venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sympy/solvers/ode/lie_group.py

r"""
This module contains the implementation of the internal helper functions for the lie_group hint for
dsolve. These helper functions apply different heuristics on the given equation
and return the solution. These functions are used by :py:meth:`sympy.solvers.ode.single.LieGroup`

References
=========

- `abaco1_simple`, `function_sum` and `chi`  are referenced from E.S Cheb-Terrab, L.G.S Duarte
and L.A,C.P da Mota, Computer Algebra Solving of First Order ODEs Using
Symmetry Methods, pp. 7 - pp. 8

- `abaco1_product`, `abaco2_similar`, `abaco2_unique_unknown`, `linear`  and `abaco2_unique_general`
are referenced from E.S. Cheb-Terrab, A.D. Roche, Symmetries and First Order
ODE Patterns, pp. 7 - pp. 12

- `bivariate` from Lie Groups and Differential Equations pp. 327 - pp. 329

"""
from itertools import islice

from sympy.core import Add, S, Mul, Pow
from sympy.core.exprtools import factor_terms
from sympy.core.function import Function, AppliedUndef, expand
from sympy.core.relational import Equality, Eq
from sympy.core.symbol import Symbol, Wild, Dummy, symbols
from sympy.functions import exp, log
from sympy.integrals.integrals import integrate
from sympy.polys import Poly
from sympy.polys.polytools import cancel, div
from sympy.simplify import (collect, powsimp,  # type: ignore
    separatevars, simplify)
from sympy.solvers import solve
from sympy.solvers.pde import pdsolve

from sympy.utilities import numbered_symbols
from sympy.solvers.deutils import _preprocess, ode_order
from .ode import checkinfsol


lie_heuristics = (
    "abaco1_simple",
    "abaco1_product",
    "abaco2_similar",
    "abaco2_unique_unknown",
    "abaco2_unique_general",
    "linear",
    "function_sum",
    "bivariate",
    "chi"
    )


def _ode_lie_group_try_heuristic(eq, heuristic, func, match, inf):

    xi = Function("xi")
    eta = Function("eta")
    f = func.func
    x = func.args[0]
    y = match['y']
    h = match['h']
    tempsol = []
    if not inf:
        try:
            inf = infinitesimals(eq, hint=heuristic, func=func, order=1, match=match)
        except ValueError:
            return None
    for infsim in inf:
        xiinf = (infsim[xi(x, func)]).subs(func, y)
        etainf = (infsim[eta(x, func)]).subs(func, y)
        # This condition creates recursion while using pdsolve.
        # Since the first step while solving a PDE of form
        # a*(f(x, y).diff(x)) + b*(f(x, y).diff(y)) + c = 0
        # is to solve the ODE dy/dx = b/a
        if simplify(etainf/xiinf) == h:
            continue
        rpde = f(x, y).diff(x)*xiinf + f(x, y).diff(y)*etainf
        r = pdsolve(rpde, func=f(x, y)).rhs
        s = pdsolve(rpde - 1, func=f(x, y)).rhs
        newcoord = [_lie_group_remove(coord) for coord in [r, s]]
        r = Dummy("r")
        s = Dummy("s")
        C1 = Symbol("C1")
        rcoord = newcoord[0]
        scoord = newcoord[-1]
        try:
            sol = solve([r - rcoord, s - scoord], x, y, dict=True)
            if sol == []:
                continue
        except NotImplementedError:
            continue
        else:
            sol = sol[0]
            xsub = sol[x]
            ysub = sol[y]
            num = simplify(scoord.diff(x) + scoord.diff(y)*h)
            denom = simplify(rcoord.diff(x) + rcoord.diff(y)*h)
            if num and denom:
                diffeq = simplify((num/denom).subs([(x, xsub), (y, ysub)]))
                sep = separatevars(diffeq, symbols=[r, s], dict=True)
                if sep:
                    # Trying to separate, r and s coordinates
                    deq = integrate((1/sep[s]), s) + C1 - integrate(sep['coeff']*sep[r], r)
                    # Substituting and reverting back to original coordinates
                    deq = deq.subs([(r, rcoord), (s, scoord)])
                    try:
                        sdeq = solve(deq, y)
                    except NotImplementedError:
                        tempsol.append(deq)
                    else:
                        return [Eq(f(x), sol) for sol in sdeq]


            elif denom: # (ds/dr) is zero which means s is constant
                return [Eq(f(x), solve(scoord - C1, y)[0])]

            elif num: # (dr/ds) is zero which means r is constant
                return [Eq(f(x), solve(rcoord - C1, y)[0])]

    # If nothing works, return solution as it is, without solving for y
    if tempsol:
        return [Eq(sol.subs(y, f(x)), 0) for sol in tempsol]
    return None


def _ode_lie_group( s, func, order, match):

    heuristics = lie_heuristics
    inf = {}
    f = func.func
    x = func.args[0]
    df = func.diff(x)
    xi = Function("xi")
    eta = Function("eta")
    xis = match['xi']
    etas = match['eta']
    y = match.pop('y', None)
    if y:
        h = -simplify(match[match['d']]/match[match['e']])
        y = y
    else:
        y = Dummy("y")
        h = s.subs(func, y)

    if xis is not None and etas is not None:
        inf = [{xi(x, f(x)): S(xis), eta(x, f(x)): S(etas)}]

        if checkinfsol(Eq(df, s), inf, func=f(x), order=1)[0][0]:
            heuristics = ["user_defined"] + list(heuristics)

    match = {'h': h, 'y': y}

    # This is done so that if any heuristic raises a ValueError
    # another heuristic can be used.
    sol = None
    for heuristic in heuristics:
        sol = _ode_lie_group_try_heuristic(Eq(df, s), heuristic, func, match, inf)
        if sol:
            return sol
    return sol


def infinitesimals(eq, func=None, order=None, hint='default', match=None):
    r"""
    The infinitesimal functions of an ordinary differential equation, `\xi(x,y)`
    and `\eta(x,y)`, are the infinitesimals of the Lie group of point transformations
    for which the differential equation is invariant. So, the ODE `y'=f(x,y)`
    would admit a Lie group `x^*=X(x,y;\varepsilon)=x+\varepsilon\xi(x,y)`,
    `y^*=Y(x,y;\varepsilon)=y+\varepsilon\eta(x,y)` such that `(y^*)'=f(x^*, y^*)`.
    A change of coordinates, to `r(x,y)` and `s(x,y)`, can be performed so this Lie group
    becomes the translation group, `r^*=r` and `s^*=s+\varepsilon`.
    They are tangents to the coordinate curves of the new system.

    Consider the transformation `(x, y) \to (X, Y)` such that the
    differential equation remains invariant. `\xi` and `\eta` are the tangents to
    the transformed coordinates `X` and `Y`, at `\varepsilon=0`.

    .. math:: \left(\frac{\partial X(x,y;\varepsilon)}{\partial\varepsilon
                }\right)|_{\varepsilon=0} = \xi,
              \left(\frac{\partial Y(x,y;\varepsilon)}{\partial\varepsilon
                }\right)|_{\varepsilon=0} = \eta,

    The infinitesimals can be found by solving the following PDE:

        >>> from sympy import Function, Eq, pprint
        >>> from sympy.abc import x, y
        >>> xi, eta, h = map(Function, ['xi', 'eta', 'h'])
        >>> h = h(x, y)  # dy/dx = h
        >>> eta = eta(x, y)
        >>> xi = xi(x, y)
        >>> genform = Eq(eta.diff(x) + (eta.diff(y) - xi.diff(x))*h
        ... - (xi.diff(y))*h**2 - xi*(h.diff(x)) - eta*(h.diff(y)), 0)
        >>> pprint(genform)
        /d               d           \                     d              2       d                       d             d
        |--(eta(x, y)) - --(xi(x, y))|*h(x, y) - eta(x, y)*--(h(x, y)) - h (x, y)*--(xi(x, y)) - xi(x, y)*--(h(x, y)) + --(eta(x, y)) = 0
        \dy              dx          /                     dy                     dy                      dx            dx

    Solving the above mentioned PDE is not trivial, and can be solved only by
    making intelligent assumptions for `\xi` and `\eta` (heuristics). Once an
    infinitesimal is found, the attempt to find more heuristics stops. This is done to
    optimise the speed of solving the differential equation. If a list of all the
    infinitesimals is needed, ``hint`` should be flagged as ``all``, which gives
    the complete list of infinitesimals. If the infinitesimals for a particular
    heuristic needs to be found, it can be passed as a flag to ``hint``.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import Function
    >>> from sympy.solvers.ode.lie_group import infinitesimals
    >>> from sympy.abc import x
    >>> f = Function('f')
    >>> eq = f(x).diff(x) - x**2*f(x)
    >>> infinitesimals(eq)
    [{eta(x, f(x)): exp(x**3/3), xi(x, f(x)): 0}]

    References
    ==========

    - Solving differential equations by Symmetry Groups,
      John Starrett, pp. 1 - pp. 14

    """

    if isinstance(eq, Equality):
        eq = eq.lhs - eq.rhs
    if not func:
        eq, func = _preprocess(eq)
    variables = func.args
    if len(variables) != 1:
        raise ValueError("ODE's have only one independent variable")
    else:
        x = variables[0]
        if not order:
            order = ode_order(eq, func)
        if order != 1:
            raise NotImplementedError("Infinitesimals for only "
                "first order ODE's have been implemented")
        else:
            df = func.diff(x)
            # Matching differential equation of the form a*df + b
            a = Wild('a', exclude = [df])
            b = Wild('b', exclude = [df])
            if match:  # Used by lie_group hint
                h = match['h']
                y = match['y']
            else:
                match = collect(expand(eq), df).match(a*df + b)
                if match:
                    h = -simplify(match[b]/match[a])
                else:
                    try:
                        sol = solve(eq, df)
                    except NotImplementedError:
                        raise NotImplementedError("Infinitesimals for the "
                            "first order ODE could not be found")
                    else:
                        h = sol[0]  # Find infinitesimals for one solution
                y = Dummy("y")
                h = h.subs(func, y)

            u = Dummy("u")
            hx = h.diff(x)
            hy = h.diff(y)
            hinv = ((1/h).subs([(x, u), (y, x)])).subs(u, y)  # Inverse ODE
            match = {'h': h, 'func': func, 'hx': hx, 'hy': hy, 'y': y, 'hinv': hinv}
            if hint == 'all':
                xieta = []
                for heuristic in lie_heuristics:
                    function = globals()['lie_heuristic_' + heuristic]
                    inflist = function(match, comp=True)
                    if inflist:
                        xieta.extend([inf for inf in inflist if inf not in xieta])
                if xieta:
                    return xieta
                else:
                    raise NotImplementedError("Infinitesimals could not be found for "
                        "the given ODE")

            elif hint == 'default':
                for heuristic in lie_heuristics:
                    function = globals()['lie_heuristic_' + heuristic]
                    xieta = function(match, comp=False)
                    if xieta:
                        return xieta

                raise NotImplementedError("Infinitesimals could not be found for"
                    " the given ODE")

            elif hint not in lie_heuristics:
                 raise ValueError("Heuristic not recognized: " + hint)

            else:
                 function = globals()['lie_heuristic_' + hint]
                 xieta = function(match, comp=True)
                 if xieta:
                     return xieta
                 else:
                     raise ValueError("Infinitesimals could not be found using the"
                         " given heuristic")


def lie_heuristic_abaco1_simple(match, comp=False):
    r"""
    The first heuristic uses the following four sets of
    assumptions on `\xi` and `\eta`

    .. math:: \xi = 0, \eta = f(x)

    .. math:: \xi = 0, \eta = f(y)

    .. math:: \xi = f(x), \eta = 0

    .. math:: \xi = f(y), \eta = 0

    The success of this heuristic is determined by algebraic factorisation.
    For the first assumption `\xi = 0` and `\eta` to be a function of `x`, the PDE

    .. math:: \frac{\partial \eta}{\partial x} + (\frac{\partial \eta}{\partial y}
                - \frac{\partial \xi}{\partial x})*h
                - \frac{\partial \xi}{\partial y}*h^{2}
                - \xi*\frac{\partial h}{\partial x} - \eta*\frac{\partial h}{\partial y} = 0

    reduces to `f'(x) - f\frac{\partial h}{\partial y} = 0`
    If `\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}` is a function of `x`, then this can usually
    be integrated easily. A similar idea is applied to the other 3 assumptions as well.


    References
    ==========

    - E.S Cheb-Terrab, L.G.S Duarte and L.A,C.P da Mota, Computer Algebra
      Solving of First Order ODEs Using Symmetry Methods, pp. 8


    """

    xieta = []
    y = match['y']
    h = match['h']
    func = match['func']
    x = func.args[0]
    hx = match['hx']
    hy = match['hy']
    xi = Function('xi')(x, func)
    eta = Function('eta')(x, func)

    hysym = hy.free_symbols
    if y not in hysym:
        try:
            fx = exp(integrate(hy, x))
        except NotImplementedError:
            pass
        else:
            inf = {xi: S.Zero, eta: fx}
            if not comp:
                return [inf]
            if comp and inf not in xieta:
                xieta.append(inf)

    factor = hy/h
    facsym = factor.free_symbols
    if x not in facsym:
        try:
            fy = exp(integrate(factor, y))
        except NotImplementedError:
            pass
        else:
            inf = {xi: S.Zero, eta: fy.subs(y, func)}
            if not comp:
                return [inf]
            if comp and inf not in xieta:
                xieta.append(inf)

    factor = -hx/h
    facsym = factor.free_symbols
    if y not in facsym:
        try:
            fx = exp(integrate(factor, x))
        except NotImplementedError:
            pass
        else:
            inf = {xi: fx, eta: S.Zero}
            if not comp:
                return [inf]
            if comp and inf not in xieta:
                xieta.append(inf)

    factor = -hx/(h**2)
    facsym = factor.free_symbols
    if x not in facsym:
        try:
            fy = exp(integrate(factor, y))
        except NotImplementedError:
            pass
        else:
            inf = {xi: fy.subs(y, func), eta: S.Zero}
            if not comp:
                return [inf]
            if comp and inf not in xieta:
                xieta.append(inf)

    if xieta:
        return xieta

def lie_heuristic_abaco1_product(match, comp=False):
    r"""
    The second heuristic uses the following two assumptions on `\xi` and `\eta`

    .. math:: \eta = 0, \xi = f(x)*g(y)

    .. math:: \eta = f(x)*g(y), \xi = 0

    The first assumption of this heuristic holds good if
    `\frac{1}{h^{2}}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x \partial y}\log(h)` is
    separable in `x` and `y`, then the separated factors containing `x`
    is `f(x)`, and `g(y)` is obtained by

    .. math:: e^{\int f\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(\frac{1}{f*h}\right)\,dy}

    provided `f\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(\frac{1}{f*h}\right)` is a function
    of `y` only.

    The second assumption holds good if `\frac{dy}{dx} = h(x, y)` is rewritten as
    `\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{h(y, x)}` and the same properties of the first assumption
    satisfies. After obtaining `f(x)` and `g(y)`, the coordinates are again
    interchanged, to get `\eta` as `f(x)*g(y)`


    References
    ==========
    - E.S. Cheb-Terrab, A.D. Roche, Symmetries and First Order
      ODE Patterns, pp. 7 - pp. 8

    """

    xieta = []
    y = match['y']
    h = match['h']
    hinv = match['hinv']
    func = match['func']
    x = func.args[0]
    xi = Function('xi')(x, func)
    eta = Function('eta')(x, func)


    inf = separatevars(((log(h).diff(y)).diff(x))/h**2, dict=True, symbols=[x, y])
    if inf and inf['coeff']:
        fx = inf[x]
        gy = simplify(fx*((1/(fx*h)).diff(x)))
        gysyms = gy.free_symbols
        if x not in gysyms:
            gy = exp(integrate(gy, y))
            inf = {eta: S.Zero, xi: (fx*gy).subs(y, func)}
            if not comp:
                return [inf]
            if comp and inf not in xieta:
                xieta.append(inf)

    u1 = Dummy("u1")
    inf = separatevars(((log(hinv).diff(y)).diff(x))/hinv**2, dict=True, symbols=[x, y])
    if inf and inf['coeff']:
        fx = inf[x]
        gy = simplify(fx*((1/(fx*hinv)).diff(x)))
        gysyms = gy.free_symbols
        if x not in gysyms:
            gy = exp(integrate(gy, y))
            etaval = fx*gy
            etaval = (etaval.subs([(x, u1), (y, x)])).subs(u1, y)
            inf = {eta: etaval.subs(y, func), xi: S.Zero}
            if not comp:
                return [inf]
            if comp and inf not in xieta:
                xieta.append(inf)

    if xieta:
        return xieta

def lie_heuristic_bivariate(match, comp=False):
    r"""
    The third heuristic assumes the infinitesimals `\xi` and `\eta`
    to be bi-variate polynomials in `x` and `y`. The assumption made here
    for the logic below is that `h` is a rational function in `x` and `y`
    though that may not be necessary for the infinitesimals to be
    bivariate polynomials. The coefficients of the infinitesimals
    are found out by substituting them in the PDE and grouping similar terms
    that are polynomials and since they form a linear system, solve and check
    for non trivial solutions. The degree of the assumed bivariates
    are increased till a certain maximum value.

    References
    ==========
    - Lie Groups and Differential Equations
      pp. 327 - pp. 329

    """

    h = match['h']
    hx = match['hx']
    hy = match['hy']
    func = match['func']
    x = func.args[0]
    y = match['y']
    xi = Function('xi')(x, func)
    eta = Function('eta')(x, func)

    if h.is_rational_function():
        # The maximum degree that the infinitesimals can take is
        # calculated by this technique.
        etax, etay, etad, xix, xiy, xid = symbols("etax etay etad xix xiy xid")
        ipde = etax + (etay - xix)*h - xiy*h**2 - xid*hx - etad*hy
        num, denom = cancel(ipde).as_numer_denom()
        deg = Poly(num, x, y).total_degree()
        deta = Function('deta')(x, y)
        dxi = Function('dxi')(x, y)
        ipde = (deta.diff(x) + (deta.diff(y) - dxi.diff(x))*h - (dxi.diff(y))*h**2
            - dxi*hx - deta*hy)
        xieq = Symbol("xi0")
        etaeq = Symbol("eta0")

        for i in range(deg + 1):
            if i:
                xieq += Add(*[
                    Symbol("xi_" + str(power) + "_" + str(i - power))*x**power*y**(i - power)
                    for power in range(i + 1)])
                etaeq += Add(*[
                    Symbol("eta_" + str(power) + "_" + str(i - power))*x**power*y**(i - power)
                    for power in range(i + 1)])
            pden, denom = (ipde.subs({dxi: xieq, deta: etaeq}).doit()).as_numer_denom()
            pden = expand(pden)

            # If the individual terms are monomials, the coefficients
            # are grouped
            if pden.is_polynomial(x, y) and pden.is_Add:
                polyy = Poly(pden, x, y).as_dict()
            if polyy:
                symset = xieq.free_symbols.union(etaeq.free_symbols) - {x, y}
                soldict = solve(polyy.values(), *symset)
                if isinstance(soldict, list):
                    soldict = soldict[0]
                if any(soldict.values()):
                    xired = xieq.subs(soldict)
                    etared = etaeq.subs(soldict)
                    # Scaling is done by substituting one for the parameters
                    # This can be any number except zero.
                    dict_ = dict.fromkeys(symset, 1)
                    inf = {eta: etared.subs(dict_).subs(y, func),
                        xi: xired.subs(dict_).subs(y, func)}
                    return [inf]

def lie_heuristic_chi(match, comp=False):
    r"""
    The aim of the fourth heuristic is to find the function `\chi(x, y)`
    that satisfies the PDE `\frac{d\chi}{dx} + h\frac{d\chi}{dx}
    - \frac{\partial h}{\partial y}\chi = 0`.

    This assumes `\chi` to be a bivariate polynomial in `x` and `y`. By intuition,
    `h` should be a rational function in `x` and `y`. The method used here is
    to substitute a general binomial for `\chi` up to a certain maximum degree
    is reached. The coefficients of the polynomials, are calculated by by collecting
    terms of the same order in `x` and `y`.

    After finding `\chi`, the next step is to use `\eta = \xi*h + \chi`, to
    determine `\xi` and `\eta`. This can be done by dividing `\chi` by `h`
    which would give `-\xi` as the quotient and `\eta` as the remainder.


    References
    ==========
    - E.S Cheb-Terrab, L.G.S Duarte and L.A,C.P da Mota, Computer Algebra
      Solving of First Order ODEs Using Symmetry Methods, pp. 8

    """

    h = match['h']
    hy = match['hy']
    func = match['func']
    x = func.args[0]
    y = match['y']
    xi = Function('xi')(x, func)
    eta = Function('eta')(x, func)

    if h.is_rational_function():
        schi, schix, schiy = symbols("schi, schix, schiy")
        cpde = schix + h*schiy - hy*schi
        num, denom = cancel(cpde).as_numer_denom()
        deg = Poly(num, x, y).total_degree()

        chi = Function('chi')(x, y)
        chix = chi.diff(x)
        chiy = chi.diff(y)
        cpde = chix + h*chiy - hy*chi
        chieq = Symbol("chi")
        for i in range(1, deg + 1):
            chieq += Add(*[
                Symbol("chi_" + str(power) + "_" + str(i - power))*x**power*y**(i - power)
                for power in range(i + 1)])
            cnum, cden = cancel(cpde.subs({chi : chieq}).doit()).as_numer_denom()
            cnum = expand(cnum)
            if cnum.is_polynomial(x, y) and cnum.is_Add:
                cpoly = Poly(cnum, x, y).as_dict()
                if cpoly:
                    solsyms = chieq.free_symbols - {x, y}
                    soldict = solve(cpoly.values(), *solsyms)
                    if isinstance(soldict, list):
                        soldict = soldict[0]
                    if any(soldict.values()):
                        chieq = chieq.subs(soldict)
                        dict_ = dict.fromkeys(solsyms, 1)
                        chieq = chieq.subs(dict_)
                        # After finding chi, the main aim is to find out
                        # eta, xi by the equation eta = xi*h + chi
                        # One method to set xi, would be rearranging it to
                        # (eta/h) - xi = (chi/h). This would mean dividing
                        # chi by h would give -xi as the quotient and eta
                        # as the remainder. Thanks to Sean Vig for suggesting
                        # this method.
                        xic, etac = div(chieq, h)
                        inf = {eta: etac.subs(y, func), xi: -xic.subs(y, func)}
                        return [inf]

def lie_heuristic_function_sum(match, comp=False):
    r"""
    This heuristic uses the following two assumptions on `\xi` and `\eta`

    .. math:: \eta = 0, \xi = f(x) + g(y)

    .. math:: \eta = f(x) + g(y), \xi = 0

    The first assumption of this heuristic holds good if

    .. math:: \frac{\partial}{\partial y}[(h\frac{\partial^{2}}{
                \partial x^{2}}(h^{-1}))^{-1}]

    is separable in `x` and `y`,

    1. The separated factors containing `y` is `\frac{\partial g}{\partial y}`.
       From this `g(y)` can be determined.
    2. The separated factors containing `x` is `f''(x)`.
    3. `h\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}(h^{-1})` equals
       `\frac{f''(x)}{f(x) + g(y)}`. From this `f(x)` can be determined.

    The second assumption holds good if `\frac{dy}{dx} = h(x, y)` is rewritten as
    `\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{h(y, x)}` and the same properties of the first
    assumption satisfies. After obtaining `f(x)` and `g(y)`, the coordinates
    are again interchanged, to get `\eta` as `f(x) + g(y)`.

    For both assumptions, the constant factors are separated among `g(y)`
    and `f''(x)`, such that `f''(x)` obtained from 3] is the same as that
    obtained from 2]. If not possible, then this heuristic fails.


    References
    ==========
    - E.S. Cheb-Terrab, A.D. Roche, Symmetries and First Order
      ODE Patterns, pp. 7 - pp. 8

    """

    xieta = []
    h = match['h']
    func = match['func']
    hinv = match['hinv']
    x = func.args[0]
    y = match['y']
    xi = Function('xi')(x, func)
    eta = Function('eta')(x, func)

    for odefac in [h, hinv]:
        factor = odefac*((1/odefac).diff(x, 2))
        sep = separatevars((1/factor).diff(y), dict=True, symbols=[x, y])
        if sep and sep['coeff'] and sep[x].has(x) and sep[y].has(y):
            k = Dummy("k")
            try:
                gy = k*integrate(sep[y], y)
            except NotImplementedError:
                pass
            else:
                fdd = 1/(k*sep[x]*sep['coeff'])
                fx = simplify(fdd/factor - gy)
                check = simplify(fx.diff(x, 2) - fdd)
                if fx:
                    if not check:
                        fx = fx.subs(k, 1)
                        gy = (gy/k)
                    else:
                        sol = solve(check, k)
                        if sol:
                            sol = sol[0]
                            fx = fx.subs(k, sol)
                            gy = (gy/k)*sol
                        else:
                            continue
                    if odefac == hinv:  # Inverse ODE
                        fx = fx.subs(x, y)
                        gy = gy.subs(y, x)
                    etaval = factor_terms(fx + gy)
                    if etaval.is_Mul:
                        etaval = Mul(*[arg for arg in etaval.args if arg.has(x, y)])
                    if odefac == hinv:  # Inverse ODE
                        inf = {eta: etaval.subs(y, func), xi : S.Zero}
                    else:
                        inf = {xi: etaval.subs(y, func), eta : S.Zero}
                    if not comp:
                        return [inf]
                    else:
                        xieta.append(inf)

        if xieta:
            return xieta

def lie_heuristic_abaco2_similar(match, comp=False):
    r"""
    This heuristic uses the following two assumptions on `\xi` and `\eta`

    .. math:: \eta = g(x), \xi = f(x)

    .. math:: \eta = f(y), \xi = g(y)

    For the first assumption,

    1. First `\frac{\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}}{\frac{\partial^{2} h}{
       \partial yy}}` is calculated. Let us say this value is A

    2. If this is constant, then `h` is matched to the form `A(x) + B(x)e^{
       \frac{y}{C}}` then, `\frac{e^{\int \frac{A(x)}{C} \,dx}}{B(x)}` gives `f(x)`
       and `A(x)*f(x)` gives `g(x)`

    3. Otherwise `\frac{\frac{\partial A}{\partial X}}{\frac{\partial A}{
       \partial Y}} = \gamma` is calculated. If

       a] `\gamma` is a function of `x` alone

       b] `\frac{\gamma\frac{\partial h}{\partial y} - \gamma'(x) - \frac{
       \partial h}{\partial x}}{h + \gamma} = G` is a function of `x` alone.
       then, `e^{\int G \,dx}` gives `f(x)` and `-\gamma*f(x)` gives `g(x)`

    The second assumption holds good if `\frac{dy}{dx} = h(x, y)` is rewritten as
    `\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{h(y, x)}` and the same properties of the first assumption
    satisfies. After obtaining `f(x)` and `g(x)`, the coordinates are again
    interchanged, to get `\xi` as `f(x^*)` and `\eta` as `g(y^*)`

    References
    ==========
    - E.S. Cheb-Terrab, A.D. Roche, Symmetries and First Order
      ODE Patterns, pp. 10 - pp. 12

    """

    h = match['h']
    hx = match['hx']
    hy = match['hy']
    func = match['func']
    hinv = match['hinv']
    x = func.args[0]
    y = match['y']
    xi = Function('xi')(x, func)
    eta = Function('eta')(x, func)

    factor = cancel(h.diff(y)/h.diff(y, 2))
    factorx = factor.diff(x)
    factory = factor.diff(y)
    if not factor.has(x) and not factor.has(y):
        A = Wild('A', exclude=[y])
        B = Wild('B', exclude=[y])
        C = Wild('C', exclude=[x, y])
        match = h.match(A + B*exp(y/C))
        try:
            tau = exp(-integrate(match[A]/match[C]), x)/match[B]
        except NotImplementedError:
            pass
        else:
            gx = match[A]*tau
            return [{xi: tau, eta: gx}]

    else:
        gamma = cancel(factorx/factory)
        if not gamma.has(y):
            tauint = cancel((gamma*hy - gamma.diff(x) - hx)/(h + gamma))
            if not tauint.has(y):
                try:
                    tau = exp(integrate(tauint, x))
                except NotImplementedError:
                    pass
                else:
                    gx = -tau*gamma
                    return [{xi: tau, eta: gx}]

    factor = cancel(hinv.diff(y)/hinv.diff(y, 2))
    factorx = factor.diff(x)
    factory = factor.diff(y)
    if not factor.has(x) and not factor.has(y):
        A = Wild('A', exclude=[y])
        B = Wild('B', exclude=[y])
        C = Wild('C', exclude=[x, y])
        match = h.match(A + B*exp(y/C))
        try:
            tau = exp(-integrate(match[A]/match[C]), x)/match[B]
        except NotImplementedError:
            pass
        else:
            gx = match[A]*tau
            return [{eta: tau.subs(x, func), xi: gx.subs(x, func)}]

    else:
        gamma = cancel(factorx/factory)
        if not gamma.has(y):
            tauint = cancel((gamma*hinv.diff(y) - gamma.diff(x) - hinv.diff(x))/(
                hinv + gamma))
            if not tauint.has(y):
                try:
                    tau = exp(integrate(tauint, x))
                except NotImplementedError:
                    pass
                else:
                    gx = -tau*gamma
                    return [{eta: tau.subs(x, func), xi: gx.subs(x, func)}]


def lie_heuristic_abaco2_unique_unknown(match, comp=False):
    r"""
    This heuristic assumes the presence of unknown functions or known functions
    with non-integer powers.

    1. A list of all functions and non-integer powers containing x and y
    2. Loop over each element `f` in the list, find `\frac{\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}}{
       \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}} = R`

       If it is separable in `x` and `y`, let `X` be the factors containing `x`. Then

       a] Check if `\xi = X` and `\eta = -\frac{X}{R}` satisfy the PDE. If yes, then return
          `\xi` and `\eta`
       b] Check if `\xi = \frac{-R}{X}` and `\eta = -\frac{1}{X}` satisfy the PDE.
           If yes, then return `\xi` and `\eta`

       If not, then check if

       a] :math:`\xi = -R,\eta = 1`

       b] :math:`\xi = 1, \eta = -\frac{1}{R}`

       are solutions.

    References
    ==========
    - E.S. Cheb-Terrab, A.D. Roche, Symmetries and First Order
      ODE Patterns, pp. 10 - pp. 12

    """

    h = match['h']
    hx = match['hx']
    hy = match['hy']
    func = match['func']
    x = func.args[0]
    y = match['y']
    xi = Function('xi')(x, func)
    eta = Function('eta')(x, func)

    funclist = []
    for atom in h.atoms(Pow):
        base, exp = atom.as_base_exp()
        if base.has(x) and base.has(y):
            if not exp.is_Integer:
                funclist.append(atom)

    for function in h.atoms(AppliedUndef):
        syms = function.free_symbols
        if x in syms and y in syms:
            funclist.append(function)

    for f in funclist:
        frac = cancel(f.diff(y)/f.diff(x))
        sep = separatevars(frac, dict=True, symbols=[x, y])
        if sep and sep['coeff']:
            xitry1 = sep[x]
            etatry1 = -1/(sep[y]*sep['coeff'])
            pde1 = etatry1.diff(y)*h - xitry1.diff(x)*h - xitry1*hx - etatry1*hy
            if not simplify(pde1):
                return [{xi: xitry1, eta: etatry1.subs(y, func)}]
            xitry2 = 1/etatry1
            etatry2 = 1/xitry1
            pde2 = etatry2.diff(x) - (xitry2.diff(y))*h**2 - xitry2*hx - etatry2*hy
            if not simplify(expand(pde2)):
                return [{xi: xitry2.subs(y, func), eta: etatry2}]

        else:
            etatry = -1/frac
            pde = etatry.diff(x) + etatry.diff(y)*h - hx - etatry*hy
            if not simplify(pde):
                return [{xi: S.One, eta: etatry.subs(y, func)}]
            xitry = -frac
            pde = -xitry.diff(x)*h -xitry.diff(y)*h**2 - xitry*hx -hy
            if not simplify(expand(pde)):
                return [{xi: xitry.subs(y, func), eta: S.One}]


def lie_heuristic_abaco2_unique_general(match, comp=False):
    r"""
    This heuristic finds if infinitesimals of the form `\eta = f(x)`, `\xi = g(y)`
    without making any assumptions on `h`.

    The complete sequence of steps is given in the paper mentioned below.

    References
    ==========
    - E.S. Cheb-Terrab, A.D. Roche, Symmetries and First Order
      ODE Patterns, pp. 10 - pp. 12

    """
    hx = match['hx']
    hy = match['hy']
    func = match['func']
    x = func.args[0]
    y = match['y']
    xi = Function('xi')(x, func)
    eta = Function('eta')(x, func)

    A = hx.diff(y)
    B = hy.diff(y) + hy**2
    C = hx.diff(x) - hx**2

    if not (A and B and C):
        return

    Ax = A.diff(x)
    Ay = A.diff(y)
    Axy = Ax.diff(y)
    Axx = Ax.diff(x)
    Ayy = Ay.diff(y)
    D = simplify(2*Axy + hx*Ay - Ax*hy + (hx*hy + 2*A)*A)*A - 3*Ax*Ay
    if not D:
        E1 = simplify(3*Ax**2 + ((hx**2 + 2*C)*A - 2*Axx)*A)
        if E1:
            E2 = simplify((2*Ayy + (2*B - hy**2)*A)*A - 3*Ay**2)
            if not E2:
                E3 = simplify(
                    E1*((28*Ax + 4*hx*A)*A**3 - E1*(hy*A + Ay)) - E1.diff(x)*8*A**4)
                if not E3:
                    etaval = cancel((4*A**3*(Ax - hx*A) + E1*(hy*A - Ay))/(S(2)*A*E1))
                    if x not in etaval:
                        try:
                            etaval = exp(integrate(etaval, y))
                        except NotImplementedError:
                            pass
                        else:
                            xival = -4*A**3*etaval/E1
                            if y not in xival:
                                return [{xi: xival, eta: etaval.subs(y, func)}]

    else:
        E1 = simplify((2*Ayy + (2*B - hy**2)*A)*A - 3*Ay**2)
        if E1:
            E2 = simplify(
                4*A**3*D - D**2 + E1*((2*Axx - (hx**2 + 2*C)*A)*A - 3*Ax**2))
            if not E2:
                E3 = simplify(
                   -(A*D)*E1.diff(y) + ((E1.diff(x) - hy*D)*A + 3*Ay*D +
                    (A*hx - 3*Ax)*E1)*E1)
                if not E3:
                    etaval = cancel(((A*hx - Ax)*E1 - (Ay + A*hy)*D)/(S(2)*A*D))
                    if x not in etaval:
                        try:
                            etaval = exp(integrate(etaval, y))
                        except NotImplementedError:
                            pass
                        else:
                            xival = -E1*etaval/D
                            if y not in xival:
                                return [{xi: xival, eta: etaval.subs(y, func)}]


def lie_heuristic_linear(match, comp=False):
    r"""
    This heuristic assumes

    1. `\xi = ax + by + c` and
    2. `\eta = fx + gy + h`

    After substituting the following assumptions in the determining PDE, it
    reduces to

    .. math:: f + (g - a)h - bh^{2} - (ax + by + c)\frac{\partial h}{\partial x}
                 - (fx + gy + c)\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}

    Solving the reduced PDE obtained, using the method of characteristics, becomes
    impractical. The method followed is grouping similar terms and solving the system
    of linear equations obtained. The difference between the bivariate heuristic is that
    `h` need not be a rational function in this case.

    References
    ==========
    - E.S. Cheb-Terrab, A.D. Roche, Symmetries and First Order
      ODE Patterns, pp. 10 - pp. 12

    """
    h = match['h']
    hx = match['hx']
    hy = match['hy']
    func = match['func']
    x = func.args[0]
    y = match['y']
    xi = Function('xi')(x, func)
    eta = Function('eta')(x, func)

    coeffdict = {}
    symbols = numbered_symbols("c", cls=Dummy)
    symlist = [next(symbols) for _ in islice(symbols, 6)]
    C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 = symlist
    pde = C3 + (C4 - C0)*h - (C0*x + C1*y + C2)*hx - (C3*x + C4*y + C5)*hy - C1*h**2
    pde, denom = pde.as_numer_denom()
    pde = powsimp(expand(pde))
    if pde.is_Add:
        terms = pde.args
        for term in terms:
            if term.is_Mul:
                rem = Mul(*[m for m in term.args if not m.has(x, y)])
                xypart = term/rem
                if xypart not in coeffdict:
                    coeffdict[xypart] = rem
                else:
                    coeffdict[xypart] += rem
            else:
                if term not in coeffdict:
                    coeffdict[term] = S.One
                else:
                    coeffdict[term] += S.One

    sollist = coeffdict.values()
    soldict = solve(sollist, symlist)
    if soldict:
        if isinstance(soldict, list):
            soldict = soldict[0]
        subval = soldict.values()
        if any(t for t in subval):
            onedict = dict(zip(symlist, [1]*6))
            xival = C0*x + C1*func + C2
            etaval = C3*x + C4*func + C5
            xival = xival.subs(soldict)
            etaval = etaval.subs(soldict)
            xival = xival.subs(onedict)
            etaval = etaval.subs(onedict)
            return [{xi: xival, eta: etaval}]


def _lie_group_remove(coords):
    r"""
    This function is strictly meant for internal use by the Lie group ODE solving
    method. It replaces arbitrary functions returned by pdsolve as follows:

    1] If coords is an arbitrary function, then its argument is returned.
    2] An arbitrary function in an Add object is replaced by zero.
    3] An arbitrary function in a Mul object is replaced by one.
    4] If there is no arbitrary function coords is returned unchanged.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy.solvers.ode.lie_group import _lie_group_remove
    >>> from sympy import Function
    >>> from sympy.abc import x, y
    >>> F = Function("F")
    >>> eq = x**2*y
    >>> _lie_group_remove(eq)
    x**2*y
    >>> eq = F(x**2*y)
    >>> _lie_group_remove(eq)
    x**2*y
    >>> eq = x*y**2 + F(x**3)
    >>> _lie_group_remove(eq)
    x*y**2
    >>> eq = (F(x**3) + y)*x**4
    >>> _lie_group_remove(eq)
    x**4*y

    """
    if isinstance(coords, AppliedUndef):
        return coords.args[0]
    elif coords.is_Add:
        subfunc = coords.atoms(AppliedUndef)
        if subfunc:
            for func in subfunc:
                coords = coords.subs(func, 0)
        return coords
    elif coords.is_Pow:
        base, expr = coords.as_base_exp()
        base = _lie_group_remove(base)
        expr = _lie_group_remove(expr)
        return base**expr
    elif coords.is_Mul:
        mulargs = []
        coordargs = coords.args
        for arg in coordargs:
            if not isinstance(coords, AppliedUndef):
                mulargs.append(_lie_group_remove(arg))
        return Mul(*mulargs)
    return coords