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['AR-V7, a ligand independent splice variant of androgen receptor, may support the growth of castration resistant prostate cancer and have prognostic value. Another variant, AR-V1, interferes with AR-V7 activity. We investigated whether AR-V7 or V1 expression would predict biochemical recurrence in men at indeterminate (about 50%) risk for progression following radical prostatectomy.', 'AR-V7 and V1 transcripts in a mixed grade cohort of 53 men in whom cancer contained 30% to 70% Gleason grade 4/5 and in a grade 3 only cohort of 52 were measured using a branched chain DNA assay. Spearman rank correlations of the transcripts, and histomorphological and clinical variables were determined. AR-V7 and V1 levels were assessed as determinants of recurrence in the mixed grade cohort by logistic regression and survival analysis. The impact of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion on prognosis was also evaluated.', 'Neither AR-V7 nor V1 levels in grade 3 or 4/5 cancer in the mixed grade cohort were associated with recurrence or time to recurrence. However, AR-V7 and V1 inversely correlated with serum prostate specific antigen and positively correlated with age. The AR-V1 level in grade 3 cancer in the grade 3 only cohort was higher than in grade 3 or grade 4/5 components of mixed grade cancer. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was not associated with AR-V7, AR-V1 or recurrence but it was associated with the percent of grade 4/5 cancer.'] Do transcript levels of androgen receptor variant AR-V1 or AR-V7 predict recurrence in patients with prostate cancer at indeterminate risk for progression? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9411801099777222,
-1.5204849243164062,
2.448220729827881
] |
['We investigated the relationship between the distribution of the eNOS4a/b polymorphism and the clinical features of superficial bladder cancer.', 'This study included 201 healthy controls with a mean ± SD age of 62.35 ± 7.96 years and 123 patients with a mean age of 64.03 ± 11.00 years diagnosed with histopathologically confirmed superficial bladder cancer. The eNOS4a/b polymorphism genotype (aa, bb or ab) was identified by polymerase chain reaction. Blood glutathione and plasma malondialdehyde levels were measured by spectrophotometry as an indicator of oxidative stress. We estimated total plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites using a colorimetric assay kit.', 'There were no significant differences in age or body mass index between patients and controls. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolite levels were statistically significantly increased (p = 0.000 and 0.024, respectively) and glutathione levels were decreased (p = 0.000) in patients with superficial bladder cancer. The bb genotype of the eNOS4a/b polymorphism is the most frequent one in the Turkish population and the aa genotype was significantly more common in patients with superficial bladder cancer (p = 0.000). Also, the aa plus ab genotype was significantly more common in patients with high grade tumors (p = 0.013) and in those with more progression to muscle invasive disease (p = 0.000). This genotype was also a significant independent risk factor for recurrence after adjusting for smoking status, stage, grade and the presence of carcinoma in situ on logistic regression analyses (OR 3.095, 95% CI 1.21-7.86, p = 0.018).'] Is nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS4a/b ) gene polymorphism associated with tumor recurrence and progression in superficial bladder cancer cases? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.044734001159668,
-1.4964078664779663,
2.5671424865722656
] |
['To investigate whether high plasma testosterone (T) levels affect areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone geometry, and bone remodeling in young elite female swimmers (SW).', 'Cross-sectional and 1-year follow-up study.', 'Pediatric endocrinology and gynecology units.', 'Twenty-five SW and 21 control subjects (CON) with breast stages IV or V (mean age 15.3 ± 1.3 y).', 'None.', 'Clinical and biologic parameters, aBMD, and bone geometry.', 'Two groups of SW were constituted on the basis of total T level. High T level SW (HSW; n = 15) presented higher T than SW with normal T (NSW; n = 10) and CON (0.63 ± 0.17; 0.36 ± 0.07, and 0.38 ± 0.14 ng/mL, respectively). The SHBG level (62.1 ± 18.7 vs. 43.3 ± 19.8 nmol/L) and the LH/FSH ratio (1.7 ± 1.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.5) were higher, and menstrual disorders (60% vs. 23.8%) were more frequent in HSW than CON, and no difference was observed between the three groups for other sex hormones and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 or IGF-binding protein 3. SW presented lower fat mass in the whole body and higher lean mass in the upper limbs only. aBMD was only modestly increased in the upper limbs in the SW groups, but no other bone-specific differences (aBMD, bone geometry, bone turnover markers) were demonstrated between SW and CON at baseline or for aBMD after 1 year in a subgroup of participants.'] Does testosterone secretion in elite adolescent swimmers modify bone mass acquisition : a 1-year follow-up study? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0205540657043457,
-1.3653631210327148,
2.41286039352417
] |
['Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are undifferentiated and mitotic and can be induced to differentiate into neurons and glia, the building blocks of the nervous system. NPCs have great therapeutic potential for nervous system trauma and degenerative disorders. They have been identified in the mammalian central nervous system, but current sources are difficult to access surgically and come from regions that are critical for normal brain function.', 'To identify and characterize in detail a novel source of human NPCs in the filum terminale (FT), a vestigial structure at the caudal end of the spinal cord, which is easily accessed and plays no functional role in the postnatal nervous system.', 'Cells were isolated and cultured in vitro from the FT of terminated fetuses and from children and adolescents who had undergone surgical resections for tethered spinal cords. Cell culture techniques, immunohistochemistry, and immunocytochemistry were applied to examine FT cells.', ': FT cells gave rise to neurospheres that proliferated over extended periods of time in culture. These neurospheres were positive for neural stem/progenitor cell markers by immunocytochemical staining. The neurospheres were able to be induced to differentiate in vitro into neurons and glial cells, which were confirmed by the use of antibodies against the cell type-specific markers. Moreover, they have been induced to form motor neurons capable of innervating striated muscle in vitro.'] Is the postnatal human filum terminale a source of autologous multipotent neurospheres capable of generating motor neurons? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.836057424545288,
-0.6924193501472473,
2.656228542327881
] |
['xCT is a light chain of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc. Glutamate that is released by system xc plays an important role in the infiltration of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Furthermore, increased glutathione synthesis by system xc may protect tumor cells against oxidative stress induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.', 'To investigate whether the levels of xCT expression correlated with infiltrative imaging phenotypes on magnetic resonance imaging and outcomes in patients with GBMs.', 'Forty patients with histologically confirmed primary GBMs were included in the study. Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed for age, sex, Karnofsky Performance Status Scale score, Mini-Mental State Examination score, magnetic resonance imaging features, xCT expression, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 R132H expression, O-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation status, type of surgery, progression-free survival, and overall survival.', 'In invasive margins, xCT expression was weak in 20 patients and strong in 20 patients. A Cox regression model revealed that a Karnofsky Performance Status Scale score less than 60 (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.525; P = .01), partial removal (HR: 2.839; P = .03), and strong xCT expression (HR: 4.134; P < .001) were significantly associated with shorter progression-free survival and that partial removal (HR: 2.865; P = .03), weak isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 R132H expression (HR: 15.729; P = .01), and strong xCT expression (HR: 2.863; P = .04) were significantly associated with shorter overall survival.'] Does increased xCT expression correlate with tumor invasion and outcome in patients with glioblastomas? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1634228229522705,
-1.5064202547073364,
2.6582412719726562
] |
['The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis whether the combined use of a cardio-specific biomarker, the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and a marker of early renal damage, the assay of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), may improve risk stratification in pediatric cardiac surgery.', 'We prospectively enrolled 135 children [median age 7 (interquartile range 1-49) months] undergoing to cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease. All biomarkers were evaluated pre- and post-operatively at different times after cardiopulmonary-bypass (CPB): uNGAL at 2, 6 and 12 h; BNP at 12 and 36 h; serum creatinine at 2, 6, 12, and 36 h. Primary endpoints were development of acute kidney injury (AKI) (defined as 1.5 serum creatinine increase) and intubation time.', 'AKI occurred in 39% of patients (65% neonates and 32% older children, p=0.004). The peak of uNGAL values occurred more frequently at 2 h. uNGAL values at 2 h [median 28.2 (interquartile range 7.0-124.6) ng/L] had a good diagnostic accuracy for early diagnosis of AKI with an AUC (area under the curve) ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve of 0.85 (SE 0.034). Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, development of AKI was significantly associated with uNGAL values at 2 h after CPB [OR=1.88 (1.30-2.72, p=0.001)], together with the CPB time and Aristotle score, as an index of complexity of the surgical procedure, while pre-operative BNP values were not. Furthermore, uNGAL and pre-operative BNP values (together with Aristotle score) were significantly associated with adverse outcome (longer intubation time and mortality).'] Does the combined use of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and brain natriuretic peptide improve risk stratification in pediatric cardiac surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.8488565683364868,
-1.6034374237060547,
2.4922425746917725
] |
['The data on the perioperative risk of both thromboembolism and hemorrhage for patients receiving chronic oral anticoagulation who undergo colorectal surgery are sparse. In addition, it is uncertain whether the use of the laparoscopic instead of open technique entails additional risk for these patients. This study aimed to evaluate surgical outcomes, with a particular focus on perioperative thromboembolic and bleeding complications for patients receiving chronic oral anticoagulation therapy who undergo open or laparoscopic colorectal resection.', 'Patients undergoing colorectal resection between 1994 and 2011 on preoperative chronic oral anticoagulant therapy were included in the study. Patient demographics, characteristics, and perioperative outcomes, with particular emphasis on thromboembolism and bleeding risks, were evaluated comparing laparoscopic and open colectomy.', 'The study enrolled 261 patients receiving chronic anticoagulation therapy (102 laparoscopic colectomy vs 159 open colectomy patients). The patients had a mean age of 57.9 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 29.3 kg/m(2). The conversion rate was 8.8 % (n = 9) for laparoscopic operations. Laparoscopic and open cases had comparable BMIs and levels of preoperative hemoglobin. Anastomotic leak, postoperative hospital stay, and surgical-site infection rates were similar for the two groups. Although the laparoscopic group had a significantly greater mean age (p < 0.001) and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score (p = 0.005), the rates for postoperative venous thromboembolism (24.5 vs 2.9 %; p < 0.001), urinary complications (6.9 vs 0 %; p = 0.008), and overall morbidity (44.7 vs 17.7 %; p < 0.001) were lower after laparoscopic surgery. Although the rates for intra- and postoperative blood transfusion were similar, the postoperative hemoglobin levels were significantly higher after laparoscopic surgery. One patient in the laparoscopic group died of sepsis on postoperative day 3.'] Is the minimally invasive approach associated with reduced perioperative thromboembolic and bleeding complications for patients receiving preoperative chronic oral anticoagulant therapy who undergo colorectal surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.873174786567688,
-1.4562124013900757,
2.3366451263427734
] |
['The influence of posture on breathing effort in patients with difficult weaning is unknown. We hypothesized that posture could modulate the breathing effort in difficult-to-wean patients.', 'A prospective, crossover, physiologic study was performed in 24 intubated patients breathing with pressure support who had already failed a spontaneous breathing trial or an extubation episode. Their median duration of mechanical ventilation before measurements was 25 days. Breathing pattern, occlusion pressure (P (0.1)), intrinsic PEEP (PEEP(i)), and inspiratory muscle effort evaluated by the pressure-time product of the respiratory muscles and the work of breathing were measured during three postures: the seated position in bed (90°LD), simulating the position in a chair, the semi-seated (45°), and the supine (0°) positions consecutively applied in a random order. A comfort score was obtained in 17 cooperative patients. The influence of position on chest wall compliance was measured in another group of 11 sedated patients.', 'The 45° position was associated with the lowest levels of effort (p ≤ 0.01) and occlusion pressure (p < 0.05), and tended to be more often comfortable. Respiratory effort was the lowest at 45° in 18/24 patients. PEEP(i) and PEEP(i)-related work were slightly higher in the supine position (p ≤ 0.01), whereas respiratory effort, heart rate, and P (0.1) values were increased in the seated position (p < 0.05).'] Does the semi-seated position slightly reduce the effort to breathe during difficult weaning? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.3264940977096558,
-1.3637351989746094,
1.7700893878936768
] |
['Primary hyperaldosteronism is most commonly due to a solitary cortical adenoma. Thus, some surgeons have suggested a subtotal adrenalectomy is a reasonable approach when a mass can be identified. On the other hand, adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is being used more frequently to distinguish patients with unilateral disease for adrenalectomy, even if a discrete mass is not identified on axial imaging. In these cases, surgical pathology may reveal a cortical adenoma, a cortical adenoma with hyperplasia, or cortical hyperplasia. The goal of this study was to compare the presentation and outcome among patients undergoing adrenalectomy and found to have different histologic features.', 'We performed a retrospective analysis of 136 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. A total of 95 patients had an adrenalectomy for unilateral disease. The preoperative clinical and laboratory, and postoperative outcome of the three aforementioned histologic groups were compared.', 'A total of 95 patients underwent an adrenalectomy. We found no significant difference in age, gender, body mass index, duration of hypertension, number of antihypertensive medications, serum aldosterone level, serum renin level, or adrenal vein sampling ratios among the three histologic categories. We also found no significant difference among the three categories in postoperative cure rate.'] Do adrenal histologic findings show no difference in clinical presentation and outcome in primary hyperaldosteronism? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2298836708068848,
-1.1205298900604248,
2.416588306427002
] |
['Curcumin, an active component derived from dietary spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been demonstrated antihyperglycemic, antiinflammatory and hypocholesterolemic activities in obesity and diabetes. These effects are associated with decreased level of circulating free fatty acids (FFA), however the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. The flux of FFA and glycerol from adipose tissue to the blood stream primarily depends on the lipolysis of triacylglycerols in the adipocytes. Adipocyte lipolysis is physiologically stimulated by catecholamine hormones. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) stimulates chronic lipolysis in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we examined the role of curcumin in inhibiting lipolytic action upon various stimulations in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.', 'Glycerol release from TNFα or isoproterenol-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the absence or presence of curcumin was determined using a colorimetric assay (GPO-Trinder). Western blotting was used to investigate the TNFα-induced phosphorylation of MAPK and perilipin expression. Fatcake and cytosolic fractions were prepared to examine the isoproterenol-stimulated hormone-sensitive lipase translocation.', 'Treatment with curcumin attenuated TNFα-mediated lipolysis by suppressing phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and reversing the downregulation of perilipin protein in TNFα-stimulated adipocytes (p<0.05). The acute lipolytic response to adrenergic stimulation of isoproterenol was also restricted by curcumin (10-20 μM, p<0.05), which was compatible with reduced perilipin phosphorylation(29%, p<0.05) and hormone-sensitive lipase translocation(20%, p<0.05).'] Does curcumin attenuate lipolysis stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α or isoproterenol in 3T3-L1 adipocytes? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4355876445770264,
-1.3537144660949707,
2.8480570316314697
] |
['Recent studies revealed that co-morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease are increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but little is known about factors involved in these manifestations. This study aimed at characterizing the impact of arthritis on oxidative stress status and tissue fibrosis in the heart of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA).', "AIA was induced with complete Freund's adjuvant in female Lewis rats. Animals were treated by oral administration of vehicle or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril (10 mg/kg/day) for 28 days, beginning 1 day after arthritis induction. Isolated adult cardiomyocytes were exposed to 10 μM 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) for 24 hours in the presence or absence of 10 μM ramipril.", 'Compared to controls, AIA rats showed significant 55 and 30% increase of 4-HNE/protein adducts in serum and left ventricular (LV) tissues, respectively. Cardiac mitochondrial NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (mNADP-ICDH) activity decreased by 25% in AIA rats without any changes in its protein and mRNA expression. The loss of mNADP-ICDH activity was correlated with enhanced accumulation of HNE/mNADP-ICDH adducts as well as with decrease of glutathione and NADPH. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression and tissue fibrosis were induced in LV tissues from AIA rats. In isolated cardiomyocytes, HNE significantly decreased mNADP-ICDH activity and enhanced type I collagen and connective tissue growth factor expression. The oral administration of ramipril significantly reduced HNE and AT1R levels and restored mNADP-ICDH activity and redox status in LV tissues of AIA rats. The protective effects of this drug were also evident from the decrease in arthritis scoring and inflammatory markers.'] Does ramipril attenuate lipid peroxidation and cardiac fibrosis in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.344851016998291,
-1.385425329208374,
2.7647976875305176
] |
['To determine whether peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) result in engraftment of donor stem cells in the recipient uterus.', 'Prospective clinical and laboratory research.', 'Translational medicine research hospital. PATIENT(S)/ANIMAL(S): Macaque and human bone marrow transplant recipients.', 'Rhesus macaques received autologous transduced immunoselected cytokine-mobilized CD34+ cells after total body irradiation. Vector constructs expressed green fluorescent protein. In the human subjects, prior PBSCT subjects underwent endometrial biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Macaque and human endometrial and bone marrow cells were isolated and cultured. Fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to evaluate for the presence of donor-derived cells.', 'Presence of donor cells in recipient endometrium and bone marrow stroma.', 'The macaque endometrial cells did not exhibit evidence of green fluorescent protein labeling. Human endometrial cells were cultured and the absence of donor blood contamination was verified. The PCR evaluation of the human endometrial cells did not demonstrate evidence of donor short tandem repeats.'] Do peripheral blood stem cell transplants result in endometrial stromal engraftment? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.589158058166504,
-1.103851079940796,
2.8102965354919434
] |
['Translation initiation is activated in cancer through increase in eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), eIF4G, phosphorylated eIF4E-binding protein (p4E-BP1) and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), and decreased programmed cell death protein 4 (pdcd4), a translational inhibitor. Further, translation elongation is deregulated though alterations in eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and eEF2 kinase (eEF2K). We sought to determine the association of these translational aberrations with clinical-pathologic factors and survival outcomes in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.', 'Primary tumors were collected from 190 patients with Stage I to III hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Expression of eIF4E, eIF4G, 4E-BP1, p4E-BP1 T37/46, p4E-BP1 S65, p4E-BP1 T70, S6, pS6 S235/236, pS6 S240/244, pdcd4, eEF2 and eEF2K was assessed by reverse phase protein arrays. Univariable and multivariable analyses for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were performed.', 'High eEF2, S6, pS6 S240/244, p4E-BP1 T70, and low pdcd4 were significantly associated with node positivity. Median follow-up for living patients was 96 months.'] Are aberrations in translational regulation associated with poor prognosis in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.317991256713867,
-1.366466760635376,
2.727389335632324
] |
['To study the interactions of cytoplasmic calcium elevation, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) formation, and reactive oxygen species formation in the regulation of phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure in platelets.', 'mPTP formation, but not the degree of cytoplasmic calcium elevation, was associated with PS exposure in wild-type, cyclophilin D-null, ionomycin-treated, and reactive oxygen species-treated platelets. In the absence of the mPTP regulator cyclophilin D, agonist-initiated mPTP formation and high-level PS exposure were markedly blunted, but cytoplasmic calcium transients were unchanged. Mitochondrial calcium (Ca(2+)(mit)) transients and reactive oxygen species, key regulators of mPTP formation, were examined in strongly stimulated platelets. Increased reactive oxygen species production occurred in strongly stimulated platelets and was dependent on extracellular calcium entry, but not the presence of cyclophilin D. Ca(2+)(mit) increased significantly in strongly stimulated platelets. Abrogation of Ca(2+)(mit) entry, either by inhibition of the Ca(2+)(mit) uniporter or mitochondrial depolarization, prevented mPTP formation and exposure but not platelet aggregation or granule release.'] Do mitochondrial calcium and reactive oxygen species regulate agonist-initiated platelet phosphatidylserine exposure? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.6483473777770996,
-1.0522944927215576,
2.7501070499420166
] |
['Mechanism leading to an abrupt hair loss in diffuse alopecia areata (AA) remains unclear.', 'To explore the characteristics of diffuse AA and possible factors involved in its pathogenesis.', "Clinical and laboratory data of 17 diffuse AA patients and 37 patchy AA patients were analyzed retrospectively. Serum IgE level was evaluated in all diffuse and patchy AA patients, as well as 27 healthy subjects without hair loss to serve as normal control. Univariate analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Associations between inflammatory cell infiltration and laboratory values were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation test.", 'The mean age of patients with diffuse AA was 27 years with a mean disease duration of 1.77 months. All of them presented in spring or summer with an acute onset of diffuse hair loss preceded by higher incidence of scalp pruritus. Although no statistically significant difference on the incidence of atopic disease among three groups has been found, serum IgE level in diffuse AA was higher than that in healthy controls, but was comparable to that in patchy AA group. Histopathology of lesional scalp biopsies showed more intense infiltration comprising of mononuclear cells, eosinophils, CD3 + , and CD8 + T cells around hair bulbs in diffuse AA group than in patchy AA group. Moreover, IgE level in diffuse AA patients positively correlated with intensity of infiltration by mononuclear cells, eosinophils, and CD8 + T cells.'] Is diffuse alopecia areata associated with intense inflammatory infiltration and CD8+ T cells in hair loss regions and an increase in serum IgE level? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.360246419906616,
-1.4081156253814697,
2.8192880153656006
] |
['We showed previously that nasal mucociliary clearance was decreased in critically ill elderly subjects, most of whom had diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or hypertension (HTN). To determine if these changes were due to the effects of aging, disease, or critical illness, we studied nasal mucociliary clearance and mucus properties in an ambulatory population consisting of young, elderly, and healthy subjects and those with DM, HTN, or both.', 'Of 440 subjects contacted, 252 entered the study. The subjects were divided into the following groups: (1) healthy (n 5 79, 18-94 years, 50 men) and (2) DM and/or HTN, of which 37 had DM (14-90 years, 12 men), 52 had HTN (23-90 years, 12 men), and 84 had both DM and HTN (25-82 years, 33 men). Subjects were also grouped by age: , 40 years, 40 to 59 years, and 60 years. We assessed demographic and clinical data, quality of life using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire, nasal mucociliary clearance using the saccharine transit test (STT), and in vitro mucus properties by examining the sneeze (high airflow) clearability and contact angle. A logistic regression analysis for prolonged STT . 12 min was used, and we controlled for age, sex, and diseases.', 'Subjects aged . 60 years reported a decreased SF-36 physical component relative to other age groups. Sex, BMI, BP, heart rate, pulse oximetry, blood glucose level, and mucus properties were not associated with prolonged STT. Aging and DM and/or HTN independently increased the risk of prolonged STT.'] Are aging , diabetes , and hypertension associated with decreased nasal mucociliary clearance? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1236369609832764,
-1.3093652725219727,
2.5131399631500244
] |
['Cesarean delivery is commonly performed under regional anesthesia, which is often associated with maternal shivering. This can cause distress and interfere with monitoring. The study objective was to evaluate the antishivering efficacy of ondansetron, which reduces the incidence and severity of shivering in nonobstetric patients. We hypothesized that there would be a significant decrease in the incidence and/or severity of shivering in women who are given intravenous ondansetron 8 mg before combined spinal epidural (CSE) anesthesia, when compared with placebo.', 'This was a randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial of 118 women scheduled for elective cesarean surgery. Women received either intravenous ondansetron 8 mg (n = 58) or saline (n = 60) before CSE anesthesia (intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% 2.2-2.5 mL plus fentanyl 15 μg). The incidence and severity of shivering, measured on a validated 5-point scale, and other outcomes, such as nausea, pruritus, headache, or satisfaction, were assessed at 3 time points during the surgery and postoperative period.', 'The incidence of shivering at any time point did not differ significantly between groups: ondansetron 41% versus placebo 47% (P = 0.54). The incidence of severe shivering at any time was not significantly different: ondansetron 32% versus placebo 33% (P = 0.79). There were no significant differences between the groups for any secondary outcomes.'] Does prophylactic ondansetron prevent shivering or decrease shivering severity during cesarean delivery under combined spinal epidural anesthesia : a randomized trial? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.8627549409866333,
-1.4927970170974731,
2.3515074253082275
] |
['Crocin has been proposed as a promising candidate for cancer chemoprevention. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the chemopreventive action and the possible mechanisms of crocin against human colon cancer cells in vitro.', 'Cell proliferation was examined using MTT assay and the cell cycle distribution fractions were analyzed using flow cytometric analysis after propidium iodide staining. Apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit with laser scanning confocal microscope. DNA damage was assessed using the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay, while expression levels of p53, cdk2, cyclin A and P21 were examined by Western blot analysis.', 'Treatment of SW480 cells with crocetin (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mmol/L) for 48 h significantly inhibited their proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Crocetin (0.8 mmol/L) significantly induced cell cycle arrest through p53-independent mechanisms accompanied by P21 induction. Crocetin (0.8 mmol/L) caused cytotoxicity in the SW480 cells by enhancing apoptosis and decreasing DNA repair capacity in a time-dependent manner.'] Does crocetin induce cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells via p53-independent mechanisms? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3824706077575684,
-1.351167917251587,
2.8181650638580322
] |
['Rapid brain imaging is a critical step in facilitating the use of intravenous (IV) tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) or catheter-based thrombolysis. We hypothesized that advance notification by emergency medical services (EMS) would shorten emergency department (ED) arrival-to-computed tomography (CT) time and increase the use of IV and intra-arterial thrombolysis, even at a tertiary care stroke center with high baseline rates of tPA use.', 'We analyzed data on all acute stroke patients transported from March 2004 to June 2005 by EMS from the scene to our facility arriving <or=6 hours from symptom onset. We reviewed digital voice recordings of all EMS communications to our hospital and in-hospital time intervals and outcomes from our stroke database.', 'Among the 118 patients who met criteria, there were no significant differences between those with notification (n = 44) and those without (n = 74) in terms of age, gender, history of prior stroke, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score in the ED, proportion with mild stroke (NIHSS score <or=4), or mean onset-to-ED arrival time. Door-to-CT time was 17% shorter (40 vs. 47 minutes, p = 0.01) in the advance-notification group, and thrombolysis occurred twice as often (41% vs. 21%, p = 0.04).'] Is advance hospital notification by EMS in acute stroke associated with shorter door-to-computed tomography time and increased likelihood of administration of tissue-plasminogen activator? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9213767051696777,
-1.2202905416488647,
2.225884199142456
] |
['Notch signalling is essential for the development and maintenance of the colonic epithelium. Its inhibition induces a differentiation phenotype in vivo and reduces adenomas in APCmin mice. Whether Notch signals are also required in colorectal cancer (CRC) has remained elusive. Therefore, 64 CRC cell lines were analysed for the occurrence of proteolytically processed, active Notch.', '63 CRC lines contained a fragment with approximately the size of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), which is required for signalling. Subsequent analyses with an antibody that specifically recognises the free Val1744 residue generated by gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of Notch1 showed that a subset of CRC cells lacks this specific Val1744-NICD. Surprisingly, inhibition of Val1744-NICD signalling with different gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSI) did not lead to substantial effects on CRC cell line growth or survival. However, transient activation of Erk upon GSI treatment was detected. Since cisplatin relies on Erk activation for bioactivity in some cells, platinum compounds were tested together with GSI and enhanced cell killing in a subset of Val1744-NICD-positive CRC cell lines was detected. Erk inhibition ablated this combination effect.'] Does gamma-secretase inhibition combined with platinum compounds enhance cell death in a large subset of colorectal cancer cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3075106143951416,
-1.2599972486495972,
2.5897512435913086
] |
['Recent anatomical studies have shown that branches of the cavernous nerves running adjacent to the prostate at the apex travel more anteriorly than previously recognized. Outcomes of robot assisted radical prostatectomy suggest improved postoperative sexual outcomes following high anterior release of the levator fascia. We prospectively evaluated the effect of high anterior release on oncological and sexual function outcomes following open radical retropubic prostatectomy.', 'A total of 167 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer with a preoperative Sexual Health Inventory for Men score of greater than 21 underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy with bilateral nerve sparing and selective high anterior release, as performed by a single surgeon. Data on postoperative sexual function were collected by an independent third party. Sexual function outcomes at 12 months were defined as 1) a Sexual Health Inventory for Men score of 16 or greater and/or a satisfaction score of 4 or greater and 2) a Sexual Health Inventory for Men score of 22 or greater.', 'Because unilateral high anterior release was equivalent to bilateral high anterior release for both definitions (p >0.3), they were combined into 1 group for analyses. Patients undergoing high anterior release were more likely to achieve a Sexual Health Inventory for Men score of 16 or greater and/or a satisfaction score of 4 (93% vs 77%, p = 0.007), and a Sexual Health Inventory for Men score of 22 or greater (70% vs 54%, p = 0.07) at 1 year. Return to baseline (a Sexual Health Inventory for Men score of 22 or greater) was even higher among patients receiving high anterior release who were more sexually active (greater than 1 attempt per week) preoperatively (78% vs 52%, p <0.05). The improved outcomes in potency achieved with high anterior release did not increase the likelihood of a positive surgical margin.'] Does high anterior release of the levator fascia improve sexual function following open radical retropubic prostatectomy? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.3251816034317017,
-1.309853434562683,
1.5582648515701294
] |
['Diabetes mellitus is associated with urinary bladder dysfunction. This study determined whether or not detrusor responses were altered and reversed by L-carnitine treatment in the urinary bladders of diabetic rats.', 'Three groups of animals were used: streptozotocin-treated (45 mg x kg(-1) i.p., 8 weeks), parallel L-carnitine-treated (0.6 g x kg(-1) x day(-1) i.p.), and control rats. Contractile and relaxant responses were measured using isolated bath techniques.', 'Serum glucose levels in diabetic rats were partially reversed after L-carnitine treatment. Detrusor strips from diabetic rats exhibited an increase in response to electrical field stimulation (EFS; 0.5-32 Hz). Treatment with L-carnitine restored the hyperreactivity to EFS-induced contractility. The response to direct activation of the smooth muscle with carbachol and KCl remained unaltered. In relaxation studies, the urinary bladders of diabetic rats displayed a diminished response to isoprenaline, an unchanged response to ATP, and an increased response to adenosine of the ATP metabolite. L-carnitine treatment restored the hyporesponsiveness of isoprenaline and the hyperresponsiveness of adenosine-elicited relaxation.'] Does l-carnitine treatment partially restore urinary bladder function of streptozotocin diabetic rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4668378829956055,
-1.209307074546814,
2.7099344730377197
] |
['To evaluate the relationship between gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level in pregnant women at oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM).', 'Blood was taken for analyzing GGT level from women at high risk of GDM at the time of their scheduled OGTT. GDM was diagnosed according to World Health Organization 1999 criteria.', "GGT level correlated positively with the 2-hour glucose level (Spearman's rho = 0.112: P < 0.05). GGT values that were stratified into quartiles demonstrated a significant trend with diagnosis of GDM (chi(2) for trend; P = 0.03). Multivariable logistic regression analysis taking into account maternal age, gestational age at OGTT, body mass index and a positive 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) indicated that high GGT was an independent risk factor for GDM (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.1 95% CI 1.2-3.8: P = 0.01). In the subset of women identified by a positive GCT, on multivariable logistic regression analysis, only high GGT was an independent risk factor for GDM (AOR 2.3 95% CI 1.3-4.2: P = 0.007)."] Is gamma-glutamyltransferase level in pregnancy an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.3914400339126587,
-1.569788932800293,
1.9675685167312622
] |
['Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 strongly stimulates the production of interleukin (IL)-12 (p70) by innate immune cells. Thus, it is expected to ameliorate allergic diseases. We investigated whether the oral administration of heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809 suppressed eosinophilia in cedar pollen antigen-challenged mice.', 'BALB/c mice sensitized with Japanese cedar pollen extract were intraperitoneally challenged with the same extract. The mice were orally given heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809 at doses of 0.5, 1, or 2mg/day throughout the experimental period (21 d). After 24 hours of the challenge, the eosinophil number and cytokine levels in the peritoneal lavage fluid and the serum antigen-specific IgG levels were determined.', 'On administering varying amounts of heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809, the number of eosinophils among the total number of cells was significantly reduced in all groups. In addition, the eosinophil number significantly decreased, and the eosinophil-suppression rate significantly increased by 44% in the 2-mg group. Although the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a and IgG1 levels were not affected, the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio increased significantly in the 2-mg group compared with that of the control group. Furthermore, the administration of heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809 resulted in the induction of IL-2 and reduction in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels in peritoneal lavage fluid.'] Does oral administration of heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 reduce cedar pollen antigen-induced peritoneal eosinophilia in Mice? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.212256669998169,
-1.4767053127288818,
2.668236255645752
] |
['Ganoderma, known as Lingzhi or Reishi, has been traditionally administered throughout Asia for centuries as a cancer treatment and for other medicinal purposes.', 'To investigate the inhibitory activity and explore the molecular mechanisms of anti-tumor effect on colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo as well as to test the side effects of Ganoderma tsugae.', 'Methanol fraction was obtained from dried fruiting bodies of Ganoderma. TLC and HPLC were performed to differentiate and confirm the identification of different species as well as to quantify the bioactive molecules in methanol extracts of Ganoderma species. MTT and Trypan blue exclusion assay as well as tumorigenesis study were used to assess the anti-tumor effect in vitro and in vivo. Using flow cytometry and Western Blots, we examined further the molecular mechanisms of anti-tumor effect. Finally, biochemical and hematological profiles and pathological examinations were used to evaluate the safety.', 'The Ganoderma tsugae extracts inhibit colorectal cancer cell proliferation caused by accumulating cells in G(2)/M phase, and it may be through downregulation of cyclin A and B1 and upregulation of p21 and p27. Tumorigenesis study in nude mice revealed the extracts caused tumor shrinkage. Additionally, safety assay showed Ganoderma tsugae extracts caused no significant side effects in an animal model.'] Do ganoderma tsugae extracts inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth via G ( 2 ) /M cell cycle arrest? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.501194715499878,
-1.1540236473083496,
2.750856876373291
] |
['Complement may play a role in the clinical response to rituximab and other monoclonal antibody-based therapies of cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the C1qA([276]) polymorphism and the clinical response to rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma.', 'Genotyping for C1qA([276A/G]) was done in 133 subjects with follicular lymphoma treated with single-agent rituximab, and correlation with clinical response was done using Cox regression analysis.', 'Prolonged remission was observed among subjects that responded clinically to rituximab therapy and were carriers of the A allele compared with homozygous G subjects. Homozygous G subjects had a time to progression of 282 days, whereas A-allele carriers had a time to progression of 708 days [hazard ratio, (HR), 2.5; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.0-3.1; P = 0.02]. Among subjects who achieved complete remission, homozygous G subjects had a time to progression of 250 days, whereas A-allele carriers had a time to progression of 1,118 days (HR, 4.5; 95% CI, 4.1-4.8, P = 0.04). The difference persisted after controlling for CD32 and CD16 polymorphisms. In patients who responded to rituximab used as first-line agent, a linear trend was observed among the C1qA([276]) genotypes, with homozygous A subjects achieving complete response at a higher rate compared with heterozygous or homozygous G subjects.'] Does a polymorphism in the complement component C1qA correlate with prolonged response following rituximab therapy of follicular lymphoma? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0676217079162598,
-1.458478331565857,
2.5277373790740967
] |
["Severe acute radiation dermatitis is observed in approximately 5% to 10% of patients who receive whole-breast radiotherapy. Several factors, including treatment-related and patient-oriented factors, are involved in susceptibility to severe dermatitis. Genetic factors are also thought to be related to a patient's susceptibility to severe dermatitis. To elucidate genetic polymorphisms associated with a susceptibility to radiation-induced dermatitis, a large-scale single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis using DNA samples from 156 patients with breast cancer was conducted.", 'Patients were selected from more than 3,000 female patients with early breast cancer who received radiotherapy after undergoing breast-conserving surgery. The dermatitis group was defined as patients who developed dermatitis at a National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria grade of > or =2. For the SNP analysis, DNA samples from each patient were subjected to the genotyping of 3,144 SNPs covering 494 genes.', 'SNPs that mapped to two genes, ABCA1 and IL12RB2, were associated with radiation-induced dermatitis. In the ABCA1 gene, one of these SNPs was a nonsynonymous coding SNP causing R219K (P = 0.0065). As for the IL12RB2 gene, the strongest association was observed at SNP-K (rs3790568; P = 0.0013). Using polymorphisms of both genes, the probability of severe dermatitis was estimated for each combination of genotypes. These analyses showed that individuals carrying a combination of genotypes accounting for 14.7% of the Japanese population have the highest probability of developing radiation-induced dermatitis.'] Are iL12RB2 and ABCA1 genes associated with susceptibility to radiation dermatitis? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.6393696069717407,
-1.4371304512023926,
2.0152297019958496
] |
['There is an interest in the discovery of biopharmaceuticals, which are well tolerated and which potentiate the action of anthracyclines and taxanes in breast cancer therapy.', 'We have produced a recombinant fusion protein, composed of the human antibody fragment scFv(F16) fused to human interleukin-2 (F16-IL2), and tested its therapeutic performance in the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model of human breast cancer. The F16 antibody is specific to the alternatively spliced A1 domain of tenascin-C, which is virtually undetectable in normal tissues but is strongly expressed in the neovasculature and stroma of breast cancer.', 'When used as monotherapy, F16-IL2 displayed a strikingly superior therapeutic benefit compared with unconjugated recombinant IL-2. The administration of doxorubicin either before (8 days, 24 h, or 2 h) or simultaneously with the injection of F16-IL2 did not decrease the accumulation of immunocytokine in the tumor as measured by quantitative biodistribution analysis. Therapy experiments, featuring five once per week coadministrations of 20 mug F16-IL2 and doxorubicin, showed a statistically significant reduction of tumor growth rate and prolongation of survival at a 4 mg/kg doxorubicin dose but not at a 1 mg/kg dose. By contrast, combination of F16-IL2 with paclitaxel (5 and 1 mg/kg) exhibited a significant therapeutic benefit compared with paclitaxel alone at both dose levels. F16-IL2, alone or in combination with doxorubicin, was well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys at doses equivalent to the ones now used in clinical studies.'] Does antibody-mediated delivery of interleukin-2 to the stroma of breast cancer strongly enhance the potency of chemotherapy? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.17749285697937,
-1.4479714632034302,
2.656390905380249
] |
['The tumor suppressor p53 pathway plays a crucial role in preventing carcinogenesis through its ability to impose cell cycle arrest and apoptosis following DNA damage or oncogene activation. Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) gene is a key negative regulator of p53 pathway and overexpressed in many cancers as oncoprotein. We have previously shown that genetic polymorphisms in the MDM2 promoter (309T --> G) and p53 coding region (72Arg --> Pro) are associated with susceptibility to esophageal and lung cancers. This study investigated the associations between these polymorphisms in p53 and MDM2 and risk of the occurrence and progression of colorectal cancer.', 'Genotypes of 1000 Chinese colorectal cancer patients and 1300 controls were determined by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism or tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-PCR. Associations with risk of colorectal cancer were estimated by unconditional logistic regression.', 'An increased colorectal cancer risk associated with the MDM2 GG [odds ratio (OR) = 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.62-2.62] or TG (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.06-1.62) genotype was observed compared with the TT genotype. No association was found between p53 polymorphism and risk of the cancer, with the ORs being 0.87 (95% CI = 0.68-1.11) for the Pro/Pro and 0. 85 (95% CI = 0.70-1.04) for the Arg/Pro genotype compared with the Arg/Arg genotype. However, combined analysis of MDM2 and p53 polymorphisms showed that compared with subjects carrying both MDM2 TT and p53 Arg/Arg genotypes, the OR for subjects carrying both MDM2 GG and p53 Pro/Pro genotypes was 2.75 (95% CI = 1.60-4.70), significantly higher than that for subjects carrying both MDM2 TT and p53 Pro/Pro genotypes (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.63-1.88).'] Is [ Genetic polymorphism in MDM2 associated with susceptibility to colorectal cancer in a Chinese population ]? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.4530490636825562,
-1.6541800498962402,
2.0554134845733643
] |
['Basic surgical techniques in the treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma include the intact-canal-wall and canal-wall-down tympanoplasty and combined method, i.e. the "mobile-bridge" tympanoplasty. The techniques including reconstruction of the posterior bone wall of the external auditory canal are combination of formerly mentioned methods. These tympanoplasty procedures involve a partial or complete removal of the posterior bone wall of the meatus. Subsequently, after the elimination of pathological process, the reconstruction of the middle ear is performed.', '200 patients with middle ear cholesteatoma, who had undergone various microsurgical procedures, were monitored and evaluated in the period 1998-2006. The aim of this study was to present the main principles of tympanoplasty and outcomes of middle ear cholesteatoma surgery through a comparative analysis of the applied tympanoplasty techniques. The closed ICW and open CWD tympanoplasty were compared with the combined mobile-bridge technique with the reconstruction of the posterior bone wall of the external auditory canal.', 'The incidence values for the recurrent cholesteatoma in closed tympanoplasty and in cases of open techniques with radical trepanation of the temporal bone were 6% and 10%, respectively. In cases of combined mobile-bridge tympanoplasty with the reconstruction of the posterior bone wall of the auditory canal the incidence of residual cholesteatoma was 2%. The postoperative rejection of the replanted bone was observed in 2% of. the patients.'] Do [ Techniques end results of surgical treatment cholesteatoma of middle ear ]? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.221325397491455,
-1.2333377599716187,
2.4904417991638184
] |
['Preexisting cognitive impairment and advanced age are factors that increase the risk of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Because anesthetic agents interfere with cholinergic transmission and as impairment of cholinergic function is associated with cognitive decline, the authors studied how the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane affects exploratory and anxiety-like behavior in young and aged animals with a genetically modified cholinergic system.', 'Young and aged wild-type and mutant mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor (beta2KO) were anesthetized for 2 h with 2.6% sevoflurane in oxygen and compared with nonanesthetized controls. Locomotor activity and organization of movement in the open field model were assessed before and 24 h after anesthesia. Locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze were assessed 24 h after anesthesia. High- and low-affinity nicotinic receptor and cholinergic uptake site densities were evaluated in the hippocampus, amygdala, and forebrain regions using receptor autoradiography.', 'Sevoflurane anesthesia significantly reduced locomotor activity, altered temporospatial organization of trajectories, and increased anxiety-like behavior in young beta2KO mice, whereas no such changes were observed in young wild-type mice. Aged wild-type and beta2KO mice displayed reactions that were similar, but not identical, to the reactions of young mice to sevoflurane anesthesia. However, behavioral changes were not associated with differences in nicotinic receptor or cholinergic uptake site densities.'] Does sevoflurane anesthesia alter exploratory and anxiety-like behavior in mice lacking the beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4553961753845215,
-1.2336899042129517,
2.7144508361816406
] |
['The aim of this study was to combine the new automated Access [-2]proPSA (p2PSA) assay with a percent free PSA (%fPSA) based artificial neural network (ANN) or logistic regression (LR) model to enhance discrimination between patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and with no evidence of malignancy (NEM) and to detect aggressive PCa.', 'Sera from 311 PCa patients and 275 NEM patients were measured with the p2PSA, total PSA (tPSA) and free PSA (fPSA) assays on Access immunoassay technology (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) within the 0-30 ng/ml tPSA range. Four hundred seventy-five patients (264 PCa, 211 NEM) had a tPSA of 2-10 ng/ml. LR models and leave-one-out (LOO) ANN models with Bayesian regularization by using tPSA, %fPSA, p2PSA/fPSA (%p2PSA), age and prostate volume were constructed and compared by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.', 'The ANN and LR model each utilizing %p2PSA, %fPSA, tPSA and age, but without prostate volume, reached the highest AUCs (0.85 and 0.84) and best specificities (ANN: 62.1% and 45.5%; LR: 53.1% and 41.2%) compared with tPSA (22.7% and 11.4%) and %fPSA (45.5% and 26.1%) at 90% and 95% sensitivity. The %p2PSA furthermore distinguished better than tPSA and %fPSA between pT2 and pT3, and Gleason sum <7 and >or=7 PCa.'] Does a [ -2 ] proPSA-based artificial neural network significantly improve differentiation between prostate cancer and benign prostatic diseases? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.3638838529586792,
-1.6820636987686157,
2.0153260231018066
] |
['We explored molecular mechanisms by which lidocaine inhibits growth in the murine embryonic fibroblast cell line NIH-3T3. Local anesthetics can adversely affect cell growth in vitro. Their effects on wound healing are controversial. We examined the effects and novel mechanisms by which lidocaine affects in vitro multiplication of the murine fibroblast cell line NIH-3T3.', 'NIH-3T3 cells were grown in culture with lidocaine [0, 0.05, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 mM]. Cell multiplication was assessed by determining cell counts on subsequent days, while mechanisms by which inhibition occurred were evaluated by bromodeoxyuridine uptake, gene expression using polymerase chain reaction array, and Western blot analysis to verify increased levels of affected proteins.', 'Lidocaine caused dose-dependent inhibition of multiplication of NIH-3T3 cells. Effects ranged from no inhibition [0.05 and 0.5 mM] and mild inhibition [1 mM], to severe inhibition [2 and 5 mM] [P = 0.006]. Lidocaine 2 mM inhibited bromodeoxyuridine uptake at day 3.5 [P = 0.02 versus control, and P = 0.0495 vs 1 mM lidocaine]. On day 1.5, lidocaine upregulated expression of cyclin-D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A [p21]. On day 2.5, lidocaine increased the levels of p21 protein.'] Does lidocaine inhibit NIH-3T3 cell multiplication by increasing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A ( p21 )? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2286815643310547,
-1.3761059045791626,
2.6265289783477783
] |
['Chronic pain after thoracotomy has been recently reproduced in a rat model that allows investigation of the effect of drugs that might reduce the incidence of allodynia after thoracotomy. Previous studies suggest that intrathecal or systemic morphine, clonidine, neostigmine, and gabapentin reduce the incidence of allodynia in the rat postthoracotomy pain model. Our purpose was to test whether intercostal and systemic injection of bupivacaine prevented the development of allodynia in an animal model of chronic intercostal neuropathic pain.', 'Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and the right 4th and 5th ribs surgically exposed. The pleura were opened and the ribs were retracted for 1 h. Intercostal or systemic bupivacaine 1 mg (0.2 mL at 0.5%) was injected before and after surgery, or before surgery; a control group underwent rib retraction and did not receive any drug. Rats were tested for mechanical allodynia at a predetermined area around the incision site during the 3 wk after surgery.', 'Allodynia developed in 43% of the animals that did not receive bupivacaine (control group); in contrast, allodynia developed in only 6%, 12%, and 12% of those animals that received intercostal bupivacaine before surgery, after surgery, or systemically before surgery, respectively.'] Does low-dose systemic bupivacaine prevent the development of allodynia after thoracotomy in rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3907902240753174,
-1.1931804418563843,
2.68062424659729
] |
['Plethysmographic pulse wave amplitude (PPWA) was effective in detecting intravascular injection of epidural test dose with 100% sensitivity and specificity in adults. We evaluated the efficacy of PPWA in detecting intravascular injection of a simulated epidural test dose during sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatric patients.', 'Eighty infants and children were randomized to receive either 0.5 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) or 1 MAC sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Patients in each anesthesia group were further randomized to receive either 0.1 mL/kg of 1% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine (0.5 mug/kg of epinephrine) IV to simulate the intravascular injection of epidural test dose or saline. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and PPWA were monitored for 5 min after injection. A positive test response was defined as HR increase > or =10 bpm, SBP increase > or =15 mm Hg, and PPWA decrease > or =10%.', 'Injecting the test dose resulted in an average maximum PPWA decrease by 69% +/- 18% and 58% +/- 14% at 79 +/- 22 and 80 +/- 19 s in the 0.5 MAC and 1 MAC sevoflurane groups, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values for PPWA were 100% in both sevoflurane groups, whereas by using HR and SBP criteria, the sensitivity was 90% and 95% respectively during 0.5 MAC sevoflurane anesthesia and 85% for both during 1 MAC sevoflurane anesthesia.'] Is plethysmographic pulse wave amplitude an effective indicator for intravascular injection of epinephrine-containing epidural test dose in sevoflurane-anesthetized pediatric patients? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.2123724222183228,
-1.7765347957611084,
2.0302798748016357
] |
['Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are advised to avoid alcoholic beverages since alcohol consumption induces gastroesophageal reflux in healthy volunteers and increases it in patients with GERD. Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are frequently administered for reflux symptoms but their effect on gastroesophageal reflux after alcohol consumption has not yet been fully studied. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effect of esomeprazole, an S-enantiomer of omeprazole, on gastroesophageal reflux after beer consumption.', 'In this placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 16 healthy male volunteers received 20 mg esomeprazole daily for one week. On day 7, in an acute experiment, the subjects then consumed 500 ml beer within 5 min. Subsequently, gastroesophageal reflux was monitored by pH-metry over a period of 3 h. In addition, gastric emptying was measured by ultrasonography and blood concentrations of ethanol, cholecystokinin and gastrin were determined.', 'Gastroesophageal reflux was significantly (p=0.001) reduced by 93% after treatment with esomeprazole (0.2%, median percentage of time pH<4) as compared to placebo (2.6%), but gastric emptying, blood ethanol and cholecystokinin concentrations were not significantly different after esomeprazole treatment. Plasma gastrin levels were significantly (p=0.0003) higher after esomeprazole (98.6+/-19.7 pg/ml) than after placebo (22.7+/-3.8 pg/ml) before beer consumption. However, there was no difference in the increase in plasma gastrin after beer consumption between the esomeprazole treatment and placebo.'] Does esomeprazole reduce gastroesophageal reflux after beer consumption in healthy volunteers? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.6724473237991333,
-1.599148154258728,
2.218843460083008
] |
['To determine the independent and combined effects of three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for blood pressure in the Genetically Hypertensive (GH/Omr) rat by generating and characterizing single and combined congenic strains that have QTL on rat chromosomes (RNO) 2, 6, and 18 from the GH rat introduced into a hypertension resistant Brown Norway (BN) background.', 'Linkage analysis and QTL identification (genome wide QTL scan) were performed with MapMaker/EXP to build the genetic maps and MapMaker/QTL for linking the phenotypes to the genetic map. The congenic strains were derived using marker-assisted selection strategy from a single male F1 offspring of an intercross between the male GH/Omr and female BN/Elh, followed by 10 generations of selective backcrossing to the female BN progenitor strain. Single congenic strains generated were BN.GH-(D2Rat22-D2Mgh11)/Mcwi (BN.GH2); BN.GH-(D6Mit12-D6Rat15)/Mcwi (BN.GH6); and BN.GH-(D18Rat41-D18Mgh4)/Mcwi (BN.GH18). Blood pressure measurements were obtained either via a catheter placed in the femoral artery or by radiotelemetry. Responses to angiotensin II (ANGII), norepinephrine (NE), and baroreceptor sensitivity were measured in the single congenics.', 'Transferring one or more QTL from the hypertensive GH into normotensive BN strain was not sufficient to cause hypertension in any of the developed congenic strains. There were no differences between the parental and congenic strains in their response to NE. However, BN.GH18 rats revealed significantly lower baroreceptor sensitivity (beta=-1.25-/+0.17), whereas BN.GH2 (beta=0.66-/+0.09) and BN.GH18 (beta=0.71-/+0.07) had significantly decreased responses to ANGII from those observed in the BN (beta=0.88-/+0.08).'] Do genetically hypertensive Brown Norway congenic rat strains suggest intermediate traits underlying genetic hypertension? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.119168519973755,
-1.4568564891815186,
2.611544609069824
] |
['Indications for immediate cardiac catheterization in cardiac arrest survivors without ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are uncertain as electrocardiographic and clinical criteria may be challenging to interpret in this population. We sought to evaluate rates of early catheterization after in-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) arrest and the association with survival.', 'Using a billing database we retrospectively identified cases with an ICD-9 code of cardiac arrest (427.5) or VF (427.41). Discharge summaries were reviewed to identify in-hospital VF arrests. Rates of catheterization on the day of arrest were determined by identifying billing charges. Unadjusted analyses were performed using Chi-square, and adjusted analyses were performed using logistic regression.', 'One hundred and ten in-hospital VF arrest survivors were included in the analysis. Cardiac catheterization was performed immediately or within 1 day of arrest in 27% (30/110) of patients and of these patients, 57% (17/30) successfully received percutaneous coronary intervention. Of those who received cardiac catheterization the indication for the procedure was STEMI or new left bundle branch block (LBBB) in 43% (13/30). Therefore, in the absence of standard ECG data suggesting acute myocardial infarction, 57% (17/30) received angiography. Patients receiving cardiac catheterization were more likely to survive than those who did not receive catheterization (80% vs. 54%, p<.05).'] Is cardiac catheterization underutilized after in-hospital cardiac arrest? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.625504970550537,
-1.6325446367263794,
2.2579445838928223
] |
['Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have increased cardiovascular mortality. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-blocking therapy has been shown to reduce RA disease activity measures and joint damage progression. Some observational studies suggest that TNFalpha blockade reduces mortality and incidence of first cardiovascular events. The mechanisms contributing to these outcomes are unclear. This study assessed the effects of infliximab treatment on vascular stiffness and structure in patients with RA.', 'A post hoc analysis of longitudinal data from a randomised placebo controlled study evaluated the effect of infliximab on vascular assessments. 26 patients received intravenous infliximab (3 mg/kg) at weeks 0, 2, 6 and every 8 weeks thereafter to week 54. Patients were followed up to 56 weeks of infliximab therapy with assessments of RA disease activity, cardiovascular risk factors, vascular stiffness (pulse wave velocity (PWV)), carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and carotid artery plaque (CAP). Univariate analyses of changes over time by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were followed by multivariate time-series regression analysis (TSRA) if changes were seen.', 'PWV was significantly lower (better) after 56 weeks of treatment with infliximab (ANOVA p<0.01, TSRA p<0.01). However, CIMT (ANOVA p = 0.50) and CAP (chi(2) = 4.13, p = 0.88) did not change over the study period. Multiple cardiovascular risk measures did not change with treatment and did not correlate with changes in measures of vascular structure.'] Does infliximab improve vascular stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0334479808807373,
-1.496924638748169,
2.5393943786621094
] |
['We investigated the possible protective effect of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition in preventing endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy).', 'Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into Hhcy group, Hhcy + 3-aminobenzamide(3-AB) group, control group and control + 3-AB group. A high-methionine diet was given to induce hyperhomocysteinemia. In Hhcy + 3-AB and control + 3-AB groups, rats were injected intraperitoneally with 3-AB (inhibitor of PARP). After 45 days, ultrastructural changes of aortas were observed by transmission electron microscope. Vascular reactivity of thoracic aortic rings was measured in organ chambers. PARP activity was detected. The levels of plasma total homocysteine, nitrite/nitrate, endothelin (ET)-1 and malondialdehyde were assayed.', 'Rats in Hhcy group developed severe hyperhomocysteinemia and significant loss of endothelial function as measured by both vascular rings and levels of nitrite/nitrate and ET-1. Malondialdehyde levels increased significantly in Hhcy rats compared with control rats. 3-AB improved Ach-induced, NO-mediated vascular relaxation and stabilized the level of nitrite/nitrate and ET-1. Obvious improvement of ultrastructure can be observed in Hhcy + 3-AB group.'] Does poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase inhibition improve endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperhomocysteinemia in rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.433316230773926,
-1.3516145944595337,
2.805084228515625
] |
['A large portion of hepatocytes are polyploid cells, thought to arise through endoduplication followed by aborted cytokinesis. However, several recent reports describing liver cell fusion with exogenously derived bone marrow cells have been published. The exact significance of this finding is unclear, because the adopted protocols involve ablation regimens, damaged livers and artificial injections of adult cells. By creating chimeric mice bearing distinct reporter genes (LacZ and GFP), we show that in an unperturbed setting, hepatocytes carrying both markers can be detected via immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction analysis. To further corroborate these findings with a direct visualization of the chromosome content at the single-cell level, we performed genotype analysis via fluorescence in situ hybridization on XY/XX chimeric mice with a Y chromosome-specific paint and an X chromosome-specific bacterial artificial chromosome clone probes.'] Is cell fusion a physiological process in mouse liver? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.5077731609344482,
-1.064462423324585,
2.749204635620117
] |
["Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis are frequent in Crohn's disease (CD), but the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Deficiency of sex steroids, especially estradiol (E2), is an established risk factor in postmenopausal osteoporosis.", 'To assess if hormonal deficiencies in male CD patients are frequent we investigated both, sex steroids, bone density and bone metabolism markers.', "111 male CD patients underwent osteodensitometry (DXA) of the spine (L1-L4). Disease related data were recorded. Disease activity was estimated using Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI). Testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), Osteocalcin and carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptids (ICTP) were measured in 111 patients and 99 age-matched controls.", 'Patients had lower T, E2 and SHBG serum levels (p < 0.001) compared to age-matched controls. E2 deficiency was seen in 30 (27.0%) and T deficiency in 3 (2.7%) patients but only in 5 (5.1%) and 1 (1%) controls. Patients with E2 deficiency had significantly decreased T and DHT serum levels. Use of corticosteroids for 3 of 12 months was associated with lower E2 levels (p < 0.05). Patients with life-time steroids >10 g had lower BMD. 32 (28.8%) patients showed osteoporosis, 55 (49.5%) osteopenia and 24 (21.6%) had normal BMD. Patients with normal or decreased BMD showed no significant difference in their hormonal status. No correlation between markers of bone turnover and sex steroids could be found. ICTP was increased in CD patients (p < 0.001), and patients with osteoporosis had higher ICTP levels than those with normal BMD.'] Is bones and Crohn 's : estradiol deficiency in men with Crohn 's disease associated with reduced bone mineral density? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.028939723968506,
-1.4469447135925293,
2.450974702835083
] |
['Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) are trophic factors for cartilage and have been shown to be chondroprotective in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA). IGFBP-5 is degraded in joint fluid and inhibition of IGFBP-5 degradation has been shown to enhance the trophic effects of IGF-I.', 'To determine the identity of IGFBP-5 protease activity in human OA joint fluid.', 'OA joint fluid was purified and the purified material was analyzed by IGFBP-5 zymography.', "Both crude joint fluid and purified material contained a single band of proteolytic activity that cleaved IGFBP-5. Immunoblotting of joint fluid for complement 1s (C1s) showed a band that had the same Mr estimate, e.g., 88 kDa. In gel tryptic digestion and subsequent peptide analysis by LC-MS/MS showed that the band contained human C1s. A panel of protease inhibitors was tested for their ability to inhibit IGFBP-5 cleavage by the purified protease. Three serine protease inhibitors, FUT175 and CP-143217 and CB-349547 had IC50's between 1 and 6 microM. Two other serine protease inhibitors had intermediate activity (e.g., IC50's 20-40 microM) and MMP inhibitors had no detectible activity at concentrations up to 300 microM."] Is complement 1s the serine protease that cleaves IGFBP-5 in human osteoarthritic joint fluid? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.19694447517395,
-1.476772427558899,
2.6832592487335205
] |
['Platelets bearing complement C4d were recently reported to be 99% specific for a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and associated with neuropsychiatric lupus. We compared the prevalence of platelet C4d and investigated the clinical associations of platelet C4d in patients with acute ischemic stroke.', 'We recruited 80 patients hospitalized for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke severity was measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIH-SS). Infarct volume was determined by MRI. Platelet C4d was measured by flow cytometry.', 'Mean age was 57.9 years (range: 24.6 to 86.8 years), 58% were male, and 91% were white. Eight patients (10%) with acute ischemic stroke were platelet C4d-positive, which was significantly higher in prevalence compared to healthy controls (0%, P<0.0001) and non-SLE patients with immune/inflammatory disease (2%, P=0.004). The median NIH-SS score and infarct volume for acute stroke patients were 6 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2 to 13) and 3.4 cc (IQR: 1.1 to 16.6), respectively. Platelet C4d-positive patients were more likely to have a severe stroke compared to those with negative platelet C4d (NIH-SS median: 17.5 versus 5, P=0.003). Positive platelet C4d was independently associated with stroke severity (P=0.03) after controlling for age, anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) status, and total anterior circulation of stroke involvement, and also with infarct volume (P=0.005) after controlling for age, aCL status, and old stroke by MRI.'] Is platelet C4d associated with acute ischemic stroke and stroke severity? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.6474303007125854,
-1.638826847076416,
2.2575743198394775
] |
['RUNX family genes, including RUNX3, are developmental regulators that are important in human cancers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate expression and oncogenic potential of RUNX3 in ovarian carcinoma.', 'Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 60 malignant, 14 borderline, and 5 normal ovarian specimens. Correlation between RUNX3 expression with tumor histology was performed. RUNX3 expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) in microdissected normal and malignant epithelial ovarian tissues. Cell proliferation and viability studies were performed on cells expressing RUNX3 by lentiviral infection and cells with silenced RUNX3 expression by siRNA.', 'RUNX3 expression by immunohistochemistry was higher in serous ovarian carcinomas versus normal ovarian epithelium (P<0.001). Immunofluorescent staining confirmed upregulation of cytoplasmic RUNX3 in ovarian cancer cell lines and tissues. QRT-PCR showed higher RUNX3 mRNA expression in microdissected borderline and malignant ovarian tumor tissues compared with the normal ovarian surface epithelial cells (HOSE) (P=0.006 and P=0.023). Forced RUNX3 expression by lentiviral gene delivery in ovarian cancer cells, SKOV3, that initially showed undetectable RUNX3 expression, resulted in increased cell viability (P=0.043). Silencing RUNX3 expression by siRNA transfection into ovarian cancer cells, OVCAR429, initially expressing high levels of endogenous RUNX3 resulted in a decrease in proliferation (P=0.021).'] Is rUNX3 protein overexpressed in human epithelial ovarian cancer? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1467220783233643,
-1.441628098487854,
2.643150806427002
] |
['Gray matter lesions are known to be common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and are suspected to play an important role in disease progression and clinical disability. A combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, double-inversion recovery (DIR), and phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR), has been used for detection and classification of cortical lesions. This study shows that high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo (MPRAGE) improves the classification of cortical lesions by allowing more accurate anatomic localization of lesion morphology.', '11 patients with MS with previously identified cortical lesions were scanned using DIR, PSIR, and 3D MPRAGE. Lesions were identified on DIR and PSIR and classified as purely intracortical or mixed. MPRAGE images were then examined, and lesions were re-classified based on the new information.', 'The high signal-to-noise ratio, fine anatomic detail, and clear gray-white matter tissue contrast seen in the MPRAGE images provided superior delineation of lesion borders and surrounding gray-white matter junction, improving classification accuracy. 119 lesions were identified as either intracortical or mixed on DIR/PSIR. In 89 cases, MPRAGE confirmed the classification by DIR/PSIR. In 30 cases, MPRAGE overturned the original classification.'] Does 3D MPRAGE improve classification of cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1894116401672363,
-1.3562877178192139,
2.585944175720215
] |
['Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an inflammatory marker, has previously been found to be elevated in the urine of patients with urolithiasis. Oxalate and other stone precursors have been shown to increase IL-6 production in proximal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. We examined whether urinary IL-6 could be used as a screening test to determine current urolithiasis in individuals who are known to form urinary stones.', 'Thirty-five adult patients with current urolithiasis demonstrated on imaging were enrolled in the study. Exclusion criteria included disease known to elevate IL-6. Each patient provided a pre-treatment urine specimen and one month after proven to be stone-free an additional urine specimen was obtained. The urinary IL-6/creatinine ratio was determined for both specimens and compared.', 'Ten patients provided both specimens. The mean pre-operative urinary IL-6/creatinine ratio before the procedure was 1.63 pg/mL. The mean post procedure urinary IL-6/creatinine ratio after the patient was confirmed to be stone-free was 1.81 pg/mL. These were not significantly different (p=0.38). Preoperative urinary IL-6/creatinine ratio did not correlate to stone size (r=0.15) and no correlation was seen between time from treatment and stone free IL-6/creatinine ratio (r=0.48).'] Does iL-6 predict current urolithiasis in stone formers? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.4822419881820679,
-1.7079787254333496,
2.140392780303955
] |
['Antivimentin antibody is often produced as an autoantibody after transplantation. C4d deposition, a marker of humoral immunity during transplantation, is believed to reflect alloantibodies. This study investigated the relationship between C4d deposition and humoral immunity to vimentin among rat kidneys undergoing chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN).', 'Fisher 344 rat renal grafts were orthotopically transplanted into Lewis rats following the procedure of Kamada with our modification. All recipients were administered cyclosporine (CsA) (10 mg/kg(-1).d(-1) x 10 d) before being divided into 3 groups of oral treatments: (1) vehicle, (2) CsA (6 mg/kg(-1).d(-1)), and (3) mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; 20 mg/kg(-1).d(-1)). At 4, 8 and 12 weeks after transplantation, the rats were killed, the renal allografts harvested, and the sera collected. Serum creatinine (SCr) was measured and pathologic changes assessed according to the Banff 97 criteria. The antivimentin antibody was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The deposition of C4d detected by immunofluorescence was analyzed by integrated optical density (IOD).', 'Antivimentin antibody was observed in sera of all transplanted rats. The level of antivimentin antibody (IgGDeltaOD) increased gradually during the development of CAN from 4 weeks. Simultaneously, C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries also progressively strengthened. There was a strong positive correlation between the content of antivimentin antibody and C4d deposition (r = 0.892; P = .000). MMF simultaneously decreased antivimentin antibody formation and C4d deposition. In contrast, CsA had no significant effect.'] Is c4d deposition correlated with the level of antivimentin antibody in rat kidneys undergoing chronic allograft nephropathy? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1432392597198486,
-1.5413604974746704,
2.7362160682678223
] |
['The association between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular diseases has long been recognized. Elevated levels of uric acid may have a causal role in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. However, the direct effect of uric acid on cardiac cells remains unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed to examine the effect of uric acid in rat cardiac fibroblasts and to identify the putative underlying signaling pathways.', 'Cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts were stimulated with uric acid; cell proliferation and endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene expression were examined. The effect of uric acid on NADPH oxidase activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) phosphorylation were tested to elucidate the intracellular mechanism of uric acid in ET-1 gene expression.', 'Uric acid-increased cell proliferation and ET-1 gene expression. Uric acid also increased NADPH oxidase activity, ROS formation, ERK phosphorylation, and activator protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated reporter activity. Antioxidants suppressed uric acid-induced ET-1 gene expression, and ERK phosphorylation, and AP-1 reporter activities. Mutational analysis of the ET-1 gene promoter showed that AP-1 binding site was an important cis-element in uric acid-induced ET-1 gene expression.'] Does uric acid activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases and thereafter endothelin-1 expression in rat cardiac fibroblasts? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.557579278945923,
-1.0554749965667725,
2.629648447036743
] |
['The use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors has been reported to be associated with detrimental vascular events. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of COX-2 activity in the control of human vascular tone under inflammatory conditions.', 'Using organ bath experiments, the contraction induced by norepinephrine (NE), U46619, acetylcholine, and KCl was performed on isolated human internal mammary arteries (IMA) cultured in the presence or absence of both interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without endothelium. Under these conditions the COX (cyclooxygenase) isoforms were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot, and the prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxane (Tx) released were measured using an enzyme immunoassay kit. A significant decrease in the maximal effect induced by NE but not by other stimuli was observed in the IL-1beta- and LPS-treated preparations after 6 and 24 h of culture (-19 +/- 6 and -25 +/- 4%, respectively), an effect that was endothelium independent. Under this inflammatory condition, the COX-2 inhibitors DFU (1 micromol/L), DuP-697 (0.5 micromol/L), and Etoricoxib (1 micromol/L) markedly restored and increased the vascular reactivity to NE. These alterations were not observed with SC-560 (1 micromol/L), a selective COX-1 inhibitor. In addition, the COX-1 isoform was always detected and the COX-2 isoform was only found in human IMA exposed for 6 or 24 h under inflammatory conditions. The COX-2 induction was accompanied by an increase in PGE(2) (prostaglandin E(2)) and PGI(2) (prostaglandin I(2)) release in the culture medium (approximately 2.5-fold) but not with an increase in TxA(2) (thromboxane A(2)) release.'] Does selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition directly increase human vascular reactivity to norepinephrine during acute inflammation? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2853105068206787,
-1.4407180547714233,
2.745290994644165
] |
['Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contraction and stimulates VSMC proliferation by releasing protein factors. The present study was to determine whether visfatin is involved in these paracrine actions of PVAT, and if so, to explore the underlying mechanisms.', 'Visfatin was preferentially expressed in Sprague-Dawley rat and monkey aortic PVAT, compared with subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. The PVAT-derived visfatin was found to be a VSMC growth factor rather than a VSMC relaxing factor, which was proved by visfatin-specific antibody/inhibitor and direct observation of recombinant visfatin. Exogenous visfatin stimulated VSMC proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) and p38 signalling pathways. This proliferative effect was further confirmed by enhancement of DNA synthesis and upregulation of proliferative marker Ki-67. Visfatin had no anti-apoptotic effect on normal cultured VSMCs, and it exerted an anti-apoptotic effect only during cell apoptosis induced by H2O2, excluding a role of anti-apoptosis in the visfatin-induced VSMC proliferation. Insulin receptor knockdown did not show any action on the visfatin effect. However, visfatin acted as a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase to biosynthesize nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), which mediated proliferative signalling pathways and cell proliferation similar to the visfatin effect.'] Is perivascular adipose tissue-derived visfatin a vascular smooth muscle cell growth factor : role of nicotinamide mononucleotide? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.398627996444702,
-1.3274582624435425,
2.787973403930664
] |
['About 30-50% patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery, which is still diagnosed by serum creatinine on clinic. However, the increase of serum creatinine is insensitive and delayed. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) are early biomarkers for AKI in patients after cardiac surgery.', 'Thirty-three cases undergoing cardiac surgery were classified into an AKI group and non-AKI group, according to the AKI definition (> 26.5 micromol/L increase of serum creatinine, more than or equal to 50% increase of serum creatinine within 48 h, or a reduction in urine output < 0.5 mL/Kg per hour for more than six hours). The concentrations of serum NGAL, urine NGAL, and urine IL-18 at different time-points were measured.', 'Nine cases (27.27%) developed postoperative AKI, but diagnosis with serum creatinine was 12-48 h postoperation. The concentrations of serum NGAL were not significantly increased postoperation. The concentrations of urine NGAL and IL-18 were significantly increased in the AKI group, which reached the peak at 2-4 h postoperation, and a more significant difference could be seen after correction for urine creatinine. The concentrations of urine NGAL and IL-18 2 h postoperation, either corrected for urine creatinine or not, showed good sensitivity and specificity. Increased levels of urine NGAL and IL-18 2 h postoperation were significantly correlated with increased level of serum creatinine 12 h postoperation. Logistic regression analysis showed that urine NGAL corrected for urine creatinine 2 h postoperation and urine IL-18 2 h postoperation emerged as powerful independent predictors of AKI after cardiac surgery.'] Do urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and interleukin-18 predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.965468406677246,
-1.5349454879760742,
2.526296854019165
] |
['The aim of this study was to determine if there is a direct relationship between the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB time [CPBT]) and postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.', 'Retrospective study.', 'Cardiac surgery unit, university hospital.', 'Five thousand six patients, New York Heart Association classes 1 through 4, who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2002 and March 2008.', 'All patients were subjected to CPB.', 'The mean CPBT was 115 minutes (median 106). One hundred thirty-one patients (2.6%) died during the same hospitalization. The postoperative median blood loss was 600 mL. Reoperations for bleeding occurred in 193 patients (3.9%), and 1,001 patients received 3 or more units of red blood cells. There were 108 patients (2.2%) with neurologic sequelae, 391 patients (7.8%) with renal complications, 37 patients (0.7%) with abdominal complications, and 184 patients (3.7%) with respiratory complications. Seventy-two patients (1.4%) had an infective complication, and 80 patients (1.6%) had a postoperative multiorgan failure. The multivariate analysis confirmed the role of CPBT, considered in 30-minute increments, as an independent risk factor for postoperative death (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57, p < 0.0001), pulmonary (OR = 1.17, p < 0.0001), renal (OR 1.31, p < 0.0001), and neurologic complications (OR = 1.28, p < 0.0001), multiorgan failure (OR = 1.21, p < 0.0001), reoperation for bleeding (OR = 1.1, p = 0.0165), and multiple blood transfusions (OR = 1.58, p < 0.0001).'] Is cardiopulmonary bypass duration an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.4196912050247192,
-1.4676542282104492,
1.8903433084487915
] |
['Cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induce an inflammatory reaction that may lead to tissue injury. Experimental studies suggest that recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) independent of its erythropoietic effect may be used clinically as an anti-inflammatory drug. This study tested the hypothesis that 2 large doses of EPO administered shortly before CPB ameliorate the systemic inflammatory response to CPB.', 'A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study at a single tertiary care hospital.', 'Patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery with CPB.', 'EPO (epoetin alfa, 500 IU/kg intravenously, n = 22) or placebo (n = 21) was administered 12 to 18 hours preoperatively and again at the induction of anesthesia.', 'CPB in both groups greatly increased plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1beta receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-10, and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Compared with placebo, EPO at day 3 after CPB augmented the TNF-alpha response (p < 0.05) and at 2 hours after CPB increased NT-proBNP (p < 0.05). Also, EPO tended to enhance the CPB-induced increase in IL-1beta receptor antagonist (p = 0.057). Otherwise, EPO had no effect on pro- and antiinflammatory mediators compared with placebo.'] Do two large preoperative doses of erythropoietin reduce the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2797701358795166,
-1.4508267641067505,
2.7604706287384033
] |
["This article is a response to A. G. Kamhi's proposal of the narrow view of reading.", 'A descriptive approach is used to review research concerning the cognitive basis of reading comprehension. Educational implications for instruction and assessment are considered. The role of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) in intervention related to reading comprehension is also addressed.'] Does the narrow view of reading promote a broad view of comprehension? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 1 | [
-3.1051204204559326,
2.330050468444824,
-0.09865487366914749
] |
['Gene identification in small families segregating autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss presents a significant challenge. To address this challenge, we have developed a machine learning-based software tool, AudioGene v2.0, to prioritize candidate genes for mutation screening based on audioprofiling.', 'We analyzed audiometric data from a cohort of American families with high-frequency autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss. Those families predicted to have a DFNA2 audioprofile by AudioGene v2.0 were screened for mutations in the KCNQ4 gene.', 'Two novel missense mutations and a stop mutation were detected in three American families predicted to have DFNA2-related deafness for a positive predictive value of 6.3%. The false negative rate was 0%. The missense mutations were located in the channel pore region and the stop mutation was in transmembrane domain S5. The latter is the first DFNA2-causing stop mutation reported in KCNQ4.'] Does audioprofile-directed screening identify novel mutations in KCNQ4 causing hearing loss at the DFNA2 locus? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3718879222869873,
-0.8238757252693176,
2.231884241104126
] |
['The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of partial NMDA receptor agonist d-cycloserine (DCS) on the extinction of conditioned alcohol-seeking behaviour.', 'For this purpose, rats were administered with DCS 60 min before each successive extinction session. Resumption of alcohol responding was carried out 1 day after the final extinction session.', 'We demonstrate that treatment of rats with 5 mg/kg of DCS was capable in facilitating extinction of conditioned alcohol-seeking behaviour, which subsequently reduced the resumption of extinguished operant responding.'] Does d-cycloserine facilitate extinction of conditioned alcohol-seeking behaviour in rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.287945508956909,
-0.9091240763664246,
2.2183828353881836
] |
['To understand clinician influence on use of home and automobile smoking bans in homes of children living with a smoker.', 'Parents were surveyed on tobacco use, smoking bans, demographics and opinions about tobacco, including harm from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Responses from 463 diverse households with smokers were analyzed.', "42% of respondents smoked; 50% had a home smoking ban and 58% an automobile smoking ban. Nonsmokers living with a smoker, those who strongly agreed in ETS harm, and those having a child < or = 5 years more often had a home smoking ban. Those recalling their child's doctor ever asking the respondent about their smoking status and African American respondents less frequently had a home ban. Automobile smoking bans were more often held by those with strong agreement in ETS harm and less often found in families having a child receiving Medicaid/uninsured."] Does influences on parents ' decisions for home and automobile smoking ban in households with smokers? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 1 | [
-1.7394211292266846,
2.921262502670288,
-1.6863183975219727
] |
['Previous literature provides some evidence that atopic diseases, IgE levels, and inflammatory gene polymorphisms may be associated with risk of glioblastoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of certain inflammatory gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on patient survival. Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumor in adults, however, few prognostic factors have been identified.', 'Using 694 incident adult glioma cases identified between 2001 and 2006 in Harris County, TX, we examined seven SNPs in the interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-4 receptor (IL4R) genes. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between the SNPs and overall and long-term survival, controlling for age at diagnosis, time between diagnosis and registration, extent of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.', 'We found that among high-grade glioma cases, IL4R rs1805016 (TT versus GT/GG) was significantly protective against mortality over time [hazard ratios (HR), 0.59; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.40-0.88]. The IL4R rs1805016 and rs1805015 TT genotypes were both found to be significantly associated with survival beyond 1 year among patients with high-grade glioma (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27-0.73 and HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44-0.91, respectively). Furthermore, the IL4R haplotype analysis showed that SNPs in the IL4R gene may be interacting to affect long-term survival among high-grade glioma cases.'] Are polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 receptor gene associated with better survival in patients with glioblastoma? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0287926197052,
-1.4089313745498657,
2.4425034523010254
] |
['The Dark-Agouti (DA) rat is very susceptible to pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) and represents a suitable model for rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, we examined the pain sensitivity and the effect of local administration of octreotide (OCT) on mechanical hyperalgesia in PIA DA rats.', 'Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of pristane (300 microl). The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and heat withdrawal latency (HWL) were used to evaluate the pain sensitivity. In addition, we recorded the discharge firings in the tibial nerve sensory C-fibers innervating the inflamed toe joints of arthritic DA rats.', 'Two weeks after injection of pristane, all DA rats developed severe arthritis. This symptom was associated with a decreased MWT (78.50+/-5.68 mN before pristane injection, 19.50+/-6.27 mN on day 14 after pristane injection), indicating a mechanical hyperalgesia in PIA. In contrast, HWL was comparable before and after pristane injection (10.25+/-0.70 s before injection; 9.45+/-1.23 s on day 14 after injection). Local injection of OCT markedly increased MWT and relieved the hyperalgesia in PIA. In addition, OCT significantly decreased the discharge rate of afferent C units evoked by both non-noxious and noxious joint movements.'] Is mechanical hyperalgesia attenuated by local administration of octreotide in pristane-induced arthritis in Dark-Agouti rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2225663661956787,
-1.379701018333435,
2.6203150749206543
] |
['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Although a close association between COPD and atherosclerosis has been speculated, such scientific information is limited.', 'To evaluate subclinical atherosclerosis in smokers with airflow limitation.', 'The subjects of this study were healthy middle-aged men. Smokers with airflow limitation (n = 61) and age-matched control smokers (n = 122) and control never-smokers (n = 122) without airflow limitation were included in the present study. Subjects with diabetes, acute infection, and respiratory disease other than COPD were excluded beforehand. All subjects underwent chest radiogram, spirometry, blood sampling, and carotid ultrasonography. We determined carotid intima-media thickness and focal atheromatous plaque as indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis.', 'Mean carotid intima-media thickness was greater in smokers with airflow limitation than in control smokers (P < 0.01) and control never-smokers (P < 0.005). Focal carotid plaque was significantly more prevalent in smokers with airflow limitation than in control never-smokers (P < 0.005). Multivariate analyses showed significant associations between thickened intima-media thickness and decreased percent predicted FEV(1) (P = 0.001) and between plaque and log(10) C-reactive protein (P = 0.013) independent of age, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, peripheral mean arterial pressure, heart rate, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.'] Is airflow limitation in smokers associated with subclinical atherosclerosis? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.148648977279663,
-1.3742389678955078,
2.570178270339966
] |
['3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a naturally occurring fungal toxin that leads to ATP-depletion by inhibiting mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and produces chemical anoxia. The present study was conducted to identify the involvement of inhibitory system in 3-NPA-induced depression of spinal reflexes.', 'The monosynaptic (MSR) and polysynaptic reflex (PSR) potentials were recorded at ventral root by stimulating the corresponding dorsal root in hemisected (sagitally) spinal cord from 4-8 day old rats. Effect of 3-NPA in the absence and presence of antagonists was evaluated on the reflexes.', 'Superfusion of 3-NPA (3.4 mM) depressed the reflexes in a time-dependent manner abolishing them by 35 min. The T-50 values were around 18 and 16 min for MSR and PSR, respectively. An NMDA receptor antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (10 microM) failed to block the 3-NPA (3.4 mM)-induced depression of reflexes. Superfusion of bicuculline (GABAA receptor antagonist; 1 microM), or strychnine (glycineA receptor antagonist; 1 microM) antagonized the 3-NPA-induced depression of reflexes significantly. The T-50 values were 26 and 30 min in bicuculline and strychnine pretreated groups, respectively and were significantly greater than 3-NPA only group.'] Does 3-Nitropropionic acid depress spinal reflexes involving GABAergic and glycinergic transmission in neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1094906330108643,
-1.503919005393982,
2.597665786743164
] |
['The aim of this study was to investigate whether the injection of nerve growth factor induces spontaneous nociceptive behavior in the intact or sensitized temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats.', 'NGF was injected into the TMJ 1 h after the TMJ injection of saline or carrageenan and the spontaneous nociceptive behavior was quantified. The mechanism involved in this phenomenon was investigated by the injection of NGF into the carrageenan-sensitized TMJ in the presence of indomethacin or of beta-adrenergic antagonists.', 'NGF injected into the TMJ sensitized by a prior TMJ injection of carrageenan but not into the intact TMJ induced a significant nociceptive behavior. Co-injection of the non-specific Trk receptor antagonist k252A with NGF 1 h after the TMJ injection of carrageenan significantly reduced NGF-induced spontaneous nociception supporting the Trk receptor activation in this nociceptive effect. Blockade of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin before the TMJ injection of carrageenan did not reduce NGF-induced nociception. Co-administration of carrageenan with the beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118.55 but not with the beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol significantly reduced NGF-induced nociception. The injection of NGF the TMJ sensitized by a previous TMJ injection of epinephrine also induced nociceptive behavior.'] Does nerve growth factor act with the beta2-adrenoceptor to induce spontaneous nociceptive behavior during temporomandibular joint inflammatory hyperalgesia? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3490712642669678,
-1.3305907249450684,
2.698248863220215
] |
['Varicella zoster virus (VZV)-induced retinitis is characterized by the presence of virus-infected cells in the retinal layer and the ocular infiltration of VZV-specific T cells. Herein, the susceptibility of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to VZV infection and the ability of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells to control VZV infection in RPE cells in vitro is addressed.', 'Human primary RPE cell cultures (n=2) were infected with a VZV strain expressing green fluorescent protein. The infection and viability of infected RPE cells was monitored by flow cytometry or by a fluorescent imager on RPE monolayers. RPE cells, pretreated with or without interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), were infected with VZV and subsequently cultured with VZV-specific CD4(+) T-cell clones (TCCs; n=3) recognizing disparate VZV proteins presented by different HLA class II alleles. IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity of the TCCs in response to VZV-infected RPE cells was determined by flow cytometry.', 'Human RPE cells are permissive to a productive VZV infection. VZV-infected RPE cells presented the cognate antigen to the CD4(+) TCCs only if the RPE cells were pretreated with IFN-gamma and expressed the appropriate HLA class II allele. VZV-specific TCCs inhibited productive VZV infection in RPE cells, which was in part attributed to TCC-mediated killing of the VZV-infected RPE cells.'] Do human ocular-derived virus-specific CD4+ T cells control varicella zoster virus replication in human retinal pigment epithelial cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3506152629852295,
-1.3895156383514404,
2.845391273498535
] |
['Higher concentrations of serum lipids and apolipoprotein B100 (apoB) are major individual risk factors of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Therefore ameliorative effects of food components against the diseases are being paid attention in the affluent countries. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of taurine on apoB secretion and lipid metabolism in human liver model HepG2 cells.', 'The results demonstrated that an addition of taurine to the culture media reduces triacylglycerol (TG)-mass in the cells and the medium. Similarly, cellular cholesterol-mass was decreased. Taurine inhibited the incorporation of [14C] oleate into cellular and medium TG, suggesting the inhibition of TG synthesis. In addition, taurine reduced the synthesis of cellular cholesterol ester and its secretion, suggesting the inhibition of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Furthermore, taurine reduced the secretion of apoB, which is a major protein component of very low-density lipoprotein.'] Does taurine reduce the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.6208889484405518,
-0.7796087861061096,
2.5320467948913574
] |
['Type 3 long-QT syndrome (LQT-3) is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the SCN5A encoding the cardiac sodium channel. Familial atrial fibrillation (AF), previously considered a potassium channelopathy, has recently been related to sodium genetic variants, both in isolated forms and in patients with underlying heart disease.', 'The purpose of this study was to describe the first family associating LQT-3 and AF due to a gain-of-function mutation in SCN5A and assess the usefulness of the sodium blocker flecainide in individuals with both phenotypes.', 'Complete family screening was performed after identifying a proband showing paroxysmal AF and a long QT interval suggestive of LQT-3. Secondary causes of AF were ruled out in all individuals. Flecainide was used in two patients for LQT-3 diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of AF. Genetic screening was performed by direct sequencing of the exons and exon-intron boundaries of SCN5A.', 'We identified a three-generation family (eight members), all of them showing long QT intervals. Paroxysmal AF initiated between 20 and 35 years of age in all three adults. The flecainide test led to shortening of the QTc interval. Flecainide was also effective in acutely restoring sinus rhythm. A Y1795C mutation was identified in all members.'] Is a mutation in the sodium channel responsible for the association of long QT syndrome and familial atrial fibrillation? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.409534454345703,
-1.3514411449432373,
2.8097023963928223
] |
['Volatile sulfur compounds are the main cause of halitosis. Hydrogen sulfide is one of these volatile sulfur compounds and the principal malodorous compound in physiological halitosis. Periodontally pathogenic activities of hydrogen sulfide have been previously reported. Hydrogen sulfide induces apoptotic cell death in aorta smooth muscle cells and in other tissues. Apoptosis plays an important role in the onset and progress of periodontitis. The objective of this study was to determine whether hydrogen sulfide causes apoptosis in human gingival fibroblasts.', 'Necrotic cells were detected using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. Apoptosis was ascertained using a histone-complexed DNA fragment assay and flow cytometry. The level of caspase 3, a key enzyme in apoptotic signaling, was also measured, and the effects of hydrogen sulfide on reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutase were assessed. DNA damage caused by hydrogen sulfide was examined by means of single-cell gel electrophoresis.', 'After 72 h of incubation with 100 ng/mL of hydrogen sulfide, necrosis was found in less than 10% of human gingival fibroblasts, whereas apoptosis was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity was strongly inhibited, and reactive oxygen species production was enhanced, after 48 and 72 h of incubation. Caspase 3 activity was also increased after 72 h of incubation (p < 0.01). Tail length, percentage of DNA in tail, and tail moment, measured by single-cell gel electrophoresis, were also intensified after 72 h of incubation (p < 0.001).'] Does oral malodorous compound cause apoptosis and genomic DNA damage in human gingival fibroblasts? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.091019630432129,
-1.4733355045318604,
2.5131962299346924
] |
['We aimed to investigate structural abnormalities in first-episode remitted geriatric depression (RGD) using optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in closely matched patients and healthy controls, and examining the relationship of performances on neuropsychological tests with regional white matter volumes.', 'Forty subjects with first-episode RGD and 36 well-matched healthy controls were recruited for this study and neuropsychological tests and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were conducted on the subjects. The differences in regional white matter volume were determined between these two groups by optimized VBM.', 'The white matter volumes of left inferior parietal lobule and right inferior frontal gyrus were significantly larger in patients with RGD relative to healthy controls. RGD patients performed significantly worse in the delayed recall of RAVLT, Trail Making Test A and B (seconds), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test when compared with the control group (all P<0.01). And there was a significant positive correlation between white matter volume of right inferior frontal gyrus and Trail Making Test A (r=0.319, P=0.045) in patients with RGD.'] Is larger regional white matter volume associated with executive function deficit in remitted geriatric depression : an optimized voxel-based morphometry study? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.197380781173706,
-1.2253124713897705,
2.4785871505737305
] |
['Spinal reconstructive surgery in adults can be associated with significant blood loss, often requiring allogeneic blood transfusion. The objective of this randomized, prospective, double-blind, multicenter study was to evaluate the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing perioperative blood loss and transfusion in adult patients having elective posterior thoracic/lumbar instrumented spinal fusion surgery.', 'One hundred fifty-one adult patients were randomized to receive either a bolus of 10 mg/kg IV of TXA after induction followed by a maintenance infusion of 1 mg/kg/hr of TXA, or an equivalent volume of placebo (normal saline). The primary outcome was the total perioperative estimated and calculated blood loss intraoperatively and 24 h postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were incidence of allogeneic blood exposure, and duration of hospital stay.', 'Four patients were withdrawn for identifiable surgical bleeding, therefore 147 patients were included in the analysis. The total estimated and calculated perioperative blood loss was approximately 25% and 30% lower in patients given TXA versus placebo (1592 +/- 1315 mL vs 2138 +/- 1607 mL, P = 0.026; 3079 +/- 2558 vs 4363 +/- 3030, P = 0.017), respectively. There was no difference in the amounts of blood products transfused, and length of stay between the two groups. TXA, surgical duration, and number of vertebrae fused were independent factors related to perioperative blood loss. Predictors for the need for allogeneic red blood cell transfusion were ASA classification, surgical duration and number of levels fused.'] Does tranexamic Acid reduce perioperative blood loss in adult patients having spinal fusion surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.636824607849121,
-1.6143351793289185,
2.2746896743774414
] |
['Previous work has demonstrated that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) not only inhibits microsomal oxidases but also resistance-associated esterases. The ability to inhibit both major metabolic resistance enzymes makes it an ideal synergist to enhance xenobiotics but negates the ability to differentiate which enzyme group is responsible for conferring resistance.', 'This study examines an analogue that retains the ability to inhibit esterases but is restricted in its ability to act on microsomal oxidases, thus allowing an informed decision on resistance enzymes to be made when used in conjunction with the parent molecule.'] Does an analogue of piperonyl butoxide facilitate the characterisation of metabolic resistance? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.733203887939453,
-0.33784374594688416,
2.24806809425354
] |
['Discrepant results for the phenotype of mitochondrial creatine kinase knockout mice (Mt-CK(-/-)) could be due to mixed genetic background and use of non-littermate controls. We therefore backcrossed with C57BL/6J for >8 generations, followed by extensive in vivo cardiac phenotyping. Echocardiography and in vivo LV haemodynamics were performed in independent cohorts at 20-40 weeks and 1 year. No significant differences were observed for ECG, LV volumes, pressures, and systolic or diastolic function compared to littermate controls. Furthermore, responses to dobutamine were not different, indicating preserved contractile reserve. Contrary to published reports using Mt-CK(-/-) on a mixed background, we observed normal LV weights even in year old mice, and gene expression of common hypertrophic markers were not elevated. However, previously undetected adaptations were observed: an increase in activity of the cytosolic MM-CK isoenzyme (+20% vs WT, P=0.0009), and of citrate synthase (+18% vs WT, P=0.0007), a marker for mitochondrial volume. In a 3-week voluntary wheel running protocol, Mt-CK(-/-) ran significantly less per day (P=0.009) and attained lower maximum speed compared to controls (P=0.0003), suggesting impaired skeletal muscle function. MM-CK isoenzyme activity was significantly elevated in soleus but not gastrocnemius muscle of KO mice, and citrate synthase activities were normal in both, suggesting compensatory mechanisms are incomplete in skeletal muscle.'] Is cardiac phenotype of mitochondrial creatine kinase knockout mice modified on a pure C57BL/6 genetic background? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1524813175201416,
-1.4638183116912842,
2.6040992736816406
] |
['Since 1995 we have, at our centre, adopted a selective approach to performing micturating cystourethrograms (MCUGs) on patients with antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis. This study reviews the outcome of this policy.', "We carry out MCUGs only if any of the following features are present on ultrasound: bilateral hydronephrosis, ureteric dilatation, renal scarring, bladder wall thickness greater than 5mm, or presence of a duplex system or ureterocele. Patients with simple unilateral hydronephrosis are excluded, and are managed with 6 months' trimethoprim prophylaxis and ultrasound surveillance with a minimum of 3 years' follow up.", 'Fifty-five patients were referred with an antenatal diagnosis of hydronephrosis between 1999 and 2002; 26 (47%) did not have an MCUG. Of these, five had increasing hydronephrosis and required surgery for pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction, and three had a multicystic dysplastic kidney on postnatal scanning. In the remaining 18 patients, the hydronephrosis resolved spontaneously, with no renal scars or asymmetry. During follow up, none of these patients had a urinary tract infection.'] Are micturating cystourethrograms necessary for all cases of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3044326305389404,
-1.361570119857788,
2.7076196670532227
] |
['Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are expressed by microglia and infiltrating macrophages following ischemic stroke. Whereas IL-1beta is primarily neurotoxic in ischemic stroke, TNF-alpha may have neurotoxic and/or neuroprotective effects. We investigated whether IL-1beta and TNF-alpha are synthesized by overlapping or segregated populations of cells after ischemic stroke in mice.', 'We used flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to examine cellular co-expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha at 6, 12 and 24 hours after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, validating the results by the use of bone marrow chimeric mice.', 'We found that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were expressed in largely segregated populations of CD11b+CD45dim microglia and CD11b+CD45high macrophages, with cells expressing both cytokines only rarely. The number of Gr1+ granulocytes producing IL-1beta or TNF-alpha was very low, and we observed no IL-1beta- or TNF-alpha-expressing T cells or astrocytes.'] Are interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expressed by different subsets of microglia and macrophages after ischemic stroke in mice? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.278137445449829,
-1.3142755031585693,
2.6568474769592285
] |
['The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of smoking and drinking habits, in separate and joint analyses, on the efficacy of H. pylori eradication.', 'A total of 250 patients were recruited. They were treated with a 7-day course of omeprazole, amoxicillin, tinidazole (OAT), omeprazole amoxicillin, clarithromycin (OAC) or omeprazole, clarithromycin, tinidazole (OCT). The efficacy of H. pylori eradication was tested with a CLO-test and histology 4 weeks after the completion of antibacterial therapy.', 'Drinking was found not to affect the efficacy of H. pylori eradication in any therapeutic group, while smoking decreased it in the OAC group (smokers 69.6%, non-smokers 94.3%, p=0.006). In the OAT treated group H. pylori eradication rate was lower in smokers-non-drinkers than in smokers-drinkers and non-smokers-non-drinkers (38.9% vs 83.2% and 70.0%, p=0.002 and p=0.034, respectively), while in the OAC treated group, smokers-non-drinkers had lower eradication efficacy than non-smokers-drinkers and non-smokers-non-drinkers (59.1% vs 100% and 91.3%, p=0.01 and p=0.012, respectively). In the OCT treated group, differences between subgroups were not significant.'] Are smoking and drinking habits important predictors of Helicobacter pylori eradication? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.719431757926941,
-1.4514516592025757,
2.202265739440918
] |
['The aim of this study was to evaluate hearing in a population of industrial workers exposed to occupational noise by using both conventional and extended high-frequency (EHF) audiometry, and to compare our results with the findings from a control group.', 'A total of 139 industry workers exposed to noise were examined over a period of two years and 32 healthy subjects were used as controls. Conventional audiometry in the frequency range 0.25-8 kHz and EHF audiometry in the frequency range 9-20 kHz were performed.', 'Thresholds in the noise-exposed group were higher than in the control group for both standard and extended high frequencies, but variability was greater in EHF. Larger differences were found in the 4,000-18,000 Hz frequency region, and especially in the 12,500-18,000 frequency zone. A statistically significant correlation between the elevation of puretone thresholds and time of exposure was found across all frequencies (from 250 to 20,000 Hz), with the exception of 10,000 Hz.'] Do extended high-frequency audiometry in subjects exposed to occupational noise? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.180034875869751,
0.07370535284280777,
0.29266196489334106
] |
['The results of a previous study suggest that an index calculated according to the formula (normalized ASAT x PK-INR) x 100/thrombocyte count (x 10(9)/L; GUCI) may reflect liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aims of the present study were (i) to validate the association between the Göteborg University Cirrhosis Index (GUCI) score and liver fibrosis and (ii) to evaluate the utility of this index in predicting the outcome of antiviral treatment.', 'A total of 269 patients with chronic HCV infection, stratified according to HCV genotype (1/4 versus 2/3) participated in a phase III trial using pegylated interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin (DITTO study). Retrospective analyses of the baseline GUCI scores and assessments of pretreatment liver biopsies using the Ishak protocol were performed. Cut-off GUCI scores were calculated to distinguish patients with a high or low probability of sustained viral response (SVR).', 'Striking associations between GUCI and Ishak fibrosis stages (stages 0-2 versus stages 3-4, p = 0.0002, stages 3-4 versus stages 5-6, p = 0.002) were observed. In patients with genotype 1 or 4, a GUCI score below 0.33 was associated with a rapid viral response to antiviral treatment and an SVR rate of 80%. Ninety-two percent of patients (92/101) with a SVR had a pretreatment GUCI score below 1.11.'] Does a non-invasive fibrosis score predict treatment outcome in chronic hepatitis C virus infection? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.732927680015564,
-1.5518090724945068,
2.2672111988067627
] |
['Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons including dioxins and non-halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ligands of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and stimulate its transformation. Exposure to these environmental contaminants occurs mainly through diet. Recent articles demonstrated that certain food factors regulate the AhR transformation and expression of downstream drug-metabolizing enzymes.', 'To explain the actions of these food factors on the AhR transformation, as the mechanisms underlying are not fully understood.', 'This review introduces recent articles that have demonstrated the molecular mechanisms by which food factors regulate the AhR transformation and downstream drug-metabolizing enzymes.'] Do an update on the dietary ligands of the AhR? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 1 | [
-3.2036893367767334,
1.280637502670288,
1.1043939590454102
] |
['Little is still known regarding the clinical features and prognosis of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma without Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.', 'From January 1996 to April 2006, a total of 185 patients with gastric MALT lymphoma were enrolled at Seoul National University Hospital. To assess the differences in clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes between H. pylori-negative (n=29, 15.7%) and H. pylori-positive (n=156, 84.3%) cases, we compared these 2 types of lymphoma.', 'The overall median follow-up period was 39 months. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, macroscopic phenotype, or histologic grade. H. pylori-negative group showed male predominancy (72.4%) and higher percentage of proximal stomach location (62.1%). Although H. pylori-negative lymphomas were more frequently presented as advanced disease (stage IIE or IV, 37.9%), no significant differences in both the overall complete response and overall survival rates were observed between the 2 groups.'] Is long-term clinical outcome of helicobacter pylori-negative gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma comparable to that of h. pylori-positive lymphoma? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0849609375,
-1.4449973106384277,
2.5359911918640137
] |
['Hypertonic saline fluids used to resuscitate trauma patients can prevent neutrophil-mediated lung tissue damage, making them attractive alternatives to conventional resuscitation fluids. We have previously shown that gammadeltaT cells, a small T lymphocyte subset, reduce acute inflammatory lung damage by eliminating activated neutrophils that express heat shock protein 72 on the cell surface. Here, we studied whether these protective effects of hypertonic saline are related to improved gammadeltaT cell-mediated neutrophil killing.', 'Laboratory investigation.', 'University research laboratory.', 'Human peripheral blood from healthy subjects--isolated gammadeltaT lymphocytes and neutrophils.', 'Isolated blood cells were treated with different concentrations of hypertonic saline and endotoxin of Escherichia coli O111:B4 (lipopolysaccharide). In some experiments, gammadeltaT cells were activated by CD3 cross-linking or by phorbol-myristate acetate and ionomycin, or by phytohemagglutinin.', 'Clinically relevant concentrations of hypertonic saline (20 mM) significantly augmented CD69 expression of gammadeltaT cells that were stimulated with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide. Additionally, lipopolysaccharide induced a three- to five-fold increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 expression by gammadeltaT cells. This response was completely abrogated by hypertonic saline. These data indicate that hypertonic saline can modulate gammadeltaT cell functions. Stimulation of neutrophils with 1-1,000 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide caused a greater than 3-fold increase in heat shock protein-72 expression on the cell surface, which was significantly augmented by hypertonic saline. In cocultures of gammadeltaT cells with autologous neutrophils, 15.6 +/- 3.4% of all neutrophils were killed within 120 min. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide (1 microg/mL), this percentage increased to 23.7 +/- 2.1%, and it was further increased to 31.8 +/- 3.1% when 20 mM hypertonic saline was added with lipopolysaccharide.'] Does hypertonic saline increase gammadeltaT cell-mediated killing of activated neutrophils? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.348604679107666,
-1.3867897987365723,
2.7905569076538086
] |
['Resveratrol, a polyphenolic activator of the silent information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), is known to extend lifespan and improve metabolic disease. The aim of the present study is to test whether resveratrol protects against metabolic steatohepatitis through the modulation of lipid metabolism-related genes.', 'We used a mouse model in which steatohepatitis can be induced by an atherogenic diet (Ath diet) to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on steatotic hepatitis and hepatic gene expression.', 'The Ath diet induced excessive weight gain, hepatomegaly, dyslipidemia, and steatohepatitis after 8 weeks. The addition of resveratrol protected against Ath diet-induced changes and also alleviated steatohepatitis. Whole-genome expression analysis revealed that an Ath diet altered the hepatic expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, and the addition of resveratrol to the diet reversed that effect. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed the Ath diet up-regulated the levels of genes related to lipogenesis and down-regulated genes involved in lipolysis. Resveratrol clearly suppressed the Ath diet-induced alterations of the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism.'] Does dietary resveratrol alter lipid metabolism-related gene expression of mice on an atherogenic diet? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.5388453006744385,
-1.1404608488082886,
2.753267765045166
] |
['Involuntary weight loss affects 20% of community dwelling older adults. The underlying mechanism for this disorder is unknown. Objective is to determine if failure of older persons to regain weight is associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine and leptin levels.', 'Prospective diet intervention study.', 'University of Washington Medical Center from 2001-2005.', 'Twenty-one younger (18-35 years old) and nineteen older (>or= 70 years old) men and women.', 'Each subject was placed for two weeks on a weight-maintaining diet, followed in sequence by 2 weeks of 30% caloric restriction, then 4 weeks of ad libitum food intake.', 'Plasma leptin levels, fasting serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine levels were measured.', 'Leptin levels in the two cohorts decreased after caloric restriction and increased after ad-libitum food consumption resumed. Plasma TNF alpha levels were higher in older subjects compared to younger adults. However, there was no association between changes in TNF alpha levels and changes in AUC leptin.'] Do leptin levels recover normally in healthy older adults after acute diet-induced weight loss? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.407472848892212,
-0.6700674891471863,
2.1469550132751465
] |
['In adults, it is well known that gender influences bone mass, but studies in children have shown contradictory results. Also, conflicting results have been reported regarding bone mineral density in obese children.', 'To investigate bone parameters in healthy 8-year-old children and relate them to anthropometry and self-reported physical activity (PA).', 'Bone measurements were performed with dual X-ray absorptiometry in 96 children, and questionnaires were used to assess self-reported PA.', 'Bone mineral content and density differed by gender. Eighteen percent of the children were overweight/obese and they had higher bone mineral content and density than children with normal weight. Bone mineral apparent density (g/cm(3)) of the lumbar spine did not differ, since the vertebral size differed, as was also the case between genders. Self-reported weight-bearing PA influenced bone mass in the hip.'] Is volumetric bone mineral density an important tool when interpreting bone mineralization in healthy children? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.5587198734283447,
0.052253734320402145,
1.5790390968322754
] |
['To investigate the possible advantage of administration of preemptive oral ibuprofen in children after ambulatory pediatric urologic surgery such as penile surgery (circumcision and hypospadias repair) and inguinal surgery (communicating hydrocele and orchidopexy), a study was performed on the experience of postoperative pain, nausea or vomiting, and resumption of normal activities such as normal sleep and play activity. In addition, this study has validated a method of measurement of pain and resumption of normal activities in children.', "In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, 66 prepubertal boys (0-12 years) underwent an ambulatory pediatric urological intervention. One hour prior to surgery, the experimental group received 10 mg/kg oral ibuprofen along with their usual premedication (<8 years midazolam 0.5 mg/kg PO or rectal; >8 years or >30 kg alprazolam 0.5 mg, 0.25-0.5 mg PO), whereas the children of the control group received only the usual premedication. Anesthesia was achieved with Sevorane (Sevoflurane) inhalation induction (Sevoflurane 8% in 50% N(2)O/50% O(2)) and a locoregional caudal block (0.5-1.0 ml/kg levobupivacaine 0.25% with a maximum of 30 ml). Immediate postoperative pain was assessed by the child, the parents and a single observer using the Faces Pain Scale and the CHEOPS behavioral scale (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale). Vomiting and nausea were also assessed. On the first and second postoperative day the same variables were evaluated by the child and the parents, as well as quality of sleep and play, and need for pain medication.", 'No difference in the experience of pain was found at any point after the operation between the experimental and control groups; moreover, the consumption of pain medication postoperatively did not differ between the two groups. There was also no difference in the incidence of vomiting and nausea in the hospital or at home (p>0.05). The method for measuring pain and normal activities was validated as the assessments of the parents, children and the investigators were concordant throughout the study.'] Does additional to caudal bupivacaine preemptive oral ibuprofen improve postoperative pain , nausea or vomiting , and resumption of normal activities in children after ambulatory pediatric urologic surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.130708932876587,
-1.3344807624816895,
2.5431463718414307
] |
['Overall gastric cancer survival remains poor mainly because there are no reliable methods for identifying highly curable early stage disease. Multi-protein profiling of gastric fluids, obtained from the anatomic site of pathology, could reveal diagnostic proteomic fingerprints.', 'Protein profiles were generated from gastric fluid samples of 19 gastric cancer and 36 benign gastritides patients undergoing elective, clinically-indicated gastroscopy using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry on multiple ProteinChip arrays. Proteomic features were compared by significance analysis of microarray algorithm and two-way hierarchical clustering. A second blinded sample set (24 gastric cancers and 29 clinically benign gastritides) was used for validation.', 'By significance analysyis of microarray, 60 proteomic features were up-regulated and 46 were down-regulated in gastric cancer samples (p < 0.01). Multimarker clustering showed two distinctive proteomic profiles independent of age and ethnicity. Eighteen of 19 cancer samples clustered together (sensitivity 95%) while 27/36 of non-cancer samples clustered in a second group. Nine non-cancer samples that clustered with cancer samples included 5 pre-malignant lesions (1 adenomatous polyp and 4 intestinal metaplasia). Validation using a second sample set showed the sensitivity and specificity to be 88% and 93%, respectively. Positive predictive value of the combined data was 0.80. Selected peptide sequencing identified pepsinogen C and pepsin A activation peptide as significantly down-regulated and alpha-defensin as significantly up-regulated.'] Does the distinctive gastric fluid proteome in gastric cancer reveal a multi-biomarker diagnostic profile? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.025090217590332,
-1.4752196073532104,
2.572537422180176
] |
['To evaluate the effect of the early use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhu-EPO) on neurobehavioral development in preterm infants.', 'Forty-four preterm infants (30 males and 14 females) were randomly divided into two groups: Rhu-EPO treatment and untreated control (n=22 each). From postnatal day 7, the Rhu-EPO treatment group received intravenous rhu-EPO (250 IU/kg3 times weekly) for 4 weeks. A Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment (NBNA) was performed at 40 weeks of corrected gestational age. A Gesell Development Schedule was used to evaluate neurological development 6 and 12 months after birth.', 'The NBNA score in the rhu-EPO treatment group (36.20+/-0.75) was significantly higher than that in the control group (34.40+/-1.05) at 40 weeks of corrected gestational age (P<0.05). The developmental quotient of fine motor in the rhu-EPO treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group 6 months after birth (P<0.05). By 12 months after birth, the developmental quotient of gross motor, fine motor and language in the rhu-EPO treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05).'] Does [ Early use of recombinant human erythropoietin promote neurobehavioral development in preterm infants ]? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0359973907470703,
-1.1116251945495605,
2.2228264808654785
] |
['While lower socioeconomic status is associated with lower level of education and increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, the impact of socioeconomic status on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes is unclear. We used residential property values as a proxy for socioeconomic status to determine if there was an association with: (1) bystander CPR rates and (2) survival to hospital discharge for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.', 'We performed a secondary data analysis of cardiac arrest cases prospectively collected as part of the Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support study, conducted in 20 cities with ALS and BLS-D paramedics. We measured patient and system characteristics for cardiac arrests of cardiac origin, not witnessed by EMS, occurring in a single residential dwelling. We obtained property values from the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation. Analyses included descriptive statistics with 95% CIs and stepwise logistic regression.', 'Three thousand six hundred cardiac arrest cases met our inclusion criteria between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 1999. Patient characteristics were: mean age 69.2, male 67.8%, witnessed 44.7%, bystander CPR 13.2%, VF/VT 33.8%, time to vehicle stop 5:36min:s, return of spontaneous circulation 12.7%, and survival 2.7%. Median property value was $184,000 (range $25,500-2,494,000). For each $100,000 increment in property value, the likelihood of receiving bystander CPR increased (OR=1.07; 95% CI 1.01-1.14; p=0.03) and survival decreased (OR=0.77; 95% CI 0.61-0.97; p=0.03).'] Does socioeconomic status influence bystander CPR and survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.19152440130710602,
-1.6065776348114014,
0.8316094875335693
] |
['Statistical epistasis refers to a departure from additivity on some scale related to a trait. The implication of it may vary due to the choice of scale. In this paper, we focus on statistical epistasis between two loci for a binary trait and mainly investigate two common scales, the penetrance and the variance of the penetrance. For each scale, the model that keeps additivity is first studied and then the statistical epistatic effect is tested as a deviation from the model. The additive model describes additivity on the penetrance scale and the main-effects model assumes additivity on the variance of the penetrance. These two models have been proved to be equivalent when the loci are in linkage equilibrium (LE). Our goal is to show that they are not equivalent in the presence of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and to reveal that the degrees of deviations from these two models may not be the same.', 'At first, we prove that the main-effects model is only a special kind of additive model when the loci are in LD. We then use statistics to test the degrees of deviations from these two models, respectively.', 'All statistics were applied to analyze real and simulated data. The results show that an additive model may deviate from the main-effects model significantly in the presence of LD.'] Is main-effects model a special kind of additive model in the presence of linkage disequilibrium? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1827805042266846,
0.5013606548309326,
0.7298557758331299
] |
['Vascular calcifications are highly prevalent in dialysis patients and are associated with arterial stiffness and mortality. The use of simple and inexpensive methods to evaluate arterial stiffness and vascular calcifications is desired. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of a simple vascular calcification score (SVCS) with pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse pressure (PP) and to evaluate their association with all-cause mortality.', '101 haemodialysis patients (71 men; 19% diabetic) were evaluated. At baseline, arterial stiffness was measured by PP and by PWV with Complior. SVCS was evaluated in plain X-ray of pelvis and hands.', 'During a 43-month observational period, 31 patients died. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, SVCS >3 (P = 0.001), PP > 70 mmHg (P = 0.001) and PWV > 10.5 m/s (P < 0.001) were found to be associated with lower cumulative survival. Adjusting for multiple variables, association with mortality was maintained for SVCS >3 (HR = 3.308, P = 0.032) and PP > 70 mmHg (HR = 3.227, P = 0.031) in all patients and for PWV > 10.5 m/s (HR = 2.981, P = 0.047) in non-diabetic patients. Age (P < 0.001), systolic pressure (P = 0.004) and SVCS > 3 (P = 0.032) were associated with PWV. Diabetes (P = 0.031), calcium carbonate dose (P = 0.009) and SVCS > 3 (P = 0.012) were associated with PP.'] Is a plain X-ray vascular calcification score associated with arterial stiffness and mortality in dialysis patients? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.3642770051956177,
-1.658494234085083,
2.0424551963806152
] |
['Severe cases of blepharospasm resistant to botulinum toxin represent a challenging clinical problem. Over the last 10 years, we have adopted a staged surgical management of these cases with an initial upper lid orbicularis myectomy (combined with myectomy of procerus and corrugator supercilius as appropriate) and then 4-6 months later a brow suspension with autologous fascia lata. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of this staged surgical approach.', 'A questionnaire was sent to all patients who had undergone the procedure and the clinical records reviewed.', 'Fourteen patients had undergone the procedure of which 13 were alive. They were sent a questionnaire and 10 of them responded. All had both procedures. Eight of the 10 reported great benefit from the surgery, one some benefit, and one was worse off. All patients still required botulinum toxin injections after the surgery.'] Is upper lid orbicularis oculi muscle strip and sequential brow suspension with autologous fascia lata beneficial for selected patients with essential blepharospasm? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4773037433624268,
-1.0187866687774658,
2.585434913635254
] |
['We reported that citrus consumption improves bone quality in orchidectomized male rats. In the present study, effects of feeding citrus bioactive compounds and crude extract on bone quality in orchidectomized rats were evaluated.', 'Seventy 90-days-old male rats were randomly assigned to five groups for 60 days of feeding study. The treatment groups were SHAM-control, orchidectomy (ORX), ORX+crude extract, ORX+limonin, and ORX+naringin. At termination, animals were euthanized, blood was collected for the plasma antioxidant status. Bone resorption and bone formation markers in the blood and urine were evaluated. Bone quality in the femur and the 5th lumbar and the total calcium concentration in the bones and excreta were evaluated.', 'Orchidectomy lowered (p<0.05) plasma antioxidant capacity, bone quality, and bone calcium; elevated (p<0.05) TRAP, deoxypyridinoline (DPD), and calcium excretion; and did not change the plasma IGF-I in comparison to the SHAM group. The citrus crude extract or the purified bioactive compounds increased (p<0.05) the plasma antioxidant status, plasma IGF-I, and bone density, preserved (p<0.05) the concentration of calcium in the femur and in the 5th lumbar, and numerically improved bone strength. The crude extract and the bioactive compounds decreased (p<0.05) fecal excretion of calcium, numerically lowered the urinary excretion of calcium, and suppressed (p<0.05) the plasma TRAP activity without affecting (p>0.1) urinary excretion of DPD in comparison to the ORX group.'] Do citrus bioactive compounds improve bone quality and plasma antioxidant activity in orchidectomized rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.136683940887451,
-1.3681882619857788,
2.5367588996887207
] |
['Pulmonary dynamic hyperinflation (DH) is an important factor limiting the physical capacity of patients with COPD. Inhaled bronchodilator should be able to reduce DH.', 'To measure DH in COPD patients during upper limbs exercise tests with previous use of bronchodilator or placebo, and to evaluate the respiratory pattern to justify the dynamics of hyperinflation.', 'Inspiratory capacity (IC) of 16 patients with COPD (age: 63+/- 13 years; FEV(1) of 1.5+/-0.7 L-41+/-11% predicted) was measured before and after an incremental arm exercise test (diagonal technique) with randomly and double-blinded inhaled placebo or salbutamol.', 'Rest IC increased from 2.32+/-0.44 L to 2.54+/-0.39 L after inhalation of 400 mcg of salbutamol (p=0.0012). There was a decrease in the IC after a maximal incremental arm exercise test, 222+/-158 ml (p=0.001) with placebo use, but no change was seen after the salbutamol use: 104+/-205 ml (p=0.41); 62% of the patients presented a 10% or more reduction in the IC after the exercise with placebo. There was a correlation between DH and lower FEV(1)/FVC (p=0.0067), FEV(1) predicted (p=0.0091) and IC% predicted (p=0.043) and higher VO(2)ml/Kg/min % predicted (p=0.05). Minute ventilation and respiratory rate were higher during the exercise with placebo (p=0.002) whereas VE/MVV ratio was lower in the exercise after salbutamol (p>0.05).'] Do modulation of operational lung volumes with the use of salbutamol in COPD patients accomplishing upper limbs exercise tests? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.7570006847381592,
-1.8558855056762695,
1.5850934982299805
] |
['Ultrasound lung comets (ULCs) detected by chest sonography are a simple, noninvasive, semiquantitative sign of increased extravascular lung water. Pulmonary edema may occur in elite apnea divers, possibly triggered by centralization of blood flow from the periphery to pulmonary vessels. We assessed the prevalence of ULCs in top-level breath-hold divers after immersion.', 'We evaluated 31 consecutive healthy, top-level, breath-hold divers (10 female, 21 male; age 31 +/- 5 years) participating in a yearly international apnea diving contest in Sharm-el-Sheik, Egypt, November 1 to 3, 2007. We performed chest and cardiac sonography with a transthoracic probe (2.5-3.5 MHz, Esaote Mylab) in all divers, both on the day before and 10 +/- 9 minutes after immersion. In a subset of 4 divers, chest scan was also repeated at 24 hours after immersion. ULCs were evaluated on the anterior and posterior chest at 61 predefined scanning sites. An independent sonographer, blind to both patient identity and status (pre- or post-diving), scored ULCs.', 'Diving depth ranged from 31 to 112 m. Duration of immersion ranged from 120 to 225 seconds. The ULC score was 0.5 +/- 1.5 at baseline and 13 +/- 21 after diving (P = .012). At individual patient analysis, ULCs appeared in 14 athletes (45%) after diving. Of these 14 athletes, 4 were asymptomatic, 6 showed aspecific symptoms with transient loss of motor control ("Samba"), 2 had palpitations with frequent premature ventricular contractions, and 2 had persistent cough with hemoptysis and pulmonary crackles. In a subset of 4 athletes with post-diving ULCs in whom late follow-up study also was available, chest sonography findings fully normalized at 24 hours of follow-up.'] Does chest sonography detect lung water accumulation in healthy elite apnea divers? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.456778883934021,
-1.4811103343963623,
1.9277000427246094
] |
['An increasing number of children are being referred for cardiac transplantation after (1) failing conventional corrective or palliative surgical reconstruction, (2) after stabilization with mechanical circulatory support devices, and (3) when primary graft failure or advanced cardiac allograft vasculopathy are established.', "The records of 417 infants and children (age range, 0-18 years) who underwent cardiac transplantation from November 1985 through December 2005 at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The pre-transplantation diagnosis was used to divide patients into 3 groups: primary cardiomyopathy (CM), 103; hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), 154; and other complex congenital heart disease (CCHD), 160. These groups were compared and analyzed for differences in early and late morbidity and mortality.", 'Operative mortality was significantly lower in the CM group compared with the HLHS (p < 0.02;) and CCHD groups (p < 0.01). Long-term actuarial recipient survival, however, was similar for all groups. The 15-year actuarial survival was 59% for the CM Group, 57% for the HLHS Group, and 50% for the CCHD Group. Actuarial survival after retransplantation is not statistically different from that with primary cardiac transplantation.'] Are late outcomes of pediatric heart transplantation independent of pre-transplant diagnosis and prior cardiac surgical intervention? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1044108867645264,
-1.0631301403045654,
2.148392677307129
] |
['Limonium sinense (Girard) Ktze is a Chinese folk medicine used to treat fever, hemorrhage, hepatitis, and other disorders. The present research focused on the protective effects of L. sinense extracts (LSE) against liver damage.', 'In this study the extract from the root of Limonium sinense was used. Aminotransferase activity detection, electron microscopy, mitochondrial function evaluation, RT-PCR and western blot were used to evaluate the hepatoprotection of LSE in LPS/d-GalN-intoxicated mice.', 'Pretreatment with 100, 200 or 400mg/kg LSE significantly blocked the increase in both serum aspartate aminotransferase (sAST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (sALT) levels induced by treatment with LPS plus d-GalN (LPS/d-GalN). Ultrastructural observation by electron microscopy showed reduced hepatocyte nuclear condensation and less lipid deposition. The decrease in both the mitochondrial membrane potential (14.6%) and sensitivity to mitochondrial swelling induced by Ca(2+) (45.9%) observed in the liver of LPS/d-GalN-treated mice were prevented by pretreatment with LSE. In addition, different doses of LSE increased both the transcription and the translation of voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC), which was down-regulated by LPS/d-GalN treatment.'] Is mitochondrial modulation involved in the hepatoprotection of Limonium sinense extract against liver damage in mice? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4351470470428467,
-1.3532369136810303,
2.8578267097473145
] |
['Emergency treatment of ischemic stroke should ideally be mechanism specific, but acute subtype diagnosis is problematic. Since different subtypes often are associated with specific patterns of neurological deficits, we hypothesize that scores on baseline NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) items may help emergently stratify patients by their probability of having a particular stroke subtype.', 'We performed multivariate polytomous logistic regression analyses on 1,281 patients enrolled in the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). We tested the predictive value of individual items to the baseline NIHSS exam, and syndromic combinations of those items, in anticipating the TOAST stroke subtype at 3 months adjusting for atrial fibrillation. We then used the most significant NIHSS items to construct a predictive model.', 'The NIHSS items that discriminate between stroke subtypes are language, neglect, visual field and brachial predominance of weakness. Among patients without atrial fibrillation, a normal score for these 4 variables conveys a 46% chance of lacunar stroke, 12% of atherothrombotic stroke and 10% of cardioembolism. This pattern gradually reverses with increased numbers of abnormal responses. Those with abnormalities in all 4 items have a 0.1% chance of lacunar stroke, 50% of atherothrombotic stroke and 39% of cardioembolism.'] Do baseline NIH stroke scale responses estimate the probability of each particular stroke subtype? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0484719276428223,
-1.1392327547073364,
2.2245121002197266
] |
['To assess and compare prosthodontic treatment needs and the related manpower requirements using the normative and sociodental needs approaches for adult Koreans aged 30 to 64 years.', 'Data were obtained from 1,029 30- to 64-year-old adults who were a subsample of the 2003 Korean National Oral Health Survey. Subjects were clinically examined for normative needs and interviewed using an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) measure, the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance. Their oral health behaviors were also assessed. The sociodental approach includes impact-related needs, in which normative needs are integrated with OHRQoL, and propensity-related needs, in which oral health behaviors are used to determine appropriate treatments. Prosthodontic treatment needs and number of clinicians needed to treat those needs were estimated using normative needs, impact-related needs, and propensity-related needs.', 'Compared to normative needs, significant decreases of 74.1% to 78.5% were found for prosthodontic treatment needs using impact-related needs and propensity-related needs, respectively. Differences in manpower requirements to deal with prosthodontic treatment were large; per 100,000 people, 86.5 dental clinicians would be needed using normative needs, compared to 22.4 clinicians using impact-related needs and 18.6 clinicians using propensity-related needs.'] Does differences in prosthodontic treatment need assessments between the standard normative and sociodental approach? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 1 | [
-1.3432013988494873,
1.0743333101272583,
-0.5460906028747559
] |
['Donor/recipient mixed chimerism has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of graft failure in patients with beta-thalassemia given a bone marrow transplant. We investigated the relationship between the degree of mixed chimerism over time and clinical outcome of children undergoing cord blood transplantation for beta-thalassemia.', 'Twenty-seven consecutive children given a cord blood transplant from a related donor were analyzed by short tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction and their chimerism results were compared with those of 79 consecutive patients who received a bone marrow transplant from either a relative (RD-BMT, n=42) or an unrelated donor (UD-BMT, n=37). Cord blood and bone marrow recipients received comparable preparative regimens.', 'All cord blood recipients engrafted and displayed mixed chimerism early after transplantation; 13/27 converted to full donor chimerism over time, while 14 maintained stable mixed chimerism; all patients are alive and transfusion-independent. Twenty-four of the 79 bone marrow-recipients (12 UD- and 12 RD-BMT) exhibited full donor chimerism at all time points examined, 4/79 (2 UD- and 2 RD-BMT) did not engraft and 51/79 (23 UD- and 28 RD-BMT) displayed mixed chimerism at the time of hematologic reconstitution. Forty of 51 bone marrow recipients with mixed chimerism converted to full donor chimerism (17 UD- and 23 RD-BMT), 3/51 maintained stable mixed chimerism (1 UD- and 2 RD-BMT), while 8/51 (5 UD- and 3 RD-BMT) progressively lost the graft, and became transfusion-dependent again.'] Does donor/recipient mixed chimerism predict graft failure in children with beta-thalassemia given an allogeneic cord blood transplant from an HLA-identical sibling? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.9954115152359009,
-1.417288064956665,
1.382706642150879
] |
['Impaired barrier function of the gut and inadequate immunological response to intestinal pathogens are the cornerstones in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). CXCL16 is a protein which shares pattern recognition receptor functions, relevant for adhesion and phagocytosis of bacterial products, with the properties of an adhesion molecule and inflammatory chemokine. The relevance of CXCL16 in IBD has so far been elusive. This objective of this study was to determine the association between CXCL16 and IBD.', "Soluble CXCL16 (sol-CXCL16) serum levels in a cohort of 239 patients with Crohn's disease were measured, 114 patients with ulcerative colitis and 144 controls.", "In a univariate analysis, sol-CXCL16 was found to be markedly increased in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis compared with that in controls (p < 0.001). This was significantly associated with an increase of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.01). In the multivariate analysis (adjusted for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), white blood cell (WBC) count, resistin and CRP) sol-CXCL16 was associated with Crohn's disease above versus below the median (OR 10.53 (3.97-27.78) p < 0.001) and ulcerative colitis (OR 3.46 (1.40-8.55) p < 0.01)."] Is cXCL16 a surrogate marker of inflammatory bowel disease? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9539364576339722,
-1.457123041152954,
2.458895206451416
] |
['Acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated ion channels located in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Of particular interest is ASIC1a, which is located in areas associated with fear and anxiety behaviors. Recent reports suggest a role for ASIC1a in preclinical models of fear conditioning and anxiety.', 'The present experiments evaluated various ASIC inhibitors in preclinical models of autonomic and behavioral parameters of anxiety. In addition, neurochemical studies evaluated the effects of an ASIC inhibitor (A-317567) on neurotransmitter levels in the amygdala.', 'In electrophysiological studies using hippocampal primary neuronal cultures, three ASIC inhibitors (PcTX-1, A-317567, and amiloride) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of acid-evoked currents. In the stress-induced hyperthermia model, acute administration of psalmotoxin 1 (PcTX-1; 10-56 ng, i.c.v.), A-317567 (0.1-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), and amiloride (10-100 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented stress-induced elevations in core body temperature. In the four-plate test, acute treatment with PcTX-1 (10-56 ng, i.c.v.) and A-317567 (0.01-0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), but not amiloride (3-100 mg/kg, i.p.), produced dose-dependent and significant increases in the number of punished crossings relative to vehicle-treated animals. Additionally, PcTX-1 (56-178 ng, i.c.v.), A-317567 (0.1-10 mg/kg, i.p.), and amiloride (10-100 mg/kg, i.p.) lacked significant anxiolytic-like activity in the elevated zero maze. In neurochemical studies, an infusion of A-317567 (100 microM) into the amygdala significantly elevated the extracellular levels of GABA, but not glutamate, in this brain region.'] Do acid sensing ion channel ( ASIC ) inhibitors exhibit anxiolytic-like activity in preclinical pharmacological models? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.204359769821167,
-1.4042850732803345,
2.6290602684020996
] |
['Histologic studies have previously demonstrated increased expression of small heat shock proteins (Hsps) in reactive optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes of patients with glaucoma. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) are known to induce ONH astrocyte reactivation. The goal of the present study was to determine whether new potentially involved Hsps, such as Hsp32, -47, -60, and -70, are expressed in the reactivation process of ONH astrocytes mediated by TGF-beta2 and H(2)O(2).', 'Cultured human ONH astrocytes were treated with 1.0 ng/mL TGF-beta2 for up to 48 hours. In addition, the cells were exposed to 100, 200, or 400 microM H(2)O(2) for 1 hour. Expression of Hsp32, -47, -60, and -70 was examined by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, and Western blot analyses.', 'Treatment with TGF-beta2 increased Hsp32 after 4 and 6 hours, whereas Hsp47 was upregulated after treatment with TGF-beta2 for 12, 24, and 48 hours. Exposure of the cells to H(2)O(2) could increase both Hsp32 and -47. No significant effects on the expression of Hsp60 and -70 were observed after treatment of the cells with TGF-beta2 or H(2)O(2).'] Is reactivation of optic nerve head astrocytes by TGF-beta2 and H2O2 accompanied by increased Hsp32 and Hsp47 expression? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.344020128250122,
-1.3837909698486328,
2.76839542388916
] |
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