text
stringlengths 199
648k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 14
419
| file_path
stringlengths 139
140
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 50
235k
| score
float64 2.52
5.34
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perennial ground-cover plants can be used to protect tree roots or to assist in reducing soil erosion. Native plants serve as both a beautiful addition to the landscape and as a vital tool in the prevention of topsoil loss. Ground covers come in varieties that feature fantastic foliage or flowers. These plants spread readily just beneath the surface of the soil to create a blanket on the ground that holds soil in place on sloped areas of the landscape. Perennial ground covers return every year and require little maintenance by the homeowner.
Interesting foliage often graces the most beautiful ground covers. Lamb's ear features exactly this type of dramatic display with fuzz-covered, gray-green leaves. This ground cover grows up to 10 inches tall and spreads readily to over 2 feet wide. Lamb's ear thrives in full sun and tolerates heat well. This plant doesn't produce flowers and prefers well-drained soil. Lamb's ear is hardy in USDA zones 4 to 8.
A low-growing evergreen ground cover, vinca minor produces shiny green leaves in the partial shade environment. This tough perennial spreads readily across garden surfaces in sloped areas. Vinca minor blooms with violet or blue flower in the late spring. Vinca minor grows well in moist soil and can be transplanted easily by digging up small sections of the vine. This plant will mound slightly in confined spaces. Vinca minor performs poorly in the bright sun and may exhibit yellowed leaves in this planting condition. This plant is hardy in zones 3 to 8.
Phlox produces a star-shaped flower in a variety of colors, including white, pink and two-tone variations. Phlox serves as a beautiful ground cover with mounding tendencies. This plant requires good drainage to produce light green, thin leaves. This plant grows in zones 3 to 9 and tolerates many soil types, including dry conditions once the plant becomes established. Creeping phlox forms a dense ground cover, although older plants may exhibit bald patches. Phlox transplants easily and looks beautiful draped over retaining walls or when placed alone on a steep bank.
Ornamental grass ground covers add interest to the landscape with mounds of brilliant green foliage. Liriope serves as a beautiful ground cover to protect tree roots and hold soil in place on steep slopes. Liriope has shallow roots that allow this plant to serve as a low border plant with thin, arching leaves. This plant produces a stalk with bright purple berrylike flowers in the summer. Liriope looks beautiful when planted in groups and spreads readily to form a dense ground cover. Lirope provides a beautiful alternative to maintaining grass on a sloped area. This drought-tolerant plant thrives in zones 4 to 9.
|
<urn:uuid:906d95d0-2cd6-4159-83dc-8ac3d8ba5bff>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.gardenguides.com/93632-native-plants-slopes.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938078 | 566 | 3.0625 | 3 |
by Russell Capps
You’ve already seen the Christmas sales ads and stores with full Christmas item displays while Thanksgiving is yet weeks away. That’s okay. Our economy needs to flourish. But let’s not ever forget Thanksgiving, including its wonderful, historic, spiritual roots.
The brave Pilgrims departed from Plymouth, England Sept. 6, 1620 on the Mayflower to seek out religious freedom in a new world and escape the English Act of Uniformity which demanded that all British citizens follow the traditions of the Church of England.
The potentially lethal voyage over the Atlantic with men, women, children, and sailors took 65 days. They ate cold food (no fire on a wooden ship), and wrote the Mayflower Compact, an agreement to become united as Pilgrims.
They elected John Carver as their first Governor. Initially they saw land near modern-day Cape Cod, but traveled north, first landing at what would become Provincetown before coming back to Plymouth. Their first winter was harsh. Food was scarce, snow was deep and many became sick and nearly half of the Pilgrims died. But it was worth it; the Pilgrims were free to worship God as they chose.
In March of 1621, an Indian named Samoset recognized that these pilgrims needed help. He saw that they were different from the sailors who had previously raided and attacked their villages. Squanto and his Wampanoag tribe taught the pilgrims how to survive, showing them how to get maple sap from the trees and how to grow native crops. He told them where to find the best fishing and hunting grounds, and helped the pilgrims and local Indian tribes learn to live together peacefully.
The Pilgrim Governor was so grateful that he declared that they should have a feast to thank God, to celebrate their new colony and to thank the Indians for showing them how to survive. This celebration lasted three days and became the foundation of our modern Thanksgiving, declared a national holiday in 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln.
Sadly, there are many today who want to do away with any mention of God and godly values. That makes it ever more needful that we pause for a genuine day of grateful praise to the God who created all things and who holds it all together.
Many are suffering around the world today — catastrophic disasters, severe poverty and lack of any of the basic needs of daily life. But we here in America are indeed most blessed as a people In a land of plenty.
Yes, we love Christmas and all the Christmas season and celebration. But let us properly observe Thanksgiving this month. Then we can find fulfillment in December’s joys of Christmas.
Scripture reminds us that, "Blessed are the people whose God is the Lord." As the meaningful song urges, let us “Give Thanks with a grateful heart, give thanks unto the holy One, give thanks because He’s given Jesus Christ, His Son, and now let the weak say, 'I am strong,' let the poor say, 'I am rich' because of what the Lord has done for us. Give thanks."
— J. Russell Capps, president, Wake County Taxpayers Association.
|
<urn:uuid:ca4b6cd1-18d7-4d5f-ac56-092fefa99833>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.wakeweekly.com/yes-christmas-but-thanksgiving-first/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972836 | 655 | 2.703125 | 3 |
During the Great Depression US stimulus spending started to ramp up in 1933 with the formation of the Civilian Conservation Corp with the initial enrollment of 250,000 Americans. Stimulus continued thru 1941, with an interruption in 1938, for approximately a total of 7+ years.
From 2009 to 2011 unemployment in the US has reached heights unheard of since the Depression when unemployment reached 25%. Recently the U6 unemployment metric reached over 17%. But comparing 1930's unemployment to todays rates are problematic, in the 1930's 13 year old boys worked full time, many in factories, women were not seen in the workplace in the numbers we see today in America.
In the Depression GNP fell from 96 billion to about 75 billion (about 20%), while GDP in 2008 fell from 14.4 trillion to 13.8 trillion about 4.2%. It should be noted that US GDP has topped 15 trillion in 2011 and when taking high unemployment into account, we probably saw a wealth shift from 2008 to 2011, no surprise there.
Finally the US economy grew at a vigorous rate from 1934 to 1936, 11%, 9% and 13.9%. When stimulus spending was cut by 60% and the Fed tightened things up, the country fell back, in 1937-1938.
1) 3 tears of stimulus ('34-'36) was not enough.
2) GNP loses in the Depression were more severe than recent loses (20% to 4%).
3) Current unemployment might be three quarters as bad as it was at the peak of the Depression.
Defining the scale of the solution
Jobs are obviously the first priority, creating the next generation of energy infrastructure and reversing wage disparity complete the list for our purposes. China spends 9-10% of GDP on infrastructure, Europe and India 5% to 6%. If we spent 50 billion on the New Deal over 7 years, thats about 7 billion a year, or about 7% of GNP in 1936. While a dollar spent in the US in 1936 mostly stayed in the US that is no longer true.
Due to Energy, Resource depletion and EROEI issues the days of 6% Growth in the economy are gone, 3% to 3.5% might be the best we can expect short of practical fusion and space based resources,
1) 7% of GNP wont do today, make it 10%.
2) 3 years wasn't remotely enough, make it 5 years.
New Deal cost 50 billion.
10% of GDP spent on jobs stimulus over 5 years. 1.5 trillion to start. That should get us on the right track, in years 4 and 5 consideration should be given as to whether a 6th year is needed.
Where do we find these new jobs?
The US manufacturing sector gets a big boost because of the nature of renewable energy development and infrastructure and surface transportation infrastructure jobs will play a major role. Healthcare related fields should add jobs over the next decades.
According to the US Dept of Energy there 2 main reasons why renewable energy technologies offer an economic advantage, 1) They are labor intensive, so they generally create more jobs per dollar invested than conventional electricity technologies and 2) they use primarily indigenous resources, so most of the energy dollars can be kept at home.
20% of US electricity in 20 years, 300 gigawatts of wind turbines with a capacity of 100 gigawatts. The US Dept of Energy estimates 500,000 jobs can be created in meeting the 20% from wind goal. Offshore installation of wind turbines pays very well: 80k to 120k.
Although the SEIA does not endorse a 20% in 20 years program, Rhone Resch, president of the Solar Energy Industries Association, said in November of 2010 "that installing 10 GW annually by 2015 would create as many as 220,000 jobs". Other studies estimate 480,000 jobs over 10 years, though they base the higher number of jobs on waiting for Solar panel factories to be built and count those jobs, as a predecessor to installation jobs. For our purposes 400,000 jobs over 20 years.
A recent study conducted by Navigant Consulting suggests between 480,000 and 1.4 million jobs can be created. Its not clear that these numbers include pumped hydro stage systems.
Smartgrid with HVDC
Job creation estimates range from 240,000 to 420,000 over 20 years, leading to more efficient clean power, replacing failure prone AC systems with DC results in more stable power, cleaner power. Smart meters with sensors on AC local systems give Utilities more warning of increasing demand. HVDC allows large amounts if electricity to be moved over 2000 miles, with 30 to 50% less loss than HVAC.
Over the last decade this sector has lost over 6 million jobs. Manufacturing output dropped by 10% while GDP grew 15%. Capital investment and R&D tax breaks along with partnerships in energy can turn manufacturing around. Lets add 3-4 million jobs over 40 years. Many manufacturing jobs are good jobs, paying between 35k to 75k.
Not much to say here, I'm we all understand the importance, and how good these jobs are. 9 to 10 million jobs a year. Many of them 45k to 85k, good jobs.
With the creation of 20 to 25 million jobs our economy will improve, which will support more jobs, after all if we put 20 million people to work with good paying jobs, they're going to have money to spend. Maybe enough to buy a house and put solar panels on the roof and by a new 50 mpg car.
In reality the crux of the entire issues comes down to this:
Unfortunately this is not the style of this White House, to make the Republicans block this proposal or vote against a 5 year 10 million job stimulus bill. In my mind, If Boehner blocked this proposal, we run on it, if the House GOP votes it down we run on it. If it passes, we are proclaimed heroes, we run on it.
Chris "Tweety" Matthews asked Robert Reich:
What`s stopping him, Robert? Mr. Secretary...
Robert Reich answered
I`m not -- Chris, I`m not sure. I mean, there are a lot of theories circulating around
Finally, none of this can happen without an increase in Income tax rates, Corporate tax rates and Cap Gains rates. Tax breaks to incentivize smart investments in emerging tech and markets will put these smart long term job creating investments on par with market speculation without the higher risk associated with derivatives, options, futures and commodities. Reverse tax breaks for outsourcing of jobs, good behavior should be rewarded, if you create US jobs, have a little tax break. I have also left out High Seed Rail, Light rail, Broadband, Healthcare jobs, call it another 2-5 million jobs.
In total, as many as 21.5 million jobs.
For more information on the tax policy mentioned only breifly in this article go here:
Taxing the rich promotes smart investments, not class warfare.
And guess what, all these good jobs go a long way to making Social Security good thru 2065, not 2036.
|
<urn:uuid:6eee3d13-f5eb-4333-9ae2-3e9de00c1ae2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://rdanafox.blogspot.com/2011/10/cookbook-for-creating-25-million-jobs.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912517 | 1,460 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Not the first instance of warfare, which surely predates recorded history, but of an organized war between civilizations. For the purposes of this question I'll define a war as:
- Defined scope: the war had a beginning, and end, and specific belligerents. Not an ongoing state of hostility between people groups.
- Dedicated fighting force: the war was fought by a military of some kind, rather than armed commoners who skirmished when they happened to meet.
- State-driven: Military action was enacted by one or more governments. (One state campaigning against disorganized tribes would count.)
The earliest war I can find a description of is Sargon's conquest of Sumer at the Battle of Ur in c. 2271 BC, which led to the establishment of the Akkadian Empire. I suspect there were earlier documented conflicts in Sumer or other very early agricultural civilizations.
|
<urn:uuid:2b852216-4e9e-4bff-b9e6-d42d5eb56e67>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/2210/what-was-the-first-known-war-in-history/2211
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971092 | 184 | 3.109375 | 3 |
From Our 2014 Archives
Read Food Labels to Combat Childhood Obesity
Latest Healthy Kids News
The Nutrition Facts label reveals the number of calories and percentage of a day's worth of nutrients in one serving of a food product.
When reading this label, be sure to check the serving size, which may be different from the amount your child actually eats, said Shirley Blakely, a registered dietitian with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
When assessing nutrient recommendations for one day, known as Percent Daily Value, you need to know that 5 percent or less is low, while 20 percent is high, Blakely said.
Look for foods that provide 20 percent or more of daily recommendations for protein, fiber and some essential vitamins and minerals per serving. And try to choose products that contain 5 percent or less of saturated fats and sodium per serving, she said.
You also need to check the list of ingredients on all prepared and packaged foods. This label lists every ingredient used in a product, with the main ingredient first, the next most common ingredient second and so on in descending order.
For example, it's a good sign if your children's favorite cereal has some type of grain -- such as oats or corn -- listed first. But you don't want them to eat cereals that list sugar -- such as fructose, high fructose corn syrup or sucrose -- first on the list of ingredients, Blakely said.
-- Robert Preidt
SOURCE: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, news release, Aug. 4, 2014
|
<urn:uuid:145fcbcf-e787-4c58-b2b8-d6ad6bd13e07>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=180269
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916833 | 316 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Library media specialists (LMSs) exert a complex web of effects on the LM programs. Findings about these effects are summed up in the following description of a strong LM program.
A strong LM program is one
that is adequately staffed, stocked, and funded. Minimally, this means one full-time library media specialist (LMS) and one full-time aide. The relationship, however, is incremental; as the staffing, collections and funding of LM programs grow, reading scores rise.
whose staff are actively involved leaders in their school’s teaching and learning enterprise. A successful LMS is one who has the ear and support of the principal, serves with other teachers on the school’s standards and curriculum committees, and holds regular meetings of the LM staff. Students succeed where the LMS participates with classroom teachers and administrators in making management decisions that encourage higher levels of achievement by every student
whose staff have collegial, collaborative relationships with classroom teachers. A successful LMS is one who works with a classroom teacher to identify materials that best support and enrich an instructional unit, is a teacher of essential information literacy skills to students, and, indeed, is a provider of in-service training opportunities to classroom teachers. Students succeed where the LMS is a consultant to, a colleague with, and a teacher of other teachers.
that embraces networked information technology. The library media center of today is no longer a destination; it is a point of departure for accessing the information resources that are the essential raw material of teaching and learning. Computers in classrooms, labs and other school locations provide networked access to information resource—the library catalog, electronic full text, licensed databases, locally mounted databases, and the Internet. Students succeed where the LM program is not a place to go, apart from other sites of learning in the school, but rather an integral part of the educational enterprise that reaches out to students and teachers where they are.
|
<urn:uuid:fcccebe5-a590-4fbf-bb9f-d3511ea058c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ala.org/research/librariesmatter/taxonomy/term/176?page=7
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95209 | 395 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Secondhand smoke takes a sizable toll on Americans’ health and productivity, particularly among black Americans, according to a recent study by researchers at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF).
Mining data collected between 2003 and 2006 by large government surveys, the researchers calculated that secondhand smoke kills 42,000 Americans each year, including nearly 900 infants. Secondhand smoke is linked to some of the same fatal illnesses caused by smoking, including heart and lung disease, and in babies, low birth weight, SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) and respiratory distress syndrome.
Overall, the researchers found that yearly deaths from secondhand smoke accounted for about 600,000 years of potential life lost, or an average of 14.2 years per person. The price tag for that lost productivity loss equaled $6.6 billion in total — about $158,000 per death.
“One of the things our research tells us is that even though people are smoking less and more laws have been put in place to prevent smoking in public, the problem has not gone away,” says lead study author Dr. Wendy Max, a professor of health economics at the UCSF School of Nursing and co-director of the UCSF Institute for Health & Aging. “We still have a ways to go. These deaths from secondhand smoke tell us that individuals make choices about their smoking behaviors based on themselves, but they need to think about how their smoking impacts others.”
A previous study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also measured the health and economic impacts of secondhand smoking, using data from the California Environmental Protection Agency. The difference between the earlier study and the current one is that the CDC data were based on self-reports secondhand smoke exposure; the new study relied on an objective measure, called serum cotinine, to assess evidence of nicotine exposure in the blood.
“Some people may say they’re not exposed to secondhand smoke, but they forget about the smokey bus ride they took in the morning or when they walked through the park and someone was smoking near them,” says Max.
Compared with the CDC study, the UCSF researchers found lower rates of heart disease deaths from secondhand smoke, but higher rates of lung cancer deaths. The differences are to be expected given that more people are giving up smoking, Max says; lung cancer cases may be higher, since it takes longer for the risk of lung cancer to decline after quitting. The authors also reported more infant fatalities.
The researchers also found that black Americans were disproportionately exposed to secondhand smoke. Black men aged 45 to 64 had the highest rates of secondhand smoke exposure, followed by black men aged 20 to 44; black women aged 20 to 44 also had higher exposure than any other women. Further, black infants accounted for 24% to 36% of all infant deaths from secondhand smoke, although they represented only 13% of the total U.S. population
“It comes down to rates of exposure,” says Max. “Minorities are more likely to have higher smoking rates and work in places that are not smoke protected.”
The authors hope their findings will further highlight the importance of quitting smoking and increase funding for tobacco-control programs to protect both smokers and nonsmokers, especially those in vulnerable minority groups.
“It’s challenging to control what happens at home because we cannot tell people what to do in their homes, but I hope this motivates people to quit on their own,” says Dr. Max.
The study was published in the American Journal of Public Health.
|
<urn:uuid:54d89b90-d839-4710-9269-015def5f0f9d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://healthland.time.com/2012/09/21/the-major-toll-of-secondhand-smoke/?iid=hl-category-mostpop1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96872 | 744 | 3.078125 | 3 |
VANCOUVER - Beekeepers in B.C. have just brought in more than 3,000 packages of bees from New Zealand to bolster local colonies needed to pollinate Fraser Valley blueberries.
In what has become an annual event, boxes and tubes each carrying three pounds of bees and equipped with a laying queen began arriving last month at Vancouver International Airport to replace colonies lost over the winter to disease and cold weather. And the import industry is growing because B.C. has neither enough native bee populations nor domestic hives to supply the province’s agriculture sector.
This spring, more than 20,000 packages of bees and more than 100,000 mated queens will be imported to Canada in an effort to shore up the pollination business, a key building block for at least 20 commercial crops, including canola, blueberries, cranberries, raspberries and tree fruits such as apples, peaches, apricots and pears. Although honey is an important product — in 2010, Canada produced 78 million pounds worth $145 million — it is pollination that drives the honey bee industry.
In B.C. alone, crops pollinated by bees were worth more than $163 million in 2004, the last year for which the B.C. Ministry of Agriculture had statistics. The blueberry crop accounted for $65.5 million of that.
Canada is the second-largest producer of blueberries in the world behind the United States, and collectively the two countries meet more than 75 per cent of the world’s demand. B.C. is at the forefront of that, with 12 varieties that bloom between April 15 and May 31.
But with beekeepers over the last five years losing an average of 30 per cent of their hives every winter to disease and cold, they can’t keep up with the demand without help from imports, according to John Gibeau, the owner of the Honeybee Centre in Surrey.
“There are just not enough bees in B.C. to handle all the pollination demands of farmers,” said Gibeau, who provides 4,200 colonies throughout the season to pollinate 11 different crops. “So the industry has turned to importing bees from New Zealand and a few other places to fill that gap.”
Gibeau brought in 637 packages this year.
Alberta commercial beekeepers, who winter some of their colonies in the Fraser Valley’s comparatively mild climate,, provide about half the bees needed for B.C. blueberries. The rest must come from local beekeepers, but between the two, there are not enough hives to cover all crops.
Bob Fisher, a bee-keeper and blueberry grower who owns West Coast Bee Supply, just installed 50 imported packages in hives to help boost his business. Although he successfully wintered 19 other hives, it wasn’t enough to pollinate the 10 hectares of blueberries he owns or rents. He also sells packages of bees for $150 each.
Without those bees, his fruit would not set and his blueberry business would fail.
“Some beekeepers I know have lost colonies over the winter and can’t meet their pollination contract requirements without starting with more packages.”
New Zealand has emerged as the main source of bees for Canada because that southern hemispheric country’s bees are relatively disease-free and are at the end of their season.
More than two decades ago, Canada shut the border to imports from the U.S. when a serious pest from Asia, the Varroa mite, began infecting North American colonies. Although the mite has now spread around the world, the border remains closed to U.S. imports because of the emergence of Africanized honey bees and another pest, the hive beetle.
More than 80 per cent of the queens imported come from the Big Island of Hawaii, but whole packages — containing bees and queen — are only permitted from New Zealand, parts of Australia and Chile.
That’s because the world’s domesticated honey bees are under attack from a variety of diseases and other stresses that have led to a serious decline in bee populations. As a result, there are fewer places for Canadian beekeepers to turn to in their quest for replacement bees.
Jaquie Bunse, the provincial government apiculture inspector for the Fraser Valley, says B.C. bee breeders working with the University of B.C. are trying to develop a strain of bee that can winter well and resist the panoply of diseases now affecting domestic bees. But she said imports are necessary now to meet the demand for commercial pollination.
“Bees have to be replaced every year.There are so many stresses on bees now that we have had some high losses and we can’t sustain that without importation if pollination is to be successful,” she said.
Mark Winston, a Simon Fraser University researcher and one of the foremost authorities on bees in North America, blames monocrops, big agri-business practices and the loss of habitat for native bees for what he terms the unhealthy need for bee imports.
Winston, who closed his world-renowned bee lab at SFU five years ago, said he no longer believes importing bees is the solution.
“This is a reflection of a very large-scale and general problem in agriculture in North America,” he said. “Because of the lack of diverse eco-systems we don’t have sufficient wild bees to pollinate and we must push honey bees to their limit. The outcome of that has been the near-destruction of the beekeeping industry.”
The spread of uniform crops, increased use of pesticides whose residues get into beehives and the spread of serious pests and bacterial or viral diseases have all made it tough for bees.
“Honey bee management today is in pretty sorry shape and there are multiple, multiple factors that are affecting it,” he said. “If we were managing bees the way we should be, we wouldn’t need to be importing them from anywhere.”
|
<urn:uuid:bfef9c78-5df5-4e01-9c8b-f6e8db55e969>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Forget+honey+bees+pollinate+blueberries/6261042/story.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953869 | 1,273 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Fusion Science and Technology / Volume 49 / Number 3 / April 2006 / Pages 254-277
Technical Paper / Fast Ignition / dx.doi.org/10.13182/FST49-3-254
Fast ignition is an approach to inertial fusion in which precompressed fuel is ignited with an external heat source. This arrangement can, in principle, lead to higher gains than conventional ignition produced by stagnation of convergent flows. In addition, because ignition is separate from the implosion in fast ignition, hydrodynamic mix has less opportunity to quench ignition than in the conventional process. This paper introduces some of the basic ideas of fast ignition: ignition requirements, gain curves based on simple energetic models, and integrated gain models including hohlraum and implosion physics. Because possible gains in this approach are so large, it is possible to examine the use of fuels with small tritium fractions, the so-called "advanced fuels." In addition, the historical background of this field is discussed.
|
<urn:uuid:5f303574-2b94-4325-863a-ea701b4cd1e4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_1148
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913979 | 207 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In an announcement getting widespread applause from the forest-products industry, U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said wood building materials will be actively promoted as contributing to green-building practices endorsed by the Department of Agriculture and its U.S. Forest Service division.
“Wood has a vital role to play in meeting the growing demand for green building materials,” Vilsack said. “Forest Service studies show that wood compares favorably to competing materials.”
| Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack|
USDA said a recent Forest Service lifecycle analysis found that harvesting, transporting, manufacturing, and using wood in lumber and panel products in buildings yields fewer air emissions—including greenhouse gases—than resource extraction, manufacturing and using other commonly-used building materials.
“In fact, wood-based wall systems can require significantly less total energy for manufacturing than thermally comparable houses using other common material systems,” the department said.
At an event launching the International Year of the Forest, Vilsack reviewed a three-part plan addressing the Forest Service’s and USDA’s current green building practices.
The strategy includes the following.
- The Forest Service will preferentially select wood in new building construction while maintaining its commitment to certified green-building standards. USDA will also make a commitment to using wood and other agricultural products as it fulfills President Obama’s executive order on Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance.
- Vilsack has asked the Forest Service to examine ways to increase its already strong commitment to green building by reporting to him on ways to enhance the research and development being done on green building materials.
- The Forest Service will actively look for opportunities to demonstrate the innovative use of wood as a green building material for all new structures of 10,000 square feet or more using recognized green-building standards such as LEED, Green Globes or the National Green Building Standard.
‘Preferred Green-Building Material’
The Agriculture Department said Forest Service Chief Tom Tidwell issued a directive to all units, calling for increased use of locally milled timber in all new agency buildings and facilities. Vilsack also directed the heads of all other USDA agencies to incorporate the Forest Service policy of using domestic sustainable wood products as the preferred green-building material for all USDA facilities and buildings.
“In keeping with the Obama Administration’s America’s Great Outdoors conservation agenda, USDA has made a strong commitment to conserving and restoring our forests to protect watersheds, recreation, and rural jobs,” Vilsack said.
Tidwell said the U.S. “has the resources, the work force and the innovative spirit to reintroduce wood products into all aspects of the next generation of buildings.” He added, “As we move forward with restoring America’s forests, we are getting smarter and more efficient in how we use wood products as both an energy and green building source, which will help maintain rural jobs.”
Industry, Conservation Groups Both on Board
Vilsack’s statements were met with ringing endorsements by representative of the forest- and wood-products industries, and conservation groups expressed support for the USDA’s pledge to pursue sustainable forestry practices.
Cees de Jager, executive director of the Binational Softwood Lumber Council, said Vilsack’s announcement was a “triple win” that “will create new jobs in rural communities, reduce energy use in buildings, and lower overall construction costs in buildings.”
Said Larry Selzer, president and CEO of the Conservation Fund: “We laud Secretary Vilsack, the administration, the Forest Service and the USDA for their leadership on the critical value of sustainably-produced wood as a green building material.”
Research Examines Innovation in Use of Materials
USDA said Forest Service researchers are also experimenting with new and innovative ways to use smaller-diameter timber and leftover branches and limbs for wood products. Approaches being studied include nanotechnology advancements and the use of laminate technologies.
The Forest Service is also encouraging the use of current renewable energy advances, such as wood-to-energy power systems, low-impact environmental site designs, green purchasing, and operation and maintenance practices.
USDA is highlighting its green-building policy in the Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan, the Department’s blueprint for implementing President Obama’s sustainability executive order (E.O. 13514). USDA said it will complete an update to that plan this June.
|
<urn:uuid:1c5207d9-f582-4065-90ff-f76320a1222e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.durabilityanddesign.com/news/?fuseaction=view&id=5351
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934314 | 943 | 2.734375 | 3 |
H.L. Mencken (18801956). The American Language. 1921.
2. War Slang
During the war, says a writer in the New York Tribune, our army was slow in manufacturing words . The English army invented not only more war slang than the American, but much more expressive slang. In fact, we took over a number of their words, such as dud, cootie and bus (for aeroplane) . During the first year of [American participation in] the war the Americans had no slang word for German. Hun was used sparingly, but only by officers. Fritzie was rare. Boche was tried, but proved to be ill adapted to Americans. They seemed afraid of it, and, indeed, it was often pronounced botch. Finally, after a year all these foreign substitutes were abandoned by the enlisted men, and the German became Jerry. Curiously enough, the word was almost invariably used in the singular. We heard a soldier telling about a patrol encounter in which he and twenty companions had driven a slightly larger German force out of an abandoned farmhouse, and he said: When we came over the top of the hill we found Jerry. He stuck to that usage all through the story. In the last year of the war the American army began to find names for various things, but the slang list of the first year was short. The French army was the most prolific of all in language, and several large dictionaries of French trench slang have already been published.
The chief cause of this American backwardness is not far to seek. During the first year of American participation in the war few Americans got to France, and those who did found an enormous army of Britishers already in the field. These Britishers, in their three years of service, had developed a vast vocabulary of slang, and it stood ready for use. Naturally enough, some of it was borrowed forthwith, though not much. When the main American army followed in 1918 there was little need to make extensive additions to it. Frog, for Frenchman, was entirely satisfactory; why substitute anything else? So was cootie. So was bus. So was Holy Joe, for chaplain. So were blimp, Jack Johnson, whizz-bang, to strafe and pill-box. Whatever was needed further was adapted from the everyday slang of the United States. Thus, handshaker came to mean a soldier sycophantic to officers, to bust got the new meaning of to demote, and the cowboy outfit was borrowed for general military use. Most of the remaining slang that developed among the troops was derisory, e. g., Sears-Roebuck for a new lieutenant, loot for lieutenant, Jewish cavalry for the Quartermasters force, belly-robber for the mess-sergeant, punk for bread, canned-monkey for the French canned beef, gold-fish for canned salmon. Much that remained was obscene, and had its origin in the simple application of obscene verbs and adjectives, long familiar, to special military uses. In the Vocabulary of the A. E. F. compiled by E. A. Hecker and Edmund Wilson, Jr.,16 fully 25 per cent. of the terms listed show more or less indecency; the everyday speech of the troops was extraordinarily dirty. But in this department, as I say, there were very few new coinages. In all departments, in truth, the favorite phrases were not invented in the field but brought from home, e. g., corp for corporal, sarge for sergeant, to salvage for to steal, chow for food. Even gob, doughboy and leatherneck were not new. Gob and leatherneck had been in use in the navy for a long while, though the common civilian designation for a sailor had been jackie. The origin of the terms is much disputed. Gob is variously explained as a derivative from the Chinese (?) word gobshite, and as the old word gob, signifying a large, irregular mass, applied to a new use. The original meaning of gobshite I dont know. One correspondent suggests that gob was first used to designate sailors because of their somewhat voracious and noisy habits of feeding. He tells a story of an old master-at-arms who happened into a land aëro-station and found a party of sailors solemnly at table. My Gawd, he exclaimed, lookit the gobs, usin forks an all! Doughboy was originally applied to the infantry only. It originated in the fact that infantrymen, on practise marches, were served rations of flour, and that they made crude biscuits of this flour when they halted. Leatherneck needs no explanation. It obviously refers to the sunburn suffered by marines in the tropics. Hard-boiled seems to have originated among the Americans in France. It is one of the few specimens of army slang that shows any sign of surviving in the general speech. The only others that I can think of are cootie, gob, leatherneck, doughboy, frog, and buck-private. Hand-shaker, since the war ended, has resumed its old meaning of an excessively affable man. Top-sergeant, during the war, suffered an interesting philological change, like that already noticed in buncombe. First it degenerated to top-sarge and then to plain top.To a. w. o. l. is already almost forgotten. So is bevo officer. So are such charming inventions as submarine for bed-pan. The favorite affirmations of the army, Ill say so, Ill tell the world, You said it, etc., are also passing out. From the French, save for a few grotesque mispronunciations of common French phrases, e. g., boocoop, the doughboys seem to have borrowed nothing whatsoever. To camouflage was already in use in the United States long before the country entered the war, and such aviation terms as ace, chandelle, vrille and glissade were seldom heard outside the air-force.
The war-slang of the English, the French and the Germans was enormously richer, and a great deal more of it has survived. One need but glance at the vocabulary in the last edition of Cassells Dictionary17 or at such works as Gaston Esnaults Le Poilu Tel Quil se Parle18 or Karl Bergmanns Wie der Feldgraue Spricht19 to note the great difference. The only work which pretends to cover the subject of American war-slang is New Words Self-Defined, by Prof. C. Alphonso Smith, of the Naval Academy.20 It is pieced out with much English slang, and not a little French slang.
|
<urn:uuid:be4cd78b-4d96-4a27-a58a-72e7fe1e6075>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bartleby.com/185/53.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9762 | 1,391 | 3.1875 | 3 |
To prepare for high school and beyond
Algebra I (in eighth grade) and Geometry (in ninth grade) or other challenging math courses that expect students to master the essentials of these subjects. Algebra and geometry form the foundation for the advanced math and science courses colleges want their students to take, and give students the skills they need to succeed on college entrance exams, in college math classes, and in their future careers.
English, Science and History or Geography Every Year. Together with math, these courses make up the "core" -- the basic academic classes every student should take every year, in middle school and in high school.
Foreign Language. Many colleges require their students to study a foreign language for at least two years, and some prefer three or four years of one language. Taking a foreign language shows colleges that a student is serious and willing to learn the basics plus more, and shows employers that he or she is prepared to compete in the global economy.
Computer Science. Basic computer skills are now essential, and more and more jobs require at least a basic knowledge of computers. Make sure you take advantage of any opportunities the school offers to learn to use computers.
The Arts. Many colleges view classes in the arts and music as a valuable experience that broadens your understanding and appreciation of the world. It is also well known and widely recognized that the arts contribute significantly to your intellectual development.
Reprinted with the permission of the U.S. Department of Education.
|
<urn:uuid:a2882d53-d86e-4ece-be11-ccf4cb52b423>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Think_College_Middle/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959741 | 302 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Nothing Like a Place at the Beach
Vertebrates Take to the BeachFirst it's the ancestors of frogs and salamanders that crawl from the deep blue sea. Then, for a while, dinosaurs rule the earth.
Weather has always been unreliable. What do you do if water, the thing you need most, just goes away? More than 350 million years ago, a few freshwater vertebrates developed the ability to breathe air and pulled themselves around on land when water was scarce. The ancient ancestors of amphibians had features that combined some of the features of lobe-fish and lungfish: lungs to breathe air and more limb-like fins that could maneuver on land. As the Little Mermaid famously observed, fins don't work so well on land. In amphibians, fins became legs and feet with toes. Dinglehoppers, on the other hand, work everywhere.
Moving onto land opened up a whole new set of unexploited resources. Arthropods had taken to the land 100 million years earlier and were free for the snacking. As the first vertebrates on land, amphibians had the place to themselves for a while. Before reptile competition appeared, amphibians came in many more shapes and sizes than they do today, with one the size of a modern crocodile. Modern amphibians include frogs, salamanders, and caecilians.
In addition to lungs and limbs, amphibians also evolved other traits for life on land. Amphibian skeletons are stronger than those of fish, capable of supporting body weight without the help of water. Carrying weight around in water is easier. Amphibian skin better resists drying out. Amphibian's smooth skin has keratin, which helps make it waterproof. Amphibians also developed structures for hearing on land, replacing the lateral line system of fish.
Life on land led to a more efficient heart. We'll have a little heart to heart discussion. (Ouch.) Fish have a heart with one chamber for receiving blood from the body (the atrium) and one chamber (ventricle) that pushes the blood to the gills, where waste gases go out and oxygen comes in.
Amphibians have a heart with three chambers, two atria, and one ventricle. One atrium receives blood from the body, while the other receives blood oxygenated by contact with the skin or lungs. All this blood mixes together in the single ventricle before being pushed out. This is more efficient than the fish system, where blood loses some pressure as it passes through the gills after being squeezed by the heart.
Amphibians are still, however, split between two worlds: terrestrial and aquatic. Amphibians live a double life. No, not like Clark Kent or Peter Parker. Amphibian means "both kinds of life." During the first part of its life, a frog is a legless, water-breathing aquatic herbivore called a tadpole. After metamorphosis, the adult is a tetrapod (four-legged), air-breathing terrestrial carnivore. Taking off some glasses and putting on a cape can't really compare to switching from breathing water to air and changing fins for legs.
Check out the drama of becoming a tadpole here and here.
Amphibians are closely tied to water their whole lives. Their skin has to stay damp for gas exchange. Some have small lungs, but those lungs are not very effective, and amphibians rely on staying wet to breathe. Amphibian eggs also need to be in or very near water so that the young are in water when they are born. The eggs don't have shells and are covered with a sticky material so they float together in a mass while the little guys develop.
Brain SnackNothing we can dream up comes close to the real stuff. Here's one, for instance. The Surinam toad hatches its eggs through the skin on its back.
There are three extant orders of amphibians:
Urodeles: These are salamanders and newts. They look a bit like a lizard, but are smooth with no scales. Salamanders stay damp and are less able than frogs and caecilians to be away from water. Some urodeles do not go through metamorphosis and look like little adults when they are born.
Anurans: Sounds like a good name for space aliens, but this is the order for frogs and toads. These amphibians have more specializations for living on land than the others. Frogs have smooth, wet skin and toads have drier, bumpy skin. The bumps on toads can have toxins; so don't touch. Frogs and toads do not cause warts however. Anurans' distinctive features include a long, sticky tongue that is shot out of a hinged mouth to catch insects and long back legs that are very good for jumping.
Apodans: The common name probably won't help here—caecilians. It is spelled differently, but sounds a lot like Sicilian. "A-" means without and a "pod" is a foot. No feet. They look a bit like worms or a little snake (another worm-like animal, what a surprise). However, they have a backbone and a skull, unlike worms, and no tail, unlike a snake. They can hardly see and that's just fine, since they live hidden on the ground in wet forests.
- Tetrapod (except caecilians)
- Smooth, scale-less skin with waterproof keratin
- First part of life in water and second on land
- Breathes air, but at least partially through the skin
- Life-cycle includes metamorphosis
- Eggs laid in or near water and don't have a shell
- Can hibernate or be otherwise dormant in unfavorable conditions
When they came on land, amphibians kept a connection to life in the water. Reptiles were the first vertebrates to become completely terrestrial. This happened about 300 million years ago.
The earliest reptile looked like a small, stumpy lizard, but its descendants were nothing but impressive. Flying reptiles took over the air. Some reptiles went back to the ocean. Others reared up on hind legs and lorded over the land.
Big design changes were needed to become fully terrestrial. Life started in water and we are still mostly water on the inside. Reptiles developed watertight and waterproof skin. Since moving around on land is a very different process than moving in water, reptiles developed strong muscle and skeletal systems, as well as claws and nails to help get some traction on land.
Reptile ancestors were amphibians and the two can look a bit alike. However, reptiles are far more adapted to life on land.
- Reptiles have scutes or scales on their dry skin. Amphibians have smooth skin that needs to stay moist.
- Reptiles usually have nails or claws on their feet (if they have feet), while amphibians don't.
- Reptiles do not go through metamorphosis and never have gills. Even water-dwelling reptiles breathe air.
- Reptiles are herbivores or carnivores. Amphibians eat arthropods or fish.
- Reptiles have fully developed lungs. Amphibians have weak or no lungs (adults without gills rely on gas exchange through moist skin).
Another big evolutionary change is the amniotic egg. Despite living on land, life still begins in water for everyone. Reptiles, along with birds and mammals, are amniotes. An amnion is a bag of fluid where an embryo develops. All animals still start their life in water, even if the water is contained in an egg or inside the mom. Reptile eggs have an amniotic pouch inside, sealing up a private pool for the embryo. The eggs are also hard-shelled and waterproof to resist drying out.
Evolution is a response to the environmental and ecological challenges faced by an organism. In other words, if an animal has the skills it needs to get enough to eat and be able to reproduce, it's pretty well adapted to wherever it lives. But what if conditions change? That happens all the time. Animals that have the right characteristics to survive a change in conditions are the ones who survive. Fortunately for life on earth, no two organisms are exactly alike, even ones from the same group living at the same time and in the same place.
One of the many times conditions made a big change was around 250 million years ago. Weather on land was getting drier, not a good thing for amphibians. The early, small reptiles got their chance to take over. Jurassic Park, here we come. Dinosaurs evolved into many forms and took over the land. Pterosaurs, flying reptiles, took to the air. Icthysaurs and plesiosaurs, swimming (but air-breathing) reptiles, moved back to the ocean.
Brain SnackWhat did dinosaurs look like? Perhaps a bit like a crow.
A reptile-like vertebrate ancestor led to dinosaurs and modern reptiles, as well as to birds and mammals. The branches split after the development of the amniotic egg. Some of the major groups in the tree are named based on a feature of the skull that they all share, the number of openings behind the eye. Anapsids (turtles) don't have any. Synapsids have one and diapsids have two.
The synapsid line eventually leads to mammals. The turtles branch off next. The diapsid line branches into the rest of the extinct and current reptiles, as well as birds.
The reptiles are shown in green, including both extinct and modern reptiles.
The two main classes of dinosaurs are Ornithiscians and Saurischians. These groups are named after their hips (bird-like or reptile-like). The bird-hipped ones were mostly larger herbivores and the reptile-hipped ones were the speedy, carnivores.
Reptiles were the lords of all they could see for more than 200 million years. What happened? We don't have a simple answer. Possibilities include a giant collision with an asteroid or asteroids, as well as other geological events. Whatever the cause, dinosaurs disappeared and left room and board open for other vertebrates.
Brain SnackHere's some more detail about the theories on the cause of the mass, worldwide extinction that ended the dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs are gone, but we still have lots of reptiles. Currently, there is a lot of debate about how to divide them up. Some scientists feel that birds have enough similarity to some reptiles to be grouped more closely. Other scientists group modern reptiles into one class divided into a few orders and others into different classes. Let's go with the simplest. The three major classes of reptiles we have today are:
Testudines: These are the turtles. Terrestrial ones are usually called tortoises and aquatic ones include sea turtles and fresh water terrapins. The most noticeable thing about a turtle is the big shell covering most of its body. This is for protection and turtles can pull their head and limbs inside in an emergency. Turtles on land have feet with claws, while aquatic turtles have feet shaped like flippers.
Lepidoposaura: This is the biggest group of modern reptiles. This group has a unique skull called a kinetic skull. The joints in a kinetic skull are very loose and mobile. The jaws are not joined directly to the head and can open extremely wide so that lizards and snakes can swallow really large prey.
There is a simple distinction within this group: lizards have legs and snakes don't. There are some legless lizards, so another helpful distinction is that lizards have external ears and moveable eyelids, if you ever choose to get that close.
Crocodilia: Crocodiles and alligators make up this group. Crocodiles' lower teeth show when their mouth is shut and alligators' lower teeth do not. So ask them to close their mouths if you really want to know.
Crocodiles and alligators are the only reptiles with a four-chambered heart, an evolutionary development that becomes standard in birds and mammals. A four-chambered heart is more efficient, fully separating oxygenated and deoxygenated heart, giving the animal more endurance. Crocodiles share another trait with birds and mammals in that they exhibit parental care for young.
- Watertight skin with scales to prevent drying out
- Claws for digging and traction on land
- Lungs and respiration that does not need water
- Partial separation (and complete in crocodilians) of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- Amniotic egg
|
<urn:uuid:ef10f74c-c3a1-4338-9a7b-07288bc5c46e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.shmoop.com/animal-evolution-diversity/beach-animals.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958712 | 2,652 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Mt. Huangshan, Huangshan
Huangshan in China was originally called Yi Shan before the Tang Dynasty. Yi means black, because the mountain rocks take the color of black, so the ancients named it from this. According to the legendary, ancestors of the Chinese people Yellow Emperor, in his completion of the unification of the Central Plains and creation of civilization of China, he arrived here to pick herbals and make pills for immortality. He bathed in hot springs, and thus got enlightened and rise to the level of God. The famous Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Longji strongly believed this legendary and issued an idect to announce that the mount. will be renamed Huangshan, after the name of Yellow Emperor, meaning that the mountain is the Yellow Emperor's Hill. Since then, the name of Huangshan appeared.
Huangshan is stunning and also can be said as a Medicine Hill. Get on it and see it in all aspects, you'll feel life is indeed a great pleasure. In the long geological history, the endless nature of the shape of the Huangshan stunning charisma and all sorts of strange landscapes have been attracting millions of visitors from home and abroad.
Speaking of Huangshan's four features, the first is Qisong (fantastic pine trees). The trees own very strong vitality, you can not help but met amazingly. In general, where the soil in which vegetation and crops might not grow, Huangshan pine trees are able to grow, even from the hard rock in the Huanggang, the trees strived to grow strongly as well. In Mt.Huangshan, growth of pine trees is everywhere, either on the peaks of their long, sheer cliffs, or in the deep mountain glens, they are still lush and vibrant. For thousands of years, even they were sometimes squeezed out of the rocks, but still not afraid of barren, drought, rain and snow, growing healthily and vibrantly. Secondly, the Huangshan pine also surprises us with its unique natural shape. Generally speaking, the Huangshan pine is in a high density with dark green color. Bending branches of health and flat crown show a simple, sound and powerful momentum; According to their different appearances and charm, people appropriately named them with their natural elegance and other interesting names, such as the Welcome Pine tree, black tiger pine, crouching dragon pine and dragon paw pine tree…They are the representatives of Huangshan unique or strange pine trees.
Besides the sea of clouds is the third feature. Though on some other famous mountains in China we can also see the sea of clouds, but no one can match with that of Huangshan, as for its spectacular sea of clouds and endless changes. There is another name of Huangshan, called the "Yellow Sea." It really worth while the name with the support of history. In Ming Dynasty, a famous expert live in Huangshan for decades, wrote a book of 60 volumes of Tai Butou –in which Huangshan Mountain was called "Yellow Sea." Some of Huangshan Scenic Spot, hotels and the naming of many landscape, with a special word of "sea" or some similar in between; and the landscape of cloud surrounding the mountain also looks like sea, so these have proved that the "Yellow Sea" is the real and matching name.
In addition to the "four features", Huangshan Falls, sunrise and sunset, are also very spectacular and charming.
Huangshan four distinct seasons: spring with a high density of greens and colorful flowers ; cool summer time with water falls ; autumn day owns dense fog and dark red maple trees; winter is snow-wrapped and ice-build. Huangshan is indeed an unbeatable mountain in China.
|
<urn:uuid:e5326952-b3b5-4e94-aba0-d247554a7edf>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.chinatravelrus.com/cityguide/huangshan/huangshan.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95642 | 773 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Simpler and cheaper turbines will help wind power compete
Early-stage research by General Electric Co., with support from the Department of Energy and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, aims to use tensioned architectural fabrics rather than fiberglass as the primary material for turbine blades, thus driving down costs by 25 to 40 percent, according to officials involved in the research-and-development effort.
“The fabric we’re developing will be tough, flexible, and easier to assemble and maintain,” said Wendy Lin, a GE principal engineer and leader of the estimated $5.9 million research effort funded in part by an Energy Department program. “It represents a clear path to making wind even more cost competitive with fossil fuels.”
A new wind turbine blade involves covering an elongated frame with tensioned fabric. The change in primary materials could significantly reduce production costs over those of conventional fiberglass blades and generate power at lower wind speeds. Illustration courtesy of General Electric Co.
GE’s turbine blade research was one of 66 projects selected by DOE’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) to share in a $130 million competitive grant program to advance cutting-edge energy projects that are in the early stages of development.
“With ARPA-E funding and active program management, GE’s innovative tensioned fabric wind blades have the potential to be a real game changer in reducing the manufacturing and transportation costs associated with today’s fiberglass turbine blades,” agency Deputy Director Cheryl Martin said in a statement. “GE’s innovative approach to use fabric stretched across a frame is a perfect example of how ARPA-E funds innovative energy R&D that is early stage, but could change what’s possible.”
In addition to lowering costs, GE scientists say, the new blade technology — which involves wrapping advanced fabrics around a metal space frame resembling a fish skeleton — would also aid in the development of larger, lighter turbines that can capture more energy from wind, even at lower wind speeds
Assembly in the field
Such fabric-based blades also could be manufactured in sections and assembled in the field, enabling the construction of much larger wind turbines. “That’s not our primary intent, but ultimately that’s where we see the technology going,” Lin said in an interview.
Current technology does not easily allow for turbines with rotor diameters exceeding 120 meters (394 feet) because of design, manufacturing, assembly and transportation constraints. Wider, longer wind blades are also difficult to move, and molds used to form the current generation of fiberglass blades cost millions of dollars.
Officials with GE say the company’s fabric-based technology would all but eliminate such barriers and allow the industry to take hold in regions with lower wind speeds. “Developing larger wind blades is the key to expanding wind energy into areas we wouldn’t think of today as suitable for harvesting wind power,” Lin said.
Meanwhile, a new study from the London-based energy consulting firm GlobalData finds that wind farm developers are increasingly gravitating toward simpler, direct-drive turbines to generate power rather than gearboxes, which the industry has widely deployed in recent years.
A wind turbine’s gearbox allows the electricity generator’s internal shaft to spin 50 to 250 times for each rotation of the turbine’s blades, and it provides advantages over other direct-drive technologies, including reduced noise and higher efficiency ratings.
However, drawbacks to gearboxes include considerable maintenance requirements and lower reliability, according to GlobalData.
Direct-drive turbines gaining favor
In contrast, direct-drive technology allows for continuous slow movement of all parts of a wind turbine, allowing for reduced wear and tear and superior reliability. “Direct drive turbines have been in the wind power market for a long time, but have gained increasing popularity in recent years due to the low reliability and high refurbishment costs of gearbox components,” GlobalData states in its report.
The share of global wind turbine installations relying on direct-drive turbines has grown from 18 percent in 2006 to 22 percent in 2011, according to GlobalData. That share is expected to increase to nearly 29 percent by 2020, with manufacturers such as Siemens AG and GE shifting from gearbox turbines to permanent magnet direct-drive turbines.
Enercon GmbH of Germany and Xinjiang GoldWind Science and Technology Co. Ltd. of China are the current leading manufacturers of direct-drive turbines.
One potential drawback to direct-drive turbines using magnet technology, according to GlobalData, is that the technology requires use of rare earth materials such as neodymium, which are less abundant and can be costly during periods of high demand.
|
<urn:uuid:56106604-f1a7-4784-8237-28683a331143>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.governorswindenergycoalition.org/?p=4077
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00002-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931898 | 982 | 3.1875 | 3 |
We are, supposedly, outnumbered in our own bodies. We play host to an extraordinary menagerie of bacteria and other microbes—the microbiome—and it’s frequently said that these teeming cells outnumber our own by ten to one. This 10:1 ratio crops up everywhere. It appears in scientific papers, blog posts, magazine stories, TED talks, and popular science books—sometimes, even in the very title. It is undoubtedly one of the most famous statistics about the microbiome.
And it’s probably wrong.
It’s the result of a back-of-the-envelope calculation that became enshrined as hard fact based on little more than its catchy nature and its sounds-about-right-ness.
According to a new review by Ron Milo at the Weizmann Institute of Science, the correct ratio is more like 1:1. That is, in terms of cell counts, we and our microbes are equal shareholders. We’re not outnumbered after all. Indeed, as Milo so wonderfully writes, “the numbers are similar enough that each defecation event may flip the ratio to favor human cells over bacteria.” You gain temporary dominance over your own body with every flush.
In 2010, Elio Schaechter and Stanley Maloy traced the origins of the 10:1 ratio to a 1970 paper by microbiologist Thomas D. Luckey. With no supporting evidence of any kind, Luckey estimated that there are 100 billion microbes in a gram of intestinal contents (fluid or feces), and 1000 grams of such contents in an average adult—giving a total of 100 trillion microbes.
Eminent microbiologist Dwayne Savage then took this figure and, uncharacteristically, ran with it. In a 1977 paper, he contrasted these 100 trillion microbes with the 10 trillion human cells in our bodies—a figure pulled from a textbook that, again, cited no supporting evidence.
And so a made-up numerator was mushed on top of a made-up denominator, and a beautiful bouncing baby factoid was born.
In 2014, Judah Rosner from the National Institutes of Health drew attention to this “fake fact” in a letter to Microbe magazine. More recent estimates, he noted, put the total number of human cells at anywhere from 15 trillion to 724 trillion, and the number of gut microbes at anywhere between 30 trillion and 400 trillion. Which gives a ratio that can best be expressed as ¯\_(ツ)_/¯.
Milo’s team, including Ron Sender and Shai Fuchs, tried to improve on these figures. They thoroughly searched for studies that had actually tried to measure both the number of cells in different human tissues, and the number of microbes in stool samples (microbes in the gut overwhelmingly outnumber those on other body parts). They arrived at a grand total of around 39 trillion microbes and 30 trillion human cells. That’s virtually equal, or more specifically, 1.3 to 1.
These new estimates might be the best we currently have, but the studies and figures that Milo amassed come with their own biases and uncertainties. As Pat Schloss wryly noted on Twitter, “They went from a back of the envelope calculation to also use the front of the envelope.”
It’s also debatable if cell totals is a useful metric. After all, Milo's calculations show that 90 percent of human cells are red blood cells, which don't contain DNA and aren’t capable of dividing. They’re rather poor excuses for cells—remove them from the equation and the 10:1 ratio reinstates itself.
And who even cares about cell numbers? It’s likely that our microbes still wield many more genes than our own cells, and produce a wider array of chemicals. It’s also clear that they play vital parts in our lives, calibrating our immune systems, digesting our food, protecting us from disease, influencing the effectiveness of our medicines, and perhaps even affecting our behavior. This all stands, whether there’s one or ten of them to each of our cells. My preference would be to avoid mentioning any ratio at all—you don’t need to it convey the importance of the microbiome and scientifically, it’s not all that interesting.
It’s quite sociologically interesting, though. It reveals “the staying power of convenient falsehoods,” wrote Peter Andrey Smith in The Boston Globe. “Perhaps the crude estimate endures because it serves the practical purpose of astonishing those who hear it, in the same way that bogus Martian canals inspired a greater curiosity about the solar system, or the myth that all humans only access 10 percent of their brains might foster a greater appreciation for neuroscience.”
The fake fact, and Milo’s subsequent exercise in estimation, also reveal just how much we still don’t know about ourselves—both our human side and our microbial one. As Carl Zimmer notes, “The very fact that scientists are still so unsure of how many cells and bacteria are in each of us is pretty remarkable.”
|
<urn:uuid:a7726f3e-19fd-4f6e-b3b0-e96bb6bc3f97>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/01/youre-probably-not-mostly-microbes/423228/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940672 | 1,061 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Definitions for wallace collection
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word wallace collection
The Wallace Collection is a museum in London, with a world-famous range of fine and decorative arts from the 15th to the 19th centuries with large holdings of French 18th-century paintings, furniture, arms & armour, porcelain and Old Master paintings arranged into 25 galleries. It was established in 1897 from the private collection mainly created by Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford, who left it and the house to his illegitimate son Sir Richard Wallace, whose widow bequeathed the entire collection to the nation. The museum opened to the public in 1900 in Hertford House, Manchester Square, and remains there, housed in its entirety, to this day. A condition of the bequest was that no object ever leave the collection, even for loan exhibitions. Admission is free. The Wallace Collection is a non-departmental public body.
The Nuttall Encyclopedia
a collection of works of art bequeathed to the nation by Lady Wallace, and now being housed in Hertford House, Manchester Square, London.
The numerical value of wallace collection in Chaldean Numerology is: 9
The numerical value of wallace collection in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
Find a translation for the wallace collection definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these wallace collection definitions with the community:
Word of the Day
Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily?
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"wallace collection." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 1 Jul 2016. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/wallace collection>.
|
<urn:uuid:8490a402-63b9-48e5-af1a-b4325ca4208f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.definitions.net/definition/wallace%20collection
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.869596 | 380 | 2.75 | 3 |
Back to Home Page or Contents Page or Hinduism or Index
Generically mantra refers to sacred words or syllables used repeatedly in religious and ceremonial rituals. The term "mantra" is derived from Sanskrit man, "mind," and tra, "to deliver."
Generally the mantra is considered a holy or divine name, word, or syllable by the one that says or thinks it. The mantra is believed to help one to achieve his goal which may be a mission, or an objective, or the attainment of something desired. For example, in Hinduism the mantra, which holds the essence of a guru's teaching, helps the initiate along his spiritual path.
Likewise, in Buddhism mantra may be a syllable or syllables which represent the cosmic forces, aspects of Buddhas, or the name of Buddha. The mantra is repeated during meditation, and in Vajrayana Buddhism this is accompanied by visualizations and body postures.
Mantras, frequently common in Hinduism and Buddhism, also are found in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. the name of God was always considered powerful mantras. (See: Law of Names) In Catholicism there are the prayers such as the Our Father (Pater noster) and Hail Mary, (Ave Maria) especially when prayed as the Rosary, which might be considered mantras in essence. Even Protestantism embodies the "Our Father."
The Old Testament renders a mantric characteristic to the personal name of God, Yahweh which is known as the Tetragrammation. It was so awesome that in ancient times it was just pronounced by the high priests only on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement which is the most sacred Jewish religious holiday. Often "Adonai" and "Elohim" were substituted for Yahweh.
Mantras are thought to be charged with vibration power. Chanting or meditating silently on mantras helps one to attain an altered state of consciousness. In such a state it is believed possible to perceive the true nature of the mind; "the unity of mind with Mind."
"Lama Anagarika Govinda defined a mantra as a 'tool for thinking,' a 'thing which creates a mental picture.'" (Foundations of Tibetan Mysticism, 1969) Govinda continued. "The mantra...is knowledge, the truth beyond right and wrong, real being beyond thinking and reflecting. What the mantra expresses in sound exists and comes to pass."
Mantras can be used in three ways: verbal, semiverbal, and silent. Verbal repetition of mantras so anyone can hear them is the lowest form of their usage while silent repetition is the highest. While others, such as the Krishna sect, feel that verbal chanting is more powerful. The semiverbal form is when the vocal chords vibrate but no sound is uttered.
Some stress methods in the use of mantras. The correct pronunciation and intonement of mantras is extremely important. This creates strong vibrations that effect every vibration of every universal thing including the deities and lower spirits.
Also, the mantra is thought to be a manifestation of shabda, or sacred sound that can be controlled either to create or destroy. Such a concept also is discovered in the ancient Grecian theory of music, "in which the keynote of a particular organism, body, or substance can be used to cause it to disintegrate."
Yogis and fakirs use mantric power to perform psychokinetic feats such as controlling the weather, teleportation, apports, and levitation. It is said the Tibetan yogi Milarepa used mantras to create a hail storm to destroy family enemies. For using a sacred power for an evil purpose Milarepa served several years of penance.
Presently many mantras are repeatedly chanted. The chanting is usually done in association of dancing to drum or other instrumental music to achieve an altered state of consciousness and/or a rising of power. Such ceremonial rituals are performed in Neo-pagan witchcraft. For incident, many witches and Neo- pagans use chants to raise power to enhance the performance of their magic spells. Words of these chants may be names of the Goddess or Horned God. Also chants may consist of rhymes, alliterative phrases, or charms which are created or taken from other sources such as books or poetry.
The following is the refrain from The Witches' Rune' written by Doreen Valiente, which is thought to be a common power-raising chant:
Eko, Eko Azarak
Eko, Eko Zomelak
Eko, Eko Cermunnos
Eko, Eko Ardia
Chants, or mantras, of shamans, which are power songs, have been passed down through the generations. Their rhythms and melodies empower the shaman to reach an altered state of conscious and summon his power animal or guardian spirit. A.G.H.
Sources: 4, 29.
Guiley, Rosemary Ellen, The Encyclopedia of Witches
and Witchcraft, New York: Facts On File, 1989, pP. 55-56
Guiley, Rosemary Ellen, Harper's Encyclopedia of Mystical and Paranormal Experience, New York: HarperCollins, 19911, pp. 341-343
|
<urn:uuid:7f11b9c1-65f7-4b2e-a7c7-df80882bd135>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/m/mantra.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93148 | 1,084 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Dallol in January-February 2011: Large and colorful ponds
A long rainy season has caused unusually strong hydrothermal activity at Dallol.
An older blue pond remains at a level well below the growing and very large green lake.
A small blue hornito with its hot spring on the top, and two more at its left foot in the green pond.
Pond evaporation has left these sculptures of salt look like hands reaching out of the green pond.
Panoramic view of the huge green ponds, with many yellow hot springs rising from its floor.
Zoom on the strongest hot spring (upper right). In the foreground, ponds of various shades of green.
Ponds of colors ranging from blue to pale green fill small terraces floating in the main lake.
Like in a coral reef, yellow ridges of salt rise to the surface of the blue lake.
Other terraces of white salt reach the surface of deep green ponds.
Most ponds are divided into regular sectors by tiny ridges of salt.
A salt hornito (lower right) fills terraces of salty water green of halophile algae.
Surprisingly regular subdivision into poligonal cells of a green pond.
The green pond in the foreground (the only one not yet drained) is being covered by a crust of salt.
Ponds may assume all shades of color from green to purple.
White and yellow salt ridges are boundaries between different colors.
Evaporating green ponds among thicker ridges of brown salt.
Our Afar guide crosses a yellow ridge of salt as if it were a bridge.
To reach Dallol, our jeeps cross Aasale Lake as if they were ships.
Crests of salt rise from the lake surface, regularly divided into poligonal cells.
The first jeep appears as a tiny dot at the horizon of a lake many km wide, but only about ten cm deep.
|Photos by Marco Fulle, taken with 16mm fisheye lens, 24-85mm zoom and digital single lens reflex camera.|
|
<urn:uuid:62f8b019-3ad1-4f5f-a949-22848c4ad3dc>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/erta/dallol-2011-en.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927143 | 432 | 2.71875 | 3 |
You are not currently logged in.
Access your personal account or get JSTOR access through your library or other institution:
Linguistic Intermarriage in the United States
Gillian Stevens and Robert Schoen
Journal of Marriage and Family
Vol. 50, No. 1 (Feb., 1988), pp. 267-279
Published by: National Council on Family Relations
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352445
Page Count: 13
Preview not available
Linguistic homogamy allows the transmission of a couple's non-English language to the younger generation and thus plays a key role in the persistence of non-English-language groups in the United States. Like other kinds of assortative marriage, linguistic homogamy is influenced by the prevailing demographic opportunities for people to meet and marry persons with similar language characteristics. This study examines linguistic and educational marriage patterns for native-born Americans in six language groups while controlling for the population's age, sex, educational, and linguistic composition. The results first show that linguistic homogamy is more pronounced for men and women of lower educational status and that education is more salient than language in marriage choices for Americans whose first language is French, German, Italian, or Polish. Further analysis shows that the common pattern of educational hypergamy in which women marry men with higher educational status than themselves is more pronounced in cross-language marriages involving English-language women than in those involving English-language men, which suggests an exchange between men's economic and women's noneconomic characteristics.
Journal of Marriage and Family © 1988 National Council on Family Relations
|
<urn:uuid:badb9119-1be7-473e-9af0-337f1cd53866>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.jstor.org/stable/352445
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.906015 | 333 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A wide range of economic data is available to analyse the performance of various components of the Australian economy over time. For example, data are regularly published on the number of houses being built, the number of cars produced, whether employment is rising or falling, the composition of exports and imports and so on. While these and other statistical series are important in their own right, none of them in isolation can provide an overall picture of the state of the economy.
National accounts are designed to provide a systematic summary of national economic activity, and have been developed to assist in the practical application of economic theory. The system of national accounts includes national income, expenditure and product accounts, financial accounts, the national balance sheet and input-output tables. At their summary level, the national income, expenditure and product accounts reflect key economic flows: production, the distribution of incomes, consumption, saving and investment. At their more detailed level, they are designed to present a statistical picture of the structure of the economy and the detailed processes that make up domestic production and its distribution. The financial accounts show the financial assets and liabilities of the nation and of each institutional sector, the market for financial instruments and inter-sectoral financial transactions. The balance sheet is a comprehensive statement of produced and non-produced assets, liabilities to the rest of the world and net worth. Input-output tables show which goods and services are produced by each industry and how they are used.
The national accounts include many detailed classifications (e.g. by industry, by purpose, by commodity, by state and territory, and by asset type) relating to major economic aggregates.
The main output from the national accounts is a measure of the overall value of economic production in Australia in a given period, but without any double counting of the goods and services being produced. Many goods and services are bought by businesses for use in their own productive activities (e.g. steel is bought by car manufacturers). If the value of all goods and services produced were simply added together there would be serious duplication because some goods and services would be added in several times at various stages of production. The overall measure of production, excluding double counting, is called 'gross domestic product', which is commonly referred to as GDP. It is formally defined as:
'the total market value of goods and services produced in Australia after deducting the cost of goods and services used up (intermediate consumption) in the process of production, but before deducting allowances for the consumption of fixed capital (depreciation).'
The performance of the economy is represented in the national accounts by such measures as growth in GDP. While movements in the chain volume measure of GDP (from which the direct effects of price changes have been removed) are an important indicator of economic growth, there is no single measure which can describe all aspects of the wellbeing of a country's citizens.
There are significant aspects of the quality of life which cannot be reflected in a system of economic accounts, just as there are significant aspects of an individual's wellbeing which are not measured in the conventional concept (or any other concept) of that individual's income.
Notwithstanding their limitations, especially in relation to uses for which they were never designed, the national accounts provide important information for a range of purposes. The system of national accounts also provides a framework or structure which can be, and has been, adapted and extended to facilitate the examination of many economic and social policy issues. Examples of the application of such extensions are in the article Beyond GDP: Towards wider measures of wellbeing, and the article Accounting for the environment in the national accounts.
|
<urn:uuid:bfd968c1-a22d-4d73-80a6-19a1dd006074>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Previousproducts/3971526FA9FD70E1CA256CAE0016E516?opendocument
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964672 | 726 | 3.234375 | 3 |
A mouse that is highly resistant to cancer—even the most aggressive types—has been created by researchers at the University of Kentucky. The breakthrough stems from a discovery by UK College of Medicine professor of radiation medicine Vivek Rangnekar and a team of researchers who found a rare tumor-suppressor gene called "Par-4" in the prostate.
The researchers discovered that the Par-4 gene kills cancer cells, but not normal cells. There are very few molecules known to specifically fight against cancer cells, which makes this a very exciting find in terms of therapeutic application.
Funded by several grants from the National Institutes of Health, Rangnekar's study is unique in that mice engineered with this gene are not developing tumors. The mice grow normally and have no defects. In fact, the mice possessing Par-4 actually live a few months longer than the control animals, indicating that they have no toxic side effects.
"We originally discovered Par-4 in the prostate, but it's not limited to the prostate. The gene is expressed in every cell type that we've looked at and it induces the death of a broad range of cancer cells, including of course, cancer cells in the prostate," said Rangnekar. "The interesting part of this study is that this killer gene is selective for killing cancer cells. It will not kill normal cells and there are very, very few selective molecules out there like this."
To further investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of this gene, Rangnekar's team introduced it into the egg of a mouse. That egg was then planted into a surrogate mother.
"The mouse itself does not express a large number of copies of this gene, but the pups do and then their pups start expressing the gene," Rangnekar said. "So, we've been able to transfer this activity to generations in the mouse."
The implications for humans could be that through bone marrow transplantation, the Par-4 molecule could potentially be used to fight cancer cells in patients without the toxic and damaging side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
"When a cancer patient goes to the clinic, they undergo chemotherapy or radiation and there are potential side effects associated with these treatments," Rangnekar said. "We got interested in looking for a molecule which will kill cancer cells and not kill normal cells, but also would not be toxic with regard to the production of side effects to the entire organism. We are thinking of this in a holistic approach that not only would get rid of the tumor, but also not harm the organism as a whole. Before this animal study, we published a lot of work indicating that in cell culture, there's no killing of normal cells. This is the proof that it doesn’t kill normal cells because the mouse is alive and healthy."
Rangnekar is hopeful that these promising results will be transferable to humans. " If you can not only treat the cancer, but also not harm the patient, that's a major breakthrough. That's happening with these animals and I think that's wonderful."
While not mentioned in the study, these results would also indicate that it is theoretically possible to genetically enhance human children, and future human generations to be resistant to cancer. However, genetic therapies are much more likely to be approved for treatment rather than prevention. There are strict bans on any genetic engineering attempting to enhance human traits rather than simply treat illness.
Even so, some philosophers and scientists such as Aubrey de Grey and John Harris argue that biologically enhancing the human race to be resistant to disease is at least as noble of an endeavor as medicine’s current focus on treating our failing bodies after they have already started to fall apart. They argue that prevention is actually more ethical (and less expensive) than treatment if we have, or could develop, the scientific means of preventing a disease or disorder in the first place.
Posted by Rebecca Sato
Can Humans Live to 1,000? Some Experts Claim We Can — Others Want to Prevent That
Enhancing Evolution: Do Humans have a Moral and Ethical Duty to Improve the Human Race?
|
<urn:uuid:b1b8ce93-b76b-46ea-8774-48365bff988e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/11/scientists-crea.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956268 | 835 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Featured from New Books
Click on the call number to check the book's current status.
Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms
New York : Simon & Schuster, 2000
LA216 .R28 2000
For the past one hundred years, Americans have argued and worried about the quality of their schools. Some have charged that students were not learning enough, while others have complained that the schools were not in the forefront of social progress. In this authoritative history of education in the twentieth century, historian Diane Ravitch describes this ongoing battle of ideas and explains why school reform has so often failed.
Left Back recounts grandiose efforts by education reformers to use the schools to promote social and political goals, even when they diminished the schools' ability to educate children. It shows how generations of reformers have engaged in social engineering, advocating such innovations as industrial education, intelligence testing, curricular differentiation, and life-adjustment education. These reformers, she demonstrates, simultaneously mounted vigorous campaigns against academic studies.
Left Back charges that American schools have been damaged by three misconceptions. The first is the belief that the schools can solve any social or political problem. The second is the belief that only a portion of youngsters are capable of benefiting from a high-quality education. The third is that imparting knowledge is relatively unimportant, compared to engaging students in activities and experiences.
These grave errors, Ravitch contends, have unnecessarily restricted equality of education opportunity. They have dumbed down the schools by encouraging a general lowering of academic expectations. They have produced a diluted and bloated curriculum and pressure to enlarge individual schools so that they can offer multiple tracks to children with different occupational goals. As a result, the typical American high school is too big, too anonymous, and lacks intellectual coherence.
Ravitch identifies with several heroic educations - such as William T. Harris, William C. Bagley, and Isaac Kandel - who challenged these dominant and wrong-headed ides. These men, dissidents in their own times, are usually left out of standard histories of education or treated derisively because they believed that all children deserved the opportunity to meet high standards of learning.
In describing the wars between competing traditions of education, Ravitch points the way to reviving American education. She argues that all students have the capacity to learn and that all are equally deserving of a solid liberal arts education. Left Back addresses issues of the utmost importance and urgency. It is a large work of history that by recovering the past illuminates a future.
Quoted from dustjacket.
|
<urn:uuid:1b0fddf1-ff23-4f93-af85-765a011a6e8f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://wtamu.edu/library/books/ravitch.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962813 | 523 | 2.875 | 3 |
On May 28, 1971, the Soviet Mars 3 spacecraft blasted off from Baikonur atop a Proton-K rocket, just nine days after its sister probe Mars 2. Each consisted of a lander and an orbiter. At 09:14 UT (Universal Time), on Dec. 2, 1971, the Mars 3 descent module separated from the orbiter and began a four-and-a-half-hour journey to the surface of the Red Planet.
The main parts of the 1,210-kilogram descent module were a conical aerodynamic braking shield, a parachute system, retrorockets, and a round capsule, 1.2 meters in diameter, containing the lander.
Plunging into the Martian atmosphere at about 5.7 km/s, the descent module deployed in succession its heat shield aerobrake, parachutes, and retrorockets to achieve the first successful soft-landing on Mars at roughly 45 degrees south, 202 degrees east, in Ptolemaeus Crater.
After touching down, four triangular petals opened, righting the lander and exposing the instrumentation. This was an ambitious spacecraft equipped with a battery of science experiments, a mechanical scoop to collect soil samples to search for organic chemicals and signs of life, and even a small rover on skis which would have glided across the surface while connected to the lander by an umbilical cable. But there was never any chance for this promising equipment to go into action. For 14.5 seconds signals were received from Mars 3, including a partial TV image of 70 lines. Then the transmission stopped, abruptly and permanently. What went wrong—whether it was with the lander (due perhaps to a powerful dust storm taking place at the time) or the communications relay on the orbiter—remains unknown.
And so Mars 3 passed into history—until yesterday when it was announced that in a large image taken in November 2007 by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the remains of the old spacecraft may have been found. The image, which contains 1.8 billion pixels of data and includes the estimated landing coordinates of the old probe, attracted the attention of Vitali Egorov, who runs a Russian Internet forum devoted to the topic of the new Curiosity rover. Egorov simulated how the major components of Mars 3 ought to appear in a HiRISE image, and then challenged his subscribers to find such features using crowdsourcing. They did, spotting in the southern portion of the scene what looked strikingly like four pieces of the vehicle’s hardware—the parachute, heat shield, retrorocket, and lander. Not only are they the right sizes and shapes, but their arrangement on the surface is consistent with what would be expected from the descent and landing sequence.
To confirm the initial findings, announced at the end of last year, HiRISE investigators were asked to take another detailed image of the region. This they did on March 10, capturing the suspected landing site in color and at a different illumination angle from the earlier shot. The new picture boosts the claim that the features seen are the main elements of Mars 3. A linear feature extending from what appears to be the descent module is possibly the chain by which it was attached to the lander, itself apparently lying close by with its four petals open. An object that appears to be the heat shield partially buried in the surface is also visible.
“I wanted to attract people’s attention to the fact that Mars exploration today is available to practically anyone,” Egorov said. “At the same time we were able to connect with the history of our country, which we were reminded of after many years through the images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.”
Researchers are cautiously optimistic that further analysis and imaging will remove any doubt that the first successful soft-lander on Mars has been located.
Want to keep up-to-date with all things space? Be sure to “Like” AmericaSpace on Facebook and follow us on Twitter:@AmericaSpace
|
<urn:uuid:f82537c7-977d-4fcf-afa6-f3a4b81a5632>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.americaspace.com/?p=34102
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956643 | 846 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Close your eyes for a second and imaging a world where New York City and Colosseum in Rome lie under six feet of water. Its a scene featured in almost every post-apocalyptic movie, but many scientist and climatologist say that this is exactly what will happen if climate change continues to melt the polar ice caps. To help the masses better realize what this new world might look like, a new website called World Under Water, utilizes Google Street View to show you what any place in the world might look like if sea levels rose by six feet.
While the underwater view is set to the map marker location for a given city on Street View, the images are still pretty powerful and really showcase the effects just six feet of water would have on the world. Most of NYC, Miami, Rome, Charleston, Savanna, and the rest of the coastal world would be uninhabitable. Imagine Tokyo or Dubai under water... or just look them up yourself with the source link provided below.
|
<urn:uuid:c9a793f2-7409-44a2-9ade-69522bf9b42f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.tweaktown.com/news/37577/google-street-view-shows-us-what-coastal-cities-look-like-under-water/index.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937561 | 201 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Adapting cognitive linguistics in onomastics: Do proper names produce meanings?
Mainstream linguistics has been interested in proper names mainly in terms of language philosophy, and the position of proper names in language has not been particularly well explained or clarified. Onomastics is the branch of linguistics specialized in the study of proper names. However, the focus of onomastics has been more on description of separate name data, on etymologizing certain names and on solving general onomastic problems than on linking proper names to the wider system of language and its use. This may partly be due to the efforts of strengthening the disciplinary identity of onomastics, but one reason for this might also have been the fact that the formal linguistic models have not given suitable tools for the study of proper names. This presentation deals with the question how the cognitive viewpoint might help us to create new methods to study proper nouns as symbolic units equal to other expressions of language.
In my view, one problem of onomastic studies is the general assumption that proper names have no meaning, or that the meaning of a proper name is just to refer to an entity (e.g. Mill 1906; Kripke 1972). However, it is easy to find examples how the meaning of a proper name can be quite important in practice: e.g. a ”wrong” meaning can lead to a need to change a company name. Meaning needs to be taken into account also in the socio-onomastic study of many personal name systems.
In a cognitive perspective, name formation can be linked up with the formation of other expressions in a language. This perspective will help in understanding the relation between the elements included in the name and the meaning of the name. The elements of a name show how the person who has formed the expression has wanted to perceive the entity and which parts of the network of meanings he/she has chosen to express linguistically.
Transparent names (High Street, Jimmy’s Pizza etc) have a direct meaning link with the words that are elements (forms) in that name, even though they are not important for the individualizing function of the name. Instead, for other potential expressive functions of the name these meanings are crucial: if, in addition to individualizing, the function of a name is for instance to guide, to mock, to tempt to buy or to entertain, the associations that come from the phonological form are not at all insignificant.
The meaning content of completely opaque names (Pisa, Ikea) is built solely on the associations the referent creates. In the area between transparent and opaque names there remains however a group of names that do not consist simply of existing symbolic units, but nevertheless contain identifiable parts of conventionalized words or names. This possibility of connecting several meanings into a name that is short in its form has been utilized especially in commercial names (Wellaflex, Biomed).
From a cognitive perspective proper nouns are a solid part of language that provides meanings. It is because of their individualizing character that they can easily be conveyed from one language to another. However, this does not mean that proper nouns have no meaning. On the contrary, proper nouns have a place in the network of meanings that exists in our minds.
KRIPKE, SAUL A.1972: Naming and necessity. Semantics of natural language, p. 253–355. Eds. Davidson & Harman. D. Reidel, Dordrecht – Boston.
MILL, JOHN STUART 1906: A system of logic: ratiocinative and inductive. Longmans, Green & co, London.
|
<urn:uuid:4d21fff6-2799-4f21-ac1b-83e34b4e9b5f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.kognitive-sprachforschung.uni-muenchen.de/events/2_dgkl/programme/programme_fri/abs_sjoeblom.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94224 | 748 | 3.25 | 3 |
Adolescent Psychology Around the World
Publication date: March 2012
Digital Book format: ePub (Adobe DRM)
You save: $2.96 (6%)
This book paints a portrait of adolescent psychology in 4 major regions: Africa/the Middle East, Asia, the Americas, and Europe. Featuring 24 revised and updated chapters from the International Encyclopedia of Adolescence (2007), readers are introduced to the way the majority of the world's adolescents actually live. Most contributors are indigenous to the country they review. As a whole the book paints an engaging panorama of adolescent life around the world, broadening students' cultural perspective. All chapters follow the same template to make it easier to compare topics across countries: Background (including demographics, ethnic diversity, and political system), Period of Adolescence, Beliefs, Gender, the Self, Family Relationships, Friends and Peers/Youth Culture, Love and Sexuality, Health Risk Behavior, Education, Work, Media, Politics and Military, and Unique Issues. Each chapter contains a map and photos and a list of references and suggested readings. ? The introductory chapter explains why the countries were selected and introduces the book's common themes. The section on Africa and the Middle East introduces students to teen life in Cameroon, one of the few places left where adolescents go through formal puberty rituals. In addition, readers learn about adolescent life in Ethiopia, Israel, Morocco, Nigeria, and Sudan. Next we travel to Asia -- China, India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Here readers see how economic growth in India and China is creating opportunities for young people. In The Americas, readers are introduced to life in Argentina, Canada, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and the United States. The book concludes with adolescent life in Europe including the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, and the UK. Intended for courses in adolescent psychology, lifespan development, and/or cultural (cross-cultural) psychology taught in departments of psychology, human development and family studies, sociology, and education, this book will also appeal to researchers and clinicians who study or work with adolescents.
|
<urn:uuid:435658a5-e918-4e50-9d2c-39f13c70d140>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ebookmall.com/ebook/adolescent-psychology-around-the-world/jeffrey-jensen-arnett/9781848728882
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.87774 | 435 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Think about how much trash goes into a bin in, say, New York City‘s Times Square on a daily basis. What if all that garbage could be used to generate energy? That’s the thinking behind designer Haneum Lee’s Gaon Street Light – a lamppost powered by garbage!
Lee’s lamppost features a trash can at its base. Pedestrians toss their old food products inside, where they are composted. Methane from the compost is used to power the lamp, and the entire process begins again.
It’s an interesting concept, but we see a few problems with it. How much trash would be needed to keep the lamp turned on? And what happens when the inevitable pedestrian throws regular trash into the food waste bin? The Gaon Street Light would undoubtedly work best in areas with heavy foot traffic, but those are the places where people are most likely to toss their regular trash into the wrong bin. Still, Lee’s idea is promising, and at the very least, compost waste may one day be able to partially power our street lights.
Via Yanko Design
|
<urn:uuid:73708700-d620-496a-9449-d0b74cdad642>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://inhabitat.com/trash-powered-street-lamp/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957516 | 236 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Position Statement On Health Care Access For Deaf Patients
Healthcare is routinely inaccessible to deaf people due to communication and linguistic barriers. Individuals whose language is American Sign Language (ASL) or another sign language are often denied access to the health care system because most providers do not provide adequate communication access in ASL or any other sign language, through qualified interpreters. Complicating this further is the fact that individuals who are deaf vary greatly with respect to their hearing levels, communication styles, and languages. As a result, it is often a struggle for deaf individuals to find a health care provider with whom they can effectively communicate.
The health care system has largely failed to both ensure and provide accessible language services and health information for many deaf individuals. The lack of accessible health communication in the health care setting may contribute to poor patient-provider communication. Most medical training programs fail to adequately prepare medical staff to effectively communicate with deaf individuals. Similar to the needs of other linguistic minority populations, deaf individuals whose language is ASL require either a ASL-fluent provider who can communicate directly with the patient or through the services of a qualified sign language interpreter in health care settings. Federal laws require health care providers to ensure that effective communication takes place between the provider and the deaf patient. However, the scarcity of ASL concordant providers, the monetary challenges of budgeting for language and/or communication services, and the relatively poor awareness of the needs of the deaf population all contribute greatly to the health care disparities in this country.
To reduce the health care inequities that deaf individuals face in our current health care environment, the health care system must begin to address these obstacles by educating their health care staff and providers on how to identify at-risk individuals for poor communication and ensure these individuals receive appropriate language assistance and accommodations. In the following sections, we provide a list of potential recommendations that may help remove many of the existing health care access and communication barriers for deaf individuals.
The first step to ensuring better health care access for deaf individuals is the establishment of a strong relationship between the primary care provider and the patient. A strong primary care provider-patient relationship has been demonstrated to be critical to improving chronic disease management while reducing inappropriate and unnecessary health care services. However, due to communication barriers, many individuals who are deaf are unable to establish a strong relationship with their primary care providers. This frequently results in inadequate comprehension of disease management and poor treatment adherence. Anecdotal evidence suggests that because of language and communication barriers, deaf individuals are more likely to over-utilize the emergency room and urgent care services for routine health care matters.
Similarly to what is seen with other linguistic minority populations, effective communication between providers and patients often result in higher rates of preventive screenings, improved satisfaction and quality of health care communication, and possibly lower rates of emergency room use among individuals who are deaf.
Research demonstrates that in hospital settings, effective communication can result in:
• Shorter lengths of stay (LOS)
• Fewer hospital readmissions
• Fewer emergency room visits
• Better treatment adherence
• Better medical follow-up
• Fewer unnecessary diagnostic tests
• Better healthcare outcomes
• Better patient health care satisfaction
To this end, this paper provides guidelines to provide for effective communication to individuals who are deaf and communicate in sign language.
Guidelines for the Health Care Provider
1. Clearly identify at-risk individuals for poor communication
Flag records to recognize those who need language and communication assistance. This can potentially be done through a pop-up window in the patient’s chart in the electronic medical record or by labeling a patient chart with a universally recognized icon to indicate that the patient is deaf.
2. Visual Medical Aids
Where necessary to facilitate patient education and communication use charts, diagrams, models and aids in the office to help explain certain concepts and basic anatomy. In addition, provide a list of online resources to reinforce teaching and understanding.
3. Providers who know basic sign language
a. Be aware of your limits: having basic sign language skills can certainly make a deaf patient more comfortable. However, this does not meet the level of fluency required for effective communication, especially in regards to complex health care discussions. Language fluency often requires years of training, which is true of any language including ASL. Consequently, using basic sign language skills should only be used as a last resort in an emergency situation such as when an interpreter is not readily available and even then should only be used until a professional interpreter arrives. It is important that providers be honest with their assessment of their ASL fluency, in addition to be receptive to any potential patient communication issues.
b. If bilingual staff members are used as interpreters, their sign language fluency should be assessed by a an accredited certifying body, such as the Registry Interpreter for the Deaf (RID) prior to providing services,
4. Establish an effective communication office policy
It is recommended that the frontline staff should ask deaf patients what their communication needs are and document this in the patient’s medical records to facilitate any future requests. Documentation should be clear on how any language or communication needs were addressed with each patient at each visit. This should also include any reason why accommodations were declined by the patient.
To provide qualified interpreting services, it is recommended that medical providers and/or centers build a database of qualified sign language interpreters with expertise in medical settings. This database should be used as a reference for all medical situations that may come up in the future. Medical centers, including health care providers can contact any of the following organizations to learn about potential listings of certified sign language interpreters: the a deaf and hard of hearing state commission, if one exists, the state association of the deaf, the National Association for the Deaf (www.nad.org), as well as local chapters of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) (www.rid.org). The listing of interpreter agencies and certified interpreters should be freely available to any health care staff that is responsible for coordinating language and communication services for deaf patients.
5. Provide qualified sign language interpreters
a. Interpreters should be familiar with medical terminology and medical context in order to effectively interpret in the healthcare setting. While there is no medical certification for sign language interpreters at the present time, medical interpreting requires training and experience that is not routinely integrated into most interpreter training programs. This is usually obtained through continuing educational opportunities and collaborating closely with skilled medical interpreters.
b. Deaf individuals may vary with their preferences for types of sign languages and signing styles. For example, some deaf individuals may prefer an English-based sign language or ASL. Individuals who are deaf-blind or experience low vision (e.g. Usher’s syndrome) may require a tactile sign language or they may need an interpreter to stand at close proximity.
c. Certain individuals may require the addition of a Certified Deaf Interpreter (CDI). A CDI is a certified interpreter who is also deaf or hard of hearing who works in tandem with the sign language interpreter. This type of an interpreter is specially trained to facilitate communication between the medical provider and individuals who are deaf with poor communication skills secondary to language deprivation or use a foreign or home-based sign language unfamiliar to the medical interpreter (refer to www.rid.org).
d. Health providers and staff should understand the patient’s specific language and communication needs. This is best done by finding out directly from the patient as to his or her needs. The patient will have the best ability to assess their needs and what tools are needed to ensure effective communication. Language and communication needs should be determined upon enrollment as a new patient or visit and should be done prior to each appointment or encounter. The individual should be asked about the quality of their health communication and accommodations they receive to ensure that effective communication is being provided.
e. When applicable or requested, certified interpreters familiar with medical interpreting should be provided at all times. If face-to-face interpreters are not available, then video remote interpreting services should be offered.
f. The use of friends and family members, especially children of deaf individuals, as interpreters, should be avoided due to lack of impartiality, unfamiliarity with medical terminology and interpreting strategies, and difficulty in communication during times of highly sensitive medical topics or duress.
g. The use of qualified interpreters leads to fewer clinical errors, higher patient satisfaction, and better clinical outcomes.
h. Health care providers and staff should make every effort to inform and assist interpreters in understanding clinical information that is to be presented. Avoidance of medical jargon or acronyms should be minimized to enhance effective communication.
i. Health care providers and staff should make every effort to look at the patient directly, not the interpreter, to both engage the deaf patient and to improve patient-provider alliance. This also helps establish a therapeutic alliance.
j. Speak in the first person to the deaf patient even if the patient is looking at the interpreter. Do not assume talking loudly will help increase understanding.
6. Ineffective methods of communication
a. Lip/speech reading is frequently ineffective. Many factors reduce lip reading abilities (e.g. lighting, facial hair, foreign or regional accents). Many sounds cannot easily be read on the lips. Additionally, patients who are anxious, scared, fatigued, affected by medication, may all hinder the patient’s ability to effectively lip/speech read. Many deaf people, particularly in medical settings, will feign to understand and nod their heads in agreement. This is usually not an indication that they are understanding but as a result of feeling reticent to inform the health care professional that they are NOT able to understand. Teach-back is extremely important in assessing and ensuring patient’s understanding.
b. Do not assume note writing is an effective communication tool. American Sign Language is not based on written or spoken English. The syntax and grammatical structure are very different from English. English is often a second language for many deaf people just as it is for people coming from other countries. Writing is also labor intensive and for many deaf people as well as health care providers, writing may be found to be cumbersome and inefficient in a medical setting.
7. Effective Communication Approaches: Resources
a. Patient education programs such as Ask Me 3.
b. Teach-Back method to improve communication between patient and health care provider. See: www.nchealthliteracy.org/toolkit/tool5.pdf
c. Joint Commission See:(http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/ARoadmapforHospitalsfinalversion727.pdf)
d. American Academy of Family Physicians for further information on effective communication with deaf individuals.
8. Relevant laws
Hospital and medical centers should make every effort to educate their medical staff and providers on the provision of appropriate, effective, and quality communication to deaf individuals. They should be familiar with the legal mandates of the following laws that require equal access and communication at all health care settings for deaf individuals:
a. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973: This federal law mandates equal access for all federal health care services and facilities and health care providers who are also recipients of federal financial assistance.
b. Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act: This federal law mandates equal access on all public (state and local) health care providers.
c. Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act: This federal law mandates equal access on all private health care providers.
d. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: This federal law mandates appropriate language access in the health care setting to individuals who have limited English proficiency.
e. State laws that often mirror the above federal laws and provide separate remedies.
The evidence is compelling that deaf individuals have insufficient access to health care. This results primarily from communication barriers in the health care system. It is time to move beyond the identification of barriers to generating realistic solutions. Access in the form of effective communication must be created and consistently provided to create an optimal health care system. To this end, providers should identify and document the needs of their patients and provide a range of effective communication options to ensure that quality services are delivered. At the very minimum, existing federal laws under Section 504 and the ADA require health care providers to ensure that such effective communication is achieved.
Further information on the legal requirements can be found on the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) website at www.nad.org .
The National Association for the Deaf is also available to provide training to hospitals and medical centers on providing access to deaf individuals. For further information, please contact the NAD at www.nad.org or at 301-587-1788 (voice or videophone).
This position paper was prepared by the Medical Access subcommittee of the NAD Civil Rights subcommittee.
1. McKee M, Schlehofer D, Cuculick J, Starr M, Smith S, Chin N. Perceptions of cardiovascular health in an underserved community of deaf adults using American Sign Language. Disability Health J. 2011;4(3):192-197.
2. Heuttel KL, Rothstein WG. HIV/AIDS knowledge and information sources among deaf and hearing college students. Am Ann Deaf. 2001;146(3):280-286.
3. Peinkofer JR. HIV education for the deaf, a vulnerable minority. Public Health Rep. 1994;109(3):390-396.
4. Woodroffe T, Gorenflo DW, Meador HE, Zazove P. Knowledge and attitudes about AIDS among deaf and hard of hearing persons. AIDS Care. 1998;10(3):377-386.
5. Tamaskar P, Malia T, Stern C, Gorenflo D, Meador H, Zazove P. Preventive attitudes and beliefs of deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(6):518-525, discussion 526.
6. McKee M, Barnett S, Block R, Pearson T. Impact of Communication on Preventive Services Among Deaf American Sign Language Users. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(1):75-79.
7. Barnett S, Klein J, Pollard Jr R, Samar V, Schlehofer D, Starr M, Sutter E, Yang H, Pearson T. Community Participatory Research With Deaf Sign Language Users to Identify Health Inequities. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(12):2235-2237.
8. Zazove P. Cancer Prevention Knowledge of People with Profound Hearing Loss. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(3):320-326.
9. Allen T. Patterns of academic achievement among hearing impaired students. In: Schildroth A KM, ed. Deaf Children in America. San Diego: College Hill Press; 1986.
10. Traxler C. Measuring up to performance standards in reading and mathematics: Achievement of selected deaf and hard-of-hearing students in the national norming of the 9th Edition Stanford Achievement Test. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 2000;5:337-348.
11. McEwen E, Anton-Culver, H. The medical communication of deaf patients. J Fam Pract. 1988;26(3):289-291.
12. Mitchell R, Young T, Bachleda B, Karchmer M. How many people use ASL in the United States? Why estimates needed updating. Sign Language Studies. 2006;6:306-335.
13. Harrington T. American Sign Language: Ranking and number of “speakers.” Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Library; May 2004.
14. Schick B. American Sign Language: What is it? Who uses it? 1988. Accessed August 16, 2009.
15. Stein M, Teplin E. Rational Discrimination and Shared Compliance: Lessons from the Title IV of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Valparaiso Law Review. 2011;45:1095-1141.
16. Shi L, Macinko J, et al. Primary care, social inequalities, and all-cause, heart disease, and cancer mortality in US counties, 1990. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(4):674-680.
17. Starfield B SL, et al. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83(3):457-502.
18. Barnett S, Franks P. Health care utilization and adults who are deaf: relationship with age at onset of deafness. Health Services Research. Feb 2002;37(1):105-120.
19. Graham, E. Jacobs, T. Kwan-Gett, T. Cover, J. Health services by low-income limited English proficiency adults. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008;10(3):207-217.
20. Rust G, Jiali Y, Baltrus P, Daniels E, Adesunloye B, Fryer G. Practical barriers to timely primary care access: impact on adult use of emergency department services. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(15):1705-1710.
21. Hunt K, Weber E, Showstack J, Colby D, Callaham M. Characteristics of frequent users of emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2006;48(1):1-8.
22. O'Malley A. Current evidence on the impact of continuity of care. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008;16(6):693-699.
23. O'Brien G, Shapiro M, Woolard R, O'Sullivan P, Stein M. Inappropriate emergency department use: a comparison of three methodologies for identification. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3(3):252-257.
24. Hauser P, O' Hearn, A., McKee, M., Steider, A., Thew, D. Deaf Epistemiology: Deafhood and Deafness. Am Ann Deaf. 2010;154(5):486-492.
The term “deaf” is to be interpreted to include individuals who are hard of hearing, late deafened, and deaf-blind.
|
<urn:uuid:16e1487e-36f2-48bd-833b-d653a02076f8>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://nad.org/issues/health-care/position-statement-health-care-access-deaf-patients
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00092-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911162 | 3,812 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Money and the Mechanism of Exchange
In preparing this volume, I have attempted to write a descriptive essay on the past and present monetary systems of the world, the materials employed to make money, the regulations under which the coins are struck and issued, the natural laws which govern their circulation, the several modes in which they may be replaced by the use of paper documents, and finally, the method in which the use of money is immensely economized by the cheque and clearing system now being extended and perfected.
This is not a book upon the currency question, as that question is so often discussed in England. I have only a little to say about the Bank Charter Act, and upon that, and other mysteries of the money market, I refer my readers to the admirable essay of Mr. Bagehot on "Lombard Street," to which this book may perhaps serve as an introduction.
There is much to be learnt about money before entering upon those abstruse questions, which barely admit of decided answers. In studying a language, we begin with the grammar before we try to read or write. In mathematics, we practice ourselves in simple arithmetic before we proceed to the subtleties of algebra and the differential calculus. But it is the grave misfortune of the moral and political sciences, as well shown by Mr. Herbert Spencer, in his "Study of Sociology," that they are continually discussed by those who have never laboured at the elementary grammar or the simple arithmetic of the subject. Hence the extraordinary schemes and fallacies every now and then put forth.
Currency is to the science of economy what the squaring of the circle is to geometry, or perpetual motion to mechanics. If there were a writer on Currency possessing some of the humour and learning of the late Professor De Morgan, he could easily produce a Budget of Currency Paradoxes more than rivalling De Morgan's Circle-Squaring Paradoxes. There are men who spend their time and fortunes in endeavouring to convince a dull world that poverty can be abolished by the issue of printed bits of paper. I know one gentleman who holds that exchequer bills are the panacea for the evils of humanity. Other philanthropists wish to make us all rich by coining the national debt, or coining the lands of the country, or coining everything. Another class of persons have long been indignant that, in this age of free trade, the Mint price of gold should still remain arbitrarily fixed by statute. A member of Parliament lately discovered a new grievance, and made his reputation by agitating against the oppressive restrictions on the coinage of silver at the Mint. No wonder so many people are paupers when there is a deficiency of shillings and sixpences, and when the amount merely of the rates and taxes paid in a year exceeds the whole sum of money circulating in the kingdom.
The subject of money as a whole is a very extensive one, and the literature of it would fill a very great library. Many changes are now taking place in the currencies of the world, and important inquiries have been lately instituted concerning the best mode of constituting the circulating medium. The information on the subject stored up in evidence given before Government Commissions, in reports of International Conferences, or in researches and writings of private individuals, is quite appalling in extent. It has been my purpose to extract from this mass of literature just such facts as seem to be generally interesting and useful in enabling the public to come to some conclusion upon many currency questions which press for solution. Shall we count in pounds, or dollars, or francs, or marks? Shall we have gold or silver, or gold and silver, as the measure of value? Shall we employ a paper currency or a metallic one? How long shall we in England allow our gold coinage to degenerate in weight? Shall we recoin it at the expense of the State or of the unlucky individuals who happen to hold light sovereigns?
In America the questions are still more important and pressing, involving the return to specie payments, the future regulation of the paper currency, its partial replacement by coin, and the exact size and character of the American dollar, regarded in relation to international currency. Germany is in the midst of a great, and probably a sound and successful, reorganization of the currency, both metallic and paper. In France the great debate upon the double versus the single standard is hardly yet terminated, and active measures are being taken to place the paper issues on a convertible basis. Among the other countries of Europe—Italy, Austria, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, the Scandinavian kingdoms and Russia—there is hardly one which is not at present reforming its currency, or has lately done so, or is discussing the proper method of attempting the task. As regards all such changes, we should remember that in the present we are ever moulding the future, and that a world-wide system of international money, though it may seem impracticable at the moment, is an object at which all those should aim who wish to leave the world better than they found it.
I wish to acknowledge the assistance which I have derived from the works of Mr. Seyd, especially his treatise on "Bullion and the Foreign Exchanges," from Professor Sumner's "History of the American Currency," M. Chevalier's work "La Monnaie," M. Wolowski's various important publications upon money, and many valuable articles in the Journal des Economistes. I must express my thanks to many bankers and gentlemen for information and assistance kindly rendered to me, especially to Mr. John Mills, Mr. T. R. Wilkinson, Mr. Roberts, the chemist of the Royal Mint, and Mr. E. Helm.
I should also like to take this opportunity of thanking those gentlemen who have from time to time sent me documents and publications bearing upon the subject of money, which have proved very valuable. I may mention especially a series of reports and documents concerning the American mint and currency received through the kindness of the Director of the Mint, and of Mr. Walker and Mr. E. Dubois.
I am much indebted to Mr. W. H. Brewer, M.A., for carefully reading the whole of the proofs, and to Professor T. E. Cliffe Leslie, Mr. R. H. Inglis Palgrave, and Mr. Frederick Hendriks for examining particular portions.
May 31st, 1875.
Return to top
|
<urn:uuid:9e8b466f-c8dc-4777-b332-0bece824de27>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Jevons/jvnMME0.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960715 | 1,313 | 2.984375 | 3 |
In Excel, you might have a long list of orders with a grand total at the end. If you filter the Region column, so the list only shows one region's sales, you'd like the total to include only those items.
If you used the SUM function in the grand total cell, the result won't change if a filter is applied. This list is filtered to show orders from the West Region. At a glance, you can see that the Grand Total is much higher than the records listed. There are only 3 orders visible, but the order count is calculated as 49.
Instead of SUM or COUNT, you can use the SUBTOTAL function, and only the filtered rows will be included in the grand total.
Create a SUBTOTAL formula
A quick way to create a SUBTOTAL formula is to:
- Apply a filter to the list. In this example, the Region column is filtered for "West".
- Select the cell where you want the grand total.
- On Excel's Standard toolbar, click the AutoSum button, or on the keyboard, press the Alt key and tap the equal sign key (Alt + =).
Because the list is filtered, a SUBTOTAL formula is inserted, instead of a SUM formula.
Reading a SUBTOTAL formula
Within the brackets for the SUBTOTAL function there are two arguments, separated by a comma (or a semi-colon, depending on your regional settings).
The first argument is a number that tells Excel which summary function to use in the subtotal. Most of the time you'll use a 9, which is the SUM function.
The second argument is the range of numbers that should be subtotaled. In this example, cells H2:H50 are the cells that we want to sum.
Changing a SUBTOTAL formula
In some cases, you might want a different function in the SUBTOTAL function. For example, it wouldn't make sense to sum the Unit Cost column, but it might be useful to know the average unit cost.
Unfortunately, when the list is filtered, only the SUM function on the AutoSum button inserts a SUBTOTAL function. If you click Average, you'll get an AVERAGE formula. (Note: This is improved in Excel 2007, and the other functions on the AutoSum button also insert a SUBTOTAL function.)
So, click Sum to create a SUBTOTAL function, then change the function number from 9 to 1, which will calculate an AVERAGE. Or, change the function number to 2, and you'll calculate a COUNT of the numbers in a range.
There are 11 functions that you can use as the first argument in the SUBTOTAL function. The list is alphabetical, so that might help you remember some of the numbers, without going to Excel's Help every time.
Ignore Manually Hidden Rows
In Excel 2003, and later versions, you can also use the numbers (101, 102...), as shown in the second column of the table below.
With these numbers, any rows that are hidden with the Hide command (Format►Row►Hide) WON"T be included in the subtotal.
If you use the numbers from the first column (1, 2...), any rows that are hidden with the Hide command WILL be included in the subtotal.
Note: Rows that you format to zero height WON'T be included in either type of subtotal.
|
<urn:uuid:326e2687-1924-47b5-86c0-93167f7c3387>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blog.contextures.com/archives/2008/11/11/total-a-filtered-list-in-excel/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00120-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.891834 | 716 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide use: effect on the monarch butterfly population
Version of Record online: 12 MAR 2012
© 2012 The Authors. Insect Conservation and Diversity © 2012 The Royal Entomological Society
Insect Conservation and Diversity
Volume 6, Issue 2, pages 135–144, March 2013
How to Cite
PLEASANTS, J. M. and OBERHAUSER, K. S. (2013), Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide use: effect on the monarch butterfly population. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 6: 135–144. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00196.x
- Issue online: 15 MAR 2013
- Version of Record online: 12 MAR 2012
- Accepted 23 January 2012 First published online 12 March 2012 Editor: Simon R. Leather Associate editor: Thomas Schmitt
- monarch butterfly
Abstract. 1. The size of the Mexican overwintering population of monarch butterflies has decreased over the last decade. Approximately half of these butterflies come from the U.S. Midwest where larvae feed on common milkweed. There has been a large decline in milkweed in agricultural fields in the Midwest over the last decade. This loss is coincident with the increased use of glyphosate herbicide in conjunction with increased planting of genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-tolerant corn (maize) and soybeans (soya).
2. We investigate whether the decline in the size of the overwintering population can be attributed to a decline in monarch production owing to a loss of milkweeds in agricultural fields in the Midwest. We estimate Midwest annual monarch production using data on the number of monarch eggs per milkweed plant for milkweeds in different habitats, the density of milkweeds in different habitats, and the area occupied by those habitats on the landscape.
3. We estimate that there has been a 58% decline in milkweeds on the Midwest landscape and an 81% decline in monarch production in the Midwest from 1999 to 2010. Monarch production in the Midwest each year was positively correlated with the size of the subsequent overwintering population in Mexico. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that a loss of agricultural milkweeds is a major contributor to the decline in the monarch population.
4. The smaller monarch population size that has become the norm will make the species more vulnerable to other conservation threats.
|
<urn:uuid:7467bfb1-870e-4f0a-bbca-87d1c6333457>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00196.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883965 | 496 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Our current best conceptual understanding of the stressor 'pH' is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Potential causes of a change to pH and the condition responses observed as a result of this change.
The pH of water relates to how acidic (pH <7) or alkaline (pH >7) the water body is. Although pH can be altered by industrial discharges, fertilisers, detergents and insecticides, the key human activity which results in a change to the stressor 'pH' is the disturbance of Acid Sulphate Soils (ASS). Acid run-off is caused by exposure of sulphides to oxygen and their subsequent oxidation and conversion to sulphuric acid in the presence of water. Sulphide-rich rocks or soils occur naturally in subsurface areas where oxygen does not normally penetrate. Exposure of sulphide-rich deposits may occur due to mining activity, agricultural activity or construction (e.g. tidal canals, housing estates). Acid sulphate soils are by far the most common cause of acid run-off entering estuaries because many coastal flood plains contain large deposits of subsurface sulphide-rich soils.
The main effect of acid run-off is to reduce pH levels but it can also mobilise heavy metals which have additional toxic effects. Because of the high buffering capacity of sea water, small amounts of acid run-off may not have noticeable effects. However, large acid run-off events can cause major mortality of both fish and benthic organisms. Changes in pH affect the form and activity of many chemicals, making them more or less harmful to organisms depending on the chemical type and the nature of the pH change. Residence times/flushing rates/dilution efficiency and the natural buffering ability of estuarine/marine waters are natural mediating factors which influence the impact of pH on the ecosystem.
|
<urn:uuid:f5cf8759-cab2-4dba-ae22-66ebba064da8>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/conceptual_mods/stressors/ph_model.jsp
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913178 | 387 | 3.890625 | 4 |
emergency n. An unexpected, serious occurrence or situation urgently requiring prompt action.
Emergency situations occur every day - some are the result of natural disasters such as winter storms, flooding or extreme heat; others are the result of man-made situations. However, with preplanning and emergency preparedness, not all emergencies need end in a disaster. While everyone should have some form of disaster plan, it is essential that healthcare providers - especially long-term care facilities - have established emergency plans
Emergency Plans Required
State and federal regulations both require that nursing facilities have a written emergency plan to be followed in the event of fire, tornado, or other emergency. [481 IAC 58.28(2)] Further, in-service shall be provided to ensure that all employees are knowledgeable of the emergency plan.
The Interpretive Guidelines contained in the State Operations Manual (SOM) suggest that a facility tailor its disaster plan to its geographic location and the type of residents its serves. The purpose of a "staff drill" is to test the efficiency, knowledge, and response of institutional personnel in the event of an emergency.
Click here to view a copy of the Department's rules regarding emergency plans.
Click here to view the federal regulations regarding emergency plans.
Emergency Power and Water Supplies
In addition to having an emergency plan, federal regulations require that all facilities have an emergency electrical power system and a procedure to ensure that water is available to essential areas when there is a loss of normal water supply.
Click here to view the federal regulations regarding emergency electrical power systems.
Click here to view the federal regulations regarding emergency water supplies.
State regulations require that the Director of the Department of Inspections and Appeals (DIA) be notified when damage to the facility which impairs its ability to function is caused by fire or natural or other disaster. Notification must occur within 24 hours of the event.
Click here to view a copy of the Department's rules regarding notification.
Click here to access the "contact" list for the Department's Health Facilities Division.
|
<urn:uuid:912c9e8a-9995-459e-8484-cdfdda6d8262>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.iowa.gov/government/dia/page31.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936707 | 416 | 3.203125 | 3 |
An invasion of Giant African Land Snails is causing havoc in parts of Florida.
The slimy creatures, which are native to East Africa, cause widespread damage to crops and buildings, while some carry thousands of “rat lungworms” which can cause meningitis if ingested by humans.
Government officials battling to stem the tide have collected more than 40,000 of the snails since they were first found in the south of the state late last year.
Large numbers of the snails, which can grow up to eight inches in length and more than four inches in width, have also infested parts of South and Central America.
Parasitic Rat lungworms use the snails as hosts.
After a rat eats an infected snail, thousands of the worms – up to 60 mm long – may grow in its brain.
If a human ingests a snail infected by the worms they can reach the brain, causing eosinophilic meningitis.
Symptoms can include headaches, numbness and spasms and in the most serious cases – death.
The snails are eaten in parts of South and Central American. Properly cooked, they are safe to eat, but they are eaten either raw or partially cooked by some communities.
They eat hundreds of types of crop, are known to cause slicks on pavements when present in large numbers and can cause damage to plasterwork on the front of buildings.
The last reported outbreak of Giant African Land Snails in Florida took place in 1966 after a boy smuggled some into Miami as pets.
It is not clear what caused the latest invasion, but eradicating them could take years.
They can grow to be 8 inches long and 4 inches around, much larger than average snail.
The species can live up to nine years, and produce more than a thousand eggs a year.
They reach maturity after a year and can produce 200-300 eggs a month. This leads to enormous infestations over a short time-scale.
The snails are listed among the world’s top 100 invasive species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Tons of the snails have been collected in Columbia and other parts of South America, while some are even reported to have been found in the Galapagos Islands.
|
<urn:uuid:a4783a70-52b0-4a09-a73b-28d1e74766c7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bellenews.com/2012/08/03/world/us-news/giant-african-land-snails-invasion-could-cause-meningitis-outbreak-in-florida/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964088 | 469 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Bulimia nervosa; Binge-purge behavior; Eating disorder - bulimia
Bulimia is an eating disorder in which a person has regular episodes of eating a very large amount of food (bingeing) during which the person feels a loss of control over eating. The person then uses different ways, such as vomiting or laxatives (purging), to prevent weight gain.
Many people with bulimia also have anorexia nervosa.
Many more women than men have bulimia. The disorder is most common in teenage girls and young women. The person usually knows that her eating pattern is abnormal. She may feel fear or guilt with the binge-purge episodes.
The exact cause of bulimia is unknown. Genetic, psychological, family, society, or cultural factors may play a role. Bulimia is likely due to more than one factor.
With bulimia, eating binges may occur as often as several times a day for many months. The person often eats large amounts of high-calorie foods, usually in secret. During these episodes, the person feels a lack of control over the eating.
Binges lead to self-disgust, which causes purging to prevent weight gain. Purging may include:
Purging often brings a sense of relief.
People with bulimia are often at a normal weight, but they may see themselves as being overweight. Because the person's weight is often normal, other people may not notice this eating disorder.
Symptoms that other people can see include:
A dental exam may show cavities or gum infections (such as gingivitis). The enamel of the teeth may be worn away or pitted because of too much exposure to the acid in vomit.
A physical exam may also show:
Blood tests may show an electrolyte imbalance (such as low potassium level) or dehydration.
People with bulimia rarely have to go to the hospital, unless they:
Most often, a stepped approach is used to treat bulimia. Treatment depends on how severe the bulimia is, and the person's response to treatments:
People may drop out of programs if they have unrealistic hopes of being "cured" by therapy alone. Before a program begins, people should know that:
The stress of illness can be eased by joining a support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.
Bulimia is a long-term illness. Many people will still have some symptoms, even with treatment.
People with fewer medical complications of bulimia and those willing and able to take part in therapy have a better chance of recovery.
Bulimia can be dangerous. It may lead to serious health problems over time. For example, vomiting over and over can cause:
Vomiting and overuse of enemas or laxatives can lead to:
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms of an eating disorder.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013.
Kreipe RE. Eating disorders. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 28.
Lock J, La Via MC; American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Committee on Quality Issues (CQI). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with eating disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54:412-425. PMID: 25901778 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901778.
Tanofsky-Kraff, M. Eating disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 219.
Thomas JJ, Mickley DW, Derenne JL, et al. Eating disorders. In: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, eds. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 37.BACK TO TOP
Review Date: 2/2/2016
Reviewed By: Fred K. Berger, MD, addiction and forensic psychiatrist, Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2016 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
|
<urn:uuid:01a236e9-940f-4097-97c2-c2d011698e53>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.leememorial.org/HealthInformation/HIE%20Multimedia-TextOnly/1/000341.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920428 | 1,076 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The Persian kingdom was an empire of epic proportions and dominated the ancient world for over two centuries. Cyrus was a devout Zoroastrian, the "dual" religion founded by Zarathustra that pitted Supreme Being Ahura Mazda (Ohrmazd, meaning Wise Lord) against Anghra Mainyu (Ahriman meaning Destructive Spirit).
Over the years, Ancient Persia became an gigantic Empire and fostered some of the greatest historical figures in history. The Ruins of Persepolis are a definite stop for any tourist. Some of this legend is fueled by the great clashes against the Greeks. In the 8th century A.D., the Arabs came to what is now Iran and converted the Persians to Islam, contributing much in terms of arts and literature. While this is definitely not a trip to be planned for spring break, it is something to consider for anyone who wishes to get a glimpse into one of the greatest civilizations in history.
Where must you go: Ruins of Persepolis, where Alexander the Great torched the capital of Ancient Persia to avenge the destruction of previous wars at the hands of the mighty Persian forces.
|
<urn:uuid:2f2c3f58-4b2f-43c3-b054-1fdab43c48a4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.askmen.com/top_10/travel/top-10-historic-cultural-places_3.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925619 | 233 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Turkey: The Ottoman Empire - House of Osman
The Ottoman Empire has been broken down into pieces and its royal members force to flee and live abroad.
Has someone got any information on the remaining members of the royal members?
Ottoman Empire - Pretenders
The House of Osmani, The Sultans of the Ottoman Empire.
The Ancestors of Osmani, Sayds
Research carried out by C.Said-Vassallo.
A small though familiar Maltese surname established on the Maltese Isles since the 16th century. Established the future for the Knights of the order of St John, which history hasn’t documented so well, which was of relevance to the next several centuries. A family of Imperial blood, that played importances in Europe as the heirs of the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Djem Osman, the younger son of Sultan Mehmed III, though elder son born during the reign of his father, took the reins of the Empire. His eldest brother and heir were furious and left his governing province for the Empire’s capital to inherit what he had assumed his rightful legacy. Battle took place, brother against brother, though Djem failed to secure his believed rights of the Ottoman Empire. Djem fled first to Egypt, under the protection of the Sultan of Egypt, then to Rhodes Islands. The orders of St John were Masters of the Isles and had hoped to gain help to resecure his claim age. Djem stay on the Rhodes Islands was interesting as his union with an Italian Noblewomen produced several descendants. After several years, Djem found that he was no closer then when he arrived, so upon an invitation to the Papal States and the grace and favour of Pope Alexander VI Borgia which started Djem and his descendants their pretension of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. The Pope had acknowledged Djem’s sons as Princes of Royal and Imperial blood, with the title of “Prince de Sayd” in 1492.
Sultan Djem’s invitation to Rome was the start of his European tour to gain support for his “Christian” conversation of the Ottoman Empire from the European powers such as France, Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Italian States and Kingdoms. During his tour he gain many acknowledgements and honours though support for a “Crusade” was lacking and uninteresting to the European Powers.
Further note: Sultan Djem was recognized by the following as ‘H.I.H, Prince and Sultan Djem Sayd of the Ottoman Empire.
- Knight of St John in Rhodes Island, 1482 by Pierre d’Aubusson and the successive Grand Masters of St John in Rhodes Island;
- Pope Alexander VI Borgia-Acknowledged Djem’s eldest son as Prince de Sang;
- Pope Innocent VIII Cybo- Acknowledged Djem as Prince of Ottoman Empire;
- King Charles VIII of France-Acknowledged Djem with the titles of Prince de Sang in France and his descendants in 1484;
- Duca Ercole I of Ferrara, and Reggio, Acknowledged and Created Djem a Noble of Ferrera and Reggio;
- The Doge of Genoa, acknowledged Djem as Prince de Sang, Patrician of Genoa. The Doge Doria, later offered his grand-daughter to Djem’s son in marriage;
- Duca Lodovico Sforza of Milian acknowledged Djem and offered one of his illegitimate daughters in Marriage;
- Duca Alfonso II d’Este of Modena, acknowledged Djem ;
- King Ferrante I of Naples, acknowledged Djem as a Royal cousin and provided the title of Viscount to Djem’s son;
- King Ferrante II of Naples, reacknowledged Djem;
- Duca Carlo I di Savoie, acknowledged Djem;
- Duca Carlo II di Savoie ;
- King Ferdinand II of Sicily, acknowledged as King of Aragon, Spain and of Sicily.
- Grand Duke Lorenzo I de Medici of Tuscany
- Conte Guidone Ubaldo I of Urbino
- Doge Marco Barbarigo of Venice
- Doge Giovanni Mocenigo of Venice
- Emperor Frederick III of the Holy Roman Empire acknowledged Djem as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and granted Djem and his descendants Hereditary Knighthood of the Holy Roman Empire. Recognised Djem as Prince de Sang. Also offered Djem a Duchy in the Balkans.
- King John II of Portugal
- Queen Isabella I of Castile and Leon, Queen of Spain
- Queen Catalina de Albert of Navarre
- King Fernando II of Aragon, King of Spain.
- King Hans of Denmark
- Grand Master Martin von Wetzhausen of the Teutonic Order
- Duke Magnus II of Mecklenburg
- Duke Wilhelm IV of Juliers
- Landgraves Wilhelm I of Hesse
- Duke Johann II of Cleves
- Duke Albert IV of Bavaria
Upon his return to Rome, he settled his family outside Rome. His eldest son had married a daughter of a Genoese diplomat in Rome. Djem’s son, the Principe de Sayd moved to the Neapolitan capital of Naples. Djem was dead, poisoned by the Borgia household, though some suspect that it could have been the Pope or his sister. But this has been unproven, but sources have stated that Djem’s brother, the Sultan had paid off the Pope to kill Djem ‘off’.
The Knights of St John fought and lost Rhodes Islands then moved to the Neapolitan Kingdom waiting for a defence to retake their lost island. But under the Spanish succession, Malta, seem to be the likely place where the Knights could move. Malta was a fief under the Spanish Neapolitan kingdom and was given as a token to the Knights. The family of Sayd has established in Malta by this stage, with the younger branch of the 1st Prince de Sayd. Initially the Younger branch established at Birgu, and then moved to Santi, and Zebbug.
Another family in Malta were of Arabic origin whom were scattered throughout Malta, a small family, which only a branch succeeds today. The descendants of Djem arrived in two stages. The elder branch moved from Naples to Sicily and the younger branch moved to Malta about the 1500’s. The elder branch was claimants to the throne of Ottoman Empire and intermarried with Sicilian families. In the mid 17th century, the head of the Imperial House moved to Malta and lived at Mdina as grace and favour of the Grand Masters. Though the elder line died out during the late 17th century, though in Sicily, an illegitimate heir took upon his pretensions to his claimant. The importance of having such Imperial family living in Malta was considered as a safe haven, but also as bait to the Ottoman Turks.
Within several years of the Princely family settlement in Malta, the Grand Siege of Malta had begun. The Ottoman Empire knew the threats of the pretentsive family and what it meant to an Empire that was strong and mighty. All enemies to an Empire were needed to be exhausted.
The Grand Master knew of what fate lay ahead, though through determination and strength from the Maltese, Knights and the European powers to over power the Turks once and for. Success was achieved eventually and the Turks left to never be heard of again.
Upon the succession of the Grand Siege of Malta, the imperial family lost favour and respect. There was no further need of them and slowly and eventually moved into civilian life. The elder line died out at the end of the 17th century, with succession and acknowledgement by the Grand Master of Malta, of Salvatore Sayd, as the Prince de Sayd e Bibino Magno with rights as “His Highness”, instead of “His Imperial Highness”.
The younger branch who settled at the beginning of the 16th century became successful and their descendants widespread throughout the islands. The elder branch that carried the Sicilian title of Barony and Princely di Bibino Magno was succeeded by marriage to Salvatore Sayd. Principi Salvatore Sayd had lived in Zebbug and at Santi in Malta.
The family continued at each generation with styles of their titles, but led a peaceful life as landowners of properties throughout Malta. Upon Napoleon’s overthrow of the Knights in Malta and the burning of ‘Letters Patents’ of many noble families and executions of many whom led coups against the French. Principi Giovanni Maria Sayd, led a revolt against the French with many of the educated and members of the leading families of Malta were caught and all lined up to be executed by the firing squad of 1799.
Principi Giovanni Maria Sayd’s descendants, since the execution have lived almost recluse non-public life and under the British, never bothered to obtain recognition for their inheritance. Fortunately, the elder line kept key documentation and data, which survived, to the present family.
Today, acknowledgement has been plenty some and their aim to continue its heritage for successive generations to come and also to inform other families’ member of such history it has.
The late Head of the family was the second son of Principi Francesco Saverio Sayd. The elder son had acknowledged and accepted his rights to his younger brother, with only succession to the Maltese Barony of Baccari. Further more inheritance of monies was agreed upon before moving to Australia prior to World War Two.
Further evidence can be found in "History of Malta-convictions and conjectures volume four" pages 80-84. by Giovanni Bonello, Patrimonju Publishing, Malta, 2003.
For descendants to view:
We have two threads on the Ottomans, each with only one post, so I have merged them, and renamed the thread Turkey: The Ottoman Empire.
The Present head of the Osman currently lives in New York. Of course their succession is different to the European style, where the next eldest male descendant succeed to the claimant.
My data posted above is not a basis of claiming even though we have a historical right to do so. We had confirmed with the present heir our line with his acceptance in the past, which I'll post here.
Some data on my ancestor, Prince Djem including some pictures: http://www.maltagenealogy.com\libro d'Oro\said1.html
The letter of acknowledgement from the present Heir:
Imperial Family of Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
I did a search and could not find a separate forum or fresh thread for the Ottoman Empire royals and their descendants where to put this article. So, might as well start a fresh thread:
Not Quite a Castle, but It's Home
By FRED A. BERNSTEIN
Published: March 26, 2006
IF the Ottoman Empire were restored, it would make one New York City landlord very happy His tenant, Ertugrul Osman, would become the Ottoman sultan — the head of a dynasty that ruled from 1299 to 1924, when the Turkish Republic was established. The job would come with a house in Istanbul, the 285-room Dolmabahce Palace, now a museum...
The Prince and Princess (niece of an Afghan King) have a great sense of humor. Here are some of their quotes and anecdotes from the 2 page article:
...As a young man, Osman, who is now retired, was in the mining business and often traveled to South America. Because he claimed to be a citizen of the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire did not exist, he refused the passport of any nation. For years, he traveled with a homemade passport, and then a permit issued by the United States government. Incredibly, that worked for decades, and might have continued to work had Sept. 11 not led to tighter security. In 2004, he received a Turkish passport for the first time.
...In 2005, part of the couple's bathroom ceiling collapsed moments after the princess had left the room.
"I could have died," she said.
"I could have sued," said her husband, his comic timing sharpened by nearly a century of practice...
...Then, seeing the reporter admire the silver, Zeynep announced, "Everyone who visits us leaves with a token." There was a long pause, and then she pointed to the visitor's jacket. "Cat hairs."
Osman offered reassurance. "The hairs," he said, "are silvery in the right light."
In what does the succession differ to the European monarchies?
Most other monarchies have a succession that passes down the line to the eldest son or daughter, then to their eldest son or daughter.
Grandson of Sultan Abdülhamid II visits Topkapi Palace
September 19 2006
quote from the article:
"...Osman Ertuğrul said: "I come every year to visit this palace. I feel like a stranger here. It is ironic that my great-grand father was living here and ruled a gigantic empire. TRT is shooting a documentary about the Ottoman dynasty. They called me and invited me for an interview which made me really happy..."
Turkey needs a visionary leader like Atatürk, says Ertuğrul Osman
October 2, 2006
A constitutional monarchy might have been established in Turkey, but the last sultan left Istanbul to avert a civil war, says Ertuğrul Osman, who would have been the last man in direct line for accession to the Ottoman throne if Turkey had not become a republic in 1923...
Ottoman princess with his children at ciragan palace in Istanbul
and documentary about ottoman empire
Osmanoglunun Surgunu BL - I - Google Video
Osmanoglunun Surgunu BL II - Google Video
Osmanoglunun Surgunu BL- III - Google Video
you can see the prince, princess and palaces in this video
Does anyone here ever read the book "From the Dead Princess" ("De la part de la princesse morte"), written in French by Kenizé Mourad? The author is actually one of the great-granddaughters of Sultan Murad V. Her book is about the life of her mother, Princess Selma, born in an Istanbul palace, exiled from Turkey in 1924, and married to an Indian sovereign. She died in Paris during the Nazi times, after having Kenizé.
It was quite interesting to read! There is a second book called "The Garden of Badalpour", about Kenizé herself, telling how she finally reunites with her Ottoman and Indian families, years after WWII.
this pictures are from the ottoman princesses the pic is from princess naciye on her wedding 1914.
Does anyone know if Prince Ertugrul Osman has any children,or is he the very last of his line?
The Prince has no children.
It's hard to find details of Ottoman dynasts. However, here is a link with pictures which indicates there is no shortage of males in the House of Osman.
The article states "More than a hundred members of the Ottoman Dynasty met in Istanbul to participate in a documentary about the family" [dated October 2006].
Warren,I wonder who will become the next Head of the House of Osman after the death of Prince Ertugrul Osman.I know that King Manuel II designated his cousin to be the head of the House of Braganca before he died childless in 1932.I wonder if Prince Ertugrul will do a similar thing.
Princess Durrusehvar was the daughter of the last crown prince of ottoman she marries later the son of the nizam of hyderabad. the she became to princess of berar
Corbis: photography, rights, assignment, motion.}
Princess Naciye is born in 1896 and was a ottoman princess too. in this picture we see her marriage photo in 1914
SABAH - Haber Fotoðraflarý
this picture is in the childhood of Princess Durrusehvar
Princess Ayse in her childhood
on this page is the picture of Princess Hanzade
Here is an interesting article on a blog about the Imperial House of Osman, has a nice picture of Ertuğrul Osman & his wife:
Lawyers, Guns and Money: Sunday Deposed Monarch Blogging: House of Osman
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 01:55 PM.|
Powered by vBulletin
Copyright ©2000 - 2016
|
<urn:uuid:a9304b9e-0982-40e2-bf55-191270f13251>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/printthread.php?t=5480
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963594 | 3,519 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Properties of Radicals
Definition of Properties of Radicals
Product Property of Radicals: For two real numbers x and y both nonnegative,
Quotient Property of Radicals: For two real numbers x and y both nonnegative, = .
Video Examples: Algebra 2 - nth Roots and Operations on Radicals
Example of Properties of Radicals
- Product Property of Radicals: is the same as
- Quotient of Radicals: is the same as
Solved Example on Properties of Radicals
Ques: Find the value of .
Correct Answer: A
Step 1: As 262144 is a large number, let us split into its factors.
Step 2: 262144 = 64 × 4096.
Step 3: So, .
|
<urn:uuid:5e1bd329-62bf-4de5-ac4d-51d91e9e6e02>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/properties_of_radicals.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.847857 | 160 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Dawn Levy, News Service (650) 725-1944; e-mail: [email protected]
Counting words to make words count: Statistics optimize communication
Pity students of a second language, often confounded by the weird expressions and arbitrary grammar rules of a new tongue. They find themselves victims of a strange paradox: Even if they master the strange sayings and arbitrary rules, their faultless grammar can keep them from blending linguistically with native speakers because people simply don't follow all the rules. In fact, researchers are finding, the most effective communicators are those who frequently bend the rules.
"People have communicative goals," says Christopher Manning, an assistant professor of computer science and linguistics at Stanford. Manning participated in a Feb. 16 symposium on the use of statistics in language analysis at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). "They want to express ideas. And essentially those communicative goals are causing them to always bend or stretch the rules or use language in different ways."
In his research, which aims to study language scientifically using statistics, Manning collects voluminous text from the World Wide Web to learn how often people use the English language in certain patterns. Genres include the recent and the dated (newspapers and classic literature), the stilted and the hip (legal documents and chat groups). Manning tries to get as representative a sample of English usage as possible: "The legal stuff is a particularly extreme, convoluted genre, but it's important to remember that the New York Times, while closer to what we think of as normal English, is a genre as well. It's not how people talk on the playground."
There's a lot of flexibility in everyday talk. And finding the most common ways people string words together can improve language instruction, speech recognition and computer search engines, Manning says.
Communication is a two-way street, and people tend to structure their phrases along well-traveled linguistic routes to optimize their chances of being understood. They say "bacon and eggs," for instance, more often than "eggs and bacon." And while it is perfectly grammatical to put a large 'that' clause at the beginning of a sentence -- say, "That we will need to reduce inventory and slash prices next year is almost certain." -- people hardly ever speak like that. They place long clauses at the ends of sentences: "It's almost certain that we will need to reduce inventory and slash prices next year."
In traditional linguistics, a word string is considered ill-crafted if it violates a grammar rule. But in Manning's world, a word string is not undesirable merely if it irks the grammar police: It is undesirable if it is not the optimal way of communicating.
"When humans communicate, they're assuming their interlocutor knows most of the same stuff that they know," Manning says. "They know how the world works. They know what's been happening lately." So speakers need only provide small hints of information to listeners, who will presumably piece together the meaning. "Keeping communications short and ambiguous promotes the efficiency of communication," he says.
But communication is rife with uncertainty, and probabilistic methods allow computers, such as those used in voice recognition, to engage in higher processing like that performed by the human brain.
In a noisy bar, a listener misses many of a speaker's words, but conversation can continue thanks to contextual clues, such as information from prior conversation.
"The audio signal that is coming in your ear may be insufficient to work out what words are being said," Manning says. "But you combine it with contextual evidence to work out what the person probably said, even though you missed some words. And you do that without even thinking about it -- it's subconscious reconstruction."
In studies, researchers have excised words from an audio recording, melded the recording with white noise and played it to subjects in a noisy context. People's brains are so good at reconstructing sentences that subjects claim to hear intact sentences, when in fact they have added back removed words that are obvious due to context.
Probabilistic analysis has an important role in reducing uncertainty at the juncture where binary computers and ambiguous humans meet.
During an automated stock trade over the telephone, the voice-recognition software of a computer broker might be 90 percent sure a customer said, "Buy 200 shares of Yahoo! at $50." Or the broker could decide that there's a 40 percent probability the customer meant that, but also a 40 percent chance she meant sell 200 shares. Computers tend to go with the highest probability and sort ties randomly -- options that could upset customers.
In cases of ties or low probabilities, however, computers can engage in further conversation to lower uncertainty: "I'm not sure whether you're wanting to buy or sell those 200 shares of Yahoo! Please clarify."
Manning says: "By repeating some of the stuff at the end, that also lets you do a confirmation to check that the rest of what you thought you understood really is correct. Because if it's not, the user not only gets to repeat 'buy' or 'sell,' but can also say, 'Wait, wait! Stop! I wasn't talking about Yahoo! at all!'"
For now, computational linguists focus on practical, limited language-understanding goals. One, Manning says, is developing information extraction techniques to help people evaluate a glut of, say, real estate data: "If I show you an advertisement for a piece of real estate, can you extract from the text how many bedrooms the place has, how many bathrooms, what suburb it's in and what the selling price is? That's less glorious than building HAL (the sentient computer in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey). But that's the kind of thing that's really useful."
By Dawn Levy
|
<urn:uuid:0e9600ae-0be5-4ade-b82b-c1b2788a5df0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/aaasmanning221.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95099 | 1,206 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Causes and Effects
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is brought on by witnessing a terrifying, usually life-threatening, event. Severe anxiety, flashbacks, uncontrollable thoughts and nightmares are common symptoms of the illness. These symptoms can worsen and last for years, so it is best to seek treatment for PTSD as soon as possible.
Are There Different Types of PTSD?
Three different types of post-traumatic stress disorder exist. If symptoms last less than three months, the condition is considered acute PTSD. If symptoms last at least three months, the disorder is referred to as chronic PTSD. If symptoms manifest at least six months following a traumatic event, the disorder is classified delayed-onset PTSD, according to the National Institute of Health (NIH).
What Causes PTSD?
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental health condition that is triggered when a person witnesses a psychologically traumatic event, such as war, a natural disaster, or any situation that invokes feelings of helplessness or intense fear. While most people eventually adjust to the aftereffects of such events, some people find their symptoms getting worse with time. These worsening symptoms are the product of PTSD.
As is usually the case with mental health issues, doctors cannot pinpoint why some people develop PTSD. According to the Mayo Clinic, probable causes of PTSD include inherited mental and personality traits, a culmination of life experiences, and the way hormones and chemicals are regulated by the brain when responding to stress.
What Are the Signs of PTSD?
The Mayo Clinic mentions several reoccurring symptoms, including fearful thoughts, flashbacks and bad dreams. These symptoms can become problematic in a person’s life. Some of the avoidance symptoms include difficulty remembering the traumatic event and avoiding reminders of the experience, such as places, people and objects. Hyperarousal symptoms may also arise, such as feeling tense, being startled easily and having trouble sleeping. While it is normal to experience some of these symptoms after a terrible event, symptoms lasting more than a few weeks may be signs of PTSD.
Emotional Symptoms of PTSD
The emotional symptoms of PTSD are depression, worry, intense guilt and feeling emotionally numb. Another symptom is anhedonia, which is characterized by a loss of interest in formerly enjoyable activities. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) states that anhedonia plays a part in predicting psychiatric comorbidity, or the presence of more than one psychiatric disorder.
Physical Symptoms of PTSD
The NCBI has documented many physical complaints among PTSD sufferers. The physical problems reported included higher rates of neurological, respiratory, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular symptoms. Feelings of depression, guilt, tension, worry and difficulty sleeping may contribute to the physical ailments.
Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of PTSD
Post-traumatic stress disorder causes short-term memory loss and can have long-term chronic psychological repercussions, according to the American Psychological Association (APA) and the NCBI. Fortunately, psychotherapeutic intervention and treatment can alleviate and often eliminate short-term and long-term effects of PTSD.
Is There a Test or Self-Assessment I Can Do?
There are free, anonymous self-assessments available online, such as this test offered by the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. You should discuss your results with your doctor, or you can reach us at 1-888-997-3147 for more information.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Medication: PTSD Drug Options
Per the NIH, the United States Food and Drug Administration has approved sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil), both antidepressants, for use as post-traumatic stress disorder medication. The side effects of these drugs include:
- Sleeplessness or drowsiness
- Agitation or a jittery feeling
- Problems having or enjoying sex
Most of these symptoms tend to subside after a short period of time.
PTSD Drugs: Possible Options
Doctors may prescribe medications other that Zoloft and Paxil, especially if comorbid disorders exist. According the NIH, benzodiazepines are used to aid relaxation and sleep. The side effects include problems with memory and the risk of drug dependency. Antipsychotics may be prescribed. They are typically given to patients with coexisting conditions, such as schizophrenia. Some side effects of antipsychotics are weight gain and a higher risk of heart disease and diabetes. Additionally, other antidepressants may be used as PTSD drugs. Possible options are fluoxetine (Prozac) and citalopram (Celexa).
Medication Side Effects
In addition to the side effects already listed, the following side effects may occur:
- Dry mouth
- Increased appetite
- Blurred vision
Some antidepressants have a higher likelihood of causing weight gain than others. Nausea and headaches usually stop occurring within a few weeks of starting the medications. For dry mouth, chew gum or suck on ice cubes. If you experience drowsiness, take your medication before bedtime. Likewise, for insomnia, take your medication in the morning. Drink a lot of water to avoid constipation, and refrain from use of tobacco, alcohol and caffeine to lessen dizziness. Talk to your doctor about how your medication affects you. There may be options that are more suitable if you find the side effects of a particular medication overwhelming.
PTSD Drug Addiction, Dependence and Withdrawal
The Journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians warns about the abuse risk of benzodiazepines. When taken chronically, they can be addictive but they are relatively safe when taken in moderation. If you have a history of substance abuse, benzodiazepines should not be used. It is important that you not cease taking your medication as this can cause withdrawal effects and lead to recurrence of the symptoms of your illness. Instead, ask your doctor about weaning you from the medication. Always consult your doctor about your medication concerns so you can plan an alternative PTSD treatment regimen.
Overdosing should not be a concern if medication is taken only as prescribed. The National Safety Council advises that you never take a higher daily dosage than recommended by your doctor and that you not refill your prescriptions early. Avoid alcohol or sedatives when taking medications, and tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking. Always keep medications in their original container.
Read the leaflets that come with your medications to familiarize yourself with side effects, signs of toxicity, what to do if you miss a dose and what to do in the case of medication overdose. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. If you think you may have overdosed, go to the emergency room immediately.
Depression and PTSD
Depression is characterized by feelings of sadness or low mood lasting more than a few days. Depression and PTSD commonly occur together. Almost one in 10 American adults suffer from depression in a given year, according to the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Depression can affect your ability to perform daily functions and can diminish your quality of life. It also has adverse effects on eating and sleeping habits.
Depression is three to five times more likely to be diagnosed in people who are living with PTSD. If you no longer care about activities you once enjoyed or are having thoughts of suicide or hurting yourself, seek help immediately. We are available any time and can be reached at 1-888-997-3147.
Dual Diagnosis: Addiction and PTSD
Studies conducted by the National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder found a high correlation between substance use disorders and PTSD. For patients suffering from these co-occurring disorders, studies suggest keeping detailed journals of your feelings, thoughts and behaviors and then talking to your doctor about them. Be sure to discuss issues you may be having with substance abuse and PTSD, as a big deterrent in the efficacy of treatment is the tendency to focus only on the condition that seems to be bothering the patient most. Communicating with your doctor is of the utmost importance in treating any disorder.
|
<urn:uuid:747cae78-d4eb-49f6-92a6-2f25b5d44372>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.psychguides.com/guides/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-effects/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939467 | 1,652 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Relationship between conversational language performance and stuttering over time [abstract]
Metadata[+] Show full item record
There has been increased interest recently in the effects of young children's developing language skills on stuttering (e.g., see Ratner, 1997, for a discussion). Over time, as language develops, the types of disfluencies displayed by individual children sometimes change, with the frequency of stuttering increasing or decreasing. By looking at individual children's patterns of stuttering relative to their language performance, we can examine how aspects of language might influence changes in fluency characteristics. The purpose of this study is to examine longitudinally the relationship between language skills and various types of stuttering for individual preschool-age children. Method: Eleven children who stutter, ages 2 to 5, participated in the study. A subset of these was included in the analyses for this project. Each of the children was administered a series of speech and language tests and was determined to have typically developing language skills. In addition, the testing confirmed that each participant was, in fact, a child who stuttered. To examine the relationship between language and stuttering, we elicited monthly speech/language samples from each child, over a period of ten months. Each sample was transcribed, coded, and analyzed for the presence and frequency of three types of stuttering: blocks, part-word repetitions, and prolongations. Samples were also coded to analyze several aspects of language performance. The frequency of stuttering types and performance on the language sample measures across the ten sessions were then graphed for each child, to examine relational patterns of language and fluency for each child. Results and Implications: Preliminary results suggest that some children do show changes over time in the types of stuttering they produce. Individual children vary, however, in the types of stuttering produced and the frequencies of each type of stuttering. For some children, there appears to be a relationship between aspects of language performance and stuttering.
|
<urn:uuid:db31bf3b-f389-4aeb-a4f8-c0a24c98f7ba>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/882
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962978 | 407 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Recently, all Vim lovers wished it on its twentieth year. Twenty years is a long time, but it is not long enough. Let us talk about something bigger. Vi, the predecessor to Vim, grew even older with this. Very few people use vi anymore, and using it will be CUI overkill. However, it is worth a mention. Vim is ‘Vi improved’. Bram Moolenaar did a great job by ‘improving’ Vi, but the credit goes to Bill Joy, for creating this wonderful piece of software.
Vim is a highly configurable text editor built to enable efficient text editing. It is an improved version of the vi editor distributed with most UNIX systems.
Vim added automated scripts, plugins and other code editing features that vi lacked. Vim is the standard form of vi today, but in essence, it still is the Vi editor. While the Vi editor was influenced by the ADM-3A systems popular around the time of its birth, vim adapted to the Amiga systems. Amiga saw a slew in emerging Vi clones, and Bram Moolenaar did a great job creating vim. After a few years, vim saw its first release in November of 1991.
However, Vim turning twenty is as much of an achievement for vim as it is for its parent project Vi, which turned nearly thirty-five, implicitly! Thus, it is definitely worth a mention. The paradigm shift that vi brought into the task of text-editing, needs to be given due credit and it is best that we reflect back all the way to where things started changing, rather than where the change started getting improvements.
|
<urn:uuid:ead848bd-907c-4e8e-90d0-7cc7fc01f50d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://techie-buzz.com/foss/vim-turned-twenty-vi-turned-thirty-five.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00068-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97077 | 340 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Facts about Jaundice and Kernicterus
Jaundice is the yellow color seen in the skin of many newborns. Jaundice happens when a chemical called bilirubin builds up in the baby’s blood. During pregnancy, the mother’s liver removes bilirubin for the baby, but after birth the baby’s liver must remove the bilirubin. In some babies, the liver might not be developed enough to efficiently get rid of bilirubin. When too much bilirubin builds up in a new baby’s body, the skin and whites of the eyes might look yellow. This yellow coloring is called jaundice.
When severe jaundice goes untreated for too long, it can cause a condition called kernicterus. Kernicterus is a type of brain damage that can result from high levels of bilirubin in a baby’s blood. It can cause athetoid cerebral palsy and hearing loss. Kernicterus also causes problems with vision and teeth and sometimes can cause intellectual disabilities. Early detection and management of jaundice can prevent kernicterus.
Signs and Symptoms
Jaundice usually appears first on the face and then moves to the chest, belly, arms, and legs as bilirubin levels get higher. The whites of the eyes can also look yellow. Jaundice can be harder to see in babies with darker skin color. The baby’s doctor or nurse can test how much bilirubin is in the baby’s blood.
See your baby’s doctor the same day if your baby:
- Is very yellow or orange (skin color changes start from the head and spread to the toes).
- Is hard to wake up or will not sleep at all.
- Is not breastfeeding or sucking from a bottle well.
- Is very fussy.
- Does not have enough wet or dirty diapers.
Get emergency medical help if your baby:
- Is crying inconsolably or with a high pitch.
- Is arched like a bow (the head or neck and heels are bent backward and the body forward).
- Has a stiff, limp, or floppy body.
- Has strange eye movements.
Before leaving the hospital with your newborn, you can ask the doctor or nurse about a jaundice bilirubin test.
A doctor or nurse may check the baby’s bilirubin using a light meter that is placed on the baby’s head. This results in a transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) level. If it is high, a blood test will likely be ordered.
The best way to accurately measure bilirubin is with a small blood sample from the baby’s heel. This results in a total serum bilirubin (TSB) level. If the level is high, based upon the baby’s age in hours and other risk factors, treatment will likely follow. Repeat blood samples will also likely be taken to ensure that the TSB decreases with the prescribed treatment.
Bilirubin levels are usually the highest when the baby is 3 to 5 days old. At a minimum, babies should be checked for jaundice every 8 to 12 hours in the first 48 hours of life and again before 5 days of age.
No baby should develop brain damage from untreated jaundice.
When being treated for high bilirubin levels, the baby will be undressed and put under special lights. The lights will not hurt the baby. This can be done in the hospital or even at home. The baby’s milk intake may also need to be increased. In some cases, if the baby has very high bilirubin levels, the doctor will do a blood exchange transfusion. Jaundice is generally treated before brain damage is a concern.
Putting the baby in sunlight is not recommended as a safe way of treating jaundice.
About 60% of all babies have jaundice. Some babies are more likely to have severe jaundice and higher bilirubin levels than others. Babies with any of the following risk factors need close monitoring and early jaundice management:
Babies born before 37 weeks, or 8.5 months, of pregnancy might have jaundice because their liver is not fully developed. The young liver might not be able to get rid of so much bilirubin.
Babies with Darker Skin Color
Jaundice may be missed or not recognized in a baby with darker skin color. Checking the gums and inner lips may detect jaundice. If there is any doubt, a bilirubin test should be done.
East Asian or Mediterranean Descent
A baby born to an East Asian or Mediterranean family is at a higher risk of becoming jaundiced. Also, some families inherit conditions (such as G6PDdeficiency), and their babies are more likely to get jaundice.
A baby who is not eating, wetting, or stooling well in the first few days of life is more likely to get jaundice.
Sibling with Jaundice
A baby with a sister or brother that had jaundice is more likely to develop jaundice.
A baby with bruises at birth is more likely to get jaundice. A bruise forms when blood leaks out of a blood vessel and causes the skin to look black and blue. The healing of large bruises can cause high levels of bilirubin and your baby might get jaundice.
Women with an O blood type or Rh negative blood factor might have babies with higher bilirubin levels. A mother with Rh incompatibility should be given Rhogam.
Don't Wait, Act Early!
- When severe jaundice goes untreated for too long, it can cause brain damage and a condition called kernicterus.
- Early diagnosis and treatment of jaundice can prevent kernicterus.
- If you’re concerned that your baby might have jaundice visit your baby’s doctor right away. Ask for a jaundice bilirubin test.
If You’re Concerned
If you think your baby has jaundice you should call and visit your baby’s doctor right away. Ask your baby’s doctor or nurse about a jaundice bilirubin test.
If your baby does have jaundice, it is important to take jaundice seriously and stick to the follow-up plan for appointments and recommended care.
Make sure your baby is getting enough to eat. The process of removing waste also removes bilirubin in your baby’s blood. If you are breastfeeding, you should nurse the baby at least 8 to 12 times a day for the first few days. This will help you make enough milk for the baby and will help keep the baby’s bilirubin level down. If you are having trouble breastfeeding, ask your doctor, nurse, or a lactation coach for help.
- Page last reviewed: February 23, 2015
- Page last updated: February 23, 2015
- Content source:
|
<urn:uuid:515a6ec5-679f-4f05-b32e-0d317017dafd>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/jaundice/facts.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907192 | 1,496 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Officials representing 193 nations got together in Dubai yesterday to take part in a controversial UN conference on internet regulation, which the likes of Google and Microsoft are warning could lead to the implementation of stiffer regulations that would restrict online freedoms and privacy.
The talks are taking place under the UN’s International Telecommunications Union, which expressed its hopes that members will reach an agreement that will allow it to revise a decades old telecommunications treaty governing internet regulation around the world.
During the 11-day forum, each country will be given the opportunity to present its own proposals on how the internet should be governed, before a final vote is held. The ITU says that among the issues it hopes to tackle are internet security, and methods of expanding internet services and infrastructure within third world countries.
From the ITU’s description, one would be forgiven for thinking the meeting is largely innocuous, but according to Google, that assumption couldn’t be further from the truth. The search engine giant, which has long seen itself as the champion of internet freedoms and a defender of free speech, says that the forum could in fact provide repressive, authoritarian governments around the world with the opportunity they need to revoke internet freedoms and eliminate user anonymity.
Google’s response has been to launch an aggressive campaign to raise awareness of the danger, posting a message on its homepage asking for internet users’ support:
“Love the free and open Internet? Tell the world’s governments to keep it that way.”
The message links to a special page set up by Google asking for users to assist them in its campaign to preserve the freedom of the internet. In addition, the page incorporates an interactive map detailing the locations of all those who have signed up, together with a detailed outline of Google’s concerns about the UN gathering.
Chief among these is a proposal that would allow governments (repressive or otherwise) to suppress free speech online and possibly even cut off access to the internet at their own discretion, with no safeguards or accountability. Another proposal calls for the introduction of rules that could lead to tolls being levied on services such as YouTube, Skype and Facebook, in order for them to operate in certain countries. Google says that these measures would lead to only one thing – limiting the availability of online information, especially in poorer, third world nations.
Finally, Google is complaining bitterly that the conference is unfair, as only governments are allowed to express their opinions and vote on the proposals. Google believes that the companies and individuals that helped build the web should have their say on how its regulated, and points out that many of the governments attending the meeting have, shall we say, extremely questionable records when it comes to internet freedoms.
Together with its dedicated campaign page, Google has introduced the #freeandopen hashtag to promote awareness through Twitter, giving internet users another avenue to voice their support. To date, its campaign has attracted the support of almost two and a half million internet users.
Before joining SiliconANGLE, Mike was an editor at Argophilia Travel News, an occassional contributer to The Epoch Times, and has also dabbled in SEO and social media marketing. He usually bases himself in Bangkok, Thailand, though he can often be found roaming through the jungles or chilling on a beach.
Got a news story or tip? Email [email protected].
Latest posts by Mike Wheatley (see all)
- Microsoft “AppSource” leak suggests new business app store is coming soon - July 1, 2016
- Intel to partner with BMW, Mobileye on self-driving cars - July 1, 2016
- Google Calendar app back online after 4 hour outage - July 1, 2016
|
<urn:uuid:df170e93-e191-45fd-9137-8803a703e6e8>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://siliconangle.com/blog/2012/12/04/google-launches-freeandopen-campaign-to-defend-the-internet/?angle=silicon
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951006 | 760 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Use the equation and its derivative to build a system of equations. It should be rather simplistic.
The max and min occur at (0,0) and (2,4)
, therefore, d=0.
Derivatives must be 0 at extrema:
, therefore, c=0.
Because c and d are 0, that helps whittle things down a good bit.
We have the following system to solve:
We find a=-1 and b=3
Therefore, the polynomial is
|
<urn:uuid:2cb05170-337b-49d4-87ed-c112eb61c1f7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/9154-max-min-values-help.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921253 | 110 | 2.8125 | 3 |
- About Us
- Career Center
- Nano-Social Network
- Nano Consulting
- My Account
|Rolls of printed graphene electronics are shown, including printed switches, printed sensors and printed resistors as seen before their incorporation into electronics devices.
Credit: Vorbeck Materials Corp
Nanotechnologies exist in the realm of billionths of a meter, with tolerances that push the limits of manufacturing--so it can be hard to imagine a factory that can turn out such products on a commercial scale.
And yet, the United States has created the right environment for nanomanufacturing to succeed here with its strong foundation in basic research and development, a skilled workforce and private and public investment support.
One nanotechnology--graphene--is relatively new to the nanomanufacturing sector, and NSF Small Business Innovation Research grantee Vorbeck Materials of Jessup, Md., is at the forefront of efforts to bring graphene technology to the marketplace.
Graphene--tiny sheets of carbon only one atom thick--materialized as a concept from research laboratories in the 1980s, but researchers only isolated the sheets as a unique two-dimensional material in 2004. Recently, graphene has emerged as a nanotechnology prized for its ability to conduct electricity and its exceptional durability and strength.
According to researchers at Vorbeck, the company's Vor-inkô graphene-based conductive ink for electronics was first introduced at the Printed Electronics Europe 2009 tradeshow and was directly marketed and sold to customers there--making it one of the first (if not the first) graphene products to go to market.
Vor-ink is a type of conductive ink that allows circuits to be drawn or printed on a variety of substrate materials including paper, paperboard, and polymer films. When compared to traditional industrial standards, it is a more economical way to lay down modern printed circuit boards that are common in today's computer-enabled world.
Now, Vorbeck has announced plans for a second graphene factory in Pocomoke City, on Maryland's Eastern Shore, and they are expanding capacity at their existing Jessup production plant.
In January, Vorbeck demonstrated its technology at the 2013 International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Nev., as part of the Eureka Park Tech Zone. Read more in the press release from NSF and see a video from AOL.
Vorbeck manufactures graphene using a process originally developed by researchers at Princeton University. The company's graphene-enabled products range from electrically conductive paints to high performance batteries to high-security packaging for expensive retail items, and their unique conductive ink is used in high-volume printed electronics applications.
According to the Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology, the market for all nanomaterials has been booming, reaching about $300 billion worldwide by 2010 - $110 billion in the United States alone. Of the more than 1,000 nanotechnologies manufactured worldwide in 2010, more than half were produced in the United States.
Vorbeck is adding to that growth with graphene products developed in part with the support of Phase I and Phase II National Science Foundation Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants, U.S. Army SBIR contracts (contract 1 and contract 2), and private investment.
In order to support increased customer demand, Vorbeck accelerated scale-up plans, recently expanding Vor-inkô capacity to over 40 tons per year by adding new real estate and production equipment to the company's Jessup, Md., facility.
For more information, please click here
Joshua A. Chamot
Copyright © National Science FoundationIf you have a comment, please Contact us.
Issuers of news releases, not 7th Wave, Inc. or Nanotechnology Now, are solely responsible for the accuracy of the content.
|Related News Press|
News and information
Drum beats from a one atom thick graphite membrane June 15th, 2016
|
<urn:uuid:2af98ffb-ab7f-4e8b-8711-3af59caee3a3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=46919
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933588 | 808 | 2.640625 | 3 |
I was reading an article about a messaging test recently completed in Northern Wales with torches in old Iron Age forts, and it made me think about why whales sing when they migrate, and also, about the transitional fossil find that links whales to wolves, The Blessing of the Animals at The Cathedral of St. John the Divine, and the recent conclusion that Mayan civilization collapsed because of human destruction. This may not be a natural progression to you, but in writing, I like to find connections among things seemingly without correspondence to prove that we can be close and dear, and we can learn something we already learned before.
Last Saturday, 200 volunteers stood at the summits of 10 hillforts on the Clwydian Range in Cheshire, Flintshire and Wirral, Wales, and successfully signaled each other with torches as if in warning to the community. The longest range was 15.5 miles between Burton Point on the Wirral and Maiden Castle, at Bickerton Hill, Cheshire.
I read once--and used in a series of poems--that male humpback whales sing a song that they pass along to each other, phrase by gradually shifting phrase, using repetition and rhyme, until the song ends sounding completely different from when it began, and then they don't sing it again. The marine biologists who had collected this fascinating information not only did not know where the song originated in the whale's anatomy, they also did not know why the males sang it. Blue whales sing while they migrate because the booming song acts likes a sonar mapping device, throwing back into their brains a picture of the ocean floor.
A few transitional fossils link wolves to hippos, camels, deer, whales and dolphins, and while it took 15 million years for the fish eating, whale eared Pakicetus to lose its hind legs and be whale 35 million years ago, the marine ancestor had already hit the water and held its breath. The limbs left because an embryonic gene called the Sonic Hedgehog, which had been miniaturizing the legs perfectly, stopped working. I remember thinking that the dogs that started barking at the recordings of singing humpbacks while jammed into pews at The Cathedral of St John the Divine back in 1992 were undone by such foreign language. Now, I wonder if they were not just becoming chorus to the larger pack?
Dr. Richard D. Hansen, an archaeologist with the Idaho State University has just completed a 30-year study of a pre-classic Mayan civilization on both sides of the Mexico-Guatamala border and concludes that it collapsed because of deforestation and damage to an overburdened agricultural system. I think we can take note of this. I don't want to collapse. Leave the forests. Let the forest leave.
Maybe the whales are not just mapping the ocean floor when they swim, but admiring the familiar view as they go back to the summer waters, the winter mating grounds, thoughtful of their days and nights. Maybe, there were a whole set of signals the Welsh devised to communicate more than warning. Even now, we can't keep to one subject---especially me--so how could the ancients do it?
I leave you with a song by the band, Whales and Wolves, called "What is Wrong".
|
<urn:uuid:c72af8fd-c5ec-4617-9178-4a6e2aaa07c1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blog.bestamericanpoetry.com/the_best_american_poetry/2011/03/whales-messaging-by-amy-holman.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969002 | 667 | 3.015625 | 3 |
OAKLAND -- It's mid-September in Lisa Rothbard's fourth-period English class and her last chance to prep these 32 juniors for the next day's district writing assessment.
On face value, the stakes are low; the test's purpose is strictly diagnostic, designed to give the teacher a sense of the students' skill level. But Rothbard knows it's really more than that; it's a chance for her kids at Skyline High in Oakland to show that they're successfully transitioning to the new national Common Core standards, which aim to increase students' analytic and critical thinking skills.
They'll have to do more than write an argumentative essay based on opinion or anecdote. To do well, her students will need to produce a solid essay, including a strong thesis statement that is backed up with evidence, sources and research.
It's also, in a sense, a test for Rothbard. Developing new and more effective ways to teach and help students succeed is the essential challenge of the Common Core initiative. Success or failure will depend on teachers like Rothbard working on the front lines.
So in early September, she gave her two classes of sophomores and two classes of juniors an essay prompt: "Has social networking's impact on society been more positive or negative?" -- plus a packet of research and news articles to help them prepare.
But on this day, as she walks up and down the rows of desks to check students' progress, it's clear that not everyone is ready. "I have never had so many sophomores and juniors who didn't know what a thesis statement was," she says. The objective of today's lesson is to review the basics of a thesis statement one more time.
Instead of kicking off with a lecture, Rothbard aims to encourage student interaction -- one of the goals of the Common Core -- by asking the teens to "turn and talk" with their seatmates and offer their own definition. Soon there's a low buzz around the room. Some kids are silent, and others are chattering about whether rap mogul Tupac Shakur is alive or dead, a question Rothbard had mentioned earlier as a possible thesis topic. But a surprising number are actually debating the definition of "thesis statement" with their neighbors and a few minutes later, they're ready to share their ideas with the group.
A girl named Ajee raises her hand. "Chasiti said it's like a plot, and I said that it's like what's necessary for an essay."
While every teacher in this traditional comprehensive high school of 1,900 students is working to make the same transition, Rothbard has a slight advantage and an extra burden. In addition to her regular classroom duties, she is one of the few teachers at her school starting their second year as Oakland Unified's Common Core trainers.
For Rothbard, that means monthly professional development workshops run by the district, where she is the student, getting expert advice on how to implement Common Core. Back at Skyline, in addition to using what she has learned in her own classroom, she also leads collaborative training sessions with her fellow faculty members, who are generally enthusiastic about the new standards.
"Teachers often feel like, every year, there's some new effort and new direction thrown at us that will not be seen through," she says. "But this is different. There's a continuity to what we're working on, and our district is empowering teacher leadership."
Rather than wholesale change, Rothbard sees the goals of Common Core at the high school level as encouraging teachers to create a smarter version of what they had been doing before. In the English department, she says, "We're largely teaching what we've always taught. But we're making changes here and there reflecting the goals" of the Common Core.
For instance, she says, "We're making this push toward using more informational texts," the kind of complex nonfiction that students are likely to encounter in college and the work world. "The other thing I'm using my training on is making things relevant so that what the students are learning seems authentic and meaningful," she says. "We're building on those skills to hit all the standards, all the time."
With her sophomores, she's starting the year by helping them learn to do research and evaluate the credibility of online sources. At the same time, she's urging all her kids to read for deeper meaning and to discuss their insights more often, with the hope that they will get "better and better at them as we go." Her goal, she says, is not just getting her students to write summaries of what they have read or discussed in class, but to generate essays that display higher levels of analysis and criticism.
What's the biggest challenge the Common Core poses at Skyline? That's easy, says Rothbard with a sigh. Time. There's just not enough of it.
"We are trying to roll out new training, new assessments, new ways of doing things. We need time to learn to do it well," she says "and, we're doing this professional development on top of an already very demanding job."
Another challenge is technology. "At Skyline, we have 22 desktops in our library and as of last year, we reopened our computer lab with 32 desktops, and four laptop carts, each with 32 to 34 Chromebooks," Rothbard said. But two of those carts are largely committed to remedial programs. "So that leaves the library, the computer lab and two laptop carts for all teachers to reserve for classroom purposes," she says.
After all, to Rothbard, the Common Core represents a promise of better opportunities for her students.
"I think those who understand Common Core are pretty positive about it, and so far, I haven't experienced any pushback. I think one of the positives about this experience is that we've seen more consistency and progress than usual. But a lot remains to be seen."
This story was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, nonpartisan education-news outlet affiliated with Teachers College, Columbia University.
|
<urn:uuid:031b95be-1865-4365-baf7-ac42049e3af1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.mercurynews.com/education/ci_24489834/oakland-unified-time-and-technology-are-challenge-switching?source=pkg
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974922 | 1,250 | 2.578125 | 3 |
SPREAD OF THE CHURCH
From the time of the Reformation, the Church of England followed explorers, traders, colonists, and missionaries into the far reaches of the known world. The colonial churches generally exercised administrative autonomy within the historical and creedal context of the mother church.
As the successor of the Anglo-Saxon and medieval English Church, it has valued and preserved much of the traditional framework of medieval Catholicism in church government, liturgy, and customs, while it also has usually held the fundamentals of Reformation faith.
The conversion of the Anglo-Saxons, who began invading Britain after Rome stopped governing the country in the 5th century, was undertaken by St. Augustine, a monk in Rome chosen by Pope Gregory I to lead a mission to the Anglo-Saxons. He arrived in 597, and within 90 years, all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England had gradually accepted Christianity.
In the 11th century, the Norman conquest of England (1066) united England more closely with the culture of Latin Europe. The English Church was reformed according to Roman ideas: local synods were revived, celibacy of the clergy was required, and the canon law of Western Europe was introduced into England.
The English Church shared in the religious unrest characteristic of the latter Middle Ages. John Wycliffe, the 14th century reformer and theologian, became a revolutionary critic of the papacy and is considered a major influence on the 16th century Protestant Reformation.
The break with the Roman papacy and the establishment of an independent Church of England came during the reign of Henry VIII of England (1509-47). When Pope Clement VII refused to approve the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the English Parliament, at Henry's insistence, passed a series of acts that separated the English Church from the Roman hierarchy, and, in 1534, made the English monarch the head of the English Church. The monasteries were suppressed, but few other changes were immediately made, since Henry intended that the English Church would remain Catholic, though separated from Rome.
After Henry's death, Protestant reforms of the Church were introduced during the six-year reign of Edward VI. In 1553, however, when Edward's half-sister, Mary, a Roman Catholic, succeeded to the throne, her repression and persecution of Protestants created sympathy for their cause.
When Elizabeth I, Henry's daughter, became queen in 1558, an independent Church of England was reestablished. The Book of Common Prayer (1549, final revision 1662) and the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571) became the standard for liturgy and doctrine.
MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE CHURCH
The Evangelical Movement in the 18th century tended to emphasize the Protestant heritage of the Church, while the Oxford Movement in the 19th century emphasized the Catholic heritage. These two attitudes have persisted in the Church, and are sometimes characterized as "Low Church" and "High Church." Since the 19th century, the Church has been active in the Ecumenical Movement.
POLITY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND
The Church of England has maintained the episcopal form of government. It is divided into two provinces, Canterbury and York, each headed by an Archbishop, with Canterbury taking precedence over York. Provinces are divided into dioceses, each headed by a bishop and made up of several parishes.
The Church of England is identified by adherence to the threefold ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons, and by a common form of worship found in the Book of Common Prayer. The Church also is characterized by a common loyalty to Christian tradition, while seeking to accommodate a wide range of people and views. It holds in tension the authorities of tradition, reason, and the Bible, but asserts the primacy of the Bible. It thus seeks to combine Catholic, humanist, and reformed elements, historically represented by Anglo-Catholics (high church), Liberals (broad church), and Evangelicals (low church).
WORLDWIDE CHURCH POLITY
It was probably not until the first meeting of the Lambeth Conference in 1867 that there emerged among the various churches and councils a mutual consciousness of Anglicanism. Although its decisions do not bind the autonomous churches of the Anglican Communion, the Lambeth Conference has constituted the principal cohesive factor in Anglicanism. While population differences and other factors account for some variation in the basic structure among the churches, several elements do predominate. The diocese, under the leadership of a bishop, is the basic administrative unit throughout the communion. The diocese is a group of church communities (parishes) under the care of a pastor. In many of the national churches, several dioceses will be grouped together into provinces. In some, parishes may be grouped within a diocese into deaneries (rural) and archdeaneries (urban).
(Copyright 1999, Diocese of Oregon. All rights reserved.)
|
<urn:uuid:38a7e833-3322-4afe-9eaf-e3565389c3a2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.episcopalchurch.org/page/history-english-church
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965154 | 1,027 | 4.0625 | 4 |
American Election of 1960|
See also American Elections by Year.
Herbert E. Alexander. Financing the 1960 Election. Citizens' Research Foundation. 1962. 108pp.
Paul T. David (editor). The Presidential Election and Transition, 1960-1961: Brookings Lectures and Additional Papers. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. 1961. 353pp.
Lucy S. Dawidowicz; Leon J. Goldstein. Politics in a Pluralist Democracy: Studies of Voting in the 1960 Election. Institute of Human Relations Press. 1960. 100pp.
Gary A. Donaldson. The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960. Rowman & Littlefield. 2007. 199pp.
Daniel B. Fleming, Jr.. Kennedy vs. Humphrey, West Virginia, 1960: The Pivotal Battle for the Democratic Presidential Nomination. McFarland. 1992. 206pp.
William C. Havard; Rudolf Heberle; Perry H. Howard. The Louisiana Elections of 1960. Louisiana State University Press. 1963. 126pp.
Edmund F. Kallina, Jr.. Courthouse Over White House: Chicago and the Presidential Election of 1960. University Press of Florida. 1988. 301pp.
David Pietrusza. 1960: LBJ vs. JFK vs. Nixon: The Epic Campaign That Forged Three Presidencies. New York: Union Square Press. 2008. 512pp.
W. J. Rorabaugh. The Real Making of the President: Kennedy, Nixon, and the 1960 Election. University Press of Kansas. 2009. 250pp.
Theodore H. White. The Making of the President 1960. New York: Atheneum. 1961. 404pp.
Do you know something we don't?
Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile
Copyright ©2013 Soylent Communications
|
<urn:uuid:991238ab-9c65-49ff-a889-3ebe00b131bc>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://nndb.com/topics/422/000177888/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.68898 | 386 | 2.75 | 3 |
Tweets containing positive emotions are most likely to spread virally, a new study finds.
Scientists analysed 3,800 randomly chosen Twitter users.
They wrote a program to automatically classify the emotional value of the tweet: positive, negative or neutral.
Then the software tracked how the tweet did, socially, in comparison to the usual sort of tweets that person sent.
The results showed that across all the users, it was positive tweets that were more contagious than negative ones.
Around 20% of people were also highly susceptible to emotional contagion.
After reading more negative tweets, this 20% produced more negative tweets.
Still, it was positive tweets that had the greatest influence.
A study last year found similar results for Facebook:
“Emotions expressed online — both positive and negative — are contagious, concludes a new study from the University of California, San Diego and Yale University (Coviello et al., 2014).
One of the largest ever studies of Facebook examined the emotional content of one billion posts over two years.
Software was used to analyse the emotional content of each post.
[They found that] positive emotions spread more strongly, with positive messages being more strongly contagious then negative.
They found that each additional positive post led to 1.75 more positive posts by their Facebook friends.
The authors think, though, that even this may be an underestimation of the power of emotional contagion online.
The new study was published in the journal PLOS ONE (Ferrara & Yang et al., 2015).
Tweet image from Shutterstock
|
<urn:uuid:6a56653b-c530-4575-b939-d11265249198>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.spring.org.uk/2015/11/emotional-tweeting-study-tests-which-are-most-socially-contagious.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926744 | 319 | 2.796875 | 3 |
How to assemble a PCB by hand intro: Printed circuit boards or PCBs are at the heart of modern electronic equipment. Without them many of the electronics we use would be impossible to build. Computers, cell phones, TVs, Blu-ray players and such would not exist. The first PCBs, actually called printed wire boards were made by hand using Masonite or other such product. Prior to PCBs, electronic devices such as televisions and radios were wired by hand. Imagine something as complicated as a television being completely hand wired (Fig. 1). Modern PCBs arrived in the 1950s. They were made from phenolic materials and were single-sided (Fig 2). Modern PCBs are made from several different materials such as fiberglass and its variants, Teflon, and woven glass polyester. However, this is not a complete list. New materials are being invented all the time. Printed circuit boards can be one layer or many layers depending on the complexity of the device being made. Single-sided circuit boards use through-hole components whereas multi-layered boards are likely to use surface mounted components. Multi-layered PCBs using surface mounted devices can be populated much more densely. This is imperative for modern electronic devices (Fig 3). Most hobbyists are likely to use a single or two-sided PCB and through-hole components for ease of assembly. Thanks to improving PCB fabrication processes together with healthy competition, printed circuit boards are affordable for most hobbyists and companies seeking prototype boards alike. One board shop that I have had the best experience with so far is Custom Circuit Boards. Try dropping them a line if you are need of more sophisticated boards that you can fabricate yourself. OK, back to the tutorial on how to hand assemble a Printed Circuit Board.
|
<urn:uuid:f22d7c08-4e2a-45be-a28e-f2605a573218>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Assemble-a-Printed-Circuit-Board-PCB/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978654 | 359 | 3.859375 | 4 |
In which Scrabble dictionary does URANINITE exist?
Definitions of URANINITE in dictionaries:
- noun -
a mineral consisting of uranium oxide and trace amounts of radium and thorium and polonium and lead and helium
There are 9 letters in URANINITE:
A E I I N N R T U
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to URANINITE
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word URANINITE plus a
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word URANINITE
9 letter words
8 letter words
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for URANINITELoading...
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.
|
<urn:uuid:73938866-cb76-4cf7-947a-3e000cfbf10e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.anagrammer.com/scrabble/uraninite
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.870888 | 291 | 2.5625 | 3 |
I read somewhere that once seeds have begun sprouting, it is best to thin them out to avoid overcrowding or competing for food.* I'm specifically refering to my peas, which have sprouted a few inches now.* What is thining, and what does it involve?* Do I have to do this?
[align=left]Typically people refer to thinning when starting seeds in starter trays. When setting up the trays, you often get several seeds per recepticle (for lack of a better word). After the whole trays sprouts, you want to thin out the seedlings so that only one strong plant per starter can compete for nutrients. When you plant them out in the garden, you can then take one plant at a time and space them accordingly. [/align]
[align=left]The same goes for seedlings that were sown directly in the soil. Too many plants in the exact same spot will compete and not produce healthy plants.[/align]
[align=left]Hope that helps,[/align]
[align=left]Patrick - www.IHeartGardening.com[/align]
Hi, thanks Patrick.
Because right now,* they have sprouted as I said, and there is crowding.*** Does this mean I have to scoop them out of the soil and put in other containers and space them in the new containers?* How much space in*between?***
Also, if I can ask in the same post.* One more thing about tomatoes...is it too late to prune them?** I planted them on May 12.* So, it's been nearly 3 weeks now.* They are growing , and have started*to get tiny flowers.**I'm refering to*cherry tomato plants.* I* was thinking of making them into the traditional Y shape, then staking them.
Thanks a million!
See if this helps explain it all.
|
<urn:uuid:fbc03f5b-fdf3-4717-b9b4-8a688399642b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.backyardgardener.com/forums/showthread.php?t=1242&p=4509
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93396 | 398 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Skip to content
Marrka Manguwa Project
Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council
The Tjiitji Marrka Manguwa (kids will be strong) story book was developed as part of the Early childhood nutrition and anaemia prevention project. The project was implemented in six remote Aboriginal communities, four in the Northern Territory (NT), one in Cape York in Queensland (Qld) and one in the East Kimberley region in Western Australia (WA). Project planning and development commenced in 2006, with project activities occurring between 2010 and 2012.
This book has been developed in conjunction with a number of women and families in the Aboriginal communities of Balgo, Billiluna and Mulan, known collectively as the Kutjungka region, to assist families in providing nutritious food for their babies and children.
The resource provides information about:
Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet abstract
Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council (KAMSC)
12 Napier Terrace
PO Box 1377
Broome WA 6725
Ph: (08) 9194 3200
Fax: (08) 9192 2500
Many Indigenous infants experience severe iron deficiencies.
|
<urn:uuid:11821035-a291-4a0e-b1ab-efed27d6f953>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/promotion-resources?lid=25700
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883481 | 238 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The vortex induced vibration (VIV) based power generating system discussed in this paper is a new concept in power generation from fluid flows in oceans, rivers and streams. The possibility of harnessing energy from the vibrations incurred in a bluff body due to the phenomenon known as VIV, in which motion is induced on a body facing an external flow due to the periodic irregularities in the flow caused by boundary layer separation is explored. The VIV system is based on the idea of maximizing rather than spoiling vortex shedding and exploiting rather than suppressing VIV. The vibrating bodies are in turn used to harness energy using an efficient power-take-off system. The study of fluid dynamics, along with maintaining vortex shedding over the synchronization range, plays an important role in the design of such a system. Apart from this, the main challenge in the design of a VIV generator is introducing optimal damping and low mass ratios for high energy conversion and an efficient power take- off mechanism. This work presents a scoping study of such a device. In contrast to previous work on forced vibrations, the present study focuses on free vibrations that arise due to the shedding of vortices from a cylinder. The working and design considerations of the energy converter is outlined starting with a set of basic definitions pertaining to this technology.
|
<urn:uuid:b0b32ed0-4958-4a83-a8ad-e366f3934880>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/abstractAuthors.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=5754879&sortType%3Dasc_p_Sequence%26filter%3DAND(p_IS_Number%3A5754848)
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926618 | 260 | 2.75 | 3 |
New Content Updates
Educational Webcast Alerts
Building Products/Technology Notices
Access Exclusive Member Content
Part 3: The Role of Recommissioning in Reducing Carbon Footprint
By Phillip Saieg and Tom Prugh
May 2011 -
Green Article Use Policy
There are many ways to reduce a building’s carbon footprint and achieve other benefits at the same time. Before building owners or managers start to think about equipment upgrades, they first should consider recommissioning. Building systems need periodic tune-ups because system performance tends to degrade over time.
Recommissioning can yield significant performance improvements designed to reduce energy use. A study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory of more than 200 recommissioned buildings found a median energy savings of 15 percent.
If upgrades are appropriate, managers and their staffs should pursue the low-hanging fruit first. For example, replacing a typical incandescent light bulb with a compact fluorescent bulb of equal light output can reduce the fixture’s electricity use by 75 percent.
That alone is a major gain, but the upstream carbon-emission savings are even greater because of the transmission and distribution losses – 70 percent or more of the original energy – between a fossil-fuel-fired generating plant and the point of consumption.
Managers also might be able to reduce lighting loads by shifting away from traditional 2- by 4-foot, three-lamp fixtures in favor of hanging, light-emitting diode panels, or smart task lighting. Some facilities also might employ daylighting strategies to illuminate the building’s core.
HVAC systems also present major opportunities for energy savings. Managers and technicians can fine-tune existing systems to perform at their optimum efficiency, but equipment replacement might be inevitable, depending on the age and condition of the systems.
Designers often look to advanced systems, such as mixed-mode ventilation, chilled beams, or indirect-direct evaporative cooling, to reduce HVAC-related carbon footprints. The key is to become as efficient as possible and reduce the power demands of active HVAC systems to a minimum.
Carbon Emissions: Focus on Existing Buildings
Part 1: Existing Buildings Have Big Impact on Carbon Footprint
Part 2: What Are the Three Scopes of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions?
Part 4: The Role of Building Occupants in Reducing Carbon Footprint
Part 5: Alliance Walks the Talk With LEED Certification
|
<urn:uuid:13943d6b-9006-4666-add0-c800c7b35780>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/The-Role-of-Recommissioning-in-Reducing-Carbon-Footprint--12468
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924743 | 503 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Implementation and Critical Assessment of the Flipped Classroom Experience
The Advances in Educational Technologies & Instructional Design (AETID) Book Series is a resource where researchers, students, administrators, and educators alike can find the most updated research and theories regarding technology's integration within education and its effect on teaching as a practice.
The flipped classroom is a pedagogical practice that has garnered a significant following in recent years. The premise of a flipped classroom is that lecture and traditional content preparation is done at home (such as via videos on an LMS) and the classroom time is used for students to engage with the content and complete activities. Therefore, the traditional concept of the classroom is "flipped," meaning lectures are listened to or watched at home and "homework" is done in the classroom. The flipped classroom has demonstrated positive increases in student engagement and interaction, as well as positive outcomes in subject matter expertise.
Objective of the Book
The mission of this text is to provide a necessary resource in the flipped classroom for individuals who are interested in pursuing this pedagogical endeavor but have not participated in a flipped classroom themselves. Therefore, this text will provide foundational materials as well as narrative explanations of successful aspects of a flipped classroom from experienced instructors.
The target audience for this text will be educators across disciplines and levels, as well as educational administrators.
Recommended topics are any in-depth analysis or assessment of the flipped classroom experience, regardless of level or discipline. This text is not looking for chapters introducing the concept of a flipped classroom. Topic ideas:
• Successful assignments used with the flipped classroom
• Successful teaching methodologies with the flipped classroom
• Assessing students' expectations and experiences with the flipped classroom
• Challenges of implementation
• Challenges of maintaining or articulating positive results to those outside of the classroom
This section is not comprehensive. Please feel free to contact the editor with an idea or chapter proposal.
Interested participants are invited to submit a 300 word abstract on or before December 15, 2013 clearly explaining the field of study and specific developments to be addressed within the chapter. Authors of accepted proposals will be notified by December 30, 2013 about the status of their proposals and given specific chapter guidelines. Full chapters, if accepted, are expected to be submitted by April 30, 2014. All submitted chapters will be reviewed on a double-blind review basis. Contributors may also be requested to serve as reviewers for this project.
This book is scheduled to be published by IGI Global (formerly Idea Group Inc.), publisher of the Information Science Reference (formerly Idea Group Reference), Medical Information Science Reference, Business Science Reference, and Engineering Science Reference imprints. For additional information regarding the publisher, please visit www.igi-global.com. This book is anticipated to be released in 2014.
Proposal Submission Deadline: December 15, 2013
Full Chapter Submission: April 30, 2014
Review Results to Authors: June 30, 2014
Revised Chapter Submissions: July 30, 2014
Final Acceptance Notifications: August 15, 2014
Inquiries and submissions can be forwarded electronically (Word document) to
Dr. Abigail Scheg [email protected]
|
<urn:uuid:0b410a2c-c035-4d26-8747-d3515c5f34df>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://call-for-papers.sas.upenn.edu/node/53925
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929802 | 652 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Glacial Geology Near McCall, Idaho
|Near McCall, Idaho, three major groups of Idaho rocks border
one another; Granite of the Idaho batholith, flood-basalt flows of the
Columbia River Basalt Group, and metamorphosed island-arc Sedimentary and
volcanic rocks of the Seven Devils Group.
McCall is also at the end of Long Valley, a major tectonic and
structural feature of west central Idaho. The West Mountain escarpment is
the high ridge formed along the west side of the Long Valley fault. West
Mountain and Long Valley are part of a group of linear north-south ranges
and valleys formed by block faulting during the late Tertiary and
Quaternary. The Miocene Columbia River Basalts overlies the gneissic and
granitic rocks of the Idaho batholith's west border and is commonly tilted
15°-30° west. As West Mountain rose and Long Valley subsided, as much as
7,000 feet of alluvium accumulated in the valley.
The braided meltwater streams from these glaciers coursed across the valley depositing sand and gravel. During the older, most extensive glaciations, the braided streams formed the broad, gently sloping area southwest of Timber Ridge that now is the high terrace above the Payette River. The younger, Pinedale age meltwater formed the lower gravelly terrace on which the McCall airport is located.
The glacial deposits are divided into two categories on the basis of
origin. "Till" is deposited directly by a melting glacier as it
forms a moraine. "Outwash" is deposited by the meltwater streams
leading away from the glacier.
Back to Field Workshops
|
<urn:uuid:11fdb2d3-d46d-4d1c-a929-94362f3e0bd6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.idahogeology.org/FieldWorkshops/WestCentralIdaho/McCall.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00002-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914846 | 370 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Victoria M. DeFrancesco Soto Visiting Scholar at the University of Texas; Director of Communications for Latino Decisions :
In his landmark speech, “A More Perfect Union” Barack Obama called on America to look at its different stories, skin colors, cultures, and origins - its diversity - as a backdrop to pursuing a better future as a collective nation. In other words, getting beyond these differences would bring about a perfect union. The problem is that this unified ideal is impossible. Humans are hardwired to distil the world into a simple division of us and them, where the us is naturally favored and the them is ignored at best and hated at worst.
The election of the nation’s first black president and the potential election of the first Mormon president in the near future reinforces the conventional wisdom of forward movement toward a society oblivious to group differences. However, we are not and have never been on a one-way street to erasing prejudice as Obama’s speech on race would have us believe. Though its incarnations change prejudice is a permanent fixture - in the late 1800s it was the Chinese Exclusion Act, today its Arizona SB 1070. In the 1940s it was the Japanese internment camps, today its Arab-American profiling. In the 1960s Catholicism was John F. Kennedy’s biggest political obstacle, today Mitt Romney’s is Mormonism. Historically, black-white animosity marked the Southern landscape, today that has shifted to black-Latino animosity.
Prejudice can be dampened to allow for a harmonious union, but it cannot disappear. Moreover, just as easily as prejudice is dampened it can be amplified to make our union even less perfect.
|
<urn:uuid:f20f162d-9db5-40c6-953f-ac5e5a4a50d6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.politico.com/arena/perm/Victoria_M__DeFrancesco_Soto_4B45BD0C-B7AB-4F8B-85B2-58907AE78FB6.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967552 | 349 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In this 1912 classic, a founder of modern sociology seeks the enduring source of human social identity. Émile Durkheim presents a remarkably accessible examination of animism, naturism, totemism, myth, and ritual. His intriguing views and ultimate conclusion—that the source of religion and morality lies in collective consciousness, rather than in individual minds—remains a topic of debate among sociologists, anthropologists, ethnographers, philosophers, and theologians.
Durkheim edited L'Année Sociologique,
the first journal of sociology, and was instrumental in establishing the field as a social science. With The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life,
he explores totemism among Australia's Aborigines, offering the opportunity "to yield an understanding of the religious nature of man, by showing us an essential and permanent aspect of humanity." Durkheim's study focuses on the need and capacity of humans to relate to one another socially, with religion as the core of the moral universe. An excellent introduction to the influential sociologist's ideas, this book continues to speak to new generations about the intriguing origin and nature of religion and society.
Reprint of George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1915 edition.
|Availability||Usually ships in 24 to 48 hours|
|Author/Editor||Émile Durkheim, Joseph Ward Swain|
|Dimensions||5 3/16 x 8 1/4|
|
<urn:uuid:e605b4a2-da14-45f0-9a4a-c65df3e1ae72>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://store.doverpublications.com/0486454568.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.839313 | 292 | 2.875 | 3 |
Doctors say most PE lessons neglect all-round fitness
- 26 November 2010
- From the section Health
Leading sports doctors have strongly criticised the way PE is being taught in English schools.
Experts say many children do not get a proper workout which helps them develop coordination, strength and agility.
The British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine wants all schools to use a short exercise routine called "five-in-five".
But the government said PE was a matter for individual schools.
Specialists in sports and exercise medicine say that too often PE lessons focus on developing sports skills rather than encouraging flexibility and movement.
The British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine (BASEM) has endorsed a quick training programme designed to address this.
Five-in-five provides five exercises in five minutes. A leading international sports coach, Kelvin Giles, has devised more than 20 five-minute routines.
He has worked with elite sports men and women around the world, from athletics and rugby to football and tennis.
He also spends a lot of time in schools, and said PE lessons in the UK do not give children a proper workout.
"Out of the 40 minutes there's eight minutes of activity going on. Very often the kids are standing around and just listening to the teacher talk. So heart rates aren't being raised. Mechanical efficiency isn't being looked at."
As a result, he says, the level of fitness in most children is "catastrophic".
The five-in-five routines involve squatting, lunging, pushing, bracing and rotating.
"You can get stronger, you can get more stable, you can have a much better posture, by exposing yourself to five minutes a day," said Mr Giles.
The initiative has won the backing of the UK's leading sports doctors. To mark its annual conference in London, the British Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine has called on UK governments to incorporate the programme in all schools.
The Association's chairman is former Olympic gold medallist rower, and chief medical officer for the London Olympics, Dr Richard Budgett. He is deeply concerned about PE in schools.
"If you're not a natural athlete, not attracted to sport and exercise, there is a real problem. It's very easy to drop out."
"By using a programme like five-in-five in schools we can get young people with the skills that they can then use as they get older. So they can keep fit, keep their joints working properly and prevent all sorts of diseases, from osteoarthritis through to diabetes and heart disease."
The Department for Education in England says it will be up to schools to decide if they want to adopt this.
It wants them to focus more on competitive sport. Sports physicians say five-in-five will help gifted children to excel, while ensuring all receive a proper physical education.
|
<urn:uuid:9f001398-c4ba-4095-af04-6a5b248cd32f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-11821163
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967541 | 588 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What's the difference between these three words?
Now, you might notice that our thinking caps go on as soon as we see What's the difference between these three words. We want to figure it out. Like it's a problem, but in fact, the answer may vary according to whoever is answering it. It's like mu. People sit for hours and say mu. They say "Why in the heck am I saying mu? What is mu?" Just let mu be mu (open past mu, and what's there? MU!*) .
I was not going to respond to this, but I thought I would as koans a can lead a long path and the answer is a simple as "hello/no hello". On one day the hello might be terrible. On another day the hello might be great. On this day the hello might be spectacular, but on any day the hello is hello. I picture Mr. T saying" You gonna tell me what hello means sucka?"
Be an apple. In fact, you could be an apple for all you know. You don't even know what you are. Not a person, not an apple, not a hello, not whisper, not a anything.
* nothing/emptiness (oooh doesn't that sound tasty?
It just means sit Monkton and do good.
A koan is like a cliff. As soon as get to the edge we can either jump off, or continue with our practice. Know nothing. That's basically what it is. But what do I know?
Sit, and sit, and sit, then getup, then sit, then get up, then sit, then get up some more and sit and so on. As soon as we've got it all figured out, we don't. Life changes with the moment.
Kanji Zai bo Satsu Gyo. Jin Hanya Hara mi ta Ji...
Reminds me of the first computer program I ever wrote. 'Hellow World' From that simple Hello after many years of adding, developing, writing, it seemed that computer had a mind of its own. All of our thinking over a lifetime makes us think we have a mind of our own - but its just the action of one view of the universe - and something is happening here but we 'don't know' what it is - just rambling fwiw....
Just scratching my head :?
I react to the word 'koan' in pretty much the same way as I used to react to the words 'maths test'.
I'm an inveterate koan-misser: I'm always making the basic mistake of looking for some logical solution. Even when I read the 'zen solution' it glances straight off me, although sometimes I get a glimpse of a door closing in the sky and the answer's heel just disappearing through it. As soon as I look for what I think I saw though, it's all featureless blue again.
I was hopeless at those 'magic 3-D pictures' too...
Anyway, hope you're getting a long weekend over there - we work with some folks in Dalian and they're all off on Monday
It not about you. It's about practice.Study the self doesn't mean Study "you". Stop saying "I, I, I"I'm always making the basic mistake of looking for some logical solution. Even when I read the 'zen solution' it glances straight off me, although sometimes I get a glimpse of a door closing in the sky and the answer's heel just disappearing through it.
|
<urn:uuid:2f2e41f1-5044-44c8-9694-41c1f79d12a9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.treeleaf.org/forums/showthread.php?7271-Hello&p=36547
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961816 | 738 | 3.125 | 3 |
Back to basics using scientific reasoning
Mariela Salas de la Cruz, Quinsigamond Community College
Download this essay (Acrobat (PDF) 116kB Jun13 13)
Any teaching techniques I have tried so far all revolve around the same goal: teaching my students the process of science, from the scientific method to using communication skills to explain their findings. Many of my students come to my course with a fear of science; most of them truly believe that they are not good in sciences. So, in this short essay I will explain two of my most influential activities that so far, have changed the dynamic of my courses. Instead of pushing the science, I prefer to explain the discovery process before I tackle any geoscience topic. Two activities are used: (1) What is it? (2) Describe and Sketch.
The first activity called "What is it?" is a simple activity using your senses. I give my students a box with different items for example, a rock for the touch, food for the smell and a bag of sprinkles for sound. This activity does not involve taste or sight therefore they need to have their eyes closed while going through each object. After each student interacted with each object the boxed is closed. In a sheet of paper, each student writes notes. At this point I like to test their ability to take notes; I often don't give precise instructions on what should be written in the notes. I leave it up to them. A class discussion culminates the activity. This activity is a fantastic way for students to learn about their own discovery process. The first thing students say after the activity is "Wow, that was fun!" From the class discussion students notice how they describe, some mention how they try really hard to find an object they've seen previously and use that as a descriptor and other focus on what they got correct/incorrect. I ask for what techniques where used in the identification process and each student is eager to tell me. Students listened to one another, often fascinated by how each group came up with a solution. Another important part I like to discuss is their note-taking. Each group did a great job explaining the process of identification verbally but, none of the amazing techniques used was written. In fact, very rarely have I had students writing their methodology, descriptions (i.e. size or feel) or sketches in their notes; they simply write the name of the object. This is one major challenge that I tackle every semester.
The second activity, called Describe and Sketch, ties nicely with the 1st activity. Students work in pairs, they sit back to back. Between them they decide which person will be the describer and sketcher. The describer will hold an object where he/she will proceed to describe the object without naming it. Sketcher upon descriptions will sketch the object to the best of its abilities. A class discussion culminates the activity. One of the major discoveries students find among themselves is the ambiguity of the descriptions. The sketchers realize the inability to generate an image when the descriptions are not clear. The descriptors often mention about not knowing what words to use especially if the object was too simple (i.e. marker) or too complicated (i.e. picture of a trilobite). This activity is an eye opener for many students. I ask them in what ways they could fix these issues and there is always one student that mentions "it would be easier if we could measure it". This is the moment because students realize how communication skills matter and how math in science adds a level of clarity to our findings.
Both of these activities are very simple but powerful, they are the basis of my course. During the entire semester students observe, generate hypotheses, put it to the test and conclude. My entire curriculum is created on continually building on this process. If by the end of the semester my students know the direction of propagation of a seismic wave and its particle motion that is awesome. But, what really matters is that they learned the skills of a scientist and how useful the scientific process can be to our daily lives.
|
<urn:uuid:94da5c7d-fe77-429b-b2ee-65da0ed6e398>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://serc.carleton.edu/sage2yc/studentsuccess/workshop2013/essays/72989.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960128 | 841 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Back in June, scientists told us they’d discovered the “gay gene”, but now they’re telling us a different story. Because according to researchers from UC Santa Barbara and Uppsala University, while same-sex attraction does appear to run in families, actual “gayness” is switched on during gestation in the womb.
It’s all down to genetic switches called epi-marks. These are passed down from father to daughter, or mother to son, and control how our genes are expressed during the time we spend in the womb.
And unlike genes, epi-marks are influenced by external cues – like an excess of testosterone or estrogen – and can influence how an unborn child develops as a result.
So while this means that there’s no “gay gene”, it also means that homosexuality is not a choice, as many Christian fundamentalists would have you believe. Instead, children probably have their sexuality defined as they grow and develop in the womb.
You're on the right track, baby. You were born this way. (Duh?)
You can read the full paper in The Quarterly Review of Biology.
|
<urn:uuid:f04dd4d6-85b9-478c-8851-22e3b5780916>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.edenfantasys.com/sexis/sex-health/homosexuality-not-genetic/print/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963188 | 244 | 2.9375 | 3 |
June 14, 2002.
BY Sonia Nichols,
Follow-up evaluations of patients treated for retinopathy of prematurity show that overall, laser therapy yields better outcomes than cryotherapy does.
Retinopathy of prematurity is a disease causing misplacement or malformation of the retina by overgrown blood vessels that develop as a result of excess oxygen. Premature infants weighing fewer than 3 pounds who are placed in high-oxygen environments after being born are typically candidates for this disorder. Like other ocular diseases, it can be treated, to some degree, with laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy. Doctors at Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, recently reported their findings after completing a 10-year study of 25 patients with 44 eyes that were randomly assigned to receive one of the treatment methods after being diagnosed with retinopathy of prematurity. Sixty-six patients were originally enrolled in the clinical trial.
Using standard tools for assessing vision and ocular pathology, the group, headed by William Tasman, reported follow-up data and noted treatment that had been rendered for strabismus or amblyopia during the intervening years.
Usually, having a value of 20/20 on the Snellen test without the use of corrective appliances is considered perfect vision. "Eyes treated with laser had a mean best-corrected ETDRS visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/66 (Snellen equivalent), whereas cryotherapy-treated eyes had a mean BCVA of 20/182 (Snellen equivalent) (p=0.015, n=42)," said Eugene Y.J. Ng, a project collaborator from the National University of Ireland in Dublin, Ireland.
Moreover, having 20/50 or better BCVA was over than five times more likely in those who had been treated with laser photocoagulation than in those treated with cryotherapy, the researchers said (A comparison of laser photocoagulation with cryotherapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity at 10 years, Ophthalmology, 2002;109(5):928-934).
In contrast, eyes treated with cryotherapy were significantly more likely to develop retinal dragging, and statistical analysis showed there was a proportional and inverse relationship between degree of retinal dragging and extent of visual acuity.
During the intervening years between treatment and follow-up, several of the patients had been diagnosed with and/or treated for strabismus and amblyopia.
"Overall, laser-treated eyes had better structural and functional outcome compared with eyes treated with cryotherapy," Tasman's team proposed.
The corresponding author for this study is William S. Tasman, MD, Ophthalmologist-in-Chief, Wills Eye Hospital, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
Key points reported in this study include:
*Visual acuity was significantly better in retinopathy of prematurity patients treated with laser photocoagulation at 10-year follow-up
*Retinal dragging was more pervasive in these patients when treated with cryotherapy, at 10-year follow-up
*Overall outcomes were better in retinopathy of prematurity patients treated with laser therapy than cryotherapy at 10-year follow-up
Go to ...
Top of Page.
List of Categories.
Blind World Website
Designed and Maintained by:
All Rights Reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:202615db-d2df-4afa-aec7-277df5220a43>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.home.earthlink.net/~blindworld2/MEDICAL/2-06-14-02.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955012 | 704 | 2.75 | 3 |
Yamagata Aritomo (1838
) was the third and ninth prime minister of Japan
and one of the foremost of the Meiji oligarchs
that created the modern nation of Japan
. Among Yamagata's many achievements he was the chief architect of the modern Japanese army, and as the most senior of the oligarchs following the death of Ito Hirobumi
, Yamagata was unquestionably the most powerful man in Japan from 1909
until his death in 1922
Born to an impoverished samurai family of the lowest rank in the marginalized tozama domain of Choshu, Yamagata's first job was as an errand boy for the domain treasury department. Following the Opening of Japan by Commodore Perry in 1853, Yamagata was swept up in the sonno joi movement to "revere the emperor and expel the barbarians" while studying at Yoshida Shoin's Shoka Sonjuku school.
By 1863, Yamagata had been named commander of the Kiheitai, the most famous of the Choshu revolutionary forces that battled the shogunate for a return to imperial rule. Serving in the Choshu force during the British bombardment of Shimonoseki in 1864 tempered Yamagata's anti-foreignism, and helped to convince him that Japan's only hope lay in a course of modernization along Western models.
Following the Meiji Restoration in December of 1867, Yamagata was named a staff officer in the Imperial army and led imperial troops in the successful campaign against the last pro-shogunate holdouts in Aizu domain during the Boshin War of 1868.
Yamagata then went on a tour of Europe to study European militaries, where he became particularly enamored of the Prussian model. Returning to Japan in 1870, Yamagata was made a high-ranking official in the Army ministry and set about modernizing Japan's army, converting it from a force of feudal samurai into a modern army of conscripted commoners armed with modern weaponry.
When the Satsuma Rebellion broke out in 1877, Yamagata, by this point full Army Minister, personally led the conscript army he had designed against 40,000-odd samurai led by Saigo Takamori. Armed with modern weapons and tactics, Yamagata's army of former peasants won victory after victory, proving once and for all that the age of the samurai was over.
With his dramatic victory over Saigo, Yamagata established himself as one of the major figures in the Japanese oligarchy. In 1878, he resigned as Army Minister to become chief of the general staff of the army, and proceeded to implement further reforms of the army's structure to bring it even closer to the Prussian model.
In 1882, Yamagata orchestrated the Emperor's Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, which inculcated the ideology that Japan was a "family state" (kazoku kokka) and included the famous admonition that "duty is heavier than a mountain, but death is lighter than a feather" that was later used to justify the kamikaze tactics of World War II.
As Home Minister under the first cabinet government from 1883 onward, Yamagata was the second most powerful man in Japan, after Prime Minister Ito Hirobumi. He made use of his broad authority to modernize the Japanese police system, which he then used to crush the burgeoning Popular Rights Movement, ending the great hopes of many that Japan might become a liberal democracy. Yamagata also regularized the local government system, and did his utmost to quash the rise of the political parties, which he would continue to battle against for the rest of his life.
In 1889, Yamagata was named the first prime minister under the newly promulgated Meiji Constitution, serving until 1891, when he resigned to turn his attention back to his first love, which was the army. Nevertheless, he accepted positions as Minister of Justice (1892-93) and president of the Privy Council (1893–94). Also, from 1891 he was named one of the genro or "elder statesmen", who constituted an unofficial advisory council to the emperor and thus were the real power behind the throne and by extension all of Japan.
When the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894, Yamagata was initially named general of the 1st army in Korea, but had to resign due to a sudden illness. Following the war, Yamagata served as special ambassador to Russia where he negotiated the partition of Korea with the Russians and secured Japanese rights in Manchuria. His elevation to the specially created rank of Field Marshal in 1898 made Yamagata supreme commander of the Japanese military and symbolized his ascendance to the highest circle of power.
Yamagata was the natural choice to become
prime minister for a second time in 1898, forming a cabinet more than half composed of high-ranking generals and admirals and proceeding to pursue a vigorous policy of military and imperial expansion, including taking the lead role in the intervention by the Great Powers in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900. However, Yamagata's heavy military spending contributed to a financial crisis that forced him to resign in October of 1900. One of his final acts as prime minister was to establish a law that all army and navy ministers in the cabinet had to be members of the active list. This was a profound blow to civilian control over Japan's military, because essentially the Army or Navy could veto any cabinet by ordering its members to refuse to serve, and set the stage for later Japanese militarism.
The year 1900 also marked Yamagata's split from Ito, when Ito committed the unforgivable sin in Yamagata's eyes of forming his own political party, the Seiyukai. While Ito had come to the view that the rise of the parties was inevitable and that the only way forward was through an embrace of party politics, Yamagata continued to see party politics as a tyranny of special interests and adhered to the ideal of "transcendental government", that is, disinterested government by an enlightened elite.
Thenceforward, Yamagata and Ito lived in an uneasy truce, alternating as presidents of the Privy Council and battling each other for control of the state through their proxies and protégés. From 1901 through 1913, the Yamagata faction and the Ito faction alternated control of the cabinet as well, with Yamagata's protégé Katsura Taro and Ito's protégé Saionji Kimmochi each serving as prime minister three times.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Yamagata was called out of retirement to again serve as chief of the general staff. For his distinguished service in managing the war he was awarded the title of "Prince" - the highest rank anyone not the emperor could achieve. It was at this time that Yamagata, who all throughout his life had always been profoundly distrustful of the English and the Americans, drew up a contingency plan for a future war with America he believed was inevitable. This plan formed the basis of Japanese military strategy for years to come, and would ultimately help lead Japan to attack Pearl Harbor in 1941.
With Ito's assassination in 1909, Yamagata became the single most powerful man in Japan. Thanks to his complete control over the military and the bureaucracy, Yamagata was nigh unto dictator of Japan, and no cabinet could be established without his personal consent. By then, however, a brilliant campaign of pork barrel politics orchestrated by Hara Kei had firmly entrenched the Seiyukai party in the lower house of the Diet, and Yamagata increasingly had to take the power of the hated political parties into account.
Finally, following the nationwide rice riots of 1918, Yamagata relented and grudgingly allowed Hara Kei to become the first prime minister from a political party, setting the stage for the full-blown party system known as "Taisho Democracy". Nevertheless, Yamagata continued to be a powerful voice in Japanese politics right up until his death in 1922 at age 84.
<< Kuroda Kiyotaka - 3rd Prime Minister of Japan - Matsukata Masayoshi >>
<< Okuma Shigenobu - 9th Prime Minister of Japan - Ito Hirobumi >>
|
<urn:uuid:8fc58c90-2005-4677-a990-33a9fae00aad>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://everything2.com/user/mauler/writeups/Yamagata+Aritomo
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974456 | 1,737 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Some Remarkable Firsts in Magnetic Recording Created and Used by the German System Until 1944
The following system and process firsts occurred in the years from 1936 to 1944 at the instigation of the RRG (Reichs-Fundfunk-Gesellschaft-German Broadcasting Company), or its own development work, on the basis of the Magnetophon tape recorders of AEG and the magnetic tapes from the Ludwighafen works of IG Farben, today BASF: 1) 1936, "Káse" transportable, spring-driven magnetic tape recorder; 2) 1939 Magnetic tape studio recording equipment RRG R 122; 3) 1939 Transportable magnetic tape recorder RRG R 23; 4) 1940 Dramatic improvement in frequency response and dynamic range achieved by recording on magnetic tape with powdered storage coating by high frequency biasing, in accordance with German Patent DRP 743 411; 5) 1942 Magnetic tape studio recording equipment RRG R 122a with high frequency biasing of tape; 6) 1942 Magnetic tape studio recording equipment with AEG Magnetophon K 7 as transport drive mechanism and high frequency biasing of the tape, for stereophonic recording and playback; and 7) 1944 Transportable magnetic tape recorder RRG R 26 with high frequency biasing of the tape, tape speed about 18 cm/s.
Click to purchase paper or login as an AES member. If your company or school subscribes to the E-Library then switch to the institutional version. If you are not an AES member and would like to subscribe to the E-Library then Join the AES!
This paper costs $33 for non-members, $5 for AES members and is free for E-Library subscribers.
|
<urn:uuid:440f7959-7b1f-4cf2-8743-6c094587ca9e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=4778
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00166-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.887424 | 349 | 2.75 | 3 |
A Celebration of Our History
April 22 -- October 29, 2000
FIFTIES TO FEMINISM
Baby Boomers Expand the Boundaries
Click on the photo to see an enlarged view
These four decades roughly coincide with the "baby boom" generation. Women were nurtured in the 1950s, rebelled against authority in the 1960s, asserted their rights in the 1970s, and took on new leadership responsibilities in the 1980s.
By 1950, millions of WWII veterans had married their sweethearts, returned to college, and settled down in suburbia. Women were expected to stay at home and take care of the kids, while the hubby earned enough money to support the family.
But the 1960s saw many women object to this limited role. Increasingly, women sought college degrees and careers. They gained greater control over their bodies through the birth control pill, and joined in youthful protest that often included sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll.
The 1970s became a decade of empowerment for women, many of whom moved into traditionally male professions such as medicine, law and business. Congress passed an Equal Rights Amendment--although it was never ratified by the states. The Supreme Court upheld a woman's right to have an abortion, even though this decision continues to be controversial.
The 1980s were a decade of "firsts" as American women hurtled into space and were appointed to the Supreme Court. A record number were elected to Congress and to the boards of major corporations. Women had not yet achieved equality, but received well-deserved recognition for their contributions to American life.
Mamie Eisenhower, Army Wife and First Lady
Grace Kelly and Katharine Hepburn, Hollywood Legends
Lucille Ball, Comedienne
Grandma Moses, Painter
Ethel Rosenberg, Convicted Spy
Jackie Cochran, Aviator
Rosa Parks, Civil Rights Activist
Margaret Chase Smith, Conscience of the Senate
Rachel Carson, Ecologist
Barbara Jordan and Lady Bird Johnson, Politics and the Environment
Pat Nixon and Katharine Graham, Watergate
Joan Baez and Janis Joplin, Folksinger and Rock Star
Ayn Rand and Dorothy Day, Writers and Philosophers
Helen Gurley Brown, Writer and Editor
Margaret Mead, Anthropologist
Shirley Chisholm, Congresswoman
Betty Ford and Rosalynn Carter, Popular First Ladies
Nancy Reagan, First Lady and Caregiver
Grace Hopper, Professor, Computer Pioneer, and Admiral
Sally Ride, Astronaut
the story--NEXT... ."Into the 21st Century, 1990 onward"
|From Colony to Country, 1600-1800||"From Prairie to Polls, 1870-1920"|
|From Growth to Civil War, 1800-1870||"From Jazz to War 1920-1950"|
|View an alphabetical list of all 106 women included in American Women! with links to photos and biographies for selected women|
|View a Thank You to over 100 lenders to American Women!|
|Return to American Women! index page|
|Return to Hoover Library-Museum virtual exhibits page|
|Return to Hoover Library-Museum main index page|
|
<urn:uuid:a50d123f-d56b-460d-b64b-4bab61c996f0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.hoover.nara.gov/exhibits/AmericanWomen/fities-feminism/index.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943242 | 673 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Photographs (by George P. Landow) You may use these images without prior permission for any scholarly or educational purpose as long as you (1) credit the photographer and (2) link your document to this URL in a web document or cite the Victorian Web in a print one. Click on images to enlarge them.
One of the finest, largest, best preserved and most revered of the Bagan temples, Ananda suffered considerable damage in the 1975 earthquake but has been totally restored. Thought to have been built around 1105 by King Kyanzittha, this perfectly proportioned temple heralds the end of the Early Bagan period and the beginnning of the Middle. . . . The central square measures 53 m along each side, while the superstructure rises in terraces to a decorative hti (umbrella-like decorate structure) 51 m above th ground. The entranceways make the structure a perfect Greek cross." --Lonely Planet Myanmar, p. 310.
Unlike most of the pagodas in this area, which take the form of solid stupas that one cannot enter, the Ananda (or beautiful) Pagoda is constructed more along the lines of a western house of worship. Left: Entering it from the left, one comes upon a sanctuary containing a gilded standing image of the Buddha, two or three stories high. Moving clockwise through around a corridor with niches, each containing images of the Buddha and events in his life, one comes upon three other giant images, each with a different gesture. Two of these are original, two are replacements after fire and earthquake destroyed them.
Right: Note the quasi-corinthian columns in this eleventh- or twelfth-century pagoda.
One of the passageways.
Two of the large images of the Buddha in the central shrines.
Left: A distant view of Ananda. Next, Gubyaukgyi — another hollow pagoda, this one covered with hundreds of frescoes of the life of Buddha. One of the most interesting things inside was a partially ruined bas-relief, whose bottom half revealed an exposed brick shape over which stucco had been placed and then molded. Middle: A view from outside the pagoda.
Last modified 17 April 2001
|
<urn:uuid:d95c2b9e-666a-451f-9de6-dd3dbaf6494b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.victorianweb.org/victorian/history/empire/burma/bagan/3.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925344 | 472 | 2.828125 | 3 |
What is complementarianism?
Question: "What is complementarianism?"
Answer: Complementarianism is the teaching that masculinity and femininity are ordained by God and that men and women are created to complement, or complete, each other. Complementarians believe that the gender roles found in the Bible are purposeful and meaningful distinctions that, when applied in the home and church, promote the spiritual health of both men and women. Embracing the divinely ordained roles of men and woman furthers the ministry of God’s people and allows men and women to reach their God-given potential.
The complementarian view starts with Genesis 1:26–27, which says that God created humanity, male and female, in His own image. Genesis 2:18 contains the further detail that God created Eve specifically to complement Adam: “It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him.” The two genders are, therefore, part of God’s created order. Any modern-day blurring of the genders or distortion of the roles is a result of the Fall.
Complementarianism follows Ephesians 5:21–33 as the model for the home. The husband has the role of headship in the family. He is to nurture his wife and lead his family lovingly, humbly, and sacrificially. The wife has the role of nurturing her children and intentionally, willingly submitting to her husband’s leadership. When both husband and wife are complementing each other in this way, Christ is honored. In fact, the marriage itself becomes what it was designed to be: a living picture of Christ and the church (verse 32).
In the church, complementarianism follows 1 Timothy 2:11 — 3:7 and Titus 2:3–5 as the model. Biblically, the men in the church bear the responsibility to provide spiritual leadership and training. The women are to exercise their spiritual gifts in any way that Scripture allows—the only prohibition is “to teach or to assume authority over a man” (2 Timothy 2:12). When men and women are fulfilling their God-given roles within a church, Christ is honored. In fact, the church itself becomes what it was designed to be: a living picture of Christ’s body (1 Corinthians 12:12–27).
The opposing view is egalitarianism, which teaches that, in Christ, there are no gender distinctions anymore. This idea comes from Galatians 3:28. Because all believers are one in Christ, egalitarians say, men’s and women’s roles are interchangeable in church leadership and in the household. Egalitarianism sees gender distinctions as a result of the Fall and Christ’s redemption as removing those distinctions, bringing unity. Complementarianism sees gender distinctions as a result of Creation and Christ’s redemption as a return to those distinctions, avoiding confusion. Paul sides with the complementarians, citing the order of creation as the basis for his teaching: “For Adam was formed first, then Eve” (1 Timothy 2:15).
A difference in role does not equate to a difference in quality, importance, or value. Men and women are equally valued in God’s sight and in His plan. Complementarianism seeks to preserve the biblical differences between men’s and women’s roles while valuing the quality and importance of both genders. The result of true complementarianism is honor to Christ and harmony in the church and in the home.
Recommended Resources: Women in Ministry: Four Views by Bonnidell & Robert Clouse, eds. and Logos Bible Software.
Women pastors / preachers? What does the Bible say about women in ministry?
Complementarianism vs. egalitarianism - which view is biblically correct?
What is the duty / role of a pastor's wife?
What does the "husband of one wife" phrase in 1 Timothy 3:2 mean?
Can women serve as deacons in the church?
Questions about the Church
What is complementarianism?
|
<urn:uuid:54d81379-f6d9-4805-ae7a-6b0e412fa94b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.gotquestions.org/complementarianism.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958587 | 857 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Laser weapons have long appeared in science fiction stories and James Bond films as futuristic, hypothetical technology. Yet the U.S. Navy has made technological and economic advances in lasers, and they could soon become a reality onboard its ships.
Lexington Institute president Loren Thompson recently wrote an article advocating for the continued development of laser weapons systems. He argues that they could play a role in the increasingly tumultuous Asia–Pacific region. China continues to focus on anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) capabilities; Thompson discusses the U.S. Navy’s reduced ability to navigate waters in the East China Sea as a result of China’s buildup of anti-ship missiles and other A2/AD-oriented weapons.
In this discussion he raises a remarkably simple advantage that lasers could have in future ship defense: “The U.S. Navy has developed layered defenses for intercepting such systems before they can reach their targets at sea, but there is a practical limit to how many defensive weapons can be carried.” Lasers, conversely, could take up far less room and save weight and space, as ships would need to carry fewer interceptors.
Another great potential advantage offered by laser defense systems is that of cost. Officials estimate that the Navy’s Laser Weapon System (LAWS) could eventually cost as little as $1 per shot fired. Such cost reductions are particularly desirable considering the budget reductions the Obama Administration has imposed upon the military—and particularly to intercept capabilities. Lasers and other directed-energy weapons could provide a capability that benefits both the taxpayer and the service member.
Though the Navy has made great advances in laser weapon technology, the government cannot let this success go to waste. The military needs to remain committed to researching and testing LAWS and supporting other R&D programs so that it remains the most advanced global force well into the future. As Thompson states:
The real question here isn’t whether lasers can make a useful contribution to ship defense.… The question is what the Navy is going to do to sustain its role in the Western Pacific as China leverages its geographical advantages in pursuit of regional military dominance.
While lasers will not solve all of the Navy’s problems, they could play an important role as part of the sea service’s broader strategies. As the Navy protects America’s interests at sea, the government needs to ensure they can continue to do so. Along with other important naval priorities (such as shipbuilding and fleet readiness), Congress should continue to uphold its constitutional responsibility to provide and maintain a Navy.
|
<urn:uuid:2903fe9b-c6ac-4f5a-9c00-8a20999950b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://dailysignal.com/2014/01/09/longer-science-fiction-lasers-defend-navy-ships-near-future/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958796 | 531 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Kickboxing can cause damage to the pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland found at the base of the brain just behind the bridge of the nose//, scientists say.
The gland produces a range of hormones that control, among other things, the body's regulation of metabolism coping with daily stress, general well being and sex drive.
The team at Erciyes University Medical School in Turkey measured the levels of these hormones in 22 amateur kickboxers (16 men and six women) and compared these to healthy people of the same age and sex, according to BBC News.
They found that found that six of the kickboxers were deficient in at least one hormone compared with the healthy group. The researchers say the head is one of the most common sites of injury for both amateur and professional kickboxers.
This is the first time that amateur kickboxing, which uses kicks and punches, has been shown to cause damage to the pituitary resulting in insufficient hormone production, said Professor Fahrettin Kelestimur, who led the research.
Although more research was needed to understand how the pituitary gland is damaged and to develop more effective head protection gear for kickboxers, the researchers say amateurs with head injuries should be screened.
People who take part in combative sports and are exposed to repeated head trauma should be screened to ensure their pituitary is working properly, the researchers recommend.
Around a million people around the world take part in kickboxing. Kickboxers, however, say they are unaware of such injuries.
A spokesperson for the World Kickboxing Association said: "I have never heard of any such damage." He added that amateurs, though not professionals, already wore head protection.
Source-IANSPage: 1 Related medicine news :1
. Lean Protein Could Be Key to Obesity Drugs
. Nasal Spray Could Take Drugs Direct to Brain.3
. Nasal Spray Could Take Drugs Directly to Brain4
. Oxygen Usage During Exercise Could Indicate Heart Problems5
. Ultrasound Screening Could Improve The Outcome Of Critically ill Patients6
. Anger Could Be Linked To Weight Gain7
. A Seizure Late In Life Could be A Stroke Warning8
. New Findings Could Reduce The Extent Of Spinal Cord Injuries 9
. Could There Be A Link Between Famine and Breast Cancer ?
. Bone Marrow Cells Could Yield A New Lease of Life11
. New Hair in 15 Days Could Now Be A Possibility Say Researchers
|
<urn:uuid:8b2523f3-c01c-4faa-9b18-f66ac68d5170>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/Kickboxing-Could-Damage-Your-Brain-19476-1/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00120-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927237 | 523 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Message for World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
Statement attributable to the President of the General Assembly
United Nations, New York, 21 May 2014
On this World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, I encourage all of us to recognize the importance of cultural diversity, both as a reflection of the richness of humankind, and as essential to the flourishing of countries and communities across the world.
As we approach 2015, the international community is seeking to identify ways to promote inclusive socio-economic development across the world. Development needs to be truly sustainable and should be adapted to local contexts; it should rely on the cultural resources of countries and peoples, while respecting cultural rights.
As highlighted by the United Nations General Assembly, culture enables and drives development and should be mainstreamed in all development programmes. It ought to be recognized as such in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Culture also drives development within a number of sectors including tourism and heritage. Moreover, a respect for cultural diversity is necessary to address both the economic and human rights dimensions of poverty and to promote quality education, sustainable cities and urbanization, sustainable environmental practices, and inclusive societies.
The Special Thematic Debate on Culture and Sustainable Development, which I convened on May 5, as mandated by the General Assembly in its third resolution on this subject, gathered more than 250 participants, all of whom concurred that there can be no sustainable development without cultural diversity. I encourage ongoing efforts by Member States and other stakeholders in this regard and hope these issues will be underscored in the current and forthcoming process of the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
|
<urn:uuid:ae624545-edab-4285-bd10-cde2e2829ae6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/68/news/message_world_cultural_diversity_dialogue_development_day.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928452 | 321 | 2.515625 | 3 |
All reptiles have a backbone. They share this trait with mammals, birds, amphibians and fishes. As you can see in this photo of a snake skeleton and crocodile skull, reptiles can have many more bony features than just a backbone! The American Museum of Natural History, where this photo was taken, is a great place to learn about reptiles!
Photo used with permission from Jennifer Bergman
|
<urn:uuid:577793ca-76e7-452a-b456-f916adbadb45>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/skeleton2_big_jpg_image.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946663 | 80 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Fever, 1793 Theme of Foreignness and the 'Other'
Early on in Fever, 1793, rumors spread that it's the refugees who are responsible for the fever in Philadelphia. While many fleeing from Santo Domingo (now Haiti) were indeed carrying the virus, the way in which the topic gets discussed becomes a bit of a problem. The fever is something that "they" are causing. Not "us." In this case, the "other" becomes the scapegoat for a problem infecting an entire society. As we learn from the novel, this kind of "us" versus "them" attitude can lead to acts of dehumanization (that is, treating people as though they aren't human beings.) The sad truth is, though, that death, fever, and illness can happen to anyone – refugee or otherwise.
We should also note that there are different kinds of foreigners in the novel, and each are treated in different ways. The French Doctors, for example, present the right cures, but they're in direct conflict with the treatments prescribed by the American Dr. Benjamin Rush. There's also the Free African Society that Eliza is a member of, and that helps victims of the fever and their families.
Questions About Foreignness and the 'Other'
- The refugees get full blame for the fever, and the information spreads like wildfire. Who do we hear repeating this information in the novel? And why?
- Why does Dr. Benjamin Rush enlist the help of the Free African Society to treat the fever victims?
- Matilda tells Eliza that the French doctors have more experience with yellow fever and therefore should be trusted. Where and how did they get this experience?
- Why does Eliza have such a hard time believing Matilda about the French cure?
Chew on This
By viewing people as the "other," they become dehumanized. It becomes easier to dismiss people or treat them poorly when we regard them as less than human.
Philadelphia is a city of many cultures, all of them valuable to the life of the city.
|
<urn:uuid:40e29851-ae81-42aa-8ab9-4b93c26c18bd>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.shmoop.com/fever-1793/foreignness-the-other-theme.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972174 | 424 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is cancer that starts in any part of the stomach.
Stomach cancer risk factors
Some factors that might raise your risk of gastric cancer include:
- A diet high in smoked and salted meats.
- Chronic stomach infection with a bacterium called helicobacter pylori
- Rare genetic syndromes
Gastric cancer is usually not hereditary.
Stomach cancer symptoms
If you have gastric cancer, you might not have any symptoms in the early stages. People with early gastric cancer sometimes have mild abdominal (stomach) pain, nausea or heartburn. In later stages, gastric cancer can cause anemia (not enough iron in the blood), vomiting blood or blood in the stool (bowel movements).
Gastric cancer diagnosis
To diagnose gastric cancer, a gastroenterologist may recommend one or more of the following procedures:
- Fecal blood test
- Upper GI series
- Upper endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
- Endoscopic ultrasound
- Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan)
Stomach cancer treatment options
OHSU Knight Cancer Institute specialists will evaluate you to determine if you have gastric cancer and whether it has spread to other areas of the body. Diagnostic tests could include a CT scan and ultrasound of your stomach.
If you have stomach cancer, our multidisciplinary care team will work together to create a personalized treatment plan for you. You may see a a surgical oncologist, a medical oncologist, and possibly a radiation oncologist, depending on your gastric cancer and the treatment you need. Treatment options for stomach cancer include:
- External radiation therapy
- Targeted therapy
Treatment of early stage stomach cancer
Surgery is the most common treatment for gastric cancer if the tumor is only in the wall of the stomach, or in the stomach and some nearby lymph nodes. The type of surgery you may have depends on the size of the tumor and where it is located inside your stomach.
During surgery, your doctor will remove some or all of the stomach. If the whole stomach is removed, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute experts can create a new stomach pouch using tissue from your small intestine. Your surgeon will also take out lymph nodes around your stomach and nearby areas. This helps our specialists determine how far your stomach cancer has spread and treat it as thoroughly as possible.
Your doctor may recommend chemotherapy, radiation, or both, before or after surgery depending on your personalized treatment plan. Studies have shown there can be a positive impact on patient outcomes when chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy accompanies surgery for gastric cancer.
Treating advanced gastric cancer
Advanced gastric cancer has spread from the stomach to other organs such as the liver, lungs, lymph nodes far from the stomach, or the lining of the abdomen. If your cancer has spread, you will probably not have surgery. Your doctor may recommend chemotherapy to slow the growth of the tumor and help control your symptoms. Your doctor may also recommend radiation treatment to control bleeding or a blockage in the stomach.
If you have advanced stomach cancer, you are encouraged to participate in clinical trials, either through OHSU or other health centers that work with OHSU. Your doctor might be able to help you find a gastric cancer clinical trial that is right for you.Learn more about gastric cancer clinical trials at OHSU Knight Cancer Institute
|
<urn:uuid:e11937cf-9eae-4d9a-8610-6390412b38b2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://www.ohsu.edu/xd/health/services/cancer/getting-treatment/services/gastrointestinal-cancers.cfm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00099-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922302 | 725 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A cursor allows a programmer to traverse a set of records retrieved by a relational database query in a sequential, one-by-one fashion. As such, a cursor forms an interface between the relationally oriented, declarative SQL language and the procedurally oriented calling context. A database cursor is like a pointer positioned somewhere in a resultset which can be moved programmatically to browse through all the records in the resultset. So, that's quite analogous to the wordprocessor cursor you use to browse through the characters and words on your computer screen.
(For those that are wondering what an implicit cursor is - well, that's just a piece of memory used by the database server to work with resulsets internally. Implicit cursors are not accessible via an externally exposed API, whereas explicit cursors are.)
Lots of php programmers are probably familiar with the cursor concept:
//connect to the database server
$connection = mysql_connect(
//get the 'cursor'
$cursor = $mysql_query(
'SELECT * FROM table1'
//browse through the 'cursor'
$row = mysql_fetch_row(
//process records, one by one.
The cursor interface is really convenient when you need to do complex resultset processing. Processing a resultset is quite common in a client program, especially when the resultset needs to be displayed or printed, but somwtimes, it can be quite useful to do resultset processing on the database server side.
In most cases, purely data-oriented problems can usually be solved without the explicit resulset processing provided by cursors. It is often much better to use implicit resulset processing using 'ordinary' SQL statements. In fact, ordinary SQL statements are very powerful, and should be used whenever it's possible.
However, in some cases, the cursor interface is easier to write and maintain, and in some cases, there's no ordinary SQL substitute for the cursor interface.
Let's think of an example that is screaming for explicit resultset processing.
Suppose we have a table of employees,
empand a stored procedure
p_calculate_salary. Now, assume that this stored procedure contains all the logic and business rules we need to calculate an employee's salary for a given month, including benefits, bonuses, and witheld fines for taking part in health or educational plans. What's more, the procedure does not only calculate all that, but also makes the necessary changes elsewhere in the system, trigger autonomous processes such as sending each employee it's monthly and (when applicable) annual salary reports.
For those that are still not convinced that all this logic should be embedded in a procedure, think of the following scenario. Suppose that the user that needs to calculate the salaries is not authorized to directly access the data that is needed to perform the business logic implemented by the procedure, and that the procedure is created using
SQL SECURITY DEFINER. In that case, there really is no way to solve this using ordinary SQL. Resultset processing using a cursor is really the only way in this case.
To conveniently do the salary run for a particular month, we could use a cursor to traverse the list of employees, getting the relevant employee data and plugging that into the procedure. This type of use case is typical for a cursor: We do not need any direct output, so an ordinary
SELECTis not necessary, spurious even.
Also, we cannot call a procedure in an ordinary
SELECT, and it is not always possible to wrap all the business rules into a function (which could be used inside a
This salary run is all back-end stuff. We do not want some external script doing this. We want to keep all those business rules and logic as closely tied to the database as we can, especially when the internals of the procedure need to refer to the database. So, that's why the database procedure is really the solution we want to use to calculate the salaries. Once we admit to that, we really cannot avoid cursor-based resultset processing anymore. So let's dig into some resultset processing...
The pseudocode for this operation would look like this:
for all records in the employee table do:
get the current employee record
calculate salary for the current employee record
until all employee records are processed.
In Oracle, you could write it like this:
v_col1 ....; --declare 1..N variables to access the record
v_col2 ....; --I left out the datatypes intentionally
cursor csr_emp --define the cursor
open csr_emp; --open the cursor
loop --traverse the cursor
fetch csr_emp into --fetch current record
exit when csr_emp%notfound; --stop traversal when no more records
p_calculate_salary( --process a record
close csr_emp; --release resources
exception when others then --capture all errors
if csr_emp%isopen then --release resources
This snippet illustrates the general pattern for working with a cursor:
- You define or declare the cursor.
- You open the cursor
- You fetch a record from the cursor, storing field values into variables
- You check if there are more records, and if so, repeat step 3. If not, proceed
- You close the cursor when you've fetched the last record.
Now, compare this to the equivalent MySQL syntax:
declare v_col1 ....; -- define variables to store record fields
declare v_col2 ....; -- datatypes intentionally ommitted
declare v_colN ....;
declare v_notfound -- define the loop control variable
BOOL default FALSE;
declare csr_emp -- define the cursor
declare continue handler -- handle cursor exhaustion
for not found
set v_notfound := TRUE; -- mark our loop control variable
declare exit handler -- handle other errors
close csr_emp; -- free resources before exit
open csr_emp; -- open cursor
fetch csr_emp into -- fetch record values
if v_not_found then -- exit the loop when the cursor is exhausted
call p_calculate_salary( -- process a record
close csr_emp; -- free resources
The ingredients are about the same for both examples. Both Oracle and MySQL open the cursor, fetch from it, and close it when it runs out of records.
The difference between MySQL and Oracle boils down to the difference in the way the loop control is handled.
In Oracle you could use a so-called cursor attribute. Cursor attributes are essentially builtin, readonly variables associated with the cursor. That's actually quite like member variables encountered in object oriented languages. To refer to a particular cursor attribute, you use this syntax:
cursor_name%attribute_name. Oracle defines the following cursor attributes:
In our snippet, we used the
NOTFOUNDattribute to check wheter the cursor was exhausted in order to exit the loop. We also used the
ISOPENattribute in the general catch-all
WHEN OTHERSexception handler wich allows us to explicitly close the cursor when it was left open when an exception occurred in the inner block.
Although MS SQL Server's Transact SQL dialect does not define cursor attributes, there's a device there used to write cursor loops that in practice resembles the Oracle
NOTFOUNDcursor attributes: the
@@FETCH_STATUS(session wide) global variable. Theres a similar global resembling the Oracle
The difference with Oracle cursor attributes is that in MS SQL, there's only one instance of the globals, reflecting the status of the last cursor statement. In practice, this is of no consequence because you usually only reference the cursor attributes in the immediate vincinity of the statements that could change the cursor status. T-SQL has one other device that provides information about the status of an arbitrary cursor (not just the current one), the
CURSOR_STATUS(), but usually, the globals are sufficient for most purposes.
MySQL does not define any cursor attributes, not any globals that provide cursor status information. In fact, cursor functionality is limited to opening a cursor, fetching values from it's current record, and closing it. Like in other rdbms products, fetching from an exhausted cursor will raise an error situation in MySQL. Because there's no general way to know on beforehand if the cursor is exhausted, there's nothing left to do but fetching from the cursor and handling the error situation. Always.
So, in MySQL, we must declare a
HANDLERfor the builtin
NOT FOUNDcondition. Usually, we want to continue our procedure when the cursor is exhausted, so this will usually be a
CONTINUEhandler. Inside the handler statement, we must place the statements that will update our loop control variable. Like in the Oracle case, we still have to check our loop control variable to actually exit the loop to stop the cursor traversal process.
When writing these loops for MySQL it might seems a bit awkward at first to use these contructs, especially when you are used to cursor attributes or cursor status globals. In my opinion, it's actually quite daft to have to rely on general error handling mechanisms for handling cursor exhaustion situations. After all, there's nothing exceptional or erroneous about the cursor becoming exhausted. But for now, it's no use sulking. This is just how MySQL does these things right now.
|
<urn:uuid:73d7eece-7293-4416-8aaa-a89c5d2605a5>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://rpbouman.blogspot.com/2005/09/want-to-write-cursor-loop-with-mysql.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.834817 | 2,000 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Hedge apples, also known as hedge balls and horse apples, look like large yellowish-green grapefruit. Some people say they resemble brains. Produced by the Osage-orange tree, all hedge apple trees sport glossy, lance-shaped leaves and an abundance of thorns. But not all hedge apple trees bear fruit--the trees are either female or male trees with only females producing fruit. Although hedge apples are not edible by humans, these strange looking fruits can be used for a variety of purposes.
Many people rely on the hedge apple as a home remedy to repel insects. Some people place green hedge apples outside their basement windows to discourage insects such as crickets and cockroaches. Others use the fruit to deter mice from taking over the house. Some people use hedge apples to discourage spiders from moving into their homes.
If you want to attract squirrels to your yard, plant a female hedge apple tree. Squirrels find the small seeds in the inside of the hedge apple a highly desired food. Lots of work is involved for squirrels, but that doesn't stop them. First, they need to pull apart the tough, stringy fruit to reach the hundreds of small seeds in the center. Then they must remove the slimy husk around each seed before they can them. You'll know you've got squirrels in your yard if you find piles of shredded hedge apple.
Hedge apple trees provide a valuable habitat resource for wildlife. Birds and small mammals use the thick-growing trees as shelter, particularly in the winter. In the spring and summer, a variety of birds use the branches for safe nesting areas thanks to the dense growth and thorny branches.
Dried hedge apples make interesting flower arrangements when the fruit is cut in half and dried in an oven for a few days. Some people use the ash from the Hedge Apple tree to make an orangish-red glaze for pottery.
Windbreaks and Screens
Hedge apple trees make a great windbreak or privacy screen. The trees used to be used along fence lines to keep livestock from escaping the area. Now, the trees offer a great source of fence posts since the wood is so dense that neither disease nor insects bother it. Nowadays, gardeners plant rows of the trees about five feet apart to create thick privacy screens as well as harvest the apples that come with the female trees.
|
<urn:uuid:71603971-98a6-4baf-b894-f13a6f90b7b6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.gardenguides.com/98181-uses-hedge-apples.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94942 | 486 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Frequently Asked Questions
2. What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Parkinson's belongs to a group of neurological conditions called movement disorders. The four main symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:
- tremor, or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, or head
- rigidity, or stiffness of the limbs and trunk
- bradykinesia, or slowness of movement
- postural instability, or impaired balance.
Other symptoms include depression, emotional changes, difficulty swallowing, speech changes, urinary problems, sleep problems, and dementia and other cognitive problems.
|
<urn:uuid:5a5a54dc-ff7b-49c8-aca0-ebc9855e12a2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://nihseniorhealth.gov/parkinsonsdisease/faq/faq2.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900954 | 123 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Cultivation, Propagation, and Planting
Propagation is through direct seeding and transplanting.
Mainly a warm season plant, bitter gourd thrives in hot and humid climates. The best medium for the seeds is a fertile, well-drained soil with a pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.7, enriched with organic matter, such as compost or dried manure. But it will tolerate any soil that provide a good drainage system (sandy loam soil, but it will grow I areas with poorer soils.) It should be in a frost-free area and will prefer the climate with daytime temperatures between 75 and 80F. The soil must be prepared well by adding organic matter before planting. Seeds soaked in water will germinate sooner. Soil temperature for germination is at least 60 to 65F.
Since this is a very fast growing vine, producing many fruits that will rot on moist soil, trellising will reduce diseases and make harvesting easier. When the vine reaches the top of its trellis, it is recommended that all lateral branches from the soil up to the 10th node as well as the growing tip of the vine be cut off as this will stimulate the upper branches and produce a higher yield.
While vines are blooming over a six month period, Bitter Melon needs insects such as honeybees to carry out the pollinating process for setting fruits. If the insects are not available in your area, the pollinating process can be done manually, by picking up male flowers and transferring pollens (face-to-face touching the center part of flowers) to female flowers. Female flowers have a fat section between the flower and vine stem. This process should be carried out when flowering is active during the daytime. If the pollination is a success, the fat portion will grow into full size fruit.
Regular watering with plenty of water is essential for its growth. Flowers will start appearing in 5-6 weeks and fruition will occur between two to four months. Mature fruits are ready to be picked within 3 months from planting and they will be light green and juicy with white flesh but bitter.
Pick the fruits every 2-3 days when they are still at the tender stage. Regular picking is important as fruits will become more bitter as they mature and it can also hamper the growth of new fruits.
Vines should be pruned at the tips when female flowers start developing to encourage branching and fast bearing. Regular fertilizing is essential for its growth. Water immediately after applying fertilizers.
The developing fruits must be watched closely or they grow too large and become bitter. Eight to ten days after blossoms drop, when the fruits are 4”- 6” long, light green in color and pear shaped, the gourds should be harvested.
Some vines should be left in the field to produce gourds for seed. Seeds continue to mature inside the gourd even after harvest. Seed that is sorted, washed and stored in a cool, dry spot, will remain viable for 2-3 years.
Leave some fruits to reach full maturity if they have to be reserved for subsequent crops. When fully mature, the fruits will break open on their own and release brown or white seeds which can be collected.
Diseases and Pests
Like other cucurbits, Bitter Melon vines are susceptible to several insect pests and diseases like downy/powdery mildew, mosaic virus (watermelon mosaic virus), wilt, fungi and pests like root-know nematode, which can be controlled by sulfur dust. Rust disease is controlled by spraying foliage with oxycarboxin. It is best to plant resistant varieties, mulch to prevent weed competition and use pesticides that are not toxic to honeybees.
The fruits are subject to attack by various fruit flies and fruit rots. Pests attack on fruits can be prevented by wrapping fruits with newspapers, when they are about a few centimetres long.
Some sources advise to grow Bitter Melon just like you would grow cantaloupe and honeydew melons.
Prepared by the National Bitter Melon Council
|
<urn:uuid:9bd38eba-85b4-49e2-83dd-b80ffca3d2f7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://bittermelon.org/grow/farmgrowinginformation
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941747 | 852 | 3.375 | 3 |
In spite of being restricted or banned in the U.S. for several decades, two organochlorine pesticides continue to affect the health of younger women.
Researchers from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington found that women exposed to these pesticides were more likely to have endometriosis. This painful condition occurs when the tissue lining the uterus grows outside the organ, and it affects more than five million American women.
In a new study, published today in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, higher blood levels of either beta-hexachlorocyclohexane or mirex increased the risk of endometriosis by 30 to 70 percent in women ages 18 to 49.
Even though these pesticides were last used in the 1970s, it can take years for them to fully break down in the environment, which is why researchers continue to study their effects.
“Persistent environmental chemicals, even those used in the past, may affect the health of the current generation of reproductive age women,” says Kristen Upson, Ph.D., the lead study author and a postdoctoral fellow at the Epidemiology Branch of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).
Larger Study Provides Stronger Results
Previous research on the connection between endometriosis and these pesticides showed mixed results. However, the larger size of the current study—and the inclusion of women from the general population—allowed the researchers to better evaluate the dangers of these chemicals.
“Our findings for beta-hexachlorocyclohexane are similar to that of the prior, smaller population-based study of endometriosis,” says Upson. “The consistency of findings across population-based studies lends further support to the association between beta-hexachlorcyclohexane and endometriosis.”
In the current study, the other pesticide, mirex, showed up less frequently in women's blood. This, the researchers write, makes it “unlikely to be a major contributor to endometriosis incidence” in the women in the study.
Female Hormone Connects Endometriosis and Pesticides
Other studies have found that organochlorine pesticides act similarly to the female hormone estrogen—a driving force behind endometriosis—further reinforcing the study results.
“Organochlorine pesticides have generally demonstrated estrogenic properties in [laboratory] studies and adverse reproductive effects in limited laboratory animal studies,” says Upson, “altering the function of the uterus, ovaries, and the body’s hormone production.”
Endometriosis occurs when the tissue that lines the uterus—or womb—grows in other places, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or the lining of the pelvic cavity.
Women with endometriosis can experience chronic pain in the lower back and pelvis, very painful menstrual cramps, and infertility.
Women Exposed to Pesticides in Food
Reducing the risk of exposure to other chemicals—such as BPA, which is found in certain plastics—is often as simple as not using products that contain it. But because organochlorine pesticides are so widespread in the environment, avoiding them is much more difficult.
“There are certain foods, like dairy products,” says Caroline Cox, research director for the Center for Environmental Health, “where even though we haven’t used these chemicals in a pretty long time, they’re still the most commonly detected thing in that particular food.”
Organochlorine pesticides are chemically similar to fats, so they tend to accumulate in high-fat foods, especially animal products. Changing your diet, then, is one of the best ways to avoid them.
“The most common advice is to trim the fatty parts of meat off before you eat it,” says Cox. “As far as milk, you can switch to low-fat or non-fat products, rather than using the full-fat version.”
Because animal products tend to have higher levels of organochlorine pesticides, switching to a vegetarian diet can also reduce your exposure to these chemicals. If that’s too extreme, says Cox, you can try skipping meat once a week, such as on “Meatless Monday.”
|
<urn:uuid:bbc0740f-e0db-4942-ab52-97967807267b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.healthline.com/health-news/women-exposure-to-pesticides-increases-endometriosis-risk-110513
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940939 | 905 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Welcome to the Birds of North America Online!
Welcome to BNA Online, the leading source of life history information for North American breeding birds. This free, courtesy preview is just the first of 14 articles that provide detailed life history information including Distribution, Migration, Habitat, Food Habits, Sounds, Behavior and Breeding. Written by acknowledged experts on each species, there is also a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species.
A subscription is needed to access the remaining articles for this and any other species. Subscription rates start as low as $5 USD for 30 days of complete access to the resource. To subscribe, please visit the Cornell Lab of Ornithology E-Store.
If you are already a current subscriber, you will need to sign in with your login information to access BNA normally.
Subscriptions are available for as little as $5 for 30 days of full access! If you would like to subscribe to BNA Online, just visit the Cornell Lab of Ornithology E-Store.
Dappled black and white, like light filtering through the forest canopy onto a tree trunk, the Hairy Woodpecker is among the most widespread and familiar of North American birds. It is resident in forest and woodland habitats from near treeline in the far north and on mountains to the highlands of western Panama, many continental islands, and some islands of the Bahamas. In the Bahamas and some other areas, it is primarily a bird of the pines; but in many areas it is more catholic in its choice of forest habitats.
This woodpecker’s name is derived from the long, filamentous white or whitish feathers in the middle of its back. Even among woodpeckers, it is particularly well adapted for climbing and pecking. Along with its smaller congener and look-alike, the Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), the Hairy is one of the best-known species of this group because it is easy to observe and comes readily to feeders. Away from feeders, it is relatively shy. The male has a narrow red patch or 2 smaller lateral patches of red on the back of the crown, readily visible in the field. The Hairy Woodpecker is larger than the Downy Woodpecker, has a heavier and longer bill, and usually lacks black markings on its outer tail-feathers.
This woodpecker is one of the most geographically variable species among North American birds, displaying clinal patterns of variation in size and color across its range. Northern populations include the largest birds with the greatest proportion of white. In the western and southern parts of its range, white of the underparts can be replaced with light buffs, smoky grays, or smoky browns, and white of dorsal regions is reduced, sometimes considerably, or takes the color of the underparts. The Hairy Woodpecker is generally a resident species, although it can move locally in early fall. On calm, sunny days in late winter and spring, vocalizations and drumming can be heard for long distances. During the breeding season, it becomes so inconspicuous that its presence can go unnoticed, at least until eggs have hatched. When a few days old, young make their presence known in the nest cavity as they beg for food with loud, distinctive, raspy calls.
In spite of its wide range and familiarity to birders, this species has been the subject of few detailed studies, especially in recent years. Much of what is known is contained in hundreds of anecdotal notes and papers, with little major focus on the Hairy Woodpecker. More detailed studies include several of geographic variation, based on hundreds of specimens in collections (e.g., Jackson 1970a, Ouellet 1977, Miller et al. 1999); broad studies of behavioral ecology in Michigan (Staebler 1949) and Ontario (Lawrence 1967); studies of foraging behavior in New York (Kisiel 1972), New Hampshire (Kilham 1965, 1973), California (Morrison and With 1987), and Quebec (Ouellet 1997); and of breeding biology in New York (Kingsbury 1932) and New Hampshire (Kilham 1966, 1968, 1969).
Jackson, Jerome A., Henri R. Ouellet and Bette J. Jackson. 2002. Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/702
|
<urn:uuid:d2efef8d-92f8-445a-89b8-32a99f2752cf>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/702/articles/introduction
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928923 | 954 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Kalutara is historically important due to the fact that it was one of the 32 places indicated by Arahant Mahinda Thera to the king Devananpiya Tissa in the 2nd century B.C. as a place where one of the thirty two saplings of the sacred Sri Maha Bodhi tree in Anuradhapura be planted, to which the King extended his patronage. It is recorded in the Sinhala Maha Bodhi Wansa that until such time when the maritime provinces were subjugated by the Portuguese in 1505 A.D., the historic Kalutara Bodhi exited intact. In the 16th century this sacred site was turned in to a Portuguese fort. Though no harm is supposed to have done to the Bodhi it was not venerated by the people during that period. It was after the planting of a Bodhi in lower terrace of Pahala Maluwa by an Indian Prince from the Pandya country named Wickrama Pandya in 1042 A.D. that the public began to venerated and consider the site as a sacred place. This prince from Indian became a viceroy in the Kalutara area.
After the Portuguese, the Dutch too use of the present upper terrace or the uda maluwa area as a camp followed by the British as well, subsequently. During the British period, since the latter half of the 19 century, it was used as an office premises with the residence of the Government Agent.
The development activities of the historic Kalytara Bodhi in the recent past begging with the Kalutara Buddhist society which was instituted in 1931 through untiring efforts made by Sir Cyril De Zoysa. In 1942 with the commencement of development activities in the lower terrace, the pinnacle of the chithya was laid.
After the Sri Lanka became independence, following a request made by Sir Cyril De Zoysa from the first Prime Minister of the country, Right Honorable D.S. Senanayaka, the then Assistant Government Agent of Kalutara, Mr. C.P. De Silva took step to release the kahcheryi on the uda maluwa.
Since it was felt that there should be a legal authority to facilitate the development activities, the Bodhi Trust pioneered by Sir Cyril De Zoysa, was established on November 11th 1951. There after, with land around the sacred Bodhi Tree being entrusted to the Kalutara Bodhi Trust by the Government, the area witnessed a speedy development.
It was in 1964 that the Foundation stone was laid for the construction of the great chaithya on the uda maluwa following the structure of the “wata da ge”, In 1969 all the lands and buildings which belong to kachchei were entrusted to the Bodhi Trust. By 1976, construction work on the massive “Wata da ge” was completed and the pinnacle was laid for warship by the public.
The kalutara Bodhi Trust hold the responsibility of providing security to the Kalutara Bodhi and maintaining the cleanliness and the beauty of the place. It continues with the administrative activities too simultaneously.
Source : http://www.kalutarabodhiya.org/history.htm
Updated March 24, 2007
|
<urn:uuid:83dd74de-f86e-48de-8d09-3777f3cd6952>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.angelfire.com/planet/heritagesl2/kalutara/kalutara.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973397 | 684 | 2.875 | 3 |
The United States of America unanimously declared, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal" in 1776. The 15th Amendment was ratified in 1920. It wasn't truly enforced until 45 years later with the Voting Rights Act of 1965. So why are we still fighting about giving everyone equal civil rights? Seems to me we covered that about 236 years ago.
|
<urn:uuid:4707708e-2440-40fb-913a-12e9387a1b44>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.advertiser-tribune.com/page/content.detail/id/548855/It-s-a-civil-rights-issue.html?nav=5008
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976594 | 81 | 3.265625 | 3 |
|Agenda ||Registration |
|Lodging/Transportation ||Advertise |
|About Madison ||Coverage |
Great Lakes, Great Rivers, and the Land of Leopold
Wisconsin is defined by water. The United States’ largest river lies to the west. To the east lies the largest lake located entirely within U.S. borders. And to the north is the granddaddy of them all — the largest lake (by surface area) on the face of the planet. Minnesota is the ‘Land of 10,000 lakes,’ but Wisconsin is home to 15,000 lakes and ponds; we just don’t brag about them as much. And there are 12,600 streams stretching 84,000 miles — enough to circle the globe three times.
But Wisconsin is also the Land of Leopold, Aldo Leopold; father of the land ethic, and father of the first designated Wilderness area in the United States. His book, A Sand County Almanac, has been printed more than 2 million times since 1949 and it is a key literary touchstone of the modern American environmental movement. His family’s humble “Shack,” which plays such an important role in Leopold’s book, continues to host a steady stream of pilgrims from around the world, some of whom are overcome with emotion when they cross the building’s dusty threshold.
Wisconsin was also home to a young Scottish immigrant named John Muir, who spent several formative years on a farm in the central part of the state before wandering west. And then there’s Gaylord Nelson, the late governor and U.S. senator known as the founder of Earth Day.
Of course Wisconsin is also the land of beer, where many of our microbrews are more than 100 years old. And cheese. We can’t forget the cheese. Despite stiff competition from larger and more populous states, Wisconsin remains the number one supplier of cheese in the country. More recently the state has become a hotbed of the local and organic food movements, and a driving national force in community-supported agriculture.
The state is also the largest producer of cranberries in the country, and it has been the largest paper producer in the United States for more than half a century. And Wisconsin’s Menominee Tribe has long captured international acclaim for harvesting trees on a highly unusual 180-year “old growth” rotation.
So it is with this rich, historical, natural resource backdrop that we heartily invite you to attend the 2009 SEJ Annual Conference in Madison. It promises to be a great conference, in a great state, and a great city, and a great university, at a truly formative time in American history.
Yes, times are tough, and the media business is feeling the pain as much as anyone. But Madison is cheap, history is being made all around us, and several of President Obama’s key environmental voices are expected at SEJ this year. With prospects like that, can you really afford to sit at home?
We don’t think so, which is why we plan to see you in Madison this fall.
Institutes for Journalism & Natural Resources
Author, The Great Lakes Water Wars
Wisconsin Public Radio
The University of Wisconsin-Madison is one America’s premier public research universities. Throughout its history, the university has helped foster a sense of connection and responsibility to the natural world through environmental scholarship. John Muir was a student at Wisconsin before matriculating to the “university of the wilderness.” Aldo Leopold taught at Wisconsin while formulating his seminal land ethic. Gaylord Nelson, former governor, U.S. senator and principal founder of Earth Day, studied law at Wisconsin. Today, environmental education and research are elemental in dozens of programs, such as the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies and its Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment.
The university itself is situated on 1,000 scenic acres in the heart of Madison and boasts unique natural and cultural features, including its world-famous Arboretum and the world’s largest assemblage of Native American effigy mounds on a university campus.
Wisconsin’s capital city is known for its natural beauty, stimulating cultural offerings, distinctive restaurants and shops, and an irreverent spirit of fun. The downtown is built on an isthmus between two glacial lakes, which have wonderful lakeshore walking and biking paths. Much of the vitality of the central city comes from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, which is just a few blocks away at the end of legendary State Street. On State Street you’ll find galleries, museums, shops and some of the city’s most-loved restaurants. Madison has been dubbed the nation’s smartest city, a perfect college town, the friendliest city in the Midwest, and one of the top 10 greenest cities in the United States. Local attractions and restaurants. See also "36 Hours in Madison, Wis.", New York Times, July 5, 2009.
Other area highlights include:
- USGS National Wildlife Health Center
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory
- Aldo Leopold Foundation Headquarters
- International Crane Foundation
- Horicon Marsh (largest freshwater cattail marsh in the United States)
- Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin Estate
Photo Caption: While outdoor winter temperatures hover in the single digits, student worker Xia Lee, a senior studying biology, picks fruit to encourage further blooming of Fuschia plants growing inside the Botany Greenhouse at the University of Wisconsin-Madison on Jan. 22, 2008. The plant is a common teaching tool used by several botany classes studying flower formations. The 8,000-square-foot greenhouse features more than 1,000 species, including distinct aquatic, desert, and tropical communities; supports the instructional and research needs of the Department of Botany and other university departments; and is open to the public.
Photo courtesy: Jeff Miller/University of Wisconsin-Madison.
|
<urn:uuid:2a9713ae-6972-466a-bfa0-01923e582de8>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.sej.org/print/initiatives/sej-annual-conferences/AC2009-main
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939931 | 1,265 | 2.609375 | 3 |
By Paul Rincon
Science reporter, BBC News
The Columbia spotted frog is one of four species native to the park
Amphibian populations at Yellowstone - the world's oldest national park - are in steep decline, a major study shows.
The authors link this to the drying out of wetlands where the animals live and breed, which is in turn being driven by long-term climate change.
The results, reported in the journal PNAS, suggest that climate warming has already disrupted one of the best-protected ecosystems on Earth.
The park covers some 9,000 sq km (3,500 sq miles) in the western United States.
It lies mostly within the state of Wyoming, but spills over into Montana and Idaho. The area has been protected for more than a century; US congress granted Yellowstone national park status on 1 March 1872.
Visitors flock there to see its geysers, hot springs and bubbling mud pots, fuelled by ongoing volcanism. The park's vast forests and grasslands are also home to grizzly bears, wolves and bison.
But it is to much less conspicuous inhabitants - frogs, toads and salamanders - that scientists look for early indications of environmental degradation.
Four amphibian species are native to the park: the blotched tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum), the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata maculata), the Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris) and the boreal toad (Bufo boreas boreas).
The lower Lamar Valley in northern Yellowstone harbours countless small, fishless ponds - ideal for amphibian breeding and larval development.
Between 1992 and 1993, researchers surveyed 46 of these "kettle" ponds, which are re-filled in spring by groundwater and snow melt running down from the hills.
The "kettle" ponds are ideal habitats for amphibians
When a team from Stanford University in California repeated this survey between 2006 and 2008, the number of permanently dry ponds had increased four-fold.
Of the ponds that remained, the proportion supporting amphibians had declined significantly.
In addition, three of the four native amphibian species had suffered major declines in numbers. The number of species found in each location - the "species richness" - had also dropped off markedly.
Amphibians lay jelly-coated eggs that are unsuited to development on land, so they must return to water in order to spawn.
"They go through an aquatic period and a terrestrial period during their lives so they are very susceptible to changes in both types of environment," said co-author Sarah McMenamin, from the department of ecology and evolution at Stanford.
The scientists saw no change in numbers of the boreal toad - which the IUCN conservation body lists as threatened. But this species was rare in 1992, as it is now, making it difficult to extract population trends.
The tiger salamander is among the affected species
Ms McMenamin, along with her colleagues Elizabeth Hadly and Christopher Wright, also analysed monthly temperature and precipitation data from Yellowstone, as well as satellite images of the park taken between 1988 and 2008.
These data revealed that decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures during the warmest months of the year have significantly altered the landscape.
Drought is now more common and more severe than at any time in the past century, the researchers say.
"There is a pretty substantial signal of climate change in this region," Ms McMenamin told BBC News.
Yellowstone is famous for its geysers, such as Old Faithful
"Snow pack during the winter is decreasing - which other studies have documented - and the regional aquifer is drying up as a result of these large-scale climate changes.
"These ponds are changing, the environment is changing, the landscape is drying up and the amphibians no longer have a place to breed. It's disturbing."
Amphibian populations are in crisis worldwide: pollution, diseases such as chytrid fungus and rana virus, invasive species, UV radiation and habitat destruction all contribute to the problem.
Climate change might affect amphibian populations in numerous ways. In addition to drying out aquatic breeding habitats - preventing spawning - it could also make the land environment inhospitable to them.
Evidence suggests that a warming climate could also predispose amphibians to infection, particularly to chytrid fungus.
|
<urn:uuid:45a4443d-08c6-412c-8db1-e22a35b03dc3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7693381.stm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941341 | 921 | 3.46875 | 3 |
These distinguished environmentalists, from all the regions of the world, will be officially honoured on 5 June 1997 at a special award ceremony in Seoul. The event, hosted by UNEP and the Government of Korea, is part of this year's World Environment Day celebrations - a day established by the United Nations in 1972.
Among the laureates who will be recognized and receive their award from UNEP's Executive Director, Ms. Elizabeth Dowdeswell, are Jane Goodall of the United Kingdom, for her contributions to wildlife conservation; Professor Jan van der Leun of The Netherlands for his pivotal role in assessing the effects of ozone depletion on human and animal health; Siti Aminah of Indonesia, whose pioneering work as Head of Yayasan Solidaritas Bangsa led to the resurgence of marine life around her coastal village; BBC World Service Education Department of the United Kingdom, for being at the forefront of broadcasting sustainable development and environment issues; Centro Salvadoreno de Tecnologia Apropiada (CESTA) of El Salvador for, among dozens of other activities, saving the El Espino Forest and the El Pescadito de Oro water spring from being exploited by government and industry; Joon-Yuep Cha of the Republic of Korea, whose efforts led to his country joining the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES); Dr. Lilian Corra of Argentina for promoting environmental epidemiological research in order to reach an accurate diagnosis and to offer preventive action; Mayor Edward Solon Hagedorn for being the first Filipino political leader to make environmental protection the centerpiece of his administration, and for stopping the degradation of the City of Puerto Princesa's resources; Theo Manuel of the Republic of South Africa for rehabilitating and managing the Wolfgat Nature reserve in a manner that benefits the entire community; and Ube City for being a leader in air pollution control in Japan.
The list of winners also includes four Global 500 Youth Environment Award laureates who have demonstrated that one is never too young make a difference. Among these young environmental activists is Health Messengers Association of Romania, whose environmental projects have had a significant impact on the country's conservation and anti-tobacco laws; The Oposa Group whose legal action in the cause of 3.9 million hectares of virgin forest land in the Philippines persuaded the Supreme Court to rescue this pristine forest and render a landmark judgement on "generational suicide"; Carolina Travesi of Mexico, for founding Club Ecologista, an organization of school children committed to taking action on behalf of the environment; and the Young Leaders of Trinidad and Tobago for raising young people's sense of responsibility to the world around them.
"In this its 25th anniversary year and the tenth anniversary of the Global 500 Roll of Honour, UNEP is proud to recognize the achievements of these `heroes' on the front lines of global environmental action", says Ms. Dowdeswell.
"In honouring these environmentalists, UNEP hopes that their examples will inspire and guide many other men, women and young people to join the global coalition dedicated to protecting the environment", adds Ms. Dowdeswell.
For more than 35 years, Jane Goodall's tireless dedication has brought wildlife conservation and environmental issues to the attention of millions of people around the world. Her research on wild chimpanzees and olive baboons have provided insight into the lives of non-human primates. In one of her many observations, she documented chimpanzees making and using tools - a behaviour previously believed to separate humans from other animals. In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research to provide ongoing support for field research on wild chimpanzees.
Professor Jan van der Leun understood early in his scientific research that ozone depletion, with its potentially grave long- term consequences, needed immediate attention from the global community. He keenly evaluated the effects of ultra-violet (UV) radiation on skin, and more specifically the correlation between UV rays and skin cancer.
At 25 years of age, Siti Aminah has established herself as an informal leader of her community and has been accepted without any friction by a society where most leadership positions are traditionally held by men. Her project to bring the mangrove forest back to the Semangat Baru Area in Labuhan Mapin fishing village has helped her gain the trust of local communities and authorities alike. With determination and enthusiasm, she has brought back the fish and crustaceans to their breeding areas; increased the local people's awareness of the importance of conservation; and trained other people to rehabilitate critical areas in the Lesser Sunda Islands.
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) World Service Education Department's major initiative, Green World, has helped keep environment and development issues at the top of the global agenda. The series, produced in 22 languages and numbering 249 individual programmes covering 40 countries, examined the hopes and fears for the environment together with possible solutions. As a result, vital information was conveyed to millions of listeners who otherwise have little or no chance of accessing such information.
CESTA, founded in 1980, has stopped the destruction of the El Espino Forest which would have affected water availability to the 1.5 million inhabitants of the Capital, and saved the El Pescadito de Oro water spring from being exploited. It has also stopped three million tons of ash and 400 tons of used tires from being brought into the country. CESTA has Eco Centres in 21 communities involved in garbage recycling, reforestation, water cleaning, reduction of soil erosion, harvesting and processing of medicinal plants, production of biodegradable pesticides and firewood- saving stoves, and turtle harvesting. Thanks to CESTA, today, there is a legislative department, an ombudsman, an attorney and a police force dealing with the environment and laws on agro-chemicals, industrial effluents, wildlife protection and the use of unleaded gasoline.
Joon-Yuep Cha is an environmental activist and Chairman of the Earth Eco-Friends movement in Korea which he set up to encourage the Government to join CITES - a step which he deemed important since the tradition in the country is to use the parts of a number of endangered species for medicinal purposes. In 1993, he succeeded. During the Ninth Session of CITES, he went on a hunger strike to encourage his Government to protect wildlife, and as a result, the Asia Conservation Alliance was formed. In 1991, he went on another hunger strike to protect an 800-year-old gingko tree in Seoul which was going to be cut down to make way for high-rise apartments. Thanks to his efforts, the height of the apartment buildings was lowered to allow the tree to bask in enough sunshine, and two buildings were not constructed to allow enough space for the roots to grow.
Edward Solon Hagedorn was elected Mayor of Puerto Princesa, one of the Philippines' largest cities, in 1992. Immediately upon taking office, he showed that he was a different breed of politician. Through his Princesa Watch Program, he stopped the destruction of the City's terrestrial and marine resources from logging, slash-and- burn farming, blast, trawl and cyanide fishing. As a result, these resources have been restored. His Operation Plan Cleanliness Program has earned Puerto Princesa the distinction of being the country's cleanest and greenest city, and today it is considered a model city and the country's tourism capital.
Theo Manuel has been working on an environmental project with a local community in one of the most disadvantaged areas of Cape Town. He is largely responsible for the rehabilitation and management of the 248-hectare Wolfgat Nature Reserve which is threatened with habitat destruction. The saving of the Reserve, the second largest in the area and located between two townships comprising 1.5 million people, is entirely Manuel's doing, and reflects an exceptional degree of initiative and leadership on his part. Manuel's accomplishment is all the more notable because he suffers from polio and finds it difficult in simply walking around with crutches.
"This year's Global 500 winners are members of a broad and growing environmental movement that is flowering around the world. They have taken the path that most of us hesitate to take for want of time or caring, and in honouring them, UNEP seeks inspiration from their extraordinary deeds", says Ms. Dowdeswell.
Some 654 individuals and organizations in both the adult and youth categories have been honoured since the inception of the award in 1987. Among prominent past winners are: French marine explorer Jacques Cousteau; Sir David Attenborough, producer of environmental television programmes; Ken Saro-Wiwa, the environmental and human rights activist from Nigeria who was executed for leading the resistance of the Ogoni People against the pollution of their Delta homeland; the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF); Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States; and the late Chico Mendes, the Brazilian rubber tapper who was murdered during his fight to save the Amazon forest.
UNEP looks to the world community to identify and nominate environmental advocates so that they too can be recognized for their efforts. Nominations can be obtained fron UNEP's Headquarters, Global 500 Roll of Honour, P. O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya, and from UNEP's regional offices.
LIST OF UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP) 1997 GLOBAL 500 LAUREATES
Siti Aminah Indonesia
BBC World Service Education Department United Kingdom
Centro Salvadoreno de Tecnologia Apropiada (CESTA) El Salvador
Joon-Yuep Cha Republic of Korea
Ki-Chel Choi Republic of Korea
Lilian Corra Argentina
Zsuzsa Foltanyi Hungary
Jane Goodall United Kingdom
Edward Solon Hagedorn Philippines
Sang-Hyun Kim Republic of Korea
Theo Manuel Republic of South Africa
Kook-Hyun Moon Republic of Korea
The Nation Newspaper (Thailand) Thailand
The Swire Group Hong Kong
Ube City Japan
Jan C. van der Leun The Netherlands
Xialu Township People's Republic of China
Health Messengers Romania
The Oposa Group Philippines
Carolina Garcia Travesi Mexico
Young Leaders Trinidad and Tobago
UNEP News Release 1997/22
For more information:
Tore J. Brevik
Chief, Information & Public Affairs
P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya
Patricia L. Jacobs
P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya
UNEP News Release 1997/21
|
<urn:uuid:55a65904-8527-4cd3-b719-db45a925aae9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.grida.no/news/press/1727.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931349 | 2,179 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In the OT the priests were intermediaries between the people and their all‐powerful God. Their main function was to offer sacrifices, with a subsidiary duty until the Exile, of teaching the Law. They were also in charge of Urim and Thummim, the sacred lots, carried by the priests in a front pocket (Exod. 28: 30). During the period of the Judges, priests of the tribe of Levi were particularly valued (Judg. 17: 10). When worship was centralized at Jerusalem, local shrines were closed and many Levites who were not descendants of Aaron had no employment (Deut. 12: 12 f.), and were not accepted at Jerusalem as true priests. They were suspected of having become tainted with Canaanite practices in their rural shrines, and so in the Temple were relegated to an inferior status (Ezek. 44: 10–14). Priests were superior as being descendants of Zadok (Ezek. 48: 11). Post‐exilic literature (Mal. 2: 4–7) suggests that both priests and Levites were accorded a common descent from Levi and as such the Levites, though distinct from priests, had important duties at the services (1 Chron. 16: 4–27) and in teaching (2 Chron. 17: 7–9). In the NT the distinction between priests and Levites is maintained (Luke 10: 31, 32).
Chief priests, together with elders and scribes, comprised the Jerusalem Sanhedrin (Mark 14: 55) before whom Jesus appeared before being sent for trial by Pilate. The ‘chief priests’ were members of priestly families from whom the ‘high priest’ (Caiaphas, Matt. 26: 3) was chosen. In the NT Church the whole body of Christians were regarded as a ‘royal priesthood’ (1 Pet. 2: 9) not in the sense of a ruling or tyrannical priesthood but as a body charged, like a king, to mediate blessings to the world and to offer spiritual sacrifices.
|
<urn:uuid:4f88ce5b-92d8-4c77-8bc3-40cb00982fb9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/print/opr/t94/e1526
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.98648 | 422 | 3.515625 | 4 |
October 12, 2010
What Food Allergies Cause Acid Reflux
Many people want to know what causes acid reflux in the first place-how does it actually happen, why does it happen, and so on.? The answer is fairly simple, and not the most pleasant-somewhat painful at times.
Acid reflux will occur when the valve between the stomach and the lower esophagus opens up, and allows stomach acid in when it shouldn’t.? At that point, the stomach acid will rise further on up into the esophagus, causing more pain and creating the burning sensation near your heart.
Determining what causes acid reflux will vary from person to person. Some people are just born with a very loose valve. Others eat too much, and there is back flow from the valve, or have food allergies. Knowing what food allergies cause acid reflux is helpful for anyone wanting to control their symptoms.
Some patients will treat certain medications as food-which is wrong-doing so can add a lot of damage.? Things like ibuprofen and naproxen, for example, are two anti-inflammatories that if taken too much, and too often will cause acid reflux.
Consider the fact that the body will, when having a really bad allergic reaction to a food, literally attack itself.? This is true when talking about what food allergies cause acid reflux. Another way to think about it would be to consider the reaction that a person with celiac disease has to wheat or gluten.
By remembering that comparison, you can understand that acid reflux can be brought on by food allergies-and there are some that are more notorious for being a problem than others.? For example, someone who is highly allergic to dairy products-milk, cheese or even eggs-may end up with acid reflux because of their food allergy.
What happens in the case of the food allergy is that the body realizes that there is a foreign object in it that it cannot tolerate, and that that foreign object has made its way down the esophagus into the stomach. Due to the body’s intolerance of that food, the stomach begins to churn, acid moves and it comes back up the esophagus, causing reflux.
Foods that are typical allergens will quite often cause reflux.? Some of those foods are nuts, soy, fish, milk and eggs, wheat, shellfish and peanuts. Of course, there are plenty of other foods that could fit into that category, but those are some of the top offenders.
In order to find out what food allergies cause acid reflux in you, or one of your loved ones, you must undergo a test. A visit to the doctor is required, and they will usually order a blood test to determine what food or foods you are allergic to.? There is another option available, but the doctor will be the one to decide if that test is necessary or not.
Food allergies can cause acid reflux, so do pay attention to what you eat. Cut out what you can, if you think you are allergic to a food. If you notice a difference, leave that food out. You can try to reintroduce it at a later time, and see what the results are.
|
<urn:uuid:012a21ac-0ec6-4a02-b014-8b8bec767822>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blog.refluxremedy.com/698/what-food-allergies-cause-acid-reflux/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95679 | 667 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Archbishop Silvano M. Tomasi’s Keynote Address
INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM:
AN IMPERATIVE FOR PEACE AND THE COMMON GOOD
Archbishop Silvano M. Tomasi, c.s.*
1. Principles and reality 2. Evolution of the idea of religious freedom
3. Religious freedom in the Catholic Church 4. Religious freedom in a secularized culture 5. Working for religious freedom 6. The American experiment
- Principles and reality
Freedom of religion is a global concern. From my observatory in Geneva, where the U. N. Human Rights Council is based, it is clear that religion has become a topic of frequent debate. Last March, the Human Rights Council unanimously approved an explicit resolution on freedom of religion or belief where once again States are urged “to ensure that, in accordance with appropriate national legislation and in conformity with international human rights law, the freedom of all persons and members of groups to establish and maintain religious, charitable or humanitarian institutions is fully respected and protected.” On that occasion, I argued, on behalf of the Holy See, that “religions are communities based on convictions and their freedom guarantees a contribution of moral values without which the freedom of everyone is not possible.”
More than ever before, political analysts and human rights advocates include religion in their agenda. But most of them emphasize either “tolerance”, as if religion were merely a source of conflict, or “individual choices”, as if religion were merely the concern of an individual’s convictions and were devoid of social consequences. The juridical arsenal to protect religious liberty, however, has been stocked with some excellent resources developed in response to the horrors of World War II and the systematic violation of human dignity and human rights by the Nazi and Communist totalitarian regimes. With the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, freedom of religion entered the realm of international law and jurisprudence. This prompted the framing and enforcement of other human rights instruments at a global, regional and local level. In fact, declarations, conventions and charters have literally mushroomed. I will mention only a few: the International Pact on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (1981)
, that lists, among other specific requirements, the freedom to establish and maintain appropriate charitable or humanitarian institutions; and the Resolution of 1986 that establishes a Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion and belief. With these and other Conventions that include specific references to religious rights, the international community has guaranteed freedom of religion at the individual, collective and institutional levels.
The Universal Declaration set a standard for what type of treatment human beings are entitled, as well as for what States are morally obliged to enforce. If a State ignores such rights, this may well have a serious impact on its international relations as well in on its domestic debate and legal framework.
Declarations, however, are not enough. What is enshrined in them can be misused and misinterpreted. Moreover, States and popular movements can even manipulate such declarations into powerful tools of self-justification and may thereby pursue goals that are in conflict with the very rights they were designed to enforce.
At present, there is no doubt that religious freedom is under stress worldwide. During the 20th century, some forty-five million Christians died because of their faith. The trend continues. A 2011 study on global restrictions on religion by the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life found that 70% of the world’s population lives in countries with high restrictions on religious beliefs and practices, the brunt of which often falls on religious minorities—including, in some cases, people who are secular or non-religious. Additionally, more than 2.2 billion people, nearly a third (32%) of the world’s total population, live in countries where either government restrictions on religion or social hostilities involving religion rose substantially between mid-2006 and mid-2009. Only 1% of the world’s population lives in countries where government restrictions or social hostilities have declined. The number of countries in which governments used at least some measure of force against religious groups or individuals rose from 91 (46%) in the period ending in mid-2008 to 101 (51%) in the period ending in mid-2009. The consequent violence was wide-ranging, including murder, physical abuse, imprisonment, detention or displacement from one’s home, as well as damage to or destruction of personal or religious properties. On the increase are mob violence, religious-motivated terrorist groups and the commission of malicious acts by private citizens and groups motivated by religious hatred. Christians are the first target. The Pew Report adds that restrictions on religion are particularly common in the 59 countries that prohibit blasphemy, apostasy or defamation of religion. While such laws are sometimes promoted as a way to protect religion, in practice they often serve to punish religious minorities whose beliefs are deemed unorthodox or heretical. A simple review of the daily press confirms the Pew study: bombs are exploded in churches during Mass in Nigeria and Kenya; threats are carried out against the ancient Christian communities of Iraq, and now of Syria, thus forcing them into exile; a Christian girl of 11, living with Down Syndrome, Rimsha Masih, is arrested on charges of blasphemy and put in jail in Pakistan, for purportedly burning pages of the Koran and 400 Christian families of her poor neighborhood took flight in fear for their lives; Sufi shrines are turned to rubble in Libya; a rabbi is attacked in the streets of Berlin and has to be hospitalized and rabbinical students are advised not to wear their kippa in public places; a Catholic Bishop Ma Da Qin is placed under home arrest for allegiance to the Pope; Christians are in flight from Northern Mali to escape the violent attacks of fundamentalists. The International Society for Human Rights estimates that 80 percent of all acts of religious discrimination in the world today are directed at Christians and that some 150,000 Christian are killed for the faith every year.
The age of martyrs is still with us. The struggle for religious liberty endures. In a more sophisticated way, Western liberal democracies subscribe to a public culture that tends to relegate religion to the private sphere and, through their respective court systems, chip away at the original understanding of religious freedom. Through a narrow reading of human rights-related provisions, the wording of declarations repeatedly has been reinterpreted in order to fit the political agendas that have changed over time. Education, family law, healthcare are just some of the fields in which narrow reading of religious freedom paved the way to antireligious policies.
- Evolution of the idea of religious freedom
The journey leading to the recognition of the right to freedom of conscience and belief has been long and painful. It began with Jesus’ words: “Give to Caesar what is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s” (Mark 12:17). Christians were to fulfill their obligations, to the fullest extent possible, to both God and the State. At the same time, it became clear that there are limits to the jurisdiction of earthly rulers. Caesar’s image is on those things necessary to the proper function of civil society; therefore, civil government legitimately exerts power over this realm. But since human being bear the image of God, the imago Dei, their allegiance to God takes precedence over their allegiance to the State. Moreover, genuine love for God comes willingly from the inner person; forced love is an impossibility. Three premises are established: a distinction between religion and the State and the legitimacy of both; the priority of God in case of conflict between the two; the voluntary nature of genuine religious devotion.
Tertullian at beginning of the third century wrote: it is a ”fundamental human right, a privilege of nature, that every man should worship according to their own convictions” (Ad Scapulam, 2), and he coined the expression freedom of religion (libertas religionis).
Over the centuries, intolerance and persecution were only too familiar to the Christian communities. Over time, the insight of the Gospel prevailed, particularly since it could be argued in a coherent and logical way by human reason. Religious freedom became the space that offered people the freedom to rise above all human and contingent situations and enabled them to answer some of the critical questions all of us have to ask at least once in life: if God exists; what happens after my death? Along this same path, then, religious freedom has been accepted as the right of every person to profess religion according to the dictate of her or his conscience. Such right to establish a relation with God in the intimacy of one’s conscience implies both an individual-focused and a communitarian way to exercise this relation that must be protected from any constraint. To affirm religious liberty as a fundamental right means to sustain the autonomy of the person not so much toward religion, but vis-à-vis those who would want to limit the range of one’s religious sentiment. The achievement of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a milestone in the historical journey. It states: “Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world…. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.” (Art. 18) This article 18 remains the cornerstone of the international framework for recognition of and respect for religious freedom and, together with other treaties, it provides the arsenal that theoretically and juridically can protect religious freedom everywhere.
- Religious freedom in the Catholic Church
The importance of religious freedom for promotion of the common good and peaceful coexistence also has become a major chapter in the social doctrine of the Church. There is a convergence of language and substance between international human rights developments and Church teaching. Besides, the educational role of the Church has helped in no small way the consolidation of democratic institutions. The American contribution to the Second Vatican Council opened the door wide for an understanding of religious freedom that truly universalizes this right: “This Vatican Council declares that the human person has a right to religious freedom. This freedom means that all men are to be immune from coercion on the part of individuals or of social groups and of any human power, in such wise that no one is to be forced to act in a manner contrary to his own beliefs, whether privately or publicly, whether alone or in association with others, within due limits. The Council further declares that the right to religious freedom has its foundation in the very dignity of the human person as this dignity is known through the revealed word of God and by reason itself. This right of the human person to religious freedom is to be recognized in the constitutional law whereby society is governed and thus it is to become a civil right.” (Declaration on Religious Liberty, Dignitatis Humanae, 2) The moral battle of Blessed John Paul II to sensitize world’s conscience that all believers should effectively enjoy religious freedom has led to the well known results that transformed the map of Europe and global politics; his unique spiritual leadership advanced freedom in the world. The aspiration for religious freedom also has been at the root of recent democratic movements that led to the fall of several dicatorships.
Through the masterful addresses of Our Holy Father Benedict XVI and, in line with him, through his Representatives in the U.N. arena, the voice of the Holy See reminds the international community that, even in our present circumstances, peace requires religious freedom. In fact, the promotion of full and universal respect for this liberty guides the activity of the Holy See in international and intergovernmental organizations, in the stipulation of concordats and other agreements, and in the service of its diplomatic corps. The commitment that flows from faith benefits the entire society. The example of Mother Teresa of Calcutta offers clear evidence.
4. Religious freedom in a secularized culture
Profound changes have taken place in most societies, however, due to an increasing differentiation of beliefs, life styles, cultural traditions, ethnic identities, secularization and extreme individualism. Globalization forces us to interact across national, cultural, religious and other boundaries. Democratic States are challenged to search for common acceptable criteria to preserve social peace and cohesion. Certainly the ethical core of fundamental convictions within each person must be respected, protected and guaranteed; if need be, through an affirmative action by public authorities. But such an individualized focus on belief might also facilitate legitimation of behaviours, or mere passions, that are quite distant from the lived and institutional dimensions of religions. This religion à la carte places the legislator in a difficult situation that risks the limitation of religious freedom in an effort to find pragmatic solutions. God’s existence, the assumption in all the historical journey in the development of the doctrine of religious liberty, is no longer assumed. Nor is the anthropological foundation of human rights preserved.
The question then arises of how to find common values to keep cohesion and peaceful coexistence in society, while respecting religious freedom in the new circumstances. In common we have our human nature; this becomes the starting point for the search.. Nature, reason and the profound desire of the human heart for fulfilment provide the possibility to discover and understand the basic core values of every person. “Any well-regulated and productive association of men in society demands the acceptance of one fundamental principle: that each individual man is truly a person.” Wrote Pope John XXIII. “His is a nature, that is, endowed with intelligence and free will. As such he has rights and duties, which together flow as a direct consequence from his nature. These rights and duties are universal and inviolable, and therefore altogether inalienable.” (Pacem in Terris, 9) In this line of reasoning, freedom is not separated from truth, and thus eventual and objective ethical limits to personal and social conduct are implied. The range of freedom of the person, while she finds limits in her reference to truth, extends beyond the subjective dimension. The person does not arrive to be a person without relations to others. Therefore freedom of religion includes a communitarian and institutional aspect, as well as inter alia the right of each religion to establish its own rules, to exercise the power of self-organization and to disseminate its doctrine. The State cannot intrude on this process and can limit the exercise of institutional religious freedom only if such action is warranted in accord with the principles of respect for public order and the common good. Attempts by the State to restrict fundamental values, like the right to life, or to oblige a person to go against her conscience, can never be justified, since this would violate personal dignity and be detrimental to society itself. Moreover, compliance with certain core values provides a solid basis for social cohesion, respect for others and the wellbeing of society as a whole. It has been aptly observed “that just as freedom of speech depends not only on one’s right to say what’s on one’s mind, but on the existence of institutions like newspapers, universities, libraries, parties, and associations, so freedom of religion also involves protecting the institutions that nourish individual free exercise.”
5. Working for religious freedom
A reason approach to human rights and religious liberty finds a universal appeal because it is centred on the person. But we cannot lose sight of the fact that the religious dimension of the person is part of human experience in all cultures and social contexts. The contribution of reason and of religious insights to support religious liberty is like the continuity of a ray of light that cannot be cut at any point. Instead of hostility, the correct relationship between religious norms and the public sphere can be articulated with reasonable arguments of a general character and without the exclusion of religious insights. From the mutual openness of believers of different religions and non-believers of good will, great benefits can derive for a dialogue among religions and convictions to promote peace and the common good of humanity as well as to establish a serene coexistence, social progress and institutional stability in each State. Indifference or an exclusive absorption in materialistic pursuits risks to elegate the fundamental right of religious freedom to be considered a “second class” right with the negative consequences of violent claims and insurgencies that the repression of this right has shown throughout history. Thus support of religious freedom calls for a culture of respect, for a system of education that teaches the value of searching together for the truth and of respect for the sincere beliefs of everyone, that encourages forgiveness and promotes harmony in a way that integral human development can truly be achieved. Pope John Paul II shared the learning from his personal experience when he taught that: “Dialogue between cultures, a privileged means for building the civilization of love, is based upon the recognition that there are values which are common to all cultures because they are rooted in the nature of the person. These values express humanity’s most authentic and distinctive features. Leaving aside ideological prejudices and selfish interests, it is necessary to foster people’s awareness of these shared values, in order to nurture that intrinsically universal cultural “humus-soil” which makes for fruitful and constructive dialogue.”
A practical help to advance religious liberty in the world and its many derived benefits is the political monitoring of the implementation of this right that is undertaken by the European Union and by the U.S. State Department, by the United Nations Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodical Review of States, and in the annual Reports on how religious liberty fares in the countries of the world. Thus we note an increasing awareness of the link between foreign policy and religious freedom. Ultimately, each one of us should engage in this task. I am reminded of an old African story of the king lion escaping the forest in flames followed by all the animals. When the lion notices a tiny hummingbird flying counter current toward the fire yells at him: ”What do you think you are doing with your useless flight?” And the hummingbird replies: “I’m trying to put out the fire.” Then the lion with a mocking laugh retorts: “With only one drop of water…?” Without breaking his flight the hummingbird answers: “I do my share.”
6. The American experiment
The novelty of the American experiment has been to guarantee the free exercise of religious liberty for individuals, for different religious groups, and for their religious-inspired institutions. This remains a lasting and valid contribution to the world. John Noonan rightly defined religious liberty as the “lustre” of the United States. Religious freedom was among the most relevant freedoms that gave origin and shape to the American colonies, then to the American states, and subsequently to the American Republic.
Americans have a special relationship with the value of religious liberty; it is well embedded, not just in their past, but also in their present. Our twentieth century Civil Rights movement was prompted by religious communities and personalities who substantially contributed to erase racial inequality.
But the special relationship between the United States and religious liberty has not been fruitful just for Americans. It has been fruitful for everybody. The American sensitivity to religious freedom played a prominent role in shaping the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Thanks to the personal engagement of Eleanor Roosevelt, as I mentioned previously, a deep understanding of religious freedom found its place in a foundational article of the Universal Declaration of Human rights. The American experience of religious freedom still is the focus of serious study in other parts of the world, including Europe. Scholars and legislators there still draw inspiration from American Constitutionalism when they try to find new and positive ways of conceiving the relationship between religions and the State. Even the Catholic Church learned much from the American experience as it shaped, during the Second Vatican Council, that became the Declaration on Religious Freedom. The United States still plays a global role in upholding religious freedom as, in many ways, does the Church in this country.
Democracies are built by respecting, through personal and institutional choices, this freedom of conscience and religion, rather than by military imposition, legal dictat, or the destruction of entire societies. The United States Bill of Rights embodies a principle that remains a test of genuine democracy: the free exercise of religion, that clearly implies freedom of conscience and of institutional expression of belief. The American Constitution then prohibits that the State adopt legislation to establish an official religion or that it prefer one religion over another. From this perspective, the State should not interfere with the free exercise of religious freedom, or with one’s practice of religion, nor should the State require a person to act against her or his religious views. Thus the presence of religious communities in the public sphere cannot be relegated to the celebrations of rites and ceremonies, but must be able to play an active role and to express their own vision of the human person and of the policies that rule society.
As the world becomes more diversified through technology of communication, migration, cultural changes, scientific progress that involves the human condition, and the emergence of new religious communities, peace and creative living together in our globalized and interconnected societies will be possible only if freedom of religion is fully respected. Indeed, this is the human right that, in the end, guarantees all other human rights. The preservation of the American experience must remain a contribution for the peaceful and truly democratic future of our world. As Alexis de Tocqueville so wisely remarked, “Despotism may be able to do without faith but freedom cannot.” Thus, we stand for religious freedom so as to free others to become fully human.
Allow me to conclude these remarks by quoting our Holy Father, a strong advocate of religious liberty: “You are called to live with that attitude full of faith that is described in the Letter to Diognetus: do not deny anything of the Gospel in which you believe, but live in the midst of others with sympathy, communicating by your very way of life that humanism which is rooted in Christianity, in order to build together with all people of good will a “city” which is more human, more just and more supportive.”
*Archbishop Silvano M. Tomasi, c.s., is an Apostolic Nuncio and Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva.
|
<urn:uuid:be08d9d2-d1b0-415f-b273-bc9c0505c188>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://iprcua.com/archbishop-silvano-m-tomasis-keynote-address/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947099 | 4,631 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Brigar, caso, badalada, ano, afligir, ansiar, causar, apaixonado, borboletear, caber, acerca, bater, causa, andar.
Around; all round; on every side of.
In the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place; by or on (one's person).
Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions; here and there in; to and fro in; throughout.
Near; not far from; -- determining approximately time, size, quantity.
In concern with; engaged in; intent on.
On the point or verge of; going; in act of.
Concerning; with regard to; on account of; touching.
On all sides; around.
In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; as, a mile about, and a third of a mile across.1
Here and there; around; in one place and another.1
Nearly; approximately; with close correspondence, in quality, manner, degree, etc.; as, about as cold; about as high; -- also of quantity, number, time.1
To a reserved position; half round; in the opposite direction; on the opposite tack; as, to face about; to turn one's self about
astir, active similar term adv, approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less, around, or so adv, around adv, around adv, around adv, around adv, just about, almost, most, all but, nearly, near, nigh, virtually, well-nigh
|
<urn:uuid:27c3d98c-6a60-4815-be06-07b04ae2ffa7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.dicionarioweb.com.br/ingles/about/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900959 | 362 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Vice Admiral Francois
Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers,
Compte de Brueys
Home Page and More Nelson Resouces
Nevertheless at first everything went well. The fleet sailed on 19 May and the various rendezvous were achieved allowing the convoy to increase in numbers. The only difficulty experienced was when General Desaix failed to make his rendezvous and the convoy lost three days although the final link up was achieved at Malta. Malta was taken against only nominal opposItIon and troops were landed to garrIson Valetta. De Brueys also avoided Nelson's fleet. A course was set for Crete in order to deceive Nelson and then south to Egypt. On the night of June 22-23 the different courses of the two fleets crossed but the British were unaware of the enemy's proximity although some of the French sailors heard alien ships' bells. The French fleet, slowed down by its large convoy, managed to avoid Nelson and on 1 July the French reached Alexandria. Here the first recorded conflict between de Brueys and Bonaparte occurred. In order to capture Alexandria the landings had to take place at a nearby village called Marabout. Bad weather, lack of charts and the troops with no practice at embarkation led de Brueys to advise postponing the landing to the next day. This sensible approach was over ruled by Bonaparte -"Admiral, we have no time to waste. Luck grants me three days, no more. If l don't take advantage of them, we're lost." De Brueys was proved right. The landings, poorly co-ordinated, went on through the night resulting in the landing boats being overturned and men drowned - although the official reports only named 19 men as being lost the numbers were much greater. Nevertheless, Alexandria was seized and by 10 July all the French troops had begun to advance into the interior. De Bruey's task was completed. All he had to do was to land the stores and ensure the transports were protected. The burning question is why was he, three weeks after the main landing, still in Aboukir Bay?
Bonaparte blamed de Brueys for being in Aboukir Bay and not at sea. Contemporary correspondence however reveals that the French fleet stayed at anchor on the direct orders of Bonaparte himself. De Brueys had wanted to sail for Corfu to pick up further ships of the line. Bonaparte however probably wanted the fleet to protect the transports in Alexandria harbour from attack as well as wanting the sailors to fulfill quasi military duties whilst his army was on the march. The safest way would have been for the whole French fleet to enter Alexandria harbour. However there were doubts that L'Orient would be able to enter the harbour and that exiting from the port would be "difficult and dangerous". Despite recommendations on 15 July that blowing up one or two rocks would allow the ship to comfortably enter the harbour, de Brueys determined to remain at Aboukir Bay - 23 miles east. Having made this decision and therefore deprived of harbour facilities he had to undertake other tasks. Stores still needed to be unloaded, wells dug to supply the fleet with water and armed protection provided for the sailors ashore who were subject to attack by Bedouin tribesmen. This explains why many of the sailors were ashore when Nelson attacked.
Given this, what was crucial was for de Brueys to have positioned his fleet in a way which would repel attack. His position was certainly not hopeless. Lord Hood at St Kitts in 1782 and Samuel Barrington at St Lucia in 1778 had successfully repulsed prolonged attacks from much the same position as he had. What de Brueys needed to do was to make his anchorage safe. On first taking anchorage on 4 July, he held a council of flag officers and captains and, with the exception of Blanquet, all had agreed that in case of attack the fleet should engage at anchor and not under sail. Use was to be made of the geography of the bay. The western end of the semi circular bay was marked by Aboukir point and Aboukir Island and shoals to seaward of it, with a connecting line of rocks and shoals narrowing the mouth of the bay. The island and the point were fortified. De Brueys' ships of the line were moored in a slightly bent line stretching south from the shallows just inside the island. Four frigates were anchored at intervals inside the line and the smaller ships in shallow water. The thirteen French ships of the line were anchored with L'Orient in the middle of the line and a concentration of powerful 80 gun ships at the rear where de Brueys expected the attack to come. This would have deterred anyone other than Nelson from attacking. De Brueys was certainly happy with his position. On 13 July he wrote to Bonaparte "I have been taking up a strong position in case I am compelled to fight at anchor."
However de Brueys had made two crucial mistakes. Inexcusably he did not have his frigates at sea to warn him of Nelson's approach. This meant that he would have little warning that he was going to be attacked and would not be able to ensure all his seamen ashore could return to their ships in time. Secondly he had not checked that his instructions had been carried out. The leading French ship Le Guerrier had not anchored close enough to the shoals and the ships were not close enough to give supporting fire to each other. These mistakes meant that the English ships could deploy themselves either side of a French ship with an unchallenged gun superiority of two to one. Also, de Brueys' instructions to take lines from one ship to the next astern were not carried out allowing the English to pass between the first and second ships.
The English fleet was sighted by L'Heureuse about 2pm. De Brueys ordered his frigates to send part of their crews to serve on the ships of the line. He also ordered everyone ashore recalled - only some obeyed. At 3pm he ordered hammocks stowed and for two light vessels to sail into the bay to reconnoitre and if possible tempt the English ships into chasing them into waters where the larger ships would run aground - this plan failed. De Brueys then gave orders to reform the line and ensure broadsides bore - but Blanquet pointed out the absence of the launches and expectation of counter orders prevented these directions being more than half executed. At 5.30 pm the Controller General of the Finances to Bonaparte's army, Poussielque, heard cannon. At 6.20 pm the French fleet hoisted its colours. Contrary to de Bruey's belief Nelson did not attack the rear of the fleet commanded by Villeneuve but attacked the van and battle was joined.
Nevertheless despite the mistakes there was no doubting de Brueys bravery. L'Orient opened fire at 6.45 pm and dismasted the Bellerophon. She was then attacked by the Alexander and Swiftsure .One ship anchored on L'Orient's starboard bow; the other on L'Orient's larboard quarter. At 7pm de Brueys had been wounded in the head and arm while on the poop deck. He had refused to have his wounds tended and had tried to stop the flow of blood with his handkerchief. At 7.30pm while descending to the quarterdeck he was almost cut in two by a cannon ball. He refused to be carried below saying "a French Admiral ought to die on his own quarterdeck". Cradled in the arms of the helmsman and surrounded by his staff he was dead by 7.45pm; before the fire broke out that was to engulf his flagship. His men fought on but by the time of his death the French fleet was already doomed. Possielgue noticed L'Orient on fire at 9.15 pm and timed her explosion at 10.00 pm. After a ten minute silence the firing began again and continued until 3 am. At 5am on 2 August it began again and continued until 2pm when Possielgue saw Villeneuve's ships escaping. Of the 13 French ships of the line and 4 frigates, 9 were captured, 4 burnt/sunk and 4 escaped. It was the greatest defeat suffered by a French fleet for over lOO years. Although the French could still send powerful fleets into the Mediterranean (de Bruix's fleet in 1799-1800 for example which was larger than de Bruey's), French Admirals could not shake off the prospect of being defeated as comprehensively as de Brueys had been and like de Bruix avoided offensive operations. One French Admiral never ceased to be haunted by what he had seen on 1- 2 August 1798 and that was Villeneuve.
De Brueys was unfortunate that he was opposed by Nelson and his captains but I cannot help feeling that, although a little bit unkind, Admiral Ganteaume his chief of staff was right. Ganteaume wrote "Il ne sut pas meme former sa ligne d'embossage; malheureusement determiner dans un lieu ouvert et que la terre ne pouvait proteger" ("He did not even know how to form his line with vessels broadside on, unfortunately deciding on an open place without the protection of the land"). Had Napoleon chosen the right admiral? Would Blanquet have been a better choice? We shall, of course, never know.
|
<urn:uuid:012418f9-709c-43a8-a7f8-4870f7cf9162>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.aboutnelson.co.uk/brueys.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.986252 | 1,973 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|back to stats portal|
R is a free software for statistical analysis and graphics.
It runs on various UNIX platforms, Windows, and MacOS.
The latest version, 2.12.1, was released on December 16, 2010.
Since 1997 an international core team of about 15 people develops R.
What is R?
R is widely used for statistical software development and data analysis, and has become a de-facto standard among statisticians for the development of statistical software. R's source code is freely available under the GNU General Public License, and pre-compiled binary versions are provided for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and several Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. R uses a command line interface, though several graphical user interfaces are available. wikipedia entry on R
"R has many functions for statistical analyses and graphics; the latter are visualized immediately in their own window and can be saved in various formats (jpg, png, bmp, ps, pdf, emf, pictex, xfig; the available formats may depend on the operating system). The results from a statistical analysis are displayed on the screen, some intermediate results (P-values, regression coefficients, residuals,...) can be saved, written in a file, or used in subsequent analyses.
The R language allows the user, for instance, to program loops to successively analyse several data sets. It is also possible to combine in a single program different statistical functions to perform more complex analyses. The R users may benefit from a large number of programs written for S and available on the internet, most of these programs can be used directly with R.
At first, R could seem too complex for a non-specialist. This may not be true actually. In fact, a prominent feature of R is its flexibility."
R was originally created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman (hence the name R) at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and is now developed by the R Development Core Team. R is considered by its developers to be an implementation of the S programming language, with semantics derived from Scheme.
- choose a download mirror: list of mirror sites for R download
- download the right package for you (Linux/Windows/Mac)
- install the package following the OS-specific instructions
To use R you will have to learn some R commands (see screenshot), i.e. it's not fully menu based like most Windows and Mac software. This might seem tedious but you will soon realise that while slowing you down initially it will speed up your work and make it better after an initial learning period.
There is a lot of free documentation available. Shorter manuals are first in the list:
- Friendly Beginners' R Course by Toby Marthews, ZIP archive containing examples & 12 page PDF
- short introduction to R by Jim Lemon, HTML v1.6
- R for beginners by Emmanuel Paradis, PDF 76 pages
- R tutorial from Biology Fac, University of Alaska Fairbanks, HTML
- R tutorial from Maths, Union College, NY - very clear layout, HTML
- R tutorial by Vincent Zoonekynd, Maths, Université P.M. Curie, France, HTML
- PLoS: A Quick Guide to Teaching R Programming to Computational Biology Students by Stephen J. Eglen*, Cambridge Computational Biology Institute, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
|
<urn:uuid:347fc0bb-950d-4b83-bd4d-2d06704427b3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://openwetware.org/index.php?title=R_Statistics&oldid=478260
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.898525 | 716 | 3.375 | 3 |
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ROMAN GLADIATORS
By Tim Lambert
In Rome and other major cities in the Roman Empire gladiators were men (or sometimes women) who fought, sometimes to the death, to provide entertainment.
The first gladiators fought in 264 BC at a funeral. Six gladiators fought to entertain the guests. The word gladiator means a man who fights with a gladius (a short sword) and the word for a gladiatorial fight was a munus, which means a duty owed to the dead.
In time gladiatorial fights became separated from funerals. They evolved into public shows put on by rich Roman politicians to please their supporters. Eventually Roman Emperors were expected to put on costly shows to keep the poor people of Rome happy.
At first gladiator shows were held in forum (market place) but later they were held in purpose built arenas. The most famous is the colosseum (so named because it was next to a giant statue of Nero, the colossus). The colosseum was built in 80 AD and it could seat more than 50,000 spectators.
At first gladiators were slaves but later some were criminals who were sentenced to be fight for a set period of time or a set number of games. Surprisingly some people volunteered to be gladiators. Again they fought for a set period of time or number of games and were given a large sum of money if they survived.
A gladiator training school was called a ludus. At its head was the owner and trainer of gladiators, called a lanista. Among types of gladiator were the Thracian, who carried a small round shield called a parma and a retiarius who carried a fishnet and a trident. A murmillo carried a sword and shield similar to those used by Roman soldiers. Other types of gladiator were equites who fought on horseback with lances. British gladiators fought from chariots. They were called essedarii. Gladiators called andabatae fought wearing helmets with no eye holes. As they were blind they had to listen for their opponent!
Gladiators also fought animals such as lions and tigers. Furthermore fights sometimes took place on artificial lakes. Small ships were launched on an artificial lake and sea battles called naumachiae were held on them.
From about 55 AD some women fought at gladiators but the practice was banned in 200 AD.
Not surprisingly a gladiators life was usually short. However a defeated gladiator could appeal for mercy by holding up the first finger of his left hand. If the crowd wanted him to die they held their fists with the thumb pointing down. If they wanted him to live they concealed their thumb inside their fists.
The last gladiatorial fights were held in the mid-5th century. As the Roman Empire broke down they no longer had the resources to provide the shows.
Everyday life in Rome
A History of Rome
Read more about the dark side of history
A history of games
|
<urn:uuid:c200ae73-e443-4079-853b-830ac2dda02c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.localhistories.org/gladiators.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.990257 | 635 | 3.671875 | 4 |
|This page is an official policy on the Simple English Wikipedia.
Many people agree with it. They see it as a standard idea that all users should follow. When changing this page, please check that other people agree with your changes. Use the talk page when you are not sure or when you want to suggest a change.
Any time that people work together, it is important to make rules that they should agree to follow. Most of the rules written here must be followed by everyone, and some of the rules are still being decided.
Most of the time, if a rule has not been made here, or if something that happens is not covered by the rules that are here, we will look at the rules on the main English Wikipedia or other Wikimedia projects. We should also use common sense.
The Wikimedia Foundation has made rules that can never be changed. All projects must follow them:
- Wikipedia:Neutral point of view is the most important rule in changing pages.
- Anyone can change articles without making a username.
- The "wiki process" is the way to decide what is put on the project. See WP:CONSENSUS.
- All writing is available by copyleft licensing. Wikipedia uses the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License and the GFDL license.
These are rules about how editors and administrators should act.
- Wikipedia:Blocks and bans
- Wikipedia:Deletion policy
- Wikipedia:Image use policy
- Wikipedia:Merging and moving pages
- Wikipedia:Neutral point of view
- Wikipedia:Protection policy
- Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not
- Wikipedia:Edit war
These are rules for writing articles for the Simple English Wikipedia.
- Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages
- Wikipedia:Citing sources
- Wikipedia:Core article
- Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages
- Wikipedia:Manual of Style
- Wikipedia:Template substitution
- Wikipedia:Change summary
These are rules for how to work better in Wikipedia together.
- Wikipedia:Assume good faith
- Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers
- Wikipedia:User page
- Wikipedia:Be kind
- Wikipedia:Protecting children's privacy
|
<urn:uuid:ede90ad8-3849-4353-a75b-d2f3fe908c5e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Rules
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.864995 | 457 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Draw the axisymmetric shape.
Write the Fourier’s law.
Here, is the heat conduction, is the coefficient of thermal conductivity, is the area of cross-section, is the change in temperature, and is the thickness of the shape.
Since the coefficient of thermal conductivity and the amount of heat conducted through the one-dimensional shape are constant, the following relation holds good:
Hence, as increases, increases, and decreases.
This shows that the temperature and the thickness are inversely proportional to each other.
Draw the curve for the axisymmetric shape.
Here, the independent variable, is taken along the axis, and the dependent variable, T is taken along the axis.
Thus, the shape of the curve is hyperbola. Here, as the value increases, the value of the temperature decreases and vice-versa.
|
<urn:uuid:144bcfe3-f72c-48e0-9532-2dc5909b7e03>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/introduction-to-heat-transfer-5th-edition-chapter-2-solutions-9780471457275
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937375 | 184 | 4.25 | 4 |
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
(New York, New York)
For Immediate Release
September 22, 1998
BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN
ON COOPERATION IN THE USE OF THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
On the basis of a series of discussions between representatives and experts of the Government of the United States and the Government of Japan, U.S. President William Clinton and Japanese Prime Minister Keizou Obuchi have issued this Joint Statement regarding cooperation in the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) Standard Positioning Service for global positioning and other applications.
GPS is a constellation of orbiting satellites operated by the United States, which provides signals to aid position-location, navigation, and precision timing for civil and military purposes. GPS, as an evolving system, is becoming more important for a wide variety of civilian, commercial, and scientific applications such as car navigation, mapping and land surveying, maritime shipping, and international air traffic management.
The United States Government is operating a maritime Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), and the Government of Japan is operating a similar system. Both Governments are developing augmentation systems to support air navigation--the United States is developing the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), and Japan is developing the Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT)-based Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS).
The commercial GPS equipment and services industries of the United States and Japan lead the world, and augmentation systems to enhance the use of the GPS Standard Positioning Service could further expand civil, commercial, and scientific markets.
Building a Cooperative Relationship
The United States Government intends to continue to provide the GPS Standard Positioning Service for peaceful civil, commercial, and scientific use on a continuous, worldwide basis, free of direct user fees.
The Government of Japan intends to work closely with the United States to promote broad and effective use of the GPS Standard Positioning Service as a worldwide positioning, navigation, and timing standard.
Both Governments are convinced of the need to prevent the misuse of GPS and its augmentation systems without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses, as well as of the need to prepare for emergency situations.
Both Governments intend to cooperate to promote and facilitate civilian uses of GPS. It is anticipated that cooperation will:
- promote compatibility of operating standards for GPS technologies, equipment, and services;
- help develop effective approaches toward providing adequate radio frequency allocations for GPS and other radionavigation systems;
- identify potential barriers to the growth of commercial applications of GPS and appropriate preventative measures;
- encourage trade and investment in GPS equipment and services as a means of enhancing the information infrastructure of the Asia-Pacific region; and
- facilitate exchange of information on GPS-related matters of interest to both countries, such as enhancement of global positioning, navigation, and timing technologies and capabilities.
The two Governments intend to work together as appropriate on GPS-related issues that arise in the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Maritime Organization, the International Telecommunication Union, and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, or in other international organizations or meetings.
The Government of the United States and the Government of Japan have decided to establish a mechanism for bilateral cooperation relating to the use of the GPS Standard Positioning Service, as follows:
- A plenary meeting will be held annually to review and discuss matters of importance regarding the use of the GPS Standard Positioning Service.
- Working groups will be set up under the plenary meeting to discuss issues of mutual interest. Discussions will focus initially on commercial and scientific use and transportation safety, including measures to identify and report intentional and unintentional interference, the use of the GPS Standard Positioning Service in emergency situations, and an emergency notification system. Each working group will annually report to the plenary meeting the outcome of its work.
The two Governments share the expectation that this mechanism will help the two Governments identify ways to deal with GPS-related issues that may arise as civilian use of GPS increases, and take actions as appropriate.
# # #
|
<urn:uuid:8410026f-20fa-47f3-a8d2-197d2abbb332>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.gps.gov/policy/cooperation/japan/1998-joint-statement/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900166 | 841 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Guest post by Kit Broihier, MS, RD, LD Courtesy of the Maine Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Continuing with the Mediterranean eating theme practically requires that we cover olives and olive oil at some point in the discussion since they are so widely consumed by Mediterranean cultures. Traditionally, a Mediterranean diet calls for eating several olives (maybe up to 10) or consuming 2-3 tablespoons of olive oil each day. Let’s take a look at what the benefits of this practice may be.
Are there health benefits from olives that are separate from their oil?
This is the first question I had when starting this post. After all, most dietitians can rattle off several benefits of consuming olive oil without much trouble at all, but olives themselves? I tend to think of olives as mostly a garnish of sorts, not really a food, but in the Mediterranean diet they are indeed a food. Olives are rich in phytonutrients that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. A recent study even shows that compounds in olive leaves may help increase insulin sensitivity (though the study used capsules and not olives themselves). In fact, one company is seeking a patent for the olive leaf extract, which is a more potent source of the two phytonutrients of interest—oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol—for its effects in the blood sugar control/metabolic syndrome area. These phytonutrients may also play a role in cancer prevention, and are known to have some blood thinning properties. It’s a bit early to jump on the olive leaf extract bandwagon, but it certainly presents some rationale for including more olives in your diet. Olives are also a good source of fiber, iron, copper and vitamin E.
Now to rattle off the olive oil health benefits
Most of the health chatter around olive oil relates to the fact that it is mainly made up of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). These are considered healthy dietary fats, and when you decrease your consumption of less healthy fats (such as saturated and trans fats) with MUFAs, you can help lower your risk of heart disease by lowering total cholesterol and “bad” LDL cholesterol levels. There is also some evidence that suggests that MUFAs may benefit blood sugar control as well—great for those with metabolic syndrome or Type 2 diabetes. In fact, studies like this recent one have shown that a Mediterranean diet that includes olive oil and nuts—without energy (calorie) restriction—reduced diabetes risk in a group of adult men and women who were already at risk of cardiovascular disease. Some types of MUFAs appear to have a use in fighting breast cancer though more studies need to be done before conclusive benefits are demonstrated.
Bringing it to the table
Olives or olive oil for you? Both have benefits, and many of them are the same. So it may come down to sodium. Olives are usually high in sodium though the level varies by type and processing technique. Most olives are brined and cured for several months to offset their naturally bitter taste. This means, of course, that they are salty—and rinsing them does little good. If you’re one of those folks who needs to watch sodium, you may want to go the olive oil route instead of the olive route when following a Mediterranean eating plan.
When choosing olive oil, keep these things in mind:
- Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has the highest concentration of health-promoting phytonutrients. It’s made by crushing/pressing the olives and is the first extraction of the oil from high-quality olives. Choose EVOO for drizzling, dipping or dressings.
- Light olive oil, though not worthy of the extra virgin quality label, is still olive oil (albeit likely a mixture of different olive oils) and has comparable health benefits. It is further refined than EVOO, resulting in a more colorless, more mild-tasting oil. It’s better suited to cooking with high heat as its smoke point is higher than that of EVOO. It’s also a good choice for baking.
Note from Diane
What’s your favorite olive? I did a taste test at Micucci Grocery in Portland and discovered a new one. Check out the video and also get some olive trivia.
|
<urn:uuid:46b0e939-3898-43a3-8e00-bbc01205948e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://catchinghealth.bangordailynews.com/2014/05/01/nom-nom/a-taste-of-the-mediterranean-olives-their-oil-and-our-health/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962541 | 906 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.