metadata

title: Perplexity
emoji: 🤗
colorFrom: blue
colorTo: red
sdk: gradio
sdk_version: 3.19.1
app_file: app.py
pinned: false
tags:
  - evaluate
  - metric
description: >-
  Perplexity (PPL) is one of the most common metrics for evaluating language
  models. It is defined as the exponentiated average negative log-likelihood of
  a sequence, calculated with exponent base `e`.

  For more information on perplexity, see [this
  tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/perplexity).

Metric Card for Perplexity

Metric Description

Given a model and an input text sequence, perplexity measures how likely the model is to generate the input text sequence.

As a metric, it can be used to evaluate how well the model has learned the distribution of the text it was trained on.

In this case, model_id should be the trained model to be evaluated, and the input texts should be the text that the model was trained on.

This implementation of perplexity is calculated with log base e, as in perplexity = e**(sum(losses) / num_tokenized_tokens), following recent convention in deep learning frameworks.

Intended Uses

Any language generation task.

How to Use

The metric takes a list of text as input, as well as the name of the model used to compute the metric:

from evaluate import load
perplexity = load("perplexity", module_type="metric")
results = perplexity.compute(predictions=predictions, model_id='gpt2')

Inputs

model_id (str): model used for calculating Perplexity. NOTE: Perplexity can only be calculated for causal language models.
- This includes models such as gpt2, causal variations of bert, causal versions of t5, and more (the full list can be found in the AutoModelForCausalLM documentation here: https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/master/en/model_doc/auto#transformers.AutoModelForCausalLM )
predictions (list of str): input text, where each separate text snippet is one list entry.
batch_size (int): the batch size to run texts through the model. Defaults to 16.
add_start_token (bool): whether to add the start token to the texts, so the perplexity can include the probability of the first word. Defaults to True.
device (str): device to run on, defaults to cuda when available

Output Values

This metric outputs a dictionary with the perplexity scores for the text input in the list, and the average perplexity. If one of the input texts is longer than the max input length of the model, then it is truncated to the max length for the perplexity computation.

{'perplexities': [8.182524681091309, 33.42122268676758, 27.012239456176758], 'mean_perplexity': 22.871995608011883}

The range of this metric is [0, inf). A lower score is better.

Values from Popular Papers

Examples

Calculating perplexity on predictions defined here:

perplexity = evaluate.load("perplexity", module_type="metric")
input_texts = ["lorem ipsum", "Happy Birthday!", "Bienvenue"]
results = perplexity.compute(model_id='gpt2',
                             add_start_token=False,
                             predictions=input_texts)
print(list(results.keys()))
>>>['perplexities', 'mean_perplexity']
print(round(results["mean_perplexity"], 2))
>>>646.75
print(round(results["perplexities"][0], 2))
>>>32.25

Calculating perplexity on predictions loaded in from a dataset:

perplexity = evaluate.load("perplexity", module_type="metric")
input_texts = datasets.load_dataset("wikitext",
                                    "wikitext-2-raw-v1",
                                    split="test")["text"][:50]
input_texts = [s for s in input_texts if s!='']
results = perplexity.compute(model_id='gpt2',
                             predictions=input_texts)
print(list(results.keys()))
>>>['perplexities', 'mean_perplexity']
print(round(results["mean_perplexity"], 2))
>>>576.76
print(round(results["perplexities"][0], 2))
>>>889.28

Limitations and Bias

Note that the output value is based heavily on what text the model was trained on. This means that perplexity scores are not comparable between models or datasets.

See Meister and Cotterell, "Language Model Evaluation Beyond Perplexity" (2021) for more information about alternative model evaluation strategies.

Citation

@article{jelinek1977perplexity,
title={Perplexity—a measure of the difficulty of speech recognition tasks},
author={Jelinek, Fred and Mercer, Robert L and Bahl, Lalit R and Baker, James K},
journal={The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
volume={62},
number={S1},
pages={S63--S63},
year={1977},
publisher={Acoustical Society of America}
}

Further References

Hugging Face Perplexity Blog Post