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40 Acres and a Mule & The Civil War
The history of the United States is a dramatic story of the good, the bad, and the ugly. Some Historians, however, have rewritten the play and edited out many scenes that highlight the good, the bad, and the ugly in all of us.
President Abraham Lincoln (NARA, 64-M-163)
President Abraham Lincoln had, by far one of the more challenged presidency in the history of the United States. He had the courage and responsibility of bringing the States together.
We are taught in school that his signing of the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 freed the African American from the institution of slavery. Furthermore, the Civil War itself, a time when, according to Dr. Mitchell of Fisk University, "more Americans died than in the American Revolution, the war of 1812, the Spanish American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean Conflict, and the 1st half of the Viet Nam War", all put together, was fought for the emancipation of African People. Did our textbooks do us justice?
In fact, the cause of the Civil War was not the freedom of African Americans but rather the Economic and Political disparity that existed between an industrialized North and an agricultural South. Freedom for the African American was an outcome not the cause of the Civil War. While Slavery existed in both the North and the South, Abraham Lincoln’s edict to the Southern states that left the union prior to the Civil War, was that they (the Southern States) must return to the union by a certain date or their slaves would be set free. Nothing was mentioned about the slaves in the Northern States.
A Union soldier reads the Emancipation Proclamation to newly freed slaves. After Lincoln signed the Proclamation, celebrations took place throughout the country. (NARA, 79-CWC-3F8)
The Union Army was loosing the war and more manpower was needed. For this reason, African Americans were offered freedom in return for their enlistment. In the Civil War, African Americans fought as gallantly as did their counterparts but it was the 13th, 14th, and 15th, amendments that actually gave African Americans their freedom.
According to historian Dr. Mitchell, the turning point of the Civil War came at the battle of Nashville, Tennessee. This battle was fought by the 369th regiment of African American soldiers. The 1989 movie, Glory, tells the story of an all African American regiment of Civil War soldiers who bravely fought and the majority died at the battle of Fort Wagner, in South Carolina. The regiment was reconstituted in Nashville where they withheld the charge of the Confederate Army and changed the direction of the war.
Despite the understanding that the Emancipation Proclamation did not free any slaves it became the celebrated day of liberation for some 50 years.
On January 1 in 1913, the New York Times published a poem written by James Weldon, a writer of some distinction, for the 50th anniversary of the Proclamation. Addressing his fellow African Americans in the second stanzas and with an assertive tone making certain that humility in his first stanza did not replace self-confidence, Johnson wrote:
This land is ours by right of birth, This land is ours by right of toil We helped to turn its virgin earth, Our sweat is in its fruitful soil.
To gain these fruits that have been earned, To hold these fields that have been won, Our arms have strained, our backs have burned, Bent bare beneath a ruthless sun.
Then should we speak but servile words, Or shall we hang our heads in shame? Stand back of new-come foreign hordes, And fear our heritage to claim?
No! stand erect and without fear, And for our foes let this suffice-- We've bought a rightful sonship here, And we have more than paid the price. . . .
That for which millions prayed and sighed That for which tens of thousands fought, For which so many freely died, God cannot let it come to naught.
Over 100,000 African American men and women fought in the Civil War. For more reading on this subject, the following NARA site features an article by John Hope Franklin. Celebrate the issuance of this landmark document in the Summer 1993 issue of Prologue Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 2.
After a few days of viewing the above information, we will continue our ride into history. Also, for daily updates and podcast on the AMAAP journey visit NJ.com and type in "Where is Miles Dean" in the search box.
We invite you to add comments on the content of this web site on our blog. In addition, we will post commentaries during this ride from guest writers as we proceed across the country.
Images courtesy of: Library of Congress Lexington Herald-Leader | <urn:uuid:aa493060-3b1a-44e6-bf37-72ef32fd4638> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blackheritageriders.org/nitennessee.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960388 | 1,001 | 3.84375 | 4 |
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) -- The Tennessee Department of Health is urging people to protect themselves from viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. Last year Tennessee experienced 33 human cases of West Nile virus, including one in December.
Four out of five people with West Nile won't show symptoms, but others will develop severe illness that can result in permanent neurological damage or even death.
A news release from the Health Department advises that people who think they may have West Nile virus should seek medical care immediately.
Controlling mosquitoes in your neighborhood helps protect you and your animals from harm. The Department advises eliminating standing water near your home, replacing the water in bird baths weekly, keeping windows and doors closed or covered with screens and using insect repellants. | <urn:uuid:ec87b21a-fdd8-4fb3-b027-e87a32fa616c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.local8now.com/home/headlines/Health-Department-warns-of-mosquito-borne-illness-206388541.html?site=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961649 | 150 | 2.921875 | 3 |
So what should a bald man do? "Find out what your fasting blood glucose level is," says Morris F. White, PhD, a researcher at the Joslin Diabetes Center and the Harvard Medical School in Boston. This is a simple, inexpensive test for insulin resistance and is usually performed during a routine checkup. Sherwin suggests that men with severe crown baldness might consider being screened for cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol, especially since such men have been shown to have a high risk for heart disease.
Although baldness is only a suggested risk factor for insulin resistance, many of the preventive measures taken by people dealing with that condition also could be considered by men facing severe crown baldness at a young age. For instance, White says, people with insulin resistance should exercise because exercise improves the muscles' ability to absorb glucose, reducing the need for insulin.
Furthermore, people with insulin resistance usually gain weight, which aggravates their insulin resistance. This vicious circle can ultimately lead to diabetes, if the resistance grows so great that the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin to control blood sugar. But exercise pares fat from the body, and that reduces insulin resistance, White says.
White says people with insulin resistance and diabetes probably gain weight because they eat too much. They do so because insulin resistance interferes with the mechanism that tells the brain when one has eaten enough food. "If you eat a candy bar, you don't feel hungry anymore," White says. "If you are insulin resistant, you may need to eat two candy bars to have that effect." This conclusion is based on research that White has just published in the journal Nature and other recent work, he says.
One can combat this effect to a small degree by drinking several glasses of water before eating, which stretches the stomach, adding to the sense of fullness, White says. | <urn:uuid:24acda4e-4fd6-48a0-bb95-f3402fc13ac4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/news/20001002/something-to-watch-out-for-if-youre-going-bald?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964306 | 382 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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|Atoms, molecules, cells, organisms|
atoms combine to make molecules, molecules combine to make cells, cells combine to make organisms
|An atom, nucleus and electrons.||Atoms join to make a molecule.||A cargo protein (a molecule) carries a "vesicle" full of molecules for delivery.|
As pictured above, left, an atom has a nucleus which is heavy and in the middle, and electrons which fly around it, held in orbit because the nucleus is electrically "positive" and the electrons are electrically "negative" Positive and negative attract. There is a gravitational pull between electron and proton, as with the earth orbiting the sun, but it is very slight. Like all molecules, life molecules: sugars, fats, proteins, vitamins, DNA and others, are made from atoms combining. Atoms combine by sharing electrons in a way that takes a kind of strain off of both atoms. One atom partially gives up an electron to the atom it bonds with, and this shared electron is the bond we call a chemical bond. (Sometimes the bond is between the same kind of atom such as O2, two oxygen atoms combined as in oxygen we breath.Molecules combine with other molecules by the same process: atoms on the outside of one molecule bond, by sharing electrons, with atoms on the outside of another molecule, so that the two molecules become attached..... Life chemistry has a lot of clever processes carried out by molecules, such as the delivery system shown, above right: a cargo protein walks, one foot in front of the other, carrying a round bundle full of molecules for delivery to where they are needed. The molecule walks along a "microtubule", which is a catwalk inside a cell .................Below, left, is a cell, the basic unit of life, the simplest fully living thing. It eats, reproduces, has complex internal organs, talks to other cells with proteins and more. It is made of molecules, some acting as internal and external messengers, some forming the outer membrane, some carrying out the burning of fuel chemicals, and much more. Photosynthesis, the capture of the energy in light to fuel the growth of a plant, is carried out inside plant cells, which consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen, whereas animal cells consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The captured energy in photosynthesis is the basis of life's energy. Cells build molecules for information, function, and fuel in an unpward building process called "anabolic" chemistry. "Burning" down to smaller molecules is called a "catabolic" reaction. Reactions that release energy fuel the upward building reactions and other processes. Cells reproduce by dividing into two cells, a process called mitosis. Independent cells are usually in a colony, like bacteria, and some view such colonies as organisms...........Organisms, such as the plankton species, below, right, are made of cells. An organism is conceived when two cells come together from parents, forming one cell which then divides into two, which divide into four, then to eight and so on. From the beginning the shape of the cell aggregate is very orderly. As the cells divide they "differentiate", they become different according to the type of tissue they are forming, such as blood, bone, nerves, muscle etc. Their DNA, which codes protein production, remains the same, but it is "expressed" differently, sort of like a software program that can make changes to facilitate different applications. In the plankton figure below (right), which is magnified, you would be able to see cells, like the cell on the left, with a microscope that greatly magnified a section of the organism. .........
|The cell is an organism, a living thing. It eats and excretes,||Organism (Plankton) is made up of cells.|
|reproduces by dividing, receives and sends messages, reads its||The cells are too small to see here. A higher|
|surroundings chemically, moves with intent.||magnification of a section would show cells.|
The four levels outlined above are outlined a little better below.
(1) Atoms and electron bonds between atoms.
Below, left An atom is pictured with the nucleus, a collection of protons, in the center, and the little beads of fire flying around it are electrons. Electric attraction between the "positive" nucleus and "negative" electrons holds the electrons in orbit like gravity keeps planets circling the sun. The more electrons there are in an atom, the more protons there must be to hold the electrons in orbit. (Small discrepensies occur, positive and negative ions.) In the atom the nucleus, pictured as a sphere, we know contains as many protons because there are many electrons. The nucleus also contains "neutrons" which have no effective charge, (neutral) and so don't have any influence on the electrons. Neutrons are massive, like a proton. And they have the beguiling property of being able to turn into a proton by releasing an electron. The neutron, therefore, is not absent of charge but is doubly charged -- with the resulting cancellation that makes it neutral. A neutron "weighs more" than a proton (very slightly) because of the electron it contains that the proton doesn't.
Below, right, Two atoms are shown unbonded, and bonding with their electrons, shown by the yellow clouds merging to the center. These clouds are called "electron clouds" or "probability clouds" because the electron moves so fast that the best way to depict it is as a cloud showing where is is likely to be. ( The red and green depict the nuclear and electromagnetic fields, perhaps, we're not sure. Image from web. All were talking about is the nucleus (the sphere) and the electron.) The issue is really more complex because the electron, a particle when in the form of static electricity (such as comes off a rug and shocks you when you touch metal) is not a particle when it is moving fast in its atomic orbit. Its high velocity turns it into a wave. The particle to wave change at high velocity is observed with electrons and other particles at high velocity in the laboratory. The bond shown is the simplest bond there can be between atoms. But as the atoms get bigger (more electrons and protons) the clouds and become more complicated, and as do the bonds.
|A multi-electron atom||two hydrogen atoms||electron bond making H2, a simple molecule, hydrogen gas.|
A chemical bond happens because some atoms are inclined to give electrons and others are inclined to accept electrons in order to have a more stable electron arrangement. (We intend to discuss this in other basics sections.) Electrons also want to be in pairs, so unpaired electrons seek out unpaired electrons on other atoms, making a "bonding pair." The bonding pair will usually be drawn in to one atom and partially let go of by the other, but the electrons are still shared.
Life chose carbon, which naturally makes four bonds, as the backbone of life chemistry. As shown in the carbon-based molecules below four bonds makes nice chains. In methane, lower left, the four hydrogen atoms are as far apart as they can get in space. If you compare three bonds and five and six with four -- using balls of clay and sticks, you will see that four takes in all angles, and yet is nicely simple. It is like the U-joint in a car: flexible, balanced, simple and strong. Three is more limited in the angles it takes in, and, after bonding two ways to make a chain, has only one electron free for side bonding. Five is interesting, but complicated and asymmetrical. Six is orderly but not flexible, and it is crowded. Four is the one that works best.. Question: Would life have found a way if there was no carbon? No carbon, no life?
Below, left, three figures depicting carbon bonded to four hydrogen atoms (which makes a gas molecule called methane), showing how carbon's four bonds are positioned (usually). To the right are simple carbon/hydrogen molecules (all gasses like methane) which give an idea of what carbon chains look like.
|methane||methane||methane (one carbon)||ethane (two carbons)||propane (3 carbons)||butane (4 carbons)|
Molecules are characterized by pictures that approximate their structure. Below are two renderings of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, which is a universal fuel molecule in life chemistry. When it releases one of its three phosphate groups, which are on the left (phosphorus bound to three oxygens) it releases energy that is used to make another chemical reaction happen........It is not that hard to learn to read a structure like that on the left. Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphorus (types of atoms) are shown by their initials. On the sugar (the middle part, in magenta color) the corners of the ring mark a carbon atom not shown with a letter C. In diagrams of organic molecules, a corner means carbon atom. Where there are two connecting lines there are two bonds of two electrons, called a double bond. The minus signs on the oxygens, lower left, mean that each of those oxygens is carrying an extra electron, so they each carry a negative charge.
|The ATP molecule is composed of three components. Below in
pink is a sugar molecule, ribose (the same sugar
that forms the basis of DNA). Attached above is a base (the group
consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base
is adenine. To the left of the sugar is
a string of phosphate groups. These phosphates are the
key to the activity of ATP. ATP is like a match. To strike the match and give
energy to cause another reaction, one of the three phosphate groups is
removed by another molecule, usually called a kinase. For each step of the
cargo protein a molecule of ATP is "burned" to give adenosine di-phosphate,
or ADP. To reload the match a phosphate group is added to a molecule of ADP,
making ATP again.
|This is the same molecule, different model. The colors don't
match the version on the left, but the orientation is basically the same:
phosphate groups on the left, the ribose sugar in the middle, and the
adenine base above the sugar.
Below are large molecules, in this case proteins or RNA. Some of these pictures may be of one molecule bonding with another (Sorry, we need to replace these with identifiable species. We neglected to make notes on these internet images.) In the molecules on the left top and left bottom the atoms are depicted as little connected spheres (except for the red ribbon upper left). In the other images the ribbons and strands represent lots of atoms strung together, and detail is sacrificed -- individual atoms are not shown. Molecules are visualized scientifically by crystallizing a pure sample of a chemical and shining x-rays through it. The emerging X-rays are deciphered by computer programs. .....Unlike a cell, individual atoms and molecules can't be seen in a microscope, they are too small.
|Top and bottom: large proteins (molecules)|
Below are depictions of interactions between large molecules, such as DNA and proteins like those shown above. As can be seen molecules have complex reaction interfaces.
Molecules combine to make cells, which have an outer membrane and internal organs. Cells eat, excrete and multiply, and can often navigate by following chemical signals and propelling themselves with flagella (see cell, below middle, "flagellum") and other means. T-Cells, below left, are communicating at their surfaces, forming a synapse, a chemical communication grid between cells. Nerve cells also communicate at a synapse. Below middle, the anatomy of a cell. Below right, a cell membrane, showing pores where cells take in and release chemical messengers (proteins), and where nutrients are taken in and waste released.
Life inside a cell is a complex event..... Below, left is a cargo protein carrying a load of chemicals in a vesicle by walking along a microtubule -- catwalks inside cells. The cargo protein gets its energy by burning the cellular fuel ATP (see above). And so it walks, one foot in front of the other, like a person. (Inchworm type of locomotion, in which both feet can stay connected to the microtubule, was considered possible, but walking, in which feet have to let go and reattach, seems to be what is happening.)..........Below right. The "vesicle" which contains proteins for transport from one organelle to another, is depicted budding away from one organelle and fusing with another. In this picture the cargo protein and microtubule are not shown. Question... what are the methods of vesicle transport other than cargo proteins on a microtubule?
|Carry the load: a "cargo protein" walks: one foot in front of the other.|
for a web page describing microbes click here
Organisms are made from cells, and they are made essentially in the image of a cell, with an outer skin, ways to take in and let out food and signals, a complex set of internal organs and internal communication techniques, systems of reproduction. Below, left, is an egg which, rather than hatch, starts to form an organism by creating an internal chamber which will become the equivalent of a stomach........Below, right, starfish larvae. (baby starfish)
Organisms. On the left, below, plankton (?). On the right below fungal spores penetrating a membrane or other barrier. We would like at develop a page on what funguses (fungi) are.
Below: more microorganisms.
Below, more organisms.
Below: mouse embryo. The Genes of a mouse are pretty close to that of a human. Chimpanzees and humans are very close, genetically.
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back to Science, home page, click here | <urn:uuid:f99e3acb-897f-4a13-90f2-f145b745065b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://stopdown.net/atoms.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936746 | 2,994 | 3.765625 | 4 |
ALEKSANDAR COCEK, FLICKR
Researchers at Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York, have implanted snails with tiny biofuel cells that capture electrical power from the snail’s blood. The electrified snail munches on carrots while the device extracts power from glucose and oxygen in the snail’s blood, producing a steady trickle of electricity for months.
“The animals are quite fit — they eat, drink, and crawl. We take care to keep them alive and happy,” senior author Evgeny Katz told Nature. The research was published last week in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
In addition to snails, researchers have created cyborg cockroaches, beetles, and rats. While these creepy crawlies aren’t likely to power a light bulb anytime soon, they might be able to power sensors or radio antennae that, when attached to the animals, could gather information about their surroundings for environmental monitoring or military purposes, Nature reported.
Next, Katz plans to move onto a larger animal with the potential to produce more energy—cyborg lobsters. | <urn:uuid:f299e2af-bc4a-4364-a441-9ac5716c10c8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/31842/title/Electric-Molluscs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935613 | 231 | 3.28125 | 3 |
at h = 0
r = rv , g = 8.87. use this to find a M value
then at h = h(orbit)
r = rv
g = 3
M is what you worked out and you can find the value of h
How do I approach this? I tried using but since we are not given a mass and we have 2 acceleration values, how do you "assemble" this puzzle?A spacecraft is orbiting around venus. The acceleration due to gravity at its orbit is 3m/s^2 . Estimate the height of the orbit above Venus' surface. Take the acceleration due to gravity at Venus's surface to be 8.87 m/s^2 and the radius of Venus to be 6050km.
Thank you for your time | <urn:uuid:70a04698-d793-4f40-89c8-d4c56471f61e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathhelpforum.com/math-topics/227472-physics-gravitational-forces.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928164 | 164 | 3.625 | 4 |
Molar mass: mass of one mole of substance is known as molar mass.
The weight of one mole of substance is equivalent to the atomic mass expressed in grams.
So the molar mass of Na: 23.0 g
Atomic mass: 79.9
Molar mass of Br: 79.9g | <urn:uuid:9eefb659-fa41-43d0-9f6f-f59ce6b1ab23> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/a-basic-math-approach-to-concepts-of-chemistry-6th-edition-chapter-u11p3-solutions-9780534265748 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886311 | 67 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Welcome to Shoshone County!
Main Cities include:
Kellogg, Mullan, Osburn, Smelterville and Wallace (county seat)
Maps & Towns
"Shoshone County is named for a southern Idaho Indian Tribe. The county was originally created in Washington Territory in January of 1861 and included the Shoshoni Indian country in southern Idaho western Wyoming. Its present boundaries took shape in 1909 after a number of divisions. Mountain men travel through the county in the early 1800's, and Catholic missionaries were here in the 1840's and 1850's. Captain John Mullen constructed a road of sorts through the county in 1860-61. The discovery of lead, zince and silver in 1884 near present-day Kellogg drew a heavy population to the area. A narrow-gauge train was constructed to Wallace in 1887. Labor-management troubles flared in the Coeur d'Alenes in 1890's. Since the 1884 discovery, billions of dollars worth of minerals have been taken from Coeur d'Alenes, in which are the largest lead and silver mines in the United States." - Idaho Almanac, State of Idaho, 1977.
"Established 4 Feb 1864 with its county seat at Pierce. In 1885 the county seat was moved to Murray, in 1890 to Osborn, and finally to Wallace in 1893." - Robert Stach, former Shoshone County Coordinator
Anyone researching their ancestors in Shoshone County should be aware of the important connection between Shoshone County, Bonner County, Kootenai County, Spokane, WA and Rossland & Trail, B.C., Canada. To not look at these connections could mean missing your ancestor completely. Spokane, Rossland and Trail are all innerconnected to Shoshone County, particularly if your ancestor was in the mining industry. Miners came to Shoshone County from Rossland and Trail after the mines dried up in British Columbia. You can track your ancestors crossing the Canadian Border via films from the Mormon Library Family History Center, called the St Albans Border Crossing. If you suspect or know your was a miner, you can contact the Lei Roi Mining Museum in Rossland, B.C., to see if they have any records. Additionally, Spokane, WA was built by money from the Silver Valley Mining industry. Contact the Eastern Washington Genealogy Society in Spokane, WA to see if they have any information on your ancestor. Most miners made migrations through Bonner County, ID to get from Rossland to Shoshone, and many left Shoshone eventually to live in Kootenai County. The lesson here is to check all surrounding counties!
For vital records requests within the county, you can write to:
Shoshone County Clerk
700 Bank Street
Wallace, Idaho 83873-2348
Phone: (208) 752-1264
Fax: (208) 752-1264
Shoshone County website
We would like to thank past coordinators Kelly Erickson, Robert Stach, Nancy Russell, Sharon McConnel, and Mary Ellis for all the work they did on this site.
Copyright © 2006 - The GenWeb Team. All Rights Reserved.
The IDGenWeb Project is a genealogical and resource collection for the state of Idaho and its counties. The state and counties has many volunteers who are dedicated to promoting free genealogical and research resources from the state's rich ancestral history. | <urn:uuid:7ed66512-4dba-4df2-ac53-408bf6433266> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://shoshone.idgenweb.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949326 | 711 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Island Southeast Asia
Friday 21 December 2007
Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) was first colonized by modern humans at least 45,000 years ago, but the extent to which the modern inhabitants trace their ancestry to the first settlers is a matter of debate.
It is widely held, in both archaeology and linguistics, that they are largely descended from a second wave of dispersal, proto-Austronesian-speaking agriculturalists who originated in China and spread to Taiwan approximately 5,500 years ago.
From there, they are thought to have dispersed into ISEA approximately 4,000 years ago, assimilating the indigenous populations.
Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the region is extremely high and includes a large number of indigenous clades. Only a fraction of these date back to the time of first settlement, and the majority appear to mark dispersals in the late-Pleistocene or early-Holocene epoch most likely triggered by postglacial flooding.
There are much closer genetic links to Taiwan than to the mainland, but most of these probably predated the mid-Holocene "Out of Taiwan" event as traditionally envisioned.
Only approximately 20% at most of modern mitochondrial DNAs in ISEA could be linked to such an event, suggesting that, if an agriculturalist migration did take place, it was demographically minor, at least with regard to the involvement of women.
Hill C, Soares P, Mormina M, Macaulay V, Clarke D, Blumbach PB, Vizuete-Forster M, Forster P, Bulbeck D, Oppenheimer S, Richards M. A mitochondrial stratigraphy for island southeast Asia. Am J Hum Genet. 2007 Jan;80(1):29-43. PMID: 17160892 | <urn:uuid:e564bbfa-3d80-4628-8f83-eed788912255> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?article12958 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937346 | 369 | 2.875 | 3 |
The occurrence of toxigenic moulds in traditional household morogo of Giyani
Jivan, Sangita Deraji
MetadataShow full item record
An estimated 57 % of the black Africans in South Africa live in rural areas. Traditional vegetables play an important role in providing nutrition for rural subsistence households. Morogo refers to traditional leafy vegetables that are well adapted to local growing conditions, produce high yields and can be cultivated cost-effectively. Some of these vegetables occur as weedy plants in cultivated lands. The dietary value and cultivation practices of traditional vegetables are largely embedded in indigenous knowledge systems of local communities and not well documented in scientific literature. The present study was conducted in a rural African community in the Mopani District of the Limpopo Province. Questionnaires were used to obtain and document information related to morogo types consumed, subsistence agricultural practices as well as traditional food preservation and processing methods. Since dietary safety of food produced for rural household subsistence has - received little attention, the mycological safety of morogo was investigated. Standard techniques were employed to isolate potential toxigenic fungi from fresh and processed household morogo. Members of the fungal genera Aspergillus and Penicillium were present in low numbers. Alternaria was isolated in relatively high numbers mainly from internal leaf structures and Fusarium strains from leaf surfaces. Fusarium levels were found to be lower in samples of sun-dried, cooked and rinsed morogo. Molecular techniques were employed to confirm the identity of suspected fumonigenic Fusarium isolates and the presence of fumonisin-encoding genes. Fumonisin-producing Fusarium in the subsistence agro environment implies a risk that morogo might be contaminated with fumonisin mycotoxins. Subsequent research should be aimed at investigating the source of Fusarium contamination in the subsistence agro-environment and identifying risk factors for toxin production in traditional morogo.
- ETD@PUK | <urn:uuid:7fc29af8-20d6-4602-bc3a-9dd46e6ee047> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/1193 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953281 | 407 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Guest Author - Alissa Moy
Go green this St. Patrick's Day and make some "Flubber" with your homeschooler! This activity is not only holiday themed, but it is also educational and super fun! Be sure to have your child record his or her hypothesis, observations and even draw pictures to document the study. Remember to observe the younger homeschool crew- this is not edible!
2 cups of Elmer’s White Glue
3 cups of warm water
1 box of "20 Mule Team Borax"
Green food dye or food coloring
1. In a large bowl combine and mix 1 ˝ cups of the warm water and 2 cups of the Elmer's white glue.
2. Add a few drops of food coloring.
3. Mix this thoroughly!
4. In a smaller bowl combine 1 1/3 cups of the warm water and two teaspoons of the 20 Mule Team Borax. *Level spoonful-measured by an adult is preferable.
5. Dissolve the Borax completely, mix well.
6. Combine the glue and borax mixtures now.
7. Mix all ingredients well, you may need to use your hands, and do this until all the liquid is absorbed.
8. Children, with observation can help mix and squish this unique substance, and rubber gloves are an option for children with sensitive skin.
9. Add additional green food dye or coloring if desired.
10. Store the "Flubber" in a plastic and air-tight container at room temperature.
*A few "Flubber" notes- this recipe makes enough for 4-6 children to experiment with. Vinegar will remove the "Flubber" substance from many materials, such as clothing and hair.
Discuss with your child how the "Flubber" works- and that a polymer is made in this chemical reaction experiment. Teach your homeschooler about how polymers are very long chains of repeating units. Specifically, when they are combined, a polymer from the white glue is linked with the borate ions from the Borax, and other chemical bonds are formed. This produces the dense and sticky polymer we call "Flubber"!
Here are some additional green and "Flubber" tie-ins for your lucky and sticky lessons: | <urn:uuid:f9b861d8-8ba7-44eb-a74f-d11a550dd18d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art46.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00068-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923433 | 482 | 3.140625 | 3 |
After Criswell got a modest grant from NASA's Langley Research Center for another projectto investigate the conversion of lunar matter into engineering materials, such as bauxite into aluminumhe became confident "that we had the skills as a nation and as the world to use resources on the moon."
Criswell also points out that the moon rocks that received so much publicity weren't just souvenirs. During the 1970s and 1980s, between half a billion and a billion dollars was spent to analyze the rocks collected during the six Apollo moon landings. Analyses revealed an abundance of silicon, magnesium, aluminum, and titaniumthe basic material required for building solar cells.
Road Block on Moon Journey
Criswell says that the machinery to make solar cells could be made from lunar materials or transported from Earth.
"We are not talking about taking a GM factory to the moon," says Criswell. "We are talking about machinery more on the scale of road-building equipmentroughly ten to 20 times the size of the lunar rover." The machines would move dirt around, extract metal from the soil, and produce and lay out the thin glass solar cells.
But lunar power would require a return to the moon, and currently there are no active plans for such a mission, says Glenn.
Lowman adds, "As far as NASA's concerned, the moon has been scratched off. Scientists' interests have shifted to astrobiology, life on Mars, Europa." Only if carbon dioxide is shown to be escalating global warming will there be pressure to move energy production to the moon, he says.
"Between 30 and 40 percent of people on the planet are not connected to a power grid," says Hoffert. "The problem with alternative energy sources, like wind and solar power, is that they are intermittent, and it is difficult to transfer the power to places where you need it and when you need it.
"Beaming energy from satellites or the moon to people in developing countries could be a way of jump-starting power distribution," he says.
National Geographic Today, at 7 pm. ET/PT in the United States, is a daily news magazine available only on the National Geographic Channel. Click here to request it.
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES | <urn:uuid:0544230d-8e7b-45c8-86d1-60165d2da1f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0426_042602_TVmoonenergy_2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953368 | 465 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Middle Earth Origin and Philosophy
Earth Llamas derives its name from the fairy tale trilogy "Lord of the Rings"
written in the 1930s by J.R.R. Tolkien. We started in 1981 and were fortunate to
acquire a male weanling who matured into a large stud with medium wool. He
was named Gandalf after a main character in the Tolkien masterpiece. without any Team or Mallon training this wonderful stud was completely desensitized and friendly. Gandalf is long gone, but many more nice studs have passed through Middle Earth.
Over the years we have remained with North American bloodlines and have
gradually increased quality along with wither height for both studs and females. As Ferdinand Porsche once said "There is no substitute for horsepower." There is no substitute on the trail for a well built tall llama. The evolution to the current herd occurred over the decades since 1981 with increasing consistency and quality.
Over time the majority of the llama industry has evolved into one of smaller animals with single coats and heavy wool. Several years ago a small group of llama ranchers who say what was going on decided to form an organization to combat this situation and formed the North American Ccara Association. Middle Earth Llama was one of this group whose purpose is to promote working llamas and in conjunction with the ILR produce a breed registry for CCara llamas. The work of this group continues with a growing registry and acceptance by owners of working llamas. | <urn:uuid:6e231849-da00-420b-96a4-d14f0d443aff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://middleearthllamas.com/aboutus.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952923 | 306 | 2.75 | 3 |
Saturday, January 31, 2009
This week, Colombia's Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples are constitutionally entitled to the same status as opposite-sex couples under Colombia's common law marriage scheme.
The case was
brought by the organization Colombia Diversa, and the opinion (in Spanish) is available from the organization's website and as a pdf here. An English press release on the website describes the ruling (available here) and also notes that "Uruguay and Colombia are the only countries in the Western Hemisphere that
recognize same-sex civil unions."
Colombia's Constitutional Court is also a pioneer in another, less well-known, aspect of constitutional rights on the basis of gender and sexuality. An article by Kate Haas, Who Will Make Room For The Intersexed?, 30 American Journal of Law & Medicine, 41 (2004), confronts the issue of the constitutional rights of children born with so-called "intersex" conditions, which are sometimes referred to as "ambiguous" or even "nonconforming" genitalia. As Haas explains:
In 1995, Colombia's highest court, the Constitutional Court, addressed the legality of performing gender reconstruction surgery on children. The Constitutional Court has issued three decisions on the constitutionality of genital reconstruction surgery . . . . The first case that the court considered was brought by a teenage boy who had been raised as a girl . . . . Several years after this first case, the court decided two other cases involving children born with intersex conditions. These three cases have limited parents' rights to choose genital reconstruction surgery for their children in Colombia.
The Colombia Constitutional Court balanced the constitutional rights of parents "over" their children (a concept familiar to US ConLawProfs from cases such as Pierce v. Society of Sisters and Yoder v. Wisconsin) with the constitutional rights of individuals, including minors, to bodily autonomy. Haas' article discusses the Colombia Constitutional Court's three cases in depth and provides a context for understanding the issue of intersexuality, especially in the constitutional and human rights framework. I think it is an excellent article, but I'll admit to some bias because Kate Haas wrote the piece while a student at CUNY School of Law. And while it is not the only article now available on intersexuality - - -the Intersex Symposium issue, 12 Cardozo Journal of Law & Gender 1-366 (2005), is especially noteworthy - - - it contains an unparalleled discussion of the Colombia Constitutional Court's cases on intersexuality.
(with special thanks to Ricard Pla for the Colombia Diversa materials). | <urn:uuid:7bda7bb8-df9d-4083-8248-80dd43e446a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/2009/01/this-week-colom.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935542 | 530 | 2.609375 | 3 |
back to Planting Articles»
Suggested Plantings for Sun and Shade
Typically, when most of us think about gardening, we’re thinking about plants and flowers planted, cultivated and grown in full sunlight. But there are abundant opportunities that can produce pleasant results when we expand our planting to partial sun and shade.
Some definitions: Full Sun means at least 6 full hours of direct sunlight. Partial Sun / Partial Shade are used interchangeably to mean 3 – 6 hours of sun each day, usually better in the morning and early afternoon. Partial Shade means the plant need some relief from intense late afternoon sun. Dappled Sun is similar to partial shade but sunlight is filtered through the branches of a deciduous tree. Examples are some wildflowers, woodland plants and ground covers. Full Shade does not mean no sun at all, but rather is considered to be 3 hours or less of direct sunlight each day, with filtered sunlight the rest of the day.
For the most part, knowledge of the sun loving flowers and plants is all but readily apparent to gardeners from beginner to advanced. But with a little help you should also be able to find shade-loving annuals and perennials, several species of ivy, bulbs and herbs. Your nursery or garden center nursery likely can offer a good selection of shade loving and shade tolerant flowers. Here are some examples:
A few perennial flowers that do well in partial shade to shade include: Begonia, Coleus, Hellebore, Hosta, Crested Iris, Woodland Phlox, Primrose, Verbena and Violet.
Annual flowers that do well in part shade to shade and bloom all summer include: Impatiens, Begonia, Day Lilies, Fuschia, Alyssum, Aster, Dahlia, Dusty Miller, Ivy Geranium, Pansy, Petunia, Phlox, Snapdragon and Viola.
Ivy species include English Ivy, German Ivy, Grape Ivy, Swedish Ivy, and Yellow English Ivy.
Among the Spring bulbs that may do well in a lightly shaded area are crocus, snowdrops and daffodils.
For herbs there’s basil, chives, coriander, mints, parsley, sage. sorel and tarragon.
And, of course there are ground covers such as Lily of the Valley, Pachysandra, Periwinkle and Wild Violets.
Depending on your interests and the sunlight conditions on your property, you’ll find you can grow a wide variety of plants in shaded conditions. You might even consider creating your own shaded garden retreat… a place where you can relax in the shade on a hot summer day shielded away from the sun’s rays.
back to Planting Articles»
Your one stop resource for a beautiful outdoor living space. Find CobraCo™ flower planters, plant stands, fire pits and more! We have everything you need to decorate your patio, yard, porch, deck and garden. | <urn:uuid:abc850ca-3662-4d47-bef5-6a7eba6af490> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.avantgardendecor.com/resources/planting-articles/suggested-plantings-for-sun-and-shade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912424 | 623 | 2.859375 | 3 |
May 29, 2014
“Tweep,” “catfish” and “gamification” are among more than 150 new words and definitions in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary for 2014.
“Tweep” is defined as a person who uses Twitter to send and receive tweets, while “catfish” refers to someone who sets up a false and deceptive social-networking profile. “Gamification” means adding games to a task to encourage people to participate.
Many of the new additions reflect the growing influence of technology on human endeavors, especially on social networking, which mostly used to take place in person.
Another new word, “crowdfunding” — which means soliciting money from a large number of people online to finance a project — also illustrates how technology is being used to understand and motivate behavior.
“So many of these new words show the impact of online connectivity to our lives and livelihoods,” Peter Sokolowski, editor at large for Merriam-Webster, said when announcing the additions on May 19. “‘Tweep,’ ‘selfie,’ and ‘hashtag’ refer to the ways we communicate and share as individuals. Words like ‘crowdfunding,’ ‘gamification,’ and ‘big data’ show that the Internet has changed business in profound ways.”
Other notable additions include “freegan” (an activist who scavenges food from the garbage bins of grocery stores and restaurants, ostensibly to reduce overall consumption of resources), “fracking” (short for hydraulic fracturing — the practice of injecting high-pressure water and chemicals into shale beds to release oil and natural gas), and “Yooper,” a nickname for a native or resident of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. — Greg Beaubien
Broaden your skill set with access to an extensive library of live and on-demand professional development webinars — one of PRSA's premier member benefits. | <urn:uuid:b09eeac0-bfcb-45eb-b93e-401acfd1ac42> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.prsa.org/Intelligence/Tactics/Articles/view/10660/1094/Many_New_Words_in_Dictionary_Refer_to_Technology_s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941742 | 435 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Behind the buzz and beyond the hype:
Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles
Posted: Jan 17, 2007
Novel nanofluidic device could lead to electrical single molecule detection
(Nanowerk Spotlight) The ability to detect few or individual molecules in solution is at present largely limited to fluorescence techniques, and a comparable method using electrical detection has so far remained elusive. Such a technique would be highly desirable for lab-on-a-chip applications and when labeling with fluorophores is invasive or impossible. More importantly, it would pave the way for fluidic devices in which individual ions are electrically detected and manipulated, allowing a new class of fundamental experiments on nonequilibrium statistical physics, transport at the molecular scale, and a broad range of biophysical systems. Researchers in The Netherlands now have demonstrated a new nanofluidic device for the detection of electrochemical active molecules with an extremely high sensitivity. A prototype device allows detecting fluctuations due to Brownian motion of as few as ∼70 molecules, a level heretofore unachieved in electrochemical sensors. Ultimately, the researchers hope the device will not only be able to detect single molecules in the device, but also discriminate between various species.
This nanofluidic device, developed by scientists at the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft University of Technology in The Netherlands, achieves highly sensitive electrical detection of electroactive ions through efficient redox cycling.
Marcel Zevenbergen, a PhD student at the Kavli Institute's Molecular Biophysics Group, explains the novelty of the device to Nanowerk: "Electrochemical active molecules are repeatedly oxidized and reduced at two closely-spaced platinum electrodes thereby generating a current. This concept is routinely used in scanning electrochemical microscopy and single-molecule detection was achieved more than a decade ago. However, the poor reproducibility of this particular approach prevented it from evolving beyond the proof-of-principle stage. By introducing a solid-state device we have far better control over the size dimensions and we believe that this will ultimately allow to electrical detection of single molecules in solution."
Zevenbergen and his colleagues demonstrate that the noise in the detection signal is directly related to the diffusive motion of molecules entering and leaving the device. This rare type of noise is called “diffusion noise” and has been partially observed in a small number of systems, but never with simple ions.
"We have unambiguously observed diffusion noise because our device is the first direct experimental realization of a theoretical framework developed in the 50’s" says Zevenbergen. "Our data agrees quantitatively with this model without any fitting parameter."
"Most importantly, this good agreement with theory shows that the device works exactly as we designed it" adds Dr. Serge Lemay. Lemay is one of the leaders of the Molecular Biophysics group.
At the core of the device is a solution-filled cavity bounded by two parallel electrodes separated by less than 300 nm. Redox cycling permits an approx. 400-fold amplification of the electrochemical current.
Illustration of the device concept. Redox-active molecules
undergo a random walk between two closely spaced electrodes, shuttling electrons from one electrode to the other. Vt and Vb are the potentials applied to the top and bottom electrodes with respect to a Ag/AgCl reference electrode immersed in the bulk reservoir, while it and ib are the corresponding measured currents. (Image: Dr. Lemay)
In principle, the fabrication scheme for the device can be scaled down to the desired height needed to detect single molecules. Nobody has yet demonstrated such a device but the scientists are confident.
"Now that the device works as designed, the next step is to scale it down so as to boost sensitivity further" says Lemay. "While not a
conceptual problem, this does involve some work!"
Zevenbergen points out that ultimately they would not only be able to detect single molecules in the device, but also discriminate between various species.
"This is possible because the measured signal solely depends on the diffusion constant, which varies from species to species" he says. "A possible application would be that the device is integrated in a separation system in which single molecules of different species are detected and manipulated."
"Our approach allows boosting the sensitivity of existing electrochemical biosensors based on reversible redox couples" adds Lemay. "In the longer term, we think that single-molecule sensitivity will also help to alleviate electrochemical sensors’ limited ability to discriminate between substances."
The ability to confine, detect and manipulate individual electrons in solid-state devices was the basis for mesoscopic physics, which yielded many of the most exciting developments in solid-state physics over the last few decades. Achieving a similar level of control for ions is difficult because their natural length scale is the size of the ions themselves, about a nanometer.
"Our work marks one of the first small steps toward this goal" says Lemay. "It’s new territory, nobody is sure yet what new physics there is to discover."
By providing a clear route for the electrical detection of molecules in fluidic devices, the work of the Kavli Institute researchers paves the way for a range of experiments in fundamental statistical physics (eg. Maxwell demon devices in which individual ions are manipulated) and biophysics (eg. probing catalysis by single enzymes). Because the sensing device can readily be integrated into more complex nanofluidic circuits, it also provides a natural way to greatly enhance existing redox-cycling-based biosensors for lab-on-a-chip applications. | <urn:uuid:081e762d-0bb7-4201-82bc-45061acff894> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1264.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923859 | 1,176 | 2.921875 | 3 |
SUBJECT : The pump affinity laws 2-1
There are occasions when you might want to permanently change the amount of fluid you're pumping, or change the discharge head of a centrifugal pump. There are four ways you could do this:
Of the four methods the middle two are the only sensible ones. In the following paragraphs we'll learn what happens when we change either the pump speed or impeller diameter, and as you would guess, other characteristics of the pump are going to change along with speed or diameter.
To determine what's going to happen you begin by taking the new speed or impeller diameter and divide it by the old speed or impeller diameter. Since changing either one will have approximately the same affect I'll be referring to only the speed in this part of the discussion.
As an example:
The capacity, or amount of fluid you're pumping, varies directly with this number.
The head varies by the square of the number.
The horsepower required changes by the cube of the number.
The following relationships are not exact, but they give you an idea of how speed and impeller diameter affects other pump functions.
The net positive suction head required by the pump manufacturer (npshr) varies by the 1.5 power of the number at the BEP.
The amount of shaft run out ( deflection) varies by the square of the number
The amount of friction loss in the piping varies by about 90% of the square of the number. Fittings and accessories varies by almost the square of the number.
The wear rate of the components varies by the cube also
I started this discussion by stating that a change in impeller speed or a change in impeller diameter has approximately the same effect. This is true only if you decrease the impeller diameter to a maximum of 10% . As you cut down the impeller diameter, the housing is not coming down in size so the affinity laws do not remain accurate below this 10% maximum number.
The affinity laws remain accurate for speed changes and this is important to remember when we convert from jam packing to a balanced mechanical seal. We sometimes experience an increase in motor speed rather than a drop in amperage during these conversions and the affinity laws will help you to predict the final outcome of the change.
A couple of things to keep in mind as you use the affinity laws:
For information about my CD with over 600 Seal & Pump Subjects explained, click here
Link to the Mc Nally home page | <urn:uuid:44908981-ad6b-4c85-bc2a-505fe10ecd2c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/02-html/2-01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930737 | 512 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Spitzer Team Says Debris Disk Could Be Forming Infant Terrestrial Planets
Astronomers have found a debris disk around a sun-like star that may be forming or has formed its terrestrial planets. The disk -- a probable analog to our asteroid belt -- may have begun a solar-system-scale demolition derby, where the rocky remains of failed planets collide chaotically.
"This is one of a very rare class of objects that may give us a glimpse into what our solar system may have looked like during the formation of our terrestrial planets," said Dean C. Hines of the Space Science Institute, a leader of the team that discovered the rare objects with NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.
"The target is essentially a star similar to our sun, seen at a time when the terrestrial planets in our solar system were thought to have formed," Hines said. "We see evidence that this star might have an asteroid belt, roughly at the distance Jupiter is from our sun."
"This object is very unusual in the context of all the others we've looked at," said University of Arizona assistant astronomy Professor Michael R. Meyer, a colleague in the discovery. Meyer directs a Spitzer Legacy project to study solar system formation and evolution in a sample of 328 young sun-like stars in the Milky Way. The project turned up the unusual system.
"This is the only such debris disk among the 33 sun-like stars we've studied in our project so far, and one of only five such objects known," Meyer said.
The star, named HD 12039, is about 30 million years old, or the age of the sun when the terrestrial planets are thought to have been 80 percent complete and the Earth-moon system formed, the astronomers said. It is roughly 137 light years away, or the distance light travels in 137 years.
HD 12039 is a "G" type star like our sun, a yellow star with surface temperatures between 5,000 and 7,000 degrees Fahrenheit. It hasn't yet settled into the "main sequence," or mature nuclear-burning phase as our sun has. It's eight percent brighter, just slightly cooler and a little more massive than our sun, or 1.02 solar masses.
The Spitzer team discovered that the star's debris disk temperature is 110 degrees Kelvin, or minus 262 degrees Fahrenheit. That's warmer than temperatures of the frigid outer debris disks that Meyer's Spitzer team commonly finds around sun-like stars. They've found that between 10 and 20 percent of the sun-like stars in their sample so far -- whether young, middle-aged or old -- have outer disks like our Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune.
"The temperature of the dust in HD 12039's strange, narrow debris ring puts it between four and six astronomical units from the star -- smack dab where Jupiter is in our solar system," Meyer said. (An astronomical unit, or AU, is the mean distance between Earth and the sun.)
"What's curious about this disk is that there's little if any dust inside four AU and beyond six AU. It's a narrowly confined ring that could be similar in some ways to the outer rings we see around Saturn," Meyer said.
Just as small moons shepherd the ice grains orbiting Saturn into discrete rings, and just as Jupiter tends the outer edge of our solar system's asteroid belt, an unseen giant planet may be nudging dust into the narrow debris ring around this star, the astronomers said.
"We think this is a tight, narrow ring of rocky objects similar to those in our asteroid belt, except this ring is five AU from its star, instead of two-to-three AU, the distance between our asteroid belt and the sun," Meyer said.
"At 30 million years, the material we see in this star likely has to come from ground-up rocks in a zone where terrestrial planets could form," Hine said.
NASA earlier this year announced a Spitzer telescope discovery of another of these alien asteroid belts. It orbits a two-billion-year-old sun-like star 35 light years away, at a distance comparable to that between Venus and the sun.
Based on Spitzer Telescope results to date, only one percent to three percent of the young, sun-like stars in our Milky Way have massive terrestrial debris disks, Meyer said.
"We could be witnessing a common, short-lived event through which all systems pass, or we could be seeing a rare example of a massive warm debris disk surrounding an unusual, sun-like star," Meyer said.
The astronomers describe their work in an article to be published in The Astrophysical Journal.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at Caltech. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.
The Space Science Institute is a nonprofit organization that carries out world-class research in space and Earth science, together with innovative science education programs that inspire and deepen the public's understanding of planet Earth and its place in the grander universe. The institute's integrated research and education programs span planetary science, space physics, astrophysics, astrobiology and Earth science. | <urn:uuid:fd0264da-cf68-491f-88a5-eeeb9d68518b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/779-feature05-27-Spitzer-Team-Says-Debris-Disk-Could-Be-Forming-Infant-Terrestrial-Planets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938526 | 1,066 | 3.5625 | 4 |
On this day in 1964, Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment and was sent to Robben Island, seven miles off Cape Town, sparking international protests.
He served 27 years before becoming president in the country’s first fully representative democratic election.
As president, Mandela prioritised reconciliation between South Africa's black and white communities as swell as enacting sweeping reforms aimed at reducing inequality.
Nelson Mandela served 27 years in prison
On Friday, Mandela remained in a “serious but stable condition” in a Pretoria hospital, where he has been for almost a week.
The former leader was admitted on Saturday after a recurrence of a lung condition. | <urn:uuid:7f494e8e-43dd-4f65-9606-0cb1259feac7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/06/13/nelson-mandela-sentenced-life-imprisonment-june-14-1964_n_3434725.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96735 | 136 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Will in the world
Will in the world: how Shakespeare became
By Stephen Greenblatt,
We have plenty of evidence that Shakespeare was none other than himself; in as much as any of us. This engaging new book by Stephen Greenblatt, well-known as a New Historicist and author of Renaissance Self-Fashioning, takes us back through the playwright's life, setting him firmly in time and place. Entitled Will in the World but craftily subtitled How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare, this biography weaves together what we certainly know of Will's life, what must have been the case and what might have been.
It is solidly demystifying, rich in texture of Elizabethan life, including its violence. And its common business dealings. What Greenblatt does, chapter after chapter, is to emphasise Shakespeare's remarkable ability to take so much of this daily material into himself, into his art of language. Greenblatt writes that "Shakespeare . . . used his boyhood experience - as he used virtually all of his experiences - as an inexhaustible source of metaphor".
And there we are, back with any poet's natural ally, metaphor: the deep source of poetic expressiveness. In Shakespeare, as in the Bible produced by his contemporaries, language and plot ride on a foaming surf of strong metaphors.
Greenblatt sees Will's world feeling its way into his plays and he explores how such connections are likely to have worked. Thus, in looking at the remarkable leap forward that was Hamlet, he sees his father John Shakespeare's fatal illness, the remembered death of his young son, Hamnet, along with the different funeral beliefs of Protestant and Catholic England. We are even told that in Hamlet, Shakespeare used more than 600 words he had never trotted out before.
Did he also play the ghost himself? What was a writer like Will to do but act, at the heart of an English polity in which "The crucial death rituals in his culture had been gutted"?
By much the same historical paths as in his rich Hamlet chapter, the author's quest leads us from King James' silly obsession with witches into the making of Macbeth; from the poet's close-to-rural childhood to The Winter's Tale with its richly colloquial shepherds' party; and from the dangerous sunset of Catholic England into so many closely plotted plays.
Greenblatt gives us the horrible details of Tudor execution. Yet he finds this troubled, prosperous time to have been wonderfully enabling for the dealer in language.
Intellectually nimble, with a wild, promiscuous memory, Shakespeare could hold, gather and use a whole gallimaufry of motifs; even the technical language of various occupations. He was drunk with all the promise of Elizabethan English, dancing away from Catholicism, but not yet diminished by the new Malvolios.
Was he lucky in his timing, I wonder, or are major artists always living in the right age?
The poet's devouring wit and unblotted lines could assimilate not only literary sources from many cultures but all manner of surroundings, memories, commonplaces and fears. His property dealings rippled into King Lear and The Tempest, while his hugely remembered vocabulary rendered everything athletic and rich, even a character's reveries.
To speak of reverie, there is a point, round about 1600 - in mid-career, that is - when his gift for rendering psychological process suddenly deepened. Now Shakespeare really began to show characters changing as they think; indeed, to let us hear them become changed by their thinking, a gift which Harold Bloom has found to be entirely new in literature.
Energetic Greenblatt leads us at last into the final act, in which the rich theatrical figure retires to his home town, having invested wisely in real estate. Although he went on collaborating in plays, there is a sense in which we feel all that enchanted diction slipping away from him. Or is this just a romantic reading of withdrawal?
As in one of the morality plays he saw as a child, the dazzling writer turns back into ordinariness. Home at last, he worries about investments and becomes the old buffer on his funeral monument. This is what Greenblatt dubs "the triumph of the everyday". Prospero, we might say, had finally broken his staff, yet the daily grind had always been part of his creative strength.
Shakespeare is the sum of all those plays, mainly written in verse and of those tormenting sonnets. "Fantastic," said Sam Goldwyn, "and it was all written with a feather!" It is a little disappointing to reduce the Bard to a mere mortal; our universal playwright ought to be invisible and polyvalent. Biographies are not going to capture much of that vast range, that triumph of historical luck, even if they had heaps more hard evidence about the chap.
Chris Wallace-Crabbe is a poet. Most recently he co-edited with Judith Ryan Imagining Australia: Literature and Culture in the New World (Harvard University Committee on Australian Studies). | <urn:uuid:596ab601-93c8-4700-b7cb-b3401a819653> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theage.com.au/news/Reviews/Will-in-the-world/2005/02/18/1108609358629.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976621 | 1,058 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Library Renovation Tour
1. The need for a separate Museum Library to serve the museum’s staff and visiting researchers was clearly stated as early as 1898, when director W.J. Holland noted in his annual report that “It is utterly impossible for those who are engaged in the work of the Museum to carry on their work successfully without having immediate and easy access to such books as they require. The work of determining and arranging collections necessitates constant reference to the writings of recognized authorities…. The proximity of the Carnegie Library has afforded some measure of relief to what would otherwise have been a very trying condition of affairs, but there are many books which that Library does not possess, and which it can scarcely be expected to purchase, which are almost indispensable to the working force of the Museums, and which ought to be obtained.”
In his 1900 annual report Holland reported that his personal library, ”containing some five thousand volumes relating to zoology, has always been at the command of the staff; otherwise some work, which has been done, would not have been possible.”
However, the Museum Library did not have a specifically designated location until the construction of the 1907 Alden and Harlow extension to the Carnegie Museum. The Library was centrally located in this new wing, immediately adjacent to Dinosaur Hall, with one door opening directly into the Hall.
As the reference area of the Museum Library was ready for occupation in the spring of 1906, the space served as the Museum Director’s office September 1906–March 1907, while the new building was being furnished for its public opening in April 1907. | <urn:uuid:888c1958-1dd3-48e0-81f8-a1eced71267f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/default.aspx?id=10072 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98525 | 327 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This representation of the grape harvest at the foot
of the Château de Saumur is distinctive because it
was begun by Paul de Limbourg and his brothers,
and completed seventy years later by Jean Colombe.
The different styles are evident in the tonalities of color, delicacy of techniques, and nature of the figures. The Limbourgs executed the upper two-thirds.
Traditionally, the background was, in fact, the first part of a miniature to be executed; sky, landscape and architectural decor were then followed by the foreground, figures, and last of all the faces, as we shall see later in the Procession of Saint Gregory (folios 71v-72r).
The Château de Saumur, near Angers, belonged to a nephew of the Duc de Berry, Duc Louis II d'Anjou, who had completed its construction at the end of the fourteenth century. It appears here in all its fresh newness: chimneys, pinnacles and weathervanes crowned with golden fleurs-de-lys thrust skyward.
It is drawn in a firm bold line that includes every detail and reveals the sure hand of that one of the three brothers attracted to architectural representations and responsible also for the Palais de la Citè in June and the Louvre in October.
The château stands to this day, although the crowning crenellations have disappeared, and is easily recognizable in this miniature by the buttressed towers, battlements, glacis, and general arrangement of the buildings.
On the left we glimpse a belfry that might belong to the church of Saint-Pierre; next is a monumental chimney with secondary stacks undoubtedly belonging to the kitchen and comparable to those at the nearby abbey of Fontevrault; and last, a drawbridge entrance from which a horse walks while a woman with a basket on her head approaches.
The harvest scene itself was executed by Jean Colombe. He probably worked over a sketch by the Limbourgs since miniatures were completely and lightly drawn before being painted.
We can see the gathering of the grapes in the famous Angevin vineyard. Aproned women and young men pick the purple-colored clusters of grapes and fill baskets to be loaded into hampers hanging from the mules or into vats on the wagons. One of the mules burdened with baskets is in the section painted by the Limbourgs and was probably executed by them.
Compared to that of his predecessors, Jean Colombe's work is less refined: the touch is less delicate, the color more blurred and dull, the figures shorter and less elegant.
Although Jean Colombe was a good miniaturist, his work does not bear close comparison with Paul de Limbourg's; especially here in the same painting where the difference in methods stands out obviously.
Nevertheless, this harvest scene is one of the most picturesque and beautiful in the calendar.
small image (25KB) --- large image (243KB) --- detail (large) (220KB) --- Château de Saumur (detail) (215KB) --- Grape harvest (detail) (260KB) --- Harvest scene (detail) (264KB) | <urn:uuid:25e26783-bed9-480f-b9a8-b7fca513330b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.christusrex.org/www2/berry/f9v.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951229 | 674 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Every single sort of business generates specific quantity of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is unsafe and can potentially be fatal for the surroundings and individuals at large. In an attempt to make it less deadly a number of industries are turning to hazardous waste disposal firm to have their hazardous waste managed from the cradle to the grave. Hazardous waste is very first treated, then stored and finally disposed off.
Hazardous waste should be treated appropriately prior to it can be disposed off. The therapy is vital to alter the chemical, physical, and biological character of the waste in order to make it less fatal for the surroundings. Appropriate treatment additional assists in recovering power or any helpful material resources from the waste, neutralizing it, and generating the waste safer sufficient to transport, store, and dispose off.
There are numerous hazardous waste disposal firm which treats hazardous waste such as chemical oxidation, vitrification, incineration, biological therapy and numerous a lot more with the assist of latest technologies. The most common strategy is incineration.
Hazardous waste is stored temporarily prior to treatment or disposal. Hazardous waste is not an ordinary waste. It should be stored in containers, waste piles, tanks, containment buildings, or drip pads that comply with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. RCRA is a federal law of the United States whose aim is to safeguard the public from harm caused by the waste disposal.
Tanks are created up of materials such as plastic, steel, concrete or fiberglass. My cousin discovered range lead removal
by searching Bing. Tanks can be open or covered to store and treat the hazardous waste.
Hazardous waste is stored, transported, treated, and lastly disposed off in hazardous waste containers such as tanker trucks, 55-gallon drums, railroad cars, bags, test tubes, and buckets.
A waste pile is an open pile utilised for storing waste. Hazardous waste pile is placed on top rated of a double liner program to make certain leachate from the waste does not contaminate surface or ground water supplies.
Its a wood drying structure made up of non-earthen supplies. Usually pressure-treated wood industries use it to collect excess wood preservative drippage.
Containment buildings are self-supported structures with four walls, floor and a roof. They are totally enclosed to store and treat hazardous waste.
A surface impoundment is a man-made excavation such as a storage pit, holding pond, or a settling lagoon.
Disposal of hazardous waste
Immediately after the remedy and storage hazardous waste is finally disposed off. Disposal facilities are developed in a way so as to prevent the release of damaging chemical compounds into the environment. The most common way of disposing hazardous waste is by putting it in a land disposal unit such as a landfill, waste pile, surface impoundment, or a land remedy unit.
For liquid hazardous waste underground injection wells are preferred. Injection wells are regulated beneath the Secure Drinking Water Act. If you are interested in history, you will perhaps wish to compare about purchase lead ballast
. SDWA is the primary federal law that ensures the top quality of Americas drinking water.
Hazardous waste should not be taken for granted at any stage. If not disposed off appropriately it can cause deadly illnesses and even death. Hence its essential that industries use the services of pros who are trained and efficient in delivering environmental hazardous waste services ..MT2-Metals Treatment Technologies | Environment Remediation | Firing Range Lead Cleanup Services
14045 W 66th Ave Arvada, CO 80004 | <urn:uuid:adefa763-9f40-4066-b5e7-9638e41093b8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.purevolume.com/coltworm5/posts/11110691/How+Hazardous+Waste+is+Treated%2C+Stored+%26+Disposed+Off | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923595 | 733 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Freshly harvested apples in a bushel basket
image by seemann/morguefile.com
For many home gardeners, apples and autumn go together. When summer fades, it is time to begin anticipating crispy, crunchy ripe apples. With the newer dwarf apple trees, growing and harvesting apples has never been easier because the apple trees do not grow over 10 feet in height. Choose either early-season or late-season apple trees for an abundant apple harvest at the end of the summer or during the autumn months.
Tend the apple trees carefully during the growing season. Make sure that young apple trees receive adequate and regular water so that root systems establish well. Fertilize in the spring with a general fertilizer (10-10-10), following package recommendations for the size and age of your apple trees. Place mulch around the base of the trunks during the growing season to insulate the roots from hot weather. Prune apple trees yearly following specific recommendations for the varieties of apple trees you are growing.
Watch the apple trees for indications that it is time to harvest the apples. Some apple tree varieties will start dropping apples to the ground when they are ripe. Look for apples that have completely turned the color they are supposed to be. Pick one apple and slice it open. If the apple seeds in the center are a dark brown color, the apples are ripe. Taste the apple; if it is juicy and crisp, the apple is ripe.
Pick apples carefully from the branches. Twist the apples around and up at the same time to remove them from the branches. Try to keep the stems on the apples, if possible, to help the apples stay fresh longer. Place apples gently into the bushel baskets to avoid bruising them.
Place small quantities of apples in the refrigerator to keep for several months. Place large quantities of apples in a cool, dark location to store for several months. A root cellar or cool basement is an ideal storage spot. Do not store apples near potatoes, however, because potatoes release a gas that promotes apple spoilage. Wrap each apple individually in newspaper to store apples in a cool location over a winter. | <urn:uuid:bf34b962-ab02-4964-b569-b008e79dc9d6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.gardenguides.com/68798-harvest-apple.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940878 | 437 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Latent tuberculosis is a condition in which the body is able to fight the tuberculosis bacteria and stop them from growing. The bacteria then become inactive but remain alive in the body. Most people who have this form of tuberculosis never go on to develop active tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacterium usually attacks the lungs. However, TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidneys, spine, and brain.
TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The bacteria are put into the air when a person with active tuberculosis of the lungs or throat coughs or sneezes. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
In most people who breathe in the tuberculosis bacteria and become infected, the body is able to fight the bacteria to stop them from growing. The bacteria become inactive, but they remain alive in the body and can become active later. This is called latent tuberculosis.
People with latent tuberculosis:
- Have no symptoms of tuberculosis
- Don't feel sick
- Can't spread tuberculosis to others
- Usually have a positive tuberculosis skin test reaction (PPD test)
- In some cases, can develop active tuberculosis if they do not receive treatment for latent tuberculosis.
People who have latent tuberculosis need to know the active tuberculosis symptoms. If they develop symptoms of active TB, they should see a doctor right away.
Many people who have latent tuberculosis never develop active tuberculosis. In these people, the tuberculosis bacteria remain inactive for a lifetime without causing disease. In other people, however, especially people who have weak immune systems, the bacteria become active and cause active tuberculosis.
People with active tuberculosis can be treated and cured if they seek medical help. Also, people with latent tuberculosis can take medicine so that they will not develop active tuberculosis at all. | <urn:uuid:9782f868-4b85-4d87-b22c-97bcbbd11139> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://tuberculosis.emedtv.com/latent-tuberculosis/latent-tuberculosis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947146 | 383 | 3.59375 | 4 |
California Wolves a Step Closer to Protection
Gray wolves in California are a big step closer to protection under the state's Endangered Species Act. Late Wednesday afternoon, the California Fish and Game Commission voted unanimously to make the gray wolf a candidate for protection under the Act. The decision came in response to a petition earlier this year led by the Center for Biological Diversity and allies.
Wolves were absent from California for more than 80 years until last December, when an Oregon wolf, referred to as OR-7 or "Journey," wandered into the state. Just weeks later, the Center and allies filed the petition, noting that California will be vital to restoring wolves to suitable habitat along the West Coast. But, in order for that to happen, wolves need to be protected from the kind of persecution that drove them to the brink of extinction a century ago. Wednesday's decision will prompt a one-year study of whether to give Golden State wolves more permanent protection.
Center members and activists played a key role in this victory, including attending Wednesday's Fish and Game Commission hearing in Sacramento. Thank you.
Read more in the San Jose Mercury News.
Great White Sharks Have a Chance at Protection -- Take Action
Great white sharks may seem like invincible predators, but off the coasts of California and Baja California, they're as vulnerable as can be -- to extinction. New scientific studies show that this population is genetically distinct and isolated from all other great white populations, and there are only a few hundred adults left. These few are threatened primarily by deadly gillnet fisheries, which capture and often kill the sharks, especially young ones. Young sharks off Southern California are also found to have some of the highest levels of mercury, PCBs and DDT of any sharks in the world.
In response to petitions by the Center for Biological Diversity and allies filed this summer, the National Marine Fisheries Service last week announced it was considering Endangered Species Act protections for the West Coast population of great whites. The Center and partners also petitioned California for safeguards under the state's Endangered Species Act, and a response is expected soon. "Great white sharks are an incredible species that have survived for eons along the West Coast," said the Center's Miyoko Sakashita. "Sadly, they're in deep trouble right now, so we're glad to see them a step closer to getting the help they need to survive."
Take action to get the sharks the protection they need and read more in the San Jose Mercury News.
Dime-size Puerto Rican Frog Protected by Endangered Species Act
In response to the Center for Biological Diversity's landmark settlement over 757 species, one of the tiniest, rarest frogs in the world will now get protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The Center's 2011 settlement forced the agency to advance protections on the coqui llanero -- a dime-size Puerto Rican frog, known by natives for its unique, high-pitched "ko-kee" call, that has been waiting for protection under the Act since 2007.
The little frog is isolated to one chunk of wetlands, which is surrounded on all sides by destructive land uses: a go-kart track, landfill and proposed 92-mile-long pipeline that will cut Puerto Rico in half. Fortunately, this species can now get the help it deserves.
Read more at WSLS 10.
Southeast Mussels, 1,400 River Miles, Proposed for Protection
Two mussels in the Southeast -- the slabside pearlymussel and fluted kidneyshell -- have been proposed for protection under the Endangered Species Act. What's more: The proposal includes protection for nearly 1,400 miles along the Tennessee River, which will provide crucial help to scores of other freshwater species in Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee and Virginia.
The slabside pearlymussel was once found in Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee and Virginia; it has been lost from Kentucky and survives in no more than 11 streams in the Tennessee River watershed in the other four states. It is no longer found in nearly 70 percent of its native streams.
The slabside pearlymussel was first identified as being in need of federal protection in 1984. The fluted kidneyshell, a candidate for protection since 1999, once lived in the Cumberland and Tennessee river watersheds in Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. It has been extirpated from Alabama and now occurs in only 12 of 37 of the streams where it was once found.
Read more in the Chattanooga Times Free Press.
Alabama's Pygmy Sunfish Swims Toward Safe Haven
In response to a 2009 petition from the Center for Biological Diversity and the primary scientist researching the spring pygmy sunfish, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on Monday proposed Endangered Species Act protections for the fish, a 2-inch-long creature surviving only in one Alabama creek. The Service also proposed federal safeguards for eight stream miles and 1,617 acres of protected "critical habitat."
First discovered in 1937, the spring pygmy sunfish is so rare that it was twice thought to be extinct -- and it's still threatened by urban sprawl, pollution and disappearing streamside plants that help create its habitat. It's just one of many Southeast freshwater species on the very brink of extinction, from fish to mussels to crayfish. The Center petitioned to protect 404 other Southeast species in 2010, and the next year the Service declared 374 of them may warrant protection. The agency's proposal to protect the sunfish comes after the Center's landmark legal settlement last summer compelling the Service to make protection decisions for this and 756 other species.
Read more in Alabama's AL.com.
Jaguar Plan Omits Two Key Recovery Areas
The Center for Biological Diversity won a great victory for U.S. jaguars in 2009 when our long, hard work in court compelled the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to announce it would develop a jaguar recovery plan, laying out steps to help this wild cat repopulate its habitat north of the Mexican border. But the Service has just released an outline of its plan that doesn’t go far enough to bolster the northern Mexico jaguar population enough to save it from inbreeding. Despite five separate studies showing that New Mexico and Arizona’s Gila headwaters and Mogollon uplands region would provide some of the best jaguar habitat -- perhaps the best jaguar habitat in the U.S. -- the recovery outline excludes the region.
The Center has been working to save American jaguars since 1994, when we first filed suit to get this majestic, highly endangered spotted feline protected under the Endangered Species Act. After we won that protection three years later, and after our good-faith participation for seven years in a feckless, state-led jaguar conservation effort, we went back to court to earn the animal a recovery plan and protected “critical habitat.” We won’t stand by now to let the feds shortchange the jaguar -- and we submitted extensive formal comments telling them that this Monday.
Learn more about the Center's work to save the jaguar.
Study: Disease Kills 10 Percent of Rare Bat Species Yearly
The Center for Biological Diversity has been working for years to raise awareness of white-nose syndrome, a bat disease that's killed nearly 7 million bats in six years. Now a new federal study shows that each year between 2006 and 2009, the disease killed 10 percent of all Indiana bats, one of the first bat species ever protected under the Endangered Species Act. Since 2009 the disease has moved into the core of the Indiana bat's range in the Midwest, and more bad news is likely in the offing for this species.
As the disease has spread across 19 states and four Canadian provinces, the Center has taken action, including petitioning the government to protect three other bat species: the little brown bat, eastern small-footed bat and northern long-eared bat. We've also asked the White House to devote more funding to researching and stopping the disease, as well as to close bat-hibernation caves to the public to help prevent the disease from being spread by humans. Bat species are an essential part of each of their ecosystems and are crucial to farmers for their insect-control services.
Read more in our press release.
Activist Spotlight: A Swimmer, Surveyor and Southeast Species Savior
When Vic Scoggin began his 696-mile swim down the Southeast's Cumberland River in 1996, he'd already lived beside -- and loved -- its teeming waters and the species they support. He made the swim to draw attention to water pollution in the Cumberland; later, he used Center for Biological Diversity materials to save Nashville crayfish from being buried under a Cumberland marina.
Since 2009 Vic has helped the Center with Southeast campaigns. He's also spent thousands of dollars fighting for imperiled Southeast freshwater ecosystems and founded his own nonprofit, Save the Cumberland. He recently got a research vessel and has already documented species on the Cumberland and other rivers from New York City to Key West.
"The health of mussels and crayfish is the health of the water that we drink," said Vic. "People need to realize that we have got to protect these animals to protect our own health."
Check out more of Vic's story, along with the archive of activists we've spotlighted.
New Yellow-legged Frogs Found in Southern California
In a nice surprise discovery, U.S. Geological Survey field biologists have found 19 new adult mountain yellow-legged frogs in Southern California's Mojave River, bringing the total of these imperiled frogs surveyed there to 71. The Southern California population of yellow-legged frogs was feared to be near extinction.
Mountain yellow-legged frogs live at high altitudes in the Sierra Nevada and Transverse Ranges in Southern California. These 3-inch, golden-eyed hoppers were once so abundant that hikers took care not to step on them around some lakes. But their numbers have plummeted since the 1960s because of pollution, predation by stocked trout and disease. They've now disappeared from 93 percent of their former range.
The Center for Biological Diversity is pushing for a recovery plan for Southern California yellow-legged frogs. We also petitioned to put the Sierra Nevada population on the U.S. endangered species list and gained state protections for all mountain yellow-leggeds in California. The Sierra population should get a decision on federal protection next year under our game-changing settlement to advance protections for 757 species.
Read more about the recent frog find in the Los Angeles Times and learn about the Center's 757 species agreement.
Wild & Weird: Do You Kiss Your Mother With That Beak?
Rhode Island resident Lynne Taylor has a trash-talkin' cockatoo. And in the town of Warwick, R.I., you can bet there are laws on the books to deal with that kind of fowl language: A cussword out of place from an avian will get you slapped with a $15 fine.
But Taylor's not taking that steep profanity tax lying down; she's decided to appeal. In her lawyer's argument to the judge, he called the ordinance "unconstitutional" for its lack of clarity on the parameters of what noises qualify as violations.
Will we see this case involving the First Amendment rights of beak-talkers make it to the Supremes? Probably not. But the neighbor who called in the complaint -- who also happens to be the live-in girlfriend of Taylor's ex-husband -- is surely paying close attention to the jurisprudence behind the case.
Read more about the cockatoo kerfuffle in the Providence Journal.
Photo credits: Gray wolf by John and Karen Hollingsworth, USFWS; gray wolf courtesy Flickr Commons/USFWS Pacific; great white shark courtesy Flickr Commons/Scubaben; coqui llanero (c) Neftali Rios; spring pygmy sunfish courtesy Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources; Tennessee River courtesy Flickr Commons/ibcurio; jaguar courtesy Flickr Commons/Bob&son; Indiana bat courtesy USFWS; Vic Scoggin (c) Vic Scoggin; mountain yellow-legged frog by Adam Backlin, USGS; cockatoo courtesy Flickr Commons/The World of Animal Welfare.
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See also the
Dr. Math FAQ:
order of operations
Browse High School Polynomials
Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or
good places to begin browsing.
Selected answers to common questions:
Completing the square.
- Show that x = 2 [08/29/2001]
Given that: x=(10+(108)^(1/2))^(1/3)+(10-(108)^(1/2))^(1/3), show that x
= 2 without using a calculator.
- Sign Diagrams [05/20/2002]
I have a diagram in my textbook that I don't understand. What is it
supposed to be telling me?
- Signs of Roots of 6th-Degree Polynomials [12/12/2000]
When can a 6th-degree polynomial have two positive real roots, two
negative real roots, and two imaginary roots? Does it have to do with
Descartes' Rule of Signs?
- Simplifying Algebraic Fractions [05/01/2008]
To reduce algebraic fractions, be sure to factor first and then
cancel, and be careful about canceling terms that are being added and
not multiplied, a very common mistake for students starting algebra.
- Simplifying Radicals [06/18/2001]
In the following: sin(15) = sqrt(2-sqrt(3))/2 = (sqrt(6)-sqrt(2))/4, how
do you manipulate sqrt(2-sqrt(3))/2 to obtain (sqrt(6)-sqrt(2))/4?
- Simplifying Rational Expressions [06/13/2002]
Simplify (-6x^2 - 4xy + 8x)/(2x).
- Simplifying Square Root within Square Root without Calculator [07/05/2004]
I need to find sqrt[5 + sqrt(2)] without using a calculator. Is there
a general formula for solving a problem like this?
- Simplifying the Square Root of (a + b*sqrt(c)) [07/29/2004]
How do I find more advanced square roots, such as sqrt(11 - 2sqrt(18))?
- Simplifying Variable Expressions [09/07/2006]
How do I simplify an expression like -16[42 - 3(c + 2)] - 16? How does
order of operations work in this sort of problem?
- Slicing Up a Circle [03/22/2001]
Find a formula that will give the maximum number of pieces with n number
of straight slices of the circle.
- Solving (2x+3)^4 [01/22/2001]
Pascal's triangle, and a recursive formula.
- Solving a Multi-Variable Formula or Equation for One Variable [07/24/2008]
The keys to solving an equation like y^2 + 3yz - 8z - 4x = 0 for a
single variable, such as z, are to group terms, take out a common
factor, and avoid common simplifying mistakes.
- Solving a Polynomial of Any Degree [06/02/2003]
Combining Newton's method with the bisection method.
- Solving a Quartic Equation with Substitutions [11/02/2004]
I'm trying to solve y(y + 1)(y + 2)(y + 3) = 7920. I've multiplied it
out to get y^4 + 6y^3 + 11y^2 + 6y - 7920 = 0, but I can't find a way
to factor or solve that equation. Can you help?
- Solving a Quartic Polynomial using a Trig Substitution [12/27/2001]
I need help solving this system: y/sqrt(y^2+64) = (x+y)/25; x/sqrt(x^
2+64) = (x+y)/20.
- Solving Cubics (3rd Degree Polynomials) [12/15/1996]
How do you solve problems of the type ax^3+bx^2+cx+d = 0 ?
- Solving Linear Equations without PEMDAS [08/13/2002]
Is there a linear equation that can be solved using both the PEMDAS
order of operations and NOT using the order of operations and still
come out with the same answer?
- Solving Polynomials [6/16/1996]
(x^2 + 2x)/3 + 3/(x^2 + 2x) = 26/5
- Solving Third-Degree Equations [09/24/2001]
I'm trying to solve x^3 + 2x^2 - 3x - 4 = 0. I need to take the square
root of 4p^3 + 27q^2, which is -272. I'm looking for the real solutions,
and there are three of them.
- Square Roots and Limits [03/12/2003]
Given a value of x, find the value of the expression sqrt(x sqrt(x
- The Sum of a Number and Its Reciprocal [11/04/2003]
I need a formal proof showing that the sum of a positive number and its
reciprocal is at least 2. I can prove it algebraically, but I need a
- Sum of Powers of Roots of Polynomial Equations [01/02/2007]
Is there a quick trick to find the sum of powers of roots for third
degree polynomial equations? For example, given roots a, b, and c,
find a^3 + b^3 + c^3 or a^4 + b^4 + c^4.
- Sum of Roots of n-degree Polynomial [01/24/2001]
Prove that for all n roots of unity (z^n = 1), the sum of n roots is zero
for n greater than 1.
- Symmetric Polynomials [07/31/1997]
How can it be proved that any symmetric polynomial can be expressed as an
elementary symmetric polynomial?
- Synthetic Division [08/05/1997]
Please explain synthetic division.
- Synthetic Division [12/22/1996]
How does synthetic division work?
- Synthetic Division in Factoring [04/18/2002]
Factor completely: 2x^3 + 17x^2 + 58x + 25.
- Synthetic Division when Coefficent of Linear Term is Not 1 [12/15/2005]
How can I do synthetic division if I am dividing by something like 4x
+ 5? I only know how to do it for divisors that start with x, like x - 3.
- Theorem About Sum and Product of Quadratic Roots [03/07/1998]
Explain why 1/2 and 3/4 are NOT the roots of 0 = 4x^2 + 5x + 8.
- Three Polynomial Questions [8/7/1995]
Three interesting polynomial questions from a past trial HSC paper...
- Trinomial Expansion [02/23/2003]
How can I find the number of terms of (a + b + c)^140?
- Trinomials Squares of Binomials [04/10/2003]
Is the trinomial x squared -2x + 1 the square of a binomial?
- Two Methods of Factoring Quadratics [04/14/1998]
Could you describe how to factor quadratic trinomials?
- Undefined and Indeterminable ... at the Same Time? [09/05/2010]
A student wonders whether the labels "undefined" and "indeterminate form" could
apply to one and the same expression. Doctor Vogler considers several expressions,
functions, and limits to distinguish the different contexts that call for such terminology.
- 'Un Distributing' Polynomials [01/11/2003]
How can you factor: y^4 + 14y^2 + 49 - x^2 ?
- Un-nesting Radicals [03/16/2001]
How can I simplify sqrt(2+sqrt)?
- Using Cardan's Formula to find Real Roots [04/13/2000]
How can I show that, although the cubic equation x^3 - 6x = 4 has three
real solutions, Cardan's formula can find them by subtracting appropriate
cube roots of complex numbers?
- Visual Representation of (a+b)(a-b) [03/22/2003]
Is there a way to model (a+b) * (a-b)?
- What's His Street Address? How Many Neighbors Does He Have? [09/29/2010]
A student struggles with a word problem that asks for specific sums of counting
numbers. Three different doctors weigh in with increasingly sophisticated and
comprehensive problem-solving approaches: programming spreadsheet formulas;
applying combinatorics; and invoking quadratic Diophantine and Pell equations.
- Why Algebraic Expressions with Parentheses? [03/18/2003]
How would you write these algebraic expressions without parentheses?
-(2x-3y-6) and -(5x-13y-1). | <urn:uuid:7babacad-fc96-4977-9cde-01520d88807b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/sets/high_polynomials.html?start_at=201&s_keyid=41054302&f_keyid=41054304&num_to_see=40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.820616 | 2,048 | 3.546875 | 4 |
By Jacob Stockinger
Today is our national holiday: The Fourth of July — America’s annual Independence Day, which celebrates when the new nation’s Declaration of Independence (below) from Great Britain was issued in 1776.
Every summer, even as they are cheering and applauding the music and fireworks, a lot of Americans ask the same question: How did Tchaikovsky’s “1812 Overture” – complete with ringing bells and booming cannons – become such an integral part of Fourth of July celebrations?
And an integral part of July 4 and Independence Day it certainly is, as you can hear in almost all celebrations and fireworks displays. nJust listen to the Wisconsin Chamber Orchestra’s second Concert of the Square tonight, starting at 7 p.m.
For more information the WCO’s “Star-Spangled Spectacular” concert tonight, visit:
This summer, where the dangerously dry weather doesn’t force officials to cancel fireworks, Fourth of July celebrations and fireworks shows will begin this weekend and go through the week, with some celebrations postponed until August or even September.
And chances are good that most or even all of these will feature the “1812 Overture.”
It was commissioned by the Czar and written by Tchaikovsky (below) to mark Russia’s victory over Napoleon’s invasion. So how did it become such a part of American lore? Even the people who love hearing the music can’t really answer that question. But the answer is easier and makes more sense and is more recent than you might think.
But recently musicologist Jan Swafford recently answered that question on NPR. It was the best and most comprehensive answer that The Ear has ever heard. It eve has a section-by-section analysis of the music with samples.
It is worth reading and especially listening to if you want to know, once and for all, how the famously loud overture was transplanted to the American celebration of Independence Day.
Here is a link complete with musical examples and analysis as well as the historical and artistic context both here and in Russia: | <urn:uuid:f50883d2-1739-4eed-8391-628a38ece0ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://welltempered.wordpress.com/2012/07/04/classical-music-how-did-tchaikovskys-1812-overture-which-celebrates-russias-victory-over-napoleon-became-a-staple-of-fourth-of-july-celebrations-in-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961032 | 446 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Arkansas farmers are finding an “inordinate amount” of stinkbugs in their wheat fields, says Gus Lorenz. Seen over the east half of the state, but particularly in the southeast quadrant, stinkbugs potentially mean trouble for summer row crops.
The stinkbug situation began surfacing in early April. Lorenz, an Arkansas Extension entomologist, got a couple of concerned calls and went out to look at the fields. Following those first field trips, the calls started trickling in, then came in a torrent.
“Now, I can't stay off the phone about this. We've tried to determine what impact the stinkbugs are causing on the wheat crop. But there's just not enough information available to make a determination on that. We do have some tests planned to see if there's any impact on the wheat. Specialists from other Southern states — Alabama and Georgia among them — that have chronic stinkbug problems have told us there have to be sky-high numbers to get any impact in the wheat,” says Lorenz.
While the wheat situation is troublesome, what has many farmers worried is what this potentially means for soybean and cotton crops. Over the last couple of years, farmers have started seeing more stinkbugs in their wheat, says Lorenz. “Prior to that, we only saw them occasionally and in much lower numbers. Because of that, I'm not surprised at seeing the stinkbugs in wheat. I am very surprised at the sheer numbers, though. Let's hope these wheat fields aren't acting as reservoirs and staging areas for a stinkbug march into cotton and soybeans.”
In most of the wheat fields, the predominant species showing up is the brown stinkbug. There are also some green stinkbugs, rice stinkbugs and a few predatory stinkbugs. But the brown is everywhere and gives Lorenz and colleagues pause.
“Except for the rice stinkbugs, these pests are seed-feeders. They like soybeans and cotton. We don't know what they're doing in the wheat — they showed up two weeks ago when the wheat didn't even have a head. What are they eating?”
And there's another concern: what products to use to control them. In the past, studies have indicated that brown stinkbugs are much harder to kill with the insecticides labeled for soybeans than the green stinkbugs are, says Lorenz.
“When you look at the products available for control of brown stinkbugs, there are three pyrethroids and methyl parathion. With the pyrethroids, control is 30 to 40 percent mortality so they aren't great.”
Last year, researchers found that methyl parathion has good mortality but extremely short residual effects — less than half a day. Growers who used methyl last year were right back at treatment levels — or, in many cases, well above treatment level — in just a few days.
“I've applied for a Section 24-C with EPA for a label with Orthene. But they don't want to give us the same 24-C that Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi already have. They won't allow any new uses for organophosphates.”
Lorenz's argument to EPA is that this isn't a new use — there's already established use for Orthene in states all around Arkansas. So far his arguments haven't worked.
The potential for a terrible stinkbug year is upon the state, says Lorenz. “I've yet to talk to a farmer who isn't going to plant soybeans because he's scared of the stinkbugs in his wheat. That doesn't mean it won't happen, though.
“We're trying to get the word out that farmers should go ahead and grow wheat and not worry about the stinkbugs. Until we run some tests, there's really nothing we can do — we can't be proactive. We've just got to wait and see what happens.”
This whole year is starting out odd, says Lorenz. Besides stinkbugs, there are other pests showing up in big populations.
“Tick numbers are outrageous because of the mild winter. We're in for a bad tick year. If you're working in timber or are walking in the woods, you need to take precautions. Ticks are carriers of Lyme disease and other sicknesses.” | <urn:uuid:ebc7d2a7-9192-4611-9ffc-b0f1217fe818> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://deltafarmpress.com/stinkbugs-increase-wheat-fields | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962442 | 905 | 2.625 | 3 |
Civil society steps up to lead
The Sunflower movement represents the latest milestone in the development of Taiwan’s democracy. However, it has largely come about as a result of failings in the nation’s democratic practice.
The movement is primarily the result of the failure of the nation’s two major political parties.
Of course the failings of the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) are foremost. For the KMT, electoral wins are seen as a mandate to rule by fiat. However, its actions have become increasingly divorced from the will of the people and ultimately provoked a seemingly radical course of protest action.
As the main opposition party, the Democratic Progressive Party has been actively campaigning against the KMT for the last six years.
However, despite regular large-scale street protests and blocking tactics in the legislature, it has largely failed to keep the KMT in check and to build overwhelming public support, and it was under these circumstances that the Sunflower movement stepped in to take action.
It is amazing that this group of students and other activists, who have a fraction of the resources of the major political parties, have mobilized so effectively to defend Taiwan’s democracy from abuse of power.
The biggest lesson from all this is that civil society has proven to be a more powerful force for change than elections.
For a long time the nation has been very good at holding elections and peacefully transferring power between parties.
However, in between these elections, democracy has been forgotten as the executive branch governed to further its own interests without regard for the will of the people.
The Sunflower movement marks a change in all this.
Taiwanese democracy has shifted from a shallow “electoralism” to a true practice of citizenship.
Politicians can no longer simply campaign for votes. They now need to practice good governance and be accountable to the citizens in the gaps between election campaigns. | <urn:uuid:00de1042-a42e-45a9-9115-7a7eb9d82ab4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2014/04/16/2003588127 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970647 | 389 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Simple Definition of fortitude
: mental strength and courage that allows someone to face danger, pain, etc.
Examples of fortitude in a sentence
… everyone in the family was succored by Elizabeth's fortitude and steadfastness. —Nicholas Fox Weber, The Clarks Of Cooperstown, 2007
But now Frum, by having the fortitude to revisit that bizarre era, has half-persuaded me that the '70s, a partial negation of the '60s, in one way, were a partial confirmation of them in another. —Christopher Hitchens, Civilization, April/May 2000
He learned that war was a hurly-burly of violence in which men prevailed through imagination and the fortitude to struggle on despite reverses. —Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie, 1988
She has endured disappointments with fortitude and patience.
<it was only with the greatest fortitude that the Pilgrims were able to survive their first winter in Plymouth>
Did You Know?
Fortitude comes from the Latin word fortis, meaning "strong," and in English it has always been used primarily to describe strength of mind. For a time, the word was also used to mean physical strength - Shakespeare used that sense in The First Part of King Henry the Sixth:
"Coward of France! How much he wrongs his fame
Despairing of his own arm's fortitude." But despite use by the Bard, that second sense languished and is now considered obsolete."
Origin and Etymology of fortitude
Middle English, from Latin fortitudin-, fortitudo, from fortis
First Known Use: 12th century
Rhymes with fortitude
altitude, amplitude, aptitude, attitude, certitude, comfort food, consuetude, crassitude, desuetude, finger food, finitude, gratitude, habitude, hebetude, interlude, lassitude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, mansuetude, multitude, negritude, platitude, plenitude, promptitude, pulchritude, quietude, rectitude, seminude, servitude, solitude, turpitude, vastitude
FORTITUDE Defined for Kids
Definition of fortitude for Students
: strength of mind that lets a person meet danger, pain, or hardship with courage
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up fortitude? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:5c94b18a-8b1d-4ace-b515-3afcdbac63f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fortitude | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911299 | 525 | 3.21875 | 3 |
When British-trained architect John Haviland arrived in Philadelphia, some took him for a Benjamin Henry Latrobe doppelganger. But where Latrobe had been ahead of his time, introducing the architecture of ancient Greece at the turn of the century, Haviland, in 1816, was right on time.
For more than half a century, The Antiquities of Athens had been known as a library book filled with illustrations drawn from Grecian ruins by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett. First Latrobe, then Haviland and eventually many others saw value in applying these design ideas, and helped them migrate from printed page to city street. Ancient Greece had been the original Democracy. So why not whet the American appetite for archeological accuracy in everything Grecian, from clothing to buildings. But there was more: in the 1820s, the Greek struggle for independence played out in the Mediterranean, yet another chapter in the millennia-long struggle between Christians and Muslims. And the United States had a stake in the outcome. When Greek independence became a reality in 1832, Americans felt more justified than ever in choosing, and celebrating, the Greek option.
At first, Philadelphians engaged in some serious tiptoeing toward what would eventually become a full-fledged Greek Revival. In 1818, the directors of the Second Bank opened a design competition calling for “a chaste specimen of Greek architecture.” Haviland had a design for just such a building—and had exhibited it at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts the year before—but that’s long lost. And not much else of that bank competition survives. As Matthew Baigell, Haviland’s biographer tells us, “some ten tons of documents pertaining to the Bank…were rendered into pulp” in the 1840s. What we do know is that William Strickland won the competition with his close interpretation of the Parthenon in Pennsylvania marble drawn straight from The Antiquities of Athens.
Haviland would have to bide his time with minor projects and his own three-volume book, The Builder’s Assistant (1818-1821), the first American pattern book offering up detailed Greek and Roman orders. When Haviland finally landed his first big commission, the First Presbyterian Church on Washington Square in 1820, his building was drawn, just as Strickland’s and Latrobe’s banks were, straight from the illustration of the Temple on the Ilissus in Antiquities of Athens. There weren’t funds to cast it in marble, so Haviland had the church’s portico constructed in red and white cedar and painted with enough sand in the mix so that it would look like marble. And no matter that it wasn’t any closer to the real thing; the First Presbyterian Church could claim the title as the first Greek Revival church in America.
As it turned out, the new church style was popular. Two years later, and one block away, Haviland delivered another congregation a building based on the temple of Dionysus at Teos. Saint Andrews Episcopal Church survives today as the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of Saint George. Through the 1830s and beyond, the Greek option would continue to thrive.
But archeological correctness wasn’t always possible, and it wasn’t even always desirable. In 1825, when Haviland designed a building for the Franklin Institute (now the Philadelphia History Museum) he turned again to Stuart and Revett illustration of the Choragic Monument of Thrasyllus. This time, Haviland made the façade his own and, as Baigell observed, and “resolved his composition more successfully than did his Greek predecessor.”
Haviland’s urge to make Greek replicas was strong, but his passion to design turned out to be even more powerful. He preferred the “Greek feeling for restraint and delicacy” wrote Talbot Hamlin, but “realized the dangers of pure copying.” Even at the First Presbyterian Church, Haviland didn’t allow the original to dictate his design. To accommodate site limitations he removed the original staircase. Sometimes, in Haviland’s published designs, he could be “free…almost to the point of eccentricity” fearlessly “combining new, creative forms with Greek detail.” And in the case of his castellated Eastern State Penitentiary, the largest, most important and influential of Haviland’s projects, here was a medieval breakaway, even if, as Baigell wondered, “the Athenian Propylea lies somewhere in the genesis of the central portion of this design.” The drive to create lit the way: it was only a matter of time before Haviland, as well as others, would leave behind the Greek option.
What was going through Haviland’s creative imagination in the 1820s? For a hint, we turn to his portrait from 1828 by John Neagle. Next to Haviland leans a depiction of his completed penitentiary. In his right hand, a brass compass points to the inventive heart of the project, Haviland’s panopticon plan. The architect’s hand rests comfortably, if not lovingly, on his copy of the book that was the starting point for it all: Stuart’s Athens.
Once Haviland was able to convince his clients that there was more potential in invention than in archeological correctness, his creative juices, and this career, took off. So long as his buildings followed the basic principles of good design, he could dress them up in any style the occasion might require. And when these design doors flew open, Haviland would consider the Greek an option, but only one. After that, he’d choose whatever struck his fancy: Gothic, Egyptian, Japanese.
Haviland had played out the Greek option; now the eclectic possibilities for American architectural styles seemed endless. | <urn:uuid:d10f8e4a-98f7-4dfe-96bd-c5c1d6a1dcde> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.phillyhistory.org/blog/index.php/2013/09/john-haviland-playing-out-the-greek-option/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00045-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973234 | 1,236 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Yoreme [Mayo] pajko’ora and Yoeme (Yaqui) pahko’ola traditions date to when the indigenous people of present-day northwestern Mexico and southern Arizona were hunters and gatherers. To survive and flourish in the arid lands, the people began to hold ceremonial dances as a way of appealing to and thanking Itom Achai Taa’a (Our Father the Sun) for his blessings. The Deer Dance and the pajko’ora traditions were part of these ceremonies.
In the past, pajko’ora dress was quite different from the clothing of contemporary dancers. According to Yoeme elders in Arizona today, the ancient dancers wore jaguar skins, and they enacted both the prelude and aftermath of the hunt. In this way, the dancers and musicians were asking for permission and forgiveness from the spirits of the animals that would give up their lives for the continuation of human life. In the past, and even today among many traditional people in the Sonoran Desert, plants and animals were considered brothers and sisters.
When the Yoreme and Yoeme became farmers—raising corn, squash, beans, tobacco, cotton, and chile peppers—pajko’ora tradition also began to emphasize astronomical knowledge. Dances to thank Itom Achai Taa’a included enactments of agricultural activities such as planting, cultivation, and harvesting. Observing the stars, sun, and moon became a strong part of the culture, and ceremonial practices marked the planting seasons.
In the 1620s the Yoreme and the Yoeme began to practice Catholicism, and since then pajko’ora traditions have been infused with Christian meaning. Rather than a hunting ritual, the ceremony has become a Christian devotional vigil, with one side of the village plaza, which is the dance arena, solely dedicated to an altar honoring the celebrated feast-day saint. Jesus Christ, the Blessed Mother Mary, or other saints also are in place.
During the performance, the pajko’ora dancers act out the story with their movements, while the deer singers, playing their traditional instruments (gourd water drums, gourds, and raspers), sing of the life and death of a particular animal, which has human qualities. The singers are accompanied by the kuvajelero/tampalero (drummer), who also plays a reed flute. The dancers move in a slouched or crouched position, looking down, their arms loose at their sides. Their steps both reflect and vary the rhythm of the music. They dance wearing a small wooden mask either on the back of their heads or over their faces. When they wear the mask over their faces, they turn their heads from side to side and shake a rattle against their left palm. First they dance alone and then with a deer dancer.
Pajko’ora dancers are deeply respected because they have great knowledge and spiritual power. It is quite moving when the elder pajko’ora, wearing his mask, speaks at end of ceremonies. People who gather to listen or watch him dance often are overcome with emotion at his teachings, which draw on his personal experiences, Christian values, and Yoreme traditional culture.
In Yoreme communities in Sonora, Mexico, the pajko’ora mask is used on village feast days, Palm Saturday, and Holy Saturday. In most villages there are public performances during art fairs, and the pajko’ora is usually there to bless the event with music and dance. The mask is usually made from a cottonwood root. Some mask makers also use wood from the torote (elephant tree). The wood is light and can be easily carved, and the mask maker usually adds paint. According to Yoeme tradition, the mask is first painted black to represent the pala ania (universe) or ka nuklak (infinity), which becomes the backdrop for depictions of stars, planets, plants, or animals. Geometric designs have great significance: triangles represent the sun’s rays, which allow life to exist. Four triangles connected to each other represent the sun, and four triangles attached to a square represent a star. Cornfields painted on the cheek area honor maize, while images of lizards, horned toads, snakes, and other desert animals teach understanding and respect for all life on earth. Both the Yoreme and the Yoeme include a long white beard on the mask to show that the dancers represent elders with great wisdom and knowledge. Lastly, the mask has a Yoeme or Yoreme cross on the forehead, although nowadays some are painted with a regular Christian cross. The Christian cross is meant to protect the dancer from evil and the devil, because with the advent of Christianity came a story that the pajko’ora was the son of the devil.
Instead of a jaguar skin, the Yoreme pajko’ora today wears a light white blanket, or manta, around his waist and legs, while the Yoeme dancer will wear a red or pink one. According to Yoeme elders, red is a healing and protective color, so many of them teach young dancers to try to wear that color. A young dancer wearing green or blue proves that no elder has transmitted to him the knowledge of certain colors’ power. Yoeme dancers remain bare-chested during the ceremonies, while the Yoreme pajko’ora, in addition to the white manta, wears a white, long-sleeved shirt, its color representing purity.
Round bronze or shiny metal bells are worn around the waist during the dances to accompany the music of the harp, violin, drum, and flute. The ringing bells also show the dancer’s devotion to the saints on the altar, and a church group chants and recites devotional hymns and prayers. Many centuries ago, the dancer would wear only seven bells, to honor the seven stars of the Big Dipper. For contemporary Yoeme, the bells represent the seven sacraments. Yoreme dancers, however, may wear more than a dozen bells. Another difference between the communities is that the reflective power of abalone-shell necklaces still is used among the Yoeme, but Yoreme pajko’ora dancers wear colorful scarves, instead.
The last part of the pajko’ora regalia is the tenevari or, in Yoeme, tenevoim, which are giant moth cocoons worn around the legs. The cocoons are worn to thank the insect world for allowing the use of their discarded homes. The sound the cocoon makes during the dance honors the animals and earth elements. In Yoeme traditions the tenevoim represents a snake that travels up the human dancer’s body and spills out of the crown of the head. Some older dancers represent the snake’s energy with a ponytail tied with a red string and a paper flower. And, since Christianity is part of Yoeme culture, the ponytail also represents the candlelight above the heads of the Apostles.
The Yoreme and the Yoeme share some common music and dance steps, and at times will visit and even participate in each other’s ceremonies. It is clear, however, that what is currently practiced in Yoreme and Yoeme communities will remain unique to each group for a long time, since young people in Sonora and Arizona are so interested in continuing the pajko’ora traditional dance.
—Felipe S. Molina
Felipe S. Molina (Yoeme) has a background in Native education and literacy. Between 1974 and 1991 he taught in Yaqui community schools and colleges. He has worked extensively to document and promote Yoeme language, oral traditions, music, dance, and song, especially deer songs and dances. From 1993 to 1995 he was the principal investigator for a National Park Service grant to study Yoeme ethnobotany. He has co-authored or co-edited several books and articles, including Yaqui Deer Songs/Maso Bwikam (1987) and the forthcoming Comprehensive Yoeme and English Dictionary. Now retired, he frequently sings deer songs at ceremonies.
I am grateful to the following deceased elders in Arizona and Sonora for their kind interest in sharing their knowledge of the pahko’ola and pajko’ora traditions. The Yolemmem in Sinaloa also practice pahko’ola traditions, but I have not traveled or talked to anyone in that part of Mexico.
Rosario Bacaneri Castillo
Rosario was my maternal grandfather and was a well known pahko’ola dancer in Arizona Yoeme communities from 1926 to 1979. He passed his knowledge to four of his grandsons, all of whom are now in their fifties. Instead of becoming pahko’ola dancers, all the grandsons are deer singers. At times one of the grandsons may carve a pahko’ola mask, which he learned how to do from Rosario.
Francisco was a Yoreme, born on Yoreme lands. His family moved to Potam, a Yoeme village. He learned the pahko’ola dance from Yoeme elders in Potam. On many occasions he was invited to dance in Yoreme village ceremonies. When he moved to Arizona, he became my ceremonial godfather. He shared his knowledge with interested people at ceremonies as well as on road trips to other Yoeme community ceremonies or to other tribal events.
Yoreme pajko’ora dancers wear a white blanket, or manta, wrapped around their waist and legs, and a long-sleeved, white shirt. The white clothing represents purity. Pajko’ora dancers also wear a leather belt with dangling bells and long strings of pebble-filled Giant Silk Moth cocoons wrapped around their legs. The sound made by the leg rattles resembles that of a rattlesnake—which is associated with rain and fertility. When they dance, pajko’ora wear a wooden mask representing a wild mountain spirit. The mask is moved to the back of the head or over one ear when the pajko’ora dances as a human being—at this time, his wooden rattle with metal discs is tucked into the back of his belt. When he represents an animal, he dances with the mask over his face, holding his rattle in his right hand and striking it against his left. Pajko’ora also wear a paper flower, which is associated with the rattlesnake’s energy.
2003. Worn by Bernardo Esquer Lopez. Las Tres Cruces, Sonora, Mexico. Cotton, leather, brass bell, Giant Silk Moth cocoons, pebbles, cotton string, wood, pigment, hair, metal, paper. EP0952. Photograph by Ernest Amoroso, NMAI.
Yoreme pajko’ora dancing to the accompaniment of a harpist and fiddler. Tres Cruces, Sonora, Mexico, 2006. Courtesy of the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona. Photograph by Janelle Weakly | <urn:uuid:eccc9f07-93fd-4cfd-aab4-37cb2ca00f2e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nmai.si.edu/exhibitions/circleofdance/yoreme.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959303 | 2,345 | 3.984375 | 4 |
"Too much sodium increases your blood pressure, a leading risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
Check the label! This year's World Salt Awareness Week focuses on the need for clear and consistent nutrition labelling so consumers k"...
WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.
Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 µg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
This product contains sodium bisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people.
Safe and effective use of central venous nutrition requires a knowledge of nutrition as well as clinical expertise in recognition and treatment of the complications which can occur. Frequent clinical evaluation and laboratory determinations are necessary for proper monitoring of central venous nutrition. Laboratory tests should include measurement of blood sugar, electrolyte, and serum protein concentrations; kidney and liver function tests; and evaluation of acid-base balance and fluid balance. Other laboratory tests may be suggested by the patient's condition.
NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) does not replace dialysis and conventional supportive therapy in patients with renal failure.
Administration of NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) to pediatric patients, especially in high dose ranges, may result in hyperammonemia. Administration of NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) to infants, particularly neonates and low birth weight infants, may result in elevated plasma amino acid levels (e.g., hypermethionemia) and hyperammonemia. In these very young age groups, amino acid formulations developed specifically for nutritional support of infants and pediatric patients, should be considered.
Clinically significant hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, or hypomagnesemia may occur as a result of therapy with NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) and hypertonic dextrose and replacement therapy may become necessary.
Administration of nitrogen in any form to patients with marked hepatic insufficiency or hepatic coma may result in plasma amino acid imbalances, hyperammonemia, or central nervous system deterioration. NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) should, therefore, be used with caution in such patients.
The intravenous administration of these solutions can cause fluid and/or solute overload resulting in dilution of serum electrolyte concentrations, overhydration, congested states or pulmonary edema. The risk of dilutional states is inversely proportional to the solute concentration of the solution infused. The risk of solute overload causing congested states with peripheral and pulmonary edema is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution.
Conservative doses of amino acids should be given, dictated by the nutritional status of the patient.
Clinical evaluation and periodic laboratory determinations are necessary to monitor changes in fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, and acid-base balance during prolonged parenteral therapy or whenever the condition of the patient warrants such evaluation. Significant deviations from normal concentrations may require the use of additional electrolyte supplements.
In order to promote urea nitrogen reutilization in patients with renal failure, it is essential to provide adequate calories with minimal amounts of the essential amino acids, and to severely restrict the intake of nonessential nitrogen. Hypertonic dextrose solutions are a convenient and metabolically effective source of concentrated calories.
Fluid balance must be carefully monitored in patients with renal failure and care should be taken to avoid circulatory overload, particularly in association with cardiac insufficiency.
In patients with myocardial infarct, infusion of amino acids should always be accompanied by dextrose, since in anoxia, free fatty acids cannot be utilized by the myocardium, and energy must be produced anaerobically from glycogen or glucose.
Strongly hypertonic nutrient solutions should be administered through an indwelling intravenous catheter with the tip located in the superior vena cava.
Special care must be taken when giving hypertonic dextrose to glucose-intolerant patients such as diabetic or prediabetic and uremic patients, especially when the latter are receiving peritoneal dialysis. To prevent severe hyperglycemia in such patients, insulin may be required.
Administration of glucose at a rate exceeding the patient's utilization may lead to hyperglycemia, coma, and death.
Administration of amino acids without carbohydrates may result in the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood. Correction of this ketonemia may be achieved by the administration of carbohydrates. Abrupt cessation of hypertonic dextrose infusion may result in rebound hypoglycemia.
When 5.4% NephrAmine® (Essential Amino Acid Injection) is subjected to changes in temperature, there is a chance that some transient crystallization of amino acids may occur. Thorough shaking of the bottle for about one minute should redissolve the amino acids. If the amino acids do not completely redissolve, the bottle must be rejected.
To minimize the risk of possible incompatibilities arising from mixing this solution with other additives that may be prescribed, the final infusate should be inspected for cloudiness or precipitation immediately after mixing, prior to administration, and periodically during administration.
Use only if solution is clear and vacuum is present.
Drug product contains no more than 25 µg/L of aluminum.
Frequent clinical evaluation and laboratory determinations are necessary for proper monitoring during administration.
Laboratory tests should include measurement of blood sugar, electrolyte, and serum protein concentrations; kidney and liver function tests; and evaluation of acid-base balance and fluid balance. Other laboratory tests may be suggested by the patient's condition.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Teratogenic Effects - Pregnancy Category C.
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with 5.4% NephrAmine (Essential Amino Acid Injection). It is also not known whether NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.
Labor and Delivery
Information is unknown.
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness of amino acid injections in pediatric patients have not been established by adequate and well-controlled studies. However, the use of amino acid injections in pediatric patients as an adjunct in the offsetting of nitrogen loss or in the treatment of negative nitrogen balance is well established in the medical literature. In pediatric patients, the final solution should not exceed twice normal serum osmolarity (718 mOsmol/L).
NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) has not been studied in geriatric patients. Elderly patients are known to be more prone to fluid overload and electrolyte imbalance than younger patients. This may be related to impairment of renal function which is more frequent in an elderly population. As a result the need for careful monitoring of fluid and electrolyte therapy is greater in the elderly. All patients, including the elderly, require an individual dose of all parenteral nutrition products to be determined by the physician on an individual case-by-case basis, which will be based on body weight, clinical condition and the results of laboratory monitoring tests. There is no specific geriatric dose.
Special Precautions for Central Venous Nutrition
Administration by central venous catheter should be used only by those familiar with this technique and its complications.
Central venous nutrition may be associated with complications which can be prevented or minimized by careful attention to all aspects of the procedure including solution preparation, administration, and patient monitoring. It is essential that a carefully prepared protocol, based on current medical practices, be followed, preferably by an experienced team.
Although a detailed discussion of the complications of central venous nutrition is beyond the scope of this insert, the following summary lists those based on current literature:
The placement of a central venous catheter should be regarded as a surgical procedure. One should be fully acquainted with various techniques of catheter insertion as well as recognition and treatment of complications. For details of techniques and placement sites, consult the medical literature. X-ray is the best means of verifying catheter placement. Complications known to occur from the placement of central venous catheters are pneumothorax, hemothorax, hydrothorax, artery puncture and transection, injury to the brachial plexus, malposition of the catheter, formation of arterio-venous fistula, phlebitis, thrombosis, and air and catheter embolus.
The constant risk of sepsis is present during central venous nutrition. Since contaminated solutions and infusion catheters are potential sources of infection, it is imperative that the preparation of parenteral nutrition solutions and the placement and care of catheters be accomplished under controlled aseptic conditions.
Parenteral nutrition solutions should ideally be prepared in the hospital pharmacy under a laminar flow hood. The key factor in their preparation is careful aseptic technique to avoid inadvertent touch contamination during mixing of solutions and subsequent admixtures.
Parenteral nutrition solutions should be used promptly after mixing. Any storage should be under refrigeration for as brief a time as possible. Administration time for a single bottle and set should never exceed 24 hours.
Consult the medical literature for a discussion of the management of sepsis during central venous nutrition. In brief, typical management includes replacing the solution being administered with a fresh container and set, and the remaining contents are cultured for bacterial or fungal contamination. If sepsis persists and another source of infection is not identified, the catheter is removed, the proximal tip cultured, and a new catheter reinserted when the fever has subsided. Nonspecific, prophylactic antibiotic treatment is not recommended. Clinical experience indicates that the catheter is likely to be the prime source of infection as opposed to aseptically prepared and properly stored solutions.
The following metabolic complications have been reported: metabolic acidosis, hypophosphatemia, alkalosis, hyperglycemia and glycosuria, osmotic diuresis and dehydration, rebound hypoglycemia, elevated liver enzymes, hypo- and hypervitaminosis, electrolyte imbalances, and elevated plasma amino acid levels and hyperammonemia in infants and pediatric patients. Frequent clinical evaluation and laboratory determinations are necessary, especially during the first few days of central venous nutrition, to prevent or minimize these complications.
Special Precautions in Patients with Renal Insufficiency
Frequent laboratory studies are necessary in patients with renal insufficiency due to underlying metabolic abnormalities. Hyperglycemia, a frequent complication, may not be reflected by glycosuria in renal failure. Blood glucose, therefore, must be determined frequently, often every six hours to guide dosage of dextrose and insulin if required.
Serum concentrations of potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium may dramatically decline with successful treatment, individually or together; these substances should be supplemented as required. Special care must be taken to avoid hypokalemia in digitalized patients, or those with cardiac arrhythmias.
Special Precautions in Pediatric Patients
5.4% NephrAmine® (Essential Amino Acid Injection) should be used with special caution in pediatric patients, due to limited clinical experience.
Laboratory and clinical monitoring of pediatric patients, especially when nutritionally depleted, must be extensive and frequent. Initial total daily dose should be low, and increased slowly. Dosage of NephrAmine above one gram of essential amino acids per kilogram body weight per day is not recommended.
For infants, especially neonates and low birth weight infants, amino acid formulations developed specifically for nutritional support of infants and pediatric patients should be considered. If NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) is administered to these very young patients, extra caution in frequent monitoring of plasma amino acid levels and serum ammonia is strongly recommended.
Frequent monitoring of blood glucose is required in neonates, low birth-weight, or septic infants as infusion of hypertonic dextrose carries a greater risk of hyperglycemia in such patients.
The absence of arginine in NephrAmine (essential amino acid injection) may accentuate the risk of hyperammonemia in infants.
In pediatric patients, the final solution should not exceed twice normal serum osmolarity (718 mOsmol/L).This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Last reviewed on RxList: 1/28/2009
Additional Nephramine Information
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Weight Loss Wisdom
Get tips, recipes and inspiration. | <urn:uuid:22cf0638-25b8-45e0-bc45-2c9afbb01509> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rxlist.com/nephramine-drug/warnings-precautions.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900166 | 2,867 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Legislative Analyst's Office, December 2002
California's Economy and
Budget in Perspective
2002 Cal Facts
California Is the World's Fifth Largest Economy
- California's gross state
product exceeds $1.3 trillion, making it one of the world's
- California accounts for 13 percent of the
nation's output, and trails only Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom.
- Our nation's next largest state economyNew Yorkis about 60 percent the size of California's.
California's Economy Is Highly Diversified
Share of Gross State Product in 2001
- California has a large
number of jobs and businesses in many different industries.
- The largest industry is services, which accounts for nearly
one-fourth of all output in the state. This industry includes
such diverse sectors as computer and software design,
motion picture production, engineering, legal, health care,
child-care, and hotels.
- The next largest industriesfinance, trade, and manufacturingencompass such elements as banking activities, retail stores,
import-export activities, and the manufacturing and sale of
Foreign Trade Is an Important Element of California's Economy
Total California Exports (In Billions)
- International trade is a
major source of California economic activity. Total exports
reached a peak of $120 billion in 2000, accounting for 11 percent
of the state's total output.
- California-produced computers and electronics account
for over one-half of our exports. This is followed by
agriculture, machinery, and transportation.
- Exports fell sharply in both 2001 and 2002, reflecting
both a worldwide slowdown in the demand for high-tech
goods and sluggish economic growth among our major
Services Have Dominated Employment Growth Over
The Past Decade
Annual Average Percent Change
in California Jobs, 1992 Through 2002
- Over one-half of the
nearly 2.4 million in new jobs created in California over the
past decade have been in the services sector.
- Trade, government, and construction accounted for
the bulk of the remaining job increases. The growth in
these areas is generally consistent with California's
- Manufacturing employment has fallen over the past
decade, reflecting continued losses in the aerospace sector and
recent declines in the commercial high-technology sector.
High California Home
Prices Have Driven Down Affordability
Median Home Prices in July 2002
- Home prices remained near
all-time highs throughout the state in 2002, despite generally
soft economic conditions. This is in contrast to apartment
rents, which have softened since early 2001.
- The statewide median home price rose from $175,000
in mid-1996 to $324,000 in mid-2002. Currently, less
than 30 percent of California households would
have sufficient income if they had to purchase such a home today.
- By far, the highest cost region is the San Francisco Bay
Area, which had a median home price of $540,000 in mid-2002.
At the other extreme, the median price was $191,000 in
the Central Valley.
California Is the Nation's Leading Agricultural Producer
Top Agricultural Products by
Cash Receipts 2001
- Total receipts from farming
in California were $27 billion in 2001. This amount
represented about one-eighth of the national total, and was greater
than Texas and Iowa (the next largest producers) combined.
- Major commodities in California include dairy,
grapes, nursery products, cattle, lettuce, and cotton.
- The state also is a dominant producer of many
specialty crops, such as strawberries, kiwis, and artichokes.
California's Population Has Increased Dramatically Over Time
- California is now home
to roughly 35 million people, a 15 million increase over the past 30 years.
- It took about 100 years to reach the 10 million mark,
but since then California has been adding 10 million people
every 20 years.
- Currently, the state is adding about 550,000
persons annuallymore than a city the size of Long Beach or a
state the size of Wyoming.
The Inland Counties Have Been Growing the Fastest
Total Growth, 1997 Through 2002
- The highest population
growth rates have occurred mainly in the Central Valley and
foothill counties, and in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties
in Southern California.
- The five Southern California counties of Los
Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San
Diego account for 55 percent of California's total population
in 2002, and 52 percent of the total increase in
population since 1997.
Californian's Average Age Rising As Baby Boomers Grow Older
- Californians' average age
is increasing, as baby boomers enter their 50s and continue
to cause rapid growth of the 45-64 age group.
- The K-12 school-age population will grow the slowest of all groups,
reflecting declines in birth rates over the past decade.
A Quarter of Californians Are Foreign Born
- One-in-four of
California's current residents8.9 million peoplewere born outside
of the United States. This compares to one-in-ten nationally.
- Almost four-fifths of foreign-born Californians live in
the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles (5.1 million) or
San Francisco (1.9 million).
- About half of foreign-born Californians are from
Latin America, while another third are from Asia.
Facts Table of Contents
Continue to 2002 Cal Facts
Return to LAO Home Page | <urn:uuid:a1f27e37-7f2d-4662-bb72-b07e48be74da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lao.ca.gov/2002/cal_facts/econ.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894755 | 1,177 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Subependymomas are uncommon, benign (WHO grade I) tumours which are slow growing and non-invasive. They tend to occur in middle-aged and older individuals and usually identified as an incidental finding.
On this page:
These tumours were previously also known as subependymal astrocytomas, not to be confused with subependymal giant cell astrocytomas seen with tuberous sclerosis. They are also considered by some to be variants of ependymomas, with which they may co-exist (see below).
Subependymomas tend to present in middle-aged to older individuals (typically 5th to 6th decades 3). There is a slight male predilection (M:F 2.3:1) 6.
Typically patients are asymptomatic and small lesions are discovered incidentally. In some cases, especially when the tumours are larger, presentation is with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure due to obstructive hydrocephalus.
The histopathology of subependymomas is distinct comprising of a tumour arising from the subependymal glial layer with low cellularity and no high grade features (no mitoses, Ki-67/MIBI index > 1.5%, no necrosis). These lesions are hypovascular. Loose pseudorosettes are seen. Cells express GFAP 4-6. They are WHO grade I lesions (see WHO classification of CNS tumours).
Occasionally foci of cellular ependymoma are seen, although the effect on clinical behaviour is unclear 4-5. They are graded according to the ependymoma component and not surprisingly behave similarly to the higher grade (ependymoma) component 6.
Macroscopically they appear as well circumscribed masses attached to the ventricular wall by a narrow pedicle 6.
Subependymomas are most commonly seen in the fourth ventricle, but can arise anywhere where there is ependyma. They are therefore in the differential for other intraventricular masses. Distribution in the ventricular system is as follows 6:
- fourth ventricle: 50-60%
- lateral ventricles (usually frontal horns): 30-40%
- third ventricle: rare
- central canal of the spinal cord: rare
They are usually small, typically less than 2cm in size 6.
Isodense to somewhat hypodense intraventricular mass compared to adjacent brain, which does not usually enhance. If large, it may have cystic or even calcific (up to half of the cases 3) components. Surrounding vasogenic oedema is usually absent.
- iso-hypointense to white matter
- generally homogeneous but may be heterogeneous in larger lesions
- hyperintense to adjacent white and grey matter
- again, heterogeneity may be seen in larger lesions, with susceptibility related signal drop out due to calcifications occasionally seen
- no adjacent parenchymal oedema (as no brain invasion is present) 6
T1 C+ (Gd)
- usually no enhancement, although at times may demonstrate mild enhancement
As expected from the histology, subependymomas show no or little vascularity 6.
Treatment and prognosis
If appearances are characteristic, then follow up is a viable option.
Resection should be considered if the patient is symptomatic (hydrocephalus or mass effect), the mass has an atypical appearance or demonstrates growth. Local resection is curative.
General imaging differential considerations include:
- intraventricular meningioma
- central neurocytoma (particularly if close to 3rd ventricle)
- cerebral metastasis
- 1. Ragel BT, Osborn AG, Whang K et-al. Subependymomas: an analysis of clinical and imaging features. Neurosurgery. 2006;58 (5): 881-90. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000209928.04532.09 - Pubmed citation
- 2. Russell JH, Gaillard F, Drummond KJ. A mass in the fourth ventricle. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16 (3): 425, 482. Pubmed citation
- 3. Koral K, Kedzierski RM, Gimi B et-al. Subependymoma of the cerebellopontine angle and prepontine cistern in a 15-year-old adolescent boy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29 (1): 190-1. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0821 - Pubmed citation
- 4. Tonn J, Westphal M, Rutka JT. Oncology of CNS Tumors. Springer Verlag. (2009) ISBN:364202873X. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon
- 5. Keating RF, Goodrich JT, Packer RJ. Tumors of the pediatric central nervous system. George Thieme Verlag. (2001) ISBN:0865778485. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon
- 6. Smith A, Smirniotopoulos J, Horkanyne-Szakaly I. From the Radiologic Pathology Archives: Intraventricular Neoplasms: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics. 2013;33 (1): 21-43. Radiographics (full text) - doi:10.1148/rg.331125192
- 7. Chiechi MV, Smirniotopoulos JG, Jones RV. Intracranial subependymomas: CT and MR imaging features in 24 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165 (5): 1245-50. doi:10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572512 - Pubmed citation | <urn:uuid:15088610-0bc5-4013-aed5-5a6cb5fd9227> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://radiopaedia.org/articles/subependymoma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00148-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.81964 | 1,244 | 2.65625 | 3 |
|Product #: CCP7111|
INTERACTIVE DIGITAL LESSONS: MASTER READING BIG BOX
Become a Master Reader with our engaging and highly interactive 240 page digital lesson plan. Combining the 3 books in this series, students will gain the ability to communicate and understand the written word with reading comprehension, literary devices and critical thinking skills. Covering a wide range of topics such as Main Idea, Making Inferences, Characterization, Point of View, and Independent Thinking, students will begin a journey that will continue on into adulthood. Graphic Organizers are paired with each topic, allowing students to interactively practice what they have learned. Each readymade screen contains reading passages, before and after you read interactive activities, memory match game, crossword, word search, and even supporting video & audio. Test your student's comprehension of the lesson with a Comprehension Quiz by using SMART Notebook™ software's assessment tool, SMART Response™. Using any brand of Interactive Whiteboard, you will be able to create an opportunity for students to get more involved in the lesson.
Submit a review | <urn:uuid:36aaf5de-3494-4aad-89db-254126211c11> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.schoodoodle.com/page_56366_5228/interactive-digital-lessons-master-reading-big-box | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900453 | 229 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Synthetic Brains, Facebook & the New Revolution
Will we ever understand complex human experiences such as consciousness or emotions? Will there ever be a way to build synthetic brains or brain-like computers? The brain is a network of billions of interconnected cells and recent technological advances allow us to study the brain as an integrated network, much like Facebook. If you wanted to understand the Facebook network, you would not study each and every member. Rather, you would study how connections between members translate into interactions. You would observe communities that spontaneously emerge and topics that cascade across the network like viruses spreading on the internet. One might think that biomedical science would be on the forefront of utilizing such technologies. Unfortunately, biomedical science is mostly entrenched in methods and process thinking from the 1800s and 1900s. We are on the cusp of a transformation in scientific thinking that will allow us to begin to truly understand the functioning human brain.
I am currently the Director of the Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks. We are an interdisciplinary group of scientists that believe it is necessary to study the brain as an integrated system. My passion is complexity and the study of interdependent processes. I strongly believe that a new scientific revolution is upon us and we are going to see a major change in how science, particularly biomedical science, is conducted. Over the past 50-100 years science has lost the focus on finding truths through creativity and innovation and has instead focused on incremental knowledge expansion. This has been done using methodologies that are not suited for studying complex processes like the human body. I am on a crusade to help bring about change and try to begin a new chapter in science that will seek a complete understanding of the human body as it exists in the natural world. I am speaking on 3/11/13 at 12:30. My presentation is called "Synthetic Brains, Facebook & the New Revolution." | <urn:uuid:e04e3fc7-3831-4f18-9b7a-a4f1e21633f9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://schedule.sxsw.com/2013/events/event_IAP454 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947912 | 379 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Caregiver coping with dementia: relationships among patient characteristics, caregiver coping styles, and consequences of caregiving
Although little is known about how the changes that accompany Alzheimer's disease (DAT) affect caregiver coping, depression, and burden, interventions focused on improving caregiver coping with DAT are strategies widely used by gerontologists. This study reports relationships among DAT patient's need for assistance, supervision, or vigilance, rate of DAT patient decline in cognition, functional health, and physical health, and caregiver coping, depression, and burden. Data were drawn from a 1984 to 1987 longitudinal study of 59 DAT patients and their caregivers. Fourteen subjects were still caregiving and willing to be re-interviewed in 1989 in order to describe caregiver coping qualitatively, with special attention to the effectiveness and stability of their coping responses and religious coping activities. Although findings are descriptive in nature and limited by small sample size, results suggest patients' need for assistance is linked to increases in problem-focused coping (p $<$.01) and burden (p $<$.001) in caregivers. Patients' need for supervision is associated with increases in caregivers' problem-focused coping (p $<$.001) and burden (p $<$.001). Rapid patient functional health decline is associated with increases in caregivers burden (p $<$.01). Results suggest it is the "here and now" DAT patient problems experienced by the caregiver, rather than rates of change in symptoms, that influence caregiver coping and burden, while caregivers' depression is unrelated to DAT patient characteristics. Relationships between coping styles and depression and burden partially support previous caregiver coping studies. Caregivers' emotion-focused coping is associated with more depression (p $<$.01) and subjective burden (p $<$.001). Caregivers' problem-focused coping is related to more subjective burden (p $<$.001) and unrelated to depression. Qualitative results suggest that these caregivers cope in diverse ways. Their most frequently reported coping strategies are religious coping activities. These caregivers judge their coping strategies to be effective and stable over time. Caregivers' comments suggest that acceptance should be conceptualized as an outcome of successful adaptation rather than as a way of coping. Results are related to a suggested model of caregiver stress and coping. Implications for social welfare policy and practice, with suggestions for future study, are discussed.
- Social welfare | <urn:uuid:8e8b63b0-9e16-4cbb-ab89-5acb212975e3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/11178 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929506 | 496 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Constance Lady Battersea Rothschild
Constance Rothschild Lady Battersea (1843–1931), and her sister Anne (1844–1926) were the daughters of Baron Anthony (1810–1876) and Louise (née Montefiore, 1821–1910) de Rothschild. Her father was a scion of the wealthiest and most distinguished Jewish banking family in England. The Rothschilds enjoyed pre-eminence among the network of aristocratic cousins who ruled Anglo-Jewish society in the late nineteenth-early twentieth century.
Combining a happy disposition with a concern for others, Constance and Anne inherited their mother Louise de Rothschild’s strong sense of duty to the poor, an independent spirit and social entrée to the topmost echelons of English society. As young girls they taught in the village schools surrounding their home and at the Jews’ Free School for the poor in London. Together, the girls wrote a popular children’s book entitled The History and Literature of the Israelites, which was highly praised by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli.
The elite social circle of the Rothschild daughters, who were raised in a home where their parents entertained the leaders of English politics and society, was almost entirely Christian except for their cousins. These Christian visitors, combined with their mother’s discomfort with Judaism, influenced the sisters’ ambivalent attitude to Judaism as a religion. However, Constance never converted, but remained dedicated to Jews as a people, even though she and her sister Anne both married Christians, despite their parents’ acute unhappiness. Constance married Cyril Flower (1843–1907), later Lord Battersea, in 1877, while Anne married Eliot Yorke in 1873. Both marriages were childless.
The Rothschild daughters’ marriages and subsequent gilded lifestyle among the Christian aristocracy continued the process of isolating them from Judaism as a religion. Moreover, Constance felt Judaism regarded her as inferior because she was a woman. Disillusioned with Orthodoxy, Constance felt some sympathy for the new Liberal Judaism that emerged at the turn of the twentieth century, but never joined the movement. She attended church services because she liked the spirit of public worship.
After her marriage to Cyril Flower, Constance combined a lavish social life with charitable activities. Profoundly committed to the social concern instilled in her by her mother, Constance became active in English philanthropy, including royal projects, and then became engaged in the temperance movement that flourished in England and America in the mid- and late- nineteenth century. Most Jews were not involved in this campaign because temperance had little significance for the majority of Jews, who drank only moderate amounts of wine on the Sabbath and holidays, and small amounts of liquor on social occasions. However, Constance Battersea, like other upper-class and middle-class women, became aware of the need for temperance when her servants abused liquor. As a result, Battersea joined the British Women’s Temperance Association in the 1890s and eventually became a leader of temperance campaigns in London and the provinces. Battersea was introduced to the women’s movement in 1881 by suffragist and temperance worker Fanny Morgan, whom Battersea helped to undertake a political career that resulted in her election as mayor of Brecon.
In the mid–1890s, Battersea’s reputation for social activism led her to become active in the movement for reforms of English women’s prisons, which were chaotic, unhealthy and often cruel. Most working-class Jews who became criminals were boys or men who were usually involved only in petty crime. Indeed, Battersea met only three Jewish female convicts during her visits to Aylesbury prison.
In 1885 Battersea was jolted into struggling with the sensitive issue of white slavery by a national scandal and journalistic exposés of child prostitution and white slavery—trafficking in girls and women. Moreover, journalist W. T. Stead’s articles about white slavery also fanned prejudice against Jewish immigrants by accusing East European Jews of being the source of the traffic in prostitutes and also the source of corrupting English girls and women. Evidence was indeed mounting that some East European Jewish men were trafficking in girls and women, either deceiving or forcing young women into a life of sexual servitude. The charges infuriated the public already engaged in a crusade for moral reform and sexual purity. At the same time, a crusade against the sweatshop system of employing immigrant garment workers fueled further prejudice against Jews.
Constance first learned about the desperate plight of London’s Jewish prostitutes from an English missionary in 1885. Jewish prostitutes believed that only Christian missions would give them food and lodging and that no Jew would help them. Horrified, Battersea engaged many among the liberal leadership of Anglo-Jewry in the fight to rescue Jewish prostitutes by founding the Jewish Association for the Protection of Girls and Women (JAPGW). The mixture of Jewish traffickers and Jewish victims, she believed, demanded the creation of a distinctively Jewish organization.
The JAPGW was composed of an interlocking network of nationally prominent middle- and upper-class Anglo-Jewish women closely connected to women’s temperance, suffrage and educational campaigns. As a result, they had entrée to and worked closely with feminist and inter-denominational anti-white slavery organizations. Founding the JAPGW launched these Anglo-Jewish women into organized English feminism and established the roots of an Anglo-Jewish woman’s movement seventeen years before the founding of the Union of Jewish Women.
The JAPGW forged new areas for activism. Battersea and the JAPGW leadership—including both women and men—opened several homes to rescue girls from dangerous situations, provide moral education and train them for honest employment. The JAPGW sent “friendly visitors” to these institutions, as well as to homes and jobs where girls were placed, to “keep a watchful eye” on JAPGW girls and provide advice and assistance as needed. Battersea quickly learned that there would be few permanent successes in dealing with Jewish prostitutes, because many would return to delinquency despite regular visits. Still, some alumnae of JAPGW homes were successfully placed in domestic service.
In addition to these homes, the JAPGW also founded the Industrial Training School to provide Jewish religious education as well as vocational training for former prostitutes, enabling them to find legitimate work in domestic service and trades. The Domestic Training Home, which prepared young women for domestic service, had considerable success. It soon became a model training center for Jewish women wishing to become matrons or managers of other homes. Rescue homes not only provided an alternative for Jewish immigrant girls; they also enabled middle- and upper-class Anglo-Jewish women to gain some understanding of immigrants’ problems. These gentlewomen also received invaluable training in social service, organization management and communal and national politics, raising their self-esteem and opening their eyes to the need for political reforms necessary to complete social reform in England.
At the same time, rescue work became a mainstay of JAPGW activities, investigating and supporting prosecutions and assisting with the conviction of suspected traffickers. By 1912 the international ramifications were so massive that a special Gentlemen’s Committee was created to send male agents to meet immigrant girls at the dock and to direct international rescue work. Constance Battersea and her ladies’ committee handled the rescue, job training and provision of residential homes for women and girls. After World War I, when Englishwomen had won the vote and were striking out in new directions, Lady Battersea and other women joined male JAPGW representatives in the leadership of international rescue operations. Battersea continued to lead the organization and to represent the JAPGW at international meetings through the early 1920s.
To create the JAPGW in 1885, Constance Lady Battersea had to overcome the resistance of the organized Jewish community, which was reluctant to even admit there was Jewish prostitution in England. She also had to overcome English feminists’ resistance to accepting Jewish women. Battersea’s own feminism, superior class status and her membership in the royal circle helped overcome initial resistance by both Jewish and feminist opponents.
Feminist detractors were further won over by Battersea’s friendship with leaders of the International Council of Women, which provided social entrée into the National Council of Women Workers and the class-conscious women’s movement. Constance Battersea’s work in temperance, prison reform and white slavery had drawn her into the English woman’s movement by the 1890s. She was introduced to the National Union of Women Workers (NUWW) of Great Britain and Ireland (later the National Council of Women of Great Britain and Ireland), which became the umbrella organization for all women’s philanthropic groups in Great Britain.
Battersea joined the NUWW’s Executive Committee, was elected vice-president in 1896 and president in 1901. She remained in office until 1903 and served on the executive committee until 1919, when she was made an Honorary Vice President. Throughout this period, Battersea energetically brought Jewish women into the Union, encouraging them partly for the opportunity the organization afforded middle-class women to become active outside the home, partly to help less fortunate women, and partly because she—and other Jewish communal leaders—saw membership as a sign of social acceptance for Jews.
Battersea’s NUWW leadership further involved her in the international women’s movement. From 1899 and throughout her life, she was a delegate at successive Congresses of the International Council of Women (ICW). By her status as a delegate, Battersea indicated a concern with feminist issues that extended beyond strictly Jewish interests.
Still, she worked tirelessly to bring Jewish women into the organization and to bring Jewish concerns to the attention of ICW leadership. In 1902, she persuaded the new Union of Jewish Women to ally itself with both the National Union of Women Workers and the ICW. Battersea’s prominence in the NUWW and the ICW signaled the first crack in English and international feminism’s monolithic Christian façade and drew significant numbers of Jewish women into the English women’s movement. Jewish women’s involvement ultimately helped to broaden the movement’s political base, thereby strengthening English feminism.
By bringing Jewish women into the English women’s movement, Battersea helped lay the basis for the formation of a distinctively Jewish women’s movement in England. The feminist focus was heightened because her creation of the JAPGW in 1885 engaged Jewish women in profound activism on behalf of less fortunate sisters, further influencing the emergence of conscious Anglo-Jewish feminism.
Battersea’s JAPGW had identified itself with women’s movement goals, becoming the first Jewish organization to publicize the exploitation of prostitutes and rescue women forced into white slavery. In the process, it became the first Jewish organization to bring sensitive issues of concern to women to the popular consciousness. Battersea became a link between English and Jewish feminism, as she convinced numbers of upper-and middle-class Anglo-Jewish women to join English feminist groups like the NUWW and encouraged them to create Jewish women’s organizations, such as the Union of Jewish Women, which allied themselves with the women’s movement.
The Rothschild sisters, who were so close in life, died only a few years apart: Anne in 1926 and Constance in 1931. Both were buried in London, at the Willesden Jewish Cemetery.
Battersea, Lady Constance. Reminiscences. Privately printed; Jewish Association for the Protection of Girls and Women. Annual Reports. 1895–1933; Cohen, Lucy. Lady De Rothschild and Her Daughters. 1821–1933. London, 1935; Davis, Richard. The English Rothschilds. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 1983; Jewish International Conference on the Suppression of the Traffic in Girls and Women. Official Reports. 1910, 1927; Kuzmack, Linda Gordon. Woman’s Cause: The Jewish Woman’s Movement in England and the United States, 1881–1933. Ohio: 1990.
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Kuzmack, Linda Gordon. "Constance Lady Battersea Rothschild." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on June 27, 2016) <http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/rothschild-constance-lady-battersea>. | <urn:uuid:67f11152-9a5c-4d3b-a26f-19de22908fec> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/rothschild-constance-lady-battersea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964537 | 2,619 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Definitions for cricket field
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word cricket field
The area of grass (within the boundary) on which a cricket match is played.
A cricket ground.
A cricket field consists of a large circular or oval-shaped grassy ground on which the game of cricket is played. There are no fixed dimensions for the field but its diameter usually varies between 450 feet and 500 feet. Cricket is therefore one of only two major sports that does not define a fixed-shape ground for professional games. The cricket ground can vary from being almost a perfect circle, to being an extremely elongated oval. On most grounds, a rope demarcates the perimeter of the field and is known as the boundary.A cricket pitch is 22 yards long.
The numerical value of cricket field in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
The numerical value of cricket field in Pythagorean Numerology is: 6
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All right, so you have your video camera, computer, projector, combiner and wondrous reflective raincoat. Just how does augmented-reality technology turn this odd shopping list into a recipe for invisibility?
First, let's take a closer look at the raincoat: It's made from retro-reflective material. This high-tech fabric is covered with thousands and thousands of small beads. When light strikes one of these beads, the light rays bounce back exactly in the same direction from which they came.
To understand why this is unique, look at how light reflects off other types of surfaces. A rough surface creates a diffused reflection because the incident (incoming) light rays scatters in many different directions. A perfectly smooth surface, like that of a mirror, creates what is known as a specular reflection -- a reflection in which incident light rays and reflected light rays form the exact same angle with the mirror surface.
In retro-reflection, the glass beads act like prisms, bending the light rays by refraction. This causes the reflected light rays to travel back along the same path as the incident light rays. The result: An observer situated at the light source receives more of the reflected light and therefore sees a brighter reflection.
Retro-reflective materials are actually quite common. Traffic signs, road markers and bicycle reflectors all take advantage of retro-reflection to be more visible to people driving at night. The movie screens found in most modern commercial theaters also take advantage of this material because it allows for high brilliance under dark conditions. In optical camouflage, the use of retro-reflective material is critical because it can be seen from far away and outside in bright sunlight -- two requirements for the illusion of invisibility. | <urn:uuid:4b16607c-6f11-433c-a426-61f051ea8db5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://science.howstuffworks.com/invisibility-cloak5.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915679 | 355 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Why cousin marriage matters in Iraq
Clan loyalty fixed by cousin marriage was always bound to undermine democracy in Iraq.
WHITE PLAINS, N.Y. — Compared with the rest of the world, the United States is a young country. Its people left many of their traditional social structures behind, crossed vast oceans, and started anew. So to understand the lives of the majority of people around the world, who live within institutions that have shaped human existence for centuries, Americans need to make a special effort to see things from a very different perspective.
All too often, the US carries out foreign policy with little comprehension of the societies it confronts. This can lead to unintended – often destructive – results.
One central element of the Iraqi social fabric that most Americans know little about is its astonishing rate of cousin marriage. Indeed, half of all marriages in Iraq are between first or second cousins. Among countries with recorded figures, only Pakistan and Nigeria rate as high. For an eye-opening perspective about rates of consanguinity (roughly equivalent to cousin marriage) around the world, click on the "Global Prevalence" map at www.consang.net.
But who cares who marries whom in a country we invade? Why talk to anthropologists who study that arcane subject? Only those who live in modern, individualistic societies could be so oblivious. Cousin marriage, especially the unique form practiced in the Middle East, creates clans of fierce internal cohesiveness and loyalty. So in addition to sectarian violence in Iraq, the US may also be facing a greater intensity of inter-clan violence than it saw in Vietnam or the ferocious Lebanese civil war.
The US can't deal with a problem it doesn't recognize, let alone understand.
Anthropologist Stanley Kurtz has described Middle East clans as "governments in miniature" that provide the services and social aid that Americans routinely receive from their national, state, and local governments. No one in a region without stable, fair government can survive outside a strong, unified, respected clan.
But still, what does this have to do with marrying cousins? Cousin marriage occurs because a woman who marries into another clan potentially threatens its unity. If a husband's bond to his wife trumped his solidarity with his brothers, the couple might take their property and leave the larger group, weakening the clan. This potential threat is avoided by cousin marriage: instead of marrying a woman from another lineage, a man marries the daughter of his father's brother – his cousin. In this scenario, his wife is not an alien, but a trusted member of his own kin group.
Wives are also bound tightly to their clan because their in-laws are not strangers but aunts and uncles who have a strong interest in supporting their marriages. (The risk that cousins' offspring will suffer genetic anomalies is somewhat mitigated by genetic benefits too complex to discuss here.)
Thus, to many Iraqis, nepotism in government and business isn't a bad thing – it's a moral imperative. The flip side of favoring relatives is that, as Steven Sailer observed in The American Conservative in 2003, it leaves fewer resources "with which to be fair toward non-kin. So nepotistic corruption is rampant in countries such as Iraq."
The corrupt dictatorships that rule much of the Muslim Middle East often function more like self-interested clans than as national governments. That, in turn, motivates people not to trust the state, but to instead remain loyal to the proven support of kin and tribe.
Clan loyalty and nepotism strengthened by centuries of cousin marriage were always bound to undermine President Bush's fantasy of creating a truly national democratic government in Iraq. Never again should the US blithely invade a country knowing so little about its societal fabric.
I have been struck since early on in the Iraq war by how little Americans know about the groups the US so vaguely labels "insurgents." US ignorance is now further camouflaged by the label "chaos." I wonder whether, if US citizens took the time to "know thy enemy," they would learn that there are many forms of logic in the layers of Iraq's so-called chaos. I wonder if the almost daily discovery of 40, 50, or even 60 Iraqi bodies, kidnapped and tortured before being murdered, are clans battling one another.
The debacle in Iraq reinforces the idea that to have a positive relationship with any foreign society, America needs to know how its various elements work and interrelate. It must fully understand the social glues that sustain human life within particular geographic, economic, and social constraints – especially the adhesives that seem strangest and least comprehensible to us.
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Hypoallergenic Peanuts Could Be A Reality In The Near Future
Jun 19, 2014 03:11 PM EDT
Researchers could be a step closer to stocking grocery store shelves with hypoallergenic peanuts and other nut-based products.
North Carolina A&T University is signing an exclusive licensing agreement for a patented process that reduces allergens in peanuts by about 98 percent, a news release reported.
The agreement was signed with Xemerge, a Toronto-based company that specialized in new food technologies.
"This is one of the best technologies in the food and nutrition space we have seen," Johnny Rodrigues, Chief Commercialization Officer of Xemerge, said in the news release.
"It checks all the boxes: non-GMO, patented, human clinical data, does not change physical characteristics of the peanut along with maintaining the nutrition and functionality needed, ready for industry integration from processing and manufacturing to consumer products," he said.
The process treats roasted peanuts that have been removed from their shells and skins with food-grade enzymes that are often found in food processing. The peanuts are soaked in the enzymatic solution, which reduces the allergen Ara h 1 to undetectable levels and Ara h 2 by up to 98 percent.
After the process the peanuts still look and taste like roasted peanuts.
"Treated peanuts can be used as whole peanuts, in pieces or as flour to make foods containing peanuts safer for many people who are allergic," Doctor Jianmei Yu, a food and nutrition researcher in the School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, department of family and consumer sciences, said in the news release.
"Treated peanuts also can be used in immunotherapy," she said. "Under a doctor's supervision, the hypoallergenic peanuts can build up a patient's resistance to the allergens."
Peanuts trigger serious allergic reactions in about 0.9 percent of the U.S. populations; this translates to about 2.8 million people. Those who are highly sensitive to the allergens can develop anaphylaxis or other serious reactions in as little as seconds after ingestion.
Research funding was provided by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Programming a Artificial intelligence by Crowd Sourcing?
AutoMan, the first fully automatic system that can delegate tasks to human workers via crowdsourcing platforms such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk.
Artificial intelligence is improving all the time, but computers still struggle to complete certain tasks that are easy for us, such as quickly reading a car's license plate or translating a joke. To get round this, people can post such tasks on platforms like Mechanical Turk for others to complete. Barowy wanted to automate this process - and AutoMan was born.
"We think of it as a new kind of computing," says Barowy, a computer scientist at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. "It changes the kind of things you can do."
Barowy and colleagues designed AutoMan to send out jobs, manage workers, accept or reject work and make payments. "You're replacing people's bosses with a computer," he says.
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Periods of Chinese History
Like in the case of the Zhou dynasty 周 (11th cent.-221 BCE), the Qin dynasty's 秦 (221-206 BCE) homelands were in the far west, between nomadic tribes, a circumstance giving it probably more energy for a constant military readiness than the people in the states in the Yellow River plain.|
The Empire of Qin as a Modern State
The victory over the many "Warring States" was not only due to the military superiority of the Qin armies but was acheived by many reforms of the state itself. The great legalist reformer of the dukedom of Qin was Lord Shang Yang 商君鞅 (d. 338 BC) who served as an advisor and as chancellor to Duke Xiao 秦孝公 (r. 362-338). Under his guidance, the capital was moved to Xianyang 咸陽 (modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), and the country was divided in counties (xian 縣), administered by magistrates (ling 令). Thus, the feudal system of an almost independent local aristocracy was given up in favour of of a centralized bureaucracy. The officers, high and low, were punished and rewarded according to their performance. Shang Yang revised the tax system (taxation in kind instead of labour services) and made it possible to everyone to buy and to sell land. Peasantry and army became the centers of social politics. The more peasants worked the land, the richer the country and the stronger the army (in which the peasants had to serve). At least theoretically, a kind of group responsibility of the population was introduced. Last but not least, weights and measures, coins and the track width of the roads were standardized in the dukedom of Qin.
A series of mighty chancellors kept on the reforms that Shang Yang had induced to strenghten the state of Qin. The most important men of the last period before the unification are the former merchant Lü Buwei 呂不韋 (said to have been the real father of the First Emperor) who was chancellor of Qin for several years, the chancellor Li Si 李斯 and the legalist theoretician Han Fei 韓非.
Victory over the Warring States
The incentive of the Qin rulers may just have been to strenghten their own state, not to unify the whole territory of China under their own rule. Only the course of events made it possible to make Qin to a military superior state that was able to subdue the other feudal states of the Zhou empire one by one. The first military step was the seizure of the two states of Shu 蜀 and Ba 巴 in the Sichuan Basin. From this base, it was possible to have a second flank to attack Chu 楚, the stongest enemy of Qin. In 230 BC, Qin destroyed Han 韓, in 228 Zhao 趙, in 225 Wei 魏, in 223 Chu, in 222 Yan 燕 and finally Qi 齊 in 221. The domain of the powerless Zhou kings already had fallen to Qin in 256.
The reasons for the triumph of Qin over the other states are manifold. The geographical location of the half-"barbarian" state of Qin between protecting mountains and the Yellow River gave it enough chances to build up its strengh unchallenged. The building of a canal made it possible to extend the irrigation system and to enhance the very important agricultural production. Esteeming manly virtues and disdaining the sophisticated culture of the eastern states created a state ready to engage in a ruthless war. The cultural backwardness, on the other side, made it necessary for the Qin rulers to employ foreign persons with administrative and military skills. With their help an administrative and penal law was created that was also codified and so contributed to the creation of an effective bureaucratic state.
On the sudden death of the First Emperor during his fifth inspection travel, the eunuch Zhao Gao 趙高, who was director of the livery office (zhongchefu ling 中車府令) and Counsellor-in-chief Li Si charged a plot against the crown prince Fusu 夫蘇. They forged the late emperor's testament in such a way that Prince Fusu was ordered to commit suicide, and his younger brother Huhai 胡亥 was installed as Second Emperor 秦二世皇 (r. 209-207). Already in his first year, rebellions of the old nobility and peasentry broke out. Zhao Gao arrested Li Si and let him suffer the five mutilating punishments. The Second Emperor killed himself of fear of the rebellions, and Zhao Gao installed a child as king of Qin, only to be stabbed to death by King Ziying 子嬰. The child king submitted to the adventurer Liu Bang 劉邦 who had occupied the Qin capital Xianyang. Yet the tyrant Xiang Yu 項羽 who saw himself as hegemonial king over the remnants of the Qin empire sacked Xianyang and executed King Ziying. In this way the powerful Qin dynasty came to an unfamous end.
The Disintegration of the Qin Empire
Except personal reasons, the main factor for the downfall of the Qin dynasty was the overextension of peasant labour. Peasants had to deliver corvée labour (yi 役). The First Emperor had the palaces of the six old feudal states (Qi, Yan, Chu, Zhao, Wei and Han) rebuilt in his own capital, had built the Epang Palace 阿房宮 and the imperial tomb at Lishan 驪山, constructed the Great Wall to protect China against the raids of the steppe tribes of the Xiongnu 匈奴, had built postal roads, and furthermore recruited peasants into his armies fighting against the Xiongnu and the tribes of the Southern Yue 南越. Instead of stablizing the empire's economical foundations after the long decades of conquest wars, the Qin government continued to exploit its economical and social sources to the utmost. A factor deeply aggravating this situation was the extremely harsh penal law issued by the Qin government. The penal law was in first place directed against the own state officials, and not so much against real criminals and evildoers. The fear of the central government that local officials might abuse their position or be lenient in their duties, caused the issuing of what is known as the "oppressive law" (hèfa [sic!] 荷法) of the Qin.
It was the rigidity of this law that led to the rebellions of several labour overseers in the year 209. Instead of awaiting punishment for being late or not delivering the right number of labourers, the overseers decided to rise up against the Qin dynasty. Still during the reign of the First Emperor, there had been several attempts at assassinating the tyrant (like an attempt by Zhang Liang 張良 and his retainers in 218), and someone had made a stone inscription saying that after the First Emperor's death the empire would disintegrate. The death of the First Emperor in 209 and the ensuing turbulences in the central goverment indeed seemed to have been a decisive factor. Zhao Gao dominated the court, eliminated his opponents, had executed officials remonstrating against him, controlled the emperor and had intensified the cruelty of the law and the amount of corvée labour the people had to deliver.
Chen Sheng 陳勝 and Wu Guang 吳廣 were heads of a group of 900 corvée labourers that camped in Daze 大澤鄉 (near modern Suxian 宿縣, province of Anhui) on the way to their destination. When a heavy rain set in, the group could not continue their march and risked being late, a crime to be punished by execution. Chen and Wu decided to raise in rebellion. In case of failure they would at least have a name in history. Chen Sheng was proclaimed king of Chu 楚 and was made highest commander, Wu Guang was his lieutenant. With the parole to do justice to late Prince Fusu and late general Xiang Yan 項燕 of Chu, they took to the arms. The rebel army took Jixian 蘄縣, Zhi 銍, Cuo 酇, Ku 苦, Zhe 柘 and Qiao 譙. When the army arrived at Chenxian 陳縣 (modern Huaiyang 淮陽, province of Henan) it disposed already of several ten thousand troops of all types of arms. Chen She convoked the old gentry of the region. Chen Sheng proclaimed himself king of "Enlarged Chu" (Zhang-Chu 張楚), Wu Guang was made supplementary king (jiawang 假王). In the meantime Ge Ying 葛嬰 had advanced towards the southeast. Ge Ying installed Xiang Qiang 襄彊 as king of Chu, but when heard that Chen Sheng was the king, he killed Xiang. For his failure, Ge was called to Chenxian and was executed. Wu Chen 武臣, Zhang Er 張耳 and Chen Yu 陳餘 advanced towards Anyang 安陽 and conquered Handan 邯鄲, the ancient capital of Zhao 趙. Wu Chen made himself king of Zhao. Zhou Wen 周文 supported Chu with his own troops and advanced to Xi 戲 but was defeated and died soon. Xiang Liang 項梁, a son of Xiang Yan, had made himself magistrate of Guiji 會稽 and adopted the title of Lord of Wuxin 武信君. Tian Dan 田儋 proclaimed himself king of Qi 齊 in the east. Liu Bang 劉邦, village head of Sishui 泗水, joined the rebellion (known as Duke of Pei 沛公 and eventual founder of the Han dynasty 漢, 206 BCE-220 CE), supported by some local sub-officials. Han Guang 韓廣 thereupon proclaimed himself king of Yan 燕 in the north, and Jiu 咎, Lord of Ningling 甯陵君, was allowed to become king of Wei 魏 (see Wei Jiu 魏咎), but Chen Sheng did not allow him to leave Chenxian. His competitor for the kingship of Wei was Zhou Shi 周市. Wu Chen, king of Zhao, was killed by Li Liang 李良. Zhang Er and Chen Yu thereupon made Xie 歇 king of Zhao (known as Zhao Xie 趙歇). Chen She had Wu Guang attacked Yingyang 滎陽, Deng Zong 鄧宗 conquered Jiujiang 九江 at the Huai River 淮河. Zhou Shi was to conquer the northeast, and Song Liu 宋留 was to attack Nanyang 南陽. The proclamation of the kingdom of Chu instigated a lot of people to join the rebellion. It was especially the southern regions where people killed the local officials of the Qin and built rebel armies. But also Qin officials joined the rebellion, like magistrate Wu Rui 吳芮. In the far south Ying Bu 英布 rose weapons, in Dongyang 東陽 in the southeast Chen Ying 陳嬰 rebelled. Qin Jia 秦嘉 and Zhu Jishi 朱雞石 controlled Tan 郯 in the east. An attempt by Zhou Wen to attack Xianyang failed. His army was annihilated by the Qin general Zhang Han 章邯. Tian Zang 田臧 killed Wu Guang because he was not able to conquer Yingyang and sent his head to Chen Sheng. But Tian Zang himself was defeated by the troops of Qin. Deng Yue 鄧說 lost Tan to the Qin. In the next months the Qin general Zhang Han was able to defeat more and more rebel troops. He finally attacked Chenxian where Chen Sheng had his residence. Chen Sheng fled to Xiachengfu 下城父 where he was killed by Zhuang Jia 莊賈. He was posthumously given the title of King Yin 隱王 and buried in Dang 碭 and was still venerated as a hero during the Han period 漢 (206 BCE-220 CE).
This event constituted a catastrophy for the rebels. Song Liu submitted to the Qin. Qin Jia thereupon made Jing Ju 景駒 king of Chu and asked Tian Dan, the king of Qi, for support against the troops of Qin, but Tian Dan refused. It was only Jing Bu who as able to repell the armies of Qin. Shao Pingjiao 召平矯 made Xiang Liang counsellor-in-chief (zhuguo 柱國) of Chu. Xiang Liang crossed the Yangtze River and was joined by Cheng Ying, Jing Bu, and then Liu Bang. Xiang Liang advanced to Xue 薛, killed King Jing Ju 景駒 and made Prince Xin 心, a grandson of the late King Huai of Chu 楚懷王 (r. 328-299), the new ruler of Chu, with the capital in Xutai 盱台 and later in Pengcheng 彭城. In order to honour King Huai, Prince Xin was also called King Huai. At that time, Qin conquered the kingdom of Qi. Tian Dan was killed. King Jiu of Wei met the same feat. Tian Dan was followed by Tian Jia 田假, and Wei Bao 魏豹 became king of Wei after the suicide of his brother Wei Jiu. Cheng 成 was made king of Han 韓. The army of Xiang Liang advanced to the north, liberated Dong'a 東阿, advanced to Dingtao 定陶 and killed the magistrate of Sanchuan 三川, Li You 李由. Tian Dan's son Tian Shi 田市 was thereupon named king of Qi. In the battle of Dingtao, Xiang Liang was defeated by the Qin general Zhang Han, and was killed. Xiang Yu 項羽, his nephew, was thereupon enfeoffed as Duke of Lu 魯. The first general of the rebel armies was Song Yi 宋義, Xiang Yu the second. Liu Bang was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wu'an 武安侯. King Huai of Chu promised that the first person conquering the capital of Qin, Xiangyang, would be made a king. In the meantime Zhang Han conquered Handan, the capital of Zhao. Xiang Yu thereupon killed Song Yi, crossed the Yellow River to the north and liberated Julu 鉅鹿, a city of Zhao besieged by Qin troops. This victory was the impetus for further military success. The Qin general Su Jiao 蘇角 was killed, general Wang Li 王離 captured, Zhang Han was repelled by Ying Bu and General Pu 蒲將軍 and withdrew to the west. Liu Bang conquered Kaifeng 開封. When Zhang Han sent for more troops, Zhao Gao, the factual ruler of Qin, refused. The most important general of Qin, Zhang Han, thereupon surrendered to Xiang Yu and was promised to be granted the title of king of Yong 雍.
Enraged, Zhao Gao forced the Second Emperor to kill himself and installed his nephew, the so-called Infant Ruler 秦王子嬰, as king of Qin. The central government of Qin clearly saw that the emperorship could not longer be sustained in the face of the resurgance of the old feudal states Chu, Zhao, Wei and Qi. The Infant Ruler was unexpectedly not a helpless child but was able to have Zhao Gao killed and dispatched troops to occupy the Yao Pass 嶢關. Liu Bang circumvented the pass, defeated the last Qin troops at Lantian 藍田 and entered Xianyang in January 206. The king of Qin surrendered. Awaiting his allies, Liu Bang withdrew his troops to Bashang 灞上. He used the time to proclaim the end of the oppressive law of the Qin and thus attracted the support of the inhabitants of the region of Guanzhong 關中 around the capital. Xiang Yu, exhibiting quite an opposite kind of politics towards the Qin dynasty, massacred a whole army of 20,000 surrendering troops of the Qin at Xin'an 新安. He entered Xiangyang, killed the Infant King, plundered the capital and burnt it down. This was the sad end of the Qin dynasty.
In the next four years Xiang Yu and Liu Bang fought for dominance, a war that was ended in 202 with the suicide of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang's accession to the imperial throne as founder of the Han dynasty.
Marxists are happy to find here the first large-scale peasant uprising (nongmin qiyi 農民起義) in Chinese history. It is said to not have been a success because Chen Sheng became "estranged from the masses".
|The kingdoms of the rebels against Qin
||Chen She 陳涉 (i.e. Chen Sheng 陳勝), Chu Yinwang 楚隱王
opponent Xiang Qiang 襄彊
Jing Gou 景駒, a relative to the old house of Chu, killed by Xiang Liang
Xin, King Huai of Chu 楚懷王心, called Yidi 義帝 "Righteous Emperor", grandson of King Huai of Chu (r. 328-299), killed by Xiang Yu
In 206 Xiang Yu divides Chu in the kingdoms of West Chu 西楚, Hengshan 衡山, Linjiang 臨江 and Jiujiang 九江.
||Xiang Liang 項梁, Lord Wuxin 武信君, ruler of Wu 吳, killed in battle
Xiang Yu 項羽, Lord of Lu 魯, nephew of Xiang Liang
||Wu Chen 武臣, killed by Li Liang 李良
Zhao Xie 趙歇 or Xie, King of Zhao 趙王歇, descendant of the house of Zhao, later King of Dai 代
In 206 Xiang Yu divides Zhao into Zhao and Dai 代.
||Tian Dan 田儋, killed in battle
Tian Jia 田假, brother of Tian Jian 齊王建, the last ruler of Qi (r. 264-221)
opponent Tian Shi 田市, son of Tian Dan
In 206 Xiang Yu divides Qi into the kingdoms of Linzi 臨淄, Jibei 濟北 and Jiaodong 膠東.
||Liu Bang, Duke of Pei 沛公, Marquis Wu'an 武安侯
In 206 Xiang Yu divides the western area into the kingdoms of Han 漢, Yong 雍, Sai 塞 and Di 翟.
||Han Guang 韓廣 King of Yan, later of Liaodong 遼東 later killed by Zang Tu 臧荼
In 206 Xiang Yu divided this area into the kingdoms of Yan and Liaodong.
||Wei Jiu 魏咎 or Jiu, King of Wei 魏王咎, suicide after defeat against Qin
Wei Bao 魏豹, younger brother of Wei Jiu
In 206 Xiang Yu divides Wei into the kingdoms of Wei and Yin 殷.
||Han Cheng 韓成 or Cheng, King of Han 韓王成, later killed by Xiang Yu
In 206 Xiang Yu divided his territory into Han 韓 and Henan 河南.
Xiang Yu killed the Infant King of Qin, sacked the capital Xianyang and created new kingdoms under his domnation as so-called Hegemonial King of West-Chu (Xi-Chu Bawang 西楚霸王). The following table covers the years from 206 to 202 and gives an overview of the history of the "new feudal states" that Xiang Yu had created. There are two persons of the same name: King Han Xin 韓王信 and the general Han Xin 韓信 (called Marquis Huaiyin 淮陰侯).
In order to avoid confusion, Han 韓 is written "Hann", and "Han" stands for Liu Bang's kingdom of Han 漢, from which the later Han dynasty is derived.
|Kingdoms Created by Xiang Yu
||Xiang Yu kills Chu Huaiwang 楚懷王.
||Hegemonial King Xiang Yu; at Gaixia 垓下 defeated by Liu Bang; Xiang Yu kills himself. For a short time in 202, general Han Xin 韓信 was King of Chu (degraded to the rank of Marquis Huaiyin 淮陰侯 in 201; rebelled and executed in 197).
||King Wu Rui 吳芮; surrenders to Han; installed as King of Changsha 長沙 in 202.
|Xiang 項 (Linjiang 臨江)
||King Gong Ao 共敖, later his son Gong Xiang 共驩 (Wei 尉) in 204; dethroned by Han in 202.
||King Ying Bu 英布; surrenders to Han in 204; reinstalled in 203.
|Zhao 趙 (Changshan 常山)
||King Zhang Er 張耳; surrenders to Han in 206. Zhao Xie 趙歇 King of Zhao; destroyed by Han in 204. In 203, Zhang Er 張耳 is reinstalled as king, followed by his son Zhang Ao 張敖 in 201.
||King Zhao Xie 趙歇; destroyed by Han. Zhao Xie becomes King of Zhao in 206 Chen Yu 陳餘 King of Dai, destroyed by Han in 204.
|Qi 齊 (Linzi 臨菑)
||King Tian Du 田都, later Tian Rong 田榮; Tian Jia 田假 is reinstalled by Xiang Yu, followed by his son Tian Guang 田廣; destroyed by Han in 203.
||King Tian An 田安; destroyed by Qi.
||King Tian Shi 田市; destroyed by Qi.
||King Liu Bang 劉邦 (see Han Gaozu 漢高祖); after his victory over Xiang Yu Emperor of Han in 202.
||King Zhang Han 章邯; destroyed by Han in 205.
||King Sima Xin 司馬欣; surrenders to Han in 206.
||King Dong Yi 董翳; surrenders to Han in 206.
||King Zang Tu 臧荼; rebels against Han, is destroyed in 203; his successor is Lu Wan 盧綰 in 202.
||King Han Guang 韓廣; destroyed by Yan.
|Wei 魏 (Xi-Wei 西魏)
||King Wei Bao 魏豹; surrenders to Han in 205 and is reinstalled as King of Wei; destroyed by Han in 205.
||King Sima Ang 司馬卬; surrenders to Han in 205.
||King Han Cheng 韓成; later Zheng Chang 鄭昌. Liu Bang installs Han Xin 韓信 as king. Han Xin becomes King of Taiyuan 太原 in 201.
||King Shen Yang 申陽; surrenders to Han 206.
The names in green are the kingdoms surrendering to Han (Liu Bang), those in red weredestroyed by Han. The king of Qi conquered Jiaodong and Jibei, that of Yan conquered Liaodong. The decisive battle between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu was at Gaixia 垓下 (near modern Huaiyang 淮陽, Henan).
Shiji 史記 16, Qin-Chu zhi ji yuebiao 秦楚之際月表.
Shiji 史記 46, Chen She shijia 陳涉世家.
Tong Jianyin 佟建寅, Shu Xiaofeng 舒小峰 (1994), Baijuanben Zhongguo quanshi 百卷本中國全史, Zhongguo Qin Han zhengzhi shi 中國秦漢政治史 (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe). ● Denis Twitchett, Michael Loewe (ed. 1986), The Cambridge History of China., Vol. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.-A.D. 220 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ● Zhu Dayun 朱大昀 (1992), "Chen Sheng, Wu Guang qiyi 陳勝吳廣起義", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhongguo lishi 中國歷史 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 1, pp. 92-94.
October 30, 2011 © Ulrich Theobald · Mail
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by Nancy Uon for viewzone.
[above: Liang Bua Cave on the island of Flores.]
Back in 2003 a team of archaeologists were digging in a cave on the remote island of Flores, located in Indonesia. This region of the world is well known as the last unexplored place on Earth, second maybe to the deep Amazon jungle, and "lost civilizations" have been discovered as recently as the last decade. Sure enough, the team found the remains of human like skeletons that had never been seen before. Because they were unusually small yet fully grown, and appeared to resemble humans, they were affectionately called "Hobbits" -- reminiscent of the diminutive characters in J.R.R. Tolkein's novels.
When the bones and fragments were collected, they revealed that the human-like creatures lived on the island from about 95,000 to 17,000 years ago. They were about 3 foot, 11 inches tall, yet their head was disproportionately small -- about 30% smaller than if a human body was scaled down to their size.
Some anthropologists were quick to claim that a new species of humans had been found and named it homo floresiensis, while others claimed that these were the remains of "diseased" humans who had a condition known as "microcephaly," an abnormally small head.
An example of this disease can be seen in Jennie Lee and Elvira Snow [right], also known as "The Snow Twins", who suffered from microcephaly. The disease is characterised by abnormally small craniums which gave rise at the time to the term "pinhead". Like most microcephaly sufferers Zip and Pip were mentally retarded, but although based at Coney Island, they also travelled with the World Circus Sideshow for many years.
A total of seven different individuals were recovered in the Flores cave. The most complete skeleton was from a female and was given the nickname "Flo" and the scientific designation of LB1. Scientists were anxious to examine Flo and paid particular attention to her skull.
In January of 2009 the argument that Flo was a modern human suffering from microcephaly was put to rest. Dr. Karen Baab and Keiran McNulty of the University of Minnesota conducted a computerized scan of the skull, including the insides which contained the brain. They compared their precise measurements to a wide sample of other hominin fossils, humans and apes.
"A skull can provide researchers with a lot of important information about a fossil species, particularly regarding their evolutionary relationships to other fossil species. The overall shape of the LB1 skull, particularly the part that surrounds the brain (neurocranium) looks similar to fossils more than 1.5 million years older from Africa and Eurasia, rather than modern humans, even though Homo floresiensis is documented from 17,000 to 95,000 years ago." -- Dr. Baab
One of the arguments used to support the "disease" theory was that the skull exhibited asymmetry -- one side of the skull was larger than the other. This frequently means the organism had some type of deformity or pathology. But after this extensive scan of Flo's skull it was determined that this slight asymmetry was not significant. In short, Dr. Baab discovered that Flo's skull was a scaled down hominid (ancient human) fossil and was definitely not a scaled down modern human's skull.
"The degree of asymmetry in LB1 was within the range of apes and was very similar to that seen in other fossil skulls. We suggest that the degree of asymmetry is within expectations for this population of hominins, particular given that the conditions of the cave in Indonesia in which the skull was preserved may have contributed to asymmetry." -- Dr. Baab
But the skull remains an enigma. It seems out of place with the rest of the body. According to Dr. McNutty, the skull resembles a human that lived about a million years ago while the body resembles a human that lived three million years ago. And yet, according to scientific dating, these creatures lived just 17-thousand years ago and were contemporaries with modern humans!
"[Homo floresiensis] is the most exciting discovery in probably the last 50 years... We have shown with this study that the process of size reduction applied to fossil hominins accounts for many features seen in the fossil skull from Flores... It becomes much more difficult, therefore, to defend the hypothesis that the preserved skull is a modern human who simply suffered from an extremely rare disorder." -- McNutty
The other bones examined
After the world was primed to know about this interesting and possibly new species of humans, an international team of researchers led by the Smithsonian Institution completed a new study on Homo floresiensis.
The team turned its research focus to the most complete of the 12 skeletons discovered and specifically toward three little bones from the hobbit's left wrist. The research asserts that modern humans and our closest fossil relatives, the Neandertals, have a very differently shaped wrist in comparison to living great apes, older fossil hominins like Australopithecus (e.g., "Lucy") and even the earliest members of the genus Homo (e.g., Homo habilis, the "handy-man").
But the hobbit's wrist [above center] is basically indistinguishable from an African ape or early hominid-like wrist -- nothing at all like that seen in modern humans and Neandertals.
According to Matt Tocheri, a paleoanthropologist who examined the wrist bones, "These hobbit wrist bones do not look anything like those of modern humans. They're not even close!"
The evidence from the hobbit's wrist is extremely important because it demonstrates further that the hobbit indeed represents a different species of human as was originally proposed by its discoverers. It is not a modern human with some sort of pathology or growth disorder. The distinctive shapes of wrist bones form during the first trimester of pregnancy while most pathologies and growth disorders do not begin to affect the skeleton until well after that time. Therefore, pathologies or growth defects cannot adequately explain why a modern human would have a wrist that was indistinguishable from that of an African ape or primitive hominid.
This evidence suggests that modern humans and Neandertals share an earlier human ancestor that the hobbits do not. Tocheri continued,
"Basically, the wrist evidence tells us that modern humans and Neandertals share an evolutionary grandparent that the hobbits do not, but all three share an evolutionary great-grandparent. If you think of modern humans and Neandertals as being first cousins, then the hobbit is more like a second cousin to both."
Examining the legs and feet
The "Hobbit" feet were very unusual and so were all the limbs. Some questioned whether or not these small hominids could walk on such different feet. A new research paper, featured on the cover of the May 7, 2009 issue of Nature, may answer this question.
"The hobbits were bipedal, but they walked in a different way from modern humans," explains William Harcourt-Smith, a Research Scientist in the Division of Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History and an author on the paper. "Their feet have a combination of human-like and more primitive early hominid traits, some of which are more akin to those in Lucy." (Lucy is an early bipedal but small-brained hominin, or australopithecine, that lived in Africa 3.2 million years ago).
The anatomy of the foot described in the new paper might finally answer the pathological modern vs. primitive population question. Although the foot is characteristic of a biped—being stiff and having no opposable big toe (like modern day humans) -- many other traits fall outside of the range for modern humans.
The H. floresiensis foot is very long in proportion to the lower limb and considerably more than half the length of the thighbone; modern human feet are relatively shorter at about half of the femur's length.
The stubby big toe of the hobbit is another primitive, chimp-like trait. But the pivotal clue comes from the navicular bone, an important tarsal bone that helps form the arch in a modern human foot. The "hobbit" navicular bone is more akin to that found in great apes, which means that these hominids lacked an arch and were not efficient long-term runners.
"Arches are the hallmark of a modern human foot," explains Harcourt-Smith. "This is another strong piece of the evidence that the "hobbit" was not like us."
But is Homo floresiensis a new human species? According to William Junger, Chairman of the Department of Anatomical Sciences at Stony Brook University Medical Center,
"H. floresiensis is either an island-dwarfed descendant of H. erectus that not only underwent body-size reduction but also extensive evolutionary reversals, or, as our analysis suggests, it represents a new species full of primitive retentions from an ancestor that dispersed out of Africa much earlier than anyone would have predicted. Either way, the implications for human evolution are profound."
The small brain problem
The hobbits had extremely small brains. Estimates put it at about 400 ml. This is the smallest hominid brain ever recorded. How and why did the brain get so small?
Scientists from the Natural History Museum attempt to answer this question by examining something called the "Island Dwarfism" phenomenon. They use the skull of the extinct Madagascar pygmy hippos as their example. These animals were found to have a brain size that was 30% smaller than normal for their reduced proportions -- about the same anomaly that was seen in Homo floresiensis.
Although the phenomenon of dwarfism on islands is well recognised in large mammals, an accompanying reduction in brain size has never been clearly demonstrated before. With the Madasgar hippos it has been theorized that the resuction in brain size evolved after the original hippos were somehow stranded and isolated from the African continent. It may be advantageous to the survival of animals that become isolated on islands with unique environments, not only to become dwarfs, but also to reduce the size of their brain.
"The brain is a costly organ that uses a lot of energy," says Dr Weston. "Whatever the explanation for the tiny brain of floresiensis relative to its body size, it's likely that the fact that it lived on an island played a significant part in its evolution," concludes Dr Weston.
With less food to supply energy, the smaller brain size became more efficient. Perhaps even the lack of environmental challenges of an island existence allowed for a reduction in brain function also.
"We found that the brain sizes of extinct dwarf hippos were still up to 30% smaller than you would expect by scaling down their mainland African ancestor to the dwarf’s body size. If the hippo model is applied to a typical H. erectus ancestor the resulting brain capacity is comparable to that of H. floresiensis." -- Dr. Eleanor Weston, Natural History Museum palaeontologist.
The final word -- it's a NEW species!
Researchers from Stony Brook University Medical Center in New York have confirmed that Homo floresiensis is a genuine ancient human species and not a descendant of healthy humans dwarfed by disease.
Using statistical analysis on skeletal remains of a well-preserved female specimen, researchers determined the "hobbit" to be a distinct species and not a genetically flawed version of modern humans.
A summary of their work
Researchers William Jungers, Ph.D., and Karen Baab, Ph.D. studied the skeletal remains of a female (LB1), nicknamed "Little Lady of Flores" or "Flo" to confirm the evolutionary path of the hobbit species. The specimen was remarkably complete and included skull, jaw, arms, legs, hands, and feet that provided researchers with integrated information from an individual fossil.
The cranial capacity of LB1 was just over 400 cm, making it more similar to the brains of a chimpanzee or bipedal "ape-men" of East and South Africa. The skull and jawbone features are much more primitive looking than any normal modern human. Statistical analysis of skull shapes show modern humans cluster together in one group, microcephalic humans in another and the hobbit along with ancient hominins in a third.
Due to the relative completeness of fossil remains for LB1, the scientists were able to reconstruct a reliable body design that was unlike any modern human. The thigh bone and shin bone of LB1 are much shorter than modern humans including Central African pygmies, South African KhoeSan (formerly known as 'bushmen") and "negrito" pygmies from the Andaman Islands and the Philippines. Some researchers speculate this could represent an evolutionary reversal correlated with "island dwarfing."
"It is difficult to believe an evolutionary change would lead to less economical movement. It makes little sense that this species re-evolved shorter thighs and legs because long hind limbs improve bipedal walking. We suspect that these are primitive retentions instead." -- Dr. Junger
Further analysis of the remains using a regression equation developed by Dr. Jungers indicates that LB1 was approximately 106 cm tall (3 feet, 6 inches) -- far smaller than the modern pygmies whose adults grow to less than 150 cm (4 feet, 11 inches). A scatterplot depicts LB1 far outside the range of Southeast Asian and African pygmies in both absolute height and body mass indices. "Attempts to dismiss the hobbits as pathological people have failed repeatedly because the medical diagnoses of dwarfing syndromes and microcephaly bear no resemblance to the unique anatomy of Homo floresiensis," noted Dr. Baab.
More News: Hobbit ancestors once colonized Indonesia island
HONG KONG, Mar. 17, 2010 (Reuters) -- Ancestors of a hobbit-like species of humans may have colonized the Indonesian island of Flores as far back as a million years ago, much earlier than thought, according to a new study published Thursday.
These early ancestors, or hominins, were previously thought to have arrived on the island about 800,000 years ago but artifacts found in a new archaeological site suggest they might have been around even earlier.
In a paper published in Nature, researchers said their findings suggest these hominins may have evolved into tiny hobbit-like humans, or "Flores man," who stood about a meter tall and had skulls the size of grapefruit.
Skeletal remains of an 18,000-year-old "Flores man" were discovered about five years ago and scientists then determined it belonged to a species of human completely new to science.
Named Homo floresiensis, after the island on which it was found, the tiny human has also been dubbed "hobbit," after the tiny creatures from the "Lord of the Rings."
The arrival of hominins is also believed to have resulted quickly in the mass death of giant tortoises and the Stegondon sondaari, a pygmy elephant, on the island.
In their paper, the researchers said they found 45 stone tools in Wolo Sege in the Soa basin in Flores.
Led by Adam Brumm at the Center of Archaeological Science in the University of Wollongong in New South Wales, Australia, the researchers used new dating methods and found that the stone tools were about a million years old.
"It is now clear, however, in light of the evidence from Wolo Sege, that hominins were present on Flores (a million years ago). This suggests that the non-selective, mass death of Stegondon sondaari and giant tortoise ... could represent a localized or regional extinction," they wrote in their paper.
"Flores man" is thought to be a descendant of homo erectus, who had a large brain, was full-sized and spread out from Africa to Asia about two million years ago.
Scientists suspect "Flores man" lived at the same time as modern humans and became extinct after a massive volcanic eruption on the island around 12,000 years ago.
Viewzone || Comments? || Body Mind Spirit | <urn:uuid:6d1fa706-2db9-4b44-954e-49619e26d83d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://viewzone.com/homo.f.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965706 | 3,406 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Water - Jan 29
Click on the headline (link) for the full text.
Many more articles are available through the Energy Bulletin homepage
Peak water in Saudi Arabia
Ugo Bardi, The Oil Drum: Europe
Look at these irrigated fields in Saudi Arabia, just an example of the cultivations that dot the desert. However, in a few years these fields may disappear. Peak water may have taken place in Saudi Arabia already more than 10 years ago.
According to recent news from Reuters (2008) the Saudi government has decided to stop all subsidies to agriculture. It means abandoning a policy that had obtained self sufficiency in food production and that had allowed Saudi Arabia to be a major food exporter in the past. According to Reuters, "The kingdom aims to rely entirely on imports by 2016". The desert is going to win back the land it had ceded to agriculture.
These news come as a surprise, but not so much. Saudi Arabian food production has been based on "fossil water." It is water from ancient aquifers that can't be replaced by natural processes in times of interest for human beings. Fossil water is non renewable, just as oil is, and it is unavoidable that it has to run out one day or another.
A wealth of data on the Saudi Arabian water situation can be found in the paper by Walid A. Abderrahman (2001) "Water Demand Management in Saudi Arabia". From this paper, we learn that water production in Saudi Arabia has reached a peak in the early 1990s, at more than 30 billion cubic meters per year, and declined afterwards. Today, it is at around 15 billion cubic meters, less than half than the peak value. We also learn that most of this water, 90% at the peak, came from non renewable aquifers.
(29 January 2008)
Food and drink giants pledge to reduce water use
Rebecca Smithers, The Guardian
Twenty-one of the UK's leading food and drink manufacturers today joined forces in a new initiative to cut down on water usage and improve efficiency across all areas of their businesses.
If rolled out across the food and drink sector as a whole, the scheme could save some 140m litres of water a day - equivalent to 56 Olympic-size swimming pools - with a combined financial saving of around £60m per year on water bills.
But consumer and environmental groups were expected to question how effective a voluntary agreement would be, amid concerns about whether consumers might be compromised by possible cutbacks on the use of water in health and safety areas.
(28 January 2008)
Farmers work to conserve water (Audio)
Kyle Norris, The Environment Report
Some experts say water will be the "oil" of the next generation. As it become more scarce, prices are going to go up. For farmers, that's serious business. Kyle Norris recently spent time with several farmers who say they think about water constantly:
(28 January 2008)
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Cancer Patients, Chemotherapy, and Drug Resistance
Some chemotherapy patients have been shown to develop a resistance to therapeutic drugs. The genes responsible for this resistance may also 'drive' tumor growth (1). A study conducted in 1995 found that drug resistant cancer tissue contained an over abundance of two enzymes which protect cancer cells from death (2). Drug resistance can be induced by the drug itself or acquired without prior induction. Susceptible cancer patients run the risk of tumor promotion within drug resistant tissues when undergoing chemotherapy.
There are various mechanisms known to convey drug resistance in the chemotherapy patient:
Specific resistance to a selected drug can occur by deletion of the necessary activation enzyme for that drug such as deoxycitidine kinase for the drug cytosine arabinoside (3).
A general type of resistance is the over-expression of a drug efflux pump in the cell such as P-glycoprotein (pump) which, conveys resistance to a broad array of natural products used in cancer treatment.
Mutations in genes such as, the p53 suppressor oncogene may lead to drug resistance. A suppressor gene is necessary for controlling the proliferation of normal cells; it controls their life cycle, including reproduction. The loss or mutation of this type of gene allows cells to undergo malignant transformation and can inactivate programmed cell death (apoptosis). This leads to the continuous proliferation and survival of highly mutated cells (3).
Current research is focusing on the restoration of apoptosis, which is correlated to the cell's sensitivity to drugs.
It has been shown that combining drug therapies which have different mechanisms for fighting cancer is the more effective method for fighting cancer.
For a discussion on the development of Cancer, click here.
1. Kerbel RS, Kobayashi H, Graham CH. 1994. Intrinsic or aquired drug resistance and metastasis: are they linked phenotypes? Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, Sep 94, 56(1) :37-47.
2. Eliopoulos AG, Kerr DJ, et al. 1995. The control of apoptosis and drug resistance in ovarian cancer: influence of p53 and Bcl-2. Oncogene, Oct. 5, 11(7) :1217-28.
3. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Ninth Ed. Edit. by Molinoff and Ruddon. McGraw-Hill, New York.
This page was prepared by Theresa L. Pedersen, UCD EXTOXNET FAQ Team. August 1997. | <urn:uuid:95f632c9-44ef-478d-a576-0beb499a8444> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://extoxnet.orst.edu/faqs/senspop/chemo.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899314 | 527 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Health Impacts of Alcohol - Should The Public Know?
MEDIA RELEASE – 25th July 2013
Should the public be allowed to know about the health impacts of alcohol?
A major report on the effects of alcohol on the health of the New Zealand populations was released last week by the Health Promotion Agency (Alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury in New Zealand: 2004 and 2007) demonstrating that approximately 800 premature deaths every year in New Zealand are attributable to drinking alcohol. Thirty per cent of those deaths are due to cancers of various kinds.
Professor Ian Shaw of the University of Canterbury thinks that releasing this report shows that the researchers “need to gain perspective” (The Press 18 July), because people die on the roads as well and it doesn’t stop us driving. In fact, driving is one of the most regulated activities that members of the general public participate in, and regulation has had the effect of reducing the road toll from 795 in 1987 to 259 in 2011 despite the huge increase in cars. Around thirty percent of the current road carnage is alcohol-related, and the Ministry of Transport’s Road Safety Strategy 2010-2020 states: “Lowering the adult drink-drive limit would be the strongest initiative in the area of safe road use”.
Professor Shaw attacks the credibility of the researchers (which include the lead members of the World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease 2010 Risk Factors Collaborating Group on Alcohol) by stating that “it was not actually known if alcohol was carcinogenic”, and that it is important to know what particular type of alcohol (meaning beverage) was involved. He doesn’t seem to be aware of the vast body of international research that underlies studies of this kind, and that alcohol (ethanol) is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer. Beverage type has been subject to much research and is irrelevant when discussing the health impacts of alcohol.
What is known from the accumulated scientific evidence that has been synthesised in the new report is that in New Zealand, alcohol consumption is one of the most important risk factors for avoidable mortality and disease in early and middle adulthood, and contributes substantially to loss of good health across the life course. This is due to the toxic properties of alcohol and to the pattern of alcohol drinking in New Zealand. The way to reduce the harm is to reduce heavy drinking.
Fortunately we know what is effective in reducing heavy drinking in populations and that is having controls on alcohol price and availability, and getting rid of alcohol marketing.
Professor Shaw asserts: ''Both risk and benefit should be balanced to draw sensible conclusions. Another benefit is enjoyment - this should not be discounted either.''
New Zealanders do need to know the risks. They are constantly bombarded with slick alcohol advertising telling them, as Professor Shaw does now too, that the risks are unproven and the benefits are huge. The facts paint a quite different picture of significant risks and grossly overstated benefits. | <urn:uuid:cd9ee9cc-bd0d-4b92-8f8a-6bf2888168da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/GE1307/S00112/health-impacts-of-alcohol-should-the-public-know.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963841 | 613 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Eating disorders are real, complex and devastating conditions that can have serious consequences for a patient’s health, productivity and relationships – and even kill.
In the U.S., nearly 10 million females and 1 million males are fighting an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia. Millions more struggle with binge eating disorder.
Patients need to seek professional help. For various reasons, many cases are not reported. In addition, many individuals struggle with body dissatisfaction and sub-clinical disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. More than 80 percent of women are reported to be dissatisfied with their appearance.
Eating disorders affect people from all walks of life, including young children, men and individuals of all races and ethnicities. The peak onset occurs during puberty and the late teen/early adult years, but symptoms can occur as young as kindergarten.
More than one in three “normal dieters” progresses to pathological dieting.
Although eating disorders are potentially lethal, they are treatable.
For more information, visit NationalEatingDisorders.org. Call the Referral Helpline at: 1-(800) 931-2237
In anorexia nervosa’s cycle of self-starvation, the body is denied the essential nutrients it needs to function normally. The body is forced to slow down all of its processes to conserve energy, resulting in:
• Abnormally slow heart rate and low blood pressure. The risk for heart failure rises as heart rate and blood pressure levels sink lower and lower.
• Reduction of bone density (osteoporosis), which results in dry, brittle bones.
• Muscle loss and weakness.
• Severe dehydration, which can result in kidney failure.
• Fainting, fatigue, and weakness.
• Dry hair and skin; hair loss is common.
• Growth of a downy layer of hair called lanugo all over the body, including the face, in an effort to keep the body warm.
The recurrent binge-and-purge cycles of bulimia can affect the entire digestive system and can lead to electrolyte and chemical imbalances in the body that affect the heart and other major organ functions, resulting in:
• Electrolyte imbalances that can lead to irregular heartbeats and possibly heart failure and death. Electrolyte imbalance is caused by dehydration and loss of potassium, sodium and chloride from the body as a result of purging behaviors.
• Potential for gastric rupture during periods of bingeing.
• Inflammation and possible rupture of the esophagus from frequent vomiting.
• Tooth decay and staining from stomach acids released during frequent vomiting.
• Chronic irregular bowel movements and constipation as a result of laxative abuse.
• Peptic ulcers and pancreatitis.
Binge eating disorder often results in many of the same health risks associated with clinical obesity, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes and gallbladder disease.
Did you know?
• 40 percent of newly identified cases of anorexia are in girls 15-19 years old.
• There has been a rise in incidence of anorexia in young women 15-19 in each decade since 1930.
• Anorexia has the highest rate of mortality of any mental illness.
• Only 6 percent of people with bulimia receive mental health care.
• Americans believe government should require insurance companies to cover the treatment of eating disorders.
• Four out of 10 Americans either suffered or have known someone with an eating disorder.
CULT OF THINNESS
Our passion to be thin has become ingrained, even among children. Studies show that:
• Over half of teenage girls and nearly a third of teenage boys use unhealthy weight control behaviors, such as skipping meals, fasting, smoking cigarettes, vomiting and taking laxatives (Neumark-Sztainer, 2005).
• Girls who diet frequently are 12 times as likely to binge as girls who don’t diet (Neumark-Sztainer, 2005).
• 42 percent of first- through third-grade girls want to be thinner (Collins, 1991).
• 81 percent of 10-year-olds are afraid of being fat (Mellin et al., 1991).
• The average American woman is 5 feet, 4 inches tall and weighs 140 pounds. The average American model is 5-foot-11 and weighs 117 pounds.
• 95 percent of all dieters will regain their lost weight in one to five years (Grodstein, et al., 1996).
• One-quarter of American men and 45 percent of American women are on a diet on any given day (Smolak, 1996). | <urn:uuid:c546568a-362f-4a2d-a76e-3e908e481b8d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.buffalonews.com/life-arts/nutrition/treatment-key-to-controlling-eating-disorders-20131116 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93097 | 979 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The Synoptic Gospels.
We come now to a very distinct and new portion of our subject. No one who knows even what the Bible is can fail to see that we have in it the two great divisions of the Old and New Testaments. We have through God's goodness gone over, in some measure, all the books of the Old Testament, finding them divided into four great sections, corresponding you might say, to the first four books of Moses. The books of the Law, the books of covenant-history, the books of the Prophets, and lastly the poetical, or books of experience. That completes the Old Testament. We will not dwell upon the significance of there being four sections in the Old Testament — the book of an earthly people — but just to notice before we take up what is especially before us, that you now have an entirely new subject. It is the second portion of Scripture; it is not, as it were, a fifth section. It is not merely going on with what we had; but there is a complete break, and here, in the New Testament, we have that which is entirely different in its contents and in its character from everything that had gone before.
All that had gone before had to do, in brief, with man according to the flesh. There is one man with whom everything is linked in the Old Testament, and that man is Adam, the first Adam. There is one Man with whom everything is linked in the New Testament, and that is Christ, the last Adam, the Lord out of heaven. These are the two distinguishing men of the two books. Of course I am not saying a word as to the grace and goodness and mercy of God, which shine out here and there all through the Old Testament, but that the person about whom everything hinges is the first man; whether it be in himself or in his descendants — in Abraham or Moses or David — still they are all man according to the flesh, connected with Adam, therefore under law, and therefore to be set aside. What a contrast when we come to the New Testament, which is emphasized for us in its very structure! Instead of the four divisions, we have but one, as though it were now God Himself, one blessed unity before us, though, as we shall see, the book is divided up again and again in the most suggestive way. It is but One as contrasted with four; it is the divine as contrasted with the human; it is salvation as contrasted with failure, this second division of the whole Bible.
It divides as usual into a pentateuch. You have here the books of Gospel history corresponding to Genesis. How suggestive, dear brethren, that is! In Genesis you have the life of seven individuals, as you saw, giving us the history of the divine life in man; here, we have the life in one person; it is life in the Son of God Himself. A new Genesis, blessed be God, a new beginning indeed, not with man, no matter how faithful, but with Christ Himself.
In Acts we have an Exodus, a second division, which is the history of redemption. I do not say that in Acts you have redemption wrought; that, we know, is narrated at the close of the Gospels, in the work of Christ. But here we have redemption history, just as in Exodus we have the account of the deliverance of the children of Israel out of Egypt, brought away from under the dominion of Pharaoh. So you have in the Acts the deliverance of Israel from under the bondage of Judaism, into the liberty of the gospel of Christ. That is a true Exodus.
In the third book, answering to Leviticus, you have in the New Testament a most beautiful amplification of that. In Paul's fourteen epistles you have a Leviticus, which for fulness, variety; and completeness, and for the wondrous nearness into which it brings us, excels the book of Leviticus, as you might expect the reality to excel the shadow. In Paul's epistles you have our place of nearness, the principles of holiness upon which we are brought near and abide in the holy presence of God, brought out in all their wonderful variety and fulness.
That brings us to Numbers again, to a wilderness experience, and most beautifully have we in the New Testament this, in the epistles of Peter, James, John, and Jude, commonly called the catholic or general epistles. These give us in marked contrast to Paul's epistles, not the place of nearness to God so much as the place of responsibility on earth, and the needed grace for our walk there according to God. Lastly, in Revelation, we have a true Deuteronomy, a glance backward at the history of God's redeemed Church, then a glance forward at the things which must take place after that, and then a still further glance deeper yet into the eternal inheritance, and portion of God's beloved people, whether earthly or heavenly and we close the book of inspiration with our gaze fixed upon eternity, the eternal joy where Christ is, forever. A most beautiful Deuteronomy that is, ending indeed most appropriately, as its number would suggest, God with man," Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He shall dwell with them." Thus you see, we have before us a most entrancing and delightful subject of study for the time we have to spend upon it.
And now we take up tonight the Genesis of all this, the beginning of it, that without which none of the rest could possibly be, without which we could not have in the least degree one thing of all the rest. We have the foundation here in these wondrous Gospel accounts, which present to us that unique life, which, as John says, was with the Father, and was manifested unto us. In other words, in the four Gospels we have what no one can for a moment question is the theme — the life of Christ Himself. No one thinks for a moment that it is the history of the twelve apostles; no one dreams for a moment that it is the history of the Jewish nation, or John the Baptist's life. All these and many other subjects come in, but who for a moment dreams that anything is the theme of these Gospels except the person of Christ Himself? Everything else is subordinate to Him, is i n the background, only, as it were, the setting in which we have the jewel, flashing out in all its glorious brilliancy; not to dazzle, but to attract, not merely the eye, but the heart, and draw us out in adoring love to Himself.
But then because of the absolute certainty of what is the theme of the four Gospels, we need to look at them a little more closely in order to see the various elements which make up this theme. You have in most things in nature a blending. What appears to us is the result of a blending of many things. The very clothing we wear is a blended material; the very light in this room is made up of many rays of various colors, perfectly blended together, giving us as a result one ray, by which we see all things clearly. So it is in these four Gospels; there is no question that it is the blessed person of Christ that is presented to us in all its wondrous fulness, but that Person is presented to us in all its varied characters, in such a way that we get a full and not a partial view of Christ; we get a divine view of what He is, and not merely a human view.
If we had been writing a life of Jesus, we would have done exactly what hundreds of devout students of Scripture have since done. Look at the catalogues of books which give us the life of Jesus, and what do you find? Four lives? No; you find that these four Gospels have been, as it were, pushed together and made into one life. And for what reason? As though men would say, It was rather an error to have four gospels, four lives; we want one life. I do not say this is the thought of all who have written lives of Christ — surely not — but they have failed to emphasize the feature of which I speak.
Now we know there is divine wisdom in giving us the four distinct and separate lives. Had God wanted to give us one simple perfect life of His Son, He could have done it, but He had an object in view, and that was that we should see not one side of His blessed Son, but all four sides. And so He has given it to us in four lives, written in the most natural way. All four Gospels present to us the same Person. It is the same Jesus in Matthew that you find in John, you recognize Him at once. No two persons there, but how different the presentation of that Person!
Let us compare this with the typical teachings of the tabernacle, which present to us the person of Christ here upon earth. In that part which speaks of Christ Himself, the curtains of the tent, the tabernacle proper, you have four coverings, displaying the person of the Lord. First of all, there was the tabernacle proper, or first covering which was made up of four blended colors, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen — four distinct colors blended and embroidered together in the form of cherubim. Over that there was the covering of goat's hair; over that again the covering of rams' skins dyed red, and still over that the covering of Badgers' skins outside of all. I do not wish to be fanciful, nor go beyond what one can really see in Scripture; but in these two "fours," just as you have them there, is there not the suggestion of a fourfold view of Christ. Or to go back a little further, is there not a suggestion of the earth; of the creature in dependence, in the place of trial, in the place of obedience here upon earth? Blessed be God, there is something else when we come to Christ, for if you remember, those curtains that made up the first tent were twenty-eight cubits long, and four cubits wide. The element of four coming in twice there, speaks of this earth, and of this fourfold character of Christ; and yet the four being multiplied by seven, tells us that though in the creature place, in the place of testing, of humiliation, of subjection, there was the divine perfection in Him; seven times four making twenty-eight cubits.
Now, as I was saying, we do not want to be fanciful at all, but may there not be found, as we go on to examine more and more carefully, the corresponding Gospel to each of these colors? For instance, if I may suggest for a moment what seems right on the surface: you have the colors of the first covering, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen. Blue is the heavenly color. Have we a heavenly Gospel? I need hardly suggest it, John gives us that. Purple is the color of Jewish royalty. Have we a gospel giving us the King of the Jews? Again, Matthew answers for us that we have the King of the Jews presented to us there. Scarlet speaks of glory, of world-wide glory, and have we a Gospel that presents to us one who first went into death, and then was raised up out of that, and occupies a place of highest glory? and while perhaps not so clearly defined as the others, I think we could answer that Mark suggests that. While for the fine twined linen, that which speaks of His essentially human character, wrought out in all its perfection, the Gospel of Luke gives it to us, will it not?
Or again, take the four several coverings. We have been looking merely at the colors of the first. The first, which is the composite one, with its governmental cherubim, we may say corresponds to that which is fullest and connected with government. I would suggest that we identify it with the gospel of Matthew. Take the goats' hair, which speaks of the sin offering and we can have no question that it is the gospel of Mark that suggests that. Take again the rains' skin dyed red, and there you have the devotion unto death which we will for the time at least, merely feeling our way, connect with John; and then in the badgers' skins, that which links with earth, connected with the gospel of Luke. Now I only suggest this, I do not mean to say that I accept it all, but it is most interesting and most striking to find that there is in some way, at least, a correspondence between the types that present to us the Lord's character in these various ways, and the Gospels, which we are now going to speak of.
Let us not think that all this is a digression. Our subject, you remember, does not permit us to take up and to unfold each book of these gospels in any full way at all. What we want to see is the general theme, the general character of each one, as compared with the rest of the Scriptures. We will go back still to the tabernacle and to that first covering. You remember that you find there cherubim embroidered on the curtain, and when you come to the veil before the holiest, they are there too. We find the cherubim first, with a flaming sword, at the gate of Eden after the fall. We next see them upon the ark, and the mercy-seat, and afterward they appear in Ezekiel, where God is executing judgment. We have them, too, in the fourth of Revelation, where God's throne for judgment is set. Now is there anything in this that gives a little further light upon these Gospels? You remember that we are told without any question of uncertainty, in the epistle to the Hebrews, that the veil is Christ's flesh. The veil presents to us Christ's person in His flesh as man down here, and upon that veil were embroidered these cherubim. Now in the veil you have the person of Christ, but in the cherubim you have with that Person the thought of the One who executes judgment. One verse in the fifth chapter of the gospel of John links those two thoughts together, "And hath given Him authority to execute judgment also because He is the Son of Man." In other words because of our Lord's humanity, because of what He is as presented to us in these Gospels, He has authority to execute judgment, He has the cherubim character, if I may use that word, because He is the Son of Man.
So when we come to the book of Revelation, I would ask you just to notice the description of those beasts, as they are very improperly called there, a most unworthy title, a most unfortunate translation of a word of a very different meaning; "the living ones," is what it ought to be, corresponding exactly to the cherubim in the Old Testament. You have them described for us in the fourth of Revelation in the seventh verse, "And the first beast was like a lion, the second beast like calf, the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle." Living creatures, as I said, the word should be rendered, and they present to us all the energy of God put forth in the execution of His judgment. Now in these living creatures, in these cherubim, you have just what you have on the veil in the tabernacle. They remind us of one thing, that Christ has authority to execute judgment. He is the one, therefore, who has these characteristics, but it is because He is the Son of Man. So when we come to the Son of Man as presented in the Gospels, we find the very characters that are set before us in the cherubim.
First like a lion, secondly like an ox or a bullock — the word is not exactly a calf; — thirdly, with the face of man, fourthly, a flying eagle. Let us connect these with the four Gospels. In this very portion of Revelation from which I have read, you have "the lion of the tribe of Judah" spoken of, connecting it with Jacob blessing His twelve sons, in the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis: "Judah is a lion's whelp." Men commonly speak of the lion as the king of beasts. Thus in the lion we have Christ in His kingly character, and more particularly as King of the Jews. That is the theme of Matthew. The second living creature, the ox, is the animal for the service of man; as Scripture says, "much increase is by the strength of the ox." That is what we have in the Gospel of Mark; Christ the perfect Servant, the one who as it were took a yoke of service upon Himself, — He who had no need to bear any yoke.
Look again at Luke's wondrous chapters. We see there, not kingly authority, not even service merely, but an intensely human Gospel. It is the heart of God speaking in and to man's heart as it were. It is the face of a man. While in the eagle soaring up higher and higher into the very heights of heaven itself, there is no difficulty in tracing the Gospel of John.
Now is it not remarkable that we have in all this imagery, everything grouped about these four Gospels which present to us the person of Christ? Nothing is forced here; I do not think that anything is fanciful in what has been said so far, and I am sure it should awaken the most careful thought, and inquiry on our part as to the wondrous fulness that we have in the Gospels.
I might suggest while we are on this portion of our subject that a very able writer upon this subject has come very near to the truth in many things, and yet has failed to catch the thought of the Spirit, for a very simple reason. He has been thinking of the people for whom the Gospels were written, rather than the wonderful Person who is unveiled in the Gospels, — in other words Christ Himself was not before his soul as the one commanding object, the one whom God would have as the centre of His thoughts. Thus he tells us that Matthew is the Gospel written for the Jews, Jewish Christians, that it has a Jewish habit of thought all the way through. Quite true; but yet how far from the thought that it is Christ Himself the King of the Jews that you have there.
Similarly Mark was written for the Romans, because there you have everything very briefly narrated quite to the point, in a most business-like way passing from one thing to another. That is true again in a certain sense, but it is not because it suits the Roman mind, but because it presents to us a perfect Servant in all the diligent promptness of His service, going from one point to another all the way through.
In like manner he tells us that the Gospel of Luke was written for the Greek, that it suits the Greek mode of thought and expression; and that the entire narrative is characterized by a certain graceful presentation of things with anecdote and illustration. Most short of the truth again, though there may be some element of truth in it, 'but he has lost sight of Christ, and has as it were, the people in his mind.
And then he tells us that John was written for the Church, for those who know Christ. Quite true, but very far short of the fulness of the truth.
Having now gone several times over these Gospels to connect them with their various types, we will now briefly take up each one separately. But first a word as to their connection with each other.
They are four, and that number speaks of the earth and of weakness; therefore, we have the Lord there as man upon earth, in the creature place, subjected to the testing of this world. This and much more did humanity mean for Him.
But these four Gospels are very different from one another, and the first three have a similarity to each other quite distinct from the fourth. We need not be surprised therefore, to find Matthew Mark and Luke together, and John by itself.
But let us pause there. Three Gospels and one. You take the number four and divide it for yourself, and how would you do it? two and two. That is the natural division. But the more we look at numbers the more we find in them. As I suggested to you previously, the even numbers suggest evil and the odd numbers suggest good. We have Genesis, Leviticus, and Deuteronomy; they are the odd numbers. Genesis suggests life from God, Leviticus, access to God, and Deuteronomy, God with man; while the two even numbers, "two" and "four" suggest evil. In Exodus you have the bondage of sin from which they need deliverance, and in Numbers you have the wilderness and failure. Now if the Gospels were divided into two and two, we would have have our blessed Lord's life divided as it were in an evil sense. We would have there a cleaving which would mark weakness and the power of evil, rather than the power of good.
What do we have on the contrary? Three Gospels so clearly linked together that they have been known as the synoptic Gospels from time immemorial. And that word synoptic means "taken together." Taken together — three, — Matthew, Mark, and Luke. John has ever stood alone in all its peerless significance as the one Gospel by itself. Three is the number of divine manifestation. One is the number of divine unity and completeness. When you come to look at these three synoptic Gospels they suggest to us in an amazing way the divine fulness that there was in the Man Christ Jesus down here. All three together in their blended light present to us God manifested in Christ, whether as King, as Servant, or as Man.
We come to John again and find that it stands alone. No need there for any three-fold presentation of it, though most beautifully you have it divided into three portions. Three portions giving us the thought of full manifestation. But it is the one Gospel, it is the Gospel of the Divinity. However still a part of that four; all in the Man Christ Jesus.
Let me remind you of that verse in the first chapter of John. "The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father." There is the divine glory manifest, but it is manifested in the Word made flesh, the Man Christ Jesus down here. And so I look at that fourfold gospel, and say, Here I have to do with a Man upon the earth, I have to do with the creature under testing. But I look at that Man, — that Man in the place of weakness, of humiliation, of testing — and I see the full manifestation of divine glory there — I look again and I see God — God alone in all His perfection. That is written, as it were, in the very texture of the books themselves, imprinted in their very form and character. We see this even before taking up the contents of them at all. How wonderful that God has written His Word for us in this way, and suggests to us the perfection that we are to find before we think of the contents of the books.
I suppose there is no portion of Scripture that we are more familiar with than the four Gospels, and yet is it not true that we feel how little we have truly fathomed them? Who can worthily portray the perfection that you find there? who can fully set forth the wonders in the character of the blessed Saviour Himself? We need to be learners, to take up that with which we have been most familiar since our childhood, and learn something of the wonders exhibited for our hearts, and for God's glory.
We have three together, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, the lion, the ox, and the man. Matthew presents to us the Messiah, the King of Israel. You cannot read the first verse of Matthew without seeing that as the subject of the whole book. "The book of the generation of Jesus Christ Son of David, Son of Abraham." We have His two-fold title. "Son of Abraham" links him with the whole household of faith; shows, as it were, how the vine runs over the walls to the Gentiles.
If He were only the Son of David we would be like the Syrophoenician woman, if we claimed blessing from Him in that way. She said, "Have mercy upon me, O Lord, Thou Son of David." That meant the Messiah, the King of Israel, and our Lord's answer to her was: "I am not sent but to the lost sheep of the house of Israel." But when I read that He is not merely Son of David, but Son of Abraham, I say, If there is the faith to reach out the hand and claim the blessing; if there is the faith that there was in that poor Syrophoenician woman who could say — and how it delights the Lord to have His argument put back into His very face — if she could say, "Yes Lord, but the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from the master's table," — she is a daughter of Abraham, because she has the faith of Abraham, and it is Jesus Christ the Son of David, the Son of Abraham that is presented in Matthew.
Look at that genealogy a moment, at the names of the women in it. There are but four, and every one of them is the name of a Gentile. They are not "mothers in Israel" in the ordinary sense. There you have first, Tamar. She is a Gentile, and alas! her sin is what is prominently brought before us; most shameful history, that one would blush to read in public even. Then we have Rahab, the poor woman of Jericho, another Gentile and one whose character is far, far too faulty for introduction into what would be called respectable society. Then you have Ruth who is a Moabitess, another Gentile. Then you have Bathsheba, as to whom there may be some question, and yet Uriah her husband was a Hittite. But as to the other three, there is no question that they were Gentile women.
Here right in the genealogy to prove that the Lord was the King of the Jews, where the Jews have not the least question, are women's names who would destroy any legal title to the throne.
And yet who are they? Why there is Judah the very progenitor of the whole tribe from which the sceptre should not depart. There is Rahab, the ancestress of David, and Ruth also nearer yet, — and in Bathsheba, one linked with the king himself, the mother of Solomon.
How those names of Gentile women, and sinful women at that, are woven in such a way in the kingship of Israel that to be the Son of David, one has to be the son of these Gentiles. Is there not a significance in that? In the gospel which gives us unquestionably the birth of the King, you have at once the thought that the blessing is wider than Israel. He is the Son of Abraham as well. Thus in the first chapter of that gospel presenting Him as the King of the Jews, you have wondrous grace going out to the Gentiles. Look at the next chapter. He is born King at Bethlehem; He is a little babe in His mother's arms. Who is it that comes to worship Him? Wise men, not from amongst Israel, though there were wise men there who could turn up their bibles and point to chapter and verse as to where He was to be born. But they did not go one step to worship Him. "He came unto His own and His own received Him not." But men from the distant east, representing the nations from afar, could bring to Him their glory and their honor, just as the nations will, in the millennial days, bring their glory and honor unto that city where the Lamb will dwell.
That is the King of Israel, the One you will find all through Matthew. Most beautifully are the character of the King and the principles of His Kingdom traced for us through those chapters. A glance at the prominent portions must suffice. We have already seen the genealogy and birth of the King in the first chapter, and the worship of the wise men in the second, which closes with the persecution of Herod, the flight into Egypt, and the subsequent return to Nazareth in Galilee. All, "that the scriptures might be fulfilled" — a constantly recurring expression in this gospel, characteristic of its theme.
In the next two chapters, three and four, we have the King presented, anointed and owned from heaven, and then proven by His temptations in the wilderness. How blessed it is to think that before He had done one public act, before His trial even in the wilderness, God anointed Him, and set the seal of His approval upon Him. What secrets of a perfect life did those thirty years of retirement contain, for the eye and heart of God alone.
Following, we have three chapters containing the "Sermon on the Mount," where we have the divine principles of the Kingdom unfolded. What holiness, what spirituality shine through it, and yet what consistency with its place in a gospel which deals with the earth.
After the Sermon on the Mount, in lovely contrast with its pure and lofty principles of holiness, and yet in perfect consistency with them, you see the activities of the King in mercy cleansing the leper, curing all manner of diseases, casting out devils, raising the dead — all quickly following one another, in chapters eight and nine.
Not content with this work Himself, He qualifies and sends forth (chap. 10) His disciples on the same errand of love, connecting it with the proclamation of the Gospel of the Kingdom, which will still be preached ere the nation will receive its true King.
In chap. 11, the shadows begin to fall. John is cast into prison, and from his loneliness sends that word of unbelieving faith — if I may use such a contradictory expression, — as to our Lord's being actually the King. In that same chapter we have the woes pronounced on the favored places, where most of His mighty works had been done, for their unbelief. But amid the gloom of unbelief so rapidly settling down upon the people, we hear those words of grace still lingering over those He loved — words which have brought peace to countless thousands of weary hearts, and will to thousands more should He still tarry: "Come unto Me all ye that labor and are heavy laden and I will give you rest."
In the next chapter, the twelfth, the lines are drawn more closely, and the enmity comes out undisguised. The leaders accuse Him of doing His miracles through Beelzebub, the prince of the devils, and after this blasphemous slight put upon the Holy Ghost, He can but pronounce their own doom upon such hardened ones.
This brings us to the mystery form of the Kingdom, developed in those wondrous parables of the thirteenth chapter — a sevenfold presentation of the history of things during the absence of the King. I can barely call your attention to the fact that the first four are separated from the last three, and give us respectively the outward form where evil exists, and the inward counsels of God, including in this last the judgment which will take place ere His Kingdom is set up. The pearl is the Church; the treasure in the field is Israel in the world. The purchaser in both cases is the Lord Himself.
From this on to the final scenes we have an evident reserve. Grace continues to act, the hungry are fed and the needy are helped; but the Lord seeks retirement. He avoids, till the time when He should be offered up, all clashing with the Jews, save where faithfulness makes it necessary. But all hope, humanly speaking, has departed. It is a rejected King whose footsteps we are now tracing. And yet here, when the unbelieving nation had closed the door, we have such lovely gospel pictures as that of the Syrophoenician woman, the glimmering foreshadowing of the establishment of His Church, and the full outshining of His glory in the transfiguration.
All the gospels begin the closing scenes with the riding into Jerusalem, which is particularly appropriate to Matthew and is gone into fully, together with those matchless interviews in which He silences His enemies, and the parables in which He unfolds their responsibility, — His prophetic discourse is complete. It includes the future of Israel, the Church and the nations.
Lastly we have the crucifixion of their King — His betrayal by one of His own; His trial and conviction before the Sanhedrim; His sentence pronounced by the unwilling Pilate and written upon His very cross — a fitting echo to which we have in the awful words of the people, "His blood be on us, and on our children." But in all this He is the King, He submits to their taunts and mockery as one who could easily have shaken them off; He confesses His kingship to Pilate; and even in death "dismissed His Spirit," as a King.
This brings me to say a word as to what is familiar to most of you regarding the view of our Lord's death in this gospel. For details you must look elsewhere; but as Matthew is the governmental gospel, so our Lord's death is looked upon in that way. Death is the governmental penalty of sin — of trespass. So you have here death, and what is deeper than death, the forsaking of God. It is the trespass-offering aspect of that death, and gives us the full satisfaction for sins committed.
The last chapter gives us the resurrection of the King. Fitting accompaniment of His triumphant rising is the resurrection of many saints — evidently sharers with Him in that act of power.
The Gospel closes in Galilee — still rejected by His own — but with the Great Commission entrusted to His servants, and the assurance of all power in His hands who is King, and of His being with them till the end of the age.
What a King! what a Gospel!
But I must hasten on to Mark, not now noticing what we have glanced at in Matthew, but merely the characteristic features of the book.
There is a great degree of similarity between it and Matthew, and some have even thought that Mark was a sort of abridgement or a new edition of Matthew. That is worthy of the "higher critics" with all their wisdom. But any one who reads and studies this gospel will find that there is a distinct object running through it all.
In the first place the Spirit of God lops off, if I may use such an expression, all that relates to the birth and infancy of our Lord. We have Him put before us as a mature Man. John the Baptist in a few words heralds Him. He is sent into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil, and there, before you have read more than ten verses, you see the faithful Servant engaged in His work.
The Servant of Jehovah, the Prophet of Jehovah is come to bring the blessings of Jehovah to poor sinful man, and He passes as it were from one person to another, laying His hands upon this leper, upon that demoniac,, and upon Peter's wife's mother; whoever it may be that needs divine healing, there He is to minister to that one. And as though he would gather up for us in a single verse the varied activities of our Lord, the evangelist says, at the setting of the sun "They brought unto Him all that were afflicted, and tormented with various diseases, and He healed them all."
That is the character of this Gospel all the way through, He passes from one service to another, from one place to another. There is no lingering, there is no turning away from the work; He lets His work as it were, speak for God and then, as a Prophet of God, all that He has to say is directly, and specifically to that point.
Blessed thought it is, dear brethren, that the One who serves God perfectly here, is the One who serves poor sinful man. How exquisitely touching it is that the gospel of the perfect Servant should have been written by one who had proved himself a very poor servant. Mark had accompanied Barnabas and Paul to a certain point, and then, either from fear, or disinclination to endure hardness as a good soldier of Jesus Christ, had turned back. For this reason, on their next journey Paul refused his company — even though it cost him the companionship of Barnabas. Later we read with comfort "Take Mark and bring him with thee; for he is profitable to me for the ministry" (2 Tim. 4:11). In like manner it is the wandering, but now restored sheep who — in Peter — is entrusted with the lambs. But such is grace.
When we come to the death of the blessed Servant, we find all in appropriate keeping with the gospel. It is as the sin-offering that we see our Lord here. There is the cry of anguish, given doubtless in the very words our blessed Lord used, and not the Hebrew as in Matthew. These are in Aramaic, the vernacular language used in Palestine at that time.
After the death we have the full result of atonement, the veil is rent.
Chap. 16 resembles the first in this way: it rapidly recapitulates the various appearings of our Lord after His resurrection. Even at the very last we see Him, though seated in heaven, still engaged in serving with His servants. What a joy will it be in that day soon coming when it will be true of us, "His servants shall serve Him," and what a privilege even now to do anything for Him who did all for us.
Coming to Luke we are introduced again to the birth of the Man Christ Jesus. The evangelist seems loth to get away from that. He lingers about that birth, and all those holy scenes. We can see the pious mothers of John and of Jesus having sweet intercourse together. We see Zacharias and hear his and Mary's happy songs. We see all this intensely human picture, all centred about the birth of that Man — Christ Jesus. And so the evangelist shows how great that interest is, not merely for human hearts; he gives us a glimpse of the heavens themselves, on that wondrous night when Jesus was born. Heaven is opened, and as though the full chorus of the angels were following their Lord out of heaven, loth to part with Him, longing to be with Him down here where He had veiled His glory, and would not have an attendant host, — we see them there and hear them saying, "Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will to men."
All this centres about the babe, about the child; and there in Luke you have the only allusion to the Lord's boyhood. All that is most characteristic of this Gospel; you find it all the way through; He is not presented to us there as King; He is not there before us as One who is claiming authority, nor yet simply as the Servant, but He is there as the Man amongst men. Even His genealogy is traced backward to Adam — thence to God. It is the Son of Man.
You take that wondrous scene in Nazareth where He opened the prophet Isaiah, and read to them. What a beautiful prophecy He selected, and how beautifully human was the whole scene. "The Spirit of the Lord is upon me because He hath anointed me to preach good tidings to the poor. He hath sent me to heal the broken hearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, to preach the acceptable year of the Lord." Then He goes on and comments upon it, and you remember what their objection to it all was, — that it was the carpenter's son that is telling them all this. They marveled at the words of grace that fell from His lips, but it is a man that is telling us this, it is only a carpenter's son. And yet that is the glory of Luke. He presents to us the Man, the carpenter's Son all the way through, and as you take up one after another of those wondrous portions in this Gospel, how thankful we are for this "Man Christ Jesus."
Look at the poor sinful woman weeping out the tears of shame and sorrow and love over His feet, and anointing them with the ointment. What a scene! It is to such an One the sinner can go, to hear words of forgiveness and love in the house even of the haughty Pharisee. And so all through this Gospel, we have the Man before us, but oh, it is the Man who was alone, none like Him, the Man Christ Jesus.
You know the parables which you find in Luke alone, the parables of the fifteenth chapter — three parables, corresponding to the third place of this gospel, where you have the full manifestation of the heart of God. How home-like, how human are the pictures. Remark, He is going to tell out the heart of God. He is going to tell us the work of the Good Shepherd — Himself. He is going to unfold the work of the Holy Ghost. What kind of pictures will He take to do it? domestic pictures — human pictures, every-day pictures. They could look out on the hills themselves and see a shepherd caring for his sheep. They could go into any house and understand in a moment how the woman with busy care would sweep the house to find a lost piece of silver; and oh, who that was a son and had a father, or who that was a father and had a son could fail to understand how human — alas, how common the sorrow that caused the father to show such love. Blessed be God, it is the love that would take occasion from the sin and sorrow to exhibit itself. It is all human. People might say these are common, every-day pictures; that is the glory of it, dear friends, that they are every-day pictures. Blessed be God, we see the face of a Man, but we see the heart of God.
Coming to the closing scenes in this Gospel, we find all in beautiful keeping with the theme. We sit at the last Supper with Him, as with breaking heart He points out the traitor. We go to the garden and witness, as His poor sleeping disciples did not, His "agony and bloody sweat," We follow to the priest's palace, and thence to Pilate's judgment hall; we see Him arrayed in royal robes and mocked by Herod and his men of war; we see Pilate and Herod shaking hands, as it were, over His death — oh, who that reads all this can fail to have his heart moved to its depths in human sympathy with this lonely "Man of sorrows."
In keeping with its theme we find in Luke our Lord's death as the Peace-offering. There is not the cry of forsaken anguish as in the two first Gospels. On the contrary we have grace going out to enemies even as they drive the nails into His hands and feet: "Then said Jesus, Father forgive them for they know not what they do." In the very hour of His woe, we see the triumph of grace in the salvation of the thief on the cross — the Priest sharing with the guilty sinner who believes, in the preciousness of His death.
Similarly the narrative of the resurrection still displays to us the face of the Man: the journey to Emmaus, the appearing to His own in Jerusalem, His eating before them, — all these are of the same sort as the record of His life had been, and all make very near and very dear this blessed, holy "Man Christ Jesus."
Thus we have gone over these three synoptists, as they are called, finding much in common, and at the same time, very clearly marked differences. How beautifully they blend together, giving, in their threefold fulness, a view of our blessed Lord such as one single Gospel could not! | <urn:uuid:73611380-370b-4008-b4d2-5a54a6719684> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/S_Ridout/SR_Gen_Rev06.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975069 | 9,254 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Lee Harvey Oswald tried to kill before, Kennedy warned his wife about the possibility of being shot in Dallas, and why the president’s brain wasn’t buried with his body.
1. Oswald’s first attempt at murder
He had been planning the assassination even before he bought the rifle. Lee Harvey Oswald had chosen his victim, scouted the location, written detailed notes in his journal, drawn maps and diagrams, photographed the building, and had even planned his escape. But in the spring of 1963, Mr. Oswald’s target was not the president of the United States, John F. Kennedy. He wanted to murder another man, the notorious anti-communist, right-wing American army officer, Major-General Edwin A. Walker. Furious that the general wanted to invade Cuba and kill his new hero, Fidel Castro, Mr. Oswald decided that Maj.-Gen. Walker must die. So on the night of April 10, Mr. Oswald went to Maj.-Gen.Walker’s home in Dallas, Texas. Through his rifle scope, Mr. Oswald spotted the general through a window, aimed at his head, and fired. He missed him by an inch, and then – undetected – ran away into the darkness.
It was a psychological turning point. It was the first time Mr. Oswald had ever tried to kill a man. He had joined the Marine Corps in peacetime and had never fought in a war. Shooting a rifle at a human being had excited him. Yes, he had failed, but he had enjoyed planning and carrying out the sniper attack.
The experience taught him a valuable lesson. In Dallas he could shoot at a man and get away with it. The failure of the police to catch him emboldened him and enhanced his smug attitude of superiority.
He did not know it in April of 1963, but in a little more than seven months, he would select another human target. But next time, Lee Harvey Oswald would not have to spend weeks stalking his victim. The next man who appeared in his rifle sights would come to him, on the brilliant sunny fall afternoon of Nov. 22, 1963.
2. Kennedy foreshadows his own death
On the morning of Nov. 22, President Kennedy was in his hotel room in Fort Worth, Texas. He was reading the Dallas Morning News, in preparation for his flight there in a few hours. He was irate. A full-page ad that carried the headline, WELCOME MR. KENNEDY TO DALLAS, appeared to be a friendly greeting. But the rest of the ad contained 12 questions that accused Mr. Kennedy of being unpatriotic and soft on communism. The charges incensed him. And the previous night in Dallas, someone had printed several thousand leaflets headlined WANTED FOR TREASON. The handbills resembled an Old West-style reward with mug shots of the criminal on the loose – in this case the 35th president of the United States. Was this the kind of welcome he should expect when Air Force One landed in Dallas later this morning?
Mr. Kennedy warned his wife, “We’re heading into nut country today. But Jackie,” he added, “if somebody wants to shoot me from a window with a rifle, nobody can stop it, so why worry about it?” Mr. Kennedy had often told Dave Powers, one of his top aides, that it would be so easy for someone to shoot him with a rifle from a tall building.
This morning, Mr. Kennedy could not get the subject off his mind. He reminded Jackie of their harried, late night arrival at their Fort Worth hotel the previous night, when hundreds of strangers had surrounded them. “You know,” he told her, “last night would have been a hell of a night to assassinate a president. There was the rain, and the night, and we were all getting jostled. Suppose a man had a pistol in a briefcase and melted away into the crowd.”
John Kennedy was a fatalist who lived with a sense of detachment and ironic humour. He had an intuition that he might not live a long life. One of his favorite poems was written by fellow Harvard graduate Alan Seeger, who had been killed in the First World War. “I have a rendezvous with death,” Mr. Seeger had prophesied. Mr. Kennedy often asked his wife to read the poem aloud to him.
But Mr. Kennedy also believed he was lucky and luck had taken him all the way to the White House where, at age 43, he had been the youngest man ever elected to the presidency.
As Mr. Kennedy spoke in the safety of his hotel suite about guns and assassins, a man who wanted to kill him was already waiting for him in Dallas. He had a rifle, and he was in a tall building.
3. The president’s brain
Not all of the evidence from the Kennedy assassination reposes in the National Archives of the United States. One unique, macabre item is missing from the collection – Mr. Kennedy’s brain. During the autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital on the night of Nov. 22 and the early morning hours of Nov. 23, doctors removed the wounded brain and sealed it in a leak proof, stainless-steel cylindrical container with a screw-top lid. Before he was embalmed, they failed to place his brain back in his head, so at his funeral on Nov. 25, he was buried without it.
For a time, the steel container was stored in a file cabinet in a Secret Service office in the executive office of the president. Then it was put in a footlocker with other medical evidence and transferred to the National Archives, where it was placed in a secure room designated for the use of JFK’s former secretary, Evelyn Lincoln, while she organized his presidential papers.
Then, one day prior to Oct. 31, 1966 – Halloween, of all days, no one knows precisely when – the locker, with all its contents, disappeared. An investigation failed to recover the brain. But compelling evidence suggests that former Attorney-General Robert Kennedy, aided by his assistant Angie Novello, had stolen the locker and its contents, including not only his brother’s brain but also a number of medical slides and tissue samples. They have never been seen since.
Robert Kennedy did not abscond with these materials to suppress evidence of a conspiracy to assassinate the president. It is much more likely that he took them to conceal from the American people any evidence of the hitherto unknown extent of his brother’s serious health problems, illnesses and medications, which contradicted his jaunty public image of glamorous effervescence. Robert Kennedy did not want anything to undermine the president’s legacy as a youthful symbol of a new era of American optimism and spirit.
WARREN COMMISSION VERSION OF EVENTS
NOV. 22, 1963
11:40 a.m. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 46, and wife Jackie arrive at Love Field Airport, aboard Air Force One.
11:45 a.m. John and Jackie Kennedy take back seat of open-topped Lincoln Continental limousine. Texas Governor John Connally and wife Nellie sit in front jump seats.
12:22 p.m. Motorcade reaches downtown Dallas. Along the route, Nellie Connally tells the president, “No one can say Dallas doesn’t love and respect you.”
12:29 p.m. Motorcade drives into Dealey Plaza, en route to a planned political luncheon with a Texas businessmen at the Dallas Trade Mart.
12:30 p.m. Three shots ring out from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. Lee Harvey Oswald, an ex-marine, worked as an odd-job man at the Texas School Book Depository, where a trail of fingerprints and a gun led to him being found guilty by the Warren Commission.
One of those bullets hits an oak tree and ricochets off the pavement, injuring a bystander. Two others hit the president, one of which also wounds Connally.
12:36 p.m. Car carrying the president arrives at Dallas’s Parkland Hospital.
12:47 p.m. Oswald takes a taxi to his apartment to retrieve a pistol.
1 p.m. Kennedy is pronounced dead. At the time, he is the fourth American president to be assassinated and the first to be killed under Secret Service protection.
1:15 p.m. Oswald is stopped by police officer J.S. Tippit, who he kills before running off, pistol in hand.
1:22 p.m. Police discover a rifle and three cartridge cases on sixth floor of the depository. The rifle had been purchased through a Chicago mail-order house by Oswald under the name Alek James Hidell.
1:50 p.m. Oswald is arrested at Texas Theatre.
2:38 p.m. Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in aboard Air Force One by judge Sarah Hughes. This is first and only time a woman has sworn in an American president.
Two days later, Oswald is killed while in police custody by nightclub owner Jack Ruby.
In 1978, an investigation by the House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations concludes fourth shot was fired from grassy knoll – in other words, Oswald didn’t act alone.
THE MAGIC BULLET
Though reports said two bullets hit Kennedy, the Warren Commission investigation found only one bullet, in pristine condition, which helped spark a number of conspiracy theories about what really happened. The first of the shots fired hit Kennedy in the back at a speed of 550 metres per second, exiting through his throat. That bullet then hit Connally in his shoulder, travelling through his chest, hitting his right wrist and embedding itself in his left thigh. The second bullet caused Kennedy’s fatal head wound.
THE ZAPRUDER FILM
There were no news crews following the presidential motorcade; journalists were waiting for Kennedy at his next stop, the Dallas Trade Mart. But Abraham Zapruder, a Texas manufacturer of women’s clothing, captured Kennedy’s assassination in a 26-second film filmed from the Dealey Plaza’s grassy knoll. The film begins with the motorcade waving at the crowds assembled along Elm Street. Kennedy then stops waving and begins clutching his throat as Secret Service agents rush to his aid.
Life magazine purchased the rights to the film for $150,000, under the condition that a portion of the frames showing the assassination be kept from public view because of their graphic nature. Eventually the film was sold back to the Zapruder family for $1, who then sold it to the U.S. government for $16-million in 1999.
An investigation undertaken in 1978 by the House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations said it was likely that two shooters fired at the president from different locations. The committee also concluded that it was probable that four, not three, bullets were fired, with the fourth coming from a shooter stationed at the grassy knoll. However, it is believed that the fourth shot missed the president.
JOHN F. KENNEDY, BY THE NUMBERS
35 - John F. Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States
43 - Mr. Kennedy’s age when he was elected president, the youngest ever to this day
46 - His age when he was assassinated
1,063 days - How long he served as president
12 - Number of hours police spent questioning Lee Harvey Oswald before he was killed, according to the Warren Commission
889 - Number of pages in the original Warren Report, the findings of Warren Commission, the first investigation of the assassination. There were an additional 26 volumes of documents, and 3,000 exhibits from the investigation.
61 - The percentage of Americans who believe the assassination involved some kind of conspiracy, according to a Gallup poll released last week
5,800 - Number of books with “Kennedy” in the subject or author heading at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Cambridge, Mass.
10,000 to 40,000 - Estimated number of books published about Kennedy or conspiracy theories
With files from Tara DeschampsReport Typo/Error
Follow us on Twitter: | <urn:uuid:195bfbcf-71cd-428b-af25-9f85ff2d9f50> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/jfk-assassination-three-hours-that-changed-the-world/article15558304/?page=all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00199-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976363 | 2,561 | 2.78125 | 3 |
WSJ.com - Videogame Players May Flunk, But They Can Sure Pay Attention "Maybe there's hope for the videogame generation after all: In experiments described in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature, scientists found that playing action videogames can bring marked improvements in the ability to pay attention to objects and changes in the visual environment.
Earlier studies showed that playing videogames leads to better spatial skills (producing ever more kids with the eye-hand coordination needed to land a plane on an aircraft carrier). But this is the first to show enhanced attention skills.
The improvements seem to come from playing not just any videogame, but action games -- including such bestsellers as Grand Theft Auto, Spider-Man, Crazy Taxi, Halo and Super Mario Cart -- that require the player to track known enemies, monitor the scene for new attackers, scan the environment for "pick ups" like weapons, and avoid traps.
To be sure, videogames offer no help, and might hurt, other kinds of attention, such as the ability to concentrate for prolonged periods on reading, writing or solving math problems. And a growing body of research suggests that the virtual behavior that violent games reward can encourage real violence and aggression. Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, for example, gives points for killing a prostitute the player has just had sex with and then taking back his money." | <urn:uuid:ff1fe4f7-f1f6-4aa7-b5ec-c070e44844f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://pbokelly.blogspot.com/2003/05/wsjcom-videogame-players-may-flunk-but.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946081 | 277 | 2.59375 | 3 |
High walls and heavily buttressed defensive towers surround the great monastic complex of Suceviţa, giving it the appearance of a fortress. It was founded in 1581 by Gheorghe Movilă, Bishop of Rădăuţi. His brother Ieremia, ruling prince of Moldavia, added defenses and two porches with oriental pointed arches on either side of the church. An elegant steeple resting on a star-shaped base tops the church. Massive eaves protect the outside frescoes, painted by local artists Sofronie and Ion probably in 1601.
The iconography essentially repeats established models. Here, however, the visitor entering through the fortified gateway in the north wall is first confronted with an unusual and magnificent depiction of the Ladder to Paradise. Red-winged angels in orderly rows attend the righteous on a slanting ladder to the heavens, each rung inscribed with one of the monastic virtues. Sinners fall through the rungs and are driven by grinning dark devils to the chaos of hell. The scene is surmounted by the story of creation in a series of scenes with a light background.
The three apses that form a trefoil at the eastern end show the usual procession of saints on a predominantly green and blue background. The figures are arranged in rows according to their significance: angels and seraphim appear at the top, archangels and prophets beneath them, then holy men (including hermits dressed only in their own hair, which has grown all over them like a shaggy fleece), martyrs, and finally military saints and ancient philosophers. On the south side, foliage entwines the rows of figures in the Tree of Jesse. Following it is the Hymn to the Virgin. The western wall is not painted. Tradition says that work stopped after the painter fell from the scaffolding and died. The rich interior decorations include, in the enclosed porch, the Last Judgement, with its river of fire and enigmatic apocalyptic figures.
Suceviţa was a princely residence as well as a fortified monastery. The thick walls today shelter a museum that presents an outstanding collection of historical and art objects. The tomb covers of Ieremia and Simion Movilă – rich portraits embroidered in silver thread – together with ecclesiastical silverware, books and illuminated manuscripts, offer eloquent testimony to Suceviţa's importance first as a manuscript workshop, then as a printing center. | <urn:uuid:a0ef80a4-5e2d-4177-9b44-4f4b62eb4633> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.users.cloud9.net/~romania/Churches/sucevita.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924712 | 514 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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Using bind variables in SQL*Plus
There are two types of variables that can be used in SQL*Plus: bind variables and user variables (which are declared with define. The following discusses bind variables.
In SQL*Plus, a bind variable is declared with variable:
After the declaration, a value can be assigned to the variable
The value of the bind variable can then be printed with print:
using the variable:
create table sqlplus_bindvar_ex( num number, txt varchar2(15) ); begin insert into sqlplus_bindvar_ex values (:num_var, :txt_var) end; /
Assigning a value to a bind variable with execute
Since an execute is basically a wrapper around a begin .. end PL/SQL block, a variable can be assigned a value like so:
And then another record can be inserted:
exec insert into sqlplus_bindvar_ex values (:num_var, :txt_var)
select * from sqlplus_bindvar_ex
See also variable. | <urn:uuid:399a1703-bff8-4a36-9f80-2f6efed0d7d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/sqlplus/use_vars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.658827 | 259 | 2.84375 | 3 |
For thousands of Mormons, the great pioneer trail along the north bank of the Platte which paralleled the river about a mile south of here was an avenue of escape from persecution and a roadway to a new life.
Brigham Young led the first mass migration over the Mormon Trail to the Great Salt Lake in 1847. The north bank of the Platte was chosen to avoid contact with the travelers on the heavily-used Oregon Trail that follows the south bank of the river from near Kearney westward. Among the expeditions which followed, were several so poor that pioneers walked and pulled handcarts.
The trail became one of the great roadways to the west, used by Mormons, military expeditions, gold seekers and settlers.
The completion of the Union Pacific Railroad in 1869 ended extensive use of the trail as the railroad tracks followed essentially this same route. Today, the Lincoln Highway (Highway 30) follows this great roadway to the west.
Historical Land Mark Council
U.S. 30, Central City | <urn:uuid:2d820fca-ac04-40b2-900a-dd0a43b39869> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nebraskahistory.org/publish/markers/texts/mormon_trail.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959716 | 208 | 3.71875 | 4 |
What Is A Seam Allowance?
A seam allowance is the simply the area between the edge of your fabric and the line of stitching being used to join two or more pieces of material together. The amount of seam allowances can range from 1/4 inch wide to as much as several inches. Commercial patterns for home sewers normally have seam allowances ranging from 1/4 inch to 5/8 inch. This measured distance is the width between the ragged edge and where the seam is to be stitched. Sometimes the type of pattern, design, or fabric requirements determines which size seam allowance will be used.
Is There A Standard Seam Allowance?
That depends a what kind of project that you are sewing. A 5/8″ (1.5cm) seam allowance is generally considered a standard. As this provides enough extra between the seam line and the cut edge of the fabric to ensure that the layers are all stitched when joining. It is also important for materials that unravel easily. A 5/8″ (1.5cm) seam allowance is also easier to work with when pressing a seam open or topstitching it for a finishing touch. Finally, it also provides a small amount of “letting out” space if a garment needs to be just a little bit looser.
For curved areas, such as neck lines or arm holes, the seam allowance maybe only 1/4″. But in areas that need extra fabric for final fitting for the wearer seam allowances can be 1″ or more.
A Few Seam Allowance Tips
- Read through a pattern before starting a project, make note of the seam allowances
- Garment patterns with multiple sizes – the printed lines on the tissue paper are the cutting lines with the seam allowances already added
- If a seam allowance is adjusted in one place, it will also need to be adjusted in corresponding areas
- Check the seam lines on the throat plate on your sewing machine for accuracy, sew on a piece of paper without thread in the machine and measure the distance from the edge to the stitching line and the edge – make adjustments as necessary | <urn:uuid:d418369b-b94b-467b-b8d3-5414ad0ea4c2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.heirloomcreations.net/sewing-tips/seam-allowance-basics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939804 | 432 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Conceptions of gradience in the history of linguistics.
This paper traces the history of the notion of gradience in language studies. Gradience is a cover term to designate a spectrum of continuous phenomena in language, from categories at the level of grammar to sounds at the level of phonetics. The focus here is on grammatical gradience. After discussing a number of philosophical ideas which form the backdrop to gradience the paper proceeds to outline a history of ideas on grammatical fuzziness. It concludes by proposing a compromise between the generally opposed ideas on categorization put forward in formal linguistics, and those adopted in cognitive and functional linguistics. This is achieved by applying morphosyntactic tests to linguistic formatives that display syntactic behaviour which is associated with more than one category, so as to establish whether the item in question belongs to one class or another. The morphosyntactic similarity of a category to another category in a particular syntactic configuration is then modelled by appealing to the notion of 'convergence'. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|Title:||Conceptions of gradience in the history of linguistics|
|UCL classification:||UCL > School of Arts and Social Sciences > Faculty of Arts and Humanities
UCL > School of Arts and Social Sciences > Faculty of Arts and Humanities > English Language and Literature
Archive Staff Only | <urn:uuid:98d78829-15d8-4df2-8b74-e7432314e7cb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/60190/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84427 | 284 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Aquariums are a lovely addition to any space, creating a lively focal point and a source of color and entertainment. Read below the jump to learn the steps involved in setting up a tropical freshwater aquarium. You'll be pleased with the process as well as the end result, and finish with a new 'water world' of your own.
1Before you get your aquarium, choose a place to put it. Remember that wherever you place it needs to be able to support the weight of the aquarium.
2Bear in mind the temperature of the location.
3Set your aquarium up. Place it securely in its new home, and if possible check to make sure it is level. Remember, unless it is a very small tank, once it is full you should never attempt to move it. Moving a tank with water in it can lead to disaster.
4Rinse your gravel/substrate. If you plan on using live plants, consider researching what substrate is best to use. Remember, some fish have specific requirements on what substrate/gravel they need. You will need approximately 250g of gravel per liter of tank (depending on your setup). It is important to have enough gravel as gravel is a place for good bacteria to grow on(more on those later). You will want to rinse your gravel well before placing it in a tank to remove dust and debris from travel. If you are using an undergravel filtration system install this now. Scoop the gravel into your tank slowly so you do not damage or scratch the glass. Generally it is best to create a gentle slope of gravel; deepest in the back and most shallow in the front.
5Water time! Place a small, clean dish on the gravel floor of the aquarium, and pour water into this dish if you wish to avoid displacing the gravel. If you are a beginner fish keeper, it will be easiest for you to use tap water.
6Add de-chlorinator (a liquid that will render your tap water safe for fish to live in it, it removes the chlorine. Good brands will also remove chlorine, ammonia, and nitrite). Be sure to follow the instructions on the package.
7Add your decorations. Remember to use only safe decor for a freshwater aquarium. Not all rock types are safe for freshwater aquariums- research or ask your local fish shop what their recommendation is. Consider what species you are going to keep- décor for an aquarium full of African Cichlids would be different than for goldfish, for example.
8Attach your filter. Each filter is different so be sure to follow instructions. Once it is hooked up properly, you may plug it in and ensure that it operates properly. If you are using a canister style filter, consider attaching the spray bar so that it agitates (creates ripples) on the surface of the water. This will help dissolve oxygen for your fish. All other types of filters should normally agitate the water.
9Place your heater into the tank. Follow instructions carefully! Some heaters are fully submersible, some or not. Wait at least 30 minutes before plugging your heater in! If you fail to do this you run the risk of causing the heater to shatter due to thermal inversion. Set the heater at a proper temperature. This may take some fiddling depending on your heater model.
10Place the thermometer in/on the tank. Ideally most tropical freshwater fish enjoy a constant temperature in the 24 °C (75 °F) - 28ºC range. Research the species you wish to keep to learn about specific temperature requirements.
11Place the aquarium hood and lighting on the tank. Note that most lighting will work for any species you keep, however additional research should be preformed if you wish to keep live plants. Live plants often require more than standard lighting. Some fish keepers find that attaching their light to a timer is beneficial.
12Confirm that all cords have a drip-loop. A drip loop is a U-shape in the cord, so that if any water were to drip down the cord, it will fall to the floor instead of running into an electrical socket!
13Test your water. Test for pH, carbonate hardness(KH), General Hardness(GH), Nitrites, Nitrates, and Ammonia. You should not have any Ammonia, Nitrite or Nitrate yet, unless your tap water contains these. Calcium carbonate (hardness) ties in to pH. If you have very soft water, the pH of your tank can become unstable. If your water is soft, add conditioning salt & KH Powder to your tank to prevent a pH crash. Most freshwater fish can live in a pH from 6.5 to 8.0. (7.0)is Neutral and preferred by most fish. Ask your aquarium to test your tap water for its pH level. If your pH ranges are above or below, ask the staff at your local aquarium for advice.
- Remember that fish are very adaptable. They are more likely to get sick from a fluctuating pH than a stable but less than perfect one.
- Test your pH at least once per month and never let it drop below 6.0.
14Sit back and relax. Grab a book or hop on the Internet and decide what kinds of fish you might like. You will need to wait at least 48 hours before adding your first fish. Adding too many fish too quickly is usually the worst of beginner's mistakes and usually leads to total tank failure.
15Adding fish, and understanding your new tank. Adding fish is the most exciting part of setting up the tank! Unfortunately, it is often the worst mistake unless done properly. By following these steps, you will help to avoid the heartbreak of having all your fish die:
- Let your tank run without anything in it for at least 48 hours. This helps the temperature stabilize. It allows you to make sure your water parameters are safe, and gives the dust and all parts of your tank to settle.
- If you plan on keeping live plants, add them. They will help jump start the biological process needed to support live fish in your tank.
- Take time to understand that your tank is not just a fancy cage for your fish. It is an entire ecosystem. Fish produce lots of ammonia- they produce it when they defecate, and they produce it as they breathe. That's what the filter is for, right? Well, yes and no. The filter only works properly when it is full of nitrifying bacteria. These are the good bacteria necessary to support your live fish. Without these bacteria, the ammonia that your fish make stays in the water and poisons your fish. Your brand new tank, being clean and newly set up, does not contain these good bacteria. If you add a group of fish without letting this bacteria grow in your tank, you are dooming your fish. This bacteria takes anywhere from 2-6 weeks to populate! So, what do you do? There are several methods of 'breaking in' or 'cycling' a tank... So, Cycle your tank.
- If you know someone with a tank that has been set up for more than two months and with healthy fish, you can borrow some used filter media from them. Keep the media wet until you add them to your tank (gotta keep those good bacteria alive!). The good bacteria will have a jump start in populating your tank. If you don't know a friend with fish, you can purchase live bacteria in several forms from your local aquarium.
16Add fish slowly. If possible, add no more than 1-2 smaller fish per 40 liters. For the first week, feed them very sparingly (a tiny amount) every other day. This is not cruel- remember if you overfeed at this point it may kill them. If you have your own test kit you can test your water daily, keeping a special eye on the Ammonia and Nitrite levels. If at any time the Ammonia or Nitrite spike to a dangerous level, perform a 20-30% water change. Never remove more than 30% at this stage (or you run the risk of killing your good bacteria off) and always replace with dechlorinated water. After a week it should be suitable for you to add a few more fish, and repeat the process. Barring any problems, you should have a stable tank within 4-6 weeks. After your tank is stable, you can feed on a regular schedule and can add fish as you desire. Remember: adding a large number of fish at a time sometimes causes the tank to become temporarily imbalanced, so use caution. Also remember that your tank can only support a limited number of fish per liter. This number depends on how large the fish is and its eating habits.
Do I have to use a heater?wikiHow ContributorThis depends on what type of fish you are keeping and the time of year. Most tropical freshwater fish thrive in waters that are 74F or warmer. You may not end up using a heater in the warm summer months, but you may need to use one during the cooler winter months. If your fish species requires cooler temperatures, you may not need a heater at all.
How long will it take for the water to heat up?wikiHow ContributorThis depends on where you place the aquarium, what season it is, and whether or not you are using a heater. If you placed the aquarium near a window, it might take 1 to 3 hours (depending on the season) for it to heat up. If you placed the aquarium away from the window, it may take even longer. If you are using a heater, however, it will take only about 1 hour for the aquarium to heat up.
How often do I clean the entire tank?wikiHow ContributorOn average, once every two months. But it depends on how quickly the tank gets dirty. If you have several fish, once a month would be better.
How long do I leave the lights on for?wikiHow ContributorPlan on having the lights on between 8 and 10 hours each day. The lighting is mainly for viewing purposes, and too much of it can encourage algae growth. A good routine to follow would be turning the lights on in the morning when you wake up, and off before you go to sleep in the evening. If you notice that the fish are getting stressed, or that there is too much algae growing, turn the lights off sooner.
Why is the water in my tank cloudy?wikiHow ContributorThis could be due to a number of reasons: dirty gravel, bacteria, too many minerals in the water, etc. If you just set the tank up, take the gravel out and rinse it again. If the tank is established and has fish in it, you will need to clean it using an aquarium gravel vacuum. Lastly, get a special water conditioner meant for treating green or cloudy water; you can find them at most fish tank or pet stores. This will remove any bacteria.
- Before you buy fish - RESEARCH the species you want. Never buy on impulse, always research the fish at home so you don't buy an unsuitable animal for you.
- Remember you are bringing living animals into your home and care and it is unfair to them to skimp on their needs. Be sure you have the finances and time to dedicate to an aquarium.
- When you buy fish, you should provide them with a tank that will be big enough for the fish when they are adults
- Don't forget to continue to add good bacteria to your aquarium on a weekly basis.
- Bigger tanks are easier to keep stable than smaller tanks. You will find that keeping the water chemistry in a larger tank is much easier than in a smaller tank. Tanks smaller than 40 liters are often harder for the beginner to maintain. If you are a beginner, consider a tank of at least 20 liters unless you intend to keep a single siamese fighting fish .
- Before putting ornaments like gravel and wood in the aquarium, make sure you rinse it thoroughly.
- When adding fish such as Bettas (betta splendens) do not keep them in a community, as schooling fish nip their fins, and they fight with cichlids and other labyrinth fish.
- Goldfish bowls can be considered cruel. Goldfish reach a minimum of 8" and can live 15 years or longer, and need a filtered tank. Goldfish are not a good beginner fish! For 1 goldfish, you need a 20 gallons tank, and you need to add 10 gallons on for each extra goldfish!
- Bettas can be kept as a community fish but do your research on the proper tank mates.
- Don't believe what the person selling you the fish tells you. In the US you are very lucky if you have a store near you that knows their stuff, as most don't. In the UK, the situation is slightly better but unless you are at a shop that is reputable among other aquarists then you should still be careful. Always do your own research!
- Before purchasing your fish be sure to observe the tank that they are placed in for at least 15 minutes, looking for any signs of stress or disease. Putting a diseased fish into a new tank is asking for trouble!
Things You'll Need
- Heater (or more than one, depending on tank size).
- Filter (or more than one, also, depending on tank size).
- Approximately 250g of substrate (gravel) per liter of water.
- A cabinet
- Tank thermometer
- Test kit (Ammonia, pH, hardness, Nitrite, Nitrate)
- Tank lid and light
- Water dechlorinator/Conditioner
In other languages:
Русский: установить тропический пресноводный аквариум, Italiano: Installare un Acquario d'Acqua Dolce Tropicale, Español: instalar un acuario tropical de agua dulce, Português: Montar um Aquário Tropical de Água Doce, Deutsch: Ein tropisches Fischaquarium einrichten, Français: mettre en place un aquarium tropical d'eau douce
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 323,342 times. | <urn:uuid:334e8e2d-4305-4d51-b916-7141a6e3fe42> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wikihow.com/Set-up-a-Tropical-Freshwater-Aquarium | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929014 | 3,010 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Did you know that the computer mouse is about 45 years old? You probably don’t even give your mouse a second thought, as it sits there on your desk. Most of us have come to rely on that simple little device. But the demise of the mouse may be imminent. Let’s take a look at some of the emerging technologies that may soon replace the trusted mouse.
5. Touch Screen Technology: It Takes Just a Touch
Image via Flickr by bark
The technology that allows you to touch the screen to control your smart phone or tablet has been in place for quite a while. In fact, the origin of touch screen technology can be traced all the way back to the late 1940s, to the invention of touch-sensitive music synthesizers.
The first modern touchscreen as we know it was invented in the mid-1960s by E.A. Johnson of the Royal Radar Establishment in England. The tablet itself was patented in 1969, but it could only detect a single touch at a time. While this means that touchscreens are actually somewhat older than the mouse, the technology has only more recently begun to realize its full potential.
As we all know, touch screens enabled the proliferation of “smart” devices with which we’ve all become familiar. Touch screen technology allows users to simply touch the screen of the table or phone to perform tasks. Pinch to scroll or zoom, touch to open apps or links just by simply touching the screen of your device. We’re already seeing this technology’s effect on gaming controls, specifically with tablet and smartphone apps. Fans will also note that Nintendo has also been utilizing this technology.
And with the sale of tablets and smart phones having exceeded PCs every year since 201l, the touchscreen is a strong contender for rendering the mouse obsolete.
4. Eye-Tracking Technology: Do the Eyes Have It?
We’ve all seen those movies where a character gains entrance to a secure facility simply by having his or her eye biometrically scanned by a computer. New technology is emerging now, however, that actually allows your eye to control your computer or gaming console.
But while the technology is new, the research upon which eye-tracking is based traces back to the late 1800s, with the discovery that reading is based on a series of short stops and rapid movements. Not until the 1980s, however, did researchers begin using eye-tracking for direct human-to-computer interaction. They have since developed a complicated system that relies upon a geometric interface between the human pupil, infrared light, and what is called a “corneal reflection.”
As a result, eye-tracking technology allows computers to respond to the movement of your eyes via sensors, and will perform tasks such as scrolling through a page you’re reading, open media files, and even play games.
Without a doubt, this technology could be an godsend for disabled computer users and gamers. It also could eventually be the reason your mouse goes in the trash can for good.
3. Facial Movement Recognition: Smile for the Camera
Software programs such as Visage and the iMouse are combining web cams and technology to create interfaces that uses facial movements to control the mouse. Imagine just moving your head and seeing the mouse pointer moving across your screen. Blinking your eyes will trigger events such as left or right clicks.
Another good example of this technology in action is the Samsung Smart Scroll, which uses facial movement recognition and tilt to determine what you’re reading and when to scroll to the next page.
Facial recognition also has features allowing you to provide extra security to your computer. Your computer will be able to recognize you as an authorized user. Some experts have speculated that future iterations of this technology might use even more minute facial movements to control your devices in a seemingly telepathic capacity.
2. Motion Control: Put Your Hands in the Air and Wave
Technology companies such as Leap Motion and Rare have created devices and technology that lets you control your computer through hand motions. Motion sensor input devices are already making their way into users homes.
Perhaps the most significant example of this technology is Microsoft’s Kinect device for the Xbox360 game console and Windows PCs. Users employ combination of gestures and vocal commands to interact with their devices via a peripheral camera. Released in 2010, it’s among the all-time fastest selling electronic devices for consumers. And its technology is being used across a multitude of fields, including physical therapy.
With newer versions of this technology, you can use the same motions you would on a tablet or smart phone such as pinching or expanding to increase font sizes. You can create a Google Map route by simply tracing the route in the air with your finger.
This means you don’t need a mouse, a stylus, a game controller, or other hardware device to control your computer—you don’t even touch the screen.
1. Brain Waves: Just Think About It
Really, seriously. There are devices out there now that are using brain waves to control computers. Thanks to an Australian company called Emotiv Systems, users wear a neuroheadset and then simply think and subsequently control their computer.
These brain-computer interfaces use EEG-style technology to interact directly with their computers. Whereas the aforementioned facial recognition could develop to a point where it is almost telepathic, this technology essentially is telepathic in the way it works.
This is yet another a great technology for gamers and those who may have mobility issues. And, of course, it could ultimately lead to the ultimate death of outdated mouse technology.
While many in the technology arena are reluctant to say that the mouse will disappear anytime soon, these five amazing pieces of technology may quicken the demise of the mouse. What other gaming applications could you envision for these technologies?
Jake Fisher is a Culture Geek from Tampa, FL with a healthy love of all things tech, gaming and beer. A firm believer that Geeks are the modern Renaissance men (or women), he seeks to show the positive nature of Geek culture. He gets online with http://www.clearinternetservices.com/. Follow him @jakemfisher
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The pros of proton therapy for cancer include that it is more accurate than alternative treatments and less likely to cause damage to surrounding tissues. Proton therapy also can be precisely targeted to the exact depth of the tumor, minimizing damage to other parts of the body. The treatment can cause the same side effects as other forms of radiation treatment, however, and also is expensive.
One of the main advantages of proton therapy is that it has a lower chance of causing severe side effects than other forms of therapy. This is because protons are larger and heavier than the particles used in other types of radiation therapy. The larger mass means the protons don’t scatter into other parts of the body as much, reducing collateral damage to surrounding tissue.
It also is easier to target protons to tissue of a certain depth. If other types of radiation are used, such as X-rays, it is difficult to get the radiation to stop at the precise depth of the cancer. This means the radiation continues on and can affect other parts of the body. The energy of protons, on the other hand, can be adjusted so most can’t penetrate any farther than required.
Proton therapy for cancer is thought to cause fewer side effects than other forms of radiation therapy. Even so, there are still a number of side effects that can occur when it is used, although these are dependent on where the treatment is applied and the dosage required. Side effects that occur soon after the treatment — such as throat sores, swelling or infertility depending on the location of the therapy — are known as acute. Late side effects — such as a reduction in the elasticity of the skin, heart disease and even secondary cancers, in rare cases — often take years rather than weeks to become apparent. Many patients who require low-dosage proton therapy for cancer don’t suffer from any side effects at all.
A major disadvantage of proton therapy for cancer is that it’s expensive. This may not be a concern for a patient covered by medical insurance, but it can sometimes cause problems with an insurance company. It is estimated that proton therapy can cost up to three times as much as traditional radiation therapy for cancer, though efforts are being made to develop a more cost-effective alternative that can still be as effective in treating the disease.
Proton therapy can, in fact, be expensive, but there are often ways to work around that; you just have to be creative.
One thing I wanted to add to this article is some of the specific cancers that proton therapy is best for: chondrosarcoma, chordoma, prostate cancer and cancers in kids. Worth checking out if you or a loved one fit into any of these categories!
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:bbeee202-74e0-4372-85ca-0ed55dd9bb36> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-proton-therapy-for-cancer.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964733 | 621 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Water - the great healer
Remember, water should always be used during any type of detox program to help dilute and eliminate toxin accumulations. It is likely the most important detoxifier. It helps clean us through our skin and kidneys, and it improves our sweating with exercise. 8 to 10 glasses a day (depending on our size and activity level) of clean, filtered water are suggested.
Clean Filtered Water, Use non-refined,
ocean salt ONLY )
Cure # 1: Water prevents and cures heartburn.
Heartburn is a signal of water shortage in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a major thirst signal of the human body. The use of antacids or tablet medications in the treatment of this pain does not correct dehydration, and the body continues to suffer as a result of its water shortage.
Tragedy: Not recognizing heartburn as a sign of dehydration and treating it with antacids and pill medications will, in time, produce inflammation of the stomach and duodenum, hiatal hernia, ulceration, and eventually cancers in the gastrointestinal tract, including the liver and pancreas.
Cure # 2: Water prevents and cures arthritis.
Rheumatoid joint pain - arthritis - is a signal of water shortage in the painful joint. It can affect the young as well as the old. The use of pain-killers does not cure the problem, but exposes the person to further damage from pain medications. Intake of water and small amounts of salt will cure this problem.
Cure # 3: Water prevents and cures back pain.
Tragedy: Not recognizing arthritis and low back pain as signs of dehydration in the joint cavities and treating them with pain-killers, manipulation, acupuncture, and eventually surgery will, in time, produce osteoarthritis when the cartilage cells in the joints have eventually all died. It will produce deformity of the spine. It will produce crippling deformities of the limbs. Pain medications have their own life-threatening complications.
Cure # 4: Water prevents and cures angina.
Heart pain - angina - is a sign of water shortage in the heart/lung axis. It should be treated with increased water intake until the patient is free of pain and independent of medications. Medical supervision is prudent. However, increased water intake is angina's cure.
Cure # 5: Water prevents and cures migraines.
Cure #6: Water prevents and cures colitis.
Colitis pain is a signal of water shortage in the large gut. It is associated with constipation because the large intestine constricts to squeeze the last drop of water from the excrements - thus the lack of water lubrication.
Tragedy: Not recognizing colitis pain as a sign of dehydration will cause persistent constipation. Later in life, it will cause fecal impacting: it can cause diverticulitis, hemorrhoids and polyps, and appreciably increases the possibility of developing cancer of the colon and rectum.
Cure # 7: Water and salt prevent and cure asthma.
Asthma, which also affects 14 million children and kills several thousand of them every year, is a complication of dehydration in the body. It is caused by the drought management programs of the body. In asthma free passage of air is obstructed so that water does not leave the body in the form of vapor - the winter steam. Increased water intake will prevent asthma attacks. Asthmatics need also to take more salt to break the mucus plugs in the lungs that obstruct the free flow of air in and out of the air sacs.
Cure # 8: Water prevents and cures high blood pressure.
Hypertension is a state of adaptation of the body to a generalized drought, when there is not enough water to fill all the blood vessels that diffuse water into vital cells. As part of the mechanism of reverse osmosis, when water from the blood serum is filtered and injected into important cells through minute holes in their membranes, extra pressure is needed for the "injection process." Just as we inject I.V. "water" in hospitals, so the body injects water into tens of trillions of cells all at the same time. Water and some salt intake will bring blood pressure back to normal!
Tragedy: Not recognizing hypertension as one of the major indicators of dehydration in the human body, and treating it with diuretics that further dehydrate the body will, in time, cause blockage by cholesterol of the heart arteries and the arteries that go to the brain. It will cause heart attacks and small or massive strokes that paralyze. It will eventually cause kidney disease. It will cause brain damage and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Cure # 9: Water prevents and cures early adult-onset diabetes.
Adult-onset diabetes is another adaptive state to severe dehydration of the human body. To have adequate water in circulation and for the brain's priority water needs, the release of insulin is inhibited to prevent insulin from pushing water into all body cells. In diabetes, only some cells get survival rations of water. Water and some salt will reverse adult-onset diabetes in its early stages.
Tragedy: Not recognizing adult-onset diabetes as a complication of dehydration will, in time, cause massive damage to the blood vessels all over the body. It will cause eventual loss of the toes, feet and legs from gangrene. It will cause eye damage, even blindness.
Cure # 10: Water lowers blood cholesterol.
High cholesterol levels are an indicator of early drought management by the body. Cholesterol is a clay-like material that is poured in the gaps of some cell membranes to safeguard them against losing their vital water content to the osmotically more powerful blood circulating in their vicinity. Cholesterol, apart from being used to manufacture nerve cell membranes and hormones, is also used as a "shield" against water taxation of other vital cells that would normally exchange water through their cell membranes.
Cure # 11: Water cures depression, loss of libido, chronic fatigue syndrome, lupus, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy.
Remember that chlorine is not a substance you want to be part of your diet. You want to drink clean filtered water. The water filter I personally prefer myself, is the Berkey water filter. The Berkey is what I use in my home.
© 2002 Healing Daily | <urn:uuid:5041451c-3571-4123-8b79-8151f4a2e9ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/water-for-detoxification.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00016-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92648 | 1,330 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Other design disciplines use raw materials. Communication designers use basic visual elements such as the line. Industrial designers work with simple 3D shapes such as the cube, the sphere, and the cylinder. For interaction designers, who create products and services that can be digital (software) or analog (a karaoke machine) or both (a mobile phone), the design elements are more conceptual. And yet they offer a powerful set of components for interaction designers to bring to bear on their projects.
In much the same way that inert gases don’t mingle with other gases, objects that don’t move don’t interact. An interaction is some sort of communication, and communication is about movement: our vocal cords vibrating as we speak, our hands and arms writing or typing as we send email or instant messages, sound and data moving between two entities.
We communicate in many ways and through many different products, from mobile phones to email. Those products and the people who use them generate behavior, and interaction designers are very concerned with behavior: the way that products behave in response to the way that people behave. And all behavior is, in fact, motion: motion colored by attitude, culture, personality, and context. There’s wide variation even in such universal and seemingly simple behaviors such as walking (that’s why, for instance, there’s a need for both high-impact walking shoes and walkers for the elderly), and the designs we create have to understand and account for those variations in motion. Even a simple motion like pressing a key on a keyboard can be difficult if you are elderly or infirm.
Motion is often a trigger for action, as when your finger clicks the button on your mouse. The triggered action (or at least the feedback for that action) is often about motion as well. You click a Web site link, and the page changes. You press a key, and an email window closes. There is motion on your screen.
Without motion, there can be no interaction.
Movement, even on a subatomic level, happens in some sort of space, even if the boundary of that space (as with, say, the Internet) is unclear. Interaction designers work in both 2D and 3D space, whether that space is a digital screen or the analog, physical space we all inhabit.
Most often, interaction design involves a combination of physical and analog spaces. You make a gesture in physical, analog space—for instance, turning a knob on your stereo—and you see the results on its digital display screen. The reverse can, of course, be true as well. You can stream music from your computer through your stereo and into physical space.
Most interaction designers underutilize 3D space on screens. The physical flatness of our monitors and display screens causes us to ignore what the Renaissance painters discovered so long ago: perspective. Objects, even in a 2D space, can appear to move backward and forward in 3D space. Perspective creates, alongside X (height) and Y (width), a Z (depth) axis on which to work. Web sites are notably bad in their use of Z space.
Starbucks® cafes typically make excellent use of physical space, with the ordering area separated from the fulfillment area where customers receive their beverages and those areas separated from the area where people can customize (add milk and sugar and other condiments to) their drinks. Compare that to the typical crush around a single counter of a fast food restaurant.
Space provides a context for motion. Is the action taking place in a quiet office in front of a computer screen or in a crowded, noisy airport in front of a kiosk?
All interactions take place in a space.
All interactions take place over time. Sometimes that time can be near-instantaneous, like the time it takes to click a mouse. Sometimes it can involve very long durations. You can still find online usenet messages (usenet is a sort of bulletin board system) from decades ago.
Movement through space takes time to accomplish. As every gamer will attest, it takes time to press buttons (around 8 milliseconds at the fastest). Even with broadband speeds, it takes time for packets of data to travel from distant servers through the physical wires and perhaps through the air via wireless signal to your computer.
Interaction designers need an awareness of time. Some tasks are complicated and take a long time to complete—for instance, searching for and buying a product. Many e-commerce Web sites require you to log in before purchasing, and that login session will be active for a set time. Imagine if Amazon® or other e-commerce sites timed out every few minutes and required you to log in repeatedly while shopping—it’s unlikely you’d buy much from them. Some travel and concert-ticket Web sites make users race against the clock to enter their credit card information before their selected seats are lost.
Digital time is definitely not human time. Digital time is measured in milliseconds, a single one of which is considerably shorter than the blink of an eye. Changes done by the computer can be so instantaneous that programmers need to program in delays so that humans can detect them.
You can feel the impact of milliseconds, however. Extra milliseconds added to every keystroke or mouse-click would probably make you think your computer is slow because of the tiny delay. Several hundred milliseconds would cause frustration and anger, and a single-second delay each time you pressed a key would probably make your computer unusable.
Time creates rhythm. How fast something pops up on the screen or how long it takes to complete an action like renewing your driver’s license controls the rhythm of the interaction. Games are often about rhythm: how many aliens come at you at any given moment, or how long does it take to complete a level. Rhythm is also an important component of animation: how quickly does a folder open or close on the desktop, how slowly does a drop-down menu slide open. Interaction designers control this rhythm.
Battery life (the duration of which is slowly getting better) is another element of time of which designers need to be cognizant. Some features, such as a backlight, drain more battery power than others and thus decrease the amount of time the device works. A mobile phone that worked for only 10 minutes unplugged from power wouldn’t be of much use.
Interactions happen over time.
How something looks gives us cues as to how it behaves and how we should interact with it. The size, shape, and even weight of mobile devices let us know that they should be carried with us. The sleek black or silver look of digital video recorders like TiVo® devices tell us that they are pieces of electronic equipment and belong alongside stereos and televisions.
Appearance is the major source (texture is the other) of what cognitive psychologist James Gibson, in 1966, called affordances. Gibson explored the concept more fully in his 1979 book The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, but it wasn’t until Don Norman’s seminal book The Psychology of Everyday Things, in 1988, that the term spread into design. An affordance is a property, or multiple properties, of an object that provides some indication of how to interact with that object or with a feature on that object. A chair has an affordance of sitting because of its shape. A button has an affordance of pushing because of its shape and the way it moves (or seemingly moves). The empty space in a cup is an affordance that tells us we could fill the cup with liquid. An affordance (or, technically, a perceived affordance) is contextual and cultural. You know you can push a button because you’ve pushed one before. On the other hand, a person who has never seen chopsticks would be puzzled about what to do with them.
Except to the visually impaired (for whom texture often substitutes), appearance also conveys emotional content. Is this product whimsical or serious? Practical or playful? Appearance can also convey other attributes that may be meaningful: Is the object expensive or cheap? Complicated or simple? Daunting or approachable? Single use or enduring? Structured or casual?
Appearance has many variables for designers to alter
color (hue, value, saturation)
All of these characteristics (and more) add up to appearance, and nearly every design has some sort of appearance, even if that appearance is a simple command line.
While texture can also be part of the appearance, how an object feels in the hand can convey the same sort information as appearance. Texture, too, can convey affordances. The sensation of an object can provide clues as to how it is to be used as well as when and where. Is it solid or flimsy? Is it fragile or durable? Do the knobs spin or push or both?
Texture can convey emotion as well. A fuzzy plush object conveys a different meaning than a hard metallic one.
Designers can also work with texture variables such as vibration and heat to signify actions. A mobile phone can vibrate when a new message arrives, and one could imagine it growing colder the longer it’s been since a voice-mail message arrived.
Sound is a small part of most interaction designs, but it can be an important part, especially for ambient devices and alerts. Sounds possess many variables that can convey information as well. You wouldn’t want a loud screech to come out of your computer every time you received email, and a soft whisper wouldn’t exactly cause traffic to move aside for an ambulance.
Sounds are made up of three main components, all of which can be adjusted by a designer:
pitch—How high in range a sound is. Is it high pitched like a bird’s song or deep like thunder?
volume—How loud a sound is.
timbre or tone quality—What type of sound it is. Sounds played at the same volume and pitch can seem very different. Think of a middle C played on a trumpet and one played on a piano.
Sound is underutilized (some would say rightfully so) in interaction design, but even a little bit of sound can make a major difference in a product. Steve Jobs insisted that the wheel on an iPod® make an audible click that could be heard without headphones.
All of these elements of interaction design comprise any interaction designer’s toolkit, and while interaction designers may not consciously manipulate them, they are the building blocks of interaction design.
Since 1995, Dan has designed products—including devices, software, and Web sites—and services that millions currently use every day. He has led projects for large organizations like Nokia and Time Warner and startups such as Ning and Foxmarks. His design innovations have received several patents. An internationally recognized thought leader and acclaimed speaker and author, Dan wrote the best-selling book Designing for Interaction, which one reviewer called “a bookshelf must-have for anyone thinking of creating new designs,” and Designing Gestural Interfaces. He has spoken at conferences and taught workshops on interaction design all over the world. His writings on design have appeared in BusinessWeek, Vitamin, and Boxes and Arrows. Dan was a founding Director of the Interaction Design Association (IxDA) and is also a member of AIGA and IDSA. He has a Masters of Design in Interaction Design from Carnegie Mellon University. Read More | <urn:uuid:7ff3f092-2e2c-4a23-ad98-99665c7abacb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2006/05/the-elements-of-interaction-design.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94682 | 2,360 | 3.15625 | 3 |
lanthanum (lănˈthənəm) [key] [Gr., = to lie hidden], metallic chemical element; symbol La; at. no. 57; at. wt. 138.90547; m.p. about 920°C; b.p. about 3,460°C; sp. gr. 6.19 at 25°C; valence +3. Lanthanum is a soft, malleable, ductile, silver-white metal; at room temperature it has a hexagonal close-packed crystalline structure that is unstable at higher temperatures (see allotropy). Lanthanum is usually considered the first member of the lanthanide series, a group of elements with similar physical and chemical properties. It is one of the rare-earth metals of Group 3 of the periodic table. Lanthanum is a chemically active element. It oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts with water to form the hydroxide. It reacts readily with acids, with elemental boron, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, selenium, silicon, or sulfur, and with the halogens. The oxide and the boride are used in electronic vacuum tubes; the oxide is added to optical glass to increase its alkali resistance and refractive index. Its aluminate is a perovskite ceramic used as a superconductor substrate. Although lanthanum is not found uncombined in nature, it occurs in the rare-earth minerals monazite and bastnasite. Lanthanum may be prepared by reduction of lanthanum fluoride with calcium metal. Lanthanum is used in rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries. It may be used in making ductile cast iron; alloyed with other metals, it is used in cigarette lighter flints. Natural lanthanum is a mixture of two stable isotopes. One radioactive byproduct of the fission of plutonium, thorium, or uranium is a mixture of radioactive isotopes of lanthanum; 17 radioactive isotopes are known. Lanthanum was discovered in the form lanthanium oxide, called lanthana, in 1839 by C. G. Mosander.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:9fd7f604-1377-4407-9fd2-0d2d981d84a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/science/lanthanum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889999 | 472 | 3.8125 | 4 |
The Sport Fish Restoration Act, commonly referred to as the Dingell-Johnson act, passed on August 9, 1950, was modeled after the Pittman-Robertson Act to create a parallel program for management of fishery resources, conservation, and restoration.
The Sport Fish Restoration program is funded by revenues collected from the manufactures of fishing rods, reels, creels, lures, flies and artificial baits, who pay an excise tax on these items to the U.S. Treasury.
An amendment in 1984 (Wallop-Breaux Amendment) added new provisions to the Act by extending the excise tax to previously untaxed items of sporting equipment.
Each State’s share is based 60 percent on its licensed anglers (fisherman) and 40 percent on its land and water area. No State may receive more than 5 percent or less that 1 percent of each year’s total apportionment. Puerto Rico receives 1 percent, and the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, and the District of Columbia each receive one-third of 1 percent.
The program is a cost-reimbursement program, where the state covers the full amount of an approved project then applies for reimbursement through Federal Aid for up to 75 percent of the project expenses. The state must provide at least 25 percent of the project costs from a non-federal source. | <urn:uuid:1145d1e8-1120-43d7-bc4b-d8677bbd1c46> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dmr.ms.gov/environment/sport-fish-restoration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944537 | 285 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Interrupted Aortic Arch—Child
An interrupted aortic arch is a rare heart defect. The aortic arch is part of the major blood vessel that helps move blood from the heart to the rest of the body. With this defect, the aortic arch is interrupted or incomplete. Blood cannot flow through it normally. This makes blood flow to the body less efficient. Children with this defect may also have a hole in the wall between the right and left chambers in the heart.
Heart Chambers and Valves
Blood Flow Through the Heart
An interrupted aortic arch is present at birth. A direct cause is not known. The defect develops in the fifth to seventh week of fetal growth.
There is an increased risk for this condition if your child also has DiGeorge syndrome. This is a chromosomal abnormality.
Symptoms typically appear within the first day or two after birth. Many times, the baby will show symptoms soon after birth. Tell your doctor if you notice the following in your infant or child:
- Poor feeding
- Rapid breathing
- Pale, blue, or cool skin
- Decreased urine output
This condition can lead to shock and heart failure. Your child will need emergency care.
During the exam, the doctor may detect:
- Fast heart rate
- Weak pulse
- Low oxygen levels
These symptoms may be due to other conditions.
The doctor will ask about your child's symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Images may be taken of your child's chest. This can be done with:
Your child's heart activity may be measured. This can be done with electrocardiogram (EKG).
Talk with the doctor about the best treatment plan for your child. Treatment options include:
Certain medications will usually be given to keep some blood flowing through another blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus. This allows some blood to get around the interruption in the aorta. This is a temporary treatment.
Medications may also:
- Help the heart beat stronger
- Get rid of extra fluid in the body
Surgery is needed to correct the defect. Surgery aims to form a connection between the two parts of the aortic arch. The hole in the heart between the ventricles is also closed. The ductus arteriosus is then closed.
There are no current guidelines to prevent interrupted aortic arch because the cause is unknown. Getting appropriate prenatal care is always important.
American Heart Association
Healthy Children—American Academy of Pediatrics
Canadian Cardiovascular Society
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
Interrupted aortic arch. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center website. Available at: http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/i/iaa. Updated November 2012. Accessed July 17, 2013.
Interrupted aortic arch. Johns Hopkins Children's Center website. Available at: http://www.hopkinschildrens.org/Interrupted-Aortic-Arch.aspx. Updated May 16, 2011. Accessed July 17, 2013.
Last reviewed June 2015 by Michael Woods, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. | <urn:uuid:72878494-1590-48dd-bab3-e0b6b7bcecd3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/interrupted-aortic-arch-child | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902878 | 741 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Payne’s volume is the first collection of medieval music devoted specifically to poems authored by Philip the Chancellor (d. 1236), a renowned poet of Latin lyrics associated with the cathedral of Notre Dame Paris during the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. It offers the texts (with translations) and music of all the motets and prosulas (words added to preexistent music from organa and polyphonic conductus caudae) ascribed to Philip in medieval sources, as well as a substantial number of works attributed to him by modern scholars. An extensive introductory essay and thorough commentary on the individual pieces complete the volume. Many of the musical settings in this collection are additionally credited to the composer Perotinus and are among the earliest efforts in these genres, suggesting that not only were Philip and Perotinus the sole artists known to have cultivated the motet during its formative years, but that they may have played a seminal role in bringing the genre to light.
For more detailed information, please see https://www.areditions.com/rr/rrm/m041.html | <urn:uuid:7670b34c-64df-4acd-a144-1373af0d961f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.wm.edu/as/news/2011/musc_payne_book.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969128 | 226 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Proposal Would Allow Wild Animals to Roam North America
Embargo expired: 17-Aug-2005 1:00 PM EDT
Source Newsroom: Cornell University
Newswise — If Cornell University researchers and their colleagues have their way, cheetahs, lions, elephants, camels and other large wild animals may soon roam parts of North America.
"If we only have 10 minutes to present this idea, people think we're nuts," said Harry Greene, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell. "But if people hear the one-hour version, they realize they haven't thought about this as much as we have. Right now, we are investing all of our megafauna hopes on one continent -- Africa."
Greene and a number of other highly eminent ecologists and conservationists have authored a paper, published in the latest issue of Nature (Vol. 436, No. 7053), advocating the establishment of vast ecological history parks with large mammals, mostly from Africa, that are close relatives or counterparts to extinct Pleistocene-period animals that once roamed the Great Plains.
The plan, which is called Pleistocene rewilding and is intended to be a proactive approach to conservation, would help revitalize ecosystems that have been compromised by the extinction of many of the continent's large mammals, many of them predators. It would also offer ecotourism and land-management jobs to help the struggling economies in rural areas of the Great Plains and Southwest.
During the Pleistocene era -- between 1.8 million to about 10,000 years ago -- North America's ecosystems were much more diverse. As animals became extinct, many gaps developed in the web of interactions that makes up a healthy ecosystem. Introducing living counterparts to the extinct Pleistocene-period animals could fill the voids for American plants and animals that coevolved with large but now extinct mammals in the picture, the researchers said.
For example, 4 million years of being hunted by the now extinct American cheetah (Acinonyx trumani) was probably why the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) -- an antelopelike animal found throughout the deserts of the American Southwest -- developed such blinding speed, clocking in at around 60 miles an hour. Introducing free-ranging African cheetahs back to the Southwest, the scientists assert, could restore strong interactions with pronghorns and provide endangered cheetahs with new habitat.
Other living species that are counterparts to Pleistocene-era animals in North America include feral horses (Equus caballus), wild asses (E. asinus), Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus), Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants and lions (Panthera leo).
"Obviously, gaining public acceptance is going to be a huge issue, especially when you talk about reintroducing predators," said the paper's lead author, Josh Donlan, a graduate student in Cornell's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, pointing to the controversy that raged when wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in 1995. "There are going to have to be some major attitude shifts. That includes realizing predation is a natural role, and that people are going to have to take precautions."
He said that using large tracts of private land are probably the most promising places to start, with each step carefully guided by the fossil record and the involvement of experts and research. "We are not advocating backing up a van and letting elephants and cheetahs out into the landscape," said Donlan. "All of this would be science driven."
A pilot study will test the rewilding notion by releasing the endangered Bolson tortoise on a private ranch in New Mexico. The tortoise, which can weigh up to 100 pounds and once thrived in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Mexico, now only survives in a small area of northern Mexico.
Evidence shows that animals near the top of the food chain play important roles in structuring ecological systems and maintaining biodiversity, according to the paper. These keystone species -- animals that contribute to diversity of life and which the rewilding researchers would like to reintroduce -- play a disproportionate role in an ecosystem. Extinction of a keystone species can lead to homogenous landscapes with less biodiversity and different species proliferating and dominating the ecosystem.
For example, when humans almost wiped out wolves and grizzly bears in the United States, the species dynamics shifted. The loss of wolves and grizzlies allowed elk populations to soar. Elk, in turn, ate willows, a favorite food of beavers. As a result, along winter elk ranges in Colorado, beaver populations have declined by 80 to 90 percent. With fewer beavers to create dams that raise water tables, fewer wetlands developed to support willows. Today, there are 60 percent fewer willows in parts of Colorado where beavers have declined.
Similarly, after major predators became extinct in Montana and Wyoming, the number of moose, which eat willows, increased in the Yellowstone National Park area. The loss of willows has negatively impacted the numbers of nesting migrant songbirds.
Co-authors of the Nature paper include University of Arizona professor of geoscience Paul Martin, who had the original vision for Pleistocene, and Michael Soulé, the past president and current board member and science adviser of the Wildlands Project and professor emeritus at the University of California-Santa Cruz.
The Turner Endangered Species Fund, the Environmental Leadership Program and the Lichen Foundation supported the research. | <urn:uuid:6930e752-863d-457d-ae60-bc8bf39a96bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/513772/?sc=dwhn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938644 | 1,154 | 3.125 | 3 |
Under these conditions, Bentham believed that punishment should achieve four things:: 1) it should prevent crime; 2) if it could not prevent crime, it should convince a criminal to commit a lesser crime; 3) it should reduce the harm inflicted during a crime; and 4) it should prevent crime as cheaply as possible (Hollin, 1004, 2-3). Both Bentham and Beccaria went against the mood of the day with their utilitarian theories of criminology by arguing that extreme punishment was unnecessary in preventing crime, and may even be counterproductive. They both argued for making the level of punishment fit the crime, reasoning that if all crimes carry the same harsh penalties, then there is no differential effect of punishment, and if a criminal has committed a lesser crime, he may as well go on and commit a greater one because the penalty will be the same if he is caught.
If the punishment is increasingly harsher as the level of the crime increases, so that the cost of the crime always outweighs the benefits, then punishment can act as a deterrent (Hollin, 2004, 2; Juvenile, 2005, 71-72).
The two basic tenets of classical theory are that individuals exhibit free will when they choose to engage in criminal behavior, and that they act in a rational manner when making these choices (Hollin, 2004, 3). The principle of mens rea, guilty intent, is the modern equivalent of free will which forms the basis of the legal systems of both the United States and Europe today. The courts dispense punishments dependent on the severity of the crime committed, which is utilitarian theory, and is intended to deter crime.
The principles on which classical theory is based are:
Humans are fundamentally rational and enjoy free will. Crime is an outcome of rationality and free will. People
choose to engage in criminal rather than conformist behavior
Criminality is morally wrong and is an effort against social order and the collective...
Criminological Theory. (2000, January 01). In LotsofEssays.com. Retrieved 04:08, June 26, 2016, from http://www.collegetermpapers.com/viewpaper/1303578615.html | <urn:uuid:e0995ad4-cb45-4803-9325-ea4d0e9ec508> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.collegetermpapers.com/viewpaper/1303578615.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949609 | 457 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Visual Basic Database Tutorial - Part 4
Previously, weve accessed databases solely through the Data control. But this time were doing it in code, using objects.
Just as you "Dim XYZ as String", were going to do the same with a collection of special objects that allow us to play with our database. For example, you might write "Dim XYZ as Recordset" - which is an object that holds a set of records - then later say "XYZ.Delete", to delete one particular record.
I remember back in the golden olden days of my programming life, when I first saw database access code. Argh! I mean, whod want to write all that code when you have the Data controls?
After a bit of use, it becomes clear that those Data controls arent particularly cool. After all, you often want just one little bit of information from the database - and then youre finished with it. Without code, youll have a clunky Data control constantly loitering on one of your forms. With code, you can simply tell Visual Basic, "access the database, get me that information, close the database"... the end.
In brief, accessing databases via code is amazingly flexible. Oh, and its something else to brag about at the next Visual Basic group meeting.
Page 3 of 8 | <urn:uuid:906e4c10-fb7f-4145-ab03-67ff1900a972> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.developer.com/net/vb/article.php/10926_1538931_3/Visual-Basic-Database-Tutorial---Part-4.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946314 | 275 | 2.9375 | 3 |
China is the world’s oldest surviving civilisation. The modern state of the People’s Republic of China covers an immense region of the far east, some 9,600,000square miles, the third largest country in the world, and has the largest population of any country, 1,273,112,000 people. The history of China is such a massive topic, covering such a long period, over such a large area, lived by so many people of different ethnic, religious and cultural groups, that to do justice to such a subject in a single entry, or indeed in a single book, would be impossible. This entry seeks to meerly outline and characterise some of the major periods of Chinese history so that some broad (but thin) overview might be achieved.
The history of China is such a massive topic, covering such a long period, over such a large area, lived by so many people of different ethnic, religious and cultural groups, that to do justice to such a subject in a single entry, or indeed in a single book, would be impossible. This entry seeks to meerly outline and characterise some of the major periods of Chinese history so that some broad (but thin) overview might be achieved.
China was the world’s third great civilisation, following the Egyptian – Mesopotamian and the Indus Valley cultures into the Bronze Age and the Agricultural revolution. However, despite a rapid comunication of technologies from the ‘fetile cresent’ by mid-third millenium BCE China became isolated from these other cultures by two things. Firstly Geography – China was not only distant from the other centres but those vast distances were hard terrain; deserts, mountains and tretcherous seas, creating a physical buffer between China and the West. Secondly, there was a cultural buffer also – those vast desert wastes of Siberia, Turkestan and Transoxiana were populated not by ‘civilised’, urbane or farming peoples but by nomadic cultures through whose territory communication of technology, ideas, news or goods was, at best difficult and hostile.
So for 3000 years China grew within a sphere of her own. United agaist her ‘barbarian’ neighbours, and insulated by them against threats from their Imperial equals in the west, China enjoyed a stability that no other culture has known. Though not free from the usual up’s and downs of politics and civic society – shifting centres of power, occasional threats of invasion, civil wars and governmental breakdown and China’s perennial enemy – famine – China was culturally stable. While no society is free from social and technological ups and downs, in China there has been no Dark Age, just a long slow development and maturing of it’s culture, beliefs and society, and it is fair to say, some stagnation as a result also.
Civilised before the existance of Carthage, Greece or Rome, China was practically unknown to the west until 300 years ago. Despite it’s post renaisance momentum Europe was still not as advanced as China at that time, but that momentum would see the West overtake and eclipse China during the long period of Mongol rule and a combination of stagnacy and expliotation would hold China back as a layer on the world stage. Now after the miraculous advances and terrible setbacks since the Communist revolution China may now emerge again as the worlds dominant and most civilised culture.
Chinese history is commonly divided into dynasties, according to which family of Emporors ruled the region. Sometimes the dynasties overlap a little during periods where China’s rule was divided.Early Chinese Civilization
1500 – 1122 BCE Shang Dynasty
1122 – 256 Zhou Dynasty
403 – 222 Warring States Period
221 – 206 Qin Dynasty
206 BCE – 220 CE Han Dynasty
220 – 280 Three Kingdoms Period
266 – 420 Jin Dynasty
420 – 588 Southern Period
581 – 618 Sui Dynasty
618 – 907 Tang Dynasty
907 – 960 The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
960 – 1279 Sung Dynasty
1122 – 1234 Jin Dynasty
Late Chinese Civilisation
1279 – 1368 Yuan Dynasty
1368 – 1644 Ming Dynasty
1644 – 1911 Manchu Dynasty
1911 – 1949 Intermediate Republic
1949 – Present The People's RepubilicShang Dynasty
The Chinese people did not come fresh to civilisation with the Shang Dynasty, but this, the first dynasty from which record survives was based upon an earlier pre-dynastic neolithic period of growth, which blossomed into this first flower of Chinese culture. In the mid-third millenium BCE despite their remoteness China enjoyed a full range of neolithic technologies, and there was a regular comunication of technologies between the Chinese region and civilisations of the ‘fertile cresent’ of the middle east and the Indus valley. As bronze working developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia the Chinese took this technology and moved straight into a Bronze Age, without the intemediary copper / stone phase of other cultures. Similarly writing was introduced with the Chinese languages being written in a variant of the Near Eastern Cuniform script.
Bronze Working -
Writing - unification
Zhou Dynasty(or Chou)
Warring States Period
ConfuciousQin Dynasty(Or Chin Period)
Great Wall of ChinaHan DynastySons of Han
Infrastructure – Roads, way stations, postal service. Tang DynastyPrinting
TradeSung Dynasty(Or Song)
Bank notesYuan Mongols
Kublai Khan 1260 - 1290Ming DynastyPorcelain
Peking built 1402 – 7
Chen Ho’s first voyage
Potuguese at Canton 1514Manchu Qing DynastyMongols
First Opium War 1839 - 42
Second Opium War 1858 – 60
Port control Hong Kong Maccau
Boxer Rebellion 1900The Intermediate RepublicSun Yat-sen
May Fourth Movement
May 30th Movement
Japanese War 1937
WWIIThe Peoples RepubilicSino Soviet treaty 1950
KMT - Taiwan
Korean War 1950 - 53
Great Leap Forward
Return to FeudalismThe Future? | <urn:uuid:de3d9590-1787-4566-8baf-85ced6223751> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.h2g2.com/entry/A920594 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920889 | 1,288 | 3.375 | 3 |
COLCHESTER, country town of Essex, England. In the Middle Ages the town harbored a Jewish community, which ranked ninth in importance among the English Jewries in the
Donum of 1194. On the organization of the
*Exchequer of the Jews
, Colchester became the seat of an
for the registration of Jewish transactions. The Ashmolean Museum holds a mid-13th century bowl engraved in Hebrew probably owned by Joseph of Colchester. In 1277 a number of local Jews and Christians were involved together in a breach of the Forest Laws. On the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290, nine houses owned by the Jews on Stockwell Street, as well as the synagogue, escheated to the crown. A short-lived Jewish community was established at the close of the 18th century. A congregation was established in 1957, and 27 Jews were living there in 1967. In 2004 the Jewish population numbered approximately 100.
Roth, England, index; Roth, in: AJA, 3 (1957), 22–25; J. Jacobs, Jews of Angevin England (1893), passim; J. Jacobs, Jewish Ideals (1896), 225ff,; Neubauer, in: REJ, 5 (1882), 246ff. ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: JYB 2004; D. Stephenson, in: Essex Arcaeol. & Hist. Jnl. 16 (1983–84), 48–52; VCH Essex, 9 (1994), 27–28; M.M. Archibald and B.J. Crook, English Medieval Coin Hoards I, BM Occasional Paper 87 (2001), 67–142; H.G. Richardson, English Jewry Under the Angevin Kings (1960), index.
[Cecil Roth / Joe Hillaby (2nd ed.)]
Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group.
All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:34905eb1-7830-4528-9e96-60c00be2a85a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_04514.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896939 | 406 | 3 | 3 |
An article found on the BBC (http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8254206.stm?ad=1) states that bacteria can be inhaled in the shower and can lead to health issues. From the article:
Showering may be bad for your health, say US scientists, who have shown that dirty shower heads can deliver a face full of harmful bacteria. Tests revealed nearly a third of devices harbour significant levels of a bug that causes lung disease. Levels of Mycobacterium avium were 100 times higher than those found in typical household water supplies. M. avium forms a biofilm that clings to the inside of the shower head, reports the National Academy of Science.
Showers have also been identified as a route for spreading other infectious diseases, including a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires’ disease and chest infections with a bacterium called Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hot tubs and spa pools carry a similar infection risk, according to the Health Protection Agency.
Biostel Water Services can help clean these water sources by using a safe, non-toxic, environmentally friendly solution that is CFIA (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) approved. Throw out toxic chemicals like chlorine and bleach and replace it with our environmentally safe water treatment. | <urn:uuid:7a8e64aa-daf4-46f7-811e-014c7215a675> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biostel.ca/blog/2009/09/taking-showers-can-make-you-ill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933661 | 291 | 3.3125 | 3 |
NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Wednesday, June 29, 2016
What is the route of choice for general anesthetics and why?
In most cases there is no route of choice, but there are choices. General anesthesia is usually administered either by the intravenous route, or the inhaled route. Although at a molecular level the way the intravenous drugs and the inhaled drugs (gases) work may differ, the end result - unconsciousness, and insensibility to pain, are basically indistinguishable. Certain drugs that are given intravenously, such as ketamine, may also be given by intramuscular injection, but this is rarely done in practice.
Intravenous access is almost always available, but where it is not, inhalational anesthesia is obviously the route of choice. One example is in young children, who don't accept needles quite as happily as adults. For this reason, inhalational anesthesia is a standard technique in children. For must adults, the intravenous route is the standard way to induce unconsciousness. For the "maintenance" (continuation) of anesthesia, either inhalation or intravenous general anesthesia will do.
Gareth S Kantor, MD
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology
School of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University | <urn:uuid:3677b70c-bfcc-41ef-b1bb-333690a32e64> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.netwellness.uc.edu/question.cfm/60997.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943633 | 288 | 2.796875 | 3 |
How to Work with Tabs in the Numbers App for iPad
Tables and charts are built into Keynote and Pages, but Numbers is the main number crunching tool in iWork for iPad. In Numbers, each tab displays a sheet, which can have one or more tables and/or charts on it. Tabs help you organize your Numbers document.
Adding a new tab
As with all the iWork apps, starting a new Numbers document involves choosing a template. Each template has its own pre-defined tabs. (The Blank template has just one tab, cleverly titled Sheet 1.) You can add more tabs by tapping the + tab on the far-right end of the tabs.
Tap the + tab and Numbers asks if you want to add a new sheet or a form. Tap New Sheet, and Numbers creates a new tab for that sheet that contains one table. The sheet is labeled Sheet N where N is the next number in the internal list of sheets you have created.
Deleting or duplicating a tab
If you add a tab by mistake, Numbers allows you to remove it. Also, if you have a tab that you'd like to reuse for a new tab, Numbers allows you to duplicate it. To do either of these actions, tap the tab you want to delete or duplicate, and selection buttons appear above it. All you have to do now is tap the option (Duplicate or Delete) for the action you want to take.
Remember that a double-tap starts editing. A single tap brings up your selection buttons, if they are available for the object you've tapped.
Don't like the order of your tabs? Tap and hold a tab to rearrange the tab order. You simply drag the tab to the right or left in the row of tabs, and then remove your finger when the tab is in the position you want it.
Navigating through tabs
If you have more tabs than can be shown on the screen, just flick right or left to slide along the tabs. Remember to flick in the row of tabs. Flicking on the body of the sheet scrolls over to the right or left of the content on that sheet.
If you're holding your iPad in portrait orientation, turn it to landscape to allow more tabs to fit on the screen.
Changing a tab's name
Double-tapping text anywhere on your iPad allows you to edit it. That goes for tabs, too. Double-tap the name of a tab to begin editing it; you'll also see standard editing commands, such as Select, Select All, and Paste in the selection buttons just above the tab. | <urn:uuid:d62a9f33-78b5-4a00-8c1e-f50128c5d35a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-work-with-tabs-in-the-numbers-app-for-ipad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897852 | 539 | 2.671875 | 3 |
5 Monuments Guaranteed to Drive Natives Nuts
Carving the faces of “founding fathers” who weren’t good for Indian policy into sacred mountains, having to walk by a monument of a man who was responsible for the death of countless Indigenous Peoples, building statues of men who killed countless Natives… why are there so many monuments for those who don’t deserve it?
Statue of Liberty
At a time when Natives were being persecuted, France donates the Statue of Liberty to the United States. A giant statue, the National Park Service calls a “universal symbol of freedom and democracy.” Let’s consider this: the 305-foot-tall statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886 and designated a National Monument in 1924. In 1886, Geronimo was the last Chiricahua Apache to surrender; he had spent his life resisting colonization of his homeland in the Southwest. So, while the U.S. is welcoming others, it was imprisoning this country’s Indigenous Peoples on reservations. In 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act was passed, which was yet another step by the government to assimilate the Indian population into white culture.
Facebook commenter Marie Sandvig put it quite well in regard to the Statue of Liberty being an atrocious monument: “Liberty for who, exactly?”
Not only was Mount Rushmore carved into a sacred place in the Black Hills, Natives have always questioned who the “real” founding fathers of this country are. And that is not the faces carved into the mountain.
Before anyone called it Mount Rushmore, the Sioux called the mountain Six Grandfathers. It was named Rushmore in 1884 when New York City attorney Charles E. Rushmore asked what it was called.
“From the Indian perspective, the monument at Mount Rushmore was a symbol of the dominant culture’s arrogance, racism, and spiritual insensitivity. Carving icons of presidents who were known for their insensitivity to Indian issues into a living sacred mountain would be similar to painting anti-Christian graffiti inside of a cathedral, or anti-Semitic symbols inside a synagogue,” points out a post on Native American Netroots.
RELATED: A Different View of Mount Rushmore
In bustling New York City, Christopher Columbus—a man who took Natives as slaves and brought disease to Turtle Island—has an important city intersection named after him at Columbus Circle as well as a large monument in the center of that circle. A marble statue of Columbus sits on top of a 70-foot granite column was created by Italian sculptor Gaetano Russo and completed in 1892 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus’ landing here, which was a harbinger of more death for the Indigenous Peoples here.
“Here’s a statue of Christopher Columbus,” Luis Ramos said, waving toward the center of Columbus Circle, “and there’s still a federally recognized holiday. They don’t realize the destruction still being implemented, the genocide.” Ramos was at Columbus Circle in 2012 for an Indigenous Day of Remembrance, which is held the day before Columbus Day.
Andrew Jackson Monument
Why does a man nicknamed “Indian Killer” and “Sharp Knife” deserve to have more than one monument extolling his deeds? The proponent of Indian removal also earned the top spot on our list of worst U.S. presidents. Monuments to this brutal president can be found in Lafayette Park in Washington, D.C. and another, albeit smaller one, marks his birthplace in Lancaster, South Carolina.
“Andrew Jackson was a wealthy slave owner and infamous Indian killer, gaining the nickname ‘Sharp Knife’ from the Cherokee,” writes Amargi on the website Unsettling America: Decolonization in Theory & Practice. “He was also the founder of the Democratic Party, demonstrating that genocide against indigenous people is a nonpartisan issue. His first effort at Indian fighting was waging a war against the Creeks. President Jefferson had appointed him to appropriate Creek and Cherokee lands. In his brutal military campaigns against Indians, Andrew Jackson recommended that troops systematically kill Indian women and children after massacres in order to complete the extermination. The Creeks lost 23 million acres of land in southern Georgia and central Alabama, paving the way for cotton plantation slavery. His frontier warfare and subsequent ‘negotiations’ opened up much of the southeast U.S. to settler colonialism.”
George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument
Defeated at Greasy Grass, or the Battle of Little Bighorn as it’s called in history books, it’s often forgotten that Custer was the one who started that fight by attacking an Indian village. It’s just the force of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho who finished it. It could also be said that it is because of Custer that the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 was not abided by and the Black Hills were taken away from the Lakota. He led an expedition there in 1874 and discovered gold, which prompted the United States government to violate the treaty, take back the land and move the Lakota to reservations.
In his honor, the George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument was erected in 1910 in Monroe, Michigan, his childhood home. There is also a memorial to him, a bronze statue in his birthplace in New Rumley, Ohio.
This is in no way an all-inclusive list, there are hundreds of monuments around the country that should never have been built. Tell us what monuments you think shouldn’t exist.
You need to be logged in in order to post comments
Please use the log in option at the bottom of this page | <urn:uuid:83ed3322-033c-4fca-9053-a50a9a8b7ae2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/comment/1402953 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963421 | 1,197 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Aerial surveys this summer will help scientists determine how many basking sharks, the world's second largest fish, are populating Canterbury waters.
The Department of Conservation (DOC) completed the first of 10 planned flights last week, covering the coast from New Brighton, around Banks Peninsula to the mouth of the Rakaia River.
Each flight involves 16, 10km-long transects from the coast offshore, with surveyors recording all species they observe. The last flight is scheduled for mid-March.
Once schools of basking sharks are seen, their location will be recorded by global positioning system (GPS). Several sharks will then be tagged with satellite transmitters to track their movements.
Basking sharks, second only to whale sharks in size, can grow up to 12m long and weigh more than five tonnes. They are labelled a "vulnerable" species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They are harmless to humans, feeding on plankton.
As well as the aerial surveys, DOC is asking beach-goers to keep their eyes peeled.
DOC marine scientist Clinton Duffy said the number of basking sharks around New Zealand was unknown but was likely to be in the low thousands, given several hundred had been caught accidentally by deep-water trawlers in the past decade.
This time of year was the best for the survey and when most sightings had been made.
"When they are in big numbers they are aggregating on a plankton patch. The largest we have documented over Canterbury was more than 100 animals, but we didn't get an accurate count that time," Duffy said.
Basking sharks favoured lower North Island and South Island waters, and Banks Peninsula had fairly regularly sightings, Duffy said. DOC Akaroa biodiversity ranger Wayne Beggs said the research was being carried out with funding from National Geographic. "They have often been seen off Kaitorete Spit. We would love to hear from anyone that spots these magnificent animals."
DOC Canterbury conservancy marine ecologist Laura Allum said basking sharks seemed to be disappearing from New Zealand waters.
"Anecdotally, they are not being reported so much from shore by the public. "
Sightings can be reported to the DOC area office in Christchurch on 03 341 9100 or email [email protected]
- The Press
Which memorial design do you like most?Related story: Christchurch earthquake memorial designs unveiled | <urn:uuid:e8d01833-bb26-407d-b15c-e422f0efe7b6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/3236101/Scientists-survey-basking-sharks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96453 | 502 | 3.125 | 3 |
Helmuth von Moltke was born in Kreisau, Germany in 1907. He became an international lawyer and had many friends in Britain
and the United States.
Moltke was opposed to Adolf
Hitler and his government and in 1933 began making contacts with
the resistance in Nazi Germany.
In 1939, Moltke became a legal adviser to Abwehr where he worked closely with Wilhelm
Canaris and Hans Oster.
He was detained by the Gestapo in January 1944 after it was discovered that he was warning conspirators
that they were about to be arrested. After the July
Plot, Moltke was charged with treason and was executed at Ploetzensee
Prison on January 23, 1945. | <urn:uuid:d23ad416-23de-4916-866c-1e07bc03f39d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Moltke.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.995551 | 153 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL -- Part 10: Object Language Bindings (SQL/OLB)
(Only available in English)
ISO/IEC 9075 defines the SQL language. The scope of the SQL language is the definition of data structure and the operations on data stored in that structure. ISO/IEC 9075-1:2008, ISO/IEC 9075-2:2008 and ISO/IEC 9075-11:2008 encompass the minimum requirements of the language. Other parts define extensions.
ISO/IEC 9075-10:2008 defines extensions to the SQL language to support embedding of SQL statements into programs written in the Java programming language (Java is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.). In addition it specifies mechanisms to ensure binary portability of resulting applications.
Document published on: 2008-07-15 Edition: 3 (Monolingual) ICS: 35.060 Status: Published Stage: 90.92 (2012-06-08) TC/SC: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 Number of Pages: 376
Revised by: ISO/IEC DIS 9075-10.2
Revises: ISO/IEC 9075-10:2003
Revises: ISO/IEC 9075-10:2003/Cor 2:2007 | <urn:uuid:57c8e46b-18f7-47c7-9c7c-a2f667139f41> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38644 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.720209 | 274 | 2.703125 | 3 |
(Shasta lizard - After Mount Shasta).
Named By: Merriam - 1895.
Synonyms: Shastasaurus alexandrae, Shastasaurus osmonti, Guanlingsaurus liangae, Shonisaurus sikanniensis.
Classification: Chordata, Reptilia, Ichthyosauria, Shastasauridae.
Species: S. pacificus (type), S. liangae, S. sikanniensis.
Diet: Specialist of soft bodied cephalopods like squid.
Size: 21 meters long for S. sikanniensis, other species like S. liangae seem to be 4 to 9 meters long based upon available fossils.
Known locations: USA, California - Mount Shasta. Canada, British Columbia - Pardonet Formation. China.
Time period: Carnian to Norian of the Triassic.
Fossil representation: Many specimens, although often incomplete and fragmentary.
species and fossil distribution
Shastasaurus hit the record books in 2011 with the re-examination of a set of ichthyosaur remains from British Columbia that were initially described as a new species of Shonisaurus back in 2004. Study of the remains has found that while they are similar, the remains are a better match for Shastasaurus, and so the remains were moved from Shonisaurus to create a new third species, Shastasaurus sikanniensis. This confusion is not surprising however when you consider that these two ichthyosaurs are thought to be very similar to each other in not just form but predatory behaviour as well.
Although the material referable to S. sikanniensis has allowed for a new upper size of the genus to be established, it is Chinese fossil material referable to the second species, S.liangae named in 2000 that has allowed for considerably more accurate reconstructions. The type species of Shastasaurus was only ever known from fragmentary remains with additional fossils being attributed to it later. More complete S. liangae material however revealed that Shastasaurus is a short snouted ichthyosaur, and as such much of the long snouted ichthyosaur fossils associated with the type species were found to have actually been placed in the wrong genus, and have since been moved to other genera.
Today Shastasaurus remains are usually associated with the Northern coast lines of the Pacific Ocean, but it needs to be remembered that back in the Triassic today’s continents were still very close to one another and surrounded by a single large ocean. While the Pacific Rim would have formed much of this coastline, the gradually breaking up land masses created new seas and it is thought by some palaeontologists that Shastasaurus may have ventured into these new areas as well. Shastasaurus also has two dubious species associated with the genus, S. carinthiacus from Austria and S. neubigi from Germany. Central Europe at the time of the Triassic was more like an Island chain surrounded by shallow seas, not only well away from other Shastasaurus fossil sites, but different from the deep water environments where Shastasaurus is thought to have hunted. If these remains are not those of Shastasaurus then they may yet represent a similar type of ichthyosaur, whereas if they are the same genus then they may reveal that Shastasaurus was either more flexible in its hunting, or that it was possibly migratory and heading to shallow water birthing areas or moving on to new feeding grounds.
body features at a glance
Shastasaurus was what is now termed a primitive ichthyosaur. Key to this is what appears to be a lack of a dorsal fin, something which is clearly seen in advanced ichthyosaurs but is lacking in basal forms. The lack of a dorsal fin bone does not necessarily mean that a dorsal fin was not present; it may have existed in the form of softer tissue such as cartilage which rapidly decomposes in sea water. Still without more direct evidence the wider assumption is that Shastasaurus did not have a dorsal fin.
The tail fluke of Shastasaurus may not have been as well formed as in later ichthyosaurs either. The rear of the body that grew into the tail is seen to have strongly arced downwards indicating that the lower tail lobe was larger and more developed than the upper lobe. This suggests that Shastasaurus was better at cruising rather than active pursuit of prey.
Early art depicting ichthyosaurs often depicts them to have large rounded bodies, and while modern reconstructions suggest that ichthyosaurs in general are much slimmer than what they were classically depicted to be, the ribs in proportion to total body length prove that this was definitely not the case for Shastasaurus. The distance between fore and aft flippers is roughly seven meters while the ribs were barely two meters tall. This gives Shastasaurus a profile more like that of a torpedo which would have helped to streamline Shastasaurus as it swam through the water. This effectively means that Shastasaurus faced reduced resistance and experienced less drag so that it did not have to expend so much energy on swimming, something that is especially important given the underdevelopment of the tail fluke.
As mentioned above, the fossil specimens of S. liangae from China allowed for the first accurate reconstruction and analysis of Shastasaurus, particularly the skull. The skull itself is just a little bit over eight per cent of the total length of adult Shastasaurus, and displays extreme shortening adaptations. While the jaws are reduced, they seem to have reached their minimisation limit as the nasal bone which is usually mid-way in the skull is on the very tip of the jaws. The skull is also laterally compressed which means that when viewed from the front the skull would look narrow like it was pushed in from the sides.
hunting and feeding specialisation
The addition of new fossil material to create the species S. sikanniensis has made Shastasaurus the largest currently known marine reptile at twenty-one metres long. This is much larger than others such as the Jurassic predator Liopleurodon which is often incorrectly labelled as the largest and credited as being up to twenty-five meters long, even though the largest fossil specimens for this genus are barely six and half meters long. Shastasaurus is thought to have grown to such a large size so that it was better able to dive to deep depths, as well as being larger than most of the marine predators of the time effectively taking full grown adults off the menu list. Large size meant that it could take in a greater amount of air and stay down longer than a much smaller ichthyosaur.
Shastasaurus has one of the most specialised mouths of all known ichthyosaurs in that the jaws are both short and toothless. This toothless adaptation is also seen in the similar Shonisaurus although this ichthyosaur has comparatively longer jaws. Why Shastasaurus should have such short jaws has puzzled many, but analysis of the skulls, particularly the attachments for the jaw opening muscles has given rise to the theory (proposed by M.P. Sander, X. Chen, L. Cheng & X. Wang in 2011) that Shastasaurus was a suction feeder. Like some fish Shastasaurus opening its mouth wide so fast that it would have created a point where the space and existing water inside its mouth would be reduced to such a low pressure it would create a vacuum inside its mouth. Water immediately in front of the mouth, as well as anything in it such as squid, would get sucked into this vacuum as the pressure within was equalised. Further evidence for this feeding behaviour comes from the large hyoid bones that would have allowed the tongues to have also been quickly drawn low and back, further increasing the vacuum effect. The very size of the jaws themselves also support this as shorter jaws would have much less resistance when moving through the water than longer jaws, further increasing the speed that they can be opened which in turn increases the vacuum effect inside the mouth.
If this proposed method of feeding is correct then it’s a wonderful case of nature reverse engineering itself. This is because squid use jets of water pressure squirted out of their bodies to propel themselves through the water, especially when escaping predators. Shastasaurus on the other hand basing its feeding behaviour on using the hydro dynamics of an aquatic vacuum would have denied the squid their advantage, making prey capture for Shastasaurus quite easy.
|1 - Basilosaurus (whale), 2 - C. megalodon - lower average estimate (shark), 3 - Livyatan melvillei - lower estimate (whale), 4 - Pliosaurus funkei, a.k.a Predator X (pliosaur), 5 - Plesiosuchus (thalattosuchian), 6 - Thalattoarchon (ichthyosaur), 7 - Dunkleosteus (arthrodire placoderm), 8 - Shastasaurus (ichthyosaur), 9 - Tylosaurus (mosasaur), 10 - Leedsichthys - upper estimate (fish)), 11 - Brygmophyseter (whale), 12 - Rhizodus (lobe finned fish).|
- Giant ichthyosaurs of the Triassic - a new species of Shonisaurus from the Pardonet Formation (Norian: Late Triassic) of British Columbia. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (3): 838–849. - E. L. Nicholls & M. Manabe - 2004.
- On the occurrence of the ichthyosaur Shastasaurus in the Guanling Biota (Late Triassic), Guizhou, China. - Vertebrata PalAsiatica 47 (3): 178–193. - Shang Qing-Hua & Li Chun - 2009.
- Short-Snouted Toothless Ichthyosaur from China Suggests Late Triassic Diversification of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs. - PLoS ONE 6 (5): e19480. - P. M. Sender, X. Chen, L. Cheng & X. Wang - 2011.
- Absence of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs and Its Implications for Triassic Mesopelagic Paleoecology. - PLoS ONE. - R. Motani, T. Tomita, E. Maxwell, D. Jiang & P. Sander - 2013. | <urn:uuid:0ac2cb7c-9ddb-4c33-8e56-275a7469d10d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/s/shastasaurus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955232 | 2,211 | 3.28125 | 3 |
What is a noun?
Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas.
Look around you.
Everything that you see, you can name.
Each of those names fits the above definition. What do you see? A computer, the living room, your dad, a duck.... You don't see a duck? You will in a moment.
Before you commit the above definition to memory, I would like to clarify one thing. Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas. They are not actually people, places, things, or ideas.
After teaching grammar for some time, I was surprised at how many of my students weren't really clear on the whole "word" thing. Allow me to make this clear.
What is a noun? Choose the noun from the following two pictures.
If you guessed that the one on the left is a noun, you are correct. Why? Well, what is a noun? It is first and foremost a word. Notice that while the image of the duck is the cuter of the two, it is not naming a duck. It is a duck.
Does that make sense? A noun is a word, not the actual thing that the word represents. It's kind of cool, huh?
Now, your task is to memorize the following definition.
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas.
Put on your memorizing cap and stick that sentence in there.
Nouns can do lots of things in sentences. They are probably the most overworked of all eight of the parts of speech.
Nouns have the ability to perform different functions, or jobs, in sentences.
Each time a noun is performing one of these jobs, it still fits the answer to the question, What is a noun?
Let's look at some of the noun jobs.
1. Subjects are nouns that tell us whom or what a sentence is about.
Mary kicked the ball.
Mary kicked the ball.
3. Indirect objects are nouns that receive the direct object.
Mary kicked Jimmy the ball.
4. Objects of prepositions are nouns that come after prepositions in prepositional phrases.
Mary kicked the ball to Jimmy.
Mary is a soccer player.
6. Object complements are nouns that complete the direct object.
They named the baby April.
So, how's it going? Am I confusing you?
If you feel overwhelmed, don't worry. Just keep reading and working. You'll get it. Once you start diagramming, you'll know all of this stuff without even trying too hard!
You should check out sentence diagramming if you haven't given it a shot yet. Sentence diagrams SHOW you how nouns act in sentences.
Do you like apples? I hope so; They're good for you! Well, as you know, there are many different types of apples (Granny Smith, Golden Delicious, Gala, McIntosh).
Each kind of apple tastes a bit different, but each is still an apple.
Nouns are similar, only they don't taste as good. Whichever type you're dealing with will have its own characteristics, but they will still be nouns.
That means it still fits our answer to the question, What is a noun? (a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea).
Are you ready to hit me over the head because you're so tired of me repeating that? Good. Hopefully that means it's stuck in your mind.
Here are the different ways to describe or classify nouns. If you would like a more examples of each, click here to see a list of nouns.
Note that nouns can fit into more than one of these categories. For example, the word cat is a common, concrete, countable, singular noun.
• Common: These name general, nonspecific people, places, things, or ideas. They start with a lowercase letter unless they begin a sentence.
writer, city, park, religion
• Proper: These name specific people, places, things, or ideas. They always start with a capital letter.
Victor Hugo, Paris, Disneyland, Christianity
• Abstract: These are the opposite of concrete. They name something that you cannot perceive with your five senses - something that does not physically exist.
happiness, freedom, Christianity
• Concrete: These name something that you can perceive with your five senses - something that physically exists.
cat, chocolate, Martha
• Countable: Yep. You guessed it. These can be counted, and they use both the singular and the plural forms. Anything that you can make plural is a countable noun.
clock/clocks, David/Davids, poem/poems
• Uncountable: These guys cannot be counted. Since they cannot be counted, they only use the singular form.
milk, rice, water
• Compound: These are made up of two or more smaller words.
tablecloth, haircut, applesauce
• Collective Nouns: These are singular nouns that refer to a group of things as one whole.
class, audience, swarm
• Singular: These refer to one person, place, thing, or idea.
box, face, road, ball
• Plural: These refer to more than one person, place, thing, or idea. They generally end in with an s.
boxes, faces, roads, balls
• Possessive Nouns: These show ownership.
Dad's car, the student's book, Marc's hat
Don't get too bogged down by all of those definitions. Know that they exist, but don't worry about committing all of that to your memory.
Quick Refresher: What is a noun?
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. | <urn:uuid:993f6112-26c3-4552-bd12-2012f79f93a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/what-is-a-noun.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00045-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952221 | 1,243 | 3.65625 | 4 |
stock photoStock photos (stock photography) are professional photographs of common places, landmarks, nature, events or people that are bought and sold on a royalty-free basis and can be used and reused for commercial design purposes. The photographer (or stock photography distributor) has ownership to the images, and the commercial designer has some limited usage of the photo (which is set out in the Terms of Service by the company you purchase the stock photos from). Some conditions of use may include things such as use of the images is licensed, not sold or in case of a stock photo being used in a magazine there may be a maximum number of copies of the image allowed to be printed under the agreement. Terms of Service policies will differ between stock photography distributors.
Stock photography is a cost-effective method for designers to obtain professional photos and images without the costs of hiring a photographer directly. Stock photos and stock photography refer to the images purchased under this distribution method and may be photos, computer generated graphics, clip-art, vectors, and other form of imagery. Today stock photos can be purchased through a subscription and downloaded from a stock photography distributor's Web site or purchased as a CD-ROM collection.
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Network Topology refers to layout of a network. How different nodes in a network are connected to each other and how they communicate is... Read More » | <urn:uuid:476cb16a-ca46-44d7-9a63-5808bbc26ddf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/stock_photo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914991 | 450 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Education After Spinal Cord Injury
After a spinal cord injury (SCI), there are many possible changes to the body. Learning about these potential changes can better prepare people with SCI to live on their own in their community. Knowledge about SCI is important even for persons who live in a care facility, because it will enable them to better direct their own health care.
Understanding SCI is important not only for the individual with the injury, but also for any involved family members, friends, support persons, or caregivers. Everyone is encouraged to learn as much about SCI as possible. Information is available to you throughout the UPMC Rehabilitation Institute’s spinal cord injury webpages, as well as in documents from both inpatient and outpatient health care professionals.
Please remember that this or any other educational information cannot be substituted for medical advice from your doctor. It is recommended that all patients be seen on a regular basis by both their primary care physician and their spinal cord injury physician. | <urn:uuid:742151e9-82c5-4ac7-9cf7-5d3173901188> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://upmc.com/Services/rehab/rehab-institute/conditions/spinal-cord-injury/education-spinal-injury/Pages/default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972151 | 201 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Soy Lecithin has been lingering around our food
supply for over a century. It is an ingredient in
literally hundreds of proceesed foods, and also sold
as an over the counter health food supplement. Scientists
claim it benefits our cardiovascular health, metabolism,
memory, cognitive function, liver function, and even
physical and athletic perfomance. However, most people
don't realize what soy lecithin actually is, and why
the dangers of ingesting this additive far exceed
Lecithin is an emulsifying substance that is found in the cells of all living organisms. The French scientist Maurice Gobley discovered lecithin in 1805 and named it "lekithos" after the Greek word for "egg yolk." Until it was recovered from the waste products of soybean processing in the 1930s, eggs were the primary source of commercial lecithin. Today lecithin is the generic name given to a whole class of fat-and-water soluble compounds called phospholipids. Levels of phospholipids in soybean oils range from 1.48 to 3.08 percent, which is considerably higher than the 0.5 percent typically found in vegetable oils, but far less than the 30 percent found in egg yolks.
Out of the Dumps
Soybean lecithin comes from sludge left after crude soy oil goes through a "degumming" process. It is a waste product containing solvents and pesticides and has a consistency ranging from a gummy fluid to a plastic solid. Before being bleached to a more appealing light yellow, the color of lecithin ranges from a dirty tan to reddish brown. The hexane extraction process commonly used in soybean oil manufacture today yields less lecithin than the older ethanol-benzol process, but produces a more marketable lecithin with better color, reduced odor and less bitter flavor.
Historian William Shurtleff reports that the expansion of the soybean crushing and soy oil refining industries in Europe after 1908 led to a problem disposing the increasing amounts of fermenting, foul-smelling sludge. German companies then decided to vacuum dry the sludge, patent the process and sell it as "soybean lecithin." Scientists hired to find some use for the substance cooked up more than a thousand new uses by 1939.
Today lecithin is ubiquitous in the processed food supply. It is most commonly used as an emulsifier to keep water and fats from separating in foods such as margarine, peanut butter, chocolate candies, ice cream, coffee creamers and infant formulas. Lecithin also helps prevent product spoilage, extending shelf life in the marketplace. In industry kitchens, it is used to improve mixing, speed crystallization, prevent "weeping," and stop spattering, lumping and sticking. Used in cosmetics, lecithin softens the skin and helps other ingredients penetrate the skin barrier. A more water-loving version known as "deoiled lecithin" reduces the time required to shut down and clean the extruders used in the manufacture of textured vegetable protein and other soy products.
In theory, lecithin manufacture eliminates all soy
proteins, making it hypoallergenic. In reality, minute
amounts of soy protein always remain in lecithin as
well as in soy oil. Three components of soy protein
have been identified in soy lecithin, including the
inhibitor, which has a track record of triggering
severe allergic reactions even in the most minuscule
quantities. The presence of lecithin in so many food
and cosmetic products poses a special danger for people
with soy allergies.
The Making of a Wonder Food
Lecithin has been touted for years as a wonder food capable of combating atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, liver cirrhosis, gall stones, psoriasis, eczema, scleroderma, anxiety, tremors and brain aging. Because it is well known that the human body uses phospholipids to build strong, flexible cell membranes and to facilitate nerve transmission, health claims have been made for soy lecithin since the 1920s. Dr. A. A. Horvath, a leading purveyor of soybean health claims at the time, thought it could be used in "nerve tonics" or to help alcoholics reduce the effects of intoxication and withdrawal. In 1934, an article entitled "A Comfortable and Spontaneous Cure for the Opium Habit by Means of Lecithin" was written by Chinese researchers and published in an English language medical journal.
Lecithin, though, did not capture the popular imagination until the 1960s and 1970s when the bestselling health authors Adelle Davis, Linda Clark and Mary Ann Crenshaw hyped lecithin in their many books, including Lets Get Well, Secrets of Health and Beauty and The Natural Way to Super Beauty: Featuring the Amazing Lecithin, Apple Cider Vinegar, B-6 and Kelp Diet.
Lecithin did not become a star of the health food circuit by accident. Research took off during the early 1930s, right when lecithin production became commercially viable. In 1939, the American Lecithin Company began sponsoring research studies, and published the most promising in a 23-page booklet entitled Soybean Lecithin in 1944. The company, not coincidentally introduced a health food cookie with a lecithin filling known as the "Lexo Wafer" and a lecithin/wheat germ supplement called Granulestin. In the mid 1970s, Natterman, a lecithin marketing company based in Germany, hired scientists at various health clinics to experiment with lecithin and to write scientific articles about it. These "check book" scientists coined the term "essential phospholipids" an inaccurate term since a healthy body can produce its own phospholipids from phosphorous and lipids.
In September 2001, lecithin got a boost when the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized
products containing enough of it to bear labels such
as "A good source of choline." Producers
of soy lecithin hope to find ways to help the new
health claim lift demand for lecithin and increase
prices in what has been a soft market. Eggs, milk
and soy products are the leading dietary sources of
choline, according to recent research conducted at
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and
at Duke University.
One of the biggest problems associated with soy lecithin comes from the origin of the soy itself. The majority of soy sources in the world are now genetically modified (GM). Researchers have clearly identified GM foods as a threat to the environment, pollution of soils and a long-term threat to human health with links to of the world with unnatural genetic material that may have unknown long-term consequences with links to decreased fertility, immunological alterations in the gut and the exacerbation and creation of allergies.
Genetically engineered soy contains high concentrations of plant toxicants. The presence of high levels of toxicants in the GM soy
represent thousands of plant biochemicals many of which have been shown to have toxic effects on animals.
Unfermented Soy Sources
The manufacture of soy lecithin is also typically confined to unfermented sources because it is quicker and cheaper to make. Unfermented soy products are rich in enzyme inhibitors. Enzymes such as amylase lipase and protease are secreted into the digestive tract to help break down food and free nutrients for assimilation into the body. The high content of enzyme inhibitors in unfermented soybeans interferes with this process and makes carbohydrates and proteins from soybeans impossible to completely digest.
Unfermented soy has been linked to digestive distress, immune system breakdown, PMS, endometriosis, reproductive problems for men and women, allergies, ADD and ADHD, higher risk of heart disease and cancer, malnutrition, and loss of libido.
It is now widely recognized that the only soy fit for human consumption is fermented soy.
Phosphatidyl Choline (PC)
Because many lecithin products sold in health food
stores contain less than 30 percent choline, many
clinicians prefer to use the more potent Phosphatidylcholine
(PC) or its even more powerful derivative drug Glyceryl-phosphorylcholine
(GPC). Both are being used to prevent and reverse
dementia, improve cognitive function, increase human
growth hormone (hGH) release, and to treat brain disorders
such as damage from stroke. PC and GPC may help build
nerve cell membranes, facilitate electrical transmission
in the brain, hold membrane proteins in place, and
produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. However,
studies on soy lecithin, PC, and brain aging have
been inconsistent and contradictory ever since the
1920s. Generally, lecithin is regarded as safe except
for people who are highly allergic to soy. However,
the late Robert Atkins, MD, advised patients not to
take large doses of supplemental lecithin without
extra vitamin C to protect them from the nitrosamines
formed from choline metabolism. Trimethylamine and
dimethylamine, which are metabolized by bacteria in
the intestines from choline, are important precurors
to N-nitrosodimethylamine, a potent carcinogen in
a wide variety of animal species.
Phosphatidyl Serine (PS)
Phosphatidyl serine (PS) -- another popular phospholipid that improves brain function and mental acuity nearly always comes from soy oil. Most of the scientific studies proving its efficacy, however, come from bovine sources, which also contain DHA as part of the structure. Plant oils never contain readymade DHA. Indeed, the entire fatty acid structure is different; bovine derived PS is rich in stearic and oleic acids, while soy PS is rich in linoleic and palmitic acids. Complicating matters further, the PS naturally formed in the human body consists of 37.5 percent stearic acid and 24.2 percent arachidonic acid. Yet soy-derived PS seems to help many people.
Russell Blaylock, MD, author of Excitotoxins, the
Taste that Kills, explains that the probable reason
PS works is because its chemical structure is similar
to that of L-glutamate, the trouble-making neurotransmitter,
amino acid and excitotoxin that exists in high concentration
(monosodium glutamate), HVP (hydrolyzed
vegetable protein) and "natural
flavorings" and foods containing these soy
derivatives. (See Chapter 11.) Because PS competes
with glutamate, it may protect us from glutamate toxicity.
Ironically, the expensive soy-derived supplement PS
is being used to undo damage that may be caused in
part by the cheap soy in processed foods
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved lysophosphatidyl-ethanolamine (LPE), another phosphatidyl substance commercially extracted from soybeans, for use as a fruit ripener and shelf-life extender. LPE once called cephalin -- is now being used to treat grapes, cranberries, strawberries, blueberries, apples, tomatoes, and cut flowers.
When applied to fruits that are nearly ripe going into puberty, so to speak -- LPE promotes ripening. When applied to picked fruit or cut flowers that are already ripe or blooming, however, it will "reduce senescence by inhibiting some of the enzymes involved in membrane breakdown." This can dramatically extend shelf life. Whether the substance could also keep human bodies fresh for funeral home viewings has not yet been investigated.
- More articles on Soy | <urn:uuid:5d97ef16-ca30-42f6-9589-1e9f51b152d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://preventdisease.com/news/09/073009_soy_lecithin.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926154 | 2,536 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Read the Humanities
In all but the smallest development project people work with people to achieve the goal. In all but the most abstracted field of research people write software for the purpose of supporting someone in some goal of theirs.
People write software with people for people. It's a people business.
Unfortunately the education and training of a programmer tends not to equip anyone to deal particularly well with people. In fact, the tools and techniques taught to programmers too often equip them very poorly in dealing with the people they work for and with. The real irony of the situation is that merely being a person doesn't grant any particular insight into nor ability to deal well with other people.
The most critical interaction that programmers have with the people for whom software is written is in understanding what those people want. The only way to do this is to ask them them to tell you and the education of a programmer can lay some particular traps which make that difficult. Programmers also collaborate closely with one another, often in very complex ways in very complicated settings. That's hard. Luckily there is an entire field of study that can help us.
For example, Ludwig Wittgenstein makes a very good case in the Philosophical Investigations (and elsewhere) that the language we use to speak to one another (any languages) is not, and cannot be, a serialization format for getting a thought or idea or picture out of one person's head and into another's. Already we should be on our guard against misunderstanding when we supposedly "gather requirements". Wittgenstein also shows that our ability to understand one another at all does not arise from shared definitions, it arises from a shared experience, from a form of life. This may be one reason why programers who are steeped in their problem domain tend to do better than those who stand apart from it.
Lakoff and Johnson present us with a catalogue of Metaphors we Live By, suggesting that our language is largely governed by metaphor and that these offer an insight into the nature of our thoughts and understanding of the world in which we live. Even concrete seeming names like "cash flow" which we might encounter in talking about a financial system can be seen as metaphorical. Here the metaphor is that "money is a liquid". How does that metaphor influence the way we think about systems that handle money? As technologists, to, we might talk about "layers" in a "stack" of protocols with some being "high level" and some "low level". This is powerfully metaphorical language, and the metaphor exposes our thinking about the structure of the systems we build. It can also mark a lazy habit of thought that we might benefit from breaking form time to time.
Martin Heidegger studied very closely ways that people experience the use of tools. Programmers build and use tools, we think about and create and modify and re-create tools all the time. Tools are objects of interest to us. But for the users of tools, as Heiddeger shows in Being and Time, the tool becomes an invisible, unregarded thing understood only in use. For users, tools only become objects of interest when they don't work. This difference in emphasis is worth bearing in mind whenever usability is under discussion.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3
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1 Answer | Add Yours
At Christmastime, Uncle Jack spanks Scout for swearing. Atticus tells him he had the right solution, but the wrong reason. Bad language is a phase all children go through to get attention, but Scout is about to get more attention than she wants as the trial comes to the public eye.
What bothers me is that she and Jem will have to absorb some ugly things pretty soon. I'm not worried about Jem keeping his head, but Scout'd just as soon jump on someone as look at him if her pride's at stake...." (ch 9)
Since Scout is hot-headed, she is going to have too many opportunities to test her temper when the townspeople discuss her father’s role in the trial. Atticus knows this. He worries about the effect the trial will have on Scout. She is prideful and impulsive. He does not want her getting into a bunch of fights defending his honor.
Throughout the book, Atticus tries to teach both of his children to look at things from another person's point of view. He eventually does succeed with Scout.
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The First Amendment as Criminal Procedure
Daniel J. Solove
George Washington University Law School
New York University Law Review, Vol. 82, p. 112, 2007
GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 217
This Article explores the relationship between the First Amendment and criminal procedure. These two domains of constitutional law have long existed as separate worlds, rarely interacting with each other despite the fact that many instances of government information gathering can implicate First Amendment freedoms of speech, association, and religion. The Fourth and Fifth Amendments used to provide considerable protection for First Amendment interests, as in the famous 1886 case Boyd v. United States, in which the Supreme Court held that the government was prohibited from seizing a person's private papers. Over time, however, Fourth and Fifth Amendment protection has shifted, and countless searches and seizures involving people's private papers, the books they read, the websites they surf, and the pen names they use when writing anonymously now fall completely outside the protection of constitutional criminal procedure. Professor Solove argues that the First Amendment should protect against government information gathering that implicates First Amendment interests. He contends that there are doctrinal, historical, and normative justifications for developing what he calls "First Amendment criminal procedure." Solove sets forth an approach for determining when certain instances of government information gathering fall within the regulatory domain of the First Amendment and what level of protection the First Amendment should provide.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 65
Keywords: First Amendment, Fourth Amendment, Fifth Amendment, surveillance, free speech, press, criminal procedure, wiretapping, NSA, Wilkes, Entick
JEL Classification: K10, K14
Date posted: August 18, 2006 ; Last revised: May 5, 2008
© 2016 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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University of Chicago Press
By Tanya Lewis
Nowadays, people bounce effortlessly from reading news to blogs to email. And it turns out the reading habits of people in medieval times weren't so different, a new book suggests.
People in 14th-century London consumed a variety of texts, often linked together in bound volumes. Arthur Bahr, a literature professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, explores these habits in his new book "Fragments and Assemblages" (University of Chicago Press, 2013).
"Medieval manuscripts usually survive as fragments, and at the same time, they are also very often assemblages of multiple, disparate works," Bahr told MIT news. The interesting question is why these works were grouped together in that way, Bahr said.
The printing press hadn't yet been invented, so people copied manuscripts by hand and bound them together, often including many different kinds of text in a single volume. [Image Gallery: Medieval Art Tells a Tale]
For example, the chamberlain for the city of London in the 1320s, Andrew Horn, possessed bound manuscripts that contained a mixture of legal treatises, French poetry and descriptions of London, among other things.
But Horn's bound manuscripts weren't just a random hodgepodge, Bahr said. Rather, Horn juxtaposed different texts to create "literary puzzles" for the reader. Placing poems next to legal documents portrayed law and literature as a kind of yin and yang, Bahr said.
The custom of cobbling together many different texts might explain the origin of Geoffrey Chaucer's"The Canterbury Tales," a linked set of stories that could be read in different orders. Chaucer arranged them in a loose sequence, but he also invited reader participation, Bahr said.
Consider the "Miller's Tale," a somewhat crude comedy in "The Canterbury Tales" about a miller, his wife and her lover. In preparing to tell the story, Chaucer warns the reader that if they don't like dirty stories, they should skip to another section in the book. More than just a joke, the warning encourages readers to view the text in a new order. Skipping around in text may not seem new, but it is surprising, Bahr pointed out.
Medieval manuscripts also reveal the multilingual culture of 14th-century England, Bahr said. Chaucer wrote in English, but Latin was the language of the church and state, while French was the language of the upper classes. Welsh and other regional languages were also widely spoken.
Medieval scholars praise Bahr's book for unifying the divided time period and showing how the production of literature was an ongoing process.
The findings also reveal that today's sophisticated consumers of diverse global media may not be so different from consumers in the Middle Ages.
- Fossil Record: A Gallery of ‘Bugged’ Medieval Books
- Image Gallery: A Medieval Knight’s Kin
- Medieval Torture's 10 Biggest Myths
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The Jesus Double-Act
Copyright © 2001 Michael Lewis
Is it possible that there were two Jesus', and that the
histories of both have become entwined in the modern Bible? An examination
of the evidence suggests that this is not only possible, but highly
To begin with, let us look at the Gospels. Matthew and
Luke definitely appear to be writing about different men. Matthew's Jesus
is the aristocratic heir to the throne, born in his rich family's house in
Bethlehem. Luke's Jesus is the poor carpenter's son, born amongst the animals
behind an inn in Bethlehem, and laid in a manger.
- An aristocrat, descended from David via Solomon and a rightful and
- Jesus' family lived in a house in Bethlehem, where he was born.
- Jesus was visited at his birth by Magi (priests of ancient Persia (Iran) who also practiced in
Chaldea and Babylon).
- Herod's persecution forces Jesus' family to flee to
Egypt. On their return they settle in Nazareth.
- A powerful and majestic sovereign who comes "not to
bring peace but a sword."
- On the cross, he says "My God, my God, why hast thou
- An impoverished descendent of the house of David.
- Jesus' family lived in Nazareth, and traveled to Bethlehem, where he was
born, for a census (of which there is no historical record).
- Jesus was visited at his birth by shepherds.
- Jesus' family return to Nazareth after the census.
- A meek and mild, lamb-like Savior.
- On the cross, he says "Father, into they hands I commend my spirit."
Mark and John also add their inconsistencies, but these
inconsistencies appear quite random, and are presumably simply erroneous
reports. Mark agrees with Matthew that on the cross, Jesus says "My God,
my God, why has thou forsaken me?", and according to John, Jesus simply says "It
is finished". Mark also agrees with Luke and Matthew that Jesus was
crucified the day after Passover, though John tells us that he was crucified the
day before. The reports of Mark and John do not seem to be referring
specifically to either Jesus, although it is from Mark that we get the idea of
Jesus as the carpenter's son, which would seem to tie in with Luke's Jesus. All
four gospels tell slightly different versions of the story, which is to be
expected of witnesses to any event, but the stark contrast of Matthew's Jesus
and Luke's Jesus suggests that these two men had different Jesus' in mind when
they were writing.
Matthew and Jesus were friends, and Matthew wrote his gospel based on his experiences during the time that he knew Jesus, whereas Luke's gospel was written around 40AD, based on the teachings of St Paul, and Luke never met Jesus. Christianity is based on the view of Jesus portrayed by Luke, but clearly this view, taught to Luke by St Paul, is not the same view as that of Matthew who knew Jesus personally.
sea monster legendary sea monsters
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Ten major differences and similarities between Calendar-Day and Day-Age Creationists
According to Dr Hugh Ross
9 February 2001
This article comments on a brochure (also posted on his website) recently sent out by Dr Hugh Ross of Reasons to Believe, giving his own perspective on the differences between ‘young-earth’ or ‘calendar-day’ creationists like us, and ‘old-earth’ or ‘day-age’ creationists like himself. Since it’s his own perspective, he cannot accuse us of putting words in his mouth. However, as shown, there are many of the same misrepresentations as in his other works.
cdc = Calendar-Day Creationists (i.e. accept that the days of Genesis 1 were ordinary days, for example, Answers in Genesis [now Creation Ministries International in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa] and Institute for Creation Research)
dac = Day-Age Creationists (like Hugh Ross and many other ‘Progressive creationists’)
Dr Ross’s comments are in indented, i.e. the lines headed by cdc are what Ross claims we believe, not necessarily what we actually believe.
Ten Major Differences
1. cdc: Natural biological evolution works, producing new species and genera within orders and families.
This is misleading, since we would not call it ‘biological evolution’ because no new information is produced. However, that new species arise is indisputable—Ross seems not to understand that producing a new reproductively isolated population is by definition a new species. Also, there is no Biblical or scientific reason why the created kinds cannot sometimes have enough built-in genetic variation so they can give rise to varieties within the genus or family (a man-made classification after all). This is explained further in this section of my analysis of the Ross–Hovind debate.
1. dac: Natural biological evolution fails at all levels except for those species numbering more than about one quadrillion individuals with generation times less than three months and body sizes smaller than one centimeter.
This is an amazing statement—one wonders what this astronomer’s source of such biological nonsense could be. This fixity of species view goes well beyond the Biblical text and is disproved by operational science—see Q&A Speciation.
2. cdc: Laws of physics were radically different before Adam’s sin.
2. dac: Laws of physics were identical before and after Adams’ sin.
One wonders what difference Ross thinks the Fall made. However, with the exception that God withdrew some of His sustaining power, we believe that the laws of gravity, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, etc. were operative from creation. I’m on record denying that the second law of thermodynamics began at the Fall.
3. cdc: Redeemed humanity will be restored to paradise.
3. dac: Redeemed humanity will be delivered from paradise to a brand new creation.
This is misleading. We are on record as affirming that there will be ‘a new heaven and a new earth’ (Revelation 21:1), and even now, believers in Christ are new creations (2 Corinthians 5:17). We also affirm that the new creation will be even grander than the original paradise, because there will no longer be even the possibility of sin. However, we point out that many references to the Consummation parallel the pre-Fall world, so this is meant to be a hint of what the Consummation will be like, e.g. vegetarian lions and wolves (Isaiah 11:6–9, 65:25), light without the sun like the first three days of Creation (Revelation 22:5) and a Tree of Life (Genesis 2:9, 3:22,24cf.Revelation 2:7, 22:2,14,19).
A more accurate way of expressing our difference is that Ross denies a pre-Fall deathless paradise altogether! This is shown by his last point of difference below.
4. cdc: Genesis 1 is the account of physical creation. …
Of course. It’s not only us who believe this, but God Himself spoke the Fourth Commandment, giving the reason that He created in six days and rested on the 7th (Exodus 20:8–11).
4. dac: It is critical to carefully integrate all ten of the major creation accounts in the Bible.
5. cdc: The universe and the stars are eternal.
5. dac: The universe and the stars are temporal.
Where do we say that the universe or stars are eternal? This statement is without foundation and is highly misleading.
6. cdc: Astronomers are deceiving the public.
6. dac: Astronomers are telling us the truth.
Which astronomers? Dr Danny Faulkner, who believes in cdc? And we normally point out that secular astronomers are not necessarily consciously deceiving the public, but are looking at the same data as us, only through the wrong ‘glasses’. Our position is well stated in Faith and facts for the creation/evolution controversy in general, and in The earth: how old does it look? for age issues in particular.
7. cdc: The heavens merely reveal the existence of God.
7. dac: The heavens also reveal God’s transcendent qualities and many of His personal attributes.
It’s hard to know what Ross is thinking here. We often quote Romans 1:20. However, what we deny is that creation reveals enough for salvation, and we also deny that the interpretations by fallible humans of the creation should override the propositional revelation of Scripture. See Dr Faulkner’s discussion on General and special revelation.
8. cdc: There is only one literal interpretation of Genesis 1.
8. dac: There are several literal interpretations of Genesis 1.
Only if there are several literal interpretations of the word ‘literal’! The literal meaning of ‘literal’ is: ‘Taking words in their usual or primary sense and applying the ordinary rules of grammar, without mysticism, allegory or metaphor.’ The usual and primary meaning of ‘day’ is a single period of Earth’s rotation, and this is unambiguous when accompanied by a number, evening, and/or morning.
9. cdc: Genesis 1 cannot be reconciled with the established record of nature.
9. dac: Genesis 1 can be reconciled with the established record of nature.
Rather, we would say: ‘Genesis 1 cannot be reconciled with the uniformitarian interpretation of nature.’
10. cdc: The pre-Adamic death of the higher animals contradicts the character of God and the doctrine of blood atonement for human sin. The Bible does not attribute the properties of life and death to the plants and lower animals. …
Our claim is that plants are never called nephesh chayyāh (transliteration of the Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה in Genesis), meaning that their life and death is qualitatively different. This is shown by the vegetarianism of both humans and animals in both the pre-Fall world (Genesis 1:29–30) and in the Restored state (Isaiah 11:6–9, 65:25).
10. dac: The pre-Adamic death of higher animals is consistent with a loving, merciful Creator …
Tell that to the animals with their flesh torn apart and ravaged with disease, i.e. that it’s still a ‘very good’ creation, rather than a sin-cursed world.
… and in no way impinges upon the doctrine of blood atonement for human sin. The Bible does attribute the properties of life and death to both the plants and the lower animals.
Wrong, as above. See The god of an old earth, which shows that any billions-of-years compromise entails that death and suffering were always part of God’s creation, and how this is inconsistent with the Bible.
Ten Major Similarities
I would agree with all 10, however I doubt that we understand them the same way as Ross.
1. The Bible must be taken literally unless the context indicates otherwise.
Agree with the sentiment. I prefer to say ‘plainly’, which incorporates a literal interpretation of a literal context, poetic interpretation of poetic context. Ross would probably have no objection to that, and ‘literal’ is an acceptable way of saying this, but using 'plainly' should hopefully avoid caricatures by theistic evolutionists. The problem is that Ross has a strange understanding of the word ‘literal’ as shown above.
2. The Bible is inerrant in all disciplines of scholarship.
Definitely. However, while I have no doubt that Ross publicly and sincerely defends the Bible against any error, in practice Ross imposes secular ‘disciplines of scholarship’ over the Bible. The main differences are much the same as one key issue of the Reformation—Sola Scripture = Scripture alone. That is, the supreme authority, perspicuity and sufficiency of Scripture. But Ross claims: ‘God’s revelation is not limited exclusively to God’s words. The facts of nature may be likened to a sixty-seventh book of the Bible’ (Creation and Time, p. 56). These words alone show that Ross in effect teaches Scriptura et scientia = Scripture and science. In practice, Ross reinterprets Scripture in an unnatural way to fit in with the alleged ‘facts of nature’ (really uniformitarian interpretations of nature), which is Scriptura sub scientia = Scripture below science.
3. The universe was both transcendentally and supernaturally created.
Yes. Alas, Ross believes that God used the alleged big bang, an essentially atheistic notion by which most of its proponents assert the universe created itself.
4. Naturalism cannot explain the origin of life.
Yes. See Q&A: Origin of Life.
5. Naturalism cannot entirely explain the history of life, nor can theistic evolution.
No dispute there.
6. Naturalism cannot entirely explain the geophysical history of the earth.
However, Ross concedes much ground to naturalism, because he fails to allow for the devastating global Flood of Noah’s day, responsible for many of the rock layers and fossils.
7. Naturalism cannot explain entirely the astrophysical history of the universe and solar system.
True, but Ross again gives a lot of ground to naturalism, essentially agreeing with the naturalistic ‘big bang’ and history of stellar evolution over billions of years.
8. Genesis 1 is both factual and chronological in its context. It describes God’s ‘very good’ creation in the space of six days.
Agree with the words, but as shown above, Ross doesn’t think that they mean what they say! Ross’s creation, pre-Fall is anything but ‘very good’. It has the horrors of death, struggle, suffering, disease and carnivory that we see in today’s world.
9. Adam and Eve were a literal couple created by God just thousands of years ago.
Yes, we agree that Adam was created out of dust, and Eve from Adam, with no animal ancestry. But by ‘just thousands’, we mean six thousand, as per a straightforward reading of the chronologies of Genesis 5 and 11; Ross believes it was many times as long ago, which entails inserting huge gaps in the chronologies of which there is not the slightest biblical evidence.
10. All human beings owe their descent to Adam and Eve.
Agree, but we would regard those specimens classified as Neandertals and Homo erectus in that category, while Ross regards them as soulless hominids.
Once again, Ross has made misleading accusations against creationist organizations like us an attempt to justify his own compromise position. However, we have shown in many places, he has frequently misrepresented what we believe, and that his arguments do not hold up against Scripture. It is important not to be sidetracked by Ross’s appeal to ‘scientific consensus’, but always to stand on the authoritative Word of God, i.e. letting it teach us, rather than imposing outside ideas upon the text. | <urn:uuid:79ddecea-8fc3-4e1e-9b40-cb17147fe811> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://creation.com/ten-major-differences-and-similarities-between-calendar-day-and-day-age-creationists | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00199-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937992 | 2,647 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Viewpoint: The nanostructure problem
The great gift of x-ray crystallography has made us almost complacent in our ability to locate the three-dimensional coordinates of atoms in a crystal with a precision of around . However, the powerful methods of crystallography break down for structures in which order only extends over a few nanometers. In fact, as we near the one hundred year mark since the birth of crystallography, we face a resilient frontier in condensed matter physics: our inability to routinely and robustly determine the structure of complex nanostructured and amorphous materials .
Knowing the structure and arrangement of atoms in a solid is so fundamental to understanding its properties that the topic routinely occupies the early chapters of every solid-state physics textbook. Yet what has become clear with the emergence of nanotechnology is that diffraction data alone may not be enough to uniquely solve the structure of nanomaterials. As part of a growing effort to incorporate the results of other techniques to constrain x-ray refinements—a method called “complex modeling” (Fig. 1)—Mathew Cliffe, Martin Dove, and Andrew Goodwin at Cambridge University in the UK and David Drabold at Ohio University in the US describe in Physical Review Letters a simple but elegant approach for combining information from spectroscopy with diffraction data to solve the structure of several amorphous and nanostructured materials .
Crystallography just works, so we rarely question how and why this is so, yet understanding the physics of diffraction can be very helpful as we consider the nanostructure problem. The relationship between the electron density distribution in three dimensions (i.e., the crystal structure) and an x-ray diffraction pattern is well established: the measured intensity distribution in reciprocal space is the square of the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function of the electron density distribution . The fact that we get the autocorrelation function (rather than just the density distribution) by Fourier transforming the measured intensity leaves us with a very tricky inverse problem: we have to extract the density from its autocorrelation function. The direct problem of predicting the diffraction intensity given a particular density distribution is trivial, but the inverse, unraveling from the intensity distribution the density that gives rise to it, is a highly nontrivial problem in global optimization. In crystallography, this challenging, nontrivial task is sometimes referred to as the “phase problem.” The diffraction pattern is a wave-interference pattern, but we measure only the intensities (the squares of the waves) not the wave amplitudes. To get the amplitude, you take the square root of the intensity , but in so doing you lose any knowledge of the phase of the wave , and half the information needed to reconstruct the density is lost, since .
When solving such inverse problems, you hope you can start with a uniqueness theorem that reassures you that, under ideal conditions, there is only one solution: one density distribution that corresponds to the measured intensity. Then you have to establish that your data set contains sufficient information to constrain that unique solution. This is a problem from information theory that originated with Reverend Thomas Bayes’ work in the th century, and the work of Nyquist and Shannon in the th century [4, 5], and describes the fact that the degrees of freedom in the model must not exceed the number of pieces of independent information in the data. Finally, you need an efficient algorithm for doing the reconstruction.
This is exactly how crystallography works. The information is in the form of Bragg peak intensities and the degrees of freedom are the atomic coordinates. Crystal symmetry lets us confine the model to the contents of a unit cell, rather than all of the atoms in the crystal, keeping the degrees of freedom admirably small in number. A measurement yields a multitude of Bragg peak intensities, providing ample redundant intensity information to make up for the lost phases. Finally, there are highly efficient algorithms, such as “direct methods,” that make excellent use of the available information and constraints to find the solution quickly from a horrendously large search space. The problem is often so overconstrained that we can cavalierly throw away lots of directional information. In particular, even though Bragg peaks are orientationally averaged to a function in a powder diffraction measurement, we still can get a structural solution .
Now it becomes easy to understand the enormous challenge of solving nanostructures: the information content in the data is degraded while the complexity of the model is much greater. First, finite size effects broaden the sharp Bragg peaks and the nanometer scale is precisely the point where the broadening is sufficient that the peaks start to overlap. (In fact, at this point, we can’t even call them Bragg peaks). Second, the complexity of the structural solutions goes up. Now, we need more than the coordinates of a few atoms in a unit cell—we need the arrangement of hundreds or thousands of atoms in a nanoparticle. Moreover, there can be complicated effects, like finite-size induced relaxations in the core and the surface. The final indignity is that the measured scattering intensity asymptotically approaches zero as the nanoparticle gets smaller and the weak scattering of x rays, so useful in bulk samples, turns around and bites us. In general, we have to measure the intensity from a multitude of nanoparticles or nanoclusters, and then tussle with the problem of how to deal with the averaged data. Extensive efforts are being made, with notable successes [7, 8, 9], but the nanostructure problem remains a thorny one.
The use of total scattering and atomic-pair distribution function (PDF) measurements for nanostructure studies is one promising approach . In these experiments, powders of identical particles are studied using x-ray powder diffraction, resulting in good signals, but highly averaged data. Short wavelength x rays or neutrons are used for the experiments giving data with good real-space resolution, and the resulting data are fit with models of the nanoparticle structures. Uniqueness is a real issue, as is the availability of good nanostructure solution algorithms; however, unique structure solutions of clusters such as have been demonstrated recently . These measurements have served as proof of principle demonstrations that unique nanostructure solutions from PDF data can exist in favorable situations. However, there are also some less encouraging results. Attempts to fit amorphous structures, which have local order on the subnanometer scale and lots of disorder, yield highly degenerate results: many structure models, some completely physically nonsensical, give equivalent fits to the data within errors . Degenerate solutions imply that there is insufficient information in the data set to constrain a unique solution. At this point we would like to seek additional constraints coming from prior knowledge about the system, or additional data sets, such that these different information sources can be combined, or “complexed,” to constrain a unique solution, as shown in Fig. 1 . Complexing is done either by adding constraints on how model parameters can vary (for example, crystal symmetries), or by adding terms to the target (or cost) function that is being minimized in the global optimization process.
It is a major challenge to figure out ways to incorporate disparate information sources into the global optimization scheme and how to weight their contributions to the cost function. In their paper, Cliffe et al. demonstrate an elegant approach for introducing the constraint that all local environments for a particular atom are identical, information that is available, in principle, from spectroscopy measurements . In simple terms, they introduce a variance term into the cost function that adds a cost when atomic environments of equivalent atoms in the model deviate too much from one other.
What is encouraging about this result is that, in the systems they studied, this simple term was the difference between successful and unsuccessful nanostructure solutions. This tells us that complex modeling is not just a pipe dream, but a real possibility. We see that a relatively simple but well chosen constraint added to the cost function can give the structure solution real legs. In Cliffe et al.’s work it allowed an inefficient optimization algorithm, called simulated annealing , to solve the structure by vastly reducing the volume of the search space, even though for this particular case, extra constraints beyond the total scattering data turn out to be unnecessary to solve the structure of . We have seen a similar effect in our own work, where simply adding ionic radii to a structure solution allowed us to solve structures from total scattering data . Again, applying a simple constraint, which at first sight contained a rather limited amount of information, was all that was needed for success.
We may be relearning lessons from crystallography again. Crystallographers have been expert in applying simple constraints to achieve great effects. Two key components in successful structure-seeking algorithms are positivity and atomicity constraints. The first requires that the correct solution will not include any nonsensical negative density, and the second ensures that electron density is sharply peaked in local regions of space (the locations of the atoms) and approaches zero in between. These constraints are just common sense, but place enormous restrictions on the solution space and the efficiency and uniqueness of solutions. Nanostructure solution is much younger than crystallography, but the field is rapidly growing up.
Support is acknowledged from the US National Science Foundation through Grants DMR-0520547 and DMR-0703940 and US Department of Energy under contract No. DEAC02-98CH10886. I would like to thank Igor Levin, Normand Mousseau, and Pavol Juhas for help putting together the figure.
- S. J. L. Billinge and I. Levin, Science 316, 561 (2007)
- M. J. Cliffe, M. T. Dove, D. A. Drabold, and A. L. Goodwin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 125501 (2010)
- C. Giacovazzo, G. Gilli, H. L. Monaco, and D. Viterbo, Fundamentals of crystallography (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992)[Amazon][WorldCat]
- H. Nyquist, IEEE Trans. 47, 617 (1928)
- C. E. Shannon, Proc. IRE 37, 10 (1949)
- Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Data, edited by W. I. F. David, K. Shankland, L. B. McCusker, and C. Baerlocher (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002)[Amazon][WorldCat]
- P. Juhás, D. M. Cherba, P. M. Duxbury, W. F. Punch, and S. J. L. Billinge, Nature 440, 655 (2006)
- P. D. Jadzinsky, G. Calero, C. J. Ackerson, D. A. Bushnell, and R. D. Kornberg, Science 318, 430 (2007)
- K. E. Schmidt, J. C. H. Spence, U. Weierstall, R. Kirian, and R. B. Doak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 115507 (2008)
- T. Egami and S. J. L. Billinge, Underneath the Bragg peaks: structural analysis of complex materials (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 2003)[Amazon][WorldCat]
- O. Gereben and L. Pusztai, Phys. Rev. B 50, 14136 (1994)
- N. Metropolis and S. Ulam, J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 44, 335 (1949)
- P. Juhás, L. Granlund, S. R. Gujarathi, P. M. Duxbury, and S. J. L. Billinge, arXiv:1003.1097 | <urn:uuid:104a635e-04bc-400e-b302-10c5ab322404> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://physics.aps.org/articles/v3/25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906807 | 2,485 | 3.015625 | 3 |
AS WITH binoculars, there are a number of optical and design stand standards to keep in mind when you're considering buying a spotting scope. You should read the section on Choosing Binoculars in the Help Topics as well this section.
Spotting scopes are ideally suited for such activities as long distance birdwatching and nature study, telephotography, scenic observing, long distance microscopy, beginners’ astronomy and surveillance.
As an example binoculars are best for close-up birding, but for distant birds, a spotting scope makes a marked difference. Scopes allow you to distinguish marks on distant objects like a red kite that cannot be seen with binoculars. And at closer ranges, you’ll admire intricate plumage details you never saw before.
Astronomy telescopes are much more powerful, but usually do not gather enough light for observing and are not robust enough for use in the field.
The whole range of Foresight Optical spotting scopes have
been chosen to offer the best of these qualities for
whatever image you are looking at and whenever.
We have something to suit you needs
A spotting scope is a compact telescope designed primarily for terrestrial observing and is used in applications which require magnifications beyond the range of a typical binocular usually with a magnification power between 15x and 250x. Ideally, the objective lens should be at least 60 mm in diameter to provide a bright image.
To change magnification, scopes have interchangeable fixed-length eyepieces or a single zoom eyepiece.
With a spotting scope the observer can start with a low power magnification (eyepiece or the lowest setting on a zoom eyepiece e.g. in the 20x to 30x range). Once you’ve spotted the target you can then switch to a higher power.
Eyepieces have a bayonet fixing for a quick change and scopes have good focusing techniques to adjust the target. As an example the best all-round eyepiece for a birding scope is 20x to 30x.
Zoom lenses change magnification power from 20x to as high as 60x with a single, simple adjustment. Like binoculars though, scopes suffer from less light, narrower field of view, and more vibration as magnification increases.
Nowadays, many mid-priced scopes have excellent zoom lenses giving sharpness and clear image indistinguishable from that at low magnification.
The best policy if you are a nature observe is to but the highest-quality scope you can afford.
The old scopes with a zoom lens showed an the image which was too dark to see much detail as you move toward 60x, and viewing at dawn or dusk or poor light was frustrating.
Top spotting scope lenses are made with fluorite-coated, HD (high density), or ED (extra-low dispersion) glass. The difference in brightness and image clarity between these high-quality scopes and those made by the same manufacturers using standard glass is particularly noticeable in low-light viewing conditions and at high power.
The larger the objective lens at the end the end of the scope the brighter the images because a large lens gathers more light. It also makes the binoculars heavier, this is why weight is included in Specifications and you should consider it before buying a scope.
In spotting scopes, there are two methods for focusing. A grip around the scope barrel can be turned for rapid focusing or a knob which is turned and is slower but can be more accurate.
You may not want to use one but serious spotters always have a tripod and reap the many rewards from it. Images will be more stable in outdoor conditions. You will often return to the same spot for observing and a scope supported on a tripod is all set and ready to go when your target arrives. So get a mid-weight tripod with as few leg adjustments as possible and a flip-lock design for a secure mount.
Straight-through or 45° angled Scope
Advantages of an angled telescope are that the observer is in a more relaxed position when looking through the scope and the tripod can be set at a lower position making it easier for tall and short people.
So if you are taking friends or children with you to observe, a straight-through scope and no tripod ends up like a pass-the-parcel game.
The distance between the eye lens and the point where the pupil is positioned for full field of view and varies from eyepiece to eyepiece. Check that this within the right length if you wear spectacles so you can obtain the full field of view | <urn:uuid:30b6249d-7ac9-4f57-8bc9-d2ab23099513> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.binocularsonline.co.uk/guides/default.asp?A10PAGE=GUIDE_SPOTSCOPES | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938699 | 947 | 2.6875 | 3 |
|A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z|
Respiratory syncytial is caused by a virus that causes other minor respiratory disorders like cold and cough. This is observed both in adults as well as young children and causes severe pulmonary disorders like pneumonia and bronchitis. These viruses are mostly seen in the surroundings without a lasting effect. Most adults and kids do get infected.
This kind of viral infection is noticed in winters and early spring. Their overall effect can be seen for 6 months at least. Most newborn are easily infected by these viruses. Most of these have already caused bronchitis in infants below the age of 1. Once affected, the infection keeps repeating for a said period. Most of these infections again cause lot of other respiratory disorders like compromised cardiac and immune disorders.
It is again highly contagious and nobody is advised to be in close contact with the affected kid. Infections can occur on the nose, eyes, mouth and ear. The other major characteristics in infants are congestion, runny nose and wheezing. Once you complete childhood and have stepped into daily life, these infections might still cause some respiratory disorder.
The diagnosis of RSV can easily be tested in labs. Most labs will kind of use blood tests to diagnose this infection. You need to constantly keep yourself clean by washing your hands every time. The spread of RSV can be prevented by maintaining strict supervision and using gloves and gowns. The major concern for RSV in premature babies arises due to lack of antibodies. It depends on how the treatment goes on. If, the treatment lacks attention this infection can turn fatal for premature and new born babies.
More Articles : | <urn:uuid:855ff77a-2653-4328-ac9d-360786215f9d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rocketswag.com/health/disease/r/rsv/How-Long-Is-Rsv-Contagious.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950923 | 355 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.
|Hostages delivered till prisoners are restored.|
|Indians acknowledge the right of United States to territory ceded by Great Britain.|
|To deliver up criminals.|
|To give notice of designs against United States.|
|United States to give peace to the Shawanoe nation.|
|Allot to them certain lands.|
|No citizen of United States to settle on Indian lands.|
Articles of a Treaty concluded at the Mouth of the Great Miami, on the North-western Bank of the Ohio, the thirty-first day of January, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-six, between the Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, of the one Part, and the Chiefs and Warriors of the Shawanoe Nation, of the other Part.
THREE hostages shall be immediately delivered to the Commissioners, to remain in the possession of the United States until all the prisoners, white and black, taken in the late war from among the citizens of the United States, by the Shawanoe nation, or by any other Indian or Indians residing in their towns, shall be restored.
The Shawanoe nation do acknowledge the United States to be the sole and absolute sovereigns of all the territory ceded to them by a treaty of peace, made between them and the King of Great Britain, the fourteenth day of January, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four.
If any Indian or Indians of the Shawanoe nation, or any other Indian or Indians residing in their towns, shall commit murder
or robbery on, or do any injury to the citizens of the United States, or any of them, that nation shall deliver such offender or offenders to the officer commanding the nearest post of the United States, to be punished according
to the ordinances of Congress; and in like manner, any citizen of the United States, who shall do an injury to any Indian
of the Shawanoe nation, or to any other Indian or Indians residing in their towns, and under their protection, shall be punished
according to the laws of the United States.
The Shawanoe nation having knowledge of the intention of any nation or body of Indians to make war on the citizens of the United States, or of their counselling together for that purpose, and neglecting to give information thereof to the commanding officer of the nearest post of the United States, shall be considered as parties in such war, and be punished accordingly: and the United States shall in like manner inform the Shawanoes of any injury designed against them.
The United States do grant peace to the Shawanoe nation, and do receive them into their friendship and protection.
The United States do allot to the Shawanoe nation, lands within their territory to live and hunt upon, beginning at the south line of the lands allotted to the Wiandots and Delaware nations, at the place where the main branch of the Great Miami, which falls into the Ohio, intersects said line; then down the river Miami, to the fork of that river, next below the old fort which was taken by the French in one thousand seven hundred and fifty-two; thence due west to the river de la Panse; then down that river to the river Wabash, beyond which lines none of the citizens of the United States shall settle, nor disturb the Shawanoes in their settlement and possessions; and the Shawanoes do relinquish to the United States, all title, or pretence of title, they ever had to the lands east, west and south, of the east, west and south lines before described.
If any citizen or citizens of the United States, shall presume to settle upon the lands allotted to the Shawanoes by this treaty, he or they shall be put out of the protection of the United States.
In testimony whereof, the parties hereunto have affixed their hands and seals, the day and year first above mentioned.
G. Clark, [L. S.]
Richard Butler, [L. S.]
Samuel H. Parsons, [L. S.]
Aweecony, his x mark, [L. S.]
Kakawipilathy, his x mark, [L. S.]
Malunthy, his x mark, [L. S.]
Musquaconocah, his x mark, [L. S.]
Meanymsecah, his x mark, [L. S.]
Waupaucowela, his x mark, [L. S.]
Nihipeewa, his x mark, [L. S.]
Nihinessicoe, his x mark, [L. S.]
Alexander Campbell, Secretary Commissioners.
W. Finney, Maj. B. B.
Thos. Doyle, Capt. B. B.
Nathan McDowell, Ensign,
Kagy Galloway, his x mark,
Joseph Suffrein, his x mark, or Kemepemo Shawno,
Isaac Zane, (Wyandot) his x mark,
The Half King of the Wyandots,
The Crane of the Wyandots,
Capt. Pipe, of the Delawares, his x mark,
Capt. Bohongehelas, his x mark,
Tetebockshicka, his x mark,
The Big Cat of the Delawares, his x mark, | <urn:uuid:b1ddcbca-7294-41a0-83c2-42197ab75ec5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/treaties/sha0016.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938365 | 1,142 | 3.015625 | 3 |
"Big Government" has gotten a bad rap in the past decade. It has escalated to the point that President Reagan has staked his public career on the "Big Government Is Evil" theme.
And his 1987 budget now before Congress reflects his determined push to remove government from the role of major social provider.
Unfortunately, this view creates more problems than it solves. In our zeal to trash government we forget why it was necessary in the first place for the federal government to double as social engineer.
The government stepped in when big business failed to produce sufficient jobs and income for workers during the 1930s. Industry--not government--fumbled the economic ball.
Even before President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, business was on a roller-coaster cycle of boom and bust. When profits were high and business expanded, a large segment of the work force was still idle.
One reason for this was that industrial and manufacturing plants never operated at capacity.
Another reason was that thousands of workers simply lacked the necessary skills, education and training to compete.
In the era from 1890 to 1930, business created other headaches for itself and workers. Stock swindles, tax inequity, union busting, the absence of wage scales and basic employee protections became synonymous in much of the public's mind with the workings of industry.
Picture Was Grim
For many white workers, the picture was grim. But for blacks and women, it was worse. Race and sex discrimination firmly excluded black and women workers from all but the most menial and marginal jobs.
The federal government did much to change this. The New Deal creations of Social Security, unemployment insurance, welfare, housing and farm subsidies and union rights gave the poor and minorities a new lease on life.
Many business leaders realized that government programs had revived much of industry that was on the verge of collapse.
Capitalism emerged from the Depression intact and even stronger. And thanks to the federal government, business escaped without massive social upheaval.
From the close of World War II until the 1960s, business and government enjoyed a happy relationship. The federal government continued to expand its funding of social programs with little objection from businessmen.
The Vietnam war, however, raised the first warning signals to business, as President Lyndon B. Johnson's guns-and-butter policy piled up enormous deficits that threatened corporate profits.
The OPEC oil price increases, the erosion in the international monetary system and political instability in Third World nations accelerated the profit decline for the oil, steel, chemical and auto industries. The declining dollar sent shock waves through the financial markets.
It was time to regroup. Corporations demanded solutions. They began lobbying the federal government to reduce corporate taxes, to beef up spending for defense and technical research and to sharply cut funding for social services and welfare.
Removed Important Voice
The demise of the civil rights movement and the disarray of black leadership removed an important voice that might have effectively opposed the new corporate thrust.
And the federal budget priorities began to reflect the shift from social welfare to defense spending.
In 1981, 22.2% of the federal budget was earmarked for defense. In 1989, the figure is expected to climb to 34.6%.
Spending for social programs, on the other hand, will decline to an anticipated 7.6% of the budget in 1989 from 9.7% 1981.
The problem is that this is not a prescription for cutting the power of "Big Government." It merely transfers federal money from one sector to another.
Surely business leaders must know something else about government. Whether by design or by default, government can be a good friend to businessmen when it comes to regulating pet industries.
This was certainly true from the early years of industry regulation through the years of President Jimmy Carter's Administration.
Always Got Rate Increses
The railroads nearly always got the rate increases they sought from the Interstate Commerce Commission.
For years, the Federal Power Commission did not enforce a Supreme Court decision requiring the agency to fix the prices charged by independent natural gas producers.
The Civil Aeronautics Board allowed the major airlines to have their way for decades on air fares and routes.
And the Federal Communications Commission has rarely intervened to stop media owners from expanding their communications empires. Even when minorities and women challenge the licenses of radio and TV stations over access, the FCC has failed to take action.
Certainly, there have been few complaints from business when it comes to awarding government contracts for everything from highways to housing construction.
President Reagan's 1987 budget, for example, provides $62.5 billion for science and research--a hike of 16%.
Corporations engaged in the fields of space, industrial design, transportation, biotechnology, computational sciences and geosciences will directly benefit from these funds.
Will any of them turn contracts down because the money behind them comes from "Big Government?"
Let's be fair. If we can applaud the government's role in space and defense spending, then why can't we do the same when government spends money on social programs?
After all, the needs of minorities and the poor would seem to outweigh the need for a $500 toilet seat for a Pentagon restroom, or a $50 screw on a weapon part.
It's a question of priorities, not one of big government. | <urn:uuid:2995cca5-e7be-4e8b-adf9-e691ecc5decd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://articles.latimes.com/1986-10-05/business/fi-4505_1_big-government | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957004 | 1,085 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Make a family tree for David's family. Put the family trees on display throughout the classroom.
Create a map of the hills, nearby towns, and important locations in the novel. Create a master map for the class and discuss the significance of each location.
Write letters home from David's father when he is in Europe during the war. Share the letters in small groups or read an excerpt for the entire class.
Write a poem based on one of the major themes of "The Neon Bible" and share it with the class.
Describe an ideal going away present for Aunt Mae. What makes this a good present for her? Discuss possible presents as a class.
Choose a character from this novel and create a collage that represents them. Put the collages on display for the class.
This section contains 504 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:a60b93a4-4e15-4d0b-807f-d6089b150c9b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/the-neon-bible/funactivities.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929092 | 181 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The neglected tropical diseases, which include sleeping sickness, schistosomiasis, river blindness, hookworm, elephantiasis, and blinding trachoma, affect several hundred million people, and kill at least half a million annually, and yet they garner little attention from donors, policymakers, and public health officials.
The researchers, led by Professor David Molyneux, Director of the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, argue that a "rapid impact package""Xdistribution of four anti-parasitic drugs across Africa to treat seven neglected diseases"Xwould bring tangible benefits to the world"'s poorest communities.
The cost of the package, they say, would be negligible"Xa mere 40 cents per person per year, compared with a minimum of $200 per person per year to treat HIV/AIDS, $200 to treat a single episode of TB, and $7-10 to treat a single episode of malaria.
Three of the drugs in the package (ivermectin, azithromycin, and albendazole) are being donated by their manufacturers, and the fourth (praziquantel) now costs only 7 cents per tablet.
Professor Molyneux and his colleagues, Professor Peter Hotez of the Human Hookworm Initiative and Professor Alan Fenwick of the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, argue that a rapid impact package against some of the neglected tropical diseases could permanently reduce their incidence.
For costs that are relatively modest compared to controlling "the big three,"an integrated control package for neglected tropical diseases could have a proportionately greater impact on more poor people's health as well as being more equitable for the majority of Africa's poorest and margi
Contact: Paul Ocampo
Public Library of Science | <urn:uuid:707a6cd4-9139-4b79-84e4-3aa8d723677e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-3/Controlling-neglected-tropical-diseases-could-help-make-poverty-history-8309-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930644 | 369 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The new G5 powered Macs are smokini, but it is not just because of the IBM made processors that the aluminum-clad Macs are fast; a lot of work went into designing the computeris system architecture so that data moving from processor to memory to other chips do so as quickly as possible. Speed up the bus that handles the data transport, and you speed up the computer. To get at least some of the speed it needs, Apple currently uses a HyperTransport bus to connect heavily used subsystems like the controllers for the hard drives, the Gigabit Ethernet card, and FireWire, in the G5 Power Mac.
Whatis HyperTransport? From HyperTransport.org:
HyperTransport universal chip-to-chip communications technology is an advanced high-speed, high-performance, point-to-point link for integrated circuits. HyperTransport provides a universal connection that is designed to reduce the number of buses within the system, provide a high-performance link for embedded applications, and enable highly scalable multiprocessing systems. Originally designed to optimize high performance personal computers, it has been extended by the HyperTransport Consortium to provide significant benefits to desktop and mobile personal computers, networking equipment, servers, consumer products and embedded applications.
Apple and other computer industry heavyweights, like Sun, AMD, IBM, and Cisco, are members of the non-profit Hypertransport Consortium, a group dedicated to, "...promoting HyperTransport technology as an open, freely available industry specification for high bandwidth chip-to-chip communications."
C|Net is reporting the The HyperTransport Consortium will announce a specification for a new, faster HyperTransport architecture that will enable computers to boost inter-chip data rates to a blistering theoretical limit of 40 gigabytes per second. Hereis more details from the C|Net article, New standard to speed chip connections:
The HyperTransport Consortium, which controls the specifications for the chip-to-chip connection technology behind Advanced Micro Devicesi upcoming Opteron processor, expects to release the new specification, HyperTransport 2.0, a year from now. HyperTransport is an effort initiated by AMD to define a new high-speed technology for connecting PC components.
HyperTransport 2.0 will provide data transfers between chips at 20 gigabytes to 40 gigabytes per second, depending on the system architecture. Such speeds will greatly increase the performance and versatility of servers or desktops, said Gabriele Sartori, president of the consortium and director of strategic alliances at AMD.
The 2.0 specification will come out late this year or early next year, he (Sartori) added. The 2.0 version will provide 3 gigabits to 5 gigabits per second for each pair of pins, the electrical contacts that physically transfer data. Assuming a rate of 5 gigabits per second, a 16-bit HyperTransport link--incorporated onto a microprocessor or other chip--would provide data transfer rates of 20 gigabytes per second, while a 32-bit link will switch data at 40 gigabytes. Current HyperTransport links exchange data at 1,600mbps per pin pair, topping out at 12.8 gigabytes for 32-bit devices.
C|Net is also reporting that HyperTransport 1.0.5, un update to the current technology, has been announced. Stop by C|Net for the full article. For more information about HyperTransport, stop by the HyperTransport Consortium Web site. | <urn:uuid:c46a7fea-310f-45ea-97d4-ffd3dcd39b2d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/HyperTransport_Technology_Used_In_Power_Mac_G5_To_Get_Faster | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00099-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882751 | 723 | 3 | 3 |
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