metadata

tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - generated_from_trainer
  - dataset_size:48000
  - loss:TripletLoss
base_model: allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base
widget:
  - source_sentence: >-
      PURPOSE To establish technical values for nursing diagnoses in primary
      healthcare with which to weight the delivery of care based on criteria of
      complexity and relevance. METHODS A threephase crosssectional descriptive
      study: ( ) establishing and weighting of the assessment criteria of
      technical values, ( ) scoring of the assessment criteria per diagnosis,
      and ( ) assigning technical values. FINDINGS Diagnoses were ordered on the
      scoring scale obtained and a technical value of to was assigned according
      to their quartile. CONCLUSIONS Having a technical value for each nursing
      diagnosis helps to measure the diversity and complexity of care.
      IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Technical values may contribute to
      improving nursing management indicators, as they incorporate a
      quantitative view into the assessment process.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Two experiments were accomplished which involved time-intensity trades
        on a lateralization task. In the first experiment, subjects adjusted
        interaural time differences between binaural stimuli to compensate for
        interaural intensity disparities. In the second, the same listeners
        adjusted the interaural intensity relationship to offset interaural time
        differences. Three pure tones ( , , and Hz) were employed as binaural
        stimuli. The two experiments yielded substantially different
        time-intensity trading ratios for large values of interaural time
        differences and intensity disparities. This finding supplies evidence of
        a new type that the time-intensity trading ratio does not accurately
        reflect the central auditory processes that are involved with interaural
        time and intensity on a lateralization task.
      - >-
        The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) constitute a
        system of tissue growth that can regenerate damaged tissue. This study
        was performed to evaluate the effect of PRP and HA in treatment of
        complications of Achilles tendon reconstruction.We selected ten patients
        affected by Achilles tendon injuries resulting from post-surgical
        complications subsequent to tenorrhaphy and have treated them with
        autologous PRP in combination with HA to evaluate the improvement of
        lesions with wound closure.The treatment with PRP and HA for
        post-surgical complications of Achilles tendon was effective in healing
        and regeneration of soft and hard tissues. The healing time was
        shortened, and the treated area preserved a satisfying strength in
        plantar flexion and extension of the ankle, denoting to a decisive
        improvement in texture and a more rapid healing and a good cutaneous
        elasticity, with a significant reduction of the costs of hospitalization
        and the pain already the immediate postoperatively. The functional
        rehabilitation in terms of deambulation and joint mobility was
        complete.The treatment we proposed allowed an easier and more rapid
        wound closure with excellent aesthetic improvement. Furthermore, the
        minimally invasive technique is well tolerated by patients.
      - >-
        to analyze accuracy measures of the clinical indicators of Readiness for
        enhanced health management in patients with arterial hypertension and/or
        diabetes mellitus METHODS: prospective diagnostic accuracy study
        conducted with patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus,
        followed up in primary healthcare. Stratified random sampling was used
        to recruit participants. An assessment form was applied with
        sociodemographic data, health conditions, and information related to the
        clinical indicators under investigation. Sensitivity, specificity,
        predictive values, and likelihood ratios were analyzed FINDINGS: the
        sample was composed of participants. The prevalence of Readiness for
        enhanced health management was %. There was a statistically significant
        association between the diagnosis and age under years (p < ), having
        only one chronic condition (p < ), having normal blood pressure (p = )
        and blood glucose (p = ) values, and having a nonsedentary (p = ) and
        nonalcoholic (p = ) lifestyle. All clinical indicators had high
        predictive values in predicting the nursing diagnosis under
        investigation. The indicator expresses desire to enhance management of
        symptoms was the most sensitive ( %) and specific ( %). The indicator
        expresses desire to enhance management of prescribed regimens was also
        highly specific ( %) CONCLUSION: all clinical indicators were accurate
        in predicting Readiness for enhanced health management IMPLICATIONS FOR
        NURSING PRACTICE: knowing which clinical indicators and
        sociodemographic/clinical characteristics best predict Readiness for
        enhanced health management, nurses in primary care can better plan
        nursing interventions and direct their goals.
  - source_sentence: >-
      Third party logistics (0PL) supplier selection problem is a multi-criteria
      selection problem that is frequently discussed in the literature. Medicine
      is a fundamental element for human health and drug transportation must be
      carried out on time and under conditions that will ensure that the drug
      does not lose its physical properties. Therefore, the pharmaceutical
      industry is one of the foremost and most important sectors in 0PL. In this
      multi-criteria problem where the evaluation criteria are linguistic rather
      than numerical, vagueness and impreciseness in evaluations can only be
      handled with the help of fuzzy sets. With the help of intuitionistic fuzzy
      sets, one of the new extensions of fuzzy sets, the vagueness and
      impreciseness here will be discussed and the 0PL supplier selection
      problem will be tried to be solved with the TOPSIS method, which is one of
      the most used MCDM methods in the literature. The use of Interval-Valued
      Intuitionistic Fuzzy sets will add more flexibility and accuracy to the
      assessment. Thus, the Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy TOPSIS method
      is used to solve the 0PL supplier selection problem and the robustness of
      the decisions taken is tested with a sensitivity analysis.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Recently, the popularity of big data and business analytics has
        increased with advanced technological developments. Supply chain
        analytics (SCA) notion was born with the implementation of these
        technologies in supply chains that become more global, more complex,
        more extended, and more connected each day. SCA aims to find meaningful
        patterns in supply chain processes with the application of statistics,
        mathematics, machine-learning techniques, and predictive modeling. In
        this context, companies try to find ways to create business value for
        their supply chains by leveraging SCA. However, the selection of the
        most appropriate SCA tool is a complicated process that contains many
        influencing factors. For instance, the graphical and intuitive features,
        the data extraction method and real-time operability can be the
        influencing factors for such a selection. Therefore, in this study, it
        is aimed to provide an integrated technique for prioritizing SCA success
        factors and for evaluating SCA tools. For addressing these problems,
        fuzzy logic and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques are
        used. An integrated fuzzy simple additive weighting (SAW) - a technique
        for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approach
        is applied. The weights of the success factors are calculated by using
        fuzzy SAW technique, and the SCA tools are evaluated by using fuzzy
        TOPSIS technique. The success factors and the SCA tool alternatives are
        determined by reviewing the literature and industry reports, and by
        collecting experts' opinions. An application is given to illustrate the
        potential of the proposed approach. At the end of the study, the
        suggestions for future studies are presented.
      - >-
        Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were measured for various
        ecogeochemical samples relevant to bat guano ecosystems. In particular,
        ca. -year-old subfossil guano from Jackson's Bay Cave Compex, Jamaica,
        yielded ratios similar to the modern guano from other Jamaican bat caves
        but quite different from modern guano of the same area. Diagenetic
        change and differences in bat food habits were unlikely explanations for
        the observation. Instead, insects that feed on C0 and CAM plants were
        the main prey for the bats in present Jackson's Bay area, while the
        ultimate source of organic matter for bats in other Jamaican caves and
        for the bats that deposited guano in Jackson's Bay Great Cave ca. years
        ago were C0 photosynthesis. We suggest that the isotopic data indicate
        that the surrounding environment experienced a significant mesic episode
        in the recent past. This mesic climate would have supported a large
        population of bats, which in turn would have accumulated significant
        quantities of guano. The subsequent return to the more xeric conditions
        prevailing today would have caused a drastic reduction in bat population
        size and effectively ended significant guano accumulation. Fossil guano
        from Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, U.S.A., suggested that native C0
        plants might have been more abundant in Wisconsinan than today. Isotope
        analyses of old guanos from Bat Cave in Grand Canyon National Park,
        Arizona, U. S. A., found a possible implication that C0 photosynthesis
        might have had contributed a little more to the bats' diet in the cave
        before the construction of Glen Canyon Dam.
      - >-
        In this paper, an extension of the Sugeno integral using intuitionistic
        fuzzy sets is presented.The proposed method enables the calculation of
        the Sugeno integral for combining multiple source of information with a
        degree of membership and non-membership using intuitionistic fuzzy
        sets.The proposed method is used as aggregation operator to combine the
        modules output of a modular neural network for face recognition.In this
        paper, the focus is on aggregation operator that use measures with
        intuitionistic fuzzy sets, in particular the Sugeno integral.The
        performance of the proposed method is compared with other aggregation
        operators, such as the traditional Sugeno integral using the ORL
        database.
  - source_sentence: >-
      From the unconscious of speech to the structure of Id (Es), silent in its
      colours and forms, the language of colours in psychoanalysis is configured
      in dreams, children's drawings and artists' works as a universal residue
      of our belonging to nature and at the same time participates, with its
      grammar, morphology and syntax, in the process of constructing the subject
      that makes each person unique in his or her own history. As Virginia Finzi
      Ghisi writes, if we deal with painting as psychoanalysts, it is because
      "every form of art reflects the structure of the psychic apparatus".
    sentences:
      - >-
        Rather than discussing beauty or ugliness as metaphysical categories I
        do prefer here to consider individual artistic worlds, and to defend the
        values in which I recognise myself as reader and enjoyer, in the various
        ways in which this can be articulated. Worlds in which aesthetic
        positivity and negativity are in tension, each resolving this dialectic
        in its own way. That's why my paper doesn't analyse Beauty or Ugliness
        tout-court. I do rather consider their dialectical intertwining and
        reflecting in specific works of art: The Idiot by Dostoevskij, the
        librettos to Wagner's Lohengrin and Verdi's Rigoletto, as well as
        Fatelessness by Imre Kertesz. I intend to show how a negative experience
        can be transfigured in the structure and language of these writers and
        musicians.
      - >-
        Fruits are one of the foodstuffs that have a lot of nutritional content.
        One of them is gandaria fruit (bouea macrophylla Griff). Gandaria is one
        of the perishable fruit commodities. To increase consumption and add
        value to gandaria fruit, it can be done by restructuring techniques. The
        purpose of this study was to examine the chemical characteristics of
        restructuring gandaria including water content, total acid, pH, vitamin
        C and ash content. The results showed that the interaction of agar and
        gandaria treatments had an effect on the water content. The single
        treatment of agar had no effect on the ash content. The best formulation
        from the results of this study was the treatment with % agar and g of
        gandaria (A0B0).
      - >-
        The article considers the peculiarities of the artistic system in the
        works by the French writer of the turn of the 00th00th centuries, VLGE
        Marcel Proust. The foundations of his aesthetic views, which are
        manifested primarily at the level of the structural organisation in the
        novel cycle "In Search of Lost Time are studied. The specificity of the
        narrative, where the main role is played by involuntary memory, allows
        us to speak about the special geometry of the artistic space in this
        work. It happens due to Proust's rejection of "plane psychology in
        favour of "psychology in time". It is shown how on such a basis, thanks
        to the mnemonic mechanism, a complex connection of spontaneously arising
        spatial fragments with the temporal moments of existence arises and the
        chronotopic structure of the novel, built on the principle of
        relativity, is constructed where time becomes, in fact, the fourth
        dimension of space.
  - source_sentence: >-
      Of the numerous theories of the pathogenesis of tabes dorsalis, only two
      deserve consideration. According to one theory, advocated by Strumpell,
      Spielmeyer, Hauptmann and others, tabes is an endogenous disease process.
      It is supposed to be caused by a syphilitic toxin which selectively
      affects certain parts of the posterior columns and causes their
      degeneration. The other, equally popular, theory is that tabes is an
      exogenous disease, which originates outside the spinal cord, either at the
      so-called area of Obersteiner-Redlich or in the radicular nerve of
      Nageotte. Obersteiner and Redlich called attention to the fact that at the
      place of their passage through the pia, the posterior roots seem to be
      deprived of some of their myelin, and, as a result of this, exhibit there
      a visible constriction; as the axons in this area lie unprotected and
      naked, they become the locus minoris resistentiae, that is, particularly
    sentences:
      - >-
        Curriculum-based measurement of oral reading (CBM-R) is used to index
        the level and rate of student growth across the academic year. The
        method is frequently used to set student goals and monitor student
        progress. This study examined the diagnostic accuracy and quality of
        growth estimates derived from prepost measurement using CBM-R data. A
        linear mixed effects regression model was used to simulate
        progress-monitoring data for multiple levels of progress-monitoring
        duration ( , , , . . ., weeks) and data set quality, which was
        operationalized as residual/error in the model ( = , , , and ). Results
        indicate that the duration of instruction, quality of data, and method
        used to estimate growth influenced the reliability and precision of
        estimated growth rates, in addition to the diagnostic accuracy. Prepost
        methods to derive CBM-R growth estimates are likely to require or more
        weeks of instruction between prepost occasions. Implications and future
        directions are discussed.
      - >-
        The traditional approach to learning engineering economy in
        undergraduate curricula typically focuses on solving problems in a
        deterministic manner. Students generally have little exposure to the
        uncertain and stochastic nature of, as examples, project cash flows and
        interest rates. Unfortunately, this traditional approach does not
        provide students with the skills to deal with real world situations,
        which inherently involve uncertainty and thereby, risk. In general,
        engineering economy texts for undergraduate students deal with
        uncertainty and risk only in brief chapters, usually at the end of the
        book. The uncertain environment is introduced as a special case, rather
        than as the norm. In this paper, we propose an approach to learning
        engineering economy that is integrated with an understanding of
        uncertainty; in fact, it considers the deterministic case as a special
        case. The availability of computers today facilitates introducing this
        uncertainty approach. Computer spreadsheets and software can provide
        students with the ability to analyze entire probability distributions.
        Such a junior or senior level engineering economy course would build on
        an earlier course in probability and statistics, as well as courses in
        design and computing. A plausible new engineering economy text that
        incorporates stochastic considerations is outlined herein.
      - >-
        In Baurmann reported a method of measuring intracranial venous pressure
        in man. He compared the pressure in the veins on the head of the optic
        nerve with the cerebrospinal fluid pressure in nine cases. In these
        there was a direct relationship between the level of the spinal fluid
        pressure and his determination of the pressure in the veins on the nerve
        head (fig. ). He took as his criterion of the venous pressure the
        intra-ocular pressure at which the veins on the nerve head first begin
        to pulsate. The intra-ocular pressure was raised by pressing on the
        eyeball with an ophthalmodynamometer of the type devised by Magitot, the
        intra-ocular pressure being measured with a tonometer. All the methods
        in which venous pulsations are used as a criterion of venous pressure
        were criticized by Duke-Elder on the ground that venous pulsations in
        the eye are a complicated phenomenon
  - source_sentence: >-
      After the tragedy of September , , the Central Asian countries were
      "catapulted" into the international spotlight. Post / , U.S. interests
      radically changed with what the George W. Bush administration identified
      as the "war on terrorism," the first stage of which focused on
      Afghanistan. At the same time, the United States increased its presence in
      Central Asia, when the military campaign against the Taliban regime in
      Afghanistan was launched in October . This article first briefly examines
      Kazakhstan's role in the war on terrorism, and then analyzes the primary
      geopolitical interests of the United States in Central Asia, namely North
      Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) expansion, the export of Caspian
      energy supplies, and political and economic reform.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Kazakhstan's internal and external policies are of growing concern to
        Russia. At question is not only the future of the Russian ethnic
        minority, but also the disposition of former Soviet infrastructure (such
        as the Baikanur Space Launch Center) and strategic weaponry. The
        reorganization of the Kazakh armed forces also has raised concerns in
        Russia. Improved RussianKazakh relations may lead to "Eurasian Unity"
        and also to the vitally important ChristianMuslim understanding in the
        former Soviet geopolitical space.
      - >-
        Abstract Background: We aimed to compare the results of two surgical
        methods for the treatment of congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis.
        Methods: From May to January , patients underwent surgical repair for
        supravalvular aportic stenosis in a single centre. The perioperative
        evaluation of the patients was retrospectively reviewed. Results:
        Fifteen ( %) and ( %) patients were treated with the Doty and the McGoon
        methods, respectively. The median age of our cohort was ( .0) years. Ten
        ( %) patients had WilliamsBeuren syndrome, and pulmonary stenosis was
        observed in ( %) patients. The median follow-up time was ( .0) years. On
        follow-up, five patients had residual stenosis with the McGoon technique
        and one with the Doty technique (p = ). One patient died early in the
        post-operative period in the Doty group, and three patients were
        re-operated on due to restenosis in the McGoon group. Freedom from
        re-operation in the Doty group at , , , and years was %. In the McGoon
        group, freedom from re-operation rates at the -, -, and -year follow-up
        were , , and %, respectively (p = ). Conclusion: Our results with both
        surgical techniques suggest that supravalvular aortic stenosis can be
        treated with good results. The Doty method provided better relief for
        the supravalvular aortic segment, considering the residual stenosis and
        the re-operation rates.
      - >-
        Creep strain equations of Grade steel which is used in boilers and
        piping systems of ultra-supercritical (USC) thermal power plants were
        developed based on the results of creep tests using smooth round bar
        specimens of three different sources of Grade steels. In these
        equations, primary creep behavior was represented by a power-law
        function of time and tertiary creep behavior was described by an
        exponential function of time. Parameters in these equations were
        determined as a function of creep rupture time which was obtained from
        each creep rupture curve. The creep strain equations were able to
        express the creep deformation behavior of each test material with a
        satisfactory accuracy for a wide range of temperature and stress.
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
  - cosine_accuracy
model-index:
  - name: SentenceTransformer based on allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base
    results:
      - task:
          type: triplet
          name: Triplet
        dataset:
          name: 'specter 2 '
          type: specter_2_
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy
            value: 0.9007291666666667
            name: Cosine Accuracy
      - task:
          type: triplet
          name: Triplet
        dataset:
          name: discipline tuned specter 2 009
          type: discipline-tuned_specter_2_009
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy
            value: 0.9011458333333333
            name: Cosine Accuracy

SentenceTransformer based on allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("m7n/discipline-tuned_specter_2_009")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'After the tragedy of September , , the Central Asian countries were "catapulted" into the international spotlight. Post / , U.S. interests radically changed with what the George W. Bush administration identified as the "war on terrorism," the first stage of which focused on Afghanistan. At the same time, the United States increased its presence in Central Asia, when the military campaign against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan was launched in October . This article first briefly examines Kazakhstan\'s role in the war on terrorism, and then analyzes the primary geopolitical interests of the United States in Central Asia, namely North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) expansion, the export of Caspian energy supplies, and political and economic reform.',
    'Kazakhstan\'s internal and external policies are of growing concern to Russia. At question is not only the future of the Russian ethnic minority, but also the disposition of former Soviet infrastructure (such as the Baikanur Space Launch Center) and strategic weaponry. The reorganization of the Kazakh armed forces also has raised concerns in Russia. Improved RussianKazakh relations may lead to "Eurasian Unity" and also to the vitally important ChristianMuslim understanding in the former Soviet geopolitical space.',
    'Creep strain equations of Grade steel which is used in boilers and piping systems of ultra-supercritical (USC) thermal power plants were developed based on the results of creep tests using smooth round bar specimens of three different sources of Grade steels. In these equations, primary creep behavior was represented by a power-law function of time and tertiary creep behavior was described by an exponential function of time. Parameters in these equations were determined as a function of creep rupture time which was obtained from each creep rupture curve. The creep strain equations were able to express the creep deformation behavior of each test material with a satisfactory accuracy for a wide range of temperature and stress.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Triplet

Datasets: specter_2_ and discipline-tuned_specter_2_009
Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	specter_2_	discipline-tuned_specter_2_009
cosine_accuracy	0.9007	0.9011

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 48,000 training samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 82 tokens mean: 227.84 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 79 tokens mean: 232.22 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 87 tokens mean: 238.66 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
The quantum version of the Bochkov-Kuzovlev identity is derived on the basis of the appropriate definition of work as the difference of the measured internal energies of a quantum system at the beginning and the end of an external action on the system given by a prescribed protocol. According to the spirit of the original Bochkov-Kuzovlev approach, we adopt the 'exclusive' viewpoint, meaning that the coupling to the external work source is not counted as part of the internal energy. The corresponding canonical and microcanonical quantum fluctuation theorems are derived as well, and are compared with the respective theorems obtained within the 'inclusive' approach. The relations between the quantum inclusive work w, the exclusive work w( ) and the dissipated work w(dis), are discussed and clarified. We show by an explicit example that w( ) and w(dis) are distinct stochastic quantities obeying different statistics.	When a large number of similar entities interact among each other and with their environment at a low scale, unexpected outcomes at higher spatio-temporal scales might spontaneously arise. This non-trivial phenomenon, known as emergence, characterizes a broad range of distinct complex systems-from physical to biological and social-and is often related to collective behaviour. It is ubiquitous, from non-living entities such as oscillators that under specific conditions synchronize, to living ones, such as birds flocking or fish schooling. Despite the ample phenomenological evidence of the existence of systems' emergent properties, central theoretical questions to the study of emergence remain unanswered, such as the lack of a widely accepted, rigorous definition of the phenomenon or the identification of the essential physical conditions that favour emergence. We offer here a general overview of the phenomenon of emergence and sketch current and future challenges on the topic. Our short...	Using the Maxwellian macroscopic approach and analysing the formulation of the dielectric constant, it is shown that the concept of energy has not been properly incorporated into the current kinetic plasma theory. The difficulties are due to the Boltzmann collisional term (F/t)coll which accounts for a change in the velocity distribution due to collisions alone. If one attempts to rephrase the Boltzmann-Vlasov theory in terms of the Maxwcllian macroscopic formulation, one obtains an expression for energy which is not consistent with the meaning of this concept in generalized dynamics. In a revised version developed in this analysis the Boltzmann collisional term has been eliminated and an appropriate collisional operator is introduced which is believed to describe more adequately collisional processes in a plasma. It is assumed that the collisional operator can be applied directly to the electrical intensity of the field interacting with the plasma and is effective in transforming the ...
The emerging services of 0G and beyond (0G/B0G) have imposed challenging resiliency demands that make reliable slicing in radio access networks (RAN) an imperative concern. In previous literature, service protection schemes for one single domain are well studied, e.g., lightpath protection for transport domain. However, 0G/B0G will evolve towards a converged network where data transport and function processing coordinate together, thus the single-domain protection is inadequate. In this paper, we are dedicated to investigating a multi-domain protection scheme, which can achieve customized protection for specific reliability demands and reduce backup redundancy. To this end, we propose a topology-level based protection scheme (TLPS) to customize virtual networks (VN) for slices to guarantee reliability while reducing redundancy. The designed VNs are then embedded onto the substrate network with our proposed mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model and heuristic, which aim at minimi...	SDN and NFV have recently changed the way we operate networks. By decoupling control and data plane operations and virtualising their components, they have opened up new frontiers towards reducing network ownership costs and improving usability and efficiency. Recently, their applicability has moved towards public telecommunications networks, with concepts such as the cloud-CO that have pioneered its use in access and metro networks: an idea that has quickly attracted the interest of network operators. By merging mobile, residential and enterprise services into a common framework, built around commoditised data centre types of architectures, future embodiments of this CO virtualisation concept could achieve significant capital and operational cost savings, while providing customised network experience to high-capacity and low-latency future applications. This tutorial provides an overview of the various frameworks and architectures outlining current network disaggregation trends that a...	SMART (Semantic web information Management with automated Reasoning Tool) is an open-source project, which aims to provide intuitive tools for life scientists for represent, integrate, manage and query heterogeneous and distributed biological knowledge. SMART was designed with interoperability and extensibility in mind and uses AJAX, SVG and JSF technologies, RDF, OWL, SPARQL semantic web languages, triple stores (i.e. Jena) and DL reasoners (i.e. Pellet) for the automated reasoning. Features include semantic query composition and validation using DL reasoners, a graphical representation of the query, a mapping of DL queries to SPARQL, and the retrieval of pre-computed inferences from an RDF triple store. With a use case scenario, we illustrate how a biological scientist can intuitively query the yeast knowledge base and navigate the results. Continued development of this web-based resource for the biological semantic web will enable new information retrieval opportunities for the life...
The DouglasRachford method has been employed successfully to solve many kinds of nonconvex feasibility problems. In particular, recent research has shown surprising stability for the method when it is applied to finding the intersections of hypersurfaces. Motivated by these discoveries, we reformulate a second order boundary value problem (BVP) as a feasibility problem where the sets are hypersurfaces. We show that such a problem may always be reformulated as a feasibility problem on no more than three sets and is well suited to parallelization. We explore the stability of the method by applying it to several BVPs, including cases where the traditional Newton's method fails.	We propose a new adaptive and composite BarzilaiBorwein (BB) step size by integrating the advantages of such existing step sizes. Particularly, the proposed step size is an optimal weighted mean of two classical BB step sizes and the weights are updated at each iteration in accordance with the quality of the classical BB step sizes. Combined with the steepest descent direction, the adaptive and composite BB step size is incorporated into the development of an algorithm such that it is efficient to solve large-scale optimization problems. We prove that the developed algorithm is globally convergent and it R-linearly converges when applied to solve strictly convex quadratic minimization problems. Compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms available in the literature, the proposed step size is more efficient in solving ill-posed or large-scale benchmark test problems.	Nonconvex optimization is becoming more and more important in machine learning and operations research. In spite of recent progresses, the development of provably efficient algorithm for optimization with nonconvex functional constraints remains open. Such problems have potential applications in risk-averse machine learning, semisupervised learning and robust optimization among others. In this paper, we introduce a new proximal point type method for solving this important class of nonconvex problems by transforming them into a sequence of convex constrained subproblems. We establish the convergence and rate of convergence of this algorithm to the KKT point under different types of constraint qualifications. In particular, we prove that our algorithm will converge to an \epsilon -KKT point in O( /\epsilon) iterations under a properly defined condition. For practical use, we present inexact variants of this approach, in which approximate solutions of the subproblems are computed by eithe...

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:

{
    "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.COSINE",
    "triplet_margin": 0.3
}

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 2,400 evaluation samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 84 tokens mean: 235.04 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 81 tokens mean: 230.99 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 83 tokens mean: 242.95 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
To assess the effects of a gluten-free diet on bone structure in children with celiac disease using fractal analysis on panoramic radiographs.A total of patients with celiac disease aged to years, separated into two groups as previously and newly diagnosed, and a control group of healthy individuals were evaluated. In previously and newly diagnosed patients with celiac disease, body mass index Z-scores were calculated, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D0, and parathormone levels were measured, and bone mineral density Z-scores were obtained from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In all patients, the fractal dimensions of the right and left temporomandibular condyles were evaluated with the fractal analysis method on panoramic radiographs.The mean values of serum biomarker levels and the body mass index and bone mineral density Z-scores for both celiac groups were within the normal reference range. No statistically significant difference was determined between right and left condy...	The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) and the Caries Classification System (CCS) are caries stage description systems proposed for adoption into clinical practice. This pilot study investigated clinicians' training in and use of these systems for detection of early caries and recommendations for individual tooth treatment. Patient participants (N = ) with a range of noncavitated lesions (CCS ranks and and ICDAS II ranks - ) identified by a team of calibrated examiners were recruited from the New York University College of Dentistry clinic. Eighteen dentists- from the Practitioners Engaged in Applied Research and Learning (PEARL) Network and recruited from the Academy of General Dentistry-were randomly assigned to of groups: dentists used only visual-tactile (VT) examination, were trained in the ICDAS II, and were trained in the CCS. Lesion stage for each tooth was determined by the ICDAS II and CCS groups, and recommended treatment was decided by all group...	Abstract Six procedures were evaluated for aspartate aminotransferase (EC .0.0) isoenzyme assay in human serum and tissue homogenates. Results of procedures based on immunochemical precipitation by use of antibodies directed against either the mitochondrial or (with greater precision) soluble isoenzyme correlated well with those by a differential kinetic assay involving both different pH conditions and adipate inhibition. Results with a DEAE-Sephadex ion-exchange chromatographic procedure correlated well with these techniques for specimens containing purified isoenzymes, but showed substantial positive bias for determination of the mitochondrial isoenzyme in human serum. An assay based on the differential effects of pH alone discriminated between the isoenzymes with less bias than did the chromatographic assay. Precision of the two differential pH assays was limited by significant reagent blank activity resulting from destruction of NADH at pH or . An electrophoretic procedure in which...
Heating by electricity, replacing coal by electricity, is regarded as an effective way to solve the environment problem. Thus electric heating load is growing rapidly, which may result in some undesired problem to distribution grid due to its randomness and dispersed integration. However, electric heating load may be a kind of energy storage system by optimal control of its operation. So the optimal modeling of electric heating load characteristic considering its randomness is of important for grid planning and construction. In this paper, the heating loads of distributed residential users in a certain area are modeled based on Fanger Thermal Comfort Equation (FTCE) and the PMV thermal comfort index calculation method. Different temperatures are taken into consideration during modeling users' heating loads. According to the time- varying equation of inside temperature, the heat load demand curve is estimated. And then a multi-objective optimization model for electric heating load with ...	Cretaceous bituminous coals of known rank R0 max, vitrinite reflectance) have been examined by ESR (electron spin resonance) and ENDOR (electron nuclear double resonance) techniques. Both highly oxidised (outcrop) and unoxidised minerun Balmer coal from the Crowsnest field have been subjected to heat treatment (000000C), and the matrix proton ENDOR signal studied as a function of applied microwave and rf power. Changes in ENDOR line shape and intensity are described with particular emphasis on the presoftening region of the unoxidised coal. A comparative study of the carbonization of hvb and 0vb coking coal from the Crowsnest is reported.	The pathogen of leaf spots found in Strelitzia reginae was identified as Cylindrocladium colhounii peerall colhounii. Its hypha grew differently on different media. Richards medium was found the best. Conidia were not produced on Richards medium and PCA medium. The optimum temperature and pH value for hypha growth were - and - . The optimum temperature for conidium growth was - . Among carbon sources, D-glucose, sucrose and amylum were better than maltose, D-fructose and lactose. Among nitrogen sources, yeast extract, beef extract and ammonium nitrate were better than peptone, ammonium sulphate and Laspartic acid.
Four experiments were conducted to examine the hypothesis that when incorrect strategies for solving domain-specific problems were contradicted, a domain-general rule would be induced and would subsequently facilitate transfer to problems outside of the original domain. Experiments involved examining transfer from problems designed to elicit the "permission" and the "causal" schemata described by P. W. Cheng and K. J. Holyoak ( ). Results indicated that (a) training might have led to the construction of a domain-independent rule only when source problems were causal, (b) transfer was more likely when source problems were causal than when source problems were permissions, and (c) transfer from causal problems was weakly related to IQ, whereas transfer from permissions was strongly related to IQ	We used a probe procedure to show that a goal established earlier in a text is active in memory at the point of its achievement. An initial experiment demonstrated that a goal category (began an investigation to nab the THIEF) is accessible, relative to a control condition, following the processing of a goal-achievement sentence (had the PURSER brought to his office). The remaining experiments provided evidence against several explanations of this result: (a) that the goal category's accessibility is due to an advantage in the strength of its initial encoding; (b) that the goal category is maintained in memory from the point at which the goal is established; or (c) that the goal category is reinstated at the point of goal achievement as the result of a high-level inference. The results suggest that the goal category is reinstated as the result of a low-level inference similar to the type that links an anaphor and its antecedent.	Introduction: Emerging evidences have inconsistently reported that dietary components mediate the relationship between low socioeconomic status (SES) and higher cardiometabolic risk, but the findings are limited in Korean. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis whether the education level as a proxy for SES is associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and this association is mediated by dietary pattern. Methods: We used nationally representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey ( - ) for cross-sectional analyses (Total number of subjects= , - yrs). Dietary data were assessed using food frequency questionnaire including food items and were categorized into seven food groups based on the Korea nutrient database. Metabolic syndrome was defined using revised National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. The possible mediating effect of dietary components (fruit, vegetable, red meat, milk, and soft-drink) on the association between education...

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:

{
    "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.COSINE",
    "triplet_margin": 0.3
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
learning_rate: 1e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
num_train_epochs: 1
warmup_ratio: 0.1
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 8
per_device_eval_batch_size: 8
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 1e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 1
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	Validation Loss	specter_2__cosine_accuracy	discipline-tuned_specter_2_009_cosine_accuracy
0	0	-	-	0.8076	-
0.0167	100	0.2146	0.1750	0.8258	-
0.0333	200	0.1355	0.1224	0.8461	-
0.05	300	0.1119	0.1071	0.8630	-
0.0667	400	0.0924	0.1001	0.8749	-
0.0833	500	0.0859	0.0978	0.8749	-
0.1	600	0.0864	0.0935	0.8803	-
0.1167	700	0.0895	0.0914	0.8862	-
0.1333	800	0.0815	0.0896	0.8853	-
0.15	900	0.0797	0.0892	0.8838	-
0.1667	1000	0.0814	0.0899	0.8872	-
0.1833	1100	0.0905	0.0872	0.8892	-
0.2	1200	0.0788	0.0861	0.8917	-
0.2167	1300	0.0812	0.0833	0.8916	-
0.2333	1400	0.0805	0.0835	0.8916	-
0.25	1500	0.0775	0.0829	0.8932	-
0.2667	1600	0.0792	0.0824	0.8954	-
0.2833	1700	0.0735	0.0820	0.8936	-
0.3	1800	0.0866	0.0823	0.8980	-
0.3167	1900	0.0847	0.0834	0.8975	-
0.3333	2000	0.0865	0.0853	0.895	-
0.35	2100	0.0768	0.0829	0.8979	-
0.3667	2200	0.0752	0.0797	0.9007	-
0.3833	2300	0.0737	-	-	0.9011

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.3.1
Transformers: 4.49.0.dev0
PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu121
Accelerate: 1.2.1
Datasets: 3.2.0
Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

TripletLoss

@misc{hermans2017defense,
    title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification},
    author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1703.07737},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV}
}