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| <html lang="en"> | |
| <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-EVSTQN3/azprG1Anm3QDgpJLIm9Nao0Yz1ztcQTwFspd3yD65VohhpuuCOmLASjC" crossorigin="anonymous"> | |
| <h1 style="text-align: center;"> | |
| Performance benchmarks of quantum simulators | |
| </h1> | |
| <p style="text-align: left;"> | |
| There has been a rapid rise in the development of quantum simulators, both to validate the quantum | |
| hardware and also to explore the limitations of classical simulation, thereby the regime of quantum | |
| advantage. Quantum simulators which are HPC (High Performance Computing) compliant are chosen and | |
| their performance is benchmarked on various compute capabilities as offered by the HPC. | |
| </p> | |
| <p style="text-align: left;"> | |
| Notebooks provide the Time to Solution (TtS) performance of the quantum simulators | |
| obtained using a containerized toolchain wherein each simulation package accepts the quantum | |
| algorithm in the QASM2 format, the simulation package and the compute capability on the HPC. | |
| The containerized toolchain allows for portability of the benchmarking scheme, reproducibility | |
| of the performance data, is modular and easily extensible to include other packages. | |
| </p> | |
| <hr class="mt-1 mb-1"/> | |
| The benchmarked packages include: | |
| <center> | |
| <table class="table text-center"> | |
| <thead> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="col">#</th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h4">Package</th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h4">Language</th> | |
| <th colspan="2" scope="col" class="h4">Singlethread</th> | |
| <th colspan="2" scope="col" class="h4">Multithread</th> | |
| <th colspan="2" scope="col" class="h4">GPU</th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h4">MPI</th> | |
| <th colspan="2" scope="col" class="h4">Multi-GPU</th> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="col"></th> | |
| <th scope="col"></th> | |
| <th scope="col"></th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h6">Single Precision</th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h6">Double Precision</th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h6">Single Precision</th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h6">Double Precision</th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h6">Single Precision</th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h6">Double Precision</th> | |
| <th scope="col"></th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h6">Single Precision</th> | |
| <th scope="col" class="h6">Double Precision</th> | |
| </tr> | |
| </thead> | |
| <tbody> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">1</th> | |
| <td>Qiskit</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">2</th> | |
| <td>Cirq</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">3</th> | |
| <td>Qsimcirq</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">4</th> | |
| <td>Pennylane</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">5</th> | |
| <td>Pennylane-lightning</td> | |
| <td>C++</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">6</th> | |
| <td>Qibo</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">7</th> | |
| <td>Qibojit</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">8</th> | |
| <td>Yao</td> | |
| <td>Julia</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">9</th> | |
| <td>Quest</td> | |
| <td>C</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">10</th> | |
| <td>Qulacs</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">11</th> | |
| <td>Intel-QS</td> | |
| <td>C++</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">12</th> | |
| <td>Projectq</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">13</th> | |
| <td>Qcgpu</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">14</th> | |
| <td>HiQ</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">15</th> | |
| <td>Hybridq</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">16</th> | |
| <td>SV-Sim</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">17</th> | |
| <td>Qrack</td> | |
| <td>C++</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">18</th> | |
| <td>Qpanda</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">19</th> | |
| <td>CuQuantum</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">20</th> | |
| <td>myQLM (py)</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">21</th> | |
| <td>myQLM (C++)</td> | |
| <td>C++</td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">22</th> | |
| <td>Braket</td> | |
| <td>Python</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th scope="row">23</th> | |
| <td>Q++</td> | |
| <td>C++</td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td><i class="fa fa-check-circle-o green"></i><span class="ms-1"></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| <td></td> | |
| </tr> | |
| </tbody> | |
| </table> | |
| </center> | |
| The quantum algorithms benchmarked include: | |
| <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> | |
| <li class="list-group-item">Dynamics of the Heisenberg model</li> | |
| <li class="list-group-item">Random Quantum Circuit as in the Google Sycamore quantum advantage experiment</li> | |
| <li class="list-group-item">Quantum Fourier Transform</li> | |
| </ul> | |
| <html> | |