medieval literature, folklore, fairy tales, and modern fantasy fiction, enchantments are charms or spells. This has led to the terms "enchanter" and "enchantress" for those who use enchantments. The term was loaned into English around AD 1300. The corresponding native English term being "galdr" "song, spell". The weakened sense "delight" (compare the same development of "charm") is modern, first attested in 1593 (OED). | An incantation, a spell, a charm, an enchantment or a bewitchery, is a magical formula intended to trigger a magical effect on a person or objects. The formula can be spoken, sung or chanted. An incantation can also be performed during ceremonial rituals or prayers. In the world of magic, wizards, witches, and fairiesincantations allegedly perform incantations . In medieval literature, folklore, fairy tales, and modern fantasy fiction, enchantments are charms or spells. This has led to the terms "enchanter" and "enchantress" for those who use enchantments. The English language borrowed the term "incantation" from Old French in the late 14th century; the corresponding native English term was "galdr" "song, spell". The weakened sense "delight" (compare the same development of "charm") is modern, first attested in 1593 (OED). | [
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766888 | 1 | Psychopathology is the study of abnormal cognitions, behavior and experiences . It can be broadly separated into descriptive and explanatory. Descriptive psychopathology involves categorizing, defining and understanding symptoms as reported by people and observed through their behavior . Explanatory psychopathology looks to find explanations for certain kinds of symptoms according to theoretical models such as psychodynamics or cognitive behavioral therapy . A practitioner in a clinical or academic field is referred to as a psychopathologist. Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological etiology of abnormal cognitions, behavior and experiences. Child psychopathology is a specialization applied to children and adolescents. Animal psychopathology is a specialization applied to non-human animals. History Early explanations for mental illnesses were influenced by religious belief and superstition. Psychological conditions that are now classified as mental disorders were initially attributed to possessions by evil spirits, demons, and the devil. This idea was widely accepted up until the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Individuals who suffered from these so-called "possessions" were tortured as treatment . Doctors used this technique in hoping to bring their patients back to sanity . Those who failed to return to sanity after torture were executed . The Greek physician Hippocrates was one of the first to reject the idea that mental disorders were caused by possession of demons or the devil. He firmly believed the symptoms of mental disorders were due to diseases originating in the brain. Hippocrates suspected that these states of insanity were due to imbalances of fluids in the body. He identified these fluids to be four in particular: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. Furthermore, not far from Hippocrates, the philosopher Plato would come to argue the mind, body, and spirit worked as a unit. Any imbalance brought to these compositions of the individual could bring distress or lack of harmony within the individual. This philosophical idea would remain in perspective until the seventeenth century. In the nineteenth century, greatly influenced by Rousseau's ideas and philosophy, Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud would bring about psychotherapy and become the father of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Talking therapy would originate from his ideas on the individual's experiences and the natural human efforts to make sense of the world and life . | Psychopathology is the study of abnormal cognitions, behaviour and experiences which differs according to social norms and rests upon a number of constructs that are deemed to be the social norm at any particular era . It can be broadly separated into descriptive and explanatory. Descriptive psychopathology involves categorizing, defining and understanding symptoms as reported by people and observed through their behavior which are then assessed according to a social norm . Explanatory psychopathology looks to find explanations for certain kinds of symptoms according to theoretical models such as psychodynamics , cognitive behavioral therapy or through understanding how they have been constructed by drawing upon Constructivist Grounded Theory (Charmaz, 2016) or Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2013) . A practitioner in a clinical or academic field is referred to as a psychopathologist. Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological etiology of abnormal cognitions, behavior and experiences. Child psychopathology is a specialization applied to children and adolescents. Animal psychopathology is a specialization applied to non-human animals. This concept is linked to the philosophical ideas first outlined by Galton (1869) and is linked to the appliance of eugenical ideations around what constitutes the human. History Early explanations for mental illnesses were influenced by religious belief and superstition. Psychological conditions that are now classified as mental disorders were initially attributed to possessions by evil spirits, demons, and the devil. This idea was widely accepted up until the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Individuals who suffered from these so-called "possessions" were tortured as treatment or as Foucault outlines in the History of Madness: viewed as seers (Joan of Arc). Religious practitioners used this technique in hoping to bring their patients back to sanity but increasingly there was the shift to the great confinement . The Greek physician Hippocrates was one of the first to reject the idea that mental disorders were caused by possession of demons or the devil. He firmly believed the symptoms of mental disorders were due to diseases originating in the brain. Hippocrates suspected that these states of insanity were due to imbalances of fluids in the body. He identified these fluids to be four in particular: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. This later became the basis of the chemical imbalance theory used widely within the present. Furthermore, not far from Hippocrates, the philosopher Plato would come to argue the mind, body, and spirit worked as a unit. Any imbalance brought to these compositions of the individual could bring distress or lack of harmony within the individual. This philosophical idea would remain in perspective until the seventeenth century. It was later challenged by Laing (1960) along with Laing and Esterson (1964) who noted that it was the family environment that led to the formation of adaptive strategies. In the nineteenth century, greatly influenced by Rousseau's ideas and philosophy, Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud would bring about psychotherapy and become the father of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Talking therapy would originate from his ideas on the individual's experiences and the natural human efforts to make sense of the world and life . In the Wednesday meetings at Vienna, Adler took another perspective and stated it was rooted in the social life of the individual as outlined in his collected works (Adler, 1999) . | [
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767281 | 1 | The person empowered to issue the imprimatur is the local ordinary of the author or of the place of publication. If he refuses to grant an imprimatur for a work that has received a favourable nihil obstat from the censor, he must inform the author of the reasons for doing so. This gives the author the opportunity to make changes so as to overcome the ordinary's difficulty in granting approval.<ref name="newadvent1">{{cite URL |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Censorship of Books |publisher=Newadvent.org |access-date=2013-01-22 }}</ref> It is often in the form of a letter, possibly on stationery, and generally includes not only "approbation, recommendation, or endorsement" of the work, but also a blessing for the success of the author in this and other URL As a result, at times a Haskama given to the author is printed, verbatim, in later works from the same authoras evidenced by new works from major publishers including Haskamos (=plural of Haskama) from rabbinic scholars no longer in this URL first Haskama in Volume I of , a 4 volume set, says "(originally written for ... and included here with permission from ...)." The last is a 2-page "Blessings from the Author's Father." | The person empowered to issue the imprimatur is the local ordinary of the author or of the place of publication. If he refuses to grant an imprimatur for a work that has received a favourable nihil obstat from the censor, he must inform the author of the reasons for doing so. This gives the author the opportunity to make changes so as to overcome the ordinary's difficulty in granting approval.<ref name="newadvent1">{{cite web URL |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Censorship of Books |publisher=Newadvent.org |access-date=2013-01-22 |archive-date=2020-11-27 URL |url-status=live }}</ref> It is often in the form of a letter, possibly on stationery, and generally includes not only "approbation, recommendation, or endorsement" of the work, but also a blessing for the success of the author in this and other accomplishments. As a result, at times a Haskama given to the author is printed, verbatim, in later works from the same authoras evidenced by new works from major publishers including Haskamos (=plural of Haskama) from rabbinic scholars no longer in this world.The first Haskama in Volume I of , a 4 volume set, says "(originally written for ... and included here with permission from ...)." The last is a 2-page "Blessings from the Author's Father." | [
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768309 | 1 | Entrance into the enclave economy is dependent upon the conditions of incorporation experienced by the individual . Unfavorable modes of incorporation into the host society provide incentives for immigrants to enter the informal economy. Discrimination, hostility and lack of resources may encourage immigrants to enter into informal forms of employmentfor survival . Ethnic enclaves are rich in informal activities, as the entrepreneurial services making the core of the enclave's founding were historically informal ventures. Informality proves favorable for immigrant entrepreneurships, allowing them to bypass costly regulations. Additionally, the scope of employment for immigrants is greatly widened by the availability of informal jobs in the enclave economic sector. The informality of the enclave economy is also a reason for risk and fraud. Informal activities are constantly under risk of detection by the formal sector, which has a negative effect on job security. Furthermore, due to the absence of legal framework, immigrant laborers often remain silent about various forms of exploitation. The most common form of labor exploitation in immigrant economies is unpaid labor. Undocumented immigrants are especially afraid to report violations of labor laws and exploitation.Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette. "Blowups and Other Unhappy Endings" in Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy by Barbara Enrehnreich and Arlie Hochschild. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002. | An individual's entrance into the enclave economy is dependent upon the conditions of incorporation they experience . Unfavorable modes of incorporation into the host society provide incentives for immigrants to enter the informal economy. Discrimination, hostility , and a lack of resources may encourage immigrants to enter into informal employment. . Ethnic enclaves are rich in informal activities, as the entrepreneurial services making the core of the enclave's founding were historically informal ventures. Informality proves favorable for immigrant entrepreneurships, allowing them to bypass costly regulations. Additionally, the scope of employment for immigrants is greatly widened by the availability of informal jobs in the enclave economic sector. The informality of the enclave economy is also a reason for risk and fraud. Informal activities are constantly under risk of detection by the formal sector, which has a negative effect on job security. Furthermore, due to the absence of legal framework, immigrant laborers often remain silent about various forms of exploitation. The most common form of labor exploitation in immigrant economies is unpaid labor. Undocumented immigrants are especially afraid to report violations of labor laws and exploitation.Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette. "Blowups and Other Unhappy Endings" in Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy by Barbara Enrehnreich and Arlie Hochschild. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002. | [
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7685232 | 1 | The second type are popular prints, mainly British, produced in the early or mid-19th century, normally showing actors in their roles, though Napoleon I in his study was another subject. These were sold in plain or hand-coloured and tinselled versions, and the plain versions were often tinselled at home. Tin-foil tinsel in different colours, mostly in pre-stamped shapes, was applied with glue , using stencils . The theatrical prints cost one penny plain, and two coloured, with a standard size of about 12 by 10 inches (250 x 200 mm). Actors, whether heros or villains, were more often represented than actresses. The artists are not named but the prolific political cartoonist and illustrator George Cruikshank is suspected of being involved."Grove" The same technique became popular for the cut-out figures used in toy theatres, a craze of the period. A wide range of supplies for home-tinselling were available, or pre-tinselled figures could be bought.Rickards, 328 | The second type are popular prints, mainly British, produced in the early or mid-19th century, normally showing actors in their roles, though Napoleon I in his study was another subject. These were sold in plain or hand-coloured and tinselled versions, and the plain versions were often tinselled at home. Tin-foil tinsel in different colours, mostly in pre-stamped shapes, was applied with glue . The theatrical prints cost one penny plain, and two coloured, with a standard size of about 12 by 10 inches (250 x 200 mm). Actors, whether heros or villains, were more often represented than actresses. The artists are not named but the prolific political cartoonist and illustrator George Cruikshank is suspected of being involved."Grove" Many prints also used fabric pieces and other additions (such as the plume of Mr Haines' helmet above). Prints with fabric are called "dressed prints"; this seems to have begun in 18th-century France as a hobby, mainly on devotional images. The same technique became popular for the smaller cut-out figures used in toy theatres, a craze of the period. A wide range of supplies for home-tinselling were available, or pre-tinselled figures could be bought.Rickards, 328 | [
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7691988 | 1 | Anthropometric data sheet (both sides) of Alphonse Bertillon, a pioneer in anthropological criminology Anthropological criminology (sometimes referred to as criminal anthropology, literally a combination of the study of the human species and the study of criminals) is a field of offender profiling, based on perceived links between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the offender. Although similar to physiognomy and phrenology, the term "criminal anthropology" is generally reserved for the works of the Italian school of criminology of the late 19th century (Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo and Lorenzo Tenchini). Lombroso thought that criminals were born with inferior physiological differences which were detectable . He popularized the notion of "born criminal" and thought that criminality was an atavism or hereditary disposition. His central idea was to locate crime completely within the individual and utterly divorce it from the surrounding social conditions and structures. A founder of the Positivist school of criminology, Lombroso opposed the social positivism developed by the Chicago school and environmental criminology. In the 19th century, Cesare Lombroso and his followers, performed autopsies on criminals and declared that they had discovered similarities between the physiologies of the bodies and those of "primitive humans" , monkeys and apes. Most of these similarities involved receding foreheads, height, head shape and size, and based on these Lombroso postulated the theory of the ‘born criminal’. Lombroso also declared that the female offender was worse than the male, as they had strong masculine characteristics. Lombroso outlined 14 physiognomic characteristics which he and his followers believed to be common in all criminals : unusually short or tall height; small head, but large face; fleshy lips, but thin upper lip; protuberances (bumps) on head, in back of head and around ear; wrinkles on forehead and face; large sinus cavities or bumpy face; tattoos on body; receding hairline; bumps on head, particularly above left ear; large incisors; bushy eyebrows, tending to meet across nose; large eye sockets, but deep-set eyes; beaked or flat nose; strong jaw line; small and sloping forehead; small or weak chin; thin neck; sloping shoulders, but large chest; large, protruding ears; long arms; high cheek bones; pointy or snubbed fingers or toes. During Lombroso's life, British scientist Charles Buckman Goring (1870–1919) was also working in the same area, and concluded that there were no noticeable physiological differences between law-abiding people and those who committed crimes . Maurice Parmelee, seen as the founder of modern criminology in America, also began to reject the theory of anthropological criminology in 1911, which led to its eventual withdrawal from the field of accepted criminology research. | Anthropometric data sheet (both sides) of Alphonse Bertillon, a pioneer in anthropological criminology Anthropological criminology (sometimes referred to as criminal anthropology, literally a combination of the study of the human species and the study of criminals) is a field of offender profiling, based on perceived links between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the offender. Although similar to physiognomy and phrenology, the term "criminal anthropology" is generally reserved for the works of the Italian school of criminology of the late 19th century (Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo and Lorenzo Tenchini). Lombroso thought that criminals were born with detectable inferior physiological differences . He popularized the notion of "born criminal" and thought that criminality was a case of atavism or hereditary disposition. His central idea was to locate crime completely within the individual and divorce it from surrounding social conditions and structures. A founder of the Positivist school of criminology, Lombroso opposed the social positivism developed by the Chicago school and environmental criminology. In the 19th century, Cesare Lombroso and his followers, performed autopsies on criminals and declared that they had discovered similarities between the physiologies of the bodies and those of "primitive humans" such as monkeys and apes. Most of these similarities involved receding foreheads, height, head shape , and size: Lombroso postulated the theory of the 'born criminal' based on these physical characteristics. Moreover, he also declared that the female offender was worse than the male, as they had distinct masculine characteristics. Lombroso outlined 14 physiognomic characteristics which he and his followers believed to be common in all criminals , some of which but are not limited to : unusually short or tall height; small head, but large face; fleshy lips, but thin upper lip; protuberances (bumps) on head, in back of head and around ear; wrinkles on forehead and face; large sinus cavities or bumpy face; tattoos on body; receding hairline; bumps on head, particularly above left ear; large incisors; bushy eyebrows, tending to meet across nose; large eye sockets, but deep-set eyes; beaked or flat nose; strong jaw line; small and sloping forehead; small or weak chin; thin neck; sloping shoulders, but large chest; large, protruding ears; long arms; high cheek bones; pointy or snubbed fingers or toes. 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7692848 | 1 | Further research in the theory has produced inconclusive results. Offenders have been found both with a solid belief in their moral obligations, and without. Travis Hirschi, a social bond theorist, also raised the question as to whether the offender develops these techniques to neutralise their qualms regarding offending before or after they actually commit the offence.Sykes and Matza's Techniques of Neutralization (Drift Theory) Neutralization Theory was introduced by Sykes and Matza in 1957, facing the then prevailing criminological wisdom that offenders engage in crime because they adhere to an oppositional subcultural rule set that values law breaking and violence, they rejected this perspective. Subsequent research revealed that the original formulation of the Sykes and Matza's theory explains only the behavior of "conventionally attached individuals" not those of "nonconventionally oriented individuals" such as "criminally embedded street offenders". Professor Volkan Topalli, at Georgia State University, in his article The Seductive Nature of Autotelic Crime: How Neutralization Theory Serves as a Boundary Condition for Understanding Hardcore Street Offending, explains that for those groups "guilt is not an issue at all because their crimes are not only considered acceptable, but attractive and desirable".TOPALLI, Volkan, Prof. The Seductive Nature of Autotelic Crime: How Neutralization Theory Serves as a Boundary Condition for Understanding Hardcore Street Offending, Digital Object Identifier 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2006.00167.x | Further research in the hypothesis has produced inconclusive results. Offenders have been found both with a solid belief in their moral obligations, and without. Travis Hirschi, a social bond theorist, also raised the question as to whether the offender develops these techniques to neutralise their qualms regarding offending before or after they actually commit the offence.Sykes and Matza's Techniques of Neutralization (Drift Theory) The Neutralization Hypothosis was introduced by Sykes and Matza in 1957, facing the then prevailing criminological wisdom that offenders engage in crime because they adhere to an oppositional subcultural rule set that values law breaking and violence, they rejected this perspective. Subsequent research revealed that the original formulation of the Sykes and Matza's theory explains only the behavior of "conventionally attached individuals" not those of "nonconventionally oriented individuals" such as "criminally embedded street offenders". Professor Volkan Topalli, at Georgia State University, in his article The Seductive Nature of Autotelic Crime: How Neutralization Theory Serves as a Boundary Condition for Understanding Hardcore Street Offending, explains that for those groups "guilt is not an issue at all because their crimes are not only considered acceptable, but attractive and desirable".TOPALLI, Volkan, Prof. The Seductive Nature of Autotelic Crime: How Neutralization Theory Serves as a Boundary Condition for Understanding Hardcore Street Offending, Digital Object Identifier 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2006.00167.x | [
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769532 | 1 | The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar (after its capital Sennar) or Blue Sultanate due to the traditional Sudanese convention of referring to black people as blue ()Ogot 1999, p. 91 was a monarchy in what is now Sudan, northwestern Eritrea and western Ethiopia. Founded in 1504 by the Funj people, it quickly converted to Islam, although this embrace was only nominal. Until a more orthodox Islam took hold in the 17th century, the state remained an "African-Nubian empire with a Muslim façade". It reached its peak in the late 17th century, but declined and eventually fell apart in the 19th century . In 1821, the last sultan, greatly reduced in power, surrendered to the Ottoman Egyptian invasion without a fight. | The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar (after its capital Sennar) or Blue Sultanate due to the traditional Sudanese convention of referring to black people as blue ()Ogot 1999, p. 91 was a monarchy in what is now Sudan, northwestern Eritrea and western Ethiopia. Founded in 1504 by the Funj people, it quickly converted to Islam, although this embrace was only nominal. Until a more orthodox Islam took hold in the 18th century, the state remained an "African-Nubian empire with a Muslim façade". It reached its peak in the late 17th century, but declined and eventually fell apart in the 18th and 19th centuries . In 1821, the last sultan, greatly reduced in power, surrendered to the Ottoman Egyptian invasion without a fight. | [
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7710512 | 1 | Houston and Kramarae posit that women have been silenced in many ways by for example ridiculing women's related lexicon, trivializing their opinions, ideas, and concerns, and censoring women's voices. According to the research, women’s voice can be ridicule even in a medical context. Researchers found that women’s voice can also be censored by social rituals, which advocating the subordination of women. A typical example is wedding ceremony. Scholars pointed out that many social decisions are controlled by men, including history books contents, mainstream media, communication practices, etc. One typical method to realize men’s control during a conversation between men and women is interruption. Harassment happens in public spaces such as street, workplace, or even campus . It usually would be naturalized by men, and women’s experiences and concerns about harassment would be ignored or despised in the context. Strategies of Resistance According to Houston & Kramarae (1991) and Ezster Hargittai & Aaron Shaw (2015), individuals can use the following strategies to avoid the "muting" process: Name the silencing factors, had it been men or news agencies. Reclaim, elevate and celebrate women's discourse. Create new words to the language system that are inclusive of marginalized groups and gendered words and experiences. Use media platforms (traditional and new) to voice groups. | Houston and Kramarae posit that women have been silenced in many ways by for example ridiculing women's related lexicon, trivializing their opinions, ideas, and concerns, and censoring women's voices. According to the research, women’s voice can be ridiculed even in a medical context. Researchers found that women’s voice can also be censored by social rituals, which advocate the subordination of women. A typical example is wedding ceremony. Scholars pointed out that many social decisions are controlled by men, including history book contents, mainstream media, communication practices, etc. One typical method to realize men’s control during a conversation between men and women is interruption. Harassment happens in public spaces such as on the street, workplace, or even in educational contexts . It usually would be naturalized by men, and women’s experiences and concerns about harassment would be ignored or despised in the context. Strategies of Resistance According to Houston & Kramarae (1991) and Ezster Hargittai & Aaron Shaw (2015), individuals can use the following strategies to avoid the "muting" process: Name the silencing factors, whether it has been men or news agencies. Reclaim, elevate and celebrate women's discourse. Create new words for the language system that are inclusive of marginalized groups and gendered words and experiences. Use media platforms (traditional and new) to give voice to these groups. | [
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771103 | 1 | The term was also popularized and explained by Ludwig von Mises in his 1944 work Omnipotent Government. Statolatry is literally worship of the State analogous to idolatry as worship of idols. It asserts that the glorification and aggrandizement of 'State' or 'Nation' is the object of all legitimate human aspiration at the expense of all else, including personal welfare and independent thought. Expansion of the power and influence of one's State is to be achieved, if necessary, through aggressive war and colonial adventures (i.e. imperialism). It far exceeds the patriotism of those who recognize the rights of people other than themselves to self-determination, and might best be described as super-patriotism or chauvinism. | The term was also used and popularized by Ludwig von Mises in his 1944 work Omnipotent Government. Mises defines statolatry as being literally worship of the State analogous to idolatry as worship of idols. It asserts that the glorification and aggrandizement of 'State' or 'Nation' is the object of all legitimate human aspiration at the expense of all else, including personal welfare and independent thought. Expansion of the power and influence of one's State is to be achieved, if necessary, through aggressive war and colonial adventures (i.e. imperialism). It far exceeds the patriotism of those who recognize the rights of people other than themselves to self-determination, and might best be described as super-patriotism or chauvinism. | [
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7711434 | 1 | Category:Journalists from Quebec Category:Canadian male journalists Category: Disappeared journalists Category:History of Ivory Coast Category:1949 births Category:Missing people Category:2000s missing person cases Category:French male journalists Category:Writers from Montreal Category:20th-century French journalists Category:20th-century Canadian journalists Category:21st-century French journalists Category:21st-century Canadian journalist | Category:Journalists from Quebec Category:Canadian male journalists Category: Assassinated French journalists Category:History of Ivory Coast Category:1949 births Category:2000s missing person cases Category:French male journalists Category:Writers from Montreal Category:20th-century French journalists Category:20th-century Canadian journalists Category:21st-century French journalists Category:21st-century Canadian journalist | [
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7714154 | 1 | Philosophical views Pythagoreas|Pythagorean%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% held that all creatures were being punished by the gods who imprisoned the creatures' souls in a body. Thus, any attempt to alter this punishment would be seen as a direct violation of the gods' wills.Garland, Robert; The Greek Way of Death. (London: Duckworth, 1985) 98. In the fourth century BC, the Hippocratic Oath was developed and reads, "I will not give a fatal draught to anyone if I am asked, nor will I suggest any such thing."The Guide to Life, the Universe, and Everything. BBC. “The Hippocratic Oath." 29 October 2006. Through the lens of the Hippocratic Oath, euthanasia by means of a fatal draught was forbidden. However, one of the most famous examples of deviation from this code occurred when the physician of Seneca, a philosopher and tutor of Nero, provided the scholar, who was 69 years old at the time, with poison for one of his many failed attempts at suicide. | %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% eatures were being punished by the gods who imprisoned the creatures' souls in a body. Thus, any attempt to alter this punishment would be seen as a direct violation (London: Duckworth, 1985) 98. </ref> In the fourth century BC, the Hippocratic Oath was developed and reads, "I will not give a fatal draught to anyone if I am asked, nor will I suggest any such thing."The Guide to Life, the Universe, and Everything. BBC. “The Hippocratic Oath." 29 October 2006. Through the lens of the Hippocratic Oath, euthanasia by means of a fatal draught was forbidden. However, one of the most famous examples of deviation from this code occurred when the physician of Seneca, a philosopher and tutor of Nero, provided the scholar, who was 69 years old at the time, with poison for one of his many failed attempts at suicide. | [
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771696 | 1 | Although their building was gone, the Forge continued. They re-branded themselves as the public face of alien encounters. Even Nimrod became a public figure, now calling himself Sir William Abberton. But in 2026 a deadly alien mutagen escaped from the Forge, forcing most of London to be evacuated. The Seventh Doctor arrived in the middle of this emergency, but he was younger than the version that saw the destruction of the Forge two decades previously. With the Doctor were his companions Ace and Hex. Nimrod already knew that Hex was Cassie's son, now a grown man. He played on Hex's doubts and fears and confusion to drive a wedge between him and the Doctor. He even convinced Hex to resurrect the remains of his mother, but she returned as a monstrous zombie. However, her instincts were retained and she quickly turned on Nimrod and killed him. Meanwhile, the Forge was overthrown by his second in command, Captain Aristedes, who implemented Project: Destiny . Nimrod and the Forge were destroyed. Nimrod is an unethical scientist who does not suffer fools gladly. He is cruel and sadistic, as seen in his treatment of the Huldan alien creature and of the Doctor clones he created during Project: Lazarus. He is bald and has almost completely colourless skin and lips, while his eyes are a vibrant blue. His cybernetic implants allow him to link to Oracle, the Forge's supercomputer, and also keep track of the vital signs of other Forge personnel in the vicinity. His weapon of choice is a specially designed crossbow. | Although their building was gone, the Forge continued. They re-branded themselves as the public face of alien encounters. Even Nimrod became a public figure, now calling himself Sir William Abberton. But in 2026 a deadly alien mutagen escaped from the Forge, forcing most of London to be evacuated. The Seventh Doctor arrived in the middle of this emergency, but he was younger than the version that saw the destruction of the Forge two decades previously. With the Doctor were his companions Ace and Hex. Nimrod already knew that Hex was Cassie's son, now a grown man. He played on Hex's doubts and fears and confusion to drive a wedge between him and the Doctor. He even convinced Hex to resurrect the remains of his mother, but she returned as a monstrous zombie. However, her instincts were retained and she quickly turned on Nimrod and killed him. Meanwhile, the Forge was overthrown by his second in command, Captain Aristedes, whose initial hostility at the Doctor for his role in the destruction of the Forge shifted to Nimrod when the Doctor devised a cure for the mutagen that Nimrod explicitly modified to kill the victims rather than cure them. Aristedes thus implemented Project: Destiny , and Nimrod and the Forge were destroyed. Personality Nimrod is an unethical scientist who does not suffer fools gladly. He is cruel and sadistic, as seen in his treatment of the Huldan alien creature and of the Doctor clones he created during Project: Lazarus. He is bald and has almost completely colourless skin and lips, while his eyes are a vibrant blue. His cybernetic implants allow him to link to Oracle, the Forge's supercomputer, and also keep track of the vital signs of other Forge personnel in the vicinity. His weapon of choice is a specially designed crossbow. | [
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7723926 | 1 | Biseriate is a botanical term applied to both the kingdom plantae , and fungi, meaning 'arranged in two rows'. This can refer to any number of structures within these kingdoms, from arrangement of leaves , to the placement of spores. This becomes useful in placing a species within a certain genus, family, or even order based upon morphology when making an initial choice , or when DNA evidence is inconclusive. | Biseriate is a botanical term applied to both plantae and fungi, meaning 'arranged in two rows'. The term can refer to any number of structures found within these kingdoms, from arrangement of leaves to the placement of spores. It becomes useful in taxonomy for placing a species within a certain genus, family, or even order , based upon morphology , when making an initial choice or when DNA evidence is inconclusive. | [
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772923 | 1 | History Traditionally home-made from (and stuffed with) spare scraps of material, they are one of the oldest children's toys in existence. The British Museum has a Roman rag doll, found in a child's grave dating from the 1st-5th century AD.British museum exhibit Historically, rag dolls have been used ascomfort objects, and to teach young children nurturing skills. They were often used to teach children how to sew, as the children could practice sewing clothes for the doll and make some simple dolls themselves.Reef, Catherine. “Childhood in the United States, 1790–1850.” Childhood in America, Facts On File, 2002. American History Online. Accessed 1 Dec. 2018. In America, from the colonial era up to the early 20th century, children of various statuses would play with dolls made from rags or cornhusks.Reef, Catherine. “Childhood in the Western United States, 1840–1918.” Childhood in America, Facts On File, 2002. History. Accessed 1 Dec. 2018. Mass production of rag dolls began around 1830, when fabric color printing was first developed."Fabric and rag dolls." Miller's Antiques Encyclopedia, edited by Judith Miller, Mitchell Beazley, 2nd edition, 2003. Credo Reference. Accessed 1 Dec. 2018. Types%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Amish Faceless Amish dolls%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Amish dolls are a type of traditional American rag dolls which originated as children's toys among the Old Order Amish people. The best-known type have no facial features. Mexican "Maria" rag dolls are associated with the Otomi people of Querétaro, Mexico.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Commercially produced Today, many rag dolls are commercially produced to simulate the features of the original home-made dolls, such as simple features, soft cloth bodies, and patchwork clothing. One prominent example of a commercially produced ragdoll is the Raggedy Ann doll. Raggedy Ann first appeared in 1918 as the main character of a series of children's stories by Johnny Gruelle. Raggedy Andy, her brother, was introduced in 1920.Hovde, Karen. "Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, Gale, 2013. U.S. History in Context. Accessed 2 Dec. 2018. Traditional materials In their earlier forms, rag dolls were made out of cloth scraps or cornhusks. In the 19th and 20th century, rag dolls were made out of stockinette, felt, or velvet.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% In popular culture Rag dolls have featured in a number of children's stories, like the 19th century character Golliwogg, Raggedy Ann in the 1918 book by Johnny Gruelle and the British children's television series Bagpuss and Ragdolly Anna. The character of Sally from The Nightmare Before Christmas is also a rag doll. In the Lilo Stitch franchise, Lilo Pelekai owns a rag doll that she made herself named Scrump, who she holds onto as a comfort object. | History %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% These are scary asf dont buy them( I did in caps but they dont accept it) Im saving yall flat as | [
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772975 | 1 | In 1956 he was a colonel and the commander of an armoured division stationed in Budapest when he was sent to suppress the Hungarian Uprising, but on making contact with the insurgents he decided to join them, helping to defend the Kilian Barracks. He was the most prominent member of the Hungarian military to change sides, allying himself with the insurgents rather than with Gerő's communist government. As the chief military presence on the insurgents' side he came into contact with the new government , and enjoyed a rapid promotion from colonel to general, and on 29 October was appointed Minister of Defense. On 3 November he went to Tököl, located near Budapest, to negotiate with the Soviet military forces based there. During discussions on the following day, and against international law, Soviet officers arrested Maléter at the conference and imprisoned him. He was executed along with Imre Nagy and others in a Budapest prison on 16 June 1958 , on charges of attempting to overthrow the Hungarian People's Republic. His first wife and three children went to the U.S. in the wake of the uprising, while his second wife remained in Hungary ; both wives subsequently remarried. In June 1989, on the anniversary of their deaths, Imre Nagy, Pál Maléter, three others who had died in prison and a sixth , empty coffin symbolising all those who had died were formally reburied in Budapest with full honours. | In 1956 he was a colonel and the commander of an armoured division stationed in Budapest when he was sent to suppress the Hungarian Uprising, but on making contact with the insurgents he decided to join them, helping to defend the Kilian Barracks. He was the most prominent member of the Hungarian military to change sides, allying himself with the insurgents , rather than with Ernő Gerő's communist government. As the chief military presence on the insurgents' side l, he came into contact with the new government and enjoyed a rapid promotion from colonel to general, and on 29 October , he was appointed Minister of Defense. On 3 November , he went to Tököl, located near Budapest, to negotiate with the Soviet military forces based there. During discussions on the following day, and against international law, Soviet officers arrested Maléter at the conference and imprisoned him. He was executed , along with Imre Nagy and others , in a Budapest prison on 16 June 1958 on charges of attempting to overthrow the Hungarian People's Republic. His first wife and three children went to the U.S. in the wake of the uprising, and his second wife remained in Hungary . Both wives subsequently remarried. In June 1989, on the anniversary of their deaths, Imre Nagy, Pál Maléter, three others who had died in prison and a sixth empty coffin, symbolising all those who had died , were formally reburied in Budapest with full honours. | [
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772975 | 2 | Maléter was born to Hungarian parents in Eperjes, a city in Sáros County, in the northern part of Historical Hungary, today Prešov, Slovakia. He studied medicine at the Charles University, Prague, before moving to Budapest in 1938, going to the military academy there. He fought on the Eastern Front of World War II for Axis, until captured by the Red Army. He became a Communist , trained in sabotage, fought against the Germans in Transylvania and was sent back to Hungary, where he was noted for his courage and daring. As the chief military presence on the insurgents' side l , he came into contact with the new government and enjoyed a rapid promotion from colonel to general, and on 29 October, he was appointed Minister of Defense. On 3 November, he went to Tököl, located near Budapest, to negotiate with the Soviet military forces based there. During discussions on the following day, and against international law, Soviet officers arrested Maléter at the conference and imprisoned him. | Maléter was born to Hungarian parents in Eperjes, a city in Sáros County, in the northern part of Historical Hungary, today Prešov, Slovakia. He studied medicine at the Charles University, Prague, before moving to Budapest in 1938, going to the military academy there. He fought on the Eastern Front of World War II for the Axis, until captured by the Red Army. He became a communist , trained in sabotage, fought against the Germans in Transylvania and was sent back to Hungary, where he was noted for his courage and daring. As the chief military presence on the insurgents' side , he came into contact with the new government and enjoyed a rapid promotion from colonel to general, and on 29 October, he was appointed Minister of Defense. On 3 November, he went to Tököl, located near Budapest, to negotiate with the Soviet military forces based there. During discussions on the following day, and against international law, Soviet officers arrested Maléter at the conference and imprisoned him. | [
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7735923 | 1 | In epidemiology, attributable risk or excess risk is the difference in rate of a condition between an exposed population and an unexposed population. Attributable risk is mostly calculated in cohort studies, where individuals are assembled on exposure status and followed over a period of time. Investigators count the occurrence of the diseases. The cohort is then subdivided by the level of exposure and the frequency of disease is compared between subgroups. One is considered exposed and another unexposed. The formula commonly used in Epidemiology books for attributable risk is , where = incidence in exposed and = incidence in unexposed. Once the AR is calculated, then the AR percent can be determined, which is calculated as . Population attributable risk (PAR) is the reduction in incidence that would be observed if the population were entirely unexposed, compared with its current (actual) exposure pattern. The concept was first proposed by Levin in 1953. Diversity of interpretation Greenland and Robins distinguished between excess fraction and etiologic fraction in 1988.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Etiologic fraction is the proportion of cases in the exposed population in which the exposure has played a causal role in disease development. Excess fraction, however, is the proportion of cases occurring during some period of time among the exposed population that is in excess in comparison with the unexposed. All excess cases are etiologic cases, but not vice versa. The example given by Greenland and Robins is that if one is studying cases of leukemia among soldiers in the 20 years after they were exposed to radiation from a nuclear bomb test, there may be cases that were caused by the radiation, but even if they hadn't been exposed they would have gotten leukemia anyway during the 20 years.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% From the standpoint of both law and biology it is important to measure the etiology fraction. In most epidemiological studies, PAR measures only the excess fraction. (Larger than etiologic fraction) Uses Another measure, known as the population attributable fraction (PAF), can be calculated to help guide policymakers in planning public health interventions. In practical terms, the population attributable fraction provides an indication of what the percentage reduction in the incidence rate of a disease could be in a given population if the exposure were eliminated altogether. As a hypothetical example, if all radon exposure in a community were removed, and everything else were left unchanged, the number of lung cancer cases would decrease. The population attributable fraction provides an indication of the relative reduction in new cases of the disease in the event that this could be done. In other words, it indicates the proportion of new cases of a disease within a populationthat can be said to be due to (i. e. attributable to) a particular exposure.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Combined PAR The PAR for a combination of risk factors is the proportion of the disease that can be attributed to any of the risk factors studied. The combined PAR is usually lower than the sum of individual PARs since a diseased case can simultaneously be attributed to more than one risk factor and so be counted twice. Assuming a multiplicative model with no interaction (i.e. no departure from multiplicative scale), combined PAR can be manually calculated by this formula:%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% See also Evaluation of binary classifiers Population Impact Measures Attributable risk percent | In epidemiology, attributable risk or excess risk is a term synonymous to risk difference, that has also been used to denote attributable fraction among the exposed and attributable fraction for the population. See also %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Population Impact Measures | [
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773618 | 1 | The evil demon, also known as Descartes' demon, malicious demon and evil genius, is an epistemological concept that features prominently in Cartesian philosophy. It is the first of various other hypothetical beings often referred to as demons, such as Maxwell's demon and Laplace's demons, among others, that have motivated scientists to perform new experiments and develop new technologies. In the first of his 1641 Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes imagines that an evil demon, of "utmost power and cunning has employed all his energies in order to deceive me." This evil demon is imagined to present a complete illusion of an external world, so that Descartes can say, "I shall think that the sky, the air, the earth, colours, shapes, sounds and all external things are merely the delusions of dreams which he has devised to ensnare my judgement. I shall consider myself as not having hands or eyes, or flesh, or blood or senses, but as falsely believing that I have all these things." * — originally published as: | The evil demon, also known as Descartes' demon, malicious demon and evil genius, is an epistemological concept that features prominently in Cartesian philosophy. In the first of his 1641 Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes imagines that an evil demon, of "utmost power and cunning has employed all his energies in order to deceive me." This evil demon is imagined to present a complete illusion of an external world, so that Descartes can say, "I shall think that the sky, the air, the earth, colours, shapes, sounds and all external things are merely the delusions of dreams which he has devised to ensnare my judgement. I shall consider myself as not having hands or eyes, or flesh, or blood or senses, but as falsely believing that I have all these things." — originally published as: | [
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7740544 | 1 | Atsugewi traditional narratives include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Atsugewi people of the Pit River basin of northeastern California. Atsugewi oral literature reflects the transitional position of Atsugewi culture between central California, Northwest Coast, Plateau, and Great Basin regions. (See also Traditional narratives (Native California).) On-Line Examples of Atsugewi Narratives%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% "Achomawi and Atsugewi Tales" by Roland B. Dixon (1908) Sources for Atsugewi Narratives%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Dixon, Roland B. 1908. "Achomawi and Atsugewi Tales". Journal of American Folklore 21:159-177.(Two myths collected in 1900 and 1903.) Luthin, Herbert W. 2002. Surviving through the Days: A California Indian Reader. University of California Press, Berkeley. (Two narratives recorded in 1996 and 1931, pp. 59–61, 139–151.) Swann, Brian. 1994. Coming to Light: Contemporary Translations of the Native Literatures of North America. Random House, New York. ("Silver-Gray Fox Creates Another World," recorded by Susan Brandenstein in the early 1930s, pp. 737–748.) Walters, Diane. 1977. "Coyote and Moon Woman (Apwarukeyi)". In Northern Californian Texts, edited by Victor Golla and Shirley Silver, pp. 147–157. International Journal of American Linguistics Native American Texts Series No. 2(2). University of Chicago Press. Category:Traditional narratives (Native California) Category:Fol | Atsugewi traditional narratives include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Atsugewi people of the Pit River basin of Northeastern California. Atsugewi oral literature reflects the transitional position of Atsugewi culture between Central California, Northwest Coast, Plateau, and Great Basin regions. %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% | [
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7745490 | 1 | A cultural universal (also called an anthropological universal or human universal) , as discussed by Emile Durkheim, George Murdock, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Donald Brown and others, is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide. Taken together, the whole body of cultural universals is known as the human condition. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations.Schacter, Daniel L, Daniel Wegner and Daniel Gilbert. 2007. Psychology. Worth Publishers. pp. 26–27 Some anthropological and sociological theorists that take a cultural relativist perspective may deny the existence of cultural universals: the extent to which these universals are "cultural" in the narrow sense, or in fact biologically inherited behavior is an issue of "nature versus nurture" . | A cultural universal (also called an anthropological universal or human universal) is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all known human cultures worldwide. Taken together, the whole body of cultural universals is known as the human condition. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations.Schacter, Daniel L, Daniel Wegner and Daniel Gilbert. 2007. Psychology. Worth Publishers. pp. 26–27 Some anthropological and sociological theorists that take a cultural relativist perspective may deny the existence of cultural universals: the extent to which these universals are "cultural" in the narrow sense, or in fact biologically inherited behavior is an issue of "nature versus nurture" . Prominent scholars on the topic include Emile Durkheim, George Murdock, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Donald Brown . | [
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7746391 | 1 | upright=1.35|"COVID is a lie" graffiti in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England In the psychology of human behavior, denialism is a person's choice to deny reality as a way to avoid a psychologically uncomfortable truth. Denialism is an essentially irrational action that withholds the validation of a historical experience or event, when a person refuses to accept an empirically verifiable reality. The term "COVID-19 denialism" or "new coronavirus denialism" (or viral denialism) refers to the thinking of those who deny the reality of the COVID-19 pandemic or, at the very least, deny that deaths are happening in the manner or proportions scientifically recognized by the World Health Organization. These claims are considered pseudoscientific, and the current scientific consensus supports data issued by countries' health agencies.DE TROI, M. and QUINTILIO, W. Coronavírus: lições anti-negacionistas e o futuro do planeta [online]. SciELO em Perspectiva, 2020 [viewed 25 April 2020]. | In the psychology of human behavior, denialism is a person's choice to deny reality as a way to avoid a psychologically uncomfortable truth. Denialism is an essentially irrational action that withholds the validation of a historical experience or event, when a person refuses to accept an empirically verifiable reality. upright=1.35|"COVID is a lie" graffiti in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England The term "COVID-19 denialism" or "new coronavirus denialism" (or viral denialism) refers to the thinking of those who deny the reality of the COVID-19 pandemic or, at the very least, deny that deaths are happening in the manner or proportions scientifically recognized by the World Health Organization. These claims are considered pseudoscientific, and the current scientific consensus supports data issued by countries' health agencies.DE TROI, M. and QUINTILIO, W. Coronavírus: lições anti-negacionistas e o futuro do planeta [online]. SciELO em Perspectiva, 2020 [viewed 25 April 2020]. | [
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774727 | 1 | The Greco-Buddhist art or Gandhara art of the north Indian subcontinent is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between Ancient Greek art and Buddhism , begun following Alexander the Great's brief incursion into the area, but fully flowering under the Kushan Empire of the first centuries AD. It is characterized by Buddhist subject matter, sometimes adapting Greco-Roman elements, rendered in a style and forms that are heavily influenced by Greco-Roman art. It has the strong idealistic realism and sensuous description of Hellenistic art, and it is believed to have produced the first representations of Gautama Buddha in human form, ending the early period of aniconism in Buddhism.Craven, 40, 70, 84; Harle, 126 | The Greco-Buddhist art or Gandhara art of the north Indian subcontinent is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between Ancient Greek art and Buddhism . The series of interactions leading to Gandhara art occured over time, begining with Alexander the Great's brief incursion into the area, followed by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka converting the region to Buddhism. Buddhism became the prominent religion in the Indo-Greek Kingdoms. However, Greco-Buddhist art truly flowered and spread under the Kushan Empire , when the first surviving devotional images of the Buddha were created during the 1st-3rd centuries CE. Gandhara art reached its zenith from the 3rd-5th century CE, when most surviving motifs and artworks were produced. Gandhara art is characterized by Buddhist subject matter, sometimes adapting Greco-Roman elements, rendered in a style and forms that are heavily influenced by Greco-Roman art. It has the strong idealistic realism and sensuous description of Hellenistic art, and it is believed to have produced the first representations of Gautama Buddha in human form, ending the early period of aniconism in Buddhism.Craven, 40, 70, 84; Harle, 126 | [
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7748358 | 1 | History The earth inductor compass was first patented by Donald M. Bliss in 1912 and further refined in the 1920s by Paul R. Heyl and Lyman James Briggs of the United States National Bureau of Standards, and in 1924 by Morris Titterington at the Pioneer Instrument Company in Brooklyn, New York. Heyl and Briggs were awarded the Magellan Medal of the American Philosophical Society for this work in 1922. Designed to compensate for the weaknesses of the magnetic compass, the Earth inductor compass provided pilots with a more stable and reliable reference instrument. They were used in the Douglas World Cruisers in 1924 during the Around-the-World flight by the U.S. Army Air Corps. Charles Lindbergh used the compass on his transatlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis in 1927. Over the transatlantic leg of his voyage - a distance of about - he was able to navigate with a cumulative error of about in landfall, or less than one percent of the distance travelled, by computing his position at hourly intervals by dead reckoning with the induction compass . | History The earth inductor compass was first patented by Donald M. Bliss in 1912 and further refined in the 1920s by Paul R. Heyl and Lyman James Briggs of the United States National Bureau of Standards, and in 1924 by Morris Titterington at the Pioneer Instrument Company in Brooklyn, New York. Heyl and Briggs were awarded the Magellan Medal of the American Philosophical Society for this work in 1922. Designed to compensate for the weaknesses of the magnetic compass, the Earth inductor compass provided pilots with a more stable and reliable reference instrument. They were used in the Douglas World Cruisers in 1924 during the Around-the-World flight by the U.S. Army Air Corps. Charles Lindbergh used the compass on his transatlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis in 1927. Over the transatlantic leg of his voyage - a distance of about - he was able to navigate with a cumulative error of about in landfall, or about one half of one percent of the distance travelled, by computing his heading at hourly intervals for a dead reckoning estimate of position . | [
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7757564 | 1 | Andrei Yakovlevich Eshpai (; 15 May 1925 – 8 November 2015) was an ethnic Mari (Russian and Soviet) composer. He was the son of the composer Yakov Andreyevich Eshpai, and the father of the filmmaker Andrei Andreyevich Eshpai. Category:1925 births Category:2015 deaths Category: People from Kozmodemyansk Category:Mari people Category: Russian ballet composers Category:Russian composers Category:Russian male composers Category:Soviet film score composers Category:Male film score composers Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II Category:Moscow Conservatory alumni Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship Category: 20th-century composers Category:21st-century composers Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin Category:Recipients of the Medal of Zhukov Category:Lenin Prize winners Category: Recipients of the USSR State Pri | Andrei Yakovlevich Eshpai (; 15 May 1925 – 8 November 2015) was an ethnic Mari (Russian and Soviet) composer. People's Artist of the USSR (1981). He was the son of the composer Yakov Eshpai, and the father of the filmmaker Andrei Andreyevich Eshpai. Category:1925 births Category:2015 deaths Category: 20th-century composers Category:20th-century pianists Category:21st-century composers Category:21st-century pianists Category: People from Kozmodemyansk Category:Mari people Category: Academicians of the Russian Academy of Cinema Arts and Sciences "Nika" Category:Moscow Conservatory alumni Category:Moscow Conservatory faculty Category:People's Artists of the RSFSR Category:People's Artists of the USSR Category:Recipients of the Medal of Zhukov Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship Category: Recipients of the Order of Lenin Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Star Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize Category:Lenin Prize winners Category: Male film score composers Category:Russian ballet composers Category:Russian classical musicians Category:Russian classical pianists Category:Russian film score composers Category:Russian male composers Category:Russian music educators Category:Russian pianists Category:Soviet classical musicians Category:Soviet classical pianists Category:Soviet film score composers Category:Soviet male composers Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II Category:Soviet music educators Category:Soviet pianists Category:Burials at Novodevichy Cemeter | [
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7757564 | 2 | Andrei Yakovlevich Eshpai (; 15 May 1925 – 8 November 2015) was an ethnic Mari (Russian and Soviet) composer. People's Artist of the USSR (1981). He was the son of the composer Yakov Eshpai, and the father of the filmmaker Andrei Andreyevich Eshpai. Principal works Stage Nobody Is Happier Than Me, operetta (1968–1969); libretto by V. Konstantinov and B. Ratser Love Is Forbidden, musical (1973) Angara, ballet (1974–1975) A Circle, ballet (1979–1980) Orchestral Symphonic Dances on Mari Themes (1951) Symphony no. 1 in E minor (1959) Symphony no. 2 in A major "Praise the Light" (1962) Symphony no. 3 (1964) Symphony no. 4 "Symphony-Ballet" (1980-1981) Simon Bolivar, Symphonic Poem (1982) Symphony No. 5 (1985) Symphony No. 6 "Liturgic" for mixed chorus, baritone (or bass) and symphony orchestra (1988) Symphony No. 7 (1991) Games (1997) Symphony No. 8 (2000–2001) Symphony No. 9 "Four Verses" for symphony orchestra, mixed chorus and narrators (1998–1999) Concertante Piano Concerto No. 1 in F minor (1954) Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor (1956) Concerto Grosso, Concerto for orchestra with solo trumpet, piano, vibraphone and double bass (1966–1967) Piano Concerto No. 2 (1972) Violin Concerto No. 2 (1977) Viola Concerto (1987) Cello Concerto (1989) Clarinet Concerto (1995) Flute Concerto (1992) Violin Concerto No. 3 "Bartok Concerto" (1990–1992) Violin Concerto No. 4 (1993) Oboe Concerto (1982) Concerto for trumpet, trombone and orchestra (1994–1995) Double Bass Concerto (1994–1995) Horn Concerto in F major (1995) Tuba Concerto (2001) Bassoon Concerto Opus Singularis (2001) Other 3 violin sonatas piano compositions songs | Andrei Yakovlevich Eshpai (; 15 May 1925 – 8 November 2015) was an ethnic Mari (Russian and Soviet) composer. He was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1981. Eshpai was the son of the composer Yakov Eshpai, and the father of the filmmaker Andrei Andreyevich Eshpai. Notable works Stage Nobody Is Happier Than Me, operetta (1968–1969); libretto by V. Konstantinov and B. Ratser Love Is Forbidden, musical (1973) Angara, ballet (1974–1975) A Circle, ballet (1979–1980) Orchestral Symphonic Dances on Mari Themes (1951) Symphony no. 1 in E minor (1959) Symphony no. 2 in A major "Praise the Light" (1962) Symphony no. 3 (1964) Symphony no. 4 "Symphony-Ballet" (1980-1981) Simon Bolivar, Symphonic Poem (1982) Symphony No. 5 (1985) Symphony No. 6 "Liturgic" for mixed chorus, baritone (or bass) and symphony orchestra (1988) Symphony No. 7 (1991) Games (1997) Symphony No. 8 (2000–2001) Symphony No. 9 "Four Verses" for symphony orchestra, mixed chorus and narrators (1998–1999) Concertante Piano Concerto No. 1 in F minor (1954) Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor (1956) Concerto Grosso, Concerto for orchestra with solo trumpet, piano, vibraphone and double bass (1966–1967) Piano Concerto No. 2 (1972) Violin Concerto No. 2 (1977) Viola Concerto (1987) Cello Concerto (1989) Clarinet Concerto (1995) Flute Concerto (1992) Violin Concerto No. 3 "Bartok Concerto" (1990–1992) Violin Concerto No. 4 (1993) Oboe Concerto (1982) Concerto for trumpet, trombone and orchestra (1994–1995) Double Bass Concerto (1994–1995) Horn Concerto in F major (1995) Tuba Concerto (2001) Bassoon Concerto Opus Singularis (2001) Other 3 violin sonatas piano compositions songs | [
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7757610 | 1 | Usage It was first employed in the context of Native American Studies by the Anishinaabe cultural theorist Gerald Vizenor, in his book Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance. There he explains that "Survivance is an active sense of presence, the continuance of native stories, not a mere reaction, or a survivable name. Native survivance stories are renunciations of dominance, tragedy and victimry". Gerald Vizenor , Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance (Lincoln: Nebraska, 1999), p. vii Vizenor makes the term, which is deliberately imprecise, the cornerstone of his analysis of contemporary Native American literature, culture and politics. Several critics (e.g. Alan Velie) have analysed the term as a portmanteau of "survival and endurance," and others (e.g. Jace Weaver) have read it as a portmanteau of "survival + resistance," but there does not seem to be any evidence that Vizenor had such a specific combination in mind. Rather, by changing the suffix from -al to -ance, he insists on an active survival, in which contemporary Native American peoples go beyond merely subsisting in the ruins of tribal cultures to actively inheriting and refashioning those cultures for the postmodern age. The Cherokee-descent poet Diane Glancy demonstrates the ways that an imprecise term can inspire creativity by reconfiguring it: "Poetry is rebound. A turn of writing. (Sur)vivance: Sur - a survival outside survival. Vivance - the vitality of it."Diane Glancy, "The Naked Spot: A Journey toward Survivance", in Survivance: Narratives of Native Presence, ed. Gerald Vizenor (Lincoln: Nebraska UP, 2008), p. 271. | Usage It was first employed in the context of Native American Studies by the Anishinaabe cultural theorist Gerald Vizenor, in his 1999 book Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance. Gerald Vizenor, Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance (Lincoln: Nebraska, 1999) There he explains that "Survivance is an active sense of presence, the continuance of native stories, not a mere reaction, or a survivable name. Native survivance stories are renunciations of dominance, tragedy and victimry". Vizenor ( 1999), p. vii Vizenor makes the term, which is deliberately imprecise, the cornerstone of his analysis of contemporary Native American literature, culture and politics. Several critics (e.g. Alan Velie) have analysed the term as a portmanteau of "survival and endurance," and others (e.g. Jace Weaver) have read it as a portmanteau of "survival + resistance," but there does not seem to be any evidence that Vizenor had such a specific combination in mind. Rather, by changing the suffix from -al to -ance, he insists on an active survival, in which contemporary Native American peoples go beyond merely subsisting in the ruins of tribal cultures to actively inheriting and refashioning those cultures for the postmodern age. The Cherokee-descent poet Diane Glancy demonstrates the ways that an imprecise term can inspire creativity by reconfiguring it: "Poetry is rebound. A turn of writing. (Sur)vivance: Sur - a survival outside survival. Vivance - the vitality of it."Diane Glancy, "The Naked Spot: A Journey toward Survivance", in Survivance: Narratives of Native Presence, ed. Gerald Vizenor (Lincoln: Nebraska UP, 2008), p. 271. | [
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7762062 | 1 | The Act made provisions for the nation of Belize (formerly British Honduras) to gain full independence and become a member of the Commonwealth of Nations ; prior to this, Belize had been a fully self-governing British colony . References Whitaker's Almanack: for the year 1982, complete edition, p. 364. J. Whitaker & Sons, London, 1981 Chronological table of the statutes; HMSO, London. 1993. ISBN 0-11-840331-1 Category: History of Belize Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1981 Category:1981 in Belize Category:Belize–United Kingdom relations Category:Monarchy i | The Act made provisions for the nation of Belize (formerly British Honduras) to gain full independence and become a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm ; prior to this, Belize had been a fully self-governing British colony from 1973. References Whitaker's Almanack: for the year 1982, complete edition, p. 364. J. Whitaker & Sons, London, 1981 Chronological table of the statutes; HMSO, London. 1993. ISBN 0-11-840331-1 Category: Belize and the Commonwealth of Nations Category: History of Belize Category:Independence acts in the Parliament of the United Kingdom Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1981 Category:1981 in Belize Category:Belize–United Kingdom relations Category:Monarchy i | [
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7762062 | 2 | The Belize Act 1981 (1981 c. 52) was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom. It came into operation on July 28 , 1981. Belize became independent on September 21 , 1981. | The Belize Act 1981 (1981 c. 52) was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom. It came into operation on 28 July 1981. Belize became independent on 21 September 1981. | [
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7765614 | 1 | On-Line Examples of Ohlone Narratives "Indian Myths of South Central California" by Alfred L. Kroeber (1907) Sources for Ohlone Narratives Gifford, Edward Winslow, and Gwendoline Harris Block. 1930. California Indian Nights. Arthur H. Clark, Glendale, California. (Two previously published narratives, pp. 100-102, 302-303. ) Kroeber, A. L. 1907. "Indian Myths of South Central California". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:167-250. Berkeley. (Rumsien myths, pp. 199-202. ) Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C. (Notes on origins myths, pp. 472-473. ) Ortiz, Beverly R. 1994. "Chocheño and Rumsen Narratives: A Comparison". In The Ohlone: Past and Present, edited by Lowell John Bean, pp. 99-163. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California. (Myths, mostly fragmentary and some of uncertain ethnolinguistic affiliation, collected by A. L. Kroeber in 1902, John P. Harrington in the 1920s and 1930s, and Alex Ramirez in 1991.) | Further reading "Indian Myths of South Central California" by Alfred L. Kroeber (1907) Gifford, Edward Winslow, and Gwendoline Harris Block. 1930. California Indian Nights. Arthur H. Clark, Glendale, California. (Two previously published narratives, pp. 100–102, 302–303. ) Kroeber, A. L. 1907. "Indian Myths of South Central California". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:167-250. Berkeley. (Rumsien myths, pp. 199–202. ) Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C. (Notes on origins myths, pp. 472–473. ) Ortiz, Beverly R. 1994. "Chocheño and Rumsen Narratives: A Comparison". In The Ohlone: Past and Present, edited by Lowell John Bean, pp. 99–163. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California. (Myths, mostly fragmentary and some of uncertain ethnolinguistic affiliation, collected by A. L. Kroeber in 1902, John P. Harrington in the 1920s and 1930s, and Alex Ramirez in 1991.) | [
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7773040 | 1 | Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri started out as a Harikatha exponent and then changed to Pravachan style. Recent practitioners of Harikatha include Veeragandham Venkata Subbarao, Kota Sachchidananda Sastri, Mannargudi Sambasiva Bhagavatar, Banni Bai, Mysore Sreekantha Shastry, Kamala Murthy, Embar Vijayaraghavachariar, Kalyanapuram Aravamudachariar, Vishaka hari, Gururajulu Naidu and T S Balakrishna Sastry. One of the best harikatha renderings is on the life of saint Tyagaraja by Sri Mullukutla Sadasiva Sastry from Tenali. | Recent practitioners of Harikatha include Veeragandham Venkata Subbarao, Kota Sachchidananda Sastri, Mannargudi Sambasiva Bhagavatar, Banni Bai, Mysore Sreekantha Shastry, Kamala Murthy, Embar Vijayaraghavachariar, Kalyanapuram Aravamudachariar, Vishaka hari, Gururajulu Naidu and T S Balakrishna Sastry. Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri started out as a Harikatha exponent and then changed to Pravachan style. One of the best harikatha renderings is on the life of saint Tyagaraja by Mullukutla Sadasiva Sastry from Tenali. | [
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7773040 | 2 | Bhadragiri Achyuta Das performing Harikathe in Kannada. Harikatha (Kannada: ಹರಿಕಥೆ : Harikathe; Telugu: హరికథ : Harikatha; Marathi: हरीपाठ : Haripatha ) , literally " Story of Lord Hari", also known as Harikatha Kaalakshepam in Telugu and Tamil ( Spending time to listen to Hari's story (Katha) ), is a form of Hindu traditional discourse in which the storyteller explores a traditional theme, usually the life of a saint or a story from an Indian epic. The person telling the story through songs, music and narration is called a Haridasa. Harikatha is a composite art form composed of storytelling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy most prevalent in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, and Karnataka. Any Hindu religious theme may be the subject for the Harikatha. At its peak Harikatha was a popular medium of entertainment, which helped transmit cultural, educational and religious values to the masses. The main aim of Hari Katha is to imbue truth and righteousness in the minds of people and sow the seeds of devotion in them. Another of the aims is to educate them about knowledge of self (atman ) through stories and show them the path of liberation. | Bhadragiri Achyuta Das performing Harikathe in Kannada. Harikatha (Kannada: ಹರಿಕಥೆ : Harikathe; Telugu: హరికథ : Harikatha; Marathi: हरीपाठ : Haripatha , ), also known as Harikatha Kaalakshepam in Telugu and Tamil ( ), is a form of Hindu traditional discourse in which the storyteller explores a traditional theme, usually the life of a saint or a story from an Indian epic. The person telling the story through songs, music and narration is called a Haridasa. Harikatha is a composite art form composed of storytelling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy most prevalent in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, and Karnataka. Any Hindu religious theme may be the subject for the Harikatha. At its peak Harikatha was a popular medium of entertainment, which helped transmit cultural, educational and religious values to the masses. The main aim of Harikatha is to imbue truth and righteousness in the minds of people and sow the seeds of devotion in them. Another of the aims is to educate them about knowledge of Ātman (the self ) through stories and show them the path of liberation. | [
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7775589 | 1 | Category:1931 establishments in the Soviet Union Category: 1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union Category:Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union Category:Former socialist republics Category:Politics of Abkhazia Category:History of Abkhazia Category:20th century in Georgia (country) Category:States and territories established in 1931 Category:States and territories disestablished in 199 | Category:1931 establishments in the Soviet Union Category: 1989 disestablishments in the Soviet Union Category:Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union Category:Former socialist republics Category:Politics of Abkhazia Category:History of Abkhazia Category:20th century in Georgia (country) Category:States and territories established in 1931 Category:States and territories disestablished in 198 | [
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7791685 | 1 | Other Earth tide contributors In coastal areas, because the ocean tide is quite out of step with the Earth tide, at high ocean tide there is an excess (or at low tide a deficit) of water about what would be the gravitational equilibrium level, and therefore the adjacent ground falls (or rises) in response to the resulting differences in weight . Displacements caused by ocean tidal loading can exceed the displacements due to the Earth body tide. Sensitive instruments far inland often have to make similar corrections. Atmospheric loading and storm events may also be measurable, though the masses in movement are less weighty. | Other Earth tide contributors In coastal areas, because the ocean tide is quite out of step with the Earth tide, at high ocean tide there is an excess of water about what would be the gravitational equilibrium level, and therefore the adjacent ground falls in response to the resulting differences in weight . At low tide there is a deficit of water and the ground rises . Displacements caused by ocean tidal loading can exceed the displacements due to the Earth body tide. Sensitive instruments far inland often have to make similar corrections. Atmospheric loading and storm events may also be measurable, though the masses in movement are less weighty. | [
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7796087 | 1 | Manuscript painting depicting the Buddha miraculously making duplicates of himself at the Miracle at Savatthi. The miracles of Gautama Buddha refers to supernatural feats and abilities attributed to Gautama Buddha by the Buddhist scriptures. The feats are mostly attributed to supranormal powers gained through meditation, rather than divine miracles. Supranormal powers the historic Buddha was said to have possessed and exercised include the six higher knowledges (abhiññā/ अभिञ्ञा): psychic abilities (iddhi-vidhā ईद्बि विज), clairaudience (dibba-sota दिब्यश्रोत), telepathy (ceto-pariya चेतोपरिय), recollection of one's own past lives (pubbe-nivāsanussati पुब्बेनिवासनुसत्ति ), seeing the past lives and rebirths of others (dibba-cakkhu दिब्यचख्खु), and the extinction of mental intoxicants (āsavakkhaya आश्रवक्षय). Miracles found in Mahayana sutras generally play a more direct role in illustrating certain doctrines than miracles found in non-Mahayana Buddhist texts. | Manuscript painting depicting the Buddha miraculously making duplicates of himself at the Miracle at Savatthi. The miracles of Gautama Buddha refers to supernatural feats and abilities attributed to Gautama Buddha by the Buddhist scriptures. The feats are mostly attributed to supranormal powers gained through meditation, rather than divine miracles. Supranormal powers the historic Buddha was said to have possessed and exercised include the six higher knowledges (abhiññā/ अभिञ्ञा): psychic abilities , elemental manipulation (iddhi-vidhā ईद्बि विज), clairaudience (dibba-sota दिब्यश्रोत), telepathy (ceto-pariya चेतोपरिय), recollection of one's own past lives (pubbe-nivāsanussati पुब्बेनिवासानुसत्ति ), seeing the past lives and rebirths of others as well as seeing through various dimensions/worlds near or far or microscopic or super macro level (dibba-cakkhu दिब्यचख्खु), and the extinction of mental intoxicants (āsavakkhaya आश्रवक्षय). Miracles found in Mahayana sutras generally play a more direct role in illustrating certain doctrines than miracles found in non-Mahayana Buddhist texts. | [
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7796087 | 2 | Manuscript painting depicting the Buddha miraculously making duplicates of himself at the Miracle at Savatthi. The miracles of Gautama Buddha refers to supernatural feats and abilities attributed to Gautama Buddha by the Buddhist scriptures. The feats are mostly attributed to supranormal powers gained through meditation, rather than divine miracles. Supranormal powers the historic Buddha was said to have possessed and exercised include the six higher knowledges (abhiññā / अभिञ्ञा ): psychic abilities , elemental manipulation (iddhi-vidhā ईद्बि विज ), clairaudience (dibba-sota दिब्यश्रुत ), telepathy (ceto-pariya चेतोपरिय ), recollection of one's own past lives (pubbe-nivāsanussati पुब्बेनिवासानुसत्ति ), seeing the past lives and rebirths of others as well as seeing through various dimensions/worlds near or far or microscopic or super macro level (dibba-cakkhu दिब्यचख्खु ), and the extinction of mental intoxicants (āsavakkhaya आश्रवक्षय ). Miracles found in Mahayana sutras generally play a more direct role in illustrating certain doctrines than miracles found in non-Mahayana Buddhist texts. | Manuscript painting depicting the Buddha miraculously making duplicates of himself at the Miracle at Savatthi. The miracles of Gautama Buddha refers to supernatural feats and abilities attributed to Gautama Buddha by the Buddhist scriptures. The feats are mostly attributed to supranormal powers gained through meditation, rather than divine miracles. Supranormal powers the historic Buddha was said to have possessed and exercised include the six higher knowledges (abhiññā ): psychic abilities (iddhi-vidhā ), clairaudience (dibba-sota ), telepathy (ceto-pariya ), recollection of one's own past lives (pubbe-nivāsanussati ), seeing the past lives and rebirths of others (dibba-cakkhu ), and the extinction of mental intoxicants (āsavakkhaya ). Miracles found in Mahayana sutras generally play a more direct role in illustrating certain doctrines than miracles found in non-Mahayana Buddhist texts. | [
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7796087 | 3 | Neutralizing the Gandhara Charm In a Pali commentary, the ascetic Pilindavaccha was in possession of the "Lesser Gandhāra Charm" (Pali: cūḷagandhāravijjā) which allowed him to levitate and read minds. However after the Buddha enlightened , Pilindavaccha finds that his powers no longer worked. Pilindavaccha then goes to the Buddha thinking he was in possession of a greater charm , but instead becomes a monk under the Buddha and attains arahantship. According to religion scholar Knut A. Jacobsen, the story suggests that the Buddha's presence was said to neutralize lesser magic, lesser magic being powers not attained through meditation. Depiction of the Buddha taming Nalagiri at a Laotian temple. | Neutralizing the Gandhara Charm In a Pali commentary, the ascetic Pilindavaccha was in possession of the "Lesser Gandhāra Charm" (Pali: cūḷagandhāravijjā) which allowed him to levitate and read minds. However , after the Buddha attained enlightenment , Pilindavaccha finds that his powers no longer worked. Pilindavaccha then goes to the Buddha thinking he was in possession of a greater charm . Instead, Pilindavaccha ends up becoming a monk under the Buddha and attains arahantship. According to religion scholar Knut A. Jacobsen, the story suggests that the Buddha's presence was said to neutralize lesser magic, lesser magic being powers not attained through meditation. Depiction of the Buddha taming Nalagiri at a Laotian temple. | [
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78000 | 1 | Pill Combined oral contraceptive pills were nicknamed "the pill" in the 1960s A pill was originally defined as a small, round, solid pharmaceutical oral dosage form of medication. Today, pills include tablets, capsules, and variants thereof like caplets — essentially, any solid form of medication colloquially falls into the pill category. Caplet Variations on a common tablet design, which can be distinguished by both colour and shape A caplet is a smooth, coated, oval-shaped medicinal tablet in the general shape of a capsule. Many caplets have an indentation running down the middle so they may be split in half more easily. Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficient method of taking medication. For this reason, producers of drugs such as OTC analgesics wanting to emphasize the strength of their product developed the "caplet", a portmanteau of capsule-shaped tablet, in order to tie this positive association to more efficiently-produced tablet pills, as well as being an easier-to-swallow shape than the usual disk-shaped tablet. Olanzapine tablets Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) | Pills Combined oral contraceptive pills were nicknamed "the pill" in the 1960s A pill was originally defined as a small, round, solid pharmaceutical oral dosage form of medication. Today, pills include tablets, capsules, and variants thereof like caplets — essentially, any solid form of medication colloquially falls into the pill category. Caplets Variations on a common tablet design, which can be distinguished by both colour and shape A caplet is a smooth, coated, oval-shaped medicinal tablet in the general shape of a capsule. Many caplets have an indentation running down the middle so they may be split in half more easily. Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficient method of taking medication. For this reason, producers of drugs such as OTC analgesics wanting to emphasize the strength of their product developed the "caplet", a portmanteau of capsule-shaped tablet, in order to tie this positive association to more efficiently-produced tablet pills, as well as being an easier-to-swallow shape than the usual disk-shaped tablet. Olanzapine tablets Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) | [
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780014 | 1 | Bone age is the degree of maturation of a child's bones. As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult, the bones of the skeleton change in size and shape. These changes can be seen by x-ray techniques. The "bone age" of a child is the average age at which children reach various stages of bone maturation. A child's current height , age and bone age can be used to predict adult height. For most children , their bone age is the approximately the same as their biological age but for some individuals, their bone age is a couple of years older or younger. Those with advanced bone ages typically hit a growth spurt early on but stop growing sooner, while those with delayed bone ages hit their growth spurt later than normal. Children who are below average height do not necessarily have a delayed bone age; in fact their bone age could actually be advanced which if left untreated, will stunt their growth. As a child grows the epiphyses become calcified and appear on the x-rays, as do the carpal and tarsal bones of the hands and feet, separated on the x-rays by a layer of invisible cartilage where most of the growth is occurring. As sex steroid levels rise during puberty, bone maturation accelerates. As growth nears completion and attainment of adult height, bones approach the size and shape of adult bones. The remaining cartilaginous portions of the epiphyses become thinner. As these cartilaginous zones become obliterated, the epiphyses are said to be "closed" and no further lengthening of the bones will occur. A small amount of spinal growth concludes an adolescent's growth. Methods X-ray of a hand, with automatic calculation of bone age by the BoneXpert software. The most commonly used method is based on a single x-ray of the left hand, fingers, and wrist. A hand is easily x-rayed with minimal radiation and shows many bones in a single view. The bones in the x-ray are compared to the bones of a standard atlas, usually "Greulich and Pyle".Greulich WW, Pyle SI: Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist, 2nd edition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959. Adult height prediction Statistics have been compiled to indicate the percentage of height growth remaining at a given bone age. By simple arithmetic, a predicted adult height can be computed from a child's height and bone age. Separate tables are used for boys and girls because of the sex difference in timing of puberty, and slightly different percentages are used for children with unusually advanced or delayed bone maturation. These tables, the Bayley-Pinneau tables, are included as an appendix in the Greulich and Pyle atlas. In 2009, the Bayley-Pinneau method was modernized as a side product of the BoneXpert method for automated bone age determination. This BoneXpert Adult Height Predictor has the option of including parental height and height at menarche, and there are special versions for Asian and African children. The method is implemented as an interactive web-page | Bone age is the degree of maturation of a child's bones. As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult, the bones of the skeleton change in size and shape. These changes can be seen by x-ray techniques. The "bone age" of a child is the average age at which children reach various stages of bone maturation. A child's current height and bone age can be used to predict adult height. For most people , their bone age is the same as their biological age but for some individuals, their bone age is a couple of years older or younger. Those with advanced bone ages typically hit a growth spurt early on but stop growing sooner, while those with delayed bone ages hit their growth spurt later than normal. Children who are below average height do not necessarily have a delayed bone age; in fact their bone age could actually be advanced which if left untreated, will stunt their growth. As a child grows the epiphyses become calcified and appear on the x-rays, as do the carpal and tarsal bones of the hands and feet, separated on the x-rays by a layer of invisible cartilage where most of the growth is occurring. As sex steroid levels rise during puberty, bone maturation accelerates. As growth nears conclusion and attainment of adult height, bones begin to approach the size and shape of adult bones. The remaining cartilaginous portions of the epiphyses become thinner. As these cartilaginous zones become obliterated, the epiphyses are said to be "closed" and no further lengthening of the bones will occur. A small amount of spinal growth concludes an adolescent's growth. Methods X-ray of a hand, with automatic calculation of bone age by a computer software. The most commonly used method is based on a single x-ray of the left hand, fingers, and wrist. A hand is easily x-rayed with minimal radiation and shows many bones in a single view. The bones in the x-ray are compared to the bones of a standard atlas, usually "Greulich and Pyle".Greulich WW, Pyle SI: Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist, 2nd edition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959. Height prediction Statistics have been compiled to indicate the percentage of height growth remaining at a given bone age. By simple arithmetic, a predicted adult height can be computed from a child's height and bone age. Separate tables are used for boys and girls because of the sex difference in timing of puberty, and slightly different percentages are used for children with unusually advanced or delayed bone maturation. These tables, the Bayley-Pinneau tables, are included as an appendix in the Greulich and Pyle atlas. In 2009, the Bayley-Pinneau method was modernized as part of the BoneXpert for automated bone age determination. It has the option of including parental height and menarche, and there is a special version for Asian children. The method is implemented as an interactive web-page | [
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780014 | 2 | Bone age rating is a procedure well-suited for automation by computer. The main advantage is the elimination of the variability of rating between different human raters. The BoneXpert method is the most prominent example of a completely automated method. The hands of infants do not change much in the first year of life and if precise bone age assessment is desired, an x-ray of approximately half of the skeleton (a "hemiskeleton" view) may be obtained to assess some of the areas such as shoulders and pelvis which change more in infancy. Height prediction Statistics have been compiled to indicate the percentage of height growth remaining at a given bone age. By simple arithmetic, a predicted adult height can be computed from a child's height and bone age. Separate tables are used for boys and girls because of the sex difference in timing of puberty, and slightly different percentages are used for children with unusually advanced or delayed bone maturation. These tables, the Bayley-Pinneau tables, are included as an appendix in the Greulich and Pyle atlas. In 2009, the Bayley-Pinneau method was modernized as part of the BoneXpert for automated bone age determination. It has the option of including parental height and menarche, and there is a special version for Asian children. The method is implemented as an interactive web-page External links Automated determination of bone age. A fuller description of the use of bone age films from the University of Utrecht. Bone Age - Free Mac OS X software to assist in radiographic assessment using G&P standards. Easy Age software Test your GP bone age reading proficiency | The hands of infants do not change much in the first year of life and if precise bone age assessment is desired, an x-ray of approximately half of the skeleton (a "hemiskeleton" view) may be obtained to assess some of the areas such as shoulders and pelvis which change more in infancy. Height prediction Statistics have been compiled to indicate the percentage of height growth remaining at a given bone age. By simple arithmetic, a predicted adult height can be computed from a child's height and bone age. Separate tables are used for boys and girls because of the sex difference in timing of puberty, and slightly different percentages are used for children with unusually advanced or delayed bone maturation. These tables, the Bayley-Pinneau tables, are included as an appendix in the Greulich and Pyle atlas. External links A fuller description of the use of bone age films from the University of Utrecht. Bone Age - Free Mac OS X software to assist in radiographic assessment using G&P standards. | [
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7801 | 1 | United States and Canada Critical psychology in the United States and Canada has, for the most part, focused on critiques of mainstream psychology's support for an unjust status quo.Bruce E. Levine, The Chemical Imbalance Theory and the Antidepressant Explosion - Psychiatry’s Manufacture of Consent, 2014-05-14, CounterPunch The only critical Psychology department in the United States is the doctoral program in Critical Social/Personality Psychology and Environmental Psychology at the CUNY Graduate URL The California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco also offers the Bachelor's Completion Program with a minor in Critical Psychology, and critical perspectives are sometimes encountered in traditional universities, perhaps especially within community psychology programs. The University of West Georgia offers a Ph.D. in Consciousness and Society with critical psychology being one of the main three theoretical orientations. North American efforts include the 1993 founding of RadPsyNet,RadPsyNet the 1997 publication of Critical Psychology: An IntroductionCritical Psychology: An Introduction (edited by Dennis Fox and Isaac Prilleltensky; expanded 2009 edition edited by Dennis Fox, Isaac Prilleltensky, and Stephanie Austin), the 2001 Monterey Conference on Critical Psychology, and in underlying themes of many contributions to the Journal of Social Action in Counseling and Psychology. Critical Psychology in Germany (German) Radpsynet – Radical Psychology Initiative Critical Psychology Annual Review of Critical Psychology. Open Access Journal Teoría y crítica de la psicología. Open Access Journal (Spanish) Critical Psychology/Critical Praxis | United States and Canada Critical psychology in the United States and Canada has, for the most part, focused on critiques of mainstream psychology's support for an unjust status quo.Bruce E. Levine, The Chemical Imbalance Theory and the Antidepressant Explosion - Psychiatry’s Manufacture of Consent, 2014-05-14, CounterPunch The doctoral program in Critical Social/Personality Psychology and Environmental Psychology at the CUNY Graduate Center is the only critical psychology specific doctoral program in the United URL Prescott College in Prescott, Arizona offers an online Master's program in Critical Psychology and Human Services, and has a critically oriented undergraduate program. The California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco also offers the Bachelor's Completion Program with a minor in Critical Psychology, and critical perspectives are sometimes encountered in traditional universities, perhaps especially within community psychology programs. The University of West Georgia offers a Ph.D. in Consciousness and Society with critical psychology being one of the main three theoretical orientations. North American efforts include the 1993 founding of RadPsyNet,RadPsyNet the 1997 publication of Critical Psychology: An IntroductionCritical Psychology: An Introduction (edited by Dennis Fox and Isaac Prilleltensky; expanded 2009 edition edited by Dennis Fox, Isaac Prilleltensky, and Stephanie Austin), the 2001 Monterey Conference on Critical Psychology, and in underlying themes of many contributions to the Journal of Social Action in Counseling and Psychology. Prescott College MA Critical Psychology and Human Services Critical Psychology in Germany (German) Radpsynet – Radical Psychology Initiative Critical Psychology Annual Review of Critical Psychology. Open Access Journal Teoría y crítica de la psicología. Open Access Journal (Spanish) Critical Psychology/Critical Praxis | [
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7801 | 2 | Origins Criticisms of mainstream psychology consistent with current critical psychology usage have existed since psychology's modern development in the late 19th century. Use of the term "critical psychology " started in the 1970s in Berlin at Freie Universität Berlin. The German branch of critical psychology predates and has developed largely separately from the rest of the field. As of May 2007, only a few works have been translated into English.Klaus Holzkamp (1992): On Doing Psychology Critically. Theory and Psychology 2, S.193–204; for further references see also Charles Tolman (1994): Psychology, Society and Subjectivity: An Introduction to German Critical Psychology, London: Routledge & Thomas Teo (1998): Klaus Holzkamp and the Rise and Fall of German Critical Psychology. History of Psychology 1998, Vol. 1, Nr. 3; Wolfgang Maiers (1999): Critical Psychology – An Unfinished Modern Project. In: Wolfgang Maiers et al. (Eds.): Challenges to Theoretical Psychology, 457–66 The German Critical Psychology movement is rooted in the post-war babyboomers' student revolt of the late '60s; see German student movement. Marx's Critique of Political Economy played an important role in the German branch of the student revolt, which was centered in Berlin. Then Berlin was a capitalist city surrounded by communist-ruled East Germany, represented a "hot spot" of political and ideological controversy for the revolutionary German students. The sociological foundations of critical psychology are decidedly Marxist. Holzkamp mostly based his sophisticated attempt to provide a comprehensive and integrated set of categories defining the field of psychological research on Aleksey Leontyev's approach to cultural–historical psychology and activity theory. Leontyev had seen human action as a result of biological as well as cultural evolution and, drawing on Marx's materialist conception of culture, stressed that individual cognition is always part of social action which in turn is mediated by man-made tools (cultural artifacts), language and other man-made systems of symbols, which he viewed as a major distinguishing feature of human culture and, thus, human cognition. Another important source was Lucien Séve's theory of personality,Lucien Seve which provided the concept of "social activity matrices" as mediating structure between individual and social reproduction. At the same time, the Grundlegung systematically integrated previous specialized work done at Free University of Berlin in the '70s by critical psychologists who also had been influenced by Marx, Leontyev and Seve. This included books on animal behavior/ethology,Volker Schurig (1975): Naturgeschichte des Psychischen 1: Psychogenese und elementare Formen der Tierkommunikation. (Natural History of the Psyche 1: Psychogenesis and Elementary Forms of Animal Communication. Frankfurt/M.: Campus; Volker Schurig (1975): Naturgeschichte des Psychischen 2: Lernen und Abstraktionsleistungen bei Tieren (Natural History of the Psyche 2: Learning and Abstraction Capabilities in Animals. Frankfurt/M. Campus; Volker Schurig (1976): Die Entstehung des Bewußtseins (The Emergence of Consciousness). Frankfurt/M.: Campus; . Frankfurt/M.: Campus; sensory perception, motivationUte Osterkamp (1975/1976): Grundlagen der Psychologischen Motivationsforschung (Foundations of Psychological Research of Motivation, Frankfurt/M: Campus (2 Volumes) and cognition.Rainer Seidel (1976): Denken. Psychologische Analyse der Entstehung und Lösung von Problemen. (Cognition. Psychological Analysis of Formulating and Solving Problems. Frankfurt/M.: Campus He also incorporated ideas from Freud's psychoanalysis and Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology into his approach. Internationally An early international overview of critical psychology perspectives can be found in Critical Psychology: Voices for Change, edited by Tod Sloan (Macmillan, 2000). In 2015, Ian Parker edited the Handbook of Critical Psychology. Germany At FU-Berlin, critical psychology was not really seen as a division of psychology and followed its own methodology, trying to reformulate traditional psychology on an unorthodox Marxist base and drawing from Soviet ideas of cultural–historical psychology, particularly Aleksey Leontyev. Some years ago the department of critical psychology at FU-Berlin was merged into the traditional psychology department. An April 2009 issue of the Sage journal Theory & PsychologySpecial Issue: German Critical Psychology: Interventions in Honor of Klaus Holzkamp (edited by Desmond Painter, Athanasios Marvakis, and Leendert Mos) is devoted to an examination of German critical psychology. South Africa The University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South Africa, is one of few worldwide to offer a Master's course in critical psychology. For an overview of critical psychology in South Africa, see Desmond Painter and Martin Terre Blanche's article on "Critical Psychology in South Africa: Looking back and looking forwards".Critical Psychology in South Africa: Looking back and looking forwards They have also now started a critical psychology blog.Critical Psychology References Prescott College MA Critical Psychology and Human Services Critical Psychology in Germany (German) Radpsynet – Radical Psychology Initiative Critical Psychology Annual Review of Critical Psychology. Open Access Journal Teoría y crítica de la psicología. Open Access Journal (Spanish) Critical Psychology/Critical Praxis | Origins Criticisms of mainstream psychology consistent with current critical psychology usage have existed since psychology's modern development in the late 19th century. Use of the term critical psychology started in the 1970s in Berlin at Freie Universität Berlin. The German branch of critical psychology predates and has developed largely separately from the rest of the field. As of May 2007, only a few works have been translated into English.Klaus Holzkamp (1992): On Doing Psychology Critically. Theory and Psychology 2, S.193–204; for further references see also Charles Tolman (1994): Psychology, Society and Subjectivity: An Introduction to German Critical Psychology, London: Routledge & Thomas Teo (1998): Klaus Holzkamp and the Rise and Fall of German Critical Psychology. History of Psychology 1998, Vol. 1, Nr. 3; Wolfgang Maiers (1999): Critical Psychology – An Unfinished Modern Project. In: Wolfgang Maiers et al. (Eds.): Challenges to Theoretical Psychology, 457–66 The German Critical Psychology movement is rooted in the post-war babyboomers' student revolt of the late '60s; see German student movement. Marx's Critique of Political Economy played an important role in the German branch of the student revolt, which was centered in Berlin. Then Berlin was a capitalist city surrounded by communist-ruled East Germany, represented a "hot spot" of political and ideological controversy for the revolutionary German students. The sociological foundations of critical psychology are decidedly Marxist. Holzkamp mostly based his sophisticated attempt to provide a comprehensive and integrated set of categories defining the field of psychological research on Aleksey Leontyev's approach to cultural–historical psychology and activity theory. Leontyev had seen human action as a result of biological as well as cultural evolution and, drawing on Marx's materialist conception of culture, stressed that individual cognition is always part of social action which in turn is mediated by man-made tools (cultural artifacts), language and other man-made systems of symbols, which he viewed as a major distinguishing feature of human culture and, thus, human cognition. Another important source was Lucien Séve's theory of personality,Lucien Seve which provided the concept of "social activity matrices" as mediating structure between individual and social reproduction. At the same time, the Grundlegung systematically integrated previous specialized work done at Free University of Berlin in the 1970s by critical psychologists who also had been influenced by Marx, Leontyev and Seve. This included books on animal behavior/ethology,Volker Schurig (1975): Naturgeschichte des Psychischen 1: Psychogenese und elementare Formen der Tierkommunikation. (Natural History of the Psyche 1: Psychogenesis and Elementary Forms of Animal Communication. Frankfurt/M.: Campus; Volker Schurig (1975): Naturgeschichte des Psychischen 2: Lernen und Abstraktionsleistungen bei Tieren (Natural History of the Psyche 2: Learning and Abstraction Capabilities in Animals. Frankfurt/M. Campus; Volker Schurig (1976): Die Entstehung des Bewußtseins (The Emergence of Consciousness). Frankfurt/M.: Campus; . Frankfurt/M.: Campus; sensory perception, motivationUte Osterkamp (1975/1976): Grundlagen der Psychologischen Motivationsforschung (Foundations of Psychological Research of Motivation, Frankfurt/M: Campus (2 Volumes) and cognition.Rainer Seidel (1976): Denken. Psychologische Analyse der Entstehung und Lösung von Problemen. (Cognition. Psychological Analysis of Formulating and Solving Problems. Frankfurt/M.: Campus He also incorporated ideas from Freud's psychoanalysis and Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology into his approach. Internationally An early international overview of critical psychology perspectives can be found in Critical Psychology: Voices for Change, edited by Tod Sloan (Macmillan, 2000). In 2015, Ian Parker edited the Handbook of Critical Psychology. Germany At FU-Berlin, critical psychology was not really seen as a division of psychology and followed its own methodology, trying to reformulate traditional psychology on an unorthodox Marxist base and drawing from Soviet ideas of cultural–historical psychology, particularly Aleksey Leontyev. Some years ago the department of critical psychology at FU-Berlin was merged into the traditional psychology department. An April 2009 issue of the journal Theory & PsychologySpecial Issue: German Critical Psychology: Interventions in Honor of Klaus Holzkamp (edited by Desmond Painter, Athanasios Marvakis, and Leendert Mos) is devoted to an examination of German critical psychology. South Africa The University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South Africa, is one of few worldwide to offer a Master's course in critical psychology. For an overview of critical psychology in South Africa, see Desmond Painter and Martin Terre Blanche's article on "Critical Psychology in South Africa: Looking back and looking forwards".Critical Psychology in South Africa: Looking back and looking forwards Societies International Society of Critical Health Psychology Radical Psychology Network References (open access journal) (open access journal in Spanish) | [
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7802744 | 1 | A secret admirer is an individual who feels adoration, fondness or love for another person without disclosing his or her identity to that person, and who may send gifts or love letters to his or her crush. A secret admirer is a person who likes another person but does not say URL to showing you some act of love such as sending flowers, gifts and romantic messages. Spotting a secret admirer is all about paying attention to details, and leveraging all the clues you have. Given that your secret admirer may be shy to approach you directly, it is important to respect his/her privacy. The goal of a secret admirer is to woo the object of his or her affections, and then to reveal his or her identity, paving the way for a real relationship – a revealing which at school age usually occurs on Valentine's Day, the day of love. Reactions to a gushy Valentine may range from approval. Many elementary schools and sometimes schools up to secondary schools have children do Valentine's Day projects on February 14 to craft and send "secret admirer" letters to classmates, which may not actually reflect a real "crush" and may be done neutrally or arbitrarily, and, perhaps, if done under duress from the class project requirement, URL Office Notes from a secret admirer may feature in office dating, but are not recommended as a means of approaching a colleague, and may border on sexual harassment. Youthful passion for a celebrity stands on the boundary between secret admirer and fan; while the secret or concealed admiration of 'having eyes for' may also feature as a preliminary phase in the process of initially approaching the opposite sex.Desmond Morris, Manwatching (1987) p. 245 Secret Admirers Online With the wide use of social media and blogs all around the world, it is easier to find secret admirers today, more than ever. Because of the digital nature of social media websites and online dating, one has to be careful to be sure someone is genuinely admiring them. Some scammers place fake profiles online and act like secret admirers. | A secret admirer is an individual who feels adoration, fondness or love for another person without disclosing his or her identity to that person, and who may send gifts or love letters to his or her crush. The goal of a secret admirer is to woo the object of his or her affections, and then to reveal his or her identity, paving the way for a real relationship – a revealing which at school age usually occurs on Valentine's Day, the day of love. Reactions to a gushy Valentine may range from approvalC. Barr, Best Books for Children (2007) p. 495 to gross out.Barbara Park in For Younger readers (2007) p. 131-2 Many elementary schools and sometimes schools up to secondary schools have children do Valentine's Day projects on February 14 to craft and send "secret admirer" letters to classmates, which may not actually reflect a real "crush" and may be done neutrally or arbitrarily, and, perhaps, if done under duress from the class project requirement, reluctantly. Office Notes from a secret admirer may feature in office dating, but are not recommended as a means of approaching a colleague, and may border on sexual harassment. S. Kisee/H. Olen, Office Mate (2007) p. 70 Youthful passion for a celebrityS. Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 9) p. 387 stands on the boundary between secret admirer and fan; while the secret or concealed admiration of 'having eyes for' Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1972) p. 247 may also feature as a preliminary phase in the process of initially approaching the opposite sex.Desmond Morris, Manwatching (1987) p. 245 | [
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7802744 | 2 | Youthful passion for a celebrityS. Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 9) p. 387 stands on the boundary between secret admirer and fan; while the secret or concealed admiration of 'having eyes for' Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1972) p. 247 may also feature as a preliminary phase in the process of initially approaching the opposite sex. Desmond Morris, Manwatching (1987) p. 245 | Youthful passion for a celebrity stands on the boundary between secret admirer and fan; while the secret or concealed admiration of 'having eyes for' may also feature as a preliminary phase in the process of initially approaching the opposite sex. S. Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 9) p. 387Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1972) p. 247Desmond Morris, Manwatching (1987) p. 245 | [
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7802793 | 1 | A linear settlement is a (normally small to medium-sized) settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line.English heritage thesaurus , 23-05-2013 Many of such settlements have transport route, such as a road, river, or canal though some form due to physical restrictions, such as coastlines, mountains, hills or valleys. Linear settlements may have no obvious centre, such as a road junction.Linear settlements, 23-05-2013 Linear settlements have a long and narrow shape. Linear settlements are seen along roads, railways, rivers, sea coasts and in foothill regions etc. These types of settlements are narrow in shape and they are spread along a straight line. In the case of settlements built along a route, the route predated the settlement, and then the settlement grew up at some way station or feature, growing along the transport route. Often, it is only a single street with houses on either side of the road. Mileham, Norfolk, England is a good example of this . Later development may add side turnings and districts away from the original main street. Places such as Southport, England developed in this way. A linear settlement is in contrast with ribbon development, which is the outward spread of an existing town along a main street and a nucleated settlement, which is a group of buildings clustered around a central point; these include, for example, Klaukkala in Nurmijärvi, Finland.Keski-Uudenmaan maakuntamuseon lausunto Nurmijärven Klaukkalan osayleiskaavaehdotuksesta (Statement of the Central Uusimaa Regional Museum on the partial master plan proposal for Klaukkala, Nurmijärvi) (in Finnish) | A linear settlement is a (normally small to medium-sized) settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line.English heritage thesaurus , 23-05-2013 Many of these settlements are formed along a transport route, such as a road, river, or canal . Others form due to physical restrictions, such as coastlines, mountains, hills or valleys. Linear settlements may have no obvious centre, such as a road junction.Linear settlements, 23-05-2013 Linear settlements have a long and narrow shape. In the case of settlements built along a route, the route predated the settlement, and then the settlement grew along the transport route. Often, it is only a single street with houses on either side of the road. Mileham, Norfolk, England is an example of this pattern . Later development may add side turnings and districts away from the original main street. Places such as Southport, England developed in this way. A linear settlement is in contrast with ribbon development, which is the outward spread of an existing town along a main street , and with a nucleated settlement, which is a group of buildings clustered around a central point; these include, for example, Klaukkala in Nurmijärvi, Finland.Keski-Uudenmaan maakuntamuseon lausunto Nurmijärven Klaukkalan osayleiskaavaehdotuksesta (Statement of the Central Uusimaa Regional Museum on the partial master plan proposal for Klaukkala, Nurmijärvi) (in Finnish) | [
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7803002 | 1 | thumb Marchetti's constant is the average time spent by a person for commuting each day , which is approximately one hour . It is named after Italian physicist Cesare Marchetti, though Marchetti himself attributed the "one hour" finding to transportation analyst and engineer Yacov Zahavi. Marchetti posits that although forms of urban planning and transport may change, and although some live in villages and others in cities, people gradually adjust their lives to their conditions (including location of their homes relative to their workplace) such that the average travel time stays approximately constant. Ever since Neolithic times, people have kept the average time spent per day for travel the same, even though the distance may increase due to the advancements in the means of transportation. In his 1934 book Technics and Civilization, Lewis Mumford attributes this observation to Bertrand Russell: Mr. Bertrand Russell has noted that each improvement in locomotion has increased the area over which people are compelled to move: so that a person who would have had to spend half an hour to walk to work a century ago must still spend half an hour to reach his destination, because the contrivance that would have enabled him to save time had he remained in his original situation now—by driving him to a more distant residential area—effectually cancels out the gain. | thumb Marchetti's constant is the average time spent by a person for commuting each day . Its value is approximately one hour , or half an hour for a one-way trip . It is named after Italian physicist Cesare Marchetti, though Marchetti himself attributed the "one hour" finding to transportation analyst and engineer Yacov Zahavi. Marchetti posits that although forms of urban planning and transport may change, and although some live in villages and others in cities, people gradually adjust their lives to their conditions (including location of their homes relative to their workplace) such that the average travel time stays approximately constant. Ever since Neolithic times, people have kept the average time spent per day for travel the same, even though the distance may increase due to the advancements in the means of transportation. In his 1934 book Technics and Civilization, Lewis Mumford attributes this observation to Bertrand Russell: Mr. Bertrand Russell has noted that each improvement in locomotion has increased the area over which people are compelled to move: so that a person who would have had to spend half an hour to walk to work a century ago must still spend half an hour to reach his destination, because the contrivance that would have enabled him to save time had he remained in his original situation now—by driving him to a more distant residential area—effectually cancels out the gain. | [
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780406 | 1 | 20th century Spain had ] ] never undertaken colonial settlement of the large area in the Bight of Biafra to which it had treaty rights. The French expanded their occupation at the expense of the area claimed by Spain. By the treaty of Paris in 1900, Spain was left with the continental enclave of Río Muni, 26,000 km2 of the 300,000 stretching east to the Ubangi river, which the Spaniards had previously claimed.William Gervase Clarence-Smith, 1986 "Spanish Equatorial Guinea, 1898-1940", in The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940 Ed. J. D. Fage, A. D. Roberts, & Roland Anthony Oliver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press> Colony of Spanish Guinea Between 1926 and 1959, the Crown united Bioko and Río Muni as the "colony of Spanish Guinea". The economy was based on the exploitation of the commodity crops of cacao and coffee, produced at large plantations, in addition to logging concessions. Owners of these companies hired mostly immigrant contract labour from Liberia, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Spain mounted military campaigns in the 1920s to subdue the indigenous Fang people, as Liberia was trying to reduce recruiting of its workers. The Crown established garrisons of the Colonial Guard throughout the enclave by 1926, and the whole colony was considered 'pacified' by 1929.Nerín, Gustau. "La última selva de España:" antropófagos, misioneros y guardias civiles. Crónica de la conquista de los Fang de la Guinea Española, 1914–1930 (The last jungle of Spain: cannibals, missionaries and civil guards. Chronicle of the conquest of the Fang of Spanish Guinea, 1914–1930), Catarata, 2010. Decolonisation The post-war political history of Spanish Guinea had three fairly distinct phases. From 1946 to 1959, it had the status of a "province", having been raised from "colony" , after the Portuguese Empire made overtures to take it over . From 1960 to 1968, Spain tried a system of partial decolonisation to keep the province within the Spanish territorial system, which failed due to continued anti-colonial activity by Guineans. On 12 October 1968, Spain conceded the independence of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Francisco Macías Nguema was elected as president.Campos, Alicia. "The decolonization of Equatorial Guinea: the relevance of the international factor", Journal of African History (2003): 95–116. | 20th century In the middle of the 19th century there were considerations to sell the Spanish possessions on the Guinea coast to the British. After the Spanish Parliament rejected this, Spain began to implement its colonial claims with varying degrees of success and intensity in Fernando Poo, Annobón and on the mainland. In the last decades of the 19th century, the colonial power relied on the immigration of colonists and missionaries of the Claretian order from the mother country. Since the successes did not materialize, especially because of the murderous climate for Europeans, the colonial policy switched from 1902 to the transfer of 99-year exploitation licenses to large companies ( casas fuertes ). On Bioko (Fernando Poo) the new policy was more effective. The cultivation of cocoa increased, in 1913 reached 5250 tons. An aggravating factor was the shortage of labor, which was supposed to be covered by the use of Spanish prisoners and the recruitment of people, especially from independent Liberia and, in some cases, catch from mainland Spain. The poor working conditions repeatedly led to resistance from those affected. In 1900 there was a strike by immigrant workers, which was put down by Spanish marines . The natives defended themselves against the attempt to induct them to forced labor, in 1910 with an uprising . The Bubi continued to be under the authority of their respective king, between 1904 and 1937 this was Löpèlo Mëlaka , known as Malabo. The recruitment of labor from Liberia was good business for Liberian politicians and was partly in the nature of a slave trade. When these conditions became public, in 1930 started recruiting in Liberia, resulting in severe labor shortages. From then on, workers from Cameroon and, from 1942 regulated at the state level, were recruited from eastern Nigeria. At the time of independence , the 30,000 or so Nigerians made up more than half of the island's population. The Fernandinos mentioned above formed an increasingly economically successful small middle class on Fernando Poo. Originally oriented towards Protestants and British, they now adopted the Catholic faith throughout, which gave them and their children access to Catholic mission schools. The colonial takeover of power on the mainland continued well into the 20th century. Only in 1926 was the interior of Rio Muni actually subject to colonial administration. The logging industry was of particular economic importance here. To a small extent, migrant workers were also used here, as the local population avoided forced labor as much as possible and limited themselves to subsistence farming . Coffee production was around 1960 to 80\% generated on the mainland. The status of the locals was increasingly officially regulated. In the 19th century by the “Curador Colonial” rules and from 1904 to 1959 by the “Patronato de Indígenas”. 1] A distinction was made between the patronized indígenas (the indigenous population ) and the «emancipated». Only the emancipated were accepted as adults. The indigenous people were forbidden to own more than four hectares 1] of land. In 1959, when the “Patronato” was abolished, just 200 locals had achieved the full status of “emancipated”. Spain had never undertaken colonial settlement of the large area in the Bight of Biafra to which it had treaty rights. The French expanded their occupation at the expense of the area claimed by Spain. By the treaty of Paris in 1900, Spain was left with the continental enclave of Río Muni, 26,000 km2 of the 300,000 stretching east to the Ubangi river, which the Spaniards had previously claimed.William Gervase Clarence-Smith, 1986 "Spanish Equatorial Guinea, 1898-1940", in The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940 Ed. J. D. Fage, A. D. Roberts, & Roland Anthony Oliver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press> Colony of Spanish Guinea Between 1926 and 1959, the Crown united Bioko and Río Muni as the "colony of Spanish Guinea". The economy was based on the exploitation of the commodity crops of cacao and coffee, produced at large plantations, in addition to logging concessions. Owners of these companies hired mostly immigrant contract labour from Liberia, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Decolonisation The post-war political history of Spanish Guinea had three fairly distinct phases. From 1956 to 1959, it had the status of a "province", having been raised from "colony" . 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780558 | 1 | 200px| Landsat image of the Talemzane crater; screen capture from NASA World Wind 200px| Oblique Landsat image of Talemzane crater draped over digital elevation model (x3 vertical exaggeration); screen capture from NASA World Wind Explored for the first time in 1928, studied in 1950 and 1988 by researchers from the universities of Oran (Algeria) and Nice (France). It is 1.75 km in diameter and the age is estimated to be less than three million years and is probably Pliocene. References Category:Impact craters of Algeria Category:Piacenz | 200px| Oblique Landsat image of Talemzane crater draped over digital elevation model (x3 vertical exaggeration); screen capture from NASA World Wind Explored for the first time in 1928, studied in 1950 and 1988 by researchers from the universities of Oran (Algeria) and Nice (France). It is 1.75 km in diameter and the age is estimated to be less than three million years and is probably Pliocene. | [
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780558 | 2 | Madna or Talemzane () is an impact crater in Algeria, 40 km south-east of Hassi Delaa (a small city). Explored for the first time in 1928, studied in 1950 and 1988 by researchers from the universities of Oran (Algeria) and Nice (France). It is 1.75 km in diameter and the age is estimated to be less than three million years and is probably Pliocene. | Maadna or Talemzane () is an impact crater in Algeria, 40 km south-east of Hassi Delaa (a small city). One of four such craters in the country, Madna is classified as a simple crater. It has been designated by the 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference to be a two-million- year-old, "true meteorite crater." Explored for the first time in 1928, studied in 1950 and 1988 by researchers from the universities of Oran (Algeria) and Nice (France). It is 1.75 km in diameter and the age is estimated to be less than three million years and is probably Pliocene. The name Maadna is Arabic for "depression of ore." | [
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7809444 | 1 | Some religions proselytise vigorously (Christianity, Islam, and HindusimVHP to hold 'ghar wapsi' for 4,000 Muslims in Ayodhya in January, Times of India, 24 December 2014 for example), others (such as Judaism and Sikhism) do not generally encourage conversions into their ranks. Some faiths grow exponentially at first, only for their zeal to wane (note the case of Zoroastrianism). The growth of a religion can clash with factors such as persecution, entrenched rival religions (such as established religions), and religious market saturation. | Some religions proselytise vigorously (Christianity, Islam, Modern Hindu organizations support reconversion of the converted hindus.VHP to hold 'ghar wapsi' for 4,000 Muslims in Ayodhya in January, Times of India, 24 December 2014 for example), others (such as Judaism ,Hinduism and Sikhism) do not generally encourage conversions into their ranks. Some faiths grow exponentially at first, only for their zeal to wane (note the case of Zoroastrianism). The growth of a religion can clash with factors such as persecution, entrenched rival religions (such as established religions), and religious market saturation. | [
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7809444 | 2 | India has the world's largest Zoroastrian population . According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. According to the National Commission for Minorities, there are a "variety of causes that are responsible for this steady decline in the population of the community", the most significant of which were childlessness and migration- Demographic trends project that by the year 2020 the Parsis will number only 23,000. The Parsis will then cease to be called a community and will be labeled a 'tribe'. One-fifth of the decrease in population is attributed to migration. A slower birthrate than deathrate accounts for the rest: as of 2001, Parsis over the age of 60 make up for 31\% of the community. Only 4.7\% of the Parsi community are under 6 years of age, which translates to 7 births per year per 1,000 individuals. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the rapidly declining population of the Parsi community in India. The number of Kurdish Zoroastrians, along with those of non-ethnic converts, has been estimated differently. The Zoroastrian Representative of the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq has claimed that as many as 100 ,000 people in Iraqi Kurdistan have converted to Zoroastrianism recently, with community leaders repeating this claim and speculating that even more Zoroastrians in the region are practicing their faith secretly. However, this has not been confirmed by independent sources. | India has the world's largest Zoroastrian population who are called Parsis . According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. According to the National Commission for Minorities, there are a "variety of causes that are responsible for this steady decline in the population of the community", the most significant of which were childlessness and migration- Demographic trends project that by the year 2020 the Parsis will number only 23,000. The Parsis will then cease to be called a community and will be labeled a 'tribe'. One-fifth of the decrease in population is attributed to migration. A slower birthrate than deathrate accounts for the rest: as of 2001, Parsis over the age of 60 make up for 31\% of the community. Only 4.7\% of the Parsi community are under 6 years of age, which translates to 7 births per year per 1,000 individuals. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the rapidly declining population of the Parsi community in India. The number of Kurdish Zoroastrians, along with those of non-ethnic converts, has been estimated differently. The Zoroastrian Representative of the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq has claimed that as many as 14 ,000 people in Iraqi Kurdistan have converted to Zoroastrianism recently, with community leaders repeating this claim and speculating that even more Zoroastrians in the region are practicing their faith secretly. However, this has not been confirmed by independent sources. | [
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7811 | 1 | Name and etymology The name "Cernunnos" has only appeared once in writing, when it was inscribed on the Nautae Parisiaci (the sailors of Parisi, who were a tribe of Gauls). The figure of Conall Cernach is not associated with animals or forestry elsewhere; and the epithet "Cernach" has historically been explained as a description of Conall's impenetrable "horn-like" skin which protected him from injury . "Cernunnos" is widely believed by celticists to be an obscure epithet of a better attested Gaulish deity; perhaps the God described in the interpretatio Romana as Silvanus or Dis Pater, which are considered to share the horned God's woodland and chthonic attributes . | Name and etymology "Cernunnos" is widely believed by Celticists to be an obscure epithet of a better attested Gaulish deity; perhaps the God described in the interpretatio Romana as Silvanus or Dis Pater, which are considered to share the horned God's woodland and chthonic attributes. The name has only appeared once in writing, when it was inscribed on the Nautae Parisiaci (the sailors of Parisi, who were a tribe of Gauls). The figure of Conall Cernach is not associated with animals or forestry elsewhere; and the epithet "Cernach" has historically been explained as a description of Conall's impenetrable "horn-like" skin which protected him from injury . | [
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7811 | 2 | Name and etymology "Cernunnos" is widely believed by Celticists to be an obscure epithet of a better attested Gaulish deity; perhaps the God described in the interpretatio Romana as Silvanus or Dis Pater, which are considered to share the horned God's woodland and chthonic attributes. The name has only appeared once in writing, when it was inscribed on the Nautae Parisiaci (the sailors of Parisi , who were a tribe of Gauls). | Name and etymology "Cernunnos" is widely believed by Celticists to be an obscure epithet of a better attested Gaulish deity; perhaps the God described in the interpretatio Romana as Silvanus or Dis Pater, which are considered to share the horned God's woodland and chthonic attributes. The name has only appeared once in writing, when it was inscribed on the Nautae Parisiaci (the sailors of the Parisii , who were a tribe of Gauls). | [
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78204 | 1 | The First International Polar Year (1882–1883) Polar Station in Sodankylä (1894) The First International Polar Year was proposed by an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, Karl Weyprecht, in 1875 and organized by Georg Neumayer, director of the German Maritime Observatory. Rather than settling for traditional individual and national efforts, they pushed for a coordinated scientific approach to researching Arctic phenomena. Observers made coordinated geophysical measurements at multiple locations in the Arctic during the same year enabling multiple views of same phenomena, allowing broader interpretation of the available data and a validation of the results obtained. The aforementioned countries operated 12 stations in the Arctic and two in the sub-Antarctic. Six additional meteorological stations were organized by Neumayer at Moravian mission stations on the east coast of Labrador. Observations focused on meteorology, geomagnetism, auroral phenomena, ocean currents, tides, structure and the motion of ice and atmospheric electricity. More than 40 meteorological observatories around the world expanded the IPY programs of observations for this period. Data and images from the first IPY have very recently been made available for browsing and downloading on the internet. International Polar Year Publications DatabaseThe First International Polar Year These records of the first IPY offer a rare glimpse of the circumpolar Arctic environment as it existed in the past and hold the potential to improve our understanding of historical climate variability and environmental change in the Arctic. | The First International Polar Year (1882–1883) Polar Station in Sodankylä (1894) The First International Polar Year was proposed by an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, Karl Weyprecht, in 1875 and organized by Georg Neumayer, director of the German Maritime Observatory. Rather than settling for traditional individual and national efforts, they pushed for a coordinated scientific approach to researching Arctic phenomena. Observers made coordinated geophysical measurements at multiple locations in the Arctic during the same year enabling multiple views of the same phenomena, allowing broader interpretation of the available data and validation of the results obtained. The aforementioned countries operated 12 stations in the Arctic and two in the sub-Antarctic. Six additional meteorological stations were organized by Neumayer at Moravian mission stations on the east coast of Labrador. Observations focused on meteorology, geomagnetism, auroral phenomena, ocean currents, tides, structure , and the motion of ice and atmospheric electricity. More than 40 meteorological observatories around the world expanded the IPY programs of observations for this period. Data and images from the first IPY have recently been made available to browse and download on the internet. International Polar Year Publications DatabaseThe First International Polar Year These records of the first IPY offer a rare glimpse of the circumpolar Arctic environment as it existed in the past and hold the potential to improve our understanding of historical climate variability and environmental change in the Arctic. | [
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78215 | 1 | Baháʼí Faith Christianity upChrist Pantocrator, God incarnate in the Christian faith, shown in a mosaic from Daphni, Greece, ca. 1080-1100. The incarnation of Christ is a central Christian doctrine that God became flesh, assumed a human nature, and became a man in the form of Jesus, the Son of God and the second person of the Trinity. This foundational Christian position holds that the divine nature of the Son of God was perfectly united with human nature in one divine Person, Jesus, making him both truly God and truly human. The theological term for this is hypostatic union: the second person of the Trinity, God the Son, became flesh when he was miraculously conceived in the womb of the Virgin Mary. Biblical passages traditionally referenced in connection with the doctrine of the Incarnation include , , and .%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% GOD is used by some Christians to differentiate between Jesus as God-incarnate. Hinduism Avatar versus incarnation The translation of avatar as "incarnation" has been questioned by Christian theologians, who state that an incarnation is in flesh and imperfect, while avatar is mythical and perfect. The theological concept of Christ as an incarnation, as found in Christology, presents the Christian concept of incarnation. This, state Oduyoye and Vroom, is different from the Hindu concept of avatar because avatars in Hinduism are unreal and is similar to Docetism.Mercy Amba Oduyoye, H. M. Vroom, One gospel – many cultures: case studies and reflections on cross-cultural theology, Rodopi, 2003, , p. 111. Sheth disagrees and states that this claim is an incorrect understanding of the Hindu concept of avatar. Avatars are true embodiments of spiritual perfection, one driven by noble goals, in Hindu traditions such as Vaishnavism . Islam%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Islam completely rejects the doctrine of the incarnation (Mu'jassimāMuhammad Abu Zahra, İslâm’da Siyâsî ve İ’tikadî Mezhepler Tarihi, History of Madhhabs in Islam, pp: 257 - 259, Fığlalı, Ethem Ruhi and Osman Eskicioğlu translation to Turkish, Yağmur, İstanbul, 1970. / (Tajseem) Tajsīm) of God in any form, as the concept is defined as shirk. In Islam, God is one and "neither begets nor is begotten".Qur'an, (112:1-4). Judaism%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Mainstream Judaism totally rejects any doctrine of an incarnation of God and absolutely rejects any concept of an incarnation of God in any form.L. Jacobs 1973 A Jewish Theology p. 24. N.Y.: Berman House However, some Hasidim believe in a somewhat similar concept. Menachem Mendel Schneerson, a prominent Hasidic leader, said that the Rebbe is God's essence itself put into a body of a tzadik.Likkutei Sichos, Vol. 2, pp. 510-511 . | Abrahamic religions Judaism Mainstream Judaism totally rejects any doctrine of an incarnation of God and absolutely rejects any concept of an incarnation of God in any form.L. Jacobs 1973 A Jewish Theology p. 24. N.Y.: Berman House However, some Hasidim believe in a somewhat similar concept. Menachem Mendel Schneerson, a prominent Hasidic leader, said that the Rebbe is God's essence itself put into a body of a tzadik.Likkutei Sichos, Vol. 2, pp. 510-511. Christianity upChrist Pantocrator, God incarnate in the Christian faith, shown in a mosaic from Daphni, Greece, ca. 1080-1100. The incarnation of Christ is a central Christian doctrine that God became flesh, assumed a human nature, and became a man in the form of Jesus, the Son of God and the second person of the Trinity. This foundational Christian position holds that the divine nature of the Son of God was perfectly united with human nature in one divine Person, Jesus, making him both truly God and truly human. The theological term for this is hypostatic union: the second person of the Trinity, God the Son, became flesh when he was miraculously conceived in the womb of the Virgin Mary. Biblical passages traditionally referenced in connection with the doctrine of the Incarnation include , , and . GOD is used by some Christians to differentiate between Jesus as God-incarnate. Islam Islam completely rejects the doctrine of the incarnation (Mu'jassimāMuhammad Abu Zahra, İslâm’da Siyâsî ve İ’tikadî Mezhepler Tarihi, History of Madhhabs in Islam, pp: 257 - 259, Fığlalı, Ethem Ruhi and Osman Eskicioğlu translation to Turkish, Yağmur, İstanbul, 1970. / (Tajseem) Tajsīm) of God in any form, as the concept is defined as shirk. In Islam, God is one and "neither begets nor is begotten".Qur'an, (112:1-4). Baháʼí Faith %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Hinduism Avatar versus incarnation The translation of avatar as "incarnation" has been questioned by Christian theologians, who state that an incarnation is in flesh and imperfect, while avatar is mythical and perfect. The theological concept of Christ as an incarnation, as found in Christology, presents the Christian concept of incarnation. This, state Oduyoye and Vroom, is different from the Hindu concept of avatar because avatars in Hinduism are unreal and is similar to Docetism.Mercy Amba Oduyoye, H. M. Vroom, One gospel – many cultures: case studies and reflections on cross-cultural theology, Rodopi, 2003, , p. 111. Sheth disagrees and states that this claim is an incorrect understanding of the Hindu concept of avatar. Avatars are true embodiments of spiritual perfection, one driven by noble goals, in Hindu traditions such as Vaishnavism %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% . | [
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782207 | 1 | Edgerly wrote eighty-two of what would today be called self-help books under the pseudonym "Edmund Shaftesbury". They covered subjects like diet, exercise, punctuation, sexual magnetism, artistic deep breathing, facial expressions and ventriloquism. Although Edgerly publicly claimed that the Ralston Company had no goods for sale, he did sell his books through mail order. Many of these books are still available through old-books dealers. In addition to advice like brushing your teeth , the books make various recommendations, for example that every young man should engage in a form of probationary marriage with a woman old enough to be his grandmother. Edgerly also created his own language, called the " Adam-Man-Tongue " , with a 33-letter alphabet. The Magnetism Club of America, another Ralstonite organization, was founded to give its members control over the minds of others . Ralstonites were to follow strict dietary guidelines. For example, watermelons were supposed to be poisonous to Caucasians. Correct diet and proper physical exercise would help readers attain "personal magnetism" , which would give them control over the thoughts of others. Much of the physical regime demanded moving in graceful curves and arcs and walking exclusively on the balls of one's feet. Because sudden starts and stops and sharp angular movements caused a "leakage of vital force", Ralstonites were to even pick marbles in continuous circles. There was a proper way to bathe (dry bath), gesture, sit, stand, sleep, talk and have sex. Edgerly claimed a scientific basis for all this. In 1900 Edgerly joined forces with the founder of Purina Food Company, which took the name Ralston Purina Company ( now Nestlé Purina PetCare). It made whole-wheat cereal that Ralstonites were to consume. The food company Edgerly founded evolved into what is now called Ralcorp , and was the original owner of the cereal brands Chex and Cookie Crisp. Between 1894 and 1895 Edgerly bought large areas of farmland along the northern slope of Hopewell Valley, New Jersey . There Edgerly founded Ralston Heights in 1905, a house built to his own design to contain a community of Ralstonites he meant to be a core of a future City of Ralston. The contours of the estate followed Edgerly's conviction that sudden stops and walking in straight lines would cause leakage of vital force. Edgerly planned to expand to hundreds of lots, sixteen small farms, seven palaces and a Temple of Ralston. This community did not materialize, at least not in the form Edgerly intended. Much of the estate still stands today, in ruined condition. References Janet Six - "Hidden History of Ralston Heights" (Archaeology May/June 2004) abstract External links A Website About the Writings of Webster Edgerly Life building method of the Ralston Health Club; "All nature" course at archive.org Book of general membership of the Ralston Health Club at archive.org Magnetism Manual of the Magnetism Club of America | Edgerly wrote 82 of what would today be called self-help books under the pseudonym "Edmund Shaftesbury". They covered subjects including diet, exercise, punctuation, sexual magnetism, artistic deep breathing, facial expressions and ventriloquism. Although Edgerly publicly claimed that the Ralston Company had no goods for sale, he did sell his books through mail order. Many of these books are still available through old-books dealers. In addition to advice like toothbrushing , the books make various recommendations, for example that every young man should engage in a form of probationary marriage with a woman old enough to be his grandmother. Edgerly also created his own language, called the Adam-Man-Tongue , with a 33-letter alphabet. The Magnetism Club of America, another Ralstonite organization, was founded to give its members mind control . Ralstonites were to follow strict dietary guidelines. For example, watermelons were supposed to be poisonous to Caucasians. Correct diet and proper physical exercise would help readers attain personal magnetism , which would give them control over the thoughts of others. Much of the physical regime demanded moving in graceful curves and arcs and walking exclusively on the balls of one's feet. Because sudden starts and stops and sharp angular movements caused a "leakage of vital force", Ralstonites were to even pick marbles in continuous circles. There was a proper way to bathe (dry bath), gesture, sit, stand, sleep, talk and have sex. Edgerly claimed a scientific basis for all this. In 1900 Edgerly joined forces with the founder of Purina Food Company, which took the name Ralston Purina Company ( which would later become Nestlé Purina PetCare). It made whole wheat cereal that Ralstonites were to consume. The food company Edgerly founded evolved into what is now called Ralcorp which was the original manufacturer of cereal brands including Chex and Cookie Crisp. Between 1894 and 1895 , Edgerly bought large areas of farmland along the northern slope of Hopewell Valley, New Jersey , where he founded Ralston Heights in 1905. A house he designed was built to contain a community of Ralstonites he meant to be a core of a future City of Ralston. The contours of the estate followed Edgerly's conviction that sudden stops and walking in straight lines would cause leakage of vital force. Edgerly planned to expand to hundreds of lots, sixteen small farms, seven palaces and a Temple of Ralston. This community did not materialize, at least not in the form Edgerly intended. Much of the estate still exists, albeit in ruined condition. References External links Writings of Webster Edgerly at oddbooks.com Life building method of the Ralston Health Club; "All nature" course at archive.org Book of general membership of the Ralston Health Club at archive.org Magnetism Manual of the Magnetism Club of America (archived) (formerly at neurolinguistic.com) | [
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782895 | 1 | Interculturalism has arisen in response to criticisms of existing policies of multiculturalism, such as criticisms that such policies had failed to create inclusion of different cultures within society, but instead have divided society by legitimizing segregated separate communities that have isolated themselves and accentuated their specificity. It is based on the recognition of both differences and similarities between cultures.Hans van Ewijk. European Social Policy and Social Work: Citizenship-Based Social Work. Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2010. P. 136. It has addressed the risk of the creation of absolute relativism within postmodernity and in multiculturalism. Philosopher Martha Nussbaum in her work Cultivating Humanity, describes interculturalism as involving "the recognition of common human needs across cultures and of dissonance and critical dialogue within cultures" and that interculturalists "reject the claim of identity politics that only members of a particular group have the ability to understand the perspective of that group".Femi James Kolapo. Immigrant Academics and Cultural Challenges in a Global Environment. Amherst, New York, USA: Cambria Press, 2008. P. 134. Ali Rattansi, in his book Multiculturalism: A Very Short Introduction (2011) argues that Interculturalism offers a more fruitful way than conventional multiculturalism for different ethnic groups to co-exist in an atmosphere that encourages both better inter-ethnic understanding and civility; he provides useful examples of how interculturalist projects in the UK have shown in practice a constructive way forward for promoting multi-ethnic civility. Based on a considerable body of research, he also sets out the outlines of a new interpretation of global history which shows that concepts of tolerance are not restricted to the West, and that what is usually regarded as a unique Western cultural achievement should more appropriately be regarded as a Eurasian achievement. He thus offers a more interculturalist view of global history which undermines notions of 'a clash of civilisations'. Interculturalism has both supporters and opponents amongst people who endorse multiculturalism. Gerald Delanty views interculturalism as capable of incorporating multiculturalism within it.Gerald Delanty. Community: 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009. P. 71. In contrast, Nussbaum views interculturalism as distinct from multiculturalism and notes that several humanities professors have preferred interculturalism over multiculturalism because they view multiculturalism as being "associated with relativism and identity politics". The United Nations' agency UNESCO adopted the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in 2005, which declares support for interculturalism.UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Article 4 Paragraph 8. In Germany, all universities are required to have a section on intercultural competence in their social work programs, that involves students being able to be open to listen and communicate with people of different cultural backgrounds, have knowledge of the backgrounds of cultural groups, knowledge of existing stereotypes and prejudices involving cultural groups, and other criteria. Salman Cheema, the Head of Marketing and Communications of the British Council, in an article titled "From Multiculturalism to Interculturalism – A British perspective", spoke of an event co-hosted by the British Council and Canada's Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on April 11, 2013, interculturalist advocate Phil Wood declared that multiculturalism has faced serious problems that need to be resolved through interculturalism, and rejected those opponents of multiculturalism who seek to restore a pre-multiculturalist monoculturalist URL Background on Salman Cheema Several days later in Montreal, the New Democratic Party of Canada (NDP) declared support for interculturalism in the preamble of its constitution adopted its federal convention held in Montreal on April 14, 2013. | Origin Interculturalism has arisen in response to criticisms of existing policies of multiculturalism, such as criticisms that such policies had failed to create inclusion of different cultures within society, but instead have divided society by legitimizing segregated separate communities that have isolated themselves and accentuated their specificity. It is based on the recognition of both differences and similarities between cultures.Hans van Ewijk. European Social Policy and Social Work: Citizenship-Based Social Work. Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2010. P. 136. It has addressed the risk of the creation of absolute relativism within postmodernity and in multiculturalism. Definition Philosopher Martha Nussbaum in her work Cultivating Humanity, describes interculturalism as involving "the recognition of common human needs across cultures and of dissonance and critical dialogue within cultures" and that interculturalists "reject the claim of identity politics that only members of a particular group have the ability to understand the perspective of that group".Femi James Kolapo. Immigrant Academics and Cultural Challenges in a Global Environment. Amherst, New York, USA: Cambria Press, 2008. P. 134. Usage The United Nations' agency UNESCO adopted the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in 2005, which declares support for interculturalism.UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Article 4 Paragraph 8. In Germany, all universities are required to have a section on intercultural competence in their social work programs, that involves students being able to be open to listen and communicate with people of different cultural backgrounds, have knowledge of the backgrounds of cultural groups, knowledge of existing stereotypes and prejudices involving cultural groups, and other criteria. 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7831816 | 1 | Procellarum KREEP Terrane The Procellarum KREEP Terrane, or PKT, is a large province on the near side of the Moon that has high abundances of KREEP. KREEP is an acronym built from the letters K (the atomic symbol for potassium), REE (rare-earth elements) and P (for phosphorus), and is a geochemical component of some lunar impact breccia and basaltic rocks. Notably, it is high in thorium, a rare earth element, distinguishing it from the other terranes. The PKT is on the near side of the moon, and covers 16 \% of the lunar surface . Despite this, it contains 60\% of all basaltic flows. KREEP has been shown to lower the melting point of rocks similar to those found on the Moon, and is expected to have contributed to volcanism in the region. The inner FHT lies exclusively in the far side of the Moon, whereas the outer FHT spans both sides and is the one of two terranes on the near side of the Moon, along with the PKT. No spacecraft have landed on the inner FHT, as the only lander to the far side touched down in the South Pole-Aitken Terrane. In contrast, the outer FHT has been the subject of human landings and sample return. South Pole-Aitken Terrane The South Pole-Aitken Terrane, or SPAT, may simply represent deep crustal materials of the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane. It has thorium levels between those of the PKT and FHT. The SPAT can be divided into two terranes, an outer and an inner SPAT. The outer SPAT has less iron oxide and thorium than its inner counterpart, although the thorium levels are still between those of the PKT and FHT. The terrane has its origins in a large impact that occurred early in the Moon's history and which had a major impact on the Moon's thermal evolution . | Procellarum KREEP Terrane The Procellarum KREEP Terrane, or PKT, is a large province on the near side of the Moon that has high abundances of KREEP. KREEP is an acronym built from the letters K (the atomic symbol for potassium), REE (rare-earth elements) and P (for phosphorus), and is a geochemical component of some lunar impact breccia and basaltic rocks. Notably, it is high in the KREEP element thorium, at a level of 4.8 ppm. This is a major factor distinguishing it from the other terranes. The PKT is on the near side of the moon, and covers 10 \% of the lunar surface , or 16\% if one includes the maria lying within the FHT . Despite this, it contains 60\% of all basaltic flows. KREEP has been shown to lower the melting point of rocks similar to those found on the Moon, and is expected to have contributed to volcanism in the region. Overall, 6\% of the lunar surface (and hence 9\% of the FHT) consists of maria within the FHT, such as Mare Moscoviense. FHT maria have on average only 2.2 ppm of thorium, which is twice as much as the lunar average but significantly less than the levels seen in the PKT maria. Outer FHT non-maria regions contain 1 ppm of thorium, and only 0.3 ppm of thorium in the inner FHT. The inner FHT lies exclusively in the far side of the Moon, whereas the outer FHT spans both sides and is the one of two terranes on the near side of the Moon, along with the PKT. No spacecraft have landed on the inner FHT, as the only lander to the far side touched down in the South Pole-Aitken Terrane. In contrast, the outer FHT has been the subject of human landings and sample return. South Pole-Aitken Terrane The South Pole-Aitken Terrane, or SPAT, may simply represent deep crustal materials of the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane. It has thorium levels between those of the PKT and FHT. The SPAT can be divided into two terranes, an outer and an inner SPAT. The outer SPAT has less iron oxide and thorium than its inner counterpart, although the thorium levels are still between those of the PKT and FHT. The terrane has its origins in a large impact that occurred early in the Moon's history and which had a major impact on the Moon's thermal evolution . The SPAT corresponds to the darker region in the far side of the moon. The inner and outer SPAT cover 5.3\% and 5.7\% of the lunar surface, respectively. Despite collectively covering 11\% of the surface, SPAT contains only 5.8\% of the thorium in the lunar crust . | [
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7833632 | 1 | Other languages have adopted this method, albeit with different words that sound similar to cheese to get the desired effect of shaping the mouth to form a smile. Argentina: "whiskey" ("whiskey", pronounced to end with an ee sound.) Bulgaria: "Zele" ("Cabbage") Brazil: "Digam 'X'''" ("Say 'X'") (the name of the letter "X" in Portuguese (/ʃis/) sounds a lot like the English word "cheese"). Catalonia: "Lluís" ("Lewis") China: 茄子 (qie2zi), meaning "eggplant". The pronunciation of this word is notably similar to that of the English word "cheese". In Hong Kong, the phrase is "一,二,三" ("yat yi saam") meaning "1, 2, 3." Colombia: "whiskey" ("whiskey", pronounced to end with an ee sound.) Croatia: "ptičica" ("little bird") Czech Republic: "sýr" ("cheese") Denmark: "Sig appelsin" ("Say orange") Finland: "Muikku", a species of fish known in English as the vendace. France and other French-speaking countries: "ouistiti" ("marmoset") Germany: Food-related words like "Spaghetti", "Käsekuchen" (cheesecake), or "Wurst" are used, mainly to make children laugh for the picture. Hungary: "Itt repül a kis madár" ("Here flies the little bird") "cheese" is also used, mostly by younger people. India: "paneer people also say hari" (Hindi: पनीर) Italy: "dì cheese" ("say cheese")Morocco: "Khbiz" ("bread") Iran: "سیب" (Saib), meaning "apple." Israel: "תגידו צ'יז" (tagidu tshiz), meaning "say cheese". Japan: "Sei, No..." ("Ready, Set..."). Also チーズ (chīzu), meaning "cheese", is used. Vietnam: "2... 3... Cười lên nào!" ("2... 3... Smile!"). And sometimes "i..i..i...." (pronounced like the name of the letter "E" in English). Korea: "kimchi" Most Latin American countries: "Diga 'whiskey'" ("Say 'whiskey'"). Netherlands: "Lach eens naar het vogeltje" ("Smile at the little bird"). The English word "cheese" is also often used. Nigeria: Many photographers prompt the subjects of their photographs to say "cheese" at the count of three Portugal: "Olha o passarinho" ("Look at the little bird"). Russia: The English word "cheese", or sometimes the Russian word "сыр" (pronounced seer) which means "cheese". Also "Скажи изюм" (pronounced Skazhi izyum), meaning "Say raisins" (used as the title of a 1983 novel by Vasily Aksyonov). Serbia: "птичица" ("Little bird") which sounds like pteecheetsa Slovakia: "syr" ("cheese") Spain: "di/decid patata" ("say potato"). Also, "mirar al pajarito" ("look at the birdie"), intended to make people look directly at the camera. Sweden: "Säg omelett" ("Say omelette") Turkey: "Peynir '' " ("cheese") | Other languages have adopted this method, albeit with different words that sound similar to cheese to get the desired effect of shaping the mouth to form a smile. Argentina: "whiskey" ("whiskey", pronounced to end with an ee sound.) Bulgaria: "Zele" ("Cabbage") Brazil: "Digam 'X'''" ("Say 'X'") (the name of the letter "X" in Portuguese (/ʃis/) sounds a lot like the English word "cheese"). Catalonia: "Lluís" ("Lewis") China: 茄子 (qie2zi), meaning "eggplant". The pronunciation of this word is notably similar to that of the English word "cheese". In Hong Kong, the phrase is "一,二,三" ("yat yi saam") meaning "1, 2, 3." Colombia: "whiskey" ("whiskey", pronounced to end with an ee sound.) Croatia: "ptičica" ("little bird") Czech Republic: "sýr" ("cheese") Denmark: "Sig appelsin" ("Say orange") Finland: "Muikku", a species of fish known in English as the vendace. France and other French-speaking countries: "ouistiti" ("marmoset") Germany: Food-related words like "Spaghetti", "Käsekuchen" (cheesecake), or "Wurst" are used, mainly to make children laugh for the picture. Hungary: "Itt repül a kis madár" ("Here flies the little bird") "cheese" is also used, mostly by younger people. India: "paneer people also say hari" (Hindi: पनीर) Italy: "dì cheese" ("say cheese")Morocco: "Khbiz" ("bread") Iran: "سیب" (Saib), meaning "apple." Israel: "תגידו צ'יז" (tagidu tshiz), meaning "say cheese". Japan: "Sei, No..." ("Ready, Set..."). Also チーズ (chīzu), meaning "cheese", is used. Korea: "kimchi" Most Latin American countries: "Diga 'whiskey'" ("Say 'whiskey'"). Netherlands: "Lach eens naar het vogeltje" ("Smile at the little bird"). The English word "cheese" is also often used. Nigeria: Many photographers prompt the subjects of their photographs to say "cheese" at the count of three Portugal: "Olha o passarinho" ("Look at the little bird"). Russia: The English word "cheese", or sometimes the Russian word "сыр" (pronounced seer) which means "cheese". Also "Скажи изюм" (pronounced Skazhi izyum), meaning "Say raisins" (used as the title of a 1983 novel by Vasily Aksyonov). 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7836846 | 1 | The model maker must be highly skilled in the use of many machines including but not limited to: manual lathes, manual mills, CNC machines, lasers, wire EDM, water jet saws, tig welders, sheet metal fabrication tools and wood working tools. Fabrication processes model makers take part in are powder coating, shearing, punching, plating, folding, forming and anodizing. Some model makers also use increasingly automated processes, for example cutting parts directly with digital data from CAD plans on a CNC mill or creating the parts through rapid prototyping. Hand tools used by a model maker are an exacto knife, tweezers, sprue cutter, tape, glue, paint, and paint brushes. | The model maker must be highly skilled in the use of many machines , such as manual lathes, manual mills, Computer Numeric Control (CNC) machines, lasers, wire EDM, water jet saws, tig welders, sheet metal fabrication tools and wood working tools. Fabrication processes model makers take part in are powder coating, shearing, punching, plating, folding, forming and anodizing. Some model makers also use increasingly automated processes, for example cutting parts directly with digital data from computer-aided design plans on a CNC mill or creating the parts through rapid prototyping. Hand tools used by a model maker are an exacto knife, tweezers, sprue cutter, tape, glue, paint, and paint brushes. | [
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7841985 | 1 | Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Algerian male singers Category:Berber Algerians Category:Berber musicians Category:Kabyle people Category:Real World Records artists Category:20th-century Algerian singers Category:20th-century male singers Category:21st-century Algerian singers Category:21st-century male singer | Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Algerian people Category:People from Dellys Category:People from Dellys District Category:People from Boumerdès Province Category:Kabyle people Category:Algerian male singers Category:Berber Algerians Category:Berber musicians Category:Real World Records artists Category:20th-century Algerian singers Category:20th-century male singers Category:21st-century Algerian singers Category:21st-century male singer | [
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7843744 | 1 | In philosophy, transcendental apperception is a term employed by Kantians to designate that which makes experience possible.Glendinning (1999, 26, 40-41). The concept can also be used to mean the junction at which the self and the world come together. | In philosophy, transcendental apperception is a term employed by Immanuel Kant and subsequent Kantian philosophers to designate that which makes experience possible.Glendinning (1999, 26, 40-41). The term can also be used to refer to the junction at which the self and the world come together. | [
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785461 | 1 | Magtymguly received his early education in the Turkmen, Persian and Arabic languages from his father . He continued his studies in various madrassahs (religious school of higher learning), including Idris Baba madrassah in the village of , madrassah in Bukhara and madrassah in Khiva.Azemoun, Youssef, trans. "An Interview with Gara Ishan". Journal of Makhtumkuli Studies 2(2000) After finishing his studies and returning home, Magtymguly worked as a silversmith; he also taught local children and was engaged in writing poetry.Azemoun, Youssef. “The Significant History” He developed a realistic style of writing about 18th-century Turkmens that became very popular and led to him becoming one of the most cherished Turkmen poets of all time. He was a devout naqshbandi sufi, who was said to have travelled throughout all of the lands comprising modern Turkmenistan, teaching and praying for the salvation of his people.{[cite URL Pyragy|date=8 July 2005}} His strong religiosity and deep sense of spirituality are found in poems such as and . Apparently, after losing the love of his life, Magtymguly started composing under the laqab (pseudonym), which is translated as "separated" from Arabic. The Turkmen tribes of the 18th century were torn by internal violence and the aggression of powerful neighbors. Much of Magtymguly's poetry depicts the suffering of the common people caused by the selfishness of those in power. Magtymguly criticized rulers and religious figures for their exploitation of the poor and their mockery of justice in such stanzas as: Khans of have been spoiled, They think we do not deserve any comfort. They took away all our belongings, We could not do anything but watch them. Poetry 170px|Magtymguly Pyragy on Soviet Ruble, 1991 Magtymguly was one of the first Turkmen poets to introduce the use of classical Chagatai, the court language of the Khans of Central Asia, as a literary language, incorporating many Turkmen linguistic features.Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan." Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies. Comp. Glenn E. Curtis. Washington, D.C.: Division, 1997. 318. His poetry exemplifies a trend towards increased use of Turkic languages rather than Persian; he is revered as the founder of Turkmen poetry, literature and language.Abazov, Rafis. Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics (Westport, Connecticut 2007) 89. His poetry gave start to an era litterateurs depict as the "Golden age" in Turkmen literature. Magtymguly is widely considered holy among Turkmen communities and his poems are often quoted as proverbs in Turkmen society.Bakulin, F. “The Turkmen's Songs and Their Poet, Makhtumkuli.” Journal of Makhtumkuli Studies 1(1997). Magtymguly's literary genre mostly adhered to realism. Magtymguly most often promoted patriotism, despised social inequality and hailed love in his poems. He made much use of the qoshuk form of poetry, which features prominently in Turkmen folk songs and is easily adapted to Turkmen musical forms. The qoshuk form consists of quatrains with lines consisting of eight or eleven syllables, and follows a rhyming scheme of ABCB for the first stanza, and CCCB and DDDB for the following stanzas. The compatibility of Magtymguly's poems with traditional musical forms allowed them to be easily adopted by bakhshis (traditional singers).Azemoun, Youssef. “Pages From the Life of Makhtumkuli.” Journal of Makhtumkuli Studies 1(1997). Legacy His statue in Kyiv, Ukraine Banknote of 10 manat of Turkmenistan with the image of Magtymguly (2009) June 27 is celebrated in Turkmenistan as "the Day of Workers of Culture and Arts and the poetry of Magtymguly Fragi". "The proclamation of June 27 of each year as "the Day of the Workers of Culture and Arts and the poetry of Magtymguly Fragi" makes the workers of culture and art even more proud. | Atrek River, Golestan, the region where Magtymguly was born and lived most of his life Magtymguly received his early education in the Turkmen, Persian and Arabic languages from his father . He continued his studies in various madrassahs (religious school of higher learning), including Idris Baba madrassah in the village of , madrassah in Bukhara and madrassah in Khiva.Azemoun, Youssef, trans. "An Interview with Gara Ishan". Journal of Makhtumkuli Studies 2(2000) One of the three madrasas (religious school of higher learning) where Magtymguly studied - Kukeldash Madrasa, Bukhara (present-day Uzbekistan) After finishing his studies and returning home, Magtymguly worked as a silversmith; he also taught local children and was engaged in writing poetry.Azemoun, Youssef. “The Significant History” He developed a realistic style of writing about 18th-century Turkmens that became very popular and led to him becoming one of the most cherished Turkmen poets of all time. He was a devout naqshbandi sufi, who was said to have travelled throughout all of the lands comprising modern Turkmenistan, teaching and praying for the salvation of his people.{[cite URL Pyragy|date=8 July 2005}} His strong religiosity and deep sense of spirituality are found in poems such as and . Turkmen commemorative coin depicting Magtymguly Apparently, after losing the love of his life, Magtymguly started composing under the laqab (pseudonym), which is translated as "separated" from Arabic. Banknote of 10 manat of Turkmenistan with the image of Magtymguly (2009) The Turkmen tribes of the 18th century were torn by internal violence and the aggression of powerful neighbors. Much of Magtymguly's poetry depicts the suffering of the common people caused by the selfishness of those in power. Magtymguly criticized rulers and religious figures for their exploitation of the poor and their mockery of justice in such stanzas as: Khans of have been spoiled, They think we do not deserve any comfort. They took away all our belongings, We could not do anything but watch them. Poetry Magtymguly was one of the first Turkmen poets to introduce the use of classical Chagatai, the court language of the Khans of Central Asia, as a literary language, incorporating many Turkmen linguistic features.Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan." Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies. Comp. Glenn E. Curtis. Washington, D.C.: Division, 1997. 318. His poetry exemplifies a trend towards increased use of Turkic languages rather than Persian; he is revered as the founder of Turkmen poetry, literature and language.Abazov, Rafis. Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics (Westport, Connecticut 2007) 89. His poetry gave start to an era litterateurs depict as the "Golden age" in Turkmen literature. Magtymguly is widely considered holy among Turkmen communities and his poems are often quoted as proverbs in Turkmen society.Bakulin, F. “The Turkmen's Songs and Their Poet, Makhtumkuli.” Journal of Makhtumkuli Studies 1(1997). Magtymguly's literary genre mostly adhered to realism. 170px|Magtymguly Pyragy on Soviet Ruble, 1991 Magtymguly most often promoted patriotism, despised social inequality and hailed love in his poems. He made much use of the qoshuk form of poetry, which features prominently in Turkmen folk songs and is easily adapted to Turkmen musical forms. The qoshuk form consists of quatrains with lines consisting of eight or eleven syllables, and follows a rhyming scheme of ABCB for the first stanza, and CCCB and DDDB for the following stanzas. The compatibility of Magtymguly's poems with traditional musical forms allowed them to be easily adopted by bakhshis (traditional singers).Azemoun, Youssef. “Pages From the Life of Makhtumkuli.” Journal of Makhtumkuli Studies 1(1997). Legacy Magtymguly's statue in Kyiv, Ukraine June 27 is celebrated in Turkmenistan as "the Day of Workers of Culture and Arts and the poetry of Magtymguly Fragi". "The proclamation of June 27 of each year as "the Day of the Workers of Culture and Arts and the poetry of Magtymguly Fragi" makes the workers of culture and art even more proud. | [
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7856664 | 1 | Eco-nationalism (also known as ecological nationalism or green nationalism) manifests as a desire to eliminate reliance on foreign sources of fuel and energy by promoting alternative energy sources that can be adequately created and maintained with a nation's boundary. Brazil displayed an example of this by becoming completely energy self-reliant. In subaltern studies and cultural anthropology, eco-nationalism refers to the iconification of native species and landscapes in a way that appeals to a nationalist sentiment. According to J. Dawson, eco-nationalism is the rise of social movements that closely connect problems of environment protection with nationalist concerns. In the former Soviet Union, citizens perceived environmental degradation as both a systemic fault of socialism and a direct result of Moscow's desire to weaken a particular nation by destroying its natural base, and exploiting its resources. Estonian, Lithuanian and Ukrainian independence movements drew great strength from environmental activism, especially from an antinuclear stance. In 1985–1991, eco-nationalism was one of symptoms and at the same time a new impulse for disintegration of the Soviet Union. Eco-nationalism as defined by anthropologists often manifests in the adoption of nature as an entity outside of culture that must be protected in its pristine and untouched state whenever possible. This process is particularly visible in countries such as Australia and New Zealand, which are known for their unique animal life. Eco-nationalism is also marked by national pride in natural wonders such as the Great Barrier Reef or Mitre Peak, extensive conservation efforts towards iconic species such as the kakapo and largetooth sawfish, and the creation of National Parks in order to protect these species and areas. While beneficial for conservation efforts, eco-nationalism has been criticized as an extension of colonialist dichotomies and ontologies and rarely addresses Indigenous ecological knowledge. Eco-nationalism can manifest in ecotourism, which can enrich local economies but has garnered criticism from a variety of perspectives. Artistic works that extol the virtues of a nation's natural phenomena, such as the poetry of William Wordsworth or the paintings of the Group of Seven, are another expression of eco-nationalism. The British National Party claimed in its 2005 manifesto to be the "only true 'Green Party'" in Britain since: | Eco-nationalism (also known as ecological nationalism or green nationalism) manifests as a desire to eliminate reliance on foreign sources of fuel and energy by promoting alternative energy sources that can be adequately created and maintained with a nation's boundary. National examples Brazil displayed an example of this by becoming completely energy self-reliant. Subaltern studies and cultural antrology In subaltern studies and cultural anthropology, eco-nationalism refers to the iconification of native species and landscapes in a way that appeals to a nationalist sentiment. Definitions According to J. Dawson, eco-nationalism is the rise of social movements that closely connect problems of environment protection with nationalist concerns. In the former Soviet Union, citizens perceived environmental degradation as both a systemic fault of socialism and a direct result of Moscow's desire to weaken a particular nation by destroying its natural base, and exploiting its resources. Estonian, Lithuanian and Ukrainian independence movements drew great strength from environmental activism, especially from an antinuclear stance. In 1985–1991, eco-nationalism was one of symptoms and at the same time a new impulse for disintegration of the Soviet Union. Eco-nationalism as defined by anthropologists often manifests in the adoption of nature as an entity outside of culture that must be protected in its pristine and untouched state whenever possible. ===Australia and New Zealand This process is particularly visible in countries such as Australia and New Zealand, which are known for their unique animal life. Eco-nationalism is also marked by national pride in natural wonders such as the Great Barrier Reef or Mitre Peak, extensive conservation efforts towards iconic species such as the kakapo and largetooth sawfish, and the creation of National Parks in order to protect these species and areas. While beneficial for conservation efforts, eco-nationalism has been criticized as an extension of colonialist dichotomies and ontologies and rarely addresses Indigenous ecological knowledge. Ecotourism and cultural eco-nationalism Eco-nationalism can manifest in ecotourism, which can enrich local economies but has garnered criticism from a variety of perspectives. Artistic works that extol the virtues of a nation's natural phenomena, such as the poetry of William Wordsworth or the paintings of the Group of Seven, are another expression of eco-nationalism. British National Party The British National Party claimed in its 2005 manifesto to be the "only true 'Green Party'" in Britain since: | [
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7861415 | 1 | October 1980, Iranian Embassy Hostages . In October, 1980, preceding elections in United States on November 4, 1980, Ronald Reagan's election campaign manager William Casey, Laurence Silberman and George Herbert Walker Bush went to Paris, France and held a series of meetings with Iranian officials from October 15 to October 20, 1980 to discuss the fate of the 52 remaining hostages taken from the US embassy building in Tehran, Iran on November 4, 1979. Iranian officials agreed not to release the hostages prior to election day on November 4, 1980 in exchange for a shipment of F-4 Phantom II aircraft tires and spare parts supplied to Iran from Israel between October 21 and October 23, 1980 in contravention of the United States' boycott and the Trading with the Enemy Act. The 52 hostages were finally released after 444 days in captivity on the same day, at the same hour, that Ronald Reagan was sworn into office on January 20, 1981. The United States Congress eventually held hearings in 1991 led by Lee H. Hamilton on the matter, which were underreported in the media and widely considered to be a whitewash, and in which "no credible evidence" was found "linking Reagan's team to the delay of the hostages' release ". Gary Sick. 1991. October Surprise: America's Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan. New York: Random House. A 1976 drunk driving citation on candidate George W. Bush was considered an election surprise for its suspicious timing, coming out one week before the 2000 US Presidential Election. Madrid train bombings on 11 March 2004, preceding elections in Spain on 14 March 2004. This led to the defeat of the sitting government subsequently leading to the Spanish withdraw from Iraq. The Killian documents, A faked set of papers provided to CBS News prior to the 2004 US Presidential Election were also considered an election surprise for the timing and negative propaganda value. Rep. Mark Foley (R-FL) admitted to sending explicit instant messages to underage pages on 29 September 2006, preceding mid-term elections in the United States on 7 November 2006. Democrats said that high-ranking members of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives may have known about the events. Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity on 5 November 2006, preceding mid-term elections in the United States on 7 November 2006. | In October 1980, the Iranian Embassy Hostages preceding elections in United States on November 4, 1980, Ronald Reagan's election campaign manager William Casey, Laurence Silberman and George HW Bush went to Paris, France , and held a series of meetings with Iranian officials from October 15 to October 20, 1980 to discuss the fate of the 52 remaining hostages taken from the US embassy building in Tehran, Iran on November 4, 1979. Iranian officials agreed not to release the hostages prior to election day on November 4, 1980 in exchange for a shipment of F-4 Phantom II aircraft tires and spare parts supplied to Iran from Israel between October 21 and October 23, 1980 in contravention of the United States' boycott and the Trading with the Enemy Act. The 52 hostages were finally released after 444 days in captivity on the same day, at the same hour, that Ronald Reagan was sworn into office on January 20, 1981. The United States Congress eventually held hearings in 1991 led by Lee H. Hamilton on the matter, which were underreported in the media and widely considered to be a whitewash, and in which "no credible evidence" was found "linking Reagan's team to the delay of the hostages' release ." Gary Sick. 1991. October Surprise: America's Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan. New York: Random House. A 1976 drunk driving citation on candidate George W. Bush was considered an election surprise for its suspicious timing, coming out one week before the 2000 US Presidential Election. Madrid train bombings on 11 March 2004, preceding elections in Spain on 14 March 2004. This led to the defeat of the sitting government subsequently leading to the Spanish withdraw from Iraq. The Killian documents, a faked set of papers provided to CBS News prior to the 2004 US Presidential Election were also considered an election surprise for the timing and negative propaganda value. Rep. Mark Foley (R-FL) admitted to sending explicit instant messages to underage pages on 29 September 2006, preceding mid-term elections in the United States on 7 November 2006. Democrats said that high-ranking members of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives may have known about the events. Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity on 5 November 2006, preceding mid-term elections in the United States on 7 November 2006. | [
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0,
42,
458,
781,
944,
1248,
1328,
1352,
1535,
1622,
1727,
1924,
2103,
2233
] |
Subsets and Splits