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The DC voltage tests conducted on cable are insulation resistance measurement and DC hi-pot test.
The DC hi-pot test can be performed as leakage current versus voltage test, leakage current versus time test, or go, no-go overpotential test. It is always appropriate to conduct the insulation resistance measurement test first, and if data obtained looks good, then proceed with the DC overpotential test. After DC overpotential test is completed, then perform the insulation resistance again to assure that the cable has not been damaged during the DC overpotential test.
DC Overpotential Test Connections and Procedures
The test connections for this test are similar to test connections shown in Figure 2.7a, and for three-conductor cable are similar to those shown in Figure 2.7b and c. The test procedures are the following:
• Cable to be tested must be de-energized, opened at both ends, and grounded to discharge any electrostatic charge on the cable. Switches, potential transformers, lightning arresters, jumpers from potheads to feeders, fuses, cutouts, and any switchgear should be disconnected.
If impossible to disconnect any or some of connected equipment, the test voltage should not exceed the value that could overstress these devices connected to the cable.
• DC test voltage should be applied from phase to ground on each conductor with other conductors, shields, and metallic sheath connected to ground or other conductors guarded with shield and metallic sheath grounded.
• Ensure that the hi-pot set main “on–off” switch is in off position and the high-voltage on switch is in the off position with voltage control switch turned to zero position before beginning the tests.
• Connect the hi-pot test set safety ground stud to a good electrical ground and make sure the connections are tight. Never operate the DC hi-pot test set without this ground connection. Also connect the shield ground strap of the shielded cable under test to the test set ground stud.
• Connect the return line from other conductors not under test to the earth ground terminal or to the guard terminal of the test set as desired. The hi-pot grounding switch should be switched into the appropriate position. Normally, 100 V insulation is required on the return line. Connect the shield and sheath to ground and also to the ground terminal of test set. The guard terminal is provided to bypass the current due to corona and surface leakage around the microammeter so that corona and surface leakage currents are not included in the test readings.
• Connect one end of the output or line cable to the desired phase of the cable under test, making sure that the connections are tight and without any sharp edges. Where corona currents may be expected owing to the application of high voltages, it is recommended that the connections be taped, covered over with clear plastic bags, or use a corona ring or corona shield. The other end of the output or line cable is connected to the output or line stud of the test set.
• Cable used for connecting the hi-pot test set to the cable under test, that is, the line or output cable, should be short and direct and supported along its length so that it is not touching the ground or grounding materials or surfaces. If extension cables are to be used with the output or line cable to reach the cable under test, shielded cable should preferably be used for this purpose. The shields of the extension cable and hi-pot cable should be connected with a shield jumper, which should be run away from the splice to prevent leakage. In case of the extension cable being nonshielded, care should be taken to keep the nonshielded wire away from the grounding surfaces as explained previously.
When shielded cable is being tested, it is • recommended that the shield be trimmed back about 1 in. for every 10 kV. The shield on the test set end of the cable is connected to ground as explained previously. The shield on the other end of cable can be taped and left hanging without any connections made to it.
• Test set now should be plugged into a 115 V, 60 Hz outlet. It is important that the AC supply voltage have good line regulation, because the DC output voltage of the test set depends upon the AC line input voltage. The test voltage kilovolt range should be selected before beginning the test. The power now can be turned on and the test begun either as step-voltage or as a go, no-go test.
• After the test is completed, turn the high-voltage switch of the test set to off position. Allow the cable just tested to discharge either through the internal test set discharge circuit or external ground applied to the cable by means of hot stick at 2 kV or below. Do not touch the cable until it is fully discharged.
• Connect a ground to the cable that was tested and leave it connected for at least four times the length of the test time or until the cable is connected into the system.
Reference:Electrical Power Equipment Maintenance and Testing
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Geophysics and Seismology
Geophysics is the application of the methods and techniques of physics in the study of the Earth. It differs from Geology in that a geologist studies rocks and structures, which can be seen, while a geophysicist uses seismic, electrical, electromagnetic, and potential fields to probe the inaccessible subsurface. The Geophysics faculty in the department is actively involved in the following research. For complete details of available research projects, please visit the individual professor’s web pages.
Active source pure seismology uses both marine and onshore reflection and wide-angle seismic data to study subjects ranging from continental crustal structure and genesis, characterization of gas hydrates on the continental shelves and high resolution studies of the structure of the upper mantle.
Active source exploration seismology uses seismic reflection datasets to study the subsurface distribution and time-lapse monitoring of hydrocarbon reservoirs. In addition, this group is also actively involved in using the seismic reflection data to monitor carbon dioxide movements in carbon sequestration experiments in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers. The accurate imaging of subsurface seismic structure remains a grand challenge for seismologist and several of our faculty conducts theoretical and computational research in large scale global inversion, modeling, and scattering integral versus adjoint imaging techniques.
Passive source seismology uses broad-band seismic data from regional scale PASSCAL and Earthscope seismic experiments and the Global Seismic Network to image subsurface structure at a local and regional scale. In addition, earthquake source characteristics are constraining using a higher order approximation (finite moment tensor) that helps resolve fault plane ambiguity that is important to creating more accurate real-time earthquake acceleration maps.
Physics of magmatic processes uses geophysics to investigate magma migration and flow, mantle plume characteristics, the origin of granites, the physical properties of two-phase systems, and fluid flow in porous media.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used to image the shallow surface. Projects currently using GPR include: imaging the sedimentation history of lakes to map out Quaternary changes in climate in the western U.S., mapping glacial stratigraphy, and the depth of sand dunes that constrain basin integration.
Paleomagnetic study uses the earth’s magnetic field over the geologic history and seeks to determine the motion of the plates, investigate extraterrestrial impacts on Earth, and analyze mass extinction events to help refining the geologic time-scale.
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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Multicultural educational strategies were developed to assist teachers trying to solve the diverse problems imposed on their classrooms by rapidly changing demographics and, at times, crisis-filled society.
Today, teachers in most urban areas face students from a variety of social classes and cultural and language groups. Often, European American children are a minority group. In many rural areas in the US, such as the Rio Grande Valley of Texas, the central valleys of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Georgia, and Mississippi, and the Appalachian region, the majority of students do not share the middle-class, European American culture common to most college-educated teachers. Teachers find large numbers of English as a Second Language students in their classes from Iowa to Virginia, and from Utah to Nevada.
Multicultural educators seek to substantially reform schools to give these diverse students an equal chance in school, in the job market, and in contributing to building healthy communities. Banks (2008), one of the leaders in the field of multicultural education, describes these dimensions of multicultural education; (1) Content integration, (2) The knowledge construction process, (3) Prejudice reduction, (4) An equity pedagogy, and (5) An empowering school culture and social structure.
- Banks, James. An Introduction to Multicultural Education. 4th. edition. 2008,Pearson, Allyn/Bacon.
- Campbell, Duane. Choosing Democracracy: a practical guide to Multicultural Education. 3rd. edition. 2004. Pearson, Merrill.
- Bilingual education
- Cross cultural communication
- Cultural sensitivity
- Education programs
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Kwanzaa: What Is It?
The Kwanzaa celebration kicks off today and would you believe that two out of every five of you who read this just said, “what’s Kwanzaa?”
There’s such a lack of education surrounding the Kwanzaa celebration. As a matter of fact, a “60 Minutes” and “Vanity Fair” poll found that only 60% of Americans knew Kwanzaa is a holiday that celebrates African-American heritage.
But wait, it gets worse. 23% said they had no idea what Kwanzaa is. 8% confused it with an abbreviated version of Ramadan and thought it was a “Muslim week of penance.” 6% thought it was a Nigerian term meaning an act of good will. And 3% of people thought it was a city in the Ukraine. I guess they confused it with Kiev?
If you have no idea what Kwanzaa is all about, it’s time to get yourself educated so that you don’t sound ignorant when it comes up in conversation.
Kwanzaa was created and first celebrated in 1966 by Maulana Karenga, an African-American professor of Africana Studies, activist and author. Kwanzaa is a week-long celebration which honors African heritage and which ends in a feast and gift-giving.
The name Kwanzaa derives from the Swahili phrase matunda ya kwanza, meaning “first fruits of the harvest”. Those who celebrate Kwanzaa decorate their homes with art,colorful African cloth and fresh fruits that represent African idealism.
On each of the seven nights of Kwanzaa, the family gets together and a child lights one of the candles on the Kinara (candleholder), then one of the seven principles is discussed. The principles are known as the Nguzo Saba (seven principles in Swahili) and each is a value of African culture which contributes to building and reinforcing community among African-Americans. The candle-lighting ceremony each evening gives those who celebrate the chance to get together and discuss the meaning of Kwanzaa. The first night, the black candle in the center is lit. One candle is lit each evening and the appropriate principle is discussed.
The last day of the Kwanzaa celebration includes a huge feast and gift giving.
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Do you have small items such as bras, handkerchiefs, scarves, or cloth napkins and table linens that may have small stains, or are no longer white? They may look drab or have the “dull creeps’. It may be time to practice the time- worn craft of tea dyeing.
Tea dyeing is an art form from long ago that can revitalize those old items into useable pieces that can be used everyday again.
Tea cloth dyeing is sometimes referred to as tea staining, is thought to have originated in the Orient. The history behind this craft is somewhat sketchy. What is known is that the consumption of tea in huge quantities is attributed to China and Japan. And green tea is the most prevalent. The powder of green tea proved to stain fabric well, thus becoming an art form. It goes back hundreds of years.
Although, coming into popularity were the love of silken fabrics and the usage of flowers and fruits for dyes. The flowers and fruits provided vibrant reds and oranges.
This pushed back the green tea staining to be a less popular option as it could only dye in the color of green.
Modern advances and dyeing techniques, along with new types of equipment have caused tea staining to be left to those who fancy crafts. It is known that in the south of Japan and parts of Tokyo, green tea is still grown extensively. Here it has found a niche’. Tourists can still purchase small items such as tea stained handkerchiefs and scarves in their markets and tea houses today.
Here’s a recipe that can be used at home and can be adjusted to your needs.
You will need a few things to begin your tea stain. You will need a large stainless steel pot.( If you don’t have one, look at thrift stores, garage sales, antique shops and purchase a “worn-in” pot). The pot should have the capacity to hold about three gallons of water. You will need about 8 oz. of loose black or green tea (depending what color you would like to produce). Gather a hand-held strainer, some tongs, a wash cloth size piece of either cheesecloth or muslin, and kitchen string and finally a bit of mild detergent.
To begin- the garments or linens to be stained should be soaked in a sink of cold water.
Next- fill the cooking pot with water and put on stove, bring to a boil.
Third- take the measured loose tea and put in cheesecloth or muslin and tie with kitchen string. (forming a tea infuser)
Fourth- put the tea ball into the boiling pot of water, and continue the boil for at least 30 minutes.
*The longer you boil, the darker the tea, boil one hour if you can.*
Fifth- remove the tea infuser and strain if needed.
Sixth-wring out the wet clothing pieces and add to your pot of tea water.
Finally- Turn off heat and steep for several hours or overnight. Stir occasionally, to insure even coloring. When your fabric reaches the color that you like, take your pieces out and run them under water. Now you can hang your items or spread out on a clean towel and lay flat to dry.
A few last words- Please adjust your recipe if using less water, say half that amount, use half the amount of tea. Also please remember this is a permanent color change for your fabric item. If you have an antique or beloved item, please do not tea stain them. Always test fabric first!
Have fun doing this very old craft, and revitalizing things that were just sitting around and not being used. This is an eco-friendly craft as well. Repurpose, reuse, recycle and use sustainable products.
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Income inequality is a primary concern for the Democratic Party. The president himself has spoken on the subject recently, saying he would “refocus” his efforts on alleviating income inequality through measures like the minimum wage and extended unemployment benefits.
The subject of income is often heated with flaring emotions. Concepts like fairness and justice are uttered in tandem with poverty and inequality. One would understandably hear the debate and think the world is full of high-income earners who make money at the expense of those with lower incomes. However, there are facts that should provide perspective and perhaps temper passions.
1) When talking about high-income earners (or the wealthy—not the same thing, but people use them interchangeably sometimes), we are typically talking about people at different stages of life. Common sense should tell anyone that a person in his twenties is unlikely to earn as much income as a person in his late fifties. Simply put, on average, aging typically brings higher income.
2) Income reflects a series of choices. Not everyone chooses a path that leads to a high income. For instance, some people pursue careers that they might enjoy but pay average or even below average salaries. Others might not pursue a career, at all, and might instead jump from one industry to another.
3) Most people do not remain in the same income categories in perpetuity. While millions of people are classified as poor at a given time, the fact is that most of these folks move out of this category at some point in life. Another tandem fact is that high income earners often do not remain as such for very long.
4) Incomes are not distributed—they are paid directly for services. When a person works a job, he or she is exchanging time and effort/skill for money. The employer is willing to pay the employee and the employee is willing to trade his or her time for money. That does not mean that either party is necessarily happy or that the arrangement is ideal, but the fact is that jobs are offered and they are accepted; so income is paid directly. Politicians often speak of an unequal distribution of income as if it is distributed among the people by some central force, but this is not so.
Each of these realities should give debaters on both sides of the issue some perspective. The acknowledgement of each might also enrich the debate so that policymakers and individuals can make wiser future decisions.
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Julius Axelrod (1912-2004) was awarded one-third of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the release, reuptake and storage of the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline). While studying monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Axelrod discovered that, when two neurons interact with each other through a junction called synapse, epinephrine and norepinephrine are recaptured by the pre-synaptic nerve ending after being released in the synapse and recycled for later transmission. He hypothesized that epinephrine is kept in tissues in an inactive form and is released by the nervous system when needed. In addition, he found that norepinephrine could be neutralized by an enzyme, catechol-O-methyltransferase, which he named and isolated. The discovery of this enzyme proved important in understanding the nervous system and in developing psychiatric drugs.
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WELFARE "REFORM" is on the congressional agenda again, with the Senate poised to vote on proposed legislation reauthorizing Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). First enacted in 1996, TANF in its second version has already passed the House.
Although this round of welfare legislation has generated far less attention than the 1996 reform effort, there is at least one disturbing similarity: The voices of low-income Americans are once again missing from public deliberations about welfare.
Instead of seeking input from poor citizens about their experiences and what they need to move out of poverty, legislators have too often relied on racist and sexist stereotypes of the poor that make it nearly impossible for low-income Americans to play an authoritative role in any dialogue over welfare. Such stereotyping means that the citizens with the most at stake in these policy discussions are the least likely to have meaningful influence.
Consider the experience of welfare recipients in 1995 and 1996 when Congress passed TANF. The view that dominated those discussions was that welfare recipients were poor because of individual laziness and irresponsibility, not because of a lack of child care options, job shortages, racism or other forms of discrimination.
Republicans and Democrats alike agreed that welfare recipients - especially welfare mothers - needed discipline, or what some lawmakers preferred to characterize as "tough love." Left to their own devices, these legislators argued, welfare mothers would refuse to work, continue to bear children without regard to their ability to support them, and continue letting the fathers of their children off the financial hook.
This view vilified all welfare recipients, but depended on racist views of people of color as unmotivated shirkers, drug addicts and irresponsible parents. Too many legislators invoked stereotypes of black (or occasionally Hispanic) "welfare queens" out to cheat taxpayers and inner-city teen-age girls bearing children out of wedlock as the prime justifications for punitive welfare "reform."
Even though Department of Health and Human Services figures show, for example, that the average welfare mother has only two children, and that whites are responsible for the vast majority of teen births (though the birth rate is higher for blacks), these stereotypes allowed legislators to fuse poverty with illegitimacy, child neglect, drug addiction and idleness when advocating strict time limits and other new rules.
These stereotypes played an important role in undercutting the influence of welfare recipients in Washington. Congress held dozens of hearings about how welfare should be structured. Of the nearly 600 witnesses, however, only 17 were welfare recipients, and just four of the 17 were actually still receiving welfare at the time of their testimony.
Some of these women were praised by legislators for being "model mothers" who escaped the "welfare trap," but none was treated as a citizen who might have important insights into public policy.
Even though former recipient Tandi Graff challenged the legislators to "listen to people like me," welfare recipients ultimately had little effect on the final legislation in spite of their firsthand experience with welfare and their immediate interest in the outcome of reform.
The dismissal of poor people from the debate on welfare reform raises distressing questions for a society that claims to be democratic. We should not accept the argument that poor people lack the moral standing or competence to take part in political life, nor should we allow the joys and burdens of democratic participation to become the exclusive privilege of the wealthy. If legislators had actually listened to welfare recipients in the 1990s, they might have focused more clearly on reducing the need for assistance, not the availability of assistance.
The current congressional proposals for TANF reauthorization still turn a deaf ear to the voices of poor citizens, and continue to caricature welfare recipients as lazy, immoral adults who must be forced to work more hours per week and strong-armed into responsible parenting. Instead of censuring those who require the welfare safety net, Congress should instead take this opportunity to help poor Americans balance their work and family obligations.
Significantly increasing funding for child care, addressing domestic violence and other employment barriers, providing better education and training opportunities so parents can earn a living wage, and ensuring equal access for legal immigrants to welfare protections would be a few steps in the right direction.
In the present economic climate of steadily rising unemployment rates, it should be abundantly clear that falling on hard times and needing a little help to make ends meet is not a rare experience. Scapegoating the 32 million Americans living in poverty helps no one.
Holloway Sparks is a professor at Penn State University and the author of "Queens, Teens and Model Mothers: Race, Gender and the Discourse of Welfare Reform," a chapter in the recently published Race, Welfare and the Politics of Reform (University of Michigan Press). She can be reached at [email protected].
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Come Let Us Reason: An Introduction to Logical Thinking by Norman Geisler and Ronald Brooks is a useful introduction to logic written with the Christian in mind. This sets the text apart in the area of the examples used and some of the commentary involved throughout each chapter. This does not change the content of the logic being taught, but it does add another dimension to the book. We are exhorted, “The next best thing besides godliness for a Christian is logic.”1
In the chapter entitled The Whats and Whys of Logic, the authors tackle many of the objections to studying logic, as well as pointing out the Christian’s responsibility to engage in logical thinking. The authors move through the foundational material quickly. They don’t offer much reinforcement beyond their initial explanations, so the potential reader can be advised to understand it the first time. In some of the earlier chapters it seems as if the authors are coaching the reader along, “see, that wasn’t that hard now was it?” Thankfully, this treatment ends about half way through. Each chapter is followed by a good number of exercises, many with examples drawn from either a Biblical or apologetical context.
Formal and informal fallacies are addressed early on, and the examples are really excellent. Chapter 7, Uncovering Logic in Literature shows the student a practical method of analyzing arguments as they appear in common print (e.g., newspapers, books, etc.). This entails looking for the conclusion, reconstructing the sentences, looking for the middle term, and so on. Geisler and Brooks move on to induction and present a very helpful section on probability. The final chapters deal with the scientific method, its uses, and fallacies of the scientific method. An appendix with truth tables is included, followed by a helpful glossary.
Come Let Us Reason should not be the only book one reads on logic, as there are some areas where the authors are not as clear as they could have been. Without other supplementary texts, the reader may not grasp some aspects fully. However, as a whole, Geisler and Brooks have contributed a helpful introductory text to logic from a Christian perspective.
1 Norman Geisler & Ronald Brooks, Come Let Us Reason: An Introduction to Logical Thinking (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1990), p. 7.
Monday, May 04, 2009
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- That's Just Your Interpretation MP3 Interview with...
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The art teacher pronounced Wassily Kandinsky’s first name so it sounded like an adjective form of wassail: wassail-y? She told the fifth graders Kandinsky “painted what he felt, and he must have felt pretty happy.” She pulled a violin from its case and played discordant variations on “Tennessee Waltz,” a nameless reel and “Take Me Out to the Ball Game,” and instructed the kids to paint “what they felt” as she played. Judging from the primary-colored messes on their desks, most were trying to pass kidney stones. In Watt, Beckett anatomizes laughter like this:
“The bitter laugh laughs at that which is not good, it is the ethical laugh. The hollow laugh laughs at that which is not true, it is the intellectual laugh. Not good! Not true! Well well. But the mirthless laugh is the dianoetic laugh, down the snout -- Haw! - so. It is the laugh of laughs, the risus purus, the laugh laughing at the laugh, the beholding, saluting of the highest joke, in a word the laugh that laughs – silence please -- at that which is unhappy.”
The Oxford English Dictionary defines “dianoetic” as “Of or pertaining to thought; employing thought and reasoning; intellectual.” So, which species of laughter was the most appropriate response to the art teacher’s performance? I can think of good arguments for all three: bitter, hollow, mirthless. Mine was silent but combined elements of each.
The poet-critic Mark Van Doren (author of excellent books on Shakespeare and Dryden) taught literature at Columbia University for almost 40 years. Students – among them John Berryman, Thomas Merton and Whitaker Chambers – remembered him as a brilliant teacher. In his Autobiography, Van Doren addresses the basic assumption behind his approach to instruction:
“From the beginning I assumed experience in freshmen. Perhaps the chief novelty consisted in my assumption that nothing was too difficult for students. Freshmen have had more experience than they are given credit for. They have been born, have parents, had brothers and sisters, been in love, been jealous, been angry, been ambitious, been tired, been hungry, been happy and unhappy, been aware of justice and injustice. Well, the great writers handled just such things, and they did so in basic human language men must use whenever they feel and think. The result, if no teacher prevents its happening, was that freshmen learned about themselves. And so did the teachers, at least if they read and talked like men of the world, simply and humbly, without assumptions of academic superiority.”
Teaching begins in mutual respect. Fifth graders are not Columbia freshmen but they deserve not to be patronized and treated like morons. Nor is learning a species of therapy. How Kandinsky felt – how the kids “feel” -- is irrelevant and ultimately unknowable. I admire the simple daring of Van Doren’s stance: “nothing was too difficult for students.”
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Question: What is (Computer) Networking?
Answer: In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.
Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans. Local area networks (LANs), for example, typically span a single home, school, or small office building, whereas wide area networks (WANs), reach across cities, states, or even across the world. The Internet is the world's largest public WAN.
Computer networks also differ in their design. The two basic forms of network design are called client/server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature centralized server computers that store email, Web pages, files and or applications. On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all computers tend to support the same functions. Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring networks and mesh networks.
Communication languages used by computer devices are called network protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols with each supporting specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks.
While other types of networks are built and maintained by engineers, home networks belong to ordinary homeowners, people often with little or no technical background. Various manufacturers produce broadband router hardware designed to simplify home network setup. Home broadband routers allow devices in different rooms to efficiently share a broadband Internet connection, enable people to more easily share their files and printers within the network, and help with overall network security.Home networks have increased in capability with each generation of new technology. Years ago, people commonly set up their home network just to connect a few PCs, share some documents and perhaps a printer. Now its common for households to also network game consoles, digital video recorders, and smartphones for streaming sound and video. Home automation systems have also existed for many years, but these too have grown in popularity more recently with practical systems for controlling lights, digital thermostats and appliances.
Small and home office (SOHO) environments use similar technology as found in home networks. Businesses often have additional communication, data storage, and security requirements that require expanding their networks in different ways, particularly as the business gets larger. Whereas a home network generally functions as one LAN, a business network tends to contain multiple LANs. Companies with buildings in multiple locations utilize wide-area networking to connect these branch offices together. Though also available and used by some households, voice over IP communication and network storage and backup technologies are prevalent in businesses. Larger companies also maintain their own internal Web sites, called intranets to help with employee business communication.
Networking and the Internet
The popularity of computer networks sharply increased with the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the 1990s. Public Web sites, peer to peer (P2P) file sharing systems, and various other services run on Internet servers across the world.
Wired vs. Wireless Networking
Many of the same network protocols, like TCP/IP, work in both wired and wireless networks. Networks with Ethernet cables predominated in businesses, schools, and homes for several decades. More recently, however, wireless alternatives have emerged as the premier technology for building new computer networks, in part to support smartphones and the other new kinds of wireless gadgets that have triggered the rise of mobile networking.
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Most flower arrangement designers never had to think beyond such names as mother-in-law's tongue or cast iron plant. The family name of plants does not have to be used in flower show schedules or for naming exhibits, so even the horticulturists have not been overly concerned with plant families. We do need to know the genus and species, and keeping up with generic name changes is challenging enough.
To begin with, hesitant designers felt comfortable just sticking their toes into the muddy taxonomic pool. They kept their Mono-botanic designs very simple by choosing a single plant. They knew that if the stems, seeds, and flowers of the same plant were used, they couldn't go wrong. Observers saw many designs with sunflower stems, seeds, and blossoms, or with palm spathes, stems, and blossoms or fruit.
Some designers, though, got braver and waded in the muddy water up to their ankles as they experimented with the Mono-botanic design. They learned, for example, that Rosaceae contains not only roses, but over 100 other genera, including apples, plums, and peaches, as well as nuts like almonds and ornamental berries such as those found on Pyracantha. They exhibited a multitude of beautiful designs from the family Rosaceae. Other designers investigated other families, and knowledge and creativity soared.
Then some designers became even more adventurous. They used plants such as Hosta, Aspidistra, Dracaena, and Sansevieria. But when they researched to find the families of these plants, they found themselves in deep water. In the case of Hosta, for instance, various references listed it as belonging to Agavaceae, Liliaceae, and Hostaceae. Aspidistra was found in Liliaceae, Ruscaceae, and Convallariaceae. Designers were in over their heads. "How can we," they wanted to know, "with our very limited knowledge of taxonomy, make a decision about all this?"
The Flower Show School Committee and Horticulture Instructors recognized the problem and took steps to simplify it. Their efforts resulted in a list of "Plant Families Frequently Used in Flower Shows" that can be accessed at http://www.gardenclub.org/. The list is helpful, and users can see at a glance that sometimes a single genus can be placed in different families. However, the list leaves a lot to be desired. There is no way that all the plant families and all the genera placed within them could be listed on a document that could fit inside a flower show exhibitor's Handbook for Flower Shows.
You may be thinking to yourself, "How did all this confusion come about? Aren't there rules governing the naming of plants? What about the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature? And anyway, what exactly is taxonomy, and why on earth is it important to me?
Let me give you an example. Let's say that two designers have used Aspidistra in mono-botanic designs. One lists it as a member of the Liliaceae family and combines it with Asparagus and some beautiful orange lilies. The other designer uses Aspidistra, but adds Dracaena and Sansevieria and identifies all plants as being members of the Ruscaceae, or lily of the valley family. Along comes the classification chairman who exclaims, "Oh, this can't be! Something is wrong! You two designers get over here and straighten out this mess! Aspidistra can't be in both the Liliaceae and the Ruscaceae families!" What do you think? Was one designer right and the other one wrong, or is there some possibility that both were right?
It helps to know a little about taxonomy and how it evolved. Taxonomy, as we know, is a system of classifying plants and other living organisms. Early taxonomists such as Aristotle and his contemporaries began classifying plants about 400 BC. Then Linnaeus, the Swedish scientist with whom we credit the system of binomial nomenclature still in use today, published Species Plantarum in 1753. His classification system was based mostly on the structure of the reproductive parts of a flower.
Linnaeus, as well as many modern taxonomists, base their classification on morphology, or the external features of plants that can be easily observed. With the development of modern research equipment, it has evolved into micro-morphological taxonomy. Equipment continues to be refined and improved, so now scientists can isolate such infinitesimal particles as the DNA of an organism, which contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all life forms. Still, though, we are speaking of morphological, or observable characteristics of plants.
About a century after Linnaeus, Charles Darwin challenged long-held beliefs about the origins of species. Basically he believed that taxonomic systems should be based on phylogeny, or the evolutionary history of organisms. Many modern systems rely on a combination of morphology and phylogeny. The newest systems classify plants based on their molecular structures, which more accurately reflects their phylogeny, or evolutionary descent.
So you begin to understand the situation. Taxonomists are using different criteria as the bases of their classifications. They are not wrong in their analyses, but we are left in a bit of quandary as we try to navigate among them. An internet search revealed at least 40 different systems of taxonomy, many of which had several revisions. How can we novices navigate among these different systems of taxonomy?
For most of us, it is enough to believe whichever trusted source we're consulting at any given time. We are sure to notice discrepancies, but as long as we know there is more than one correct answer, we're pretty much all right. If consistency is an issue, as is the case with writers and other communicators, it is important to choose one taxonomic system and stick with it.
To meet the need for consistency in this author's work, a system of classification was chosen that many organizations use, and one that is the result of collaboration and consensus among scientists from all over the world. It is called the APG-III System of Taxonomy. APG is an acronym for Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, and it is easily accessed on the GRIN (Germplasm Resources Information Network) website by anyone with a computer.
We know that NGC and Dave's Garden are not in the business of promoting one website over another-or one taxonomic system over another, and there are many that can be accessed. The GRIN website is being suggested in this case because it lists underneath each genus the different families to which plants are assigned by different systems, so one can see at a glance all the different (and correct) answers to the taxonomic conundrum. In addition, links to other databases are provided.
A particularly interesting document is James A. Reveal's "Concordance of Family Names." In this voluminous document, many family names are listed. Following each plant family, the family to which each is assigned by the revered taxonomic systems devised by APG-III, Cronquist, Dahlgren, Reveal, Stevens, and Takhtajan is shown. It is revealing to find that even these modern systems of taxonomy differ in their assignment of plants to families in some instances.
In our situations we are left to assume that all of the modern systems are right--or as right as humans can be in scientific endeavors of such magnitude. Each scientist or group uses the method of classification that is right for them. Remember, too, that independent researchers continue to publish their views about the taxonomy of plants. No classification is ever final. Each one presents a view at a particular time based on a particular state of research. New results appear frequently, and change will always be a factor with which we must contend.
The take-home lesson is this: There are many different systems of taxonomy. These systems use different criteria to classify plants. Consequently, a single plant may be placed in different families by various taxonomists. As casual readers, we can be aware of these differences in classification so that when one reference lists Sansevieria as a member of the Ruscaceae family and another assigns it to the Agavaceae family, we will not be confused. As soon as we are able to internalize this idea, the taxonomic quagmire begins to clear. We enter calm, sparkling waters, and gentle breezes carry us along as we sail confidently into the challenging sea of mono-botanic design and try to understand some of the complexities encountered in plant nomenclature.
In which family does Sansevieria belong? Various references list it in the following families: Asparagaceae, Convallariaceae, Dracaenaceae, Liliaceae, Ruscaceae, and Agavaceae. The APG III Taxonomic System places it in the Asparagaceae family. Similar findings are encountered when researching Dracaena, Hosta, Aspidistra, and other genera.
The taxonomic authority for the author's work is the GRIN (Germplasm Resources Information Network) online database, which is kept up-to-date with emerging taxonomic research and follows the most current system of taxonomy in its family classification, the APG III taxonomic system. The APG III system of taxonomy uses a phylogenetic (based on evolutionary development) and molecular approach to plant classification.
The thumbnail is a mono-botanic design by Barbara Baker of Fort Worth, Texas. In this design she used various members of the Brassicaceae family. The Rosaceae Mono-botanic design was done by Beth Wilson of Valparaiso, Florida.
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One of the most useful sites for getting across internet safety principals, is Childnet International.
They produce the excellent Know IT All resources, some excellent support for parents re internet safety, the ZCards on internet safety tips for primary and secondary students, ChatDanger, which looks at the potential problems with online interactive services, and much, much more…To quote from their excellent Digizen site: “Digital citizenship isn’t just about recognising and dealing with online hazards. It’s about building safe spaces and communities, understanding how to manage personal information, and about being internet savvy – using your online presence to grow and shape your world in a safe, creative way, and inspiring others to do the same”.
One of the elements that it is hard to get across to children is the importance of copyright when it comes to music. It is so easy to share and multiply recordings these days and so easily avoid paying and, therefore, supporting artists.
Childnet’s Young People, Music and the Internet pages are comprehensive and really useful when discussing issues with students.
The Childnet leaflet “A GUIDE FOR PARENTS AND TEACHERS ABOUT DIGITAL MUSIC AT HOME, AT SCHOOL AND ON THE GO” can be downloaded for free HERE
The ProMusic site is also full of useful and well presented information regarding digital music copyright and more.
Category: 2) Useful n Interesting
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At 11,502 feet high, Mount San Gorgonio
is the highest peak
in Southern California
. It is part of the San Bernardino Mountains
and has been designated a part of the San Gorgonio Wilderness Area
The peak and surrounding wilderness area were named after the Christian Saint Gorgonius who suffered martyrdom in Nicomedia (d.304). It was originally part of an eastern holding of the Mission San Gabriel. A later Mexican Land Grant established it as part of the Rancho San Jacinto y San Gorgonio. The mountain has been known by this name since the 1850s, though it wasn't until 1899 that it first appeared in print on a USGS document.
There are several trails that offer access to the summit, including the Vivian Creek Trail, the Fish Creek Trail, the South Fork Trail, the Lost Creek Trail, the Aspen Grove Trail and the Momyer Creek Trail. There is an official campsite at the summit.
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Nutmeg Startups Aim At High-Tech Cures For Misbehavior. A Middletown psychologist has invented a novel way to teach hyperactive kids to pay attention: Shake them until they know better. Sort of. The shaking is actually a two-second vibration that emanates from a wristwatch-like device the child wears. A teacher working with the student uses a belt-mounted device to send sends a signal telling the watch to vibrate when the child acts out of turn. Psychologist-turned-inventor Robert Reynolds created the device, called Good Vibrations, after years of working with kids who suffer from ADD, hyperactivity, autism and other disorders.
ADHD Resources. Below are some books and Web sites my clients and I have found helpful.
The list is not at all exhaustive. It merely offers places to begin a quest for greater understanding and the empowerment that follows. If you want to read more about a book or check its price, click on its name to link directly to Amazon.com. WatchMinder - ADD & ADHD Vibrating Watch & Reminder System - Invented by a Psychologist.
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One consequence of IT standardization and commodification has been Google’s datacenter is the computer view of the world. In that view all compute resources (memory, CPU, storage) are fungible. They are interchangeable and location independent, individual computers lose identity and become just a part of a service.
Thwarting that nirvana has been the abysmal performance of commodity datacenter networks which have caused the preference of architectures that favor the collocation of state and behaviour on the same box. MapReduce famously ships code over to storage nodes for just this reason.
Change the network and you change the fundamental assumption driving collocation based software architectures. You are then free to store data anywhere and move compute anywhere you wish. The datacenter becomes the computer.
On the host side with an x8 slot running at PCI-Express 3.0 speeds able to push 8GB/sec (that’s bytes) of bandwidth in both directions, we have enough IO to feed Moore’s progeny, wild packs of hungry hungry cores. And in the future System on a Chip architectures will integrate the NIC into the CPU and even faster speeds will be possible. Why we are still using TCP and shoving data through OS stacks in the datacenter is a completely separate question.
The next dilemma is how to make the network work. The key to bandwidth nirvana is explained by Microsoft in MinuteSort with Flat Datacenter Storage, which shows how in a network with enough bisectional bandwidth every computer can send data at full speed to every computer, which allows data to be stored remotely, which means data doesn’t have to be stored locally anymore.
What the heck is bisectional bandwidth? If you draw a line somewhere in a network bisectional bandwidth is the rate of communication at which servers on one side of the line can communicate with servers on the other side. With enough bisectional bandwidth any server can communicate with any other server at full network speeds.
Wait, don’t we have high bisectional bandwidth in datacenters now? Why no, no we don’t. We typically have had networks optimized for sending traffic North-South rather than East-West. North-South means your server is talking to a client somewhere out in the Internet. East-West means you are talking to another server within the datacenter. Pre cloud software architectures communicated mostly North-South, to clients located outside in the Internet. Post cloud most software functionality is implemented by large clusters that talk mostly to each other, that is East-West, with only a few tendrils of communication shooting North-South. Recall how Google has pioneered large fanout architectures where creating a single web page can take a 1000 requests. Large fanout architectures are the new normal.
Datacenter networks have not kept up with the change in software architectures. But it’s even worse than that. To support mostly North-South traffic with a little East-West traffic, datacenters used a tree topology with core, aggregation, and access layers. The idea being that the top routing part of the network has enough bandwidth to handle all the traffic from all the machines lower down in the tree. Economics made it highly attractive to highly oversubscribe, like 240-1, the top layer of the network. So if you want to talk to a machine in some other part of the datacenter you are in for a bad experience. Traffic has to traverse highly oversubscribed links. Packets go drop drop fizz fizz.
Creating an affordable high bisectional bandwidth network requires a more thoughtful approach. The basic options seem to be to change the protocols, change the routers, or change the hosts. The approach Microsoft came up with was to change the host and add a layer of centralized control.
Their creation is fully described in VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network:
A practical network architecture that scales to support huge data centers with uniform high capacity between servers, performance isolation between services, and Ethernet layer-2 semantics. VL2 uses (1) flat addressing to allow service instances to be placed anywhere in the network, (2) Valiant Load Balancing to spread traffic uniformly across network paths, and (3) end-system based address resolution to scale to large server pools, without introducing complexity to the network control plane.
The general idea is to create a flat L2 network using a CLOS topology. VMs keep their IP addresses forever and can move anywhere in the datacenter. L2 ARP related broadcast problems are sidestepped by changing ARP to use a centralized registration service to resolve addresses. No more broadcast storms.
This seems strange, but I attended a talk at Hot Interconnects on VL2 and the whole approach is quite clever and seems sensible. The result delivers the low cost, high bandwidth, low latency East-West flows needed by modern software architectures. A characteristic that seems to be missing in Route Anywhere vSwitch type approaches. You can’t just overlay in performance when the underlying topology isn’t supportive.
Now that you have this super cool datacenter topology what do you do with it? Microsoft implemented a version of the MinuteSort benchmark that was 3 times faster than Hadoop, sorting nearly three times the amount of data with about one-sixth the hardware resources (1,033 disks across 250 machines vs. 5,624 disks across 1,406 machines).
Microsoft built the benchmark code on top of the Flat Datacenter Storage (FDS) system, which is distributed blob storage system:
Notably, no compute node in our system uses local storage for data; we believe FDS is the first system with competitive sort performance that uses remote storage. Because files are all remote, our 1,470 GB runs actually transmitted 4.4 TB over the network in under a minute
FDS always sends data over the network. FDS mitigates the cost of data transport in two ways. First, we give each storage node network bandwidth that matches its storage bandwidth. SAS disks have read performance of about 120MByte/sec, or about 1 gigabit/sec, so in our FDS cluster a storage node is always provisioned with at least as many gigabits of network bandwidth as it has disks. Second, we connect the storage nodes to compute nodes using a full bisection bandwidth network—specifically, a CLOS network topology, as used in projects such as Monsoon. The combination of these two factors produces an uncongested path from remote disks to CPUs, giving the system an aggregate I/O bandwidth essentially equivalent to a system such as MapReduce that uses local storage. There is, of course, a latency cost. However, FDS by its nature allows any compute node to access any data with equal throughput.
Details are in the paper, but as distributed file systems have become key architectural components it’s important for bootstrapping purposes to have one that takes advantage of this new datacenter topology.
With 10/100 Gbps networks on the way and technologies like VL2 and FDS, we’ve made good progress at making CPU, RAM, and storage fungible pools of resources within a datacenter. Networks still aren’t fungible, though I’m not sure what that would even mean. Software Defined Networking will help networks to become first class objects, which seems close, but for performance reasons networks can never really be disentangled from their underlying topology.
What can we expect from these developments? As fungibility is really a deeper level of commoditization we should expect to see the destruction of approaches based on resource asymmetry, even higher levels of organization, greater levels of consumption, the development of new best practices, and even greater levels of automation should drive even more competition in the ecosystem space.
- A Guided Tour through Data-center Networking
- Data in the Fast Lane
- Minutesort with Flat Datacenter Storage
- Minutesort with Flat Datacenter Storage by Andrew Wang (On Reddit)
- A quick summary of the VL2 data-center network scheme
- FULL MESH IS THE WORST POSSIBLE FABRIC ARCHITECTURE
- Microsoft's FDS data-sorter crushes Hadoop
- MINUTESORT WITH FLAT DATACENTER STORAGE
- Explaining L2 Multipath in Terms of North/South, East West Bandwidth
- VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network by by MS Researc
- VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network by Murat Demirbas
- Jellyfish: Networking Data Centers Randomly
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In the forms of shrine, which developed between the 7th and 13th centuries, Hindu temples, conceived as divine bodies, embodied structured patterns of movement in their architectural compositions. Shrines are invested with a sense of centrifugal dynamism that appears to originate at the tip of the finial, or a point just above it, progressing downwards from this point and outwards from the vertical axis.
This paper will discuss the centrality of the temple text in the classical arts of South Asia, and focus specifically on the aesthetic vision of the late Dr. Rukmini Devi Arundale, the celebrated revivalist of twentieth- century Bharatanatyam.
My paper will consider the relationship of dance, in this case, Odissi, and archaeology, here represented by the two archaeological temple sites of Konarak and Hirapur, in Orissa, where the dance performance I will be discussing was filmed. What is foregrounded here is the use we make of archaeological sites and of dance performance in our project of re-imagining history and re-imagining the past.
Odissi is one of the recognised classical dances of contemporary India, said to have originated from the ritualistic and age old dance and
In this paper, I would propose to ask what we can make of the “bhakti movement” picture, when we look at it more closely. Prioritizing Vaishnavism—the sometimes unspoken point of reference for much “bhakti movement” thinking—I will begin by considering the text usually held to have exerted the greatest force on Hindu bhakti generally, the Bhagavata Purana. Where, if at all, can it be seen in stone?
The Hindu temple is a religious site and signifies some ritual activity. The general perception of a samnyasin, on the other hand, is one not associated with ritual activity as that is seen as perpetuating worldly existence or samsara.
This paper will examine the relationship between temples and the ideologies and practices underlying the mainstream of the Brahmanical tradition and the ascetical institutions of ancient India. The "Hindu" temple is a relatively new institution rising in the early centuries of the common era. Brahmanical ritual both in its public and domestic expressions had existed without temples for over a millennium.
How does one worship a liberated being who is technically inaccessible? This is the fundamental question that I propose to answer within the context of Ellora’s Jain cave-temples. In the early ninth through tenth century, temples with shrines containing a life-sized Jina image were hewn out of rock. Among the earliest of these temples is a monument known today as the Chota Kailasa. As its appellation suggests, this temple resembles the site’s larger and more famous Kailasanatha temple in terms of its execution, architectural components, and designation of sacred space.
As part of his mendicant vows, a Jain monk is committed to total non-possession.* He owns nothing. He is dependent upon the laity for even his robes , bowls, staff, and other ritual insignia and paraphernalia. These are, so to speak, "loaned" to him by the laity. In theory he should not ask even for these, and if the laity choose not to provide them, he should do without.
Jain temples are the sites of great wealth and display.
While the general interest of this symposium lies in the relationships between temples, architecture, texts and performance, my presentation focuses on the relation between the formal description and analysis of dance and its practice. My discussion draws exclusively upon the primary source material for our knowledge of the performing arts of India, that is, the extensive body of Sanskrit texts on dance, drama and music.
I must also clarify here that I understand the term “dance” as a hybrid performance genre that consists of non-mimetic
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5th Grade Geometry Terms
Our study of geometry starts long before we begin school. We learn about shapes like circles and squares and we get to explore them in the world around us. We learn about things like corners, lines, and three dimensional objects. Each year of school builds upon the last and before we know it, we are learning more and more complex concepts and ideas. In fifth grade math, geometry and geometry terms certainly become more complex, preparing students for the world of middle school and beyond.
There will be many geometry terms in fifth grade math vocabulary, some which students have known since kindergarten and others that are brand new to them. There will be many chances for students to take what they learn and apply those concepts and ideas to real situations and everyday life. When they explore geometric concepts and terms in fifth grade, they’ll also be learning how to apply them and use them in the real world. They’ll learn about three dimensional figures, drawing to scale, building their own figures, and measuring angles. Students will do more with coordinate grids at this level, using ordered pairs and measuring distances on a grid. They’ll also use symmetry and learn more about the properties of shapes and objects.
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en
| 0.95711 | 248 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Using Artwork in Design. Embedded artwork
he second type of image coordination in a design composition, which I will call embedding, is a direct opposite to displaying. Here, the image has no well-defined boundaries or limits, and the space it occupies only depends on its content: If a figure depicted stretches his hand, the image will stretch as far as the hand does, or just a little bit further. The way the image blends into the background depends on its dominant texture; for example, for the blurry strokes of the Oracom artwork, blurring the edges worked great, while some more complex and realistic textures would have to use gradually diminishing strokes connatural to those of the image interior.
Sometimes an image is clipped out of the background at the borders of an object, just as one would do with a photo. Even with a photo that is a bit out of focus (or simply enlarged beyond a certain limit), a crisp edge would contradict with the blur of the interior. It therefore rarely works with artwork whose wealth of textures makes any "clear cut" look artificial. In other words, if you want a piece of artwork to be masked off of the background, you should paint it that way, because cutting the "live flesh" of a completed picture is painful and often unsatisfactory. (On the contrary, the displaying method above works best with crisp linear edges, regardless of the image's texture).
Thus, it is easy to figure out what sort of images could benefit from embedding: namely, those containing a single integral object with more or less obvious borders, where it is easy to tell the object from the surrounding background or there is a pronounced compositional center. Due to this inherently centric nature, an embedded image usually acquires a significant compositional power on the page, sometimes taking control over the rest of the elements and arranging them relative to itself (as it happened on the Oracom brochure's first page where the image occupies the dominant central position).
If we put such an image, with its own intrinsic opposition of the center and the periphery, into a rectangular frame, that would introduce another "layer of bounding" resulting in a clash or, at least, a tautology. Therefore reusing, or creatively elaborating upon, the contours already present in such images seems to be the only satisfactory way for implanting them into design compositions.
An example is presented on Fig. 4: An advertisement page for a fictitious dance school uses a dancer picture which, like most other monofigure works, is embedded in the composition. However, since the texture of this image is quite interesting by itself, its small, open-ended fragment with no recognizable objects on it could be displayed as a separate decorative element in another composition (Fig. 4, bottom). Conversely, a multifigure displayable composition may provide you with embeddable figures if you'll manage to cut them out of the background separately. As we've seen in the Oracom example above, the original embedded image can be the source of both embedded and displayed fragments.
|Fig. 4: Examples of using embedded (top) and displayed (bottom) graphics; both compositions use the same piece of artwork as the source.|
|The same pair of works (Fig. 4) illustrates the compositional power of embedded images. Despite the fact that artwork occupies a bigger relative space in the composition at bottom, it will tolerate removing the displayed images altogether - the page will lose much of its drive, but it will remain a balanced whole. If, however, you remove the dancer figure from the top example, you'll end up with a terribly unbalanced page deprived of one of its compositional pillars.|
Revised: Dec. 11, 1998
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| 0.938829 | 763 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Definition of adducent
a. - Bringing together or towards a given point; -- a word applied to those muscles of the body which pull one part towards another. Opposed to abducent. 2
The word "adducent" uses 8 letters: A C D D E N T U.
No direct anagrams for adducent found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after adducent (in bold), or to acddentu in any order:
o - outdanced
All words formed from adducent by changing one letter
Browse words starting with adducent by next letter
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| 0.891024 | 136 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Thanks to its tropical climate, Far North Queensland (FNQ), Australia, is a place where residents regularly have to deal with threats from the environment in the form of cyclones, while being mindful of their impact on the environment. One architectural firm has constructed a building that attempts to address both concerns simultaneously. Designed by Charles Wright Architects, the Stamp House in FNQ is a self-sustaining home that's sturdy enough to withstand a Category 5 cyclone.
CWA built the house for a client with the goal of creating a self-sustaining structure that made good use of the surrounding wetland at the building site. The designers worked with local environmental groups, like the Department of Environment and Resource Management and the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, to ensure the project's water system did not interfere with the natural ecosystem.
Constructed on a small patch of land in the middle of a pond, much of the Stamp House is comprised of a mixture of new and used concrete, which provides insulation to keep the temperature more constant throughout the year. The blueprints show two floors with seven bedrooms protruding from a larger living space that includes a kitchen/dining area, an open gym area, a few lounges, and several reflective ponds around a central pool.
Power is provided by solar panels that almost completely cover the roof and which are backed up by a solar-powered generator, eliminating the need for any fossil fuels to produce energy. Visitors reach the house on a raised walkway that stretches over the pond waters to dry land.
The Stamp House's main eco-friendly feature, though, is it's expansive water system, which is capable of harvesting up to 250,000 liters of water for home use and irrigation. Water used by occupants is recycled right back into the system and the site even has its own tertiary sewage treatment plant. All of the required mechanical and hydraulic facilities are cooled by a self-contained thermal storage tank system and are controlled with a C-Bus home automation protocol.
Aside from blending the design with the location's natural resources, the Stamp House is also engineered to protect against cyclones and the flooding associated with them, which is a real concern for that particular area. Huge cantilevers prevent water from seeping in and CWA claims the entire structure can stand up to a Category 5 cyclone – it's actually classified as a cyclone shelter.
The Stamp House was recently completed, but there has been no word yet on what function it will serve. Regardless of its use though, it does serve as an excellent example of sustainable housing that's tailored to the environment around it.
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| 0.967714 | 531 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Action on Sugar says many people know that some colas contain 9 teaspoons of added sugar, but fewer people are aware of flavoured water, sports drinks, yoghurts, ketchup, ready meals and bread having extra sugar in their ingredients.
In a statement, the chairman of Action on Sugar, Professor Graham MacGregor says: "The present government and Department of Health Responsibility Deal has been shown to have had no effect on calorie intake and we must start a coherent and structured plan to slowly reduce the amount of calories people consume by slowly taking out added sugar from foods and soft drinks. This is a simple plan which gives a level playing field to the food industry, and must be adopted by the Department of Health to reduce the completely unnecessary and very large amounts of sugar the food and soft drink industry is currently adding to our foods."
In a statement, a Department of Health spokesperson says: "Helping people eat fewer calories, including sugar, is a key part of the Responsibility Deal and our efforts to reduce obesity. There are 38 businesses signed up to reduce calories, but we want to go further still, and are discussing this with the food industry."
Several groups have issued statements reacting to the launch of Action on Sugar.
British Heart Foundation associate medical director, Mike Knapton, says: "If manufacturers made small changes to the products we eat everyday it could make a difference to our waistlines. It would need to be combined with other measures to fully address the problem of obesity, but it’s a step in the right direction.
"Taking action to reduce the sugar content in our favourite treats is a great way to help us all to eat less of the sweet stuff. However, this doesn’t mean that we need to stop thinking about our overall diet. Enjoying a healthy balanced diet, and making sure you get plenty of exercise, will help you to keep your heart healthy and your weight down."
The Royal College of Physicians has welcomed the launch of Action on Sugar. RCP registrar Dr Andrew Goddard says: "It is widely acknowledged that sugar is a major factor in both obesity and diabetes, and with many everyday foods such as bread and breakfast cereals containing high levels of added sugar, it can be difficult for consumers to make healthier choices.
"We strongly support Action on Sugar’s campaign for clearer nutritional labelling of food and drink, and welcome their call for evidence-based government action to improve the public’s health by reducing the amount of sugar added to food and drink by manufacturers."
To provide even greater transparency and choice, we are working on a number of other cookie-related enhancements. More information
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The goal of our Campaign for Mercury-Free Dentistry is to phase out the use of amalgam, a 50% mercury product -- worldwide. The recently concluded draft mercury treaty requires each signing nation to phase down its use of amalgam, and it provides a road map how. We aim to:
- Educate consumers about the use of mercury in dentistry so they can make informed decisions
- Stop dental mercury pollution
- Protect consumers – especially vulnerable populations such as children and the unborn – from exposure to dental mercury
- Empower dental workers – dental assistants and hygienists – to protect themselves from mercury in the workplace
- Promote access to mercury-free alternatives to amalgam
Consumers for Dental Choice was founded in 1996. Our Campaign for Mercury-Free Dentistry started in key states before going national and international. Along the way, we have educated consumers, increased access to mercury-free alternatives, dismantled arguments rationalizing mercury use, protected dentists’ right to speak out, and emboldened governments to stand up for mercury-free dentistry.
Our Major Accomplishments
- We are a founding member of the World Alliance for Mercury-Free Dentistry, the international coalition of organizations from six continents dedicated to ending dental mercury use. This world coalition’s headquarters is at Consumers for Dental Choice.
- We assembled a team of dentists, environmentalists, scientists, physicians, attorneys, journalists, and consumer advocates to go to each of the five mercury treaty sessions, and to the many regional consultations in between.
- Against the odds,, we won. Dental amalgam is in the treaty. A road map exists on how to phasedown amalgam, and the tools are there to petition for a full phaseout.
National (U.S.) Accomplishments
- We compelled the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to address the amalgam, a legal duty that the agency had ducked for over three decades. Our court settlement required the FDA to write an amalgam regulation on a deadline and post warnings about amalgam’s neurological risks on the FDA website.
- When the U.S. FDA refused to protect consumers from amalgam, we obtained an advisory panel hearing to review the decision. The panel concluded that (1) FDA must disclose amalgam’s mercury content to consumers and (2) amalgam is not safe for vulnerable populations, such as children.
- Working with a coalition of environmental organizations, we helped persuade the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to decide that it will require all dentists to install separators.
- Due to increased consumer awareness, amalgam sales in the U.S. have decreased by almost 50% since 2001.
Accomplishments at State & Local Level
- We protected dentists’ First Amendment right to advertise, practice, and speak out for mercury-free dentistry by abolishing the American Dental Association’s gag rule. The gag rule, enforced by state dental boards, had prevented dentists from telling their patients that amalgam is mercury.
- We secured consumer’s right to be informed about amalgam’s mercury in several jurisdictions. In California, Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Philadelphia, dentists are now required to distribute “fact sheets” warning consumers that amalgam is mercury.
- We have petitioned state OSHAs to provide workplace protection for dental workers and dentists.
- We made mercury-free alternatives more accessible for low-income families by ensuring Medicaid coverage for alternatives in many states.
- We advocated the creation of the State & Local Public Officials Mercury-Free Caucus.
- We have gained resolution from several cities calling for the end of dental amalgam.
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| 0.919508 | 772 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Fast forward two years, to 2012. According to numbers released by the UN special envoy for Haiti, the U.S. had only disbursed 30 percent of the $914.4 million they pledged for reconstruction. Venezuela had only disbursed 24 percent of its pledged aid. All told, on 53 percent of the promised aid had been delivered. Further compounding the country’s problems, October 2010 brought one of the worst cholera outbreaks in recent memory. By August 2013, the bacteria had killed at least 8,231 Haitians and hospitalized hundreds of thousands more. According to a report released by the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, over six percent of Haitians have had the disease. Despite overwhelming evidence, the UN — widely believed to have accidentally started the epidemic — refuses to take responsibility.
But numbers never quite capture a country’s conditions, culture or people, as GP staffer K.B. Gould discovered during a recent visit. Traveling with the JDC, an American organization that raised $8.79 million for Haiti (96% of which has been allocated), he visited NGOs in Port-au-Prince, schools in Zoranje and Cité Soleil, medical facilities in Fondwa, and a Kanaval celebration in Jacmel, where he met Haitian Vodou rock ‘n’ roots band RAM, as well as Arcade Fire. His trip revealed the humanity of a country so often defined by foreboding headlines and tragic statistics.
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| 0.966878 | 306 | 2.625 | 3 |
A famous Non-Juring Priest.
Nathaniel Spinckes was born in 1653 and baptised at the Church of St Kyneburgha of Castor, where his father, Edmund Spinckes was the Rector Nathaniel Spinckes was himself later to be persecuted for his loyalty to the Stuart King , James II, King of England.
Nathaniel Spinckes was educated locally and then at Trinity and Jesus Colleges Cambridge. He was ordained priest in 1678, and became chaplain to the first Duke of Lauderdale (who died in 1682). Nathaniel Spinckes then became Curate and Lecturer at St Stephen’s Church Walbrook (1682-1685), and then Rector of Peakirk-cum-Glinton in the Soke of Peterborough, and in 1687 he bacame a Prebendary and Rector of St Martin’s Church Salisbury. After King James II fled, Nathaniel Spinckes refused to take the oath of allegiance to King William of Orange and his wife Mary (daughter of King James II) and he was deprived in 1690. Bishops and Priests who refused to take the oath of allegiance to King William of Orange and his successors, out of loyalty to the Stuarts, or because having sworn loyalty to the Stuarts felt they could not renege were known as “Non-jurors”.
In 1713, Nathaniel Spinckes was consecrated Bishop by George Hickes, (a non-juring Bishop), but he took no title. Many of the non-jurors wanted to return to the use of the First Prayer Book of Edward VI of 1549, but Nathaniel Spinckes was happy to carry on using the 1662 Prayer Book. Nathaniel Spinckes was a man of considerable learning, proficient in Greek, Latin, Anglo-Saxon and French, with some knowledge of Oriental languages. He was much revered for his personal sanctity. He wrote five treatises on the Roman controversy, one against French prophets and a number of other treatises, but he is chiefly remembered for his sermons and devotional works, which include A Sick Man Visited(1712) and a collection of prayers and meditations from Lancelot Andrewes, William Laud, Thomas ken and others entitled “The True Church of England Man’s Companion to the Closet with a preface by Nathaniel Spinckes (1721) known as “Devotions’Spinckes”.
(This information on Nathaniel Spinckes mostly taken from the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 1957).
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| 0.976005 | 545 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Behind the buzz and beyond the hype:
Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles
Posted: Aug 11, 2008
Nanoscale self-assembly with 'molecular glue'
(Nanowerk Spotlight) The key to using self-assembly as a controlled and directed nanofabrication process lies in designing the components that are required to self-assemble into desired patterns and functions. Self-assembly reflects information coded in individual components – characteristics such as shape, surface properties, charge, polarizability, magnetic dipole, mass, etc. These characteristics determine the interactions among the components and the whole essence of self-assembly arises from these dynamic properties.
In this respect, many self-assembled nanostructures show to be responsive to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, or solvent polarity. An exciting field for nanotechnology researchers is the challenge of extending the scope of nanostructures with stimulus-responsive properties towards the fabrication of 'smart' nanoscale materials.
New work by Korean scientists demonstrates that simple addition of small guest molecules triggers reversible structural transformation. The novelty of this research is that, so far, switching of material properties triggered by external stimuli via nanoscale objects had not been realized yet.
"We have demonstrated that one-dimensional (1D) cylindrical nanofibers formed by self-assembly of rationally designed molecules can associate laterally into two-dimensional (2D) ribbons triggered by aromatic guest molecules that act as a molecular glue" Dr. Myongsoo Lee tells Nanowerk. "Furthermore, this reversible association leads to a macroscopic switching of bulk solutions from gel to fluid states. Compared to other self-assembled 1D systems, it is remarkable that our cylindrical fibers can be bound with one another in a lateral way by glue action of the guest molecules to form larger 2D aggregates. In general, supramolecular systems involving multiple assembling modules are hard to control."
These results represent a significant example of dynamic structural variation triggered by external stimuli in a self-assembling system, thus providing a useful strategy to create intelligent nanoscale materials with predefined functions.
"In particular, the formation of flexible coil-like cylindrical aggregates in aqueous solution is attributed to the aggregation of branched hydrophobic chains into amorphous cylindrical cores" explains Lee. "Thus, the addition of aromatic guest molecules into the hydrophobic core should force the Y-shaped aromatic segments, which are radially distributed, to be arranged in a more dense, parallel packing and so bind the guest efficiently."
Schematic representation of the transformation of single
nanofibers to flat ribbons driven by 'molecular glue'. (Reprinted with permission from Wiley)
Lee points out that this rearrangement could result in a structural change of the 1D assembly into larger aggregates to maximize the parallel packing of the aromatic segments – "the guest molecules could then be considered as 'molecular glue' because they stick individual aromatic segments to one another, which subsequently leads to the formation of larger aggregates."
To corroborate the structural change upon addition of the guest molecule, Lee's team carried out transmission electron microscopy on a solution containing Nile Red. "The micrograph of the unstained sample revealed ribbonlike aggregates with lengths of up to several micrometers" says Lee. "Close examination of the samples revealed that the flat ribbons consist of laterally stacked elementary fibers. The density profile perpendicular to the long axis of the ribbon showed an interfiber distance of about 18 nm, which is consistent with the diameter of the single fibers. This finding indicates that the cylindrical fibers are laterally associated into flat ribbons on addition of the aromatic guest."
TEM images and photographs (inset) showing a gel (left) and fluid solution (right) (Image: Dr. Lee, Yonsei University)
Since this structural transformation occurs in aqueous solution, it opens interesting perspectives of novel strategies to create intelligent nanoscale materials with predefined functions for nanomedicine, i.e. of applying reversible sol-gel transition for target-selective drug delivery vehicles.
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en
| 0.906586 | 867 | 2.796875 | 3 |
|The comma will put a pause in your sentence: If you would finish eating your lunch, we could play|
outside. The comma separates a list of at least three items: I like to play with Jan, Jill, Joe and Brad. When using quotations either at the beginning or the end:
Joe said, ''Are you coming to the movie later?'' ''Come to the movies,'' said Joe. The comma allows you to combine 2 ideas into a single sentence. (Subordinate/Dependent Clause) While I work on my homework, my friend will play the piano. Use a comma after introductory words or phrases.
Well, I see you finally finished your homework!
Use a comma to show the relation between a word and a noun phrase that follows. (Apposition) My teacher, Mr. Clark, is a great singer!
Keep this comma tip sheet handy to help you remember when and how to use a comma. Complete the comma worksheets to test your understanding of comma use.
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| 0.90677 | 206 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Identify and describe what organizational requirements must be in place to set the stage for successful work teams and describe any of these as to whether they are not present in your current work setting (my current work setting is education).
Name University Course Tutor Date Work teams in Organization Introduction The principle aim and set goals of any organization is competency in production of goods and services to meet the consumer standard . The set target should be met with the use of the available resources at the disposal of the organization . The supply of resources poses some limitations towards the achievement of the goals . However human resource is the only production resource that can be manipulated for the purpose of flexibility and action against the other rigid
Work teams in Organization
The principle aim and set goals of any organization is competency in production of goods and services to meet the consumer standard . The set target should be met with the use of the available resources at the disposal of the organization . The supply of resources poses some limitations towards the achievement of the goals . However human resource is the only production resource that can be manipulated for the purpose of flexibility and action against the other rigid
resources to expand the capacity of an organization
The human resource therefore qualifies to be the most important valuable and yet the most expensive to compensate . Therefore skillful and appropriate use of the human resource is a major contributing factor to the success of an organization
Organizational requirements for successful Team Works
For an organization to set the stage for a successful work teams , the organizational policies should have high pro projects . Projects are organized in phases , which are interrelated . The success of one phase depends to a greatest degree on the success of the previous phase . Each phase has its own key processes that require specialized skills and experiences of available work force . Each phase of the project requires a teamwork with functional responsibilities all geared towards the success of the entire project for the benefit of the organization . The requirement of teamwork in this perspective is to minimize the managerial burden since the teamwork is in collaboration with an overall objective . In such a situation , the organizational formal management would be expensive and teamwork renders the role as unwarranted (Putz 2002
The different phases of the project facilitate for the development of individual particular expertise and a wide range of production areas shares the benefits of individual skill sand experiences . The players in the teamwork should be subjected to the advantage of work at a position where the level of skills and expertise best warrant for action with comfort and ease (Katzenbach Smith , 1993
The products and services of different organization are unique . It usually costs the organization , in terms of time and money , to build up the unique product and service . To prevail in the market , the exact replica of the organizations production output should persist . For the success of this , teamwork becomes further important . Quality standards should be maintained unless in a case where the organization aims at product development and /or improvement . A team of qualified personnel should handle each level of production chain (Kotter 1996 Fisher 1999
Another requirement for a successful work teams is the availability of an established human capital investment . The degree of competency and discipline will depend upon the success in remuneration of the work team and the fulfillment of the requirement for training if need arises . The fact that technology is advancing should not be ignored and it is the duty of the organization to cope with the changes through internships and regular training . Training should be accompanied by evaluation of the...
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| 0.918859 | 1,006 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The spermiogenesis is generally composed of four major stages:
(1) Golgi phase - the spermatid starts to form a head and an axoneme while its DNA undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed.
(2) Cap phase - formation of the acrosomal cap
(3) Acrosomal phase - one of the centrioles of the spermatid elongates to become the tail.
(4) Maturation phase - the remaining cytoplasm and organelles are removed by phagocytosis of Sertoli cells. The Sertoli cells also release the now elongated, non-motile spermatids into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, to be transported to the epididymis where they will become motile spermatozoa.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Spermiogenesis
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Given the speed of A, find the speed of B and C.
The circular track has 2*pi radians and 120 meters long so people running round it change angle at a rate of 2*pi/120= pi/60 radians per meter.
If B is running with speed v then he is changing direction at a rate of v*(pi/60) radians per second.
After a time t B will have gone v*t*(pi/60) radians
Putting the circle in the x-y plane B's x co-ordinate is r*cos(v*t*(pi/60)) where r is the radius of the circle
B's y co-ordinate will be r*sin(v*t*(pi/60))
Likewise if A is running at speed u then his x and y co-ordinates will be r*cos(u*t*(pi/60)) and r*sin(u*t*(pi/60))
C is running in the opposite direction at a speed w. Because its going the opposite direction you have to put a minus sign in front, so C's x co-ordinate is -r*cos(w*t*(pi/60)) and y co-ordinate is -r*sin(w*t*(pi/60))
Now you have their co-ordinates in terms of time get an expression for the distance between their points.
Distance |BC|= |AB|
That gives you one equation in terms of time, solve the equation for t.
Remember all angles are in radians.
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| 0.907261 | 338 | 3.625 | 4 |
How to Eat Right to Reduce Stress
During times of stress, we often turn to traditional "comfort" foods such as macaroni and cheese, pizza, and ice cream. Ironically, these high-fat foods are usually the worst possible choices because they can make us feel lethargic and less able to deal with stress. Not only that, but stress can drive up our blood pressure and raise serum cholesterol levels, wreaking havoc on our arteries and increasing our risk of heart attack.
The best solution? Low-fat, high-fiber, carbohydrate-rich meals with plenty of fruits and vegetables. They soothe us without sapping our energy and give us the nutrients we need to boost our immune system. Here's a guide to which foods reduce stress and which foods make it worse:
Foods to Include
High-fiber, carbohydrate-rich foods: Scientists believe carbohydrates cause the brain to produce more serotonin, a hormone that relaxes us. And lots of fiber is helpful in preventing late-night binging. Some examples of healthy comfort food include baked sweet potatoes, minestrone soup, or sautéed vegetables over rice.
Fruits and vegetables: Chronic stress can weaken our ability to fight disease. By upping our intake of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables, we can boost our immune system. Acorn squash and carrots, for example, are great sources of the antioxidant beta-carotene. And citrus fruits provide plenty of vitamin C, another stress-busting antioxidant.
Foods to Avoid
High-fat foods: Fatty foods such as meat or cheese dishes and many baked goods thicken our blood which in turn makes us feel tired, even lethargic. This is clearly not a good way to reduce stress! Even just one high-fat meal can increase our risk of a heart attack.
Caffeine: Many of us deal with a stress-induced lack of sleep by turning to coffee, tea, and colas. Unfortunately, caffeine stays in our systems longer than many realize. Cutting back on caffeine can help with both sleeping problems and jitters.
Sugar: As a carbohydrate, sugar tends to calm us. The problem with sugar is that it's a simple carbohydrate so it enters and leaves the bloodstream rapidly, causing us to, in effect, "crash." On the other hand, complex carbohydrates?such as pasta, beans, and lentils, the starchy parts of foods?soothe without bringing us down.
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lamp and ballast replacement for energy efficiency
Matching replacement lamps to existing fixtures and ballasts can be tricky, especially with older fixtures. Buying new fixtures made for new lamps produces superior energy savings, reliability, and longevity compared with relamping.
Replacing lamps in incandescent lighting fixturesYou can reduce lighting costs by replacing lamps in or "relamping" your older indoor and outdoor incandescent lighting fixtures.
Many older indoor lighting fixtures trap a significant portion of light inside the fixture. Newer incandescent fixtures are designed to push all their light out into the room. Others use smaller tungsten halogen lamps. Advances in indoor fixture design include brighter reflectors and better reflecting geometry.
Many incandescent lamps also are mismatched to their tasks or application. Some have excessive wattages and therefore create unnecessarily high illumination. For example, some outdoor fixtures tend to disperse much of their light beyond the intended area, which causes light pollution. This can be corrected by using lamps with smaller wattage.
A-type light bulbs can often be replaced with improved lamp designs, such as reflectors or tungsten halogen lamps. For energy savings of 60–75%, many incandescent lamps can be replaced by compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). A standard 18-watt CFL replaces a 75-watt A-type lamp. CFLs are especially economical in spaces where lights are needed for longer periods of time.
CFLs are also packaged in the same glass reflector lamps as incandescent lamps. Use CFLs packaged as ellipsoidal reflectors (type-ER) in recessed fixtures. Use reflector (R) or parabolic reflector (PAR) CFLs for flood and spotlighting. Some CFL fixtures have built-in electronic ballasts and polished metal reflectors.
When used in recessed fixtures, standard A-type lamps and reflector lamps waste energy because their light gets trapped. To save energy, you could replace a 150-watt standard reflector with a 75-watt ellipsoidal reflector (ER). Remember, though, that ER lamps are less efficient at delivering light from shallow fixtures, so use reflectors or parabolic reflectors for these purposes.
Replacing lamps and ballasts in fluorescent lighting fixturesAlthough fluorescent lamps are generally energy efficient, there are new, even more efficient lamps that use better electrodes and coatings than do older fluorescent lamps. These lamps produce about the same lumen output with substantially lower wattage.
Common 40-watt and 75-watt lamps can be replaced with energy-saving lamps of 34 watts and 60 watts, respectively. Energy-saving lamps for less-common fluorescent fixtures are also available.
If you need to replace the ballasts in your fluorescent fixtures, consider using one of the improved varieties. These fluorescent ballasts, called improved electromagnetic ballasts and electronic ballasts, raise the efficiency of the fixture 12–30%.
Newer electromagnetic ballasts reduce ballast losses, fixture temperature, and system wattage. Because they operate at cooler temperatures, they last longer than standard electromagnetic ballasts.
Electronic ballasts operate at a very high frequency that eliminates flickering and noise. They are even more efficient than improved electromagnetic ballasts. Some electronic ballasts even allow you to operate the fluorescent lamp on a dimmer switch, which usually is not recommended with most fluorescents.
Fluorescent lamp disposal
All fluorescent lights contain small amounts of mercury. Some compact fluorescent lamps with magnetic ballasts contain small amounts of short-lived radioactive material. Because of these hazardous materials, you should not toss burned-out lamps into the trash.
Find out if there is a recycling program for them in your community – they are becoming more common. You can also dispose of the lamps with other household hazardous wastes such as batteries, solvents, and paints at your community's designated drop-off point or during a designated day when you can put such materials with your curb-side trash pickup.
Related category• LIGHTING TOPICS
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Science • Contact
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LBHS is an architecture college situated in the suburbs of Mumbai, in India. It is a prime example of Green Building Architecture. The city of Bombay is a bit crowded, and as such, land is at a premium. So, the location provides enough space for expansion and providing sufficient infrastructure to students.
This project is special because it has implemented many energy-saving devices and techniques to make it one of the first green building designs in India. From light sensors for auto-switching of lights, to water recycling, use of solar arrays and use of earth air tunnels, this project has done everything. It is a very interesting case study. The designers have aimed at developing an semi-autonomous building, almost self-sufficient building complex.
It is inferred that such buildings reduce environmental impacts, increase security, and lower costs of ownership.
Segmentation of Space
This project is spread into a vast area. The available space is divided into public and semi-public zones.
Auditorium, Restaurant and Exhibition halls requiring services are placed adjacent to the service road. Amphitheater, the main interaction hub, is placed centrally orienting in the North-West direction to capture the wind flow. This keeps the open-air amphitheater cool in the evening with a gentle North-Western breeze.
It is located near the entrance and given a formal outlook for usage reasons. There is an entire buffer floor for flexibility. Open spill-over areas around it provide a comprehensive view of the stage.
There are three large halls at different levels which are used to exhibit various things and host architecture fairs from time to time. Sit-out serves as an interaction space at the rear side of the block. The open-air exhibition has a retractable covering around the edges. Considering the rains and heavy winds in the Konkan area, tensile material has been chosen for roofing for the exhibition halls..
Green, eco-friendly roof insulates the conference block, auditorium and exhibition block from external weather and temperature, thus saving energy costs over the long term. Shading, evapo-transpiration and filtering are functions of the green roof infrastructure.
Provision of Earth Air Tunnel
Another interesting feature of this college is an Earth Air Tunnel to cool down temperatures during the summer season, in order to reduce energy costs.
Earth- air tunnels may be considered as special types of wind towers connected to an underground tunnel. The cooling process is based on the fact that the temperature a few meters below the ground is almost constant throughout the year. A wind tower is connected to the underground tunnel, which runs from the bottom of the wind tower to the basement of the building. The wind tower catches the wind which is forced down the tower into the tunnel. The temperature of the tunnel, being lower than that of the ambient temperature, cools the air before it is circulated into the living space.
In order to reduce water consumption, this project has implemented “water recycling” at the site. The recycled water is probably used for watering the gardens maintained by the college.
Solar Cell Arrays
Surprisingly, the college generates electricity with the help of 32 Solar Cell Arrays. There is not enough data to understand how this generated power is utilized and how it affects their power bills.
Air Conditioning by Gas-fired Ammonia absorption Chillers
The entire college is air-conditioned, and this unit provides air conditioning at a very low cost. Infact, it uses 75% less power than a comparable conventional air conditioning unit.
These guys don’t have to worry about switching off the light when they exit the rooms. There are movement sensors in important places which can detect the presence of people, which regulates the light switches. Incredible… I wonder if it actually works.
This is a very interesting case study. Many interesting and mature techniques have been used to reduce energy consumption and reduce dependence of the college on the grid.
You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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| 0.946308 | 817 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A Billion People Now Protected by Large, Graphic Pack Warnings
WHO says more progress needed to fight tobacco epidemic
Posted by: Editor | Jul 7, 2011
More than a billion people in 19 countries are now protected by laws requiring large, graphic health warnings that cover at least half of cigarette packs — nearly double the number that were exposed to these warnings in 2008.
The World Health Organization's Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011, finds that nations are making significant progress in implementing warning labels and other measures to reduce tobacco use. But progress must be accelerated to reverse a tobacco epidemic that will otherwise kill one billion people worldwide this century.
The report assesses countries' progress in implementing the scientifically proven measures required by an international treaty, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which has been ratified by 174 countries. In addition to the warning labels, these measures include comprehensive smoke-free laws, higher tobacco taxes, and bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.
Research shows that large, graphic warning labels are most effective at informing consumers about the health risks of tobacco use, motivating smokers to quit and discouraging nonsmokers, including children, from starting. Including countries with warnings that cover less than half the pack, a total of 42 countries now require graphic warnings.
If effectively implemented, tobacco control measures can help protect people around the world from the devastating effects of tobacco use, which kill nearly six million people every year.
Every picture that tells the true story of tobacco use can save lives.
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| 0.927512 | 306 | 3.1875 | 3 |
One of the most useful Magellan standard data products is the full resolution mosaic, the F-MIDR (Full-Resolution Mosaiced Image Data Record). These products are mosaics of about 500 kilometer (300 mile) segments of 30 or more individual image strips. This image is an F-MIDR made from orbits 376 to 407, obtained between September 15 and September 19, 1990, part of the first orbits in which the Magellan flight team operated the radar system in the mapping mode. The mosaic is centered at 27 degrees south latitude, 339 degrees longitude, in the Lavinia region of Venus. Three large impact craters with diameters ranging from 37 kilometers (23 miles) to 50 kilometers (30 miles) can be seen located in a region of fractured plains. The craters show many features typical of meteorite impact craters, including rough, radar-bright ejecta, terraced inner walls and central peaks. Numerous domes of probable volcanic origin can be seen in the southeastern corner of the mosaic. The domes range in diameter from 1-12 kilometers (0.6-7 miles), and some have central pits typical of volcanic shields or cones. Resolution of the Magellan data is about 120 meters (400 feet).
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| 0.912286 | 256 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is Jerusalem Day?
Jerusalem Day is the celebration of the unification of Jerusalem in the 1967 war. When Israel was formally established in 1948, the UN proposal was that Jerusalem be an international city. The Arab nations flatly rejected this.
Once established in 1948, Israel was immediately attacked and Jordan took control of Jerusalem. Not only did Jordan take control of Jerusalem, they attempted to erase its Jewishness by destroying synagogues and desecrating Jewish cemeteries.
In 1967, after Jordan began shelling Israeli citizens, the fight for Jerusalem reignited. It took Israel only one day to regain control over Jerusalem. It is this victory that we celebrate on Jerusalem Day, the 28th of Adar.
The Occupation Myth
It’s one of the oldest cities in the world and one of the most disputed. However, the modern interpretation of what constitutes occupation is biased against Israel. Jerusalem, like most cities in the Middle East, has a long history of different rulers.
At one point or another in history, in addition to the Israelites, the following groups have ruled over and in some cases pillaged Jerusalem: Egyptians, Arameans, Babylonians, Persians, Grecians, Romans, The Arabic Caliphiates, Crusaders, The Ottoman Empire, Britain and Jordan. The common thread among all of these different rulers? The presence of the Jewish people in Jerusalem.
7 Ways to Celebrate Jerusalem Day
Celebrating Jerusalem Day is more than just a special day – it’s a celebration of the return of the Western Wall to the Jewish people, the rejoicing in the reunification of Israel’s capital, a day to thank God for this victory, and a time to remember Jewish history.
Depending on your religious beliefs, there are some great prayers for Jerusalem Day. Here are some favorites:
1 A Song of Ascents; of David.
I rejoiced when they said unto me: 'Let us go unto the house of the LORD.'
2 Our feet are standing within thy gates, O Jerusalem;
3 Jerusalem, that art builded as a city that is compact together;
4 Whither the tribes went up, even the tribes of the LORD, as a testimony unto Israel, to give thanks unto the name of the LORD.
5 For there were set thrones for judgment, the thrones of the house of David.
6 Pray for the peace of Jerusalem; may they prosper that love thee.
7 Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within thy palaces.
8 For my brethren and companions' sakes, I will now say: 'Peace be within thee.'
9 For the sake of the house of the LORD our God I will seek thy good.
Hallel (Psalms 113-118)
These are verses of praise for joyous occasions.
This is the psalm that reminds us: “If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning.”
Reviewing some famous speeches or quotes on Jerusalem is a great way to remember and rejoice. Colonel Gur’s victory speech is an inspiring choice. David Ben Gurion’s 1949 appeal to the UN about moving the capital of Israel to Jerusalem is filled with insights, brilliant observations and this truth:
The attempt to sever Jewish Jerusalem from the State of Israel will not advance the cause of peace in the Middle East or in Jerusalem itself. Israelis will give their lives to hold on to Jerusalem, just as the British would for London, the Russians for Moscow and the Americans for Washington.
There are a number of songs that sing the praises of Jerusalem. From classics, like Jerusalem of Gold to modern favorites like Matisyahu’s Jerusalem, praising Jerusalem through song is a fun way to celebrate. The song Rivers of Babylon, redone by many different artists including Bob Marley and Sublime, is a musical rendition of Psalms 137.
A Jerusalem Day tradition in Israel is to have a dance procession with flags before official ceremonies. Any Israeli dance would be a fun way to remember Jerusalem, the eternal capital of Israel.
Jerusalem has a long tradition of art and artisans. Armenian Christians and pilgrims, who took refuge in Jerusalem, brought their unique and beautiful Armenian pottery with them. The pottery is now emblematic of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is a prominent theme in much of Israeli Art and a great way to remember Jerusalem every day, not just once a year.
6. Wear Your Pride
T-shirts are another way to show your support for Israel, create a dialog with others about the Jewish state and support Israeli businesses. Free speech doesn’t just mean the ability to write what you want, it also applies to expressing your opinion – even if it’s “just” a t-shirt. Some Jews, like those living nations unfriendly to Israel, could be jailed for such a “subversive” act.
The unification of Jerusalem was not an isolated incident, rather the culmination of thousands of years of conflict. Jerusalem Day is a fitting time to review some history about Jerusalem, such as the countless sieges that plagued the city (52 of them), with the most recent one being in 1948. Or learn more about the various captures and recaptures of the city (44 of them). You can also explore the historical sites of Jerusalem online or plan your visit.
No matter how you celebrate Jerusalem Day, the most important thing is that you remember Jerusalem:
“I often hear them accuse Israel of Judaizing Jerusalem. That's like accusing America of Americanizing Washington, or the British of Anglicizing London. You know why we're called 'Jews'? Because we come from Judea.” Benjamin Netanyahu.
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| 0.923959 | 1,183 | 3.28125 | 3 |
An indirect buffer shares the text of some other buffer, which is called the base buffer of the indirect buffer. In some ways it is a buffer analogue of a symbolic link between files.
Create an indirect buffer named indirect-name with base buffer base-buffer.
Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer.
Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer, and
select it in another window (
The text of the indirect buffer is always identical to the text of its base buffer; changes made by editing either one are visible immediately in the other. But in all other respects, the indirect buffer and its base buffer are completely separate. They can have different names, different values of point, different narrowing, different markers, different major modes, and different local variables.
An indirect buffer cannot visit a file, but its base buffer can. If you try to save the indirect buffer, that actually works by saving the base buffer. Killing the base buffer effectively kills the indirect buffer, but killing an indirect buffer has no effect on its base buffer.
One way to use indirect buffers is to display multiple views of an outline. See Outline Views.
A quick and handy way to make an indirect buffer is with the command
M-x clone-indirect-buffer. It creates and selects an indirect
buffer whose base buffer is the current buffer. With a numeric
argument, it prompts for the name of the indirect buffer; otherwise it
uses the name of the current buffer, with a ‘<n>’ suffix
added. C-x 4 c (
works like M-x clone-indirect-buffer, but it selects the new
buffer in another window. These functions run the hook
clone-indirect-buffer-hook after creating the indirect buffer.
The more general way to make an indirect buffer is with the command M-x make-indirect-buffer. It creates an indirect buffer named indirect-name from a buffer base-buffer, prompting for both using the minibuffer.
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| 0.922652 | 423 | 3.03125 | 3 |
There are two main layers that are essential to the solar cell’s function. One is a p-type layer, which means that the wafers are boron doped, and an n-type layer created by introducing phosphorus. The silicon wafer usually already starts off by already being doped with boron. in order to form the n-type layer, phosphorus has to be introduced to the wafer at high temperatures of around 870°C for 15-30 minutes in order for it to penetrate into the wafer. The excess n-type material is then chemically removed. These diffusion processes are usually performed through the use of a batch tube furnace or an in-line continuous furnace. According to BTU, detailed cost of ownership models have shown that in-line diffusion can deliver per wafer costs of as low as one third the cost of a batch diffusion furnace. The basic furnace construction and process are very similar to the process steps used by packaging engineers.
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| 0.958244 | 200 | 3.5625 | 4 |
By Cam Mather
WARNING: This blog may gross
some people out. But I thought I’d write it anyway, since it’s a
reality of country life. Well, it’s sort of reality for everyone, but in
the city once the toilet is flushed, it’s pretty easy to not think
about where stuff goes and how it’s treated.
country this isn’t the case. You have a fairly direct relationship with
what gets flushed down the toilet. In our case, like many rural homes,
we have a septic system. We have an underground septic tank not far from
the house, which is a large concrete tank with two chambers. When the
toilet is flushed, or a sink or bathtub is drained, the material flows
into the first tank. Solids sink to the bottom. The liquid part flows
into the second chamber where more solids can settle out, and then
what’s left flows out into your leaching field or “weeping tiles.”
(“Weeping Tiles” is also the name of the band that Sarah Harmer was in
before she went solo.) The weeping tiles are perforated and the liquid
flows out into the gravel then into the soil and is broken down by
bacteria. In our case we have amazing sand that filters the liquids as
they return to the water table.
The graphics below are from Bill Kemp’s “The Renewable Energy Handbook.”
process can take a while, but ultimately anytime I flush anything down
my drain or toilet, I assume it can end up back in my drinking water. So
we’re careful. I clean the toilet with borax. We never use harsh
cleaners and we keep this in mind when purchasing soaps, etc. We posted a
video on YouTube where Bill Kemp attempts to explain this concept. He
suggests that a few weeks after flushing the toilet they could be
drinking that water, and some of comments posted under the video suggest
that people are either appalled by the concept or don’t really get the
concept. There is some filtration involved in the process. (The video is
we lived in a suburb of Toronto the exit pipe in Lake Ontario from the
waste treatment plant was not far from the water inlet pipe for drinking
water, so it’s the same concept.
In the country though, it just seems a little more immediate.
work away at the solids in the tank, but every 3 or 4 years you need to
get the tank pumped to remove waste that hasn’t broken down. There is a
layer of scum that floats on top made up of grease and lighter wastes,
but I don’t know how we’d get this since we never use any fats for
cooking (I’m being sarcastic here).
So a couple of weeks ago I dug
up the soil on top of the septic tank and removed the soil to expose
the lids of the tanks. Then we called Greg Storring to come and pump the
tank. Some people call these trucks “honey wagons.” Greg used to have a
logo of Winnie the Pooh with a jar of honey on his truck, but his new
truck is more serious and business-like and just has a logo. I can
remember getting the tank pumped at my grandmother’s cottage and the
slogan on the septic pumping truck was “We’re #1 in the #2 Business.”
Gotta love a septic hauler with a sense of humor.
Greg belongs to
The Ontario Association of Sewage Industry Services, which just had
their yearly conference. The abbreviation of this group is OASIS. Not
bad for septic haulers!
So Greg arrived and pried off the concrete
lids of the two chambers and started pumping. I guess I’m kind of
immature but I’m fascinated by the whole process. Nothing looks like
anything you’d expect. In fact, the upper layer is black and looks like a
nice dark loam that you might spread on your garden. But I resisted
that temptation since I know there is more processing that needs to be
done to it.
like to invite Greg in for a cup of tea when he’s finished pumping to
get the scoop on what’s happening at his place. He has 4 lagoons where
he dumps the waste, which use the same process of allowing the liquid to
gradually flow from one lagoon to the next to allow for more settling.
The Ministry of the Environment regularly inspects Greg’s operation and
his process works well. They find some chemicals and pharmaceuticals,
just like when they test the waste treatment facilities in the city. The
pharmaceuticals aren’t just from people flushing expired drugs;
people’s bodies eliminate a lot of it.
I like having a septic
tank. I like being aware of the implications of my actions. Greg tells
people “If you can’t eat it, don’t flush it.” It’s a good philosophy. I
do clean our toilets with borax, which I probably wouldn’t eat, but it
is a pretty natural product, one that is naturally present in the soil.
Some gardeners add it if their plants of showing signs of deficiency.
deal with manure all the time. I get horse manure from Alyce whenever I
can for the gardens. I deal with chicken manure daily now as I clean
out our coop. People manure is a different thing. But as long as I live
in the country I’m going to be vigilant about what ends up in my septic
tank. Ultimately I could be drinking it.
Illustrations from "The Renewable Energy Handbook" by William Kemp. Photos by Cam Mather.
For more information about Cam or his books, please visit www.cammather.com or www.aztext.com
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We already have seen the usage of Hiragana letter along with small ya, yu and yo. In today’s lesson we will see how to make use of the small tsu (っ). This small tsu is called Sokuon (written in Kanji as 促音). Small Tsu literally translated to Japanese gives us Chiisai Tsu (Chiisai means Small)
There are some vocabularies even in English which might need an extra stress to the letter. For example, consider the word, “button”. As you see here the extra stress is over the letter ‘t’. Such words are there in Japanese language too. For example,
Chotto meaning “little”
Kekkon meaning “marriage”
So, how do we write these letters? This is when the small tsu (っ) comes into picture. You need to use a small tsu right before the word which needs stress.
Consider the word chotto. Breaking down this word a little bit further down gives us
Cho-(t)to ちょっとSimilarly, the words matte まって, kitte きって, kekkon けっこん, etc
Cho is nothing but chi + small yo ちょ
To is と
As the stress on t is before the word to, we need to add a small tsu before to like ちょっと
(matte means wait, Kitte is postage stamp and Kekkon is marriage)
There are certain rules in the usage of this sokuon (促音). Wiki says,
The sokuon cannot appear at the beginning of a word, before a vowel kana (a, i, u, e, or o), or before kana that begin with the consonants n, m, r, w, or y. In addition, it does not appear before voiced consonants (g, z, d, or b), or before h, except in loanwords.
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The best way to cure most cases of cancer is to surgically remove the tumor. The Achilles heel of this approach, however, is that the surgeon may fail to extract the entire tumor, leading to a local recurrence.
With a new technique, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have established a new strategy to help surgeons see the entire tumor in the patient, increasing the likelihood of a positive outcome. This approach relies on an injectable dye that accumulates in cancerous tissues much more so than normal tissues. When the surgeon shines an infrared light on the cancer, it glows, allowing the surgeon to remove the entire malignancy.
“Surgeons have had two things that tell where a cancer is during surgery: their eyes and their hands,” said David Holt, first author on the study and professor of surgery in Penn’s School of Veterinary Medicine. “This technique is offering surgeons another tool, to light tumors up during surgery.”
Between 20 and 50 percent of cancer patients who undergo surgery end up experiencing a local recurrence of their cancer, indicating that the surgeon failed to extract all of the diseased tissue from the site. Identifying the margins of a tumor can be difficult to do during a procedure, and typically surgeons have had to do this by simply looking at the tumor and feeling for differences with their fingers.
Seeking an alternative, Holt, Singhal and colleagues turned to near-infrared, or NIR, imaging. They chose to test the only Food and Drug Administration-approved contrast agent for NIR, a dye called indocyanine green, or ICG, that fluoresces a bright green under NIR light. ICG concentrates in tumor tissue more than normal tissue because the blood vessels of tumors have so-called “leaky” walls from growing quickly.
“Since 1958 when ICG was initially FDA approved, it has been used to examine tissue perfusion and clearance studies,” Singhal said. “However, our group has been experimenting with new strategies to use ICG to solve a classic problem in surgical oncology: preventing local recurrences. Our work uses an old dye in a new way.”
To see if visualizing ICG under NIR could help them define cancerous from non-cancerous tissues, the Penn-led team first tested the approach in mice. They administered ICG to mice with a type of lung cancer and found that they could use NIR to distinguish tumors from normal lung tissue as early as 15 days after the mice acquired cancer. These tumors were visible to the human eye by 24 days.
Next the researchers evaluated the technique in eight client-owned dogs, of various breeds and sizes, that had naturally occurring lung cancer and were brought to Penn Vet's Ryan Veterinary Hospital for surgery. They received ICG intravenously a day before surgery, then surgeons used NIR during the procedure to try to visualize the tumor and distinguish it from normal tissue.
“It worked,” Holt said, the tumors fluorescing clearly enough to permit the surgeon to rapidly distinguish the cancer during surgery. “And because it worked in a spontaneous large animal model, we were able to get approval to start trying it in people."
A human clinical trial was the final step. Five patients with cancer in their lungs or chest participated in the pilot study at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Each received an injection of ICG prior to surgery. During the procedure, surgeons removed the tumors, which were then inspected using NIR imaging and biopsied.
All of the tumors strongly fluoresced under the NIR light, confirming that the technique worked in human cancers.
In four of the patients, the surgeon could easily tell tumor from non-tumor by sight and by feel. In a fifth patient, however, though a CT and PET scan indicated that the tumor was a solitary mass, NIR imaging revealed glowing areas in what were thought to be healthy parts of the lung.
“It turns out he had diffuse microscopic cancer in multiple areas of the lung,” Holt said. “We might have otherwise called this Stage I, local disease, and the cancer would have progressed. But because of the imaging and subsequent biospy, he underwent chemotherapy and survived.”
Some other research teams have begun investigating NIR for other applications in cancer surgery, but this is the first time a group has taken the approach from a mouse model to a large animal model of spontaneous disease and all the way to human clinical trials.
One drawback of the technique is that ICG also absorbs into inflamed tissue. So in some patients that had inflamed tissues around their tumors, it was difficult or impossible to tell apart cancer from from inflamed tissue. The Penn researchers are working to identify an alternative targeted contrast agent that is specific to a tumor cell marker to avoid this problem, Holt said.
In addition to Holt and Singhal, the authors on the paper included Penn Medicine’s Olugbenga Okusanya, Ryan Judy, Ollin Venegas, Jack Jiang, Elizabeth DeJesus, Evgeniy Eruslanov, Jon Quatromoni, Pratik Bhojnagarwala, Charuhas Deshpande and Steven Albelda and Emory University’s Shuming Nie.
Katherine Unger Baillie | Eurek Alert!
Innovative device allows 3-D imaging of the breast with less radiation
17.06.2016 | DOE/Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
The vascular bypass revolution
13.06.2016 | Université de Genève
Since the completion of the human genome an important goal has been to elucidate the function of the now known proteins: a new molecular method enables the investigation of the function for thousands of proteins in parallel. Applying this new method, an international team of researchers with leading participation of the Technical University of Munich (TUM) was able to identify hundreds of previously unknown interactions among proteins.
The human genome and those of most common crops have been decoded for many years. Soon it will be possible to sequence your personal genome for less than 1000...
3D printing revolutionized the manufacturing of complex shapes in the last few years. Using additive depositing of materials, where individual dots or lines...
R2D2, a joint project to analyze and development high-TRL processes and technologies for manufacture of flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) has been successfully completed.
In contrast to point light sources like LEDs made of inorganic semiconductor crystals, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are light-emitting surfaces. Their...
High resolution rotational spectroscopy reveals an unprecedented number of conformations of an odorant molecule – a new world record!
In a recent publication in the journal Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter...
Strands of cow cartilage substitute for ink in a 3D bioprinting process that may one day create cartilage patches for worn out joints, according to a team of engineers. "Our goal is to create tissue that can be used to replace large amounts of worn out tissue or design patches," said Ibrahim T. Ozbolat, associate professor of engineering science and mechanics. "Those who have osteoarthritis in their joints suffer a lot. We need a new alternative treatment for this."
Cartilage is a good tissue to target for scale-up bioprinting because it is made up of only one cell type and has no blood vessels within the tissue. It is...
30.06.2016 | Event News
28.06.2016 | Event News
09.06.2016 | Event News
30.06.2016 | Health and Medicine
30.06.2016 | Life Sciences
30.06.2016 | Physics and Astronomy
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Albany, South Africa (also known as Cape Borders, Cape Frontier, Settler Country, and Western Region) was a district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Grahamstown was traditionally the administrative capital, cultural centre and largest town of the Albany district.
The area was previously known as the 'Zuurveld' by migrating Boer farmers in the late 18th century, and it lay near the boundary between the Cape Colony and the traditional Xhosa lands to the east. The 1820 Settlers were instrumental in settling and farming the district and giving it some of its distinctive local culture. The ANC government merged the Albany area with the large Xhosa township of Alice as the municipal area of 'Cacadu' .
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| 0.969724 | 152 | 2.796875 | 3 |
DETROIT (WWJ) – Often thought of as a childhood affliction, more than 50 percent of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will carry the disorder over into adulthood, according to a review of adult ADHD studies by the Journal of the American Osteopathic Association.
The initial lack of recognition that an adult form of ADHD exists can be attributed to the fact that many of the presenting symptoms seen in children tend to morph over time, according to the clinical review’s authors.
David A. Baron, an AOA board-certified psychiatrist, said adults with ADHD are not likely to run around erratically in social settings as you might see with a younger ADHD patient, but instead, that person might feel restless and have a difficult time sitting still and maintaining focus.
ADHD is characterized by core symptoms, including inattention, hyperactivity, distractibility and impulsivity.
It is estimated that two to five percent of the adult population in the United States has ADHD. Adults with ADHD are at an increased risk for experiencing psychiatric disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance abuse disorders.
Adults with ADHD often have trouble organizing their lives, meeting deadlines and attending to boring tasks. Other challenges include poor memory, poor concentration skills and being impulsive.
“People just think, ‘It’s just who I am and always have been,'” Baron said in a statement. “The continuous nature of ADHD symptoms from childhood coupled with the lack of knowledge that an adult form of ADHD exists may explain why most adults do not receive a diagnosis or treatment for this disorder.”
Although a number of screening techniques and psychological testing can help a physician make a diagnosis, Baron said an accurate diagnosis is dependent upon a comprehensive interview with the patient by a health care provider who is knowledgeable about ADHD.
Besides the core symptoms, Baron said it is also important to look at executive functioning, which entail a person’s cognitive skills. The core executive functioning deficits in adults with ADHD are rated on a scale in such areas as activation of activity (including organizing, prioritizing and beginning tasks), focus, effort, emotion and memory.
Baron said adults with untreated ADHD tend to suffer from other mental health issues compared to adults without ADHD.
“They also face lower education levels, poorer employment records and higher rates of divorce or failed relationships. Many of these adverse life outcomes are directly related to difficulties with executive functioning,” he said.
A combination of medication and behavioral therapy, particularly cognitive therapy, can be used to help treat ADHD. Neurofeedback, which involves placing sensors on the scalp to measure brain activity, may be effective in treating both children and adults, Baron said. He adds that some people report seeking help from life coaches who are specifically trained to assist adults with ADHD.
Baron said appropriate treatment can help improve a person’s marriage, job and overall self-esteem and life functioning, and stressed the importance of people speaking with their physician if they suspect they have adult ADHD rather than relying on information they find online that might not be accurate or be the best treatment option.
“The Internet does allow easy access to credible, evidence-based information about health care topics, like adult ADHD. However, not all content has been reviewed by medical professionals, making it difficult for people to distinguish between genuine science and personal opinions,” Baron said.
“That is why it is important for people to ask their physicians questions about ADHD or any other health conditions to ensure they are getting accurate information.”
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| 0.958496 | 735 | 2.921875 | 3 |
King Dasarata felt very sad when Kaikayi demanded that Rama and Sita leave the palace and live in Dandaka forest for fourteen years.
King Dasarata did not know what to say because the preparation for Rama's inauguration to be a King was finished. Then, the next day in the early morning he asked Rama to see him. When he met Rama, he could not speak his mind.
Then Kaikayi ordered Rama and Sita leave the palace and go to Dandaka forest to live there for fourteen years. Rama was comppsed listening this order. As a warrior, he would follow any order from his father, however difficult it was.
Rama asked permission from his father to leave. Still with composure he told Sita about the order, then they prepared to leave the palace. With tears from the palace officials they went to Dandaka Forest. Laksamana, who loved his brother very much, accompanied them.
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Study: Star Formation Is Virtually Finished
by Brian Thomas, M.S. *
An international team of astronomers recently analyzed a specific frequency of light that hot gas clouds in outer space produce. Very hot stars, like blue stars, are thought to burn near or within these clouds, energizing the gas so that it can emit this characteristic light signature. Secular astronomers are also convinced that stars form inside these distant, turbulent, and gaseous zones.
The team, publishing in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, surveyed the light from a wide range of redshifts.1 A higher redshift—when a characteristic light pattern appears shifted more toward the red end of the light spectrum—indicates a greater distance between the observer and the light source. So, they examined this light from near and far.
Higher redshifts are also supposed to indicate that more time has elapsed since that light departed from the faraway glowing clouds. However, this assumes that light travels at the same speed in all directions—an assumption called the Einstein synchrony convention. No experiment has verified this assumption. Nobody has yet invented one that could.
The astronomers found more of these hot gases at higher redshifts. They interpreted that result to conclude that half of all stars formed naturally during a two-billion-year window of time that ended eight billion years ago. But these conclusions amount to mere speculation when considering how unproven the assumptions are that undergird them.
News describing this study fails to mention these assumptions. For example, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan said in a press release, "Using the same method and techniques is a powerful way to look back in time to obtain fully comparable chunks of the Universe, which contain hundreds of star-forming galaxies."2 But do astronomers really peer "back in time," and do "star-forming galaxies" really exist?
No direct evidence supports either assertion, and some evidence refutes them. First, star formation has never been observed, even in the hot gas clouds in galaxies where it supposedly occurs. Stars could only form in theory through an unlikely nearby star explosion. And then that exploded star would need another earlier nearby star explosion. Clearly, the first star would never have formed.3 Plus, this process would have littered the universe with debris from countless star explosions. Instead, it is as clean as a whistle, which is a big problem for secular astronomers looking for missing supernova remnants.4
There is no good scientific reason to think that these distant glowing gas clouds are star nurseries. But calling them that is the only way to justify the existence of stars in a naturalistic worldview—one in which a universal Creator is universally ruled out of bounds. Scripture says that God made the stars all on one day and then completed that creative work. Based on this, one would not expect to find stars forming today. Star formation is an assumption, not an observation.
Second, the Monthly Notices authors assumed that high redshifts equaled billions of years. One could, with equal validity, assume that starlight travels instantaneously from its source to the viewer, as long as it travels at half the measured round-trip speed of light in the other direction.5 This way, starlight represents what is happening right now, albeit trillions of miles away.
But rejecting the Einstein synchrony convention—that light travels at the same rate both toward and away from the viewer—means that although stars are billions of light-years away, they are not necessarily billions of years old. Is there any observable evidence to suggest that distant stars or galaxies are younger than billions of years?
Yes. Ironically, the same blue stars that likely cause the gas cloud radiation that the international team of astronomers surveyed are just such evidence. Blue stars burn out so fast that they can barely last a million years. And blue stars are found throughout the universe—both near and far—showing that the whole universe is far younger than secular astronomers are willing to admit.
Spiral galaxies are also like cosmic egg-timers, still ticking away as though they are young.6 Because they are also distributed near and far throughout the universe, they refute the secular notion of billions of years of cosmic history.
Do stars form today? Not according to observational knowledge. Do astronomers see into the past through telescopes? Only if they assume that they do. And distant blue stars and spiral galaxies refute the claim that the universe is billions of years old.
The study authors claimed that star formation has dramatically slowed. But their observations are more consistent with Scripture, which teaches that star formation has totally stopped.
- Sobral, D. et al. 2012. A large Hα survey at z = 2:23; 1:47; 0:84 & 0:40: the 11 Gyr evolution of star-forming galaxies from HiZELS. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Published online before print, November 7, 2012.
- Time-Traveling with One Method Illuminates the Evolution of Star Formation in the Universe. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan press release, November 5, 2012.
- Lisle, J. 2012. Blue Stars Confirm Recent Creation. Acts & Facts. 41 (9): 16.
- Thomas, B. Rare Supernova Recalls Missing Remnants Mystery. Creation Science Update. Posted on icr.org September 6, 2011, accessed November 15, 2012.
- Lisle, J. 2010. Anisotropic Synchrony Convention—A Solution to the Distant Starlight Problem. Answers Research Journal. 3 (1): 191-207.
- Thomas, B. Distant Galaxies Look Too Mature for Big Bang. Creation Science Update. Posted on icr.org November 30, 2011, accessed November 14, 2012.
Image credit: NASA
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on November 20, 2012.
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| 0.934732 | 1,216 | 4.21875 | 4 |
EGYPTIAN POETRY AND PROVERBS
"In the Beginning, Egyptian legends attested, floodwaters englufed the world. Nothing stirred amid that dark and dismal expanse. Then, miraculously, a lotus blossom surfaced and opened its petals to give birth to the Sun. Rising from the blossom like a golden bird, the Sun subdued the waters and coaxed life from the emerging land. Ever after, when the Nile receded and the growing season began, its people gave thanks to the Sun god Re and to his Earthly counterpart, the Pharaoh, who claimed divine powers and kept the country fruitful"
"MAN FEARS TIME BUT TIME FEARS THE PYRAMIDS"
"I wish I were your mirror, so that you always looked at me. I wish I were your garment so that you would always wear me. I wish I were the water that washes your body. I wish I were the unguent, O woman, that I could annoint you. And the band around your breasts, and the beads around your neck. I wish I were your sandal that embraces your foot and that you would step on me!"
"LITTLE IS BETTER THAN NOTHING."
"The Sight of her makes me well! When she opens her eyes, my body is young; her speaking makes me strong; embracing her expels my malady."
"THE TEETH ARE SMILING, BUT IS THE HEART"
"Pour water on thyself: thus shalt thou be a Fountain to the Universe. Find thou thyself in every Star. Achieve thou every possibility."
"If I embrace her and her arms are open, I am like a man in the land of perfumes. If I kiss her and her lips are open, I am drunk even without beer."
"THERE IS NO DARKNESS LIKE IGNORANCE"
Hymn To The Aten
"Splendid you rise in heaven's lightland, O living Aten, creator of life! When you have dawned in eastern lightland, you fill every land with your beauty, You are beautious, great, radiant, High over every land: Your rays embrace the lands To the limits of all that you made... All eyes are on your beauty until you set, All labor ceases when you rest in the west: When you rise you stir everyone for the King, Every leg is on the move since you founded the earth. You rouse them for your son who came from your body, The King who lives by Maat, the Lord of the Two Lands"
"Know the World in yourself. Never look for yourself in the World, for this would be to project your illusion"
"Not the greatest Master can go even one step for his discipiles; In himself he must experience each stage of developing consciousness. Therefore he will "know" nothing for which he is not ripe"
"ONE FALSEHOOD SPOILS A THOUSAND TRUTHS."
"With a beaming face celebrate the joyful day and rest not therein. For no one can take away his goods with him, Yea no one has returned, who has gone hence."
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The current water leaks at Fukushima nuclear plant in Japan have become worse, according to experts.
Tokyo Electric Power Co admitted that the 300-tonne leak is the fifth and most serious from a tank since the March 2011 disaster, when three of the plant’s reactors melted down after a huge earthquake and tsunami knocked out the plant’s power and cooling functions.
The underground seepage from the reactor and turbine building area is much bigger and possibly more radioactive, confronting the plant’s operator, TEPCO, with an invisible, chronic problem and few viable solutions, experts believe.
To keep the melted nuclear fuel from overheating, TEPCO has rigged a makeshift system of pipes and hoses to funnel water into the broken reactors.
The radioactive water is then treated and stored in the aboveground tanks that have now developed leaks.
But far more leaks into the reactor basements during the cooling process, then through cracks into the surrounding earth and groundwater.
About 1,000 tonnes of underground water from the mountains flows into the plant compound each day, of which 400 tonnes seep into the reactor and turbine basements and get contaminated.
The remaining 600 tonne avoids that area, but at least half of it is believed to eventually come in contact with contamination elsewhere before entering the sea, according to an estimate by Japan’s Agency for Natural Resources and Energy.
Al Jazeera's Anita McNaught, reporting from Naraha, said: "The Japanese government was hoping at least to contain the nuclear problem. It seems it can’t even manage to do that."
Scientists, pointing to high radioactive cesium levels in bottom-dwelling fish since the disaster, had for some time suspected the plant was leaking radioactive water into the ocean.
But TEPCO repeatedly denied that until last month, when it acknowledged contaminated water has been leaking into the ocean from early in the crisis.
Crisis started when the underground reservoir of contaminated water began spilling from the plant’s reactors after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami has been creeping towards the Pacific.
Source: Al Jazeera and agencies
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5 Cool Things to Know About Your Nose
WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. - May 29, 2013 - A sniff, a snort, a sneeze - there's a lot of action involving your nose and sinuses. John Clinger, M.D., an ear, nose and throat surgeon at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, says the nose has more to do than stop and smell the roses.
"Your nose and sinuses actually have a job beyond just breathing and smelling," he said. "Your nose protects your lungs. For instance, on a cold winter day, your nose will warm and humidify the air before it reaches your lungs."
More cool things to know about your nose and sinuses:
- They produce mucus to protect your lungs from viruses, bacteria and particles in the air
- They produce almost a liter of mucus a day - which you swallow
- The sinuses are air-filled spaces in the cheeks, the forehead, between the eyes and back part of the nose - for a total of 10
- 80 percent of what you think is your sense of taste is really your sense of smell at work
- When you're sick, mucus production can increase to two liters a day and may affect your appetite
Clinger said that for those who want to deal with allergies and congestion with a nasal wash, a neti pot is certainly an option, but he recommends a simple over-the-counter nasal rinse squeeze bottle that costs about $10. Both need salt packets and it's important to remember to use distilled water, he said, because tap water can introduce contaminants and irritate the nasal cavity.
Beyond allergies, sinusitis is one of the most common chronic diseases Americans suffer from, he said, affecting about 14 percent of the population. Sinusitis is an inflammation, or swelling, of the tissue lining the sinuses. When they become blocked, they can fill with fluid or germs and result in infection, Clinger said. For these sufferers, their quality of life can be severely compromised without treatment. About 250,000 operations are done each year to treat people with sinusitis.
"It's more than the sniffles - these people we're operating on are really sick," Clinger said.
Media contacts: Bonnie Davis, [email protected], 336-716-4977; Marguerite Beck, [email protected], 336-716-2415.
Media Relations Contacts:
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| 0.931393 | 520 | 3 | 3 |
This website and many others will display better if you use the Firefox web browser. Simply go to: GetFirefox.com
This project, imbued with a deep love of country, bears the name of one of the Cuban heroes who devoted the best of his fruitful life to the struggle for independence and freedom of Cuba.
We refer to Emilia Teurbe Toulon, designated in 1950 by the Congress of the Republic of Cuba, to mark the centenary of our national flag, as the incarnation of Women of Cuba.
Emilia was the first Cuban woman banished from our country for political reasons. He also had the honor of working on the original Cuban flag that was designed by her husband and poet Miguel Teurbe Toulon, on the initiative of General Narciso Lopez. Born into a wealthy family in the city of Matanzas, had human sensitivity to donate their property to benefit the education of the poor.
Those who sign this document, inspired by his patriotic example, we propose to make this project whose main objectives are: the conquest of fundamental human rights, democracy and freedom of the Cuban people.
We assume that Cuba's communist regime bases its legality in the 1976 Constitution, as amended in 2003. In article 69, the Constitution refers to the People's National Assembly as the organ of state power. He adds that the assembly represents and expresses the sovereign will of the people. To leave no doubt, Article 70 states that the National Assembly of People's Power is the only body with constituent and legislative authority in the Republic of Cuba.
WHEREAS: We have confirmed for years that the People's National Assembly has transgressed to cede their sovereign rights and power to the State Council.
WHEREAS: We verified that the National Assembly of People's Power has complied passively and given legal force to all laws adopted Decree by the State Council.
WHEREAS: The People's National Assembly has lost its sovereign power to accept the mandate of the Council of State in the call extraordinary sessions.
WHEREAS: The National Assembly of People's Power has infringed the freedom of our people by allowing the State Council declared as the National Constitution irrevocable political ideas, ideologies contrary to the interests of the Cuban people.
WHEREAS: The People's National Assembly has violated respect for the views of minorities enshrined in the constitutions of the world's most advanced and extreme power granted to docile majorities.
WHEREAS: The National Assembly of People's Power, violating the constitutional principle of the separation and independence of powers, has given the Council of State the power to issue guidelines and impose decisions on the Judiciary.
WHEREAS: The People's National Assembly has ignored the popular will and limited civic freedom by subordinating it Local Assemblies of People's Power.
WHEREAS: The People's National Assembly has stipulated that the Local Assemblies of People's Power are subordinate to the State Council.
WHEREAS: The National Assembly of People's Power has stifled freedom of expression, association, speech and press to not align with the policy and ideology of the state.
WHEREAS: The People's National Assembly has given the government the power to strip of their citizenship Cubans born in our country.
WHEREAS: The National Assembly of People's Power, not to object to the State Council measures that have sunk in misery and desperation of our people, has become complicit in this infamy.
WHEREAS: The National Assembly of People's Power Party has exalted one above the state and the nation.
Therefore: We declare that these laws, compiled in the 1976 Constitution, constitute an abuse of power that flagrantly violates the dignity of Cuban citizens.
Therefore: The 1976 Constitution, as amended in 2003, permanently institutionalizes the communist regime of Cuba.
Therefore: The People's National Assembly has no validity whatsoever and ceases to be the expression of the will of the people by giving the Council of State all privileges enshrined in the Cuban Constitution.
We believe that the current communist constitution violates the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Human Rights Covenants on Civil and Political Rights of the United Nations.
We agreed to declare illegitimate Communist Constitution and the National Assembly of People's Power bodies of state power.
We call on the Cuban people to subscribe this project for Cuba to take steps toward a sovereign, democratic, free and fair.
We proclaim that the new democratic and free Parliament emerged from these requirements is declared in Constituent and rubrique a constitution that respects the dignity of all Cubans.
We insist that the Constitution contains the foundations of democracy and freedom they have fought and given their lives so many of our compatriots from our wars of independence.
We demand that the legal system of our country has the basis of democratic principles that prevail in other nations of the civilized world. These are: sovereignty of the people, government based on the consent of the governed, majority rule, minority rights, guarantee of basic human rights, free and fair elections, equality before the law, due process, constitutional limits government, independent checks and balances, social pluralism, economic and political, as well as the values of tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation and compromise.
Unfortunately, we have seen through more years than we recall as Cuba's communist regime has not concede a free atom and has stood rigidly and arbitrarily any changes to ensure a decent life for our people.
Consequently, we have no alternative but to launch the non-violent political challenge to realize the freedom of our people. To do this, we ask the assistance and protection of God, and we ask the Creator to guide us in this just cause for the freedom and prosperity of the Cuban people.
VIVA CUBA LIBRE!
As in Havana, Cuba, on January 9, 2013
Club of Friends of Human Rights
Dr. Oscar Elias Biscet Gonzalez
Joaquin Palomino War
Committee for Change
Pedro Pablo Polanco Torrejón
Gabriel Garcia Gordillo
National Council for Civil Rights in Cuba
Jorge Lorenzo Omar Pimienta
Hard Line Front and Boycott "Orlando Zapata Tamayo"
Hugo Damián Prieto Blanco
Barbara Sendiñas Recardes
Opposition movements for a Free Cuba
Jose Diaz Silva
Union Party of Cuba Libre
Agustín Figueroa Galindo
Carlos Manuel Rodriguez Pupo.
Further information can call: 011-537-699-1774
FORM PROJECT SUPPORT EMILIA
The ideal of every citizen is to live in a prosperous nation, in peace and freedom. These concepts bring happiness to people have been severed in our country by a small group that took control of the country and refuse to guarantee these rights for the benefit of all citizens.
These inalienable rights should be set out in the law of the Cuban state laws. But the 1976 Constitution, as amended in 2003, requires the city to live permanently in a state of helplessness that makes object-dependent organs of state power.
Parliamentarians gave their sovereignty and power and justice agreed to subordinate executive bodies of government, triggering a fatal imbalance of power in the institutions of the nation to the detriment of the people.
All Cubans must work together to restore the dignity of every person in our country. The only way is appealing national institutions that brought us to this national catastrophe.
For all the above we invite you to sign the "Emilia Project". The same states in a simple and honorable path to transform quickly, and with as little damage to our country into a nation of successful ideas and economically it is an example of freedom for the world.
We invoke God's favor to consolidate these aspirations of the Cuban people.
Names and Apellidos_____________________________________________
Activist Biscet manifesto for promoting democracy in Cuba
Activist Biscet manifesto for promoting democracy in Cuba
John O. Tamayo
Cuban dissident and former political prisoner Oscar Elias Biscet called on Wednesday for a new mass movement to demand democracy and human rights "in public places, in a non-violent political challenge" to the government.
Flanked by other dissidents at a press conference in Havana, Biscet said "Emilia Project" has begun a solicitation of signatures for a statement rejecting all parts of the communist government as "illegitimate".
The second phase, he said, will be to present the declaration and signatures to international organizations such as the International Criminal Court in the Netherlands and the Commission on Human Rights, the Organization of American States (OAS).
"But the fundamental work is here in Cuba, trying to create a large civic mass movement" to try to advocate for democracy and human rights "in public places, in a non-violent political challenge" to the government, told The Nuevo Herald by phone from Havana.
Over time, the movement could become a political party, said Biscet, 51, a physician and founder of the Lawton Foundation for Human Rights and considered one of the most respected critics and conservative governments of Fidel and Raul Castro.
Dissidents have launched several similar campaigns in recent decades. Some were crushed by the government and others simply went out for lack of popular support.
Biscet and his wife Elsa Morejon, a professional nurse, were fired from their jobs in the public health system for their activism and he served 11 years in prison, the first three for dishonoring a national symbol to raise the Cuban flag upside down, among other accusations.
He was released in late 2002, but was arrested again a month later and tried as part of a crackdown on dissent in 2003, known as Cuba's Black Spring, when 75 opposition activists were sentenced peaceful up 28 years in prison for "counterrevolutionary activities."
Biscet told Amnesty International "prisoner of conscience" in 1999, and President George W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007.
Biscet was released in March 2011 as part of talks between Raul Castro and the Catholic Church that led to the recent release of 2003 prisoners who were still in prison. Most former prisoners went straight into exile in Spain, but Biscet and about a dozen of them remained in Cuba.
Biscet said "Emilia Project" was named after Emilia Teurbe Toulon, who sewed the first Cuban flag in 1849.
"We've been through more years than we recall how the communist regime has not concede a free atom and has stood rigidly and arbitrarily any changes to ensure a decent life for our people," the statement said.
"We have no alternative but (...) the non-violent political challenge to realize the freedom of our people," he added.
Biscet identified the first seven other people who signed the declaration as Cubans who had remained active dissident groups and human rights in some cases.
These were: Carlos Manuel Rodriguez and Agustin Figueroa Pupo Galindo, of Union Free Cuba, Jorge Lorenzo Omar Pimienta, National Council for Civil Rights in Cuba, Hugo Brito Damian White, hardline Front and Orlando Zapata Tamayo Boycott; Angel Pablo Polanco Torrejón and Gabriel Garcia Gordillo, the Committee for Change, and Jose Diaz Silva, the Opposition Movement for a New Republic.
Political assassinations will not stop FREEDOM OF CUBA
Political assassinations will not stop FREEDOM OF CUBA
Dr. Oscar Elias Biscet
President of the Lawton Foundation for Human Rights
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Follow me at: http://www.twitter.com/ @ oscarbiscet
Two Cuban dissident leaders, both with the Sakharov Prize for human rights in the European Union and candidate to the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012, died in suspicious circumstances of extrajudicial killing. These leaders are Oswaldo Paya Sardinas and Laura Pollan, the Christian Liberation Movement (MCL) and the Ladies in White (DB) respectively.
In nothing can surprise these incidents from occurring in our country. This is always a good chance for those who fight for the freedom of Cuba. Because we live under the oppression of a totalitarian dictatorship that violates unscrupulous fundamental freedoms of its citizens. Similarly, there are many stories that demonstrate the bloodthirstiness of the leaders, Fidel and Raul Castro, Cuba's communist regime.
The most cynical and own the mafia in the power of the nation was meticulously chosen three young blacks, make summary judgment, biased, without due process and shoot in less than ten days. Then, with the coolness of a villain satisfied with their action, declared that he had done to curb the potential for mass exodus to freedom of the Cuban people. To rub more salt in the wound, said that, if necessary, would do it again in complete quietness. These amazing facts occurred in April 2003.
His brother, General Raúl, has authored similar bloody and scary stories. In 1959, early in his regime, extrajudicially shot hundreds of ideological adversaries, even populist account vox Fidel weary of so much blood, he said, to stop the bloodshed. So shed no more blood Raúl but continued taking the gallows killing their opponents.
For cases these events are not at all exaggerated, because during the government of General Castro has increased repression of the Cuban people. Beatings of dissent, especially women of the Ladies in White, cruel, degrading and torture in prisons and the deaths of six pro-democracy activists are a shameful record of the Cuban government.
In the circumstances aforesaid grows stronger in my mind the conspiracy theory. Data collected so far point to the high probability that Oswaldo Paya and Harold Cepero have been killed by the regime of Castro fateful.
Remitos I analyzed the data: In 2006 the British newspaper declared Paya, the Guardian, the political police told him: "I am told that they will kill me before the end of the regime, but I'm not going to flee." Paya's wife, Ofelia Acevedo said "Paya had received death threats on several occasions by agents of the Castro regime."
Relatives of Paya declared to the press that "the survivors called their superiors in Sweden and Spain saying that a truck hit them, the choco and rammed several times."
Furthermore, about thirty days ago a truck rammed his car into Boyeros Avenue and gums kept up, said a supporter of Paya. In the press interview given by the Swedish citizen, Aron Modig, to national and international dam confirmed it had sent message to his superiors in your country but not the content discussed.
The government stated that the circumstances of their deaths were accidental Cuban citizens and blames the driver, the Spanish Carromero Angel Barrios, of manslaughter and is being held on investigation. The Cuban Commission for Human Rights supports the view that it was an accident, and their leader, Elizardo Sanchez, said that: "the impact was brutal and there was no other vehicle involved."
Two photos of the car involved in the tragedy were posted on the social network Facebook, which show a total deterioration in the left side door and rear part of the roof, the rear of the car, trunk, lights and defense are preserved with slight damage. But tears are seen paint accentuated in the rear fender. In the photos posted are not involved in tree log car crash. Interestingly, drivers not near the unfortunate event gave first aid to the traumatized.
As expected witnesses acting under pressure and terror, foreigners related the tragic events reported in line with the thesis of the Castro government. One of them made it to his country and refused to testify to avoid complicating the legal situation remains jailed under investigation for the crime of manslaughter.
There are many types of homicide: consensual, intentional, deicide, domocidio, femicide, filicide, fratricide, infanticide, matricide, patricide, suicide, assassination, uxoricide, etc. But what interested me are well defined manslaughter, murder and felony murder qualified. Because the Castro regime claims that the facts that killed two people of Cuban dissidents was simply an accident, however, the family of one of the deceased and dissent accused the Cuban government of political assassination.
Conceptualization of homicides:
Manslaughter, also called negligent or inadvertent, is a crime that is causing the physical death of a person by a negligent action. This has the following forms of manifestation: "When you perform an action which is known to be fatal and yet he thinks he can help it, but fails and this occurs" or "definitely is ignored when the action is will perform may result in death of the person. "
Homicide qualified, qualified or murder is a crime against human life. "It consists of killing a person concurring certain circumstances, such as treachery, price, reward, promise of remunerative and cruelty, deliberately and inhumanly increasing the pain of the victim".
Manslaughter is the "overflow intentions of the deceased, which originally was intended to damage, but unfortunately was killing her." Eg: "if you hit someone just wanted to cause some bruising, and finished killing him."
In this case of deaths observed Cepero Paya and murky handling of the evidence to be presented as a negligent homicide or accident and blames the release of military regime. The statements of both observed that foreign nationals are under pressure, especially having to serve a long sentence in one of the prisons of the dictatorial regime described by the Torture Committee of the United Nations as violating human dignity.
Although the two foreigners involved accident supported the thesis promoted by the Castro government, numerososas questions arise:
Why one of them being free in their nation reaffirmed its previous allegation if this was true? Presumably postponed to avoid prejudicing the conference that is in Cuba.
Why government experts did not comment on the left front and rear tires on the same side that were punctured?
Why not showed the tree involved in the event? Did the tree truck paint transfer? Why not stop the car in the tree?
Why the car collided with the tree had no material transfer this?
Why the photos displayed in the newspaper Granma on the back (defense) of the car showed no sign of friction as the first photos displayed on Facebook?
MESSAGE OF SYMPATHY TO THE FAMILY AND PAYA Christian Liberation Movement
MESSAGE OF SYMPATHY TO THE FAMILY AND PAYA Christian Liberation Movement
Our members are deeply dismayed at the death of political activists and Harold Oswaldo Paya Sardinas Cepero. This is an invaluable loss for Cuban democracy movement in their struggle for the freedom of our country.
Paya in over twenty years of tireless work in pursuit of human rights and freedoms for Cubans inalienable left a political legacy-humanist and above all an example undying love of family and good citizen, that are impossible to forget a Free Cuba.
We support the view of Paya family that tragic incident that masks an extrajudicial crime, so it should be investigated by independent national and international sources of the Castro regime.
Our condolences to the families and friends of the patriots Paya and Harold. We also thank God for the recovery of the health of others involved in the tragic event.
During these tears of pain must not forget the promises of God merciful and loving Bible: "At that time Michael, the great prince which standeth for the children of thy people, when the time will be freed your people."
Pres. Dr. Oscar Elias Biscet
Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Loss of Oswaldo Paya and HAROLD CEPERO
Irreparable loss of Oswaldo Paya and HAROLD CEPERO
For Ms. Elsa Morejon Hernandez
Twitter: @ ElsaMorejon
Loss of Osvaldo Paya and Harold Cepero, human rights activists in Cuba on July 22, has been in a violent car crash on Highway Tunas, Bayamo, Granma Province and in unclear circumstances in full as their immediate families, both pacifist Christian Liberation Movement traveled to the east of the country with the desire to care and help people in need and persecuted by the government of Cuba, were decent people and loved by many Cubans and the international community.
The month of June was the last time my husband Dr. Oscar Elias Biscet and I saw Osvaldo and his wife Ofelia together, we both explained that their car had been overturned them in when traveling on the Avenue in Rancho Boyeros Havana.
Ofelia Acevedo recently told the International Public Opinion "I seek not guilty, I seek the truth
For Osvaldo Paya there a history of repeated threats to his life in the public complaints. The newspaper Granma official organ of the Communist Party of Cuba has published on page three a note from the Ministry of Interior which tells an inquiry into the facts of the alleged traffic accident in the end concluded that continuing the investigation and criminal investigation according Cuban law, but omitted any kind of comment on who were the victims, not one word of testimony of their close relatives on telephone conversation with the people who survived, much less regarding the harassment they faced.
Christian persecution and people for their ideal date from ancient times, during the rebellion of the Mau-Mau, the reign of terror of Idi Amin killed thousands of Christians, millions more suffered under Soviet and Chinese governments.
Today this is a reality in Cuba and other countries of the world, remember that in ancient Roman times a crazed Nero made the Christians the scapegoats for the problems of the empire.
Osvaldo, Harold and hundreds of Cubans accepted the challenge of persecution, and suffering for their ideals of democracy and human rights for Cuba.
The death of Osvaldo Paya and Harold Cepero not surprised off guard, but as pilgrims of truth on humanitarian mission by the Cubans.
The physical pain of the loss of these brothers is immense, when wearing a life of sincere faith suffering is a part of it; Osvaldo was a man who loved God and his family to Cuba, his wife Ofelia Acevedo and her three children need Today more than ever the humanitarian and spiritual support both Cubans and men and women who love God and human dignity.
As the Apostle Peter left us in his first epistle: We hope that the suffering will end one day is not a mirage but a living hope in him who has conquered death.
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Mike Manes devised this gizmo. The idea is that when the lifting force of a balloon suddenly disappears (burst) the "jaws" at the top of this device snap open releasing the ring attached to the upper run of the support line and the remains of the balloon. With the separation of the burst balloon's envelope, the payload train, from the release mechanism down, will not become entangled with the shards of latex. This helps to ensure that the parachute deploys properly and the payloads descend in an orderly manner.
Mike gave a presentation on this device at GPSL 2006. The powerpoint of that presentation is AVAILABLE HERE.
During a recent flight (EOSS133/134) we got back some balloon shards from a Quick Release equipped balloon. See photo and commentary HERE.
Device being held in its operating orientation by Mike Manes, W5VSI. His left arm represents the balloon's lift, his right hand the weight of the payload train. A sudden decrease in lift (a quick lowering of his left arm) will separate the support line in his left hand from the release mechanism and "payload train" in his right hand.
Barometric pressure sensor (anaeroid cell). This sealed cell expands as outside air pressure decreases. As it expands...
This brass colored plate is forced into an unlocked position which effectively activates the release mechanism. As long as the plate is locked, the release will not function. This is a safety feature to ensure that the balloon gets airborne with lots of bounces, travels through the troposphere where the more violent winds are expected before the release is armed.
If you look closely you can see the piston (just to the right of Mike's index finger) that is attached to the pressure sensor. As the anaeroid cell expands during ascent it forces this piston to open the latching device. Mike's finger is simulating the force so that the release is active so that he might demonstrate it at the meeting.
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Both books chronicle the oftentimes dark history of autism while expressing hope for a better future for people with the condition. They focus on the good work of people—strong-willed parents and devoted advocates—who transformed a once-shameful diagnosis into a widely accepted condition. But they also highlight several missteps by scientists that derailed research and the lives of many people on the spectrum.
This history offers lessons for today’s scientists, ranging from the importance of purging presumptions about autism to the acute need for services that help people, especially adults, with the condition.
The books take the reader back to the infancy of autism research. In the late 1940s, psychiatrists declared that they had found autism’s cause: cold parents—particularly mothers—who did not love their children enough. Leo Kanner, one of the first psychiatrists to study the condition, abandoned his own theory that autism was innate in favor of what would later be called the “refrigerator mother” hypothesis.
“If Kanner had really stuck to his guns and gone with his instincts, it’s possible the whole refrigerator-mother theory never would have evolved the way it did,” Donvan says.
Instead, for the next two decades, many psychiatrists focused on treating what they believed were defective mothers and fathers. Research exploring other explanations for the condition stagnated.
Having a scientific orthodoxy can be a positive thing, but it can cause severe damage if it turns out to be inaccurate, Donvan says. “The history of autism has shown that, time and time again—particularly in the early days—researchers failed to examine their own assumptions and biases.”
* * *
Flawed assumptions also invade researchers’ attitudes toward people with autism, according to Silberman. He says scientists long viewed people with autism as less than human, rationalizing a range of “treatments” that were more akin to torture than therapy, including electric shocks and physical abuse such as hitting. Although contemporary practitioners have largely abandoned these methods, some continue to use punishment as a means of modifying behavior, he says.
“The first question that should be asked in any research project is, ‘Would you do this to a non-autistic person?’” he says, noting that asking adults with autism for their input is a crucial second step. “Autistic people should be seen as valuable collaborators in your work, rather than as passive subjects.”
Many researchers working in the field today are motivated by a deep desire to help people with autism, Donvan says. But scientists should still ask themselves, “Is there anything I’m doing now that I may regret 20 years from now?”
Some of the researchers who tested electroshock therapy or hallucinogenic drugs in children with autism back in the 1950s and ‘60s did so with the best of intentions, Donvan says. “In light of modern mores and best practices, those choices look bad today,” he says. “But that does not mean those researchers were motivated by cruelty or sadism.”
* * *
The 1990s saw a sea change in awareness of autism. People previously diagnosed with childhood schizophrenia or minimal brain damage were recognized as having autism all along. This new awareness sparked the notion of an ‘autism epidemic,’ which drew an influx of research dollars into a once underfunded and overlooked field. But unfortunately, little of this money went toward helping people with autism.
It went largely to uncovering autism’s cause, giving scientists insight into the workings of the brain. It also generated leads for drug targets. But for people with autism and their families, “the tangible benefits remain elusive,” Silberman says.
Researchers know “astonishingly little” about the lives of adults with autism, he adds, including how many of them there are, how other conditions associated with autism affect their lives and how best to translate their abilities into meaningful employment. Likewise, little research focuses on how autism manifests itself in women, or on determining the prevalence of autism in minority communities with limited access to diagnostic services.
There is also little research into better drugs for controlling seizures—one of the leading causes of death among people with autism.
“These are not questions that can be answered by sequencing another set of genomes of people from multiplex families,” Silberman says. “That kind of work is still very much worth doing, but if we’re only doing that kind of long-range research, we’re not really meeting our responsibility as a society to help the autistic people who are all around us lead happier, healthier, more fulfilling and more secure lives.”
* * *
For those who are investigating treatments and services for people with autism, Zucker and Donvan warn that the work carries great responsibility. Parents are desperate for guidance about how to help their children, they say—especially in light of the emphasis put on early intervention. As past examples ranging from vitamins to hugging therapy have shown, families will rush to adopt new methods that are prematurely presented as solutions.
“Researchers need to be very, very careful in how they present their findings, so as not to set off hope for a quick, silver-bullet-type solution,” says Donvan.
How researchers talk to the press can shape the public reaction to research. In 1987, for example, The New York Times reported on the work of Ivar Lovaas, a clinical psychologist and pioneer in applied behavior analysis. The story, titled “Researcher Reports Progress Against Autism,” described children who were “transformed” into “apparently normal children.”
Although Lovaas never used the word ‘cure’ when talking to the Times, the story implied as much. The fact that his research was preliminary was largely overlooked. Parents frantically flew their children to his lab at the University of California, Los Angeles, even as he hopelessly tried to correct the false headlines.
Today’s scientists should take great care when describing their work and strive to communicate their findings in terms non-experts can understand, Donvan says. “Researchers need to understand that there’s a public that is hanging on their every word.”
This post appears courtesy of Spectrum.
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When Greece won its independence from Turkey in 1827, a new currency was struck showing a phoenix rising from the ashes to mark the kingdom's new-found freedom. But the phoenix lasted only five years, and was replaced by the traditional drachma, showing the head of the first king of the independent state, Otto.
By the time the republic was declared in 1924, the number of coins in circulation had dwindled and there was a serious shortage of cash. New coins were issued which scrapped the royal insignia, and these remained in circulation even after the restoration of the monarchy in 1935.
Inflation during World War II was dramatic in the extreme. In January 1941, £1 was worth 1,200 drachma. By October 1944 that had spiraled to 1,219bn drachma. A currency reform introduced a new drachma which was worth 50bn of the old variety but nevertheless inflation continued.
|Send us your memories of the Greek drachma|
|Read more about the Greek drachma|
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Abbey has been the site of a monastery since the 8th century
but it was the Anglo-Saxon monarch Edward
the Confessor who rebuilt it into the Abbey that is the
basis of the structure today.
Edward's death in 1066 he became the first of a long line of
monarchs to be buried there, a tradition that continued into
the 19th century when it was superceded by St George's Chapel
Castle. The spouse of the ruling monarch, or royal
consort, was often buried in the Abbey alongside them.
tradition which has continued up until the present day, began
the Conqueror, who on Christmas Day 1066 became the first
monarch to be crowned at the Abbey.
Edward III was originally buried at Kings Langley, Hertfordshire but
his body was moved in 1413 to Westminster Abbey. 2.Edward
V was one of the two "Princes
in the Tower" who were imprisoned and murdered in the Tower of
London in 1483. It was not until 1674 that what is believed to be
their skeletons were found in the Garden Tower and it was these bones
that were then buried at Westminster Abbey.
Queen of Scots was originally buried at Peterborough Cathedral, Northamptonshire.
In 1612 her son James I, had her body moved to Westminster Abbey.
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| 0.98488 | 285 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Some children are born with arachnodactyly, although it may develop over time. Consult with your health care provider during a routine examination if your child has long, slender fingers and you are concerned that an underlying condition may exist.
What to Expect at Your Office Visit
The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about the patient's medical history, including:
When did you first notice the fingers being shaped like this?
Is there any family history of early death?
Is there any family history of known hereditary disorders?
What other symptoms are also present?
Have you noticed any other unusual things?
Diagnostic tests are usually not necessary unless a hereditary disorder is suspected.
Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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| 0.943425 | 197 | 2.703125 | 3 |
How to Grow Iceberg Head Lettuce
No doubt about it. Iceberg lettuce is the king. Iceberg is a head lettuce,
the one that's by far the most popular in the kitchen, and in stores. Iceberg
lettuce has a tightly formed head of crisp, sweetly blanched leaves. Leaves
on the outside are green, giving way to blanched pale yellow to whitish center
leaves The sweetest leaves are in the center. Growing to about a foot in
diameter, iceberg lettuce is a staple in the kitchen for salads, on sandwiches,
shredded in snacks, as a garnish, and an essential ingredient in countless
Iceberg lettuce is a cool weather crop that requires a long growing
season. In many areas, it begins to mature just as warm weather hits. The
result can be splitting bolting, or rotting of heads. We recommend an early,
indoor start in the spring.
Days to Maturity:
This cool weather crop needs 80-90 days to reach maturity.
How to Grow Iceberg Lettuce:
Iceberg lettuce seeds can be sowed directly into the garden, or started indoors.
We recommend an indoor start, to allow time for the lettuce to mature, before
hot weather sets in. Sow a few lettuce seeds in each cell of a
seed tray. Cover seeds very lightly
with a fine starter soil. Keep soil in the seed tray moist. In about 5-10
days, the seedlings will sprout. Thin seedlings to one plant per cell. You
can use a small scissors, to thin plants. Simply snip seedlings off at ground
Tip: When beginning transplants, stagger the start of your seedlings
to spread out the crop. For example, if you are going to grow 24 plants,
sow six in the seed tray today, sow six more a week later, etc.
Transplant lettuce seedlings into the garden after all danger of frost
has past. Ideally, transplant them on a cool or cloudy day. Water well after
transplanting. Space plants 12" apart in rows 18" apart.
The trick to successfully growing lettuce, is to keep it growing fast, with
lots of water and fertilizer. The soil should be rich and fertile, and well
draining. Keep the soil moist. Frequent use of nitrogen rich fertilizer is
recommended. The plants respond well to regular applications of liquid
Transplanting Tip: When transplanting any type of lettuce in hot weather,
place some form of sun shade over the plant for a couple of days. Any makeshift
shade will do.
It's important to time the crop to mature prior to the onset of hot
dry weather. In these conditions, the plant is bolt...go to seed. It can
also split or rot.
For a fall crop, an indoor start is best. Lettuce seeds do not germinate
well in the hot soil of mid-summer.
Temperatures - Ideal germination temperature by vegetable
Ideal Soil pH -
Harvesting Iceberg Lettuce:
If you have a big crop, begin to harvest iceberg lettuce after the head begins
to form. The outer leaves are edible, but are not sweet like the blanched
inner leaves. Make sure to harvest when the heads are big and tightly packed.
Once they reach this stage, bolting is but a few days away.
Insects and Pests:
Bunnies like lettuce. Got bunnies!? Then, a rabbit fence is in your future.
Insects can become a real problem, too. A wide variety of insects like lettuce.
Lettuce is delicate, and can absorb insecticides. If an infestation occurs,
we recommend insecticidal soaps and organic repellents. If you choose chemical
sprays, read the label carefully to make sure it is safe for lettuce. Also,
heed the amount of time you have to wait to harvest the crop after
spraying.....it's all on the label of the spray you purchase.
Slugs are a real problem for all types of lettuces. There are a variety of
control methods. More on Slugs and
Plant Problems and Diseases of Iceberg Lettuce:
Lettuce plants will wilt and rot in hot, humid weather.
The plant will also bolt or go to seed stage in higher heat. Rotting can
also occur in wet soils.
Plant Problems - Diagnosis,
causes and cures for many common plant problems.
Iceberg lettuce thrives in cooler weather. But, it is also susceptible to
frost. It does not like mid-summer heat, or dry conditions. Set your first
crop outdoors after the last spring frost. Time your Fall crop to mature
prior to the first fall frost date for your area.
Are Deer, Bunnies or birds feasting on your iceberg lettuce plants?
The free meal is over.....period!
Buy the Buffet Buster now!
Lettuce and Vegetable Garden Seeds Sale 500 varieties.
Better quality, better prices.
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War sirens: how the sheet music industry sold World War I
Metadata[+] Show full item record
During World War I the U.S. Committee on Public Information (CPI) sponsored a national culture of war in posters, speeches, and films. Against this war-soaked cultural backdrop, the sheet music industry echoed the pervasive messages of the CPI, often using images of women to appeal to the American people. Connections between sheet music and CPI poster themes reflect the cultural dominance of war messages, and themes from various CPI-sponsored materials recur as motifs in the era's sheet music. The sheet music covers, lyrics, and musical cues reinforced prototypical roles for women during the war (from angelic nurses to flirtatious tomboy recruits) as established in the poster art, revealing a gendered cultural code. By purchasing sheet music and carrying it into their homes, American citizens literally bought into the war propaganda, heeding the siren call of the female imagery in CPI advertising to invest materially and emotionally in the war effort. Analysis of cover art, titles, lyrics, and musical examples highlights the use of archetypal images of women from poster and advertising traditions, suggesting that the sheet music industry was an unofficial partner of the CPI.
Table of Contents
Introduction -- Motherhood and war -- Sister Susie sews at home -- The girls they left behind -- Angels and madonnas -- Red Cross girlies and Salvation lassies -- The American girl vs. the French fling -- Columbia, the Amazon warrior --Joan of Arc -- Conclusion
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More than 83% of Americans believe that stress strongly affects their health negatively, and nearly 40% report of eating unhealthy food to cope with stress, the data shows.
The obesity trend is particularly alarming. Americans today weigh 20 pounds more in 2011 than they did 10 years ago. According to CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) more than one third of U.S. adults are now obese, with obesity-related conditions such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer as the leading causes of death.
Women are especially vulnerable to the stress epidemic. Five out of the ten women experience a significant increase in stress, and married women are 50% more likely to be highly stressed than single women, the data shows.
“As traditional methods to combat stress, such exercise and meditation, will continue to be important, Americans will need to increasingly rely on technology and smarter tools to be successful. One such tool is HEALTHeME, a service that combines predictive psychology and neuroscience to send personalized text messages that help combat stress and curb bad decisions,” says Sloan Rachmuth, co-founder of HEALTHeME.
With more than half of its users reporting that they feel less stressed from receiving customized text messages, HEALTHeME allows you to track key health signals such as stress, sleep, mood and blood pressure.
“In today’s ultra busy environment, people cannot afford to jeopardize their health by neglecting stress symptoms or early warning signals. Research clearly shows that a scientific and personalized approach to stress management, such as HEALTHeME, can help curb the stress epidemic that is plaguing our society today,” says Sloan Rachmuth
-American Psychological Association Stress in America Report
-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
-Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index
-Journal of Family Psychology
-Gym, Health & Fitness Clubs Market Research report 2011
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Rep. Michele Bachmann was wrong on two counts when she claimed today’s poverty rate is “only slightly below where it was in 1964″ and that the small improvement in the rate “came with a $20 trillion price tag.”
First, the official poverty rate in 1964 was 19 percent, and it was 15 percent in 2012.
Second, Bachmann ties the rate to a $20 trillion expense that includes noncash benefits for food, housing and low-income medical care programs as well as Earned Income Tax Credits – all things that are not included when calculating the official poverty rate.
Bachmann made her comments on the 50th anniversary of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s State of the Union Address that famously included his declaration of a “war on poverty in America.”
Johnson, Jan. 8, 1964: Unfortunately, many Americans live on the outskirts of hope — some because of their poverty, and some because of their color, and all too many because of both. Our task is to help replace their despair with opportunity. This administration today, here and now, declares unconditional war on poverty in America.
Among a host of initiatives, Johnson said there was a need to “distribute more food to the needy through a broader food stamp program,” to “modernize our unemployment insurance,” “extend the coverage of our minimum wage laws” and “provide more housing for our poor and our elderly.”
In a press release issued by Bachmann on the 50th anniversary of Johnson’s address, Bachmann noted that when Johnson signed the Economic Opportunity Act less than eight months later, he made these remarks:
Johnson, Aug. 20, 1964: We are not content to accept the endless growth of relief rolls or welfare rolls. We want to offer the forgotten fifth of our people opportunity and not doles.
That is what this measure does for our times.
Our American answer to poverty is not to make the poor more secure in their poverty but to reach down and to help them lift themselves out of the ruts of poverty and move with the large majority along the high road of hope and prosperity.
Bachmann argues the subsequent War on Poverty “did not accomplish these goals.”
Bachmann, Jan. 8: What followed was five decades of government expansion and spending on new programs that have largely been ineffective. Today, the poverty rate is only slightly below where it was in 1964, and it came with a $20 trillion price tag.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 19 percent of Americans were living in poverty in the U.S. in 1964 when Johnson made his speech, and — contrary to Bachmann’s claim that it is “only slightly below” that today — it was 15 percent in 2012.
The above chart shows the U.S. Census Bureau poverty rates by year. The peaks in the chart inevitably correspond with economic recessions, though the rates after the mid-1960s never went higher than 15.2 percent (which was reached in 1983 immediately after the 1981/1982 recession).
Bachmann also erred when she tied the rate to “a $20 trillion price tag.” That figure comes from Robert Rector, a senior research fellow at the conservative Heritage Foundation, in a piece that originally appeared in the Wall Street Journal under the headline, “How the War on Poverty Was Lost.” In that article, Rector explains that he arrived at that figure by tallying the cumulative spending by the federal government (in constant 2011 dollars) on “more than 80 means-tested welfare programs that provide cash, food, housing, medical care and targeted social services to poor and low-income Americans.” (Rector did not include Social Security or Medicare benefits.) The figure includes refundable tax credits like the Earned Income Tax Credit.
But the Census Bureau makes clear on its website that the official poverty definition “uses money income before taxes and does not include capital gains or noncash benefits (such as public housing, Medicaid, and food stamps).”
In other words, the $20 trillion figure cited by Bachmann includes billions spent by the federal government each year on noncash benefits like food stamps and public housing, which are not a part of Census’ poverty calculation, and, therefore, could not possibly have an impact on the poverty rate that the congresswoman cites as evidence of the failure of the war on poverty
Those exclusions are just one reason some have sought an alternate definition of poverty.
“The same formula has been used to measure poverty for almost 50 years, and many agree that this official measure is flawed,” the Urban Institute wrote in a recent report on poverty.
The official poverty measure was developed in the early 1960s by Mollie Orshansky, an economist with the Social Security Administration. She roughly based the threshold on the cost of an “economy food plan” developed by the USDA, and multiplied that number times three (assuming that families spend about a third of their budget on food). She made her calculations using pre-tax income, as that was what was available in Current Population Survey data.
In a recently released 53-page report, “The War on Poverty 50 Years Later: A Progress Report,” the White House Council of Economic Advisers says that measure has “not aged well.”
Council of Economic Advisers, January, 2014: Today, for example, the value of the two largest non-health programs directing aid to the poor—the EITC [the earned income tax credit] and SNAP [what some refer to as food stamps] —are entirely ignored by the official measure, making it impossible to assess the success of these tools in fighting poverty.
In 2011, the Census Bureau developed the Supplemental Poverty Measure, which “creates a more complex statistical picture incorporating additional items, such as tax payments, work expenses and in-kind benefits in its family resource estimates.” It generally factors in the cost of food, clothing, shelter, and utilities by families. It also takes into account such things as geographical differences in the cost of living.
The Council of Economic Advisers calculated an “anchored” version of this supplementary measure, which also sets thresholds based on expenditures for necessary items and then adjusts for inflation in each year. According to its measure, “The percent of the population in poverty when measured to include tax credits and other benefits has declined from 25.8 percent in 1967 to 16.0 percent in 2012.”
Those figures diverge markedly from the official Census Bureau figures because they include the value of refundable tax credits (such as the Earned Income Tax Credit and the child tax credit) and noncash benefits like housing and food aid. Those programs have led to “real progress in the War on Poverty,” the report states, though the authors quickly acknowledge, “there is more work to do.”
We take no position on the government’s efforts to combat poverty, but Bachmann was wrong to say that the poverty rate today is “only slightly below where it was in 1964″ and to tie that rate to a “$20 trillion price tag,” which includes aid that is not accounted for in the official poverty rate she cited.
— Robert Farley
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Snow and Cold Should Help Lake Michigan, a Bit
A year ago, Lake Michigan's water level hit an all-time low. It's up a foot, but has 1.5 feet to go.
Our snow will eventually seep in, while ice is blocking evaporation.
Paul Paul Roebber, an atmospheric scientist at UWM’s School of Freshwater Sciences, says the main factors affecting lake levels are precipitation and temperature.
We might be headed in a positive direction, but he expects the rising water levels to be a short term variation. "The long term trend seems to point in the opposite direction", Roebber says, because of regional climate change.
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| 0.93079 | 141 | 2.640625 | 3 |
EPEATShort for Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool, EPEAT is a procurement tool designed to help large volume purchasers in the public and private sectors evaluate, compare, and select desktop computers, notebooks and monitors based on their environmental attributes. Manufacturers use an online registration process to identify which criteria each of their products meets. Products are then listed on the EPEAT database.
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Webopedia's student apps roundup will help you to better organize your class schedule and stay on top of assignments and homework. Read More »List of Free Shorten URL Services
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Network Topology refers to layout of a network. How different nodes in a network are connected to each other and how they communicate is... Read More »
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| 0.849788 | 289 | 3.25 | 3 |
He was among the most celebrated writers of his time, a world traveler, pioneer of civil rights, and an acquaintance of Ernest Hemingway, but when he died, Roi Ottley was virtually forgotten”and forgotten, too, was his remarkable encounter with Pope Pius XII.
In the 1940s, when African Americans were still suffering massive discrimination, Ottley, then one of the few black news correspondents working in Europe, requested a meeting with Pope Pius XII. Not only did Pius receive him, but did so for an entire hour”more time than was usually given statesmen”and their subsequent exchange highlighted Catholic teaching against racism and the prophetic vision of both men.
How Ottley came to meet Pius XII, and why he wrote about him so admiringly, is an inspiring story that deserves to be better known.
Ottley was born in Harlem in 1906, and grew up among a literal Whos Who of future African-American luminaries, including politician Adam Clayton Powell Jr. and jazz musician Thomas Fats Waller. A gifted student-athlete, Roi caught the attention of numerous colleges, and eventually accepted a scholarship from St. Bonaventure University. Though he only spent two years there (1926-1928), Ottley remembered the Franciscans well. Years later, he would tell the New York Post that he found no racial prejudices at the Catholic university, but only support. The same was not the case at the next school he attended, the University of Michigan, where he was excluded from debating societies, and banned from the drama club. Disappointed, but determined to fight that kind of prejudice, he returned to New York.
Ottley worked at whatever jobs he could find during the Depression”as a bellhop, railroad porter, and social worker”until he found his true calling as a writer. His big break came when he was asked to write a column for the Amsterdam News , Hectic Harlem, covering the battle for racial justice in cultural and political affairs. Ottley soon obtained funding from the New Deals Federal Writers Project , and eventually published a book about the modern black experience, New World A-Coming (1943), which made him nationally famous. The Saturday Review called it magnificent and praised Ottleys universal vision of mankind. He understood, said the Review , that the evil of racism was not unique: It is, as the author points out, the same problem of prejudice which in varying degrees affects all groups of whatever color, race or religion. It is the problem of anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, or anti-anything.
Ottleys belief in the universal brotherhood of mankind was in harmony with Catholic teaching, which was then in its own fight against racism.
In 1944, the New York Times reported on how, fulfilling the instructions of Pope Pius XII, the Catholic University of America had hosted a conference condemning racism in all its manifestations, citing the great moral or natural law, universal as human nature, before which all men are equal. The following year, Commonweal magazine published a groundbreaking article, The Sin of Segregation, by Father George Dunne, S.J., in which he called for an uncompromising repudiation of racism in all its forms, quoting the words of Pope Pius XII: The only road to salvation is definitely to repudiate all pride of race and blood.
Pius XII was also monitoring the American situation. When word reached him that an American priest in Indianapolis had declared no black would be welcome in his parish, the pope immediately had him removed and disciplined.
How much Ottley knew about these specific events is unknown, but he certainly knew about the Churchs principled stand against racism, and he praised it in the days leading up to his visit with the pope.
In 1944, Ottley was commissioned as a captain in the U.S. Army, and was sent to Europe, the Middle East, and Africa for two years. As an established writer, he had been allowed to interview Allied leaders, and when he arrived in Italy, he made a bid to speak with the pope. Ottley never dreamed of what would happen next.
One gray morning in Rome, he recalled, I was startled awake in my room at the Hotel de la Ville.
He was called downstairs where he found a gold-braided messenger bearing a gold-engraved invitation. The invitation announced that I had been granted a private audience with His Holiness, Pope Pius XII”the first ever granted a Negro correspondent.
Wonder and appreciation filled Ottleys mind that day, as he made his way to the Vatican. He recalled the African popes the Church had elected, the black saints it has honored, and was struck by the absence of racism in Vatican City and among Italian Catholics in general. The fact is, he wrote, so many Negroes have been prominent in the history of the Church that everyone in Italy accepts this racial development as the natural course of things.
As he finally made his way to the papal chambers, through a maze of rooms and officials, Ottley was welcomed by the pope. In No Green Pastures (1951), his book about Europe, Ottley described the meeting with eloquence and grace:
The bespectacled Pontiff was seated comfortably in a huge gold chair. His manner was calmly unhurried. His eyes friendly. He wore a rich, cream-colored cassock and skull cap, with a heavy gold crucifix dangling from his neck. He was a straight, strong, thin and tranquil figure . . .
His Holiness spoke English haltingly. But he asked surprisingly acute questions about Negroes . . . . This statesman, one of the most impressive figures of our time, inspired a remarkable kind of confidence, which led me into describing conditions under which many Negroes live in America. The Pope was manifestly pained by the report. But he brightened perceptibly, when he told me of the reports gathered by parish priests in Italy, which described Negroes stationed in the country as kind, good-humored and winning. He asked me to convey a special message to Negroes in the U.S. He sighed and momentarily seemed to be gathering his strength. When he next spoke his words were uttered with great emphasis. He asked that I report the Holy Fathers hope for the Negros happiness, well-being and ultimate triumph over racial obstacles. Thus, by implication, did the Pontiff bring to the Negros side the moral weight of the Church.
Ottley contrasted the popes position with those who had sanctioned colonialism and attacks on minorities:
As supreme ruler of an organization which for two thousand years has helped mold civilization, Pope Pius XII has not allowed the Church to forfeit the initiative in the racial crisis of our time. He has clearly struck out against racialism. Laws against marriage between white and Negro persons have met his unambiguous opposition: No human law can take from man the natural and primitive right to marriage. He has sought to broaden racial representation within the Church by the revolutionary elevation of Negro bishops and a Chinese cardinal. This Church, he asserted, does not belong to one race or one people, or one nation, but to all peoples of the human family. His position has been reflected in the outspoken defense of Negro rights by the Catholic clergy in the U.S. and by the Vaticans LOsservatore Romano , which in 1949 translated Vincent Bakers book about race relations in the U. S., Negro Youth and Social Action.
The most moving part of Ottleys testimony was when he came to the very end, recording Pius XIIs words for posterity:
Toward the close of my audience with the Holy Father he eyed me steadily for a moment, his expressive hands fingering the large gold crucifix dangling from the heavy gold chain, his eyes sparkling behind glasses. His face, pale as fine Carrara marble, broke into a warm smile. Yes, he said firmly, the blacks will one day live like other men.
Roi Ottley himself never lived to witness the triumph of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s. He died, tragically and prematurely, of a heart attack in 1960, when he was just 54 years old. But long before that, and long before blacks would achieve full equality in America, this dedicated champion of civil rights had the comfort of believing that day would arrive”and have his faith affirmed in it by the Vicar of Christ.
William Doino Jr. is a contributor to Inside the Vatican magazine, among many other publications, and writes often about religion, history and politics. He contributed an extensive bibliography of works on Pius XII to The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII . His previous On the Square articles can be found here .
Roi Ottley Collection , St. Bonaventure University.
Pope Pius Receives an American Negro , by Roi Ottley, Catholic Digest , November 1950, pp. 8-10.
No Green Pastures: The Negro in Europe Today by Roi Ottley (Charles Scribners, 1951)
Roi Ottleys World War II: The Lost Diary of an African American Journalist , edited by Mark A. Huddle (University Press of Kansas, 2011)
Priest Denounces Race Bias in U.S ., New York Times , November 19, 1944.
The Sin of Segregation , by George H. Dunne, S.J., Commonweal , September 21, 1945, pp. 542-545; reprinted by the Catholic Interracial Council.
Primer for the Race of the Living , by Arthur Garfield Hays (review of Ottleys New World A-Coming ), Saturday Review , September 18, 1943, p. 16.
Ottley Recalls His Private Audience with Pope Pius XII , Chicago Tribune , December 20, 1953.
Ottley Tells of Popes Grasp of Race Issue , Chicago Tribune , October 10, 1958.
Roi Ottley Dies , New York Times Obituary, October 2, 1960.
Become a fan of First Things on Facebook , subscribe to First Things via RSS , and follow First Things on Twitter .
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|KANSAS COLLECTION BOOKS|
The Legislature of 1860 enacted a statute, prescribing the limits of Cloud County, and appointing F. F. Blake. M. S. Essick and M. Gates, of Clay County, three non-residents, as commissioners. Fortunately the statute became a dead letter. During this same year it was suggested that the county be named Sherman, in honor of John Sherman. But a representative of but little forethought and possessed of a hilarious spirit, proposed the name of a then unsavory character, Jane Shirley, phonetically somewhat similar to John Sherman, which by mistake, rather than design of the member of the Legislature, was adopted. By request, Hon. J. B. Rupe, the first representative, had the name changed. It now bears the name of a gallant Kansas soldier, Col. W. F. Cloud, of the Second Kansas Cavalry. Col. Cloud is now (1882) the Republican nominee for Congress of the Thirteenth Missouri District.
In 1865 the first political convention was held at the house of Moses Heller. It was a joint convention of Republic and Cloud counties, for the purpose of nominating a candidate to defeat G. H. Hollenberg, the nominee of Washington County. The prominent candidates at this convention were J. M. Hagaman, of Cloud, and Rev. R. P. West, of Republic County. The latter secured the nomination, but at the election was defeated by M.(sic) Hollenberg. The county was legally organized on the 6th of September, 1866. Moses Heller, G. W. Wilcox and Dr. Lear were appointed County Commissioners; N. D. Hagaman, County Clerk, and Elk Creek was designated as the county-seat, there being no organized town in the county. On the 1st of September the first convention for the nomination of county officers was held at the schoolhouse on Elm Creek. The representation was small, not exceeding forty members. J. M. Hagaman opened the convention by nominating Thomas Williamson for Chairman, and making a short speech. Mr. Williamson was elected Chairman, and Matt Wilcox, Secretary. J. M. Hagaman and J. B. Rupe were put in nomination for representatives. Mr. Rupe defined his political position and made prominent note of his being a soldier, which was the means of his election. J. M. Hagaman was elected a delegate to the State Convention, which met at Topeka, September 5. William M. Willcox was nominated for County Clerk; Quincy Honey for Sheriff; Z. Swearingen for Treasurer; Joseph N. Hagaman for Probate Judge; John Fowler, County Assessor; Dr. Lear, County Superintendent of Schools; Lew Fowler, William Smith and William English, Commissioners. Ed. Neely ran independently for Probate Judge and was elected. Moses Heller ran for Commissioner and was elected instead of Mr. Smith. All of the others nominated were elected. The question of the location of the county-seat was voted upon, and by throwing out ten votes, on account of an alleged irregularity, the question was decided in favor of "Rochester," a town situated at the mouth of Oak Creek, two miles east of the present Concordia. A little log hut had been erected, called the court house, and that was all there was of Rochester. The commissioners refused to recognize her claims, and met at Elk Creek, now Clyde, until 1870. The county-seat was then permanently located at Concordia. The county court house is a small one-story frame building, built in the form of a Greek cross, and is situated in the center of a square occupying an eligible position in the flourishing town of Concordia. The square has been beautifully ornamented with shade trees to befit the large stone court house, it is the design to erect in a few years. The county jail is scarcely more deserving of mention than the court house, in which the county records are not well cared for. The poor farm, situated about two miles south of Concordia, is provided with good buildings. The farm has become about self-sustaining.
The political history of Cloud County has had so little diversity, that it is easily summed up. From the organization to the present time the county has been Republican by a large majority. Republicans have filled the offices, with the exception of a few independents who were elected by the opposition and their Republican friends, as they generally were Republicans. The Republicans were the first to organize. At the first convention, held September 5, 1866, nine-tenths of whom were of that faith, the party organized by appointing a county central committee. The official vote of 1880 placed Cloud County sixty-four majority against the Prohibitory Amendment, but when the vote was corrected, it was 193 for the amendment.
Representatives to State Legislature - J. B. Rupe, 1867; J. M. Hagaman, I. N. Dalrymple, A. J. Shelhamer, B. H. McEckron, 1871-72; H. C. Snyder, B. H. McEckron (speaker), C. K. Wells, G. N. Nichols, C. W. McDonald, 1877, for One Hundred and Third District; county having two representatives; length of term two years. D. C. McKay, One Hundred and Second, 1877, two terms. J. Cool, One Hundred and Third, two terms. W. S. Crump, One Hundred and Second.
SCHOOL STATISTICS, ETC.
The first schoolhouse in the county was built by J. M. Hagaman and John Thorp in 1864, on Elm Creek, in Shirley Township. They were liberal, progressive men, and could not wait the course of law to establish a district and commence a school. On the completion of the building, Miss Rosella Honey was employed, and taught the first school. She was an excellent teacher, giving entire satisfaction to her patrons; one parent valuing the acquirements of his offspring under her instruction at $500. From this time on a great interest has been taken in education, both in the towns and country. There are now 107 organized districts, requiring about 160 teachers, with about 4,000 pupils enrolled. Most of the schools have an adopted course of study, and a number have school libraries, consisting principally of books of reference. It costs now about $15,000 annually to run the schools, and the value of all school property is nearly $l00,000. That the schools of Cloud County and of Kansas have in so short a time become so prosperous, is largely due to the large State Endowment Fund which, when the lands are all sold, will amount to over $15,000,000. Yet this would have been comparatively useless without the energy in education displayed by the people.
The population by last census numbered 15,465 souls. The number of acres of land under cultivation and taxable were 133,091; not under cultivation, 228,136; total 361,227; valuation, $425,000. Number of town lots, 5,963; value, $290,347. Aggregate value of all personal property, $539,748; railroad property, $581,683; total taxable valuation of the county, $2,276,592.
Number of acres of winter wheat, 26,895; rye 4,194; spring wheat, 3,779; corn, 97,985; broom corn, 447; barley, 17; oats, 4,355; buckwheat, 250; millet, 1,772; Irish potatoes 1,317; sweet potatoes, 37; sorghum, 354; castor beans, 805; flax, 239; tobacco, 11; cotton, 1.
Four railroads cross the county, thus: The Central Branch of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, built by the Union Pacific, runs east and west across the county, along the Republican River, until that stream turns north into Republic County, from which point it runs in a southwesterly direction, until it strikes the Solomon River in Mitchell County. From the mouth of Buffalo Creek the Scandia Branch continues on up the Republican to the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in Nebraska. Six miles west of this point the Jewell County Branch starts from Jamestown. The southwestern part of the county has the benefit of the Solomon Valley Branch of the Kansas Pacific, which runs along the Solomon River within Cloud County.
With the exception of the great grasshopper scourge of 1874, Cloud County has not materially suffered from natural calamities, barring the droughts which have, from time to time, scorched the entire State. During that year the early crops were fair, but corn; the late crops and fruits were carried away, almost bodily, by the pestiferous insects. The storm which passed over the county in June, 1873, did considerable damage to crops and weak frame buildings. It came from the northwest, doing most damage at Jewell City. A few years later a storm passed over the southwest corner of the county, doing considerable damage to property at Glasco.
When Concordia was made the county-seat, by vote of the people, in the fall of 1869, there was not a solitary building upon the town site, and the only houses subsequently embraced within its limits, then in existence, were two small structures owned, respectively, by G. W. Andrews and J. M. Hagaman.
At first there were two town companies, Messrs. G. W. Andrews, J. M. Hagaman and S. D. Houston, Sr., comprising one, and J. J. Burns, William McK. Burns, Frank Burns, S. D. Houston and N. H. Billings the other. The former owned the deeded part of the site, and the other what was known as the congressional town site, There were two surveys made, the first in 1869, by G. W. Andrews and J, M. Hagaman. This survey was, however, abandoned and a new one made in the fall of 1870. During the winter of 1869-'70, a small one-story building, 16x20 feet, was erected for county purposes, but the commissioners met in it but twice - the second time adjourning to Clyde. A. A. Carnahan also built a house a little later. It was sold in the summer of 1870 to E. Linney, who opened a store and kept the post-office there. The previous spring, Mr. Linney had opened a store in the abandoned court house. He served as postmaster until the autumn of 1878. Hon. James Strain of Illinois, was the next person to commence the erection of a house, but the success of the new town did not seem to be assured until the United States Land Office was fairly located here. It opened for business January 16, 1871, a building having been erected at a cost of $2,000. The rush of applicants was tremendous and continued for days. The Gliddens commenced the erection of a hotel about the same time, Hon. C. W. McDonald opened a law once, and in November the Truesdell House was "seen moving over the prairie from the west," and H. Lanoue commenced to operate a saw-mill. The officers of the Land Office were Amos Cutter, of Massachusetts, Register; E. J. Jenkins, Doniphan County, Receiver - a position he still holds. In 1875, Mr. Cutter was succeeded by Mr. McEckron, of Cloud County. It was upon the recommendation of Hon. S. C. Pomeroy, United States Senator, and Hon. Sidney Clarke, Representative in Congress, that the land office was definitely located at this place in October, 1870. Hon. S. D. Houston, one of the members of the old town company, however, was the prime mover in securing the location, which did so much to give Concordia her first business start. McKinnon & Co. opened the first lumber-yard and hardware establishment, and in January, 1871, H. Buckingham moved his Republican Valley Empire from Clyde, and continued its publication at Concordia. Several stores started up about this time, and by the following spring and summer Concordia was firmly established as a thriving business town. In August, 1871, $5,000 in bonds was voted for the erection of a commodious schoolhouse. In December, 1872, the prosperity of the young city was increased by a fire which destroyed $10,000 worth of property - its prosperity was increased because it marked the era of the erection of a better class of buildings, such as Hagaman's Block, Merchant's Block and Union Block.
On the 6th of August, 1872, Concordia was incorporated as a city of the third class, R. E. Allen being the first Mayor. Present city officers (1882): Mayor, Thomas Wrong; Clerk, L. N. Houston; Councilmen, William Conner, W. F. Groesbeck, C. L. Drake, C. W. Whipp, F. LaRocque; Police Judge, A. A. Carnahan; City Marshal, A. W. Whitehead; Chief of the Fire Department, H. M. Spalding. In 1879, the two town companies, previously noticed, were consolidated under the title of "The Concordia Town Association."
The Concordia of 1882 is the largest and most flourishing town of the county; nearly at its center, on the south bank of the Republican River. The site is an admirable one, being sufficiently above the river to be free from overflows and to afford a good system of drainage. From the more elevated portions a commanding view of the surrounding country can be obtained. The great river meandering down the valley, fringed here and there with groves and massive trees, and the far off bordering hills and bluffs that seem to be guarding the valley, during certain portions of the year, compose a picture at once interesting and beautiful.
SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, SOCIETIES AND THE PRESS.
Concordia was settled, as a rule, by Eastern people, who had enjoyed educational advantages, and her school system early showed the good effects of their ideas. Its departments are the primary, intermediate and high school. The work is comprehensive and thorough. The large school building was commenced in August, 1871, and a $5,000 one was erected. Extensive additions have since been made.
The Presbyterian Church was the first established here, their organization dating from June 4, 1871. Their first pastor was Rev. M. P. Jones, who has been succeeded by Rev. Messrs. B. F. Havilland, S. F. Farmer and Horace Bushnell, the present incumbent. They have one of the finest churches in Concordia. Their membership has increased from twenty to over sixty.
The Methodist Church was organized in 1874, with Rev. Mr. Gray as pastor. This denomination has the honor of furnishing the first sermon preached in Concordia. It was delivered in the old land office building by Rev. R. P. West, of Republic County. Rev. Messrs. Talmand, J. C. Dana, George W. Wood and F. L. Tuttle have been the pastors. The church has a good building and parsonage, and 100 members.
The Baptist Church was organized by Rev. J. F. Raridan in February, 1877; October 23, 1881, they dedicated their church edifice, which cost $3,500. Rev. C. H. Nash, the present pastor, succeeded Rev. Mr. Raridan. The membership, which was very small at first, is now seventy.
The Notre Dame Catholic Church was made a branch of the Clay Center Church in 1870. Since 1873 it has had a separate pastor. There are ninety families in the parish. Rev. Joseph Perrier is the priest. The church, built in 1876, cost $9,500, and the parsonage $2,500.
St. John's Lodge, No. 113, A. F. & A. M., was instituted October 11, 1871. The first meeting of Masons in the county was June 24, 1871. First officers: M. D. Sutherlin, W. M.; W. E. Reid, S. W.; A. A. Carnahan, J. W.; J J. Burns, Treas.; Herbert Patrick, Sec. Their membership has increased from thirteen to seventy-five. Present officers; Benjamin Lake, W. M.; E J. Carlyle, S. W.; J. C. Gafford, J. W.; J. C. Elliot, Treas., and A. A. Carnahan, Sec.
Concordia Chapter, No. 45, R. A. M., was instituted, as Chapter, April 25, 1881. There are thirty members. Officers: W. E. Reid, H. P.; Ed. Weck, K.; W. C. Patrick, Scribe; A. A. Carnahan, Sec.; J. C. Eliott, Treas.
Concordia Lodge, No. 92, I. O. O. F, was instituted October 8, 1872. First officers; Pius Bean, N. G.; Edmund Martin, V. G.; C. W. McDonald, Sec.; L. J. Crans, Treas. Thomas Wrong, N. G; L. N. Huston, V. G; W. C. Whipp, R. Sec.; J. C. Mossburg, Per Sec.; E. E. Swearingen, Treas.; W. T. Root, Rep. G. L.
Lincoln Lodge. No. 27, K. of P., was instituted May 6, 1881. J. C. Gafford, C. C.; W. F.Groesbeck V. C.; L. G. Hull, K. of R. and S.; C. L. Drake, M. of F.; Ed. A,. Belisle, M. of E; G. A. Beauchamp, M. at A.
The Cloud County Temperance Union was organized in May, 1882, with 300 members, for the purpose of sustaining the prohibitory law of Kansas. Pres., F. L. Tuttle; Vice-Pres., J. B. Rupe; Sec., R. S. McCrary.
The Republican Valley Empire, the first newspaper started at Clyde, was established in 1870 by Henry Buckingham. In the following year it was removed to Concordia. It was sold to H. E. Smith in 1872, and has since passed through the hands of Honey & Davis, H. R. Honey, Chaffee & English, and is now owned and edited by C. J. English. Mr. English is a young man, having been born in Nodoway County, Mo., in 1855. He has been a resident of Cloud since 1864, so that the Concordia Empire is edited by a man educated in Cloud County. It is, and always has been, Republican in politics, and is one of the leading journals of the county.
The Concordia Republican was established as the Watchman, at Clyde, in 1871, by Mark J. Kelly. Subsequently revived by J. S. Paradis & Bro.; published for a few months and removed to Concordia in 1875, and the name changed to Concordia Expositor. In January, 1881, it was changed to the Republican. It is owned and edited by W. E. Reid and L. G. Hull. It is Republican and religious; the only one in the county with a religions inclination.
The Cloud County Blade was established April 23, 1879, by J. M. & J. E. Hagaman. It was at first only a 6x9 inch folio, a little larger than a respectable sized hand-bill. In July it was enlarged to a six column folio; in September to seven and in 1880 to its present size, an eight column folio. It has a good circulation, and is independent in politics.
HOTELS, BANKS, ETC.
The Commercial House, one or the leading hotels of Northern Kansas, was built by Elson Crill in 1873. Additions were afterward made by himself and E. D. Crandall, who became part proprietor. Mr. Crandall retired in October, 1882. The Commercial House, as it stands, is a solidly constructed stone building, three stories and basement in height, 76x50 feet dimensions. It contains fifty-five rooms, well furnished, and obtains the bulk of the commercial travel. The entire property is valued at $15,000, There are several other small hotels and boarding-houses here, but the Commercial House takes the lead.
There are three banking houses in Concordia - the Cloud County Bank, N. B. Brown & Co. and Concordia State Bank. The first, owned by Eastern capitalists, has the finest bank building, and represents the most capital. It was established in 1880; T. B. Smith, president, and F. T. Atwood, cashier. N. B. Brown and J. C. Elliott own the second mentioned, which is the oldest, and is considered a safe and reliable bank. It was established in 1878. The Concordia State Bank was established in 1880; W. C. McDonald is president, and H. R. Honey cashier. Its capital is quite large. At present it is in a small rented building, but the design is soon to erect a suitable one.
The Concordia Mills, owned by H. Lanoue, G. R. Letourneau, A. Berard, A. Gosselin and E. Gustineau, was first started in 1872 by Mr. Laneaue as a steam grist-mill, but changed to water-power in 1874. The Republican River is not well suited for damming, its banks being low and the bottom quicksand. In 1875, 120 feet of the dam was carried away, and the following year another portion went out, which compelled him to form a company. At an expense of about $70,000, with repairs and improvements, they have secured one of the best dams on the river. There are five run of burrs, with seven feet head, and enough water to run twenty burrs and the necessary machinery throughout the year.
The Republican Valley Agricultural and Stock Fair Association was organized in the fall of 1881, with $20,000 stock. They have an excellent tract of land, east of Concordia, with a half-mile race course and necessary buildings. The fairs have been very successful.
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France, Spain and Great Britain as we learned last week had colonial territories which bordered on the Mississippi Valley – all three countries claimed the land. The French with its traders, priests and others penetrated the wilderness and established towns and trading posts. Names such as Joliet, La Salle and the D’Ibervilles were but a few of the daring adventurers. Towns had been established at New Orleans, Vincennes IN, Kaskaskia and Cahokia (in now IL), Sandusky and Toledo OH, Fort Wayne and Lafayette IN, Green Bay and Milwaukee WI, Peoria IL . Trade was established between the French and the native Indians. Going farther north, there was extensive trade within New York and Pennsylvania; then west to the Great Lakes
The British colonies contained a rather large population also primarily along the Atlantic seaboard. Altogether, their colonies were not much larger than the Commonwealth of Kentucky. These settlements, unlike the French, were rural, scattered and separated by many miles from each other. Most of the land they held had no roads, were densely wooded and an unbroken wilderness.
But what about the Missisippi Valley area? Both the French and British had claims to land here – but there were also others here, the Native Americans – the Indians. What rights did they have? Very little. The Law of Nations deemed that all “uncivilized aborigines” became subjects of that Christian nation which first discovered and claimed the country; their property became the property of that nation. Later this Law of Nations was modified, allowing the Indians to live on the land and to have an “Indian title” to the land. Citizens of the British crown were forbidden to buy the Indian lands unless there was a treaty with the Indians allowing same. These “Indian titles” became very important, especially when it came to the land now called Kentucky. With France battling the British over ownership of the Mississippi Valley, Britain claimed the land based on an asserted Indian title; totally fictitious! A controversy arose after the Revolutionary War involving primarily West Virginia and Kentucky lands.
Up to about 1700, not many men and women were brave enough to establish homesteads even so far west as the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge Mountains because of the Indian troubles. Going south to the Carolinas and north to New York there were two very strong Indian tribes and they passed frequently through the Virginia Valley as they warred each other. These tribes were the Five Nation Iroquois of West-Central NY and the Cherokees of the Carolina mountains. In 1713 the Tuscaroras (from the Carolinas) were driven out by the Cherokee and whites and fled to NY, being taken into the Iroquois Confederacy – then called the “Six Nations.” Since the Cherokees and Iroquois lived closer to the white man, they were early supplied with firearms which allowed them to overtake other tribes. The Cherokee took over a great amount of land south of the Ohio River and claimed to own the whole wilderness between the Ohio and the Tennessee; the Iroquois claimed lands to the north.
Skipping through the pages of history, in 1754 the French and Indian War erupted. Treaties were signed and ignored over the years including the Treaty of Utrecht which declared that the Iroquois or Five Nations were to be considered British subjects.
© Copyright 15 Jan 2009, Sandra K. Gorin
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A new study published in the Lancet medical journal is generating some buzz.
A researcher has scanned more than 100 ancient mummies – from four separate places around the world. These corpses were up to 4,000-years-old.
And they found classic signs of what most of us think of as a modern affliction: heart disease.
The mummies had clogged arteries.
So, is heart disease just an inherent part of human aging?
Or, is it linked to smoking cigarettes and eating too much junk food? Or both?
While you ponder this question, try to identify the name of the chain of volcanic islands where one of the mummies came from.
The islands form a long arc in the northern Pacific Ocean that reaches out from the Alaskan Peninsula all the way to the Kamchatkan Peninsula.
The islands at the westernmost tip of this chain are part of Russia.
Researchers conducted CT scans of 137 mummies from 4 separate places around the world, including the Aleutian Islands, the answer to the Geo Quiz.
Researchers looked for characteristic signs of atherosclerosis and found that over a third of the mummies had probable or definite atherosclerosis.
That's puzzling. If these ancients weren't smoking cigarettes or eating greasy cheeseburgers, how did they get heart disease?
We put the question to Dr. Greg Thomas, Medical Director at the Heart and Vascular Institute at Long Beach Medical Center in Long Beach, CA and lead author of the study.
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Mortality Data Sources
How Mortality Data Are Collected
Cancer mortality statistics are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia and processed by the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The cancer mortality data were compiled in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) regulations, which specify that member nations classify and code causes of death in accordance with the current revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Effective with deaths that occurred in 1999, the United States began using the tenth revision of this classification (ICD–10).1
Rules for coding the cause(s) of death may require modification when evidence suggests that such modifications will improve the quality of cause-of-death data. Before 1999, such modifications were made only when a new revision of the ICD was implemented. A process for updating the ICD that allows for mid-revision changes was introduced with ICD-10. Minor changes may be implemented every year, while major changes may be implemented every three years. Updates to the ICD in 2012 do not have a significant impact on the data on this Web site.
The ICD not only details disease classification but also provides definitions, tabulation lists, the format of the death certificate, and the rules for coding cause of death. Cause-of-death data presented on this Web site were coded by procedures outlined in annual issues of the NCHS Instruction Manuals.
Underlying Cause of Death
Tabulations of cause-of-death statistics are based solely on the underlying cause of death, which is defined by WHO as “the disease or injury that initiated the train of events leading directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence that produced the fatal injury.”1 The underlying cause of death is selected from the conditions entered by the physician in the cause-of-death section of the death certificate. Generally, more medical information is reported on death certificates than is reflected directly in the underlying cause of death.2 3
Cancer Site Groups
For consistency with the data on cancer incidence, the cancer sites in mortality data were grouped according to the revised SEER recodes dated January 27, 2003. Because NCHS uses different groupings for some sites, the death rates in this report may differ slightly from those published by NCHS. In addition, under the ICD, there are differences in mortality and incidence coding. For example, there are several codes for mesothelioma in ICD-10 (depending on the primary site). However in ICD-O-3, one code captures all of the primary sites that mesothelioma affects.
Death Rates for Kaposi Sarcoma
Because the vast majority of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) cases have developed in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), HIV/AIDS is listed as the underlying cause of death. Therefore, KS death rates were not included.
Mortality Data Submission Process
Unlike incidence data, mortality data for a calendar year are not updated after the data file is released. All states and the District of Columbia submitted part or all of their 2012 mortality data in electronic data files to NCHS. Mortality data for the entire United States refer to deaths that occurred within the United States; data for geographic areas are by the decedent’s place of residence.
- World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1992.
- Chamblee RF, Evans MC. TRANSAX: the NCHS system for producing multiple cause-of-death statistics, 1968–78. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 1 1986;(20):1–83.
- Israel RA, Rosenberg HM, Curtin LR. Analytical potential for multiple cause-of-death data. American Journal of Epidemiology 1986;124(2):161–179.
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IS 120.A introduces the basics of emergency management exercises. It also builds a foundation for subsequent exercise courses, which provide the specifics of the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) and the National Standard Exercise Curriculum (NSEC).
This course will introduce you to the following concepts:
- Managing an exercise program
- Designing and developing an exercise
- Conducting an exercise
- Evaluating an exercise
- Developing and implementing an improvement plan
At the end of this course, you will:
- Identify the five phases of the exercise process
- Distinguish the tasks necessary to complete each phase of the exercise process
- Understand how exercises complete the emergency preparedness cycle
- Comprehend the role of exercises in the testing of facilities, equipment, and personnel in a performance based environment
- Recognize how exercises prepare communities to respond to and recover from major emergencies
This course is designed for local, State, Federal, trust territories, tribal nations, volunteer organizations, and private industry emergency management/response personnel with the responsibility for exercise program management and/or serve as a member of an exercise planning team.
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Study for the standing Female Supplicant receiving jewels from Saint Christina in "Saint Christina giving her Father's jewels to the Poor" by Evelyn de Morgan. 1904. Black and white chalks on grey paper 19 x 23 inches, 48 x 58.5 cm.
Commentary by Peter Nahum
This is a preparatory study, for the large oil she painted in Italy in 1904, and brought over from Florence just before the Great War, where it was sold for the benefit of the blinded soldiers, purchased by her sister and biographer, Mrs Stirling. The painting was destroyed by fire in 1990. A M W Stirling says: "The large picture of Saint Christina giving her Father's jewels to the Poor (12 ft x 7 1/2 ft) is an ambitious conception, the. grouping and the composition of which is very striking. The pale, ethereal saint, clad in white with a cincture of red, Is standing on the steps of her pagan father's Venetian Palace. In accordance with the legend respecting her, she is distributing to the poor jewels from the idols she has broken" (pp. 232, 311).
A Century of Master Drawings, Watercolours, & Works in Egg Tempera. London: Peter Nahum, nd. Catalogue number 32.
Stirling, A. M. W. William de Morgan ond his Wife. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1922.
Peter Nahum, London, has most generously given its permission to use in the Victorian Web information, images, and text from its catalogues, and this generosity has led to the creation of hundreds and hundreds of the site's most valuable documents on painting, drawing, and sculpture. The copyright on text and images from their catalogues remains, of course, with Peter Nahum. [GPL]
Last modified 16 August 2001
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Female canaries adore a good old-fashioned love song that abides by rigid musical rules. Mature males always follow the rules. Curiously, young males will go against convention — and rock out to tunes that would not impress the ladies.
But the feathery punks will shape up when it counts. In a study by scientists at Rockefeller University in New York City, young male canaries isolated in soundproof cages learned to imitate computer-generated compositions in the first half of their youth.
Come spring mating season, they changed their tune to the good old-fashioned canary love song — even though they’d never heard it before.
The Rockefeller University researchers were surprised the young male canaries broke steadfast tradition. But the quick turnaround to the conventional emphasizes how crucial the recognizeable canary love song is to coupling. It encourages females to build nests, produce eggs and find a soul mate.
Scientists continue to decipher birdsong. They're also studying the musical talents of apes, humpback whales, bats and mice. Listen (above) and learn (below) about these up-and-coming mammal musicians.
Love, danger inspire ape song
In Thailand’s forests, white-handed gibbons sing to tip off peers to predators. The warning song was cited for the first time among non-human primates in a 2006 report in the science journal PLoS One.
Here, a wild gibbon sings in August 2005 at Khao Yai National Park in Thailand, as observed by a team of scientists from St. Andrews in Scotland and Max Planck Institute in Germany.
The tree dwellers stand out in their ability to communicate through complex songs. They were already known to catcall to attract mates or endorse coupling.
To test the apes’ response to danger, scientists displayed models of predators including pythons, snow leopards and crested serpent eagles.
The gibbons approached the predators, then belted out “wahs, wows and hoos.” Fellow apes overheard and chimed in — as researchers recorded the musical call outs.
Much like gangsta rap differs from sappy pop, the cautionary melodies of gibbons were harsher than the romantic ones. Scientists highlighted that the apes’ ability to vary meaning by restructuring their songs is much like we communicate by choosing our words.
Why do male humpbacks sing?
Adult humpback whales are the only non-human mammals to modify their sounds. Males were long believed to change their songs to woo the ladies with the trendiest tune, partly because females generally aren’t musical.
But scientists were thrown off when male whales broke out into song outside their winter mating season — during springtime when they’re supposed to have food (not hanky-panky) on the brain.
Humpback whales — one is shown here jumping near Okinawa in southwestern Japan — generally sing alone but also to single females, often ones with calves. (Calves make sounds, too, to communicate with their mothers, but the grunts aren't as complex as the repetitive, grammatical songs of adults.)
A new study by researchers at State University of New York in Buffalo suggested humpbacks, which are known to have dialects, learn the tunes of local whales on their undersea escapades.
As they move on to new locales, they can determine where they are compared to other humpbacks by matching distorted songs to the ones they learned and determine the distance the sounds traveled, the research maintains. The question remains: Do humpbacks sing for love — or to navigate the vast ocean?
Female mice urine inspires males' songs
Scientists have long known that a female mouse, her pheromones — or pee — can illicit squeaks in males, which scientists believe are wooing potential mates.
But in 2005, mice were added to the short list of mammal singers. Singers are distinguished from noise makers by the diversity of sound, rather than just one sound, and repeated themes.
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis discovered the musical talents of mice. They modified mouse twitter, which is ultrasonic (too high frequency for human ears to pick up), so they could listen — and heard birdlike singing.
Scientists may now study mice song, as they have with birdsong, to develop human treatments for communication disorders such as autism. Here, house mice eat European-style whole grain bread at a zoo in Tokyo.
Talented bat singers get more girls
Male bats with better singing voices attract more ladies. Scientists from the University of Maryland observed that greater white-lined bat males who could carry more complicated tunes (with more syllables) scored more females — up to eight — in their territories.
While a male bat would sweetly sing to females in a baby (bat) voice, he would also jealously screech at love rivals encroaching on his turf, chase them away — and even nip at them. Sometimes male bats will duke it out over a female — baring their teeth and bobbing their heads.
Shown is a Mexican free-tailed bat, which have ultrasonic songs. Researchers at Texas A&M University study how these bats organize their syllables to learn more about how human brains create speech and language.
© 2013 msnbc.com Reprints
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· Brent Wilson's Answer
· Hi Ninad,
If they are Kwansan Cherry, these are highly susceptible to bark splitting, as are other flowering fruit trees and thin barked trees. The split probably occurred when the tree was much younger and has been in the healing process since. Bark splits are not likely to be fatal to trees, though it does expose a tree to other outside threats like insects and disease which can enter and cause more damage through the split. Through proper treatment to encourage the natural callusing process, a tree should be able to close most splits. Yours seems to have healed quite well on its own and infection from outside sources probably won't be a problem.
There's several things that can cause the splitting. Newly-planted trees or young trees are more prone to bark-splitting. The split was probably caused from severe and rapid weather change; whether it went from hot to cold or cold to hot very quickly. These changes can cause small cracks which then can grow into larger openings over time. Long dry periods followed by very wet weather can also cause bark splitting.
There's not much you can do now except to allow the tree to continue healing itself. Wound paint or sealers won't be of much help. You can fertilize the trees but make sure not to do so too late towards winter as this can cause problems. Cease any fertilization two months or so prior to the first frost date in your area.
Had you been able to catch the split early you could have done some tracing around the wound. If any new splits show up you can follow these instructions for tracing:
With a sharp knife, starting from one end of the split, trace around one side of the wound, about 1/2 to 1 inch back from the split bark. Stop at the other end and do the same procedure on the opposite side of the split. Knives should be sterilized between cuts by dipping for several minutes in a 1:10, bleach/water solution or a 70% alcohol solution to avoid contaminating the cuts. Carefully remove the bark from inside the traced area. You should now have a bare area. Remember to leave this untreated. A tree growing with good vigor usually calluses over quickest. Encourage vigor in the tree with yearly spring fertilizer applications and be sure to provide adequate irrigation in hot, dry weather. Bark splits will often close over completely, leaving a slight ridge in the trunk where callus tissue has been produced.
Hope this info helped. Best of luck with this tree.
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In 2009, when the United States fell into economic recession, greenhouse gas emissions also fell, by 6.59 percent relative to 2008.
In the power sector, however, the recession was not the main cause.
Researchers at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) have shown that the primary explanation for the reduction in CO2 emissions from power generation that year was that a decrease in the price of natural gas reduced the industry’s reliance on coal.
According to their econometric model, emissions could be cut further by the introduction of a carbon tax, with negligible impact on the price of electricity for consumers.
A regional analysis, assessing the long-term implications for energy investment and policy, appears in the journal Environmental Science & Technology.
In the United States, the power sector is responsible for 40 percent of all carbon emissions. In 2009, CO2 emissions from power generation dropped by 8.76 percent. The researchers attribute that change to the new abundance of cheap natural gas.
“Generating 1 kilowatt-hour of electricity from coal releases twice as much CO2 to the atmosphere as generating the same amount from natural gas, so a slight shift in the relative prices of coal and natural gas can result in a sharp drop in carbon emissions,” explains Michael B. McElroy, Gilbert Butler Professor of Environmental Studies at SEAS, who led the study.
“That’s what we saw in 2009,” he says, “and we may well see it again.”
Patterns of electricity generation, use, and pricing vary widely across the United States. In parts of the Midwest, for instance, almost half of the available power plants (by capacity) were built to process coal. Electricity production can only switch over to natural gas to the extent that gas-fired plants are available to meet the demand. By contrast, the Pacific states and New England barely rely on coal, so price differences there might make less of an impact.
To account for the many variables, McElroy and his colleagues at SEAS developed a model that considers nine regions separately.
Their model identifies the relationship between the cost of electricity generation from coal and gas and the fraction of electricity generated from coal.
“When the natural gas prices are high, as they were four years ago, if the gas prices come down a little bit, it doesn’t make any difference,” explains lead author Xi Lu, a postdoctoral associate at SEAS. “But there’s a critical price level where the gas systems become more cost-effective than the oldest coal-fired systems.
“If the gas price continues to drop, you’ll continue to go down this curve so that you’ll knock out not just the really ancient coal-fired power plants, but maybe some of the more recent coal-fired plants.”
The model also predicts that a government-imposed carbon tax on emissions from power generation would drive a move away from coal.
“With a relatively modest carbon tax — about $5 per ton of CO2 — you could save 31 million tons of CO2 in the United States, and that would change the price of electricity by a barely noticeable amount,” says McElroy.
The initial model was developed by Jackson Salovaara ’11, an applied mathematics concentrator at SEAS. His work was recognized as the “best senior thesis” in the Harvard Environmental Economics Program, earning him the Stone Prize in May 2011.
Since then, the model has been “souped up,” incorporating more sophisticated regional data analysis, and producing not just the findings on 2009 but also predictions for more recent years.
“While the data from 2011 are not yet available, based on the gas prices, we’re making a confident prediction that there should be a continued shift from coal to natural gas in 2011 as compared to 2008,” says McElroy.
“That’s good news for the atmosphere.”
The research was supported by the National Science Foundation.
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Python Decision Making
Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution of the program and specifying actions taken according to the conditions.
Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions which produce TRUE or FALSE as outcome. You need to determine which action to take and which statements to execute if outcome is TRUE or FALSE otherwise.
Following is the general form of a typical decision making structure found in most of the programming languages −
Python programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values as TRUE, and if it is either zero or null, then it is assumed as FALSE value.
Python programming language provides following types of decision making statements. Click the following links to check their detail.
|An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by one or more statements.|
|An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the boolean expression is FALSE.|
|You can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if statement(s).|
Let us go through each decision making briefly −
Single Statement Suites
If the suite of an if clause consists only of a single line, it may go on the same line as the header statement.
Here is an example of a one-line if clause −
#!/usr/bin/python var = 100 if ( var == 100 ) : print "Value of expression is 100" print "Good bye!"
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
Value of expression is 100 Good bye!
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expert advice MORE
Q: My child is an A/B student. He's having a problem with his teacher who says my son is touching others inappropriately. I don't believe it. What should I do?
A: We cannot assume that a child knows what's appropriate, especially as he grows and matures. Examples of peers getting attention for touching others or becoming aggressive sexually only confuse those who are coming to grips with their sexual behaviors and curiosities. Here's what you can do:
- Discuss with your son what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior, especially concerning touching others.
- Do not intervene or show lack of support for school decisions. Instead, go to school to get the facts and make sure you know what your son is being accused of doing.
- Seek professional help early if he continues to be fascinated by these behaviors, even after he knows that they are inappropriate.
Don't tackle this one alone. You don't want to allow him to feel he can do whatever he wants because you mistrust the teacher.
More on: Expert Advice
Judith Lee Ladd is a former president of the American School Counselor Association, a national organization of K-12 and post-secondary school counselors.
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Community analyses of the macrobenthos living on the the Weddell Sea shelf revealed a distinct horizontal patchiness. Within some systematic groups a specific faunistic classification could clearly be defined, e.g. for asterozoans and holothurians. For fish, however, only a general zoogeographical pattern was discernible, in addition there were some recognisable relationships to different microhabitats. The extreme differences in the distribution of sponges observed seems to reflect their highly variable biological characteristics. Studies using underwater imaging methods for benthic research have provided strong evidence for the ecological significance of two factors. The first, iceberg scouring leads to a variety of simultaneous stages of recolonization, which result in an increase in beta-diversity. As a consequence, it is unlikely that regionally a stage approaching a theoretical climax will ever be attained. Secondly, the structural diversity of living substrata provides the basis for an additional variety of epibiotic species. Only weak or non-detectable correlations have been found between benthic assemblages and physical parameters, such as water depth, sediment type, bathymetric features and the abundance of deposited phytodetritus. This indicates a benthic system which is relatively uncoupled from processes in the water column. The combination of stable environmental conditions and disturbances taking place over long periods of time, which are partly a special feature of Antarctica?s glacial history, shaped the diversity and faunal composition of the macrobenthos. Consequently, neither Houston's "intermediate-disturbance-hypothesis" nor Sander's "stability-time-hypothesis" can be rejected for this part of the antarctic ecosystem.
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Hidden deep inside the American National Archives there's a highly classified document once considered as the most sensitive on Earth. In 1930 America crafted an elaborate plan for war with the "Red Empire" - the most deadly enemy. But America's enemy in this conflict was not the Soviet Union, or Japan... it was not even Nazi Germany. Plan "Red" was a code word for a massive war with Britain and all her colonies.
The plan came up during the great depression, amid expansion of evil regimes around the world, and at turbulent times when even some in America have been deluded by dark forces. This documentary will reveal how such an astonishing document came to be written and who would have won if it had been put into practice. It will show how America's greatest ally almost became their deadliest enemy.
Ward didn't a break out between Britain and America in the 1930's, but there were times when they came closer than you might imagine, as American journalist Peter Carlson was to discover. He was on a visit to the American National Archives in Washington DC when he found himself entering a strange and unsettling world.
Lying untouched for years the plan "Red" contains detailed preparations for a massive war between America and the British Empire. It shows where they would fight, what troops would be needed and how the battles would unfold. Throughout the plan the Americans refer to themselves as "blue" while the British are "reds."
The British Empire at the beginning of the 20th century was the greatest the world had ever seen, but this did cause some resentment. We now think of Britain and America as having a special relationship. After all they did fight side by side in two world wars. But at the start of the 20th century the two countries have been at each others' throats for well over a hundred years, and much of the fighting had taken place in the British dominion of Canada.
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Definitions for Stimulusˈstɪm yə ləs; -ˌlaɪ
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Stimulus
stimulation, stimulus, stimulant, input(noun)
any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action
Anything that may have an impact or influence on a system
an economic stimulus
Something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response.
Anything effectively impinging upon any of the sensory apparatuses of a living organism, including physical phenomena both internal and external to the body.
Anything that induces a person to take action
Origin: From stimulus
a goad; hence, something that rouses the mind or spirits; an incentive; as, the hope of gain is a powerful stimulus to labor and action
that which excites or produces a temporary increase of vital action, either in the whole organism or in any of its parts; especially (Physiol.), any substance or agent capable of evoking the activity of a nerve or irritable muscle, or capable of producing an impression upon a sensory organ or more particularly upon its specific end organ
Origin: [L., for stigmulus, akin to L. instigare to stimulate. See Instigare, Stick, v. t.]
In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system, where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, the CNS makes the final decision whether a signal warrants a reaction or not.
British National Corpus
Rank popularity for the word 'Stimulus' in Nouns Frequency: #1649
The numerical value of Stimulus in Chaldean Numerology is: 3
The numerical value of Stimulus in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
Monetary stimulus has largely run its course.
If the figure is bearish then it means more stimulus.
It took greater pain stimulus for them to feel the pain.
What's helped the market today is the story about more stimulus in China.
It's not necessary to take excessive stimulus to achieve the (growth) target.
Images & Illustrations of Stimulus
Translations for Stimulus
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for Stimulus »
Find a translation for the Stimulus definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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|A gallery of interior photos from September 2008 can be seen here.|
John Fairweather was born in Glasgow in 1867 and died 1942. He specialised in designing cinemas for travelling families who were showing film performances at fairgrounds but wanted to settle down with permanent venues. Most of his cinemas were built for the Kemp and Green families and he principally worked for George Green from 1913 onwards. He is probably best known for creating the largest cinema in Europe, Green’s Playhouse in Glasgow, which seated 4368 people. Prior to this, Fairweather was sent to the US by the Green family from 1922-23 in order to study cinema design there, and was particularly interested in the buildings by Thomas Lamb (a Scottish emigrant).
Opening on the ‘Glorious Twelfth’ of August, 1929, the Playhouse originally seated 3,040. These were made up of 1,500 seats in the Stalls (coloured crimson, costing 1/3), 680 in the circle (coloured purple, costing 2/4), and 860 in the balcony (coloured old gold, costing 1/- in the front, 9d in the back).
Despite its huge stage, and numerous dressing rooms (stage 45ft deep, 85 ft wide; 30 dressing rooms; proscenium 49ft wide by 38ft high.), the Playhouse was designed and built to be first and foremost a cinema, by one of Scotland’s premier cinema architects. The opening notices in the press refer to the 'New Super Cinema - Edinburgh Playhouse' and 'Edinburgh's largest cinema - the Playhouse in Leith Walk.' .
Fairweather had studied cinema design in the USA, and brought many ideas back with him to Scotland. The 1927 Roxy was the ‘Cathedral of the Motion Picture’; the largest, grandest and most expensive cinema ever built. The Scotsman suggested that 'The Playhouse has been modelled on the Roxy Cinema Theatre in New York' , although this seems likely to refer to its scale and opulence, rather than any direct architectural connection. Edinburgh’s Playhouse is therefore its closest surviving spiritual descendent in Scotland.
The gradient on the sloping site is 1 in 4.5; the auditorium was cleverly planned to suit the ground levels. The entrance had shops on either side, and was 'flanked at the corners by a separate entrance to the cafe on two upper floors, and an independent exit from the stalls floor.'
There were tea rooms on two floors, plus a tea, coffee and soda fountain lounge .
There are several interesting light fittings in the vestibule area, especially the two bronze lamps on either side of main staircase: figures holding lamps, standing on fish with open mouths. There are two deco style ceiling light fittings on either side of the central back-lit glazed ceiling.
From here there are steps down in the centre to the stalls and downstairs bars; stairs up on either side of this to the balcony. Entrances straight ahead on either side of these central stairs lead to the circle.
The auditorium is 100ft wide by 114 deep; the main ceiling is 66ft high. The interior is not as originally conceived. Early drawings show an atmospheric interior, with Moorish temples in the alcoves either side. As built, it is actually a nautical theme. The rear wall of the original Stalls Foyer and Mezzanine (opposite the stairs going down) was meant to represent an old Galleon, with the columns etc complementing the 'stern of the ship' you were looking towards.
All of the bespoke plasterwork throughout the building, is of sea anemonies, conches, and other sea plants. The details around the proscenium arch feature a clam shell with a sea horse on either side, anemone in the centre, and small flowers in the centre of every 'trellis' crossing. The decoration at the bottom of the pilasters either side is a pair of dolphins. The clam shell motif is repeated elsewhere.
On each side of the auditorium, at balcony level, there are four panels which have red curtain material behind them. These conceal windows which: 'At suitable times during the day the auditorium can be flushed with nature's cleansers by simply opening the windows in side and end walls, which during the performance are shuttered to exclude the light.' . The panels in the balcony, either side of the windows, with the 'celestial instruments' seem slightly out of place in the general decorative scheme, perhaps 'off the shelf' panels were used at a time when money was beginning to get extremely tight during the final stages of completing the building.
The opening descriptions note that a ‘Brenograph have been fitted up by J Frank Brockliss Ltd’ . Brenographs were designed to project ‘a canopy of clouds moving across a field of twinkling stars as used in the atmospheric theatre to complete the illusion that the pictures are being viewed beneath nocturnal skies’ . They were expensive pieces of equipment; this is the only known documented instance of a Scottish installation. The Brenograph, which was a complete dual unit, with a massive range of rotating effects and attachments, was used to project onto the stage curtains and proscenium area, but only as high up as the bottom of the permanent house border. It was located in the centre of the projection room, and a major limiting factor for the picture size in the Playhouse, was the fact that anything projected from the room 'scraped' the underside of the balcony to get out, and it was only possible to get to around 26' up from the stage floor. The projection booth was situated between the circle and the balcony, reached by a separate entrance from outside. Originally, there were four Simplex projectors, with two fitted out for sound equipment. The throw for the projectors to the screen was 104 ft.
Originally there was a cinema organ; this was a three manual, 86-stop Hilsden Organ . At opening, the 'orchestra and organ [...] have unfamiliar habits. The orchestra - when it is not required - disappears quietly by means of an electric lift, and the organ goes up and down by the same unusual means.' . The Organ was built in 1927/28 by Henry Hilsdon of Glasgow, and was the second largest organ ever installed in a Scottish Cinema, and the largest to survive past the mid 1930's. Sections of it were actually built in the basement of the theatre, in a room adjacent to the air handling plant (Plenum Plant) and known until 1986 as 'the organ room'. It had a total of 72 stop tabs controlling stops, tonal percussions, traps (atonal percussions), couplers, and tremulants.
In 1992, the original canopy above the entrance was removed, and at the same time the stage areas were extended and a new area was constructed to improve access to the backstage areas.
Even today, it is impressive walking through the building to see how much of the original fixtures and fittings still exist today. In particular, the main doors are wood and glass, with brass fittings. There are numerous light fittings with metalwork and opaque glass shells or scallop shapes, both on the main staircase down to stalls, and in auditorium under the upper balcony. The quality of the finishings is noticeable compared to other cinemas of the period, showing the high budget that had been spent to create the largest, most luxurious cinema for Scotland’s capital city.
The upstairs cross-corridor leading to the balcony has several alcoves with large stone urns in them (containing flowers).
In the stalls there are several nice large etched-glass lit signage: 'No Smoking', 'Gentlemen' etc. Seats: some have been replaced; most (certainly in the balcony) could be original; with cast iron stanchions between them; and decorative swirls at the end of rows.
The Orchestra pit extends under stage (as in the Theatre Royal Glasgow). There are excellent sightlines, even from very rear of the balcony.
General Cinema Context: Top 15 UK Cinemas by Original Seating Capacity
[Source: Picture House #16, 1990/1991, Cinema Theatre Association]
As of the Edinburgh Playhouse opening in August 1929, it was the 2nd largest in Scotland, and the 4th largest in the UK.
As of 2007, amongst cinema buildings remaining today with intact auditoria, it is the 7th largest in the UK:
1. Cinema Construction, August 1929, p 11 - 12
2. Kine Weekly, August 1929
3. Scotsman - 10 August 1929 (description)
4. Scotsman - 12 August 1929 (opening advert)
5. Edinburgh Theatres, Cinemas and Circuses, George Baird, p.399-403
6. The Last Picture Shows: Edinburgh, B Thomas, p.50
7. Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh, p.439
8. Theatres Trust Guide to British Theatres, p. 62
9. The Best Remaining Seats, BM Hall, 1961, p. 94
10. Cathedrals of the Movies, David Atwell, p.115
11. Cinemas in Britain, Richard Gray, p. 56-7
Scottish Screen Archive Photographs: 6/1/496 (Exterior, 1971)
RCAHMS Coverage: here
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Attempts are floundering to revive Idaho’s endangered woodland caribou, the rarest mammal in the lower 48 states, biologists say.
About 60 of the animals were transplanted from Canada into the Selkirk Mountains around Bonners Ferry and Priest Lake in 1987.
A recent survey of the herd shows only about 13 caribou remain in the 1,000 acres of protected habitat.
“The bottom line is the herd in the United States is not doing very well,” said Wayne Wakkinen, a research biologist for the Idaho Department of Fish and Game.
At first biologists thought the caribou were migrating back into British Columbia. A herd of 39 animals there remains fairly strong.
By tracking some of the radio-collared caribou, Wakkinen said he discovered the animals in Idaho are not moving, but falling to predators like mountain lions.
Just three weeks ago, Wakkinen found a dead female caribou and her calf.
“The mountain lions are starting to ding away at the caribou and the mortality rate is exceeding the birth rate,” Wakkinen said.
That’s prompted the caribou recovery team to consider bringing another 60 to 75 animals in from British Columbia to bolster the dwindling herd.
This time the caribou would be relocated to the Washington side of the Selkirks.
“It’s too early to say the Idaho project didn’t work and why bother with saving the caribou,” said Suzanne Audet, a biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. “It’s going to take a long time and some long-term management to get the herds back, just like it took a long time for them to become endangered.”
Biologists say the caribou need older forests to survive because in winter the higher canopies catch some of the snow and allow them to keep foraging closer to the ground. Years of logging and wildfires have destroyed some of that prime old growth habitat in Idaho.
“There is no quick fix. It’s going to take a long-term commitment, and one of my real concerns is if that commitment is there,” Wakkinen said. “Unless we can move the forest to an older-age structure, the future of the caribou doesn’t look good.”
The caribou habitat is now supporting an abundance of whitetail deer. The deer have drawn more mountain lions to the area, prompting more attacks on the caribou.
Wildlife officials did expand the mountain lion hunting season and have considered trapping and killing some of the big cats. But Wakkinen said that is not a good solution to the problem.
“Politically and socially it would be a hard sell to go in and kill a bunch of mountain lions,” he said. “The best thing to do is let the forest age.”
That could mean tougher restrictions on timber sales and cutbacks in recreational access to the Selkirks. That won’t sit well with loggers, snowmobilers or Boundary County residents.
Some complained last year when snowmobiles were banned from certain caribou wintering areas. A few years ago, a coalition of county residents even petitioned to have the caribou taken off the endangered species list.
“In light of a program that has not been a resounding success, some are saying if the area can’t support caribou let’s just forget about it,” Wakkinen said.
“But to me it’s an ethical question. Should we not care about a native species just because they get in our way? That may be the feeling on a local level, but I think the American public has decided as a whole that it’s worth the effort to have animals like the caribou.”
If the caribou recovery team does decide to transplant more animals into the Selkirks, Audet said it would not happen for at least a year. An environmental study would have to be done and public hearings held. Officials in British Columbia would also have to agree to give up some of its healthy herd.
“We think it’s an appropriate effort to pursue at this time, but there are still lots of hoops to go through,” Audet said.
, DataTimes ILLUSTRATION: Color photo
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Washington state is now so chock-full of candidates for statewide office that you may not be able to avoid stumbling over one the next time you venture into a gathering ...
You'll have to contend with Iron-type people, if you go downtown this weekend. They'll be practicing and strutting their muscular bodies on Saturday. And performing on Sunday. I'm curious what ...
sponsored Jargon is confusing, by definition. And the financial world has its own set of cryptic words.
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Sea turtles live in the ocean. They don’t loiter around so much as cruise the whole sea, taking in shallow coastal lagoons, stopping by seamounts, and crossing the open ocean on high seas highways, only ever returning to land to lay eggs.
They are truly creatures of the ocean. And they are pretty special.
Today is World Turtle Day – so what better excuse to shell out a bit of love and respect to these most iconic ocean ambassadors?
Turtles are ancient creatures, largely unchanged for many millions of years. The biggest turtle roaming our seas today is the massive leatherback, a turtle with a leathery shell that can grow to be as big as a double bed. But even they start life as a ping—pong ball sized egg.
Baby turtles are both criminally cute, and phenomenally fearless. Their first trial in life is adaring dash across the beach from where their mother laid eggs. Only the most fortunate and fearless make it to the sea by dodging predators such as birds, crabs and foxes. Teeny infant hero turtles!
Today’s turtles are just tiddlers when compared to the extinct species Archelon. This ‘Dino-turtle’ was twice as long as today’s leatherbacks, with its head alone up to a metre in length.
Some turtles are named for the way they look, the loggerhead has a big head, and the hawksbill has a very pronounced beak. Green turtles though are named for having green fat under its shell, rather than describing what colour it is outside.
Different species have different tastes in food: from somewhat dull diets of jellyfish or sea grass, to sponges to crunchy crabs. Some are even known to snack on flying fish, which is pretty impressive catching.
Like other reptiles, turtle babies’ gender is influenced by temperatures: hotter temperatures produce more females. A recent study showed this is an increasing threat to turtles as a result of climate change.
Six out of the seven of the world’s species of turtles are in danger, from us - entanglement in fishing gear, habitat destruction, pollution and hunting have all taken their toll. Greenpeace is working to tackle destructive methods of fishing which catches and kills turtles, as well as climate change and pollution, and we’ve campaigned against the destruction of nesting sites.
But now we need your help to protect turtles’ ocean homes.
We’re working to establish a global network of protected ‘ocean sanctuaries’ on the open seas, areas beyond any one country’s own jurisdiction. From the Mediterranean to the Sargasso, the North Pacific to the Bay of Bengal, protecting these areas will help our turtles.
So, on World Turtle Day please join us by adding your name to the call for ocean sanctuariesso we can lobby governments on behalf of you, and our turtle-y awesome flippery friends.
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At the very heart of historic Christianity stands a cross. The Gospel message is that God brought forth redemption from sin through the crucifixion of his Son (Colossians 1:19–20). The cross therefore exists as a distinctive feature of the Christian faith. But how is one to understand the profound meaning of Jesus’ death on the cross? The atonement of Christ has been understood to reflect several perspectives on the overall work of redemption.1
1. Christ’s Death on the Cross as Sacrifice
Many people have interpreted the Messiah’s atoning death on Calvary’s cross as the “perfect sacrifice” that the various Old Testament sacrifices could only point to and suggest but never accomplish (Hebrews 10). Yet Jesus’ sacrificial death was unique in that it consisted of a “once for all atonement” (Hebrews 10:10) that effectively brought about the forgiveness of human sin. Moreover, in offering himself on the cross Christ served as both priest and sacrifice. In other words, in this sacrifice he both officiated and offered himself. In light of Christ’s historic crucifixion at the hands of Pontius Pilate, there is no other sacrifice for sin available or needed. Sin exacted its terrible cost, because the perfect sacrifice required the death of God’s one and only Son.
2. Christ’s Death on the Cross as Forgiveness
The cross of Christ is God’s way of dealing finally and fully with the problem of human sin. Jesus’ atonement took away sin (John 1:29) and brought about full access to God and pardon and remission from all transgressions. God’s forgiveness via the cross results in the complete removal of all alienation between God and the sinner. God’s pardon restores the person to a state of favor, and the Lord remembers their sin no more. Calvary’s atonement cleanses a person from all sin, thus providing true forgiveness, peace, and the restoration of spiritual union with God (2 Corinthians 5:19). This ability to forgive fully and forever is rooted in God’s gracious and merciful nature.
3. Christ’s Death on the Cross as Love
Jesus’ death on the cross stands as evidence of God’s love for human beings. Though human rebellion angered and grieved God he nonetheless responds by providing a way for sinners to escape from his just wrath. The Father sends his Son into the world to die in the place of sinners (John 3:16). The Incarnate Son of God shows his devotion by leaving his heavenly abode and takes to himself a human nature in order to ultimately lay down his life on a Roman cross. The Savior accepts humiliation, pain, death, and, finally, separation from the Father to accomplish redemption. Christ’s atoning death is the definitive demonstration of his agape love for his flawed creatures (Romans 5:8). Theologian Louis Berkhof describes the atonement as being deeply grounded in two of God’s attributes: “It is best to say that the Atonement is rooted in the love and justice of God, love offered sinners a way of escape, and justice demanded that the requirements of the law be met.”2
4. Christ’s Death on the Cross as Victory
Jesus won the ultimate victory. His cross work defeated the hidden and hostile forces that enslaved and harassed humanity. The Lord’s atoning death and bodily resurrection from the grave permanently defeated such colossal worldly powers as sin, death, and the devil.
The Lord Jesus liberated those who had been taken captive (Ephesians 4:8) and emerged as the conquering hero who has broken the bonds of captivity. Jesus is the Lamb of God who defeated the one who stalks about like a roaring lion seeking to devour men’s souls (1 Peter 5:8). Christians celebrate the new VE-Day, “Victory upon the Earth,” through the cross of the Lord and Savior.
Whether adorned frivolously as a fashion statement or serving reverently as a war memorial, the cross always garners attention. It is the cross of Jesus Christ and its fourfold message of atonement that separates historic Christianity from all other religions and philosophical systems.
1. See Alister E. McGrath, An Introduction to Christianity (Cambridge,
MA: Blackwell, 1997), 134–43.
2. Louis Berkhof, Summary of Christian Doctrine (Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1938), 113.
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Difference between revisions of "Wallis and Futuna"
Revision as of 06:31, 25 July 2008
Wallis and Futuna comprises two archipelagoes:
Hoorn Islands group (also known as the Futuna Islands, and as Îles Horne)
Alofi Island is the smaller of the two. According to legend it was as densely inhabited as Futuna up until the 19th century, when the Futuna people slaughtered and ate the population in a single raid.
Wallis Islands group (also known as ʻUvea, as is Wallis Island)
Wallis Island is surrounded by 15 smaller islands, all of which are uninhabited.
Although discovered by the Dutch and the British in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was the French who declared a protectorate over the islands in 1842. In 1959, the inhabitants of the islands voted to become a French overseas territory. There are still three ceremonial kingdoms within the territory: Alo, Sigave, Wallis.
The islands are volcanic in origin, with low hills, and fringing reefs. The highest point is Mont Singavi, at 765 m. The climate is tropical: hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C.
Uvea and Futuna each have an airport.
The port of Mata-Utu is located on Uvea. Leava (Sigave) is on Futuna.
Uvea has 120 km of roads, 16 km of which is paved. Futuna has 20 km of unpaved roads.
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What You Should Probably Know About the War of 1812 (But Probably Don't)
- Langsdale Library
The University of Baltimore proudly hosts the Bicentennial of the War of 1812 Lecture Series.
These engaging public discussions explores the causes and effects of the War of 1812. From little-known facts about the war to the ways it impacted Americans of all kinds—including those who had families living on both the U.S. and Canadian sides of the border—the series will shed light on a period of history worth revisiting for its politics, economics, color and message of reconciliation.
All events are free and open to the public.
"What You Should Probably Know About the War of 1812 (But Probably Don't)" features Professor Don Hickey of Wayne State College (Neb.), who has published extensively on the War of 1812 and is widely recognized as the "dean" of War of 1812 historians.
His book The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict (which has gone through several editions) has become the standard work on the historical event.
This lecture is based on Hickey's most recent book by the same title.
- Contact Name:
- Tom Carney
- Contact Email:
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1. The 7th letter of the Greek alphabet.
4. Brush turkeys.
12. A rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion.
15. A light touch or stroke.
16. (anatomy) Of or relating to or associated with the parietal bones in the cranium.
17. A condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders.
18. A metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 10 liters.
19. A translucent quartz spangled with bits of mica or other minerals.
20. A woolen cap of Scottish origin.
21. Any unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon.
23. Genus of American of east Asian perennial herbs with yellow to orange or red flower rays.
25. United States writer (born in Poland) who wrote in Yiddish (1880-1957).
28. A progressive disease of the central nervous system marked by increasing lack of coordination and advancing to paralysis and death within a year of the appearance of symptoms.
31. (Akkadian) God of wisdom.
32. A group of islands in the southeastern West Indies.
35. (Hindu) A manner of sitting (as in the practice of Yoga).
37. Generalized edema with accumulation of serum in subcutaneous connective tissue.
38. A small lump or protuberance.
39. The seventh month of the Moslem calendar.
42. A bluish-white lustrous metallic element.
43. The wood of the sabicu which resembles mahogany.
45. A unit of magnetomotive force equal to 0.7958 ampere-turns.
48. Surveying instrument consisting of the upper movable part of a theodolite including the telescope and its attachments.
49. Type genus of the Hylidae.
52. A constellation in the southern hemisphere near Telescopium and Norma.
54. A city in northern India.
56. A silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite.
57. A Loloish language.
60. A Mid-Atlantic state.
62. A loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth.
64. Any of numerous local fertility and nature deities worshipped by ancient Semitic peoples.
65. Formerly a term of respect for important white Europeans in colonial India.
68. Type genus of the Alcidae comprising solely the razorbill.
71. A white linen liturgical vestment with sleeves.
75. A river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine.
76. Narrow wood or metal or plastic runners used for gliding over snow.
77. Diverge from the expected.
78. The use of nuclear magnetic resonance of protons to produce proton density images.
79. Take in solid food.
80. Of or relating to the stars or constellations.
81. A Turkish unit of weight equal to about 2.75 pounds.
1. Edible starchy tuberous root of taro plants.
2. An official language of the Republic of South Africa.
3. (usually followed by `to') Having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something.
4. A domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church.
5. Very small silvery eellike schooling fishes that burrow into sandy beaches.
6. Bulky grayish-brown eagle with a short wedge-shaped white tail.
7. (computer science) A kind of computer architecture that has a large number of instructions hard coded into the cpu chip.
8. Vietnamese New Year.
9. Pertaining to or resembling Utopia.
10. Elongate very slender water scorpions.
11. A genus of Carangidae.
12. Someone who provides food and service (as for a party).
13. The sixth month of the civil year.
14. Designer drug designed to have the effects of amphetamines (it floods the brain with serotonin) but to avoid the drug laws.
22. Ancient Italian deity in human shape, with horns, pointed ears and a goat's tail.
24. Cubes of meat marinated and cooked on a skewer usually with vegetables.
26. (astronomy) The angular distance of a celestial point measured westward along the celestial equator from the zenith crossing.
27. Covered with scabs.
29. Occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure.
30. Spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation.
33. Generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin.
34. A shoe consisting of a sole fastened by straps to the foot.
36. Type genus of the family Arcidae.
40. Wild sheep of northern Africa.
41. Title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey).
44. Conforming to an ultimate standard of perfection or excellence.
46. A flexible container with a single opening.
47. A soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group.
50. Gull family.
51. A Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad.
53. Seed again or anew.
55. An intensely radioactive metallic element that occurs in minute amounts in uranium ores.
58. The Mongol people living the the central and eastern parts of Outer Mongolia.
59. An established custom.
61. Make a vibrant noise, of grasshoppers or cicadas.
63. The mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico.
66. A unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries.
67. A Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad.
69. Disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried or alarmed.
70. An elaborate song for solo voice.
72. An associate degree in applied science.
73. A run that is the result of the batter's performance.
74. The fatty flesh of eel.
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First described in conceptual terms by U.S. inventor Thomas Edison in 1888, the Kinetograph was developed by his employee William Kennedy Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892. The Kinetograph was motion picture camera that used rapid intermittent, or stop-and-go, film movement, to photograph movies for in-house experiments and, eventually, commercial Kinetoscope presentations.
Monkeyshines, No. 1 was shot by William K.L. Dickson and William Heise for the Edison labs. The film was shot either in June 1889 or in November 1890. The film stars either John Ott or G. Sacco Albanese. This film as well as the latter Monkey Shines, No. 2 (also seen in the video below) and Monkey Shines, No. 3 (which is lost to time) were all completed as test projects for the camera.
The films are the first real productions from the United States. Edison continued to develop and design film cameras and projectors over the next few years. What is most interesting about the Kinetograph and Kinetoscope is that Edison never sought an international patent and this allowed for inventors in other countries to develop their own film cameras.
We are jumping ten years after the Sallie Gardner horse stop motion film and since we are jumping ten years I figured I would mention three films which were made in 1888.
Louis Le Prince is an early inventor who created his own film cameras. In 1888 he made several films, some of which still remain today. The first filmed is called the Roundhay Garden Scene. It was filmed at Oakwood Grange, the home of Joseph and Sarah Whitley, in Roundhay, Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England on October 14, 1888. The film was recorded at 12 frames per second. This is currently the oldest surviving film shot from a single camera.
On October 24, 1888, ten days after being filmed in Roundhay Garden Scene, Sarah Robinson Whitley, who stars in the film and also Le Prince’s mother-in-law, died aged 72 and was buried nearby on October 27 at St. John’s Church, Roundhay, Leeds. On September 16, 1890, while about to patent his invention in London and to perform his first official public exhibition in New York, Louis Le Prince, director, mysteriously vanished in a train between Dijon and Paris. In 1902, two years after testifying in the Equity 6928 brief, Alphonse Le Prince, also shown in the film and elder son of the inventor, was found dead in New York. He had been murdered.
Thanks to the MAMO guys and their getting me to finally check out Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-And Rock ‘N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood. I have started to become even more interested in older films. The book focuses on the late 60s and 70s but thinking about the films from that generation made me start thinking about all the films from other generations that I have been negligent in discovering. My plan is to slowly rectify this by going year by year and picking one film which I have not seen and slowly over time watching it and then writing about it here on Row Three. This will not be a daily nor perhaps even weekly journey but as time permits I will visit each year in turn. Over the first few posts there will be some skipping of years up until the point when film was used to make movies.
On June 19th, 1878 at a Palo Alto Farm in California a horse by the name of Sallie Gardner was “filmed” using 24 stereoscopic cameras. Each of the cameras were lined up parallel to the path of a running horse. As the horse passed by each camera it hit trip wires which set the camera off. The moving film was done as an experiment and the film was shown using a device called the zoopraxiscope. The zoopraxiscope projected images from a rotating glass disk which basically used the stop motion technique of filming but with multiple cameras. This is not the first moving image but it seems like a good place to start, for the next film we are going to jump to 1888.
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Definition of Wassermann
1. Noun. German bacteriologist who developed a diagnostic test for syphilis (1866-1925).
2. Noun. A blood test to detect syphilis; a complement fixation test is used to detect antibodies to the syphilis organism treponema; a positive reaction indicates the presence of antibodies and therefore syphilis infection.
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Wassermann Images
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Newly published research describes how an Ascomycete fungus, Stilbella aciculosa, produces a superoxide that reacts with manganese (Mn), resulting in manganese oxides and aiding in the cycling and bioavailability of metals and carbon in natural systems.
Harvard-led researchers have discovered that an Ascomycete fungus that is common in polluted water produces environmentally important minerals during asexual reproduction.
The key chemical in the process, superoxide, is a byproduct of fungal growth when the organism produces spores. Once released into the environment, superoxide reacts with the element manganese (Mn), producing a highly reactive mineral that aids in the cleanup of toxic metals, degrades carbon substrates, and controls the bioavailability of nutrients.
The results, which will inform a wide range of future studies in microbiology, environmental chemistry, developmental biology, and geobiology, were published online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Manganese is a versatile element, existing in multiple oxidation states and phases. Naturally occurring in the Earth’s crust, it plays essential roles in carbon sequestration, photosynthesis, and the transport and fate of nutrients and contaminants.
It can be an especially important reactant in polluted water, such as the runoff from coal mines. When the ion Mn(II) is converted to higher oxidized states, it forms a reactive mineral that is extremely useful in getting other pollutants — such as arsenic, cadmium, and cobalt — under control and out of the water.
“If you can get manganese to oxidize, then it forms these really active minerals, manganese oxides, which are environmental sponges that will clean up the water,” explains principal investigator Colleen Hansel, a faculty associate and former associate professor of environmental microbiology at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS). She is currently an associate scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “A lot of coal mine drainage remediation relies on getting bacteria and fungi to oxidize manganese to make these minerals.”
“One problem with in situ remediation is that if you don’t know how and why processes are occurring, you can’t stimulate the organisms to do it. That’s been a big problem with the remediation of coal mine drainage sites. To stimulate microbial activity, the approach has been to provide complex carbon sources like corn cobs and straw and let the ‘bugs’ go to town, but it frequently doesn’t work.”
It turns out that the common fungus Stilbella aciculosa only produces the necessary ingredient, superoxide, during cell differentiation (an aspect of growth and development) — specifically, during the formation of asexual reproductive structures. The finding implies that adding excessive nutrients to polluted water may not necessarily contribute to remediation, unless it is designed to induce fungal reproduction.
For the fungus, superoxide appears to serve as a cellular signal that moderates cell differentiation. The chemical’s subsequent role in oxidizing environmental manganese so rapidly and efficiently may just be a useful coincidence, beneficial to humans but of little consequence to the fungus.
All of the manganese-oxidizing bacteria and Ascomycete fungi known to date are heterotrophs; like humans, they eat carbon and breathe oxygen.
“They’re not eating manganese the way some organisms eat other metals like iron,” says Hansel. “This has been an enigma, in the field of metal biogeochemistry. According to evolutionary theory, organisms usually perform a process for a reason. But for decades no one has understood why or how bacteria and some groups of fungi [the Ascomycota] were oxidizing manganese, because they weren’t doing it to gain energy.”
Still, Hansel suggests that there may be more to the process than meets the eye.
“It looks like an accidental side reaction, but we don’t really know, because manganese oxides are very reactive and could therefore provide some indirect benefits to the organism,” she says. “The manganese oxides could, for instance, degrade recalcitrant carbon and thus feed the fungi new carbon sources that they can metabolize better. Maybe they are ‘purposely’ doing it. We want to address these biochemical questions and the evolutionary implications, as well as determine the larger relevance of superoxide-based metal cycling. How important is this process in terms of the biogeochemistry of other metals like iron and mercury? How significant is its impact on the ecology of microbial ecosystems?”
With co-authors Carolyn A. Zeiner (a graduate student at SEAS), Cara M. Santelli (a former postdoc, now at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History), and Samuel M. Webb (at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource), Hansel identified the biochemical mechanism that leads to the oxidation of manganese, including the class of enzymes (NADPH oxidases) that spur the process.
The team’s discovery that superoxide is the key player in fungal oxidation of manganese is especially exciting because some bacteria actually do it the same way, even using the same enzymes. The idea that prokaryotes and eukaryotes developed this homology raises intriguing questions in the history of evolution.
“We’re traveling down a whole new avenue in biogeochemistry,” says Hansel. “It’s exciting right now to be one of the people sitting in the front seat.”
This project was funded by the National Science Foundation. The researchers also benefited from the resources of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory‘s Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) and the SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program, supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Institutes of Health. A portion of the work was also performed using the DOE-supported Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory facility at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Source: Caroline Perry, SEAS Communications; Harvard Gazette
Images: Colleen Hansel
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| 0.922434 | 1,302 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Putting a spin on it
A new book about the dynamics of Frisbees, boomerangs, samaras and skipping stones just published
More Frisbees are sold each year than baseballs, basketballs, and footballs combined. Yet these familiar flying objects have subtle and clever aerodynamic and gyrodynamic properties which are only recently being documented by wind tunnel and other studies.
In Spinning Flight, Ralph Lorenz discusses familiar, but largely undeveloped, topics concerning spinning objects in an accessible manner. "Toys" familiar to all of us are covered as well as high-tech products of the aerospace industry. The amply illustrated book includes not only the latest published results but also describes Lorenz's own experiments, with "how-to" instructions on how readers can do their own experiments.
Boomerangs, which represent another category of spinning aerodynamic body, are also discussed. Supported by equations and graphs, Lorenz explains how the shape and throw of a boomerang relates to its trajectory. The natural world presents still other examples, namely the samaras or "seed-wings" of many tree species, which autorotate during their descent, like a helicopter whose engine has failed. In addition to spinning objects of various shapes, the book also discusses several exotic manned aircraft with disc platforms – these include a Nazi "secret weapon" and the De Havilland Avrocar.
Ralph D. Lorenz is by training an aerospace engineer, but works as a planetary scientist. His main project during his 15-year career as an engineer and scientist has been the Huygens probe. In early 2005 this probe descended through the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan.
Ralph D. Lorenz
Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras, and Skipping Stones
Springer. 2006, 346 pp., 118 illus.
Hardcover EUR 34.95, £24.00, $49.95, sFr 64.00
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 30 Apr 2016
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
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| 0.943469 | 443 | 2.5625 | 3 |
PREHISTORY IN WEST VIRGINIA
History of Native Americans in West Virginia
Early Native American Cultures
Mounds and Mound Builders
Glossary of Archaeology Terms
Late Prehistoric Period (Fort Ancient)
"American Antiquities at Grave Creek"
"Shell Deposits at the Mouth of Short Creek, West Virginia"
"Stone Mounds of Hampshire County, West Virginia"
"The Old Stone Wall"
"Two Prehistoric Indian Mounds Found Near Morgansville"
"Dunbar High School Turns to Archeology"
"Shrouded in Mystery are the Great Pre-Historic Ruins at Bens Run, W. Va."
"Cabell County Once Rich in Relics of Early Race of Moundbuilders"
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| 0.778094 | 162 | 3.046875 | 3 |
was the Indo-European language
that was spoken in Greece from approximately 800 BC to 100 BC. Greece at this time was not a unified nation, but a collection of independent powers connected by a common language and culture.
The New Testament was written in Ancient Greek.
Ancient Greek is the ancestor of modern Greek.
See also Ancient Greek names.
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| 0.973306 | 71 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Study finds state policies influence vaccination, disease outbreak rates
August 4, 2015Print
- Stephanie Schupska
- W. David Bradford
Athens, Ga. - Lax state vaccination laws contribute to lower immunization rates and increased outbreaks of preventable diseases—like whooping cough and measles—according to a new study from the University of Georgia.
Through their research, released in the August issue of the journal Health Affairs, study authors David Bradford and Anne Mandich found higher rates of pertussis, or whooping cough, in states that allowed philosophical exemptions and used a standardized exemption form.
Vaccination exemption rates have increased drastically in the past 10 years, according to the study, due largely to religious and philosophical reasons, which fall under the nonmedical exemption category. All but three states allow exemptions based on religious reasons. Only 17 allow philosophical exemptions. And 39 states use a standardized exemption form.
"We are seeing a significant association between pertussis rates and vaccination exemption," said Bradford, who is the Busbee Chair in Public Policy in the UGA School of Public and International Affairs. "States with stricter policies have lower pertussis rates, which shows that policymakers do have it within their power to further limit the spread of these diseases."
Pertussis was used as the foundation for the study, which relied on kindergarten exemption data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in its 2002-12 annual school assessment reports, "for the unfortunate reason that pertussis is more common," Bradford said. About 48,000 cases were recorded in the U.S. in 2012. An average year sees between 45,000 and 50,000 cases. In contrast, the CDC recorded an average of 60 cases of measles per year from 2001 to 2012.
The study found three key policies that lower whooping cough rates: requiring state health department approval for nonmedical vaccination exemptions; allowing exemption from only specific vaccines instead of all vaccines; and levying criminal and civil punishment against those who do not comply with vaccination policies.
As they conducted the research, the authors were able to rank states by their policies and whether they were most, somewhat, less or least effective.
The 18 states with the most effective vaccination exemption policies are Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Dakota and Tennessee.
The nine with the least effective laws are Colorado, Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin.
The study also found three outliers that don't make any of the lists. Mississippi, West Virginia and, as of the end of June, California have the strictest vaccination laws in the nation. Currently, the first two have the lowest rates of whooping cough due to policies that allow immunization exemptions for medical reasons only.
"I'm originally from Mississippi, and this was a case where they really led the country" with their vaccination exemption policies, Bradford said.
Georgia—where Bradford currently lives—falls into the "somewhat effective" category. Other states with this ranking include Oregon, Virginia and Arizona. To improve Georgia's standing, he said, the state "could eliminate religious exemptions and not use the standardized form." On the plus side, he added, "in 2012, we had very low rates of pertussis, ranking fifth nationally."
In its favor, Georgia does not allow exemptions for philosophical reasons.
"Back in 2007, the actress Jenny McCarthy went on ‘Oprah' and espoused the view that there is link between the MMR vaccine and autism," he said. "This led to a significant increase in philosophical exemptions."
In states with a philosophical exemption, it's also easier for parents to check a box indicating objection instead of rushing their children to be vaccinated before the beginning of the school year, the study noted.
As the number of people vaccinated has decreased, diseases once mostly eliminated from the U.S. have risen because the population no longer has something called "herd immunity." Basically, herd immunity means an entire community is protected from a disease because enough people have been immunized.
"We need to be over 95 percent vaccinated to reach herd immunity," Bradford said. "For medical reasons, there a number of people who can't get vaccinated. If you can be vaccinated and are not, that's when we start to see whooping cough and measles cases rise."
The study is available online at http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/8/1383.abstract. For more information on the School of Public and International Affairs, visit http://spia.uga.edu/.
Filed under: Culture / Living, Business / Economy, Nutrition, Diet, and Health, Medical Science, Health Sciences, Health Care Policy, Infectious Diseases, Public Policy and Politics, State and Local Politics
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| 0.946006 | 1,007 | 2.578125 | 3 |
HISP 321: Love, Madness and Technology in Don Quixote
This course will focus on how Cervantes, through his characters in El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, challenges the state’s attempt to categorize its subjects. In Don Quixote Cervantes introduces us to a passionate reader of Chivalric novels. As the own author puts it don Quijote read “until his brain dried up and he lost his wits.” Don Quixote, obsessed with stories of errant knights decides to become a knight errant himself, righting wrongs and protecting the oppressed. In this course we will become active readers of Don Quijote’s insanity. Through his multiples adventures and his reasonable madness we will discover the heterogeneity of Cervantes’ text, not only in its formal/genre multiplicity but also the historical, cultural and social diversity of the period reflected in the novel.
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http://wheatoncollege.edu/hispanic-studies/hisp-398-love-madness-technology-don-quixote/
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| 0.924536 | 202 | 2.78125 | 3 |
There are so many tips out there when it comes to growing your own vegetable garden. You may have heard all sorts of tips and tricks and wonder what is true and what really works. Really, vegetable gardening is quite simple and does not need to be complex. By following a handful of tried and true vegetable gardening tips, you too can yield a wide variety of vegetables during the growing season! Toss away all of those tips and tricks you have been trying to memorize and instead give these 7 super vegetable garden growing tips a try.
Follow these tips to reap a bounty of fresh vegetables this gardening season! They are easy to follow, inexpensive, and don’t require any fancy skills or equipment. Here is how to get started!
7 Super Vegetable Garden Growing Tips:
- Start your vegetable garden in a sunny place.
- Start growing plantings early spring so by planting time they are prepared.
- Place the garden as close to your kitchen as you can. I
- Soak seeds to get started on the season early.
- Use water-filled tents around early planted vegetables for protection from the cold.
- Rather than direct sowing, start with large seedlings grown on the windowsill or purchased at a nursery for quick results.
- Look for seedlings grown in larger pots. Check for a strong, well developed root system with healthy green leaves.
By following these 7 simple super vegetable garden growing tips, you will quickly see that a vegetable garden does not have to be rocket science. You can truly break the science down to just a handful of tips such as these which will keep your plants in optimum health.
Reap the rewards of a garden that gives and gives all season! Follow these simple tips and see how easy it is to call yourself a gardener!
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http://www.time2saveworkshops.com/green-thumb-not-required-7-super-vegetable-garden-growing-tips/
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| 0.944123 | 367 | 2.71875 | 3 |
EducationWorld is pleased to present this article, which originally appeared in TechEdge, a quarterly magazine for Texas Computer Education Association (TCEA) members. To join or for more information, visit www.tcea.org.
Four innovative Texas educators received five iPads each as part of the TCEA/Association of Texas Professional Educators' “Let’s Get Mobile” grant. Recipients included:
Victor Cantu, a fifth-grade teacher at Trevino Elementary in Edinburg ISD, is using the iPads to assist his students in a project that teaches the students to identify birds and then share the data they collect throughout the year. He is using different apps that will help document the sighting, and then uses Keynote to create presentations to share their knowledge.
Pamela Simmons-Brooks, an eighth grade teacher at Sloan Creek Middle School in Lovejoy ISD, is using the iPads to do virtual dissections, build and test roller coasters, and even build a tree house.
Terra Farmer, a high school teacher at Alpine High School in Alpine ISD, is using the iPads in Anatomy and Physiology classes to build resources that will help her students in AP Biology and Anatomy.
Pamela Kerl, a kindergarten teacher at Donald Elementary School in Lewisville ISD, is using the iPads to access apps that provide engagement and learning opportunities for her students. She uses Educreations, Buzzle, ABA-Which Go Together, and Sticker Sudoku to increase the logical reasoning of her students.
Now that these remarkable teachers have had time to integrate the devices into their classrooms, we wanted to know what lessons they have learned and what tips they may have for other educators using iPads in the classroom. Here's their helpful advice for other teachers:
Copyright © 2013 Education World
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| 0.95049 | 381 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Grades PreK - 2
Grade level Equivalent: 1.6
Lexile® Measure: 310L
Guided Reading: E
Type of Book: Counting and Number Book
- Comedy and Humor
- Counting and Numbers
- Word Recognition
- Bedtime, Sleep, Dreams
- Doctor and Dentist Visits
About This Book
These naughty fellows (with adorable, expressive faces) refuse to listen to their mother's advice and one by one fall off the bed and bump their heads, requiring a doctor's visit each time and lots of bandages. Eventually, of course, even little monkeys have to fall asleep.
The repeating phrases encourage reading along and word recognition, and the entire rhyme helps children practice counting backwards from five to one.
Praise for Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed
"Whether sublimely happy or ridiculously goofy, Christelow's expressive monkeys pack a lot of appeal." — School Library Journal.
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http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/book/five-little-monkeys-jumping-bed
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| 0.895572 | 200 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Genes seem to play an important role, challenging the value of weight loss to prevent diabetes. One of these genes, the adiponectin gene SNP276, has been linked to diabetes and obesity in a Taiwanese study with more than a thousand elderly persons. This gene determines different variants of the hormone adiponectin, produced by body fat cells. Adiponectin lowers the risk of diabetes and heart attacks. But some adiponectin variants are better than others. The variant (allele) G is considerably better than variant T. The highest risk of diabetes and of obesity has been found in persons with the combination TT, that is, having got the bad variant of the gene from both mother and father.
The bad variant seems to be a common cause of a higher diabetes risk as well as a tendency to accumulate more body fat. Both outcomes can be linked to the gene, but of course other factors like the amount of consumed food and the physical activity must also be taken into account. The study authors conclude:
"Genetic variation of the adiponectin gene is associated with obesity (...) and diabetes mellitus in the elderly. The genetic effect on diabetes mellitus is partially independent of BMI."When diabetes is partially independent of body mass index, weight loss will be partially useless in the fight against diabetes.
And what about the other part?
But genes cannot explain the whole story. There is still one part of diabetes that may be linked to body mass index, regardless of the genes. But this study does not allow any conclusion about causes, because neither food nor physical activity have been taken into account. Thus, not even the non-genetic rest of a link between body fat and diabetes is in favour of weight loss.
Photo credit: flickr.com/photos/princess_of_llyr/223358802/
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http://medjournalwatch.blogspot.com/2007/09/what-has-diabetes-to-do-with-body-fat.html
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| 0.941738 | 380 | 3.4375 | 3 |
"˜Hot' Surgical Techniques and Postoperative Haemorrhage After Tonsillectomy
Embargo expired: 19-Aug-2004 6:30 PM EDT
Source Newsroom: Lancet
ISSUE: 21"27 August 2004
(pp 642, 697)
Newswise — The postoperative haemorrhage rate in tonsillectomies which use 'hot techniques' such as diathermy and coblation to stop bleeding could be over three times greater than operations which use cold steel techniques, conclude authors of a study in this week's issue of THE LANCET.
Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures. "Hot" techniques such as diathermy (the use of an electric current at 400"600°C to remove tonsils and to control bleeding) and coblation (a variation on electrosurgery, which operates at 60"70°C, reducing the chance of thermal damage) have become well established alongside the traditional "cold" dissection techniques, which only use packs or ties to minimise intraoperative bleeding. Until now, there is little evidence to say one technique is better than the other.
The National Postoperative Tonsillectomy Audit (NPTA), launched in July 2003 and funded and supported by the UK Department of Health, is investigating haemorrhage and other postoperative complications from all tonsillectomies done in 334 hospitals in England and Northern Ireland. The audit is running in both the NHS and private-sector hospitals. Data from around 12,000 patients were obtained from operations using a combination of hot and cold techniques and from operations that only used cold techniques.
Haemorrhage occurred in 3·3% of patients within 28 days of surgery. Analysis showed that any use of diathermy increased the rate of haemorrhage, in some cases by as much as 6% compared with the 'cold steel only' technique. Adults had higher haemorrhage rates than children, and haemorrhage was more likely from procedures done by junior surgeons.
The investigators suggest that diathermy should be used with caution and that when junior surgeons are trained it should be emphasised that control of intraoperative bleeding with excessive use of diathermy could lead to increased haemorrhage rates. One of the authors, Jan van der Meulen (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine / Royal College of Surgeons of England), comments: "Although our findings favour cold steel without diathermy, we do not think that hot techniques should be stopped on the basis of current evidence [...] Further clinical research is needed to support the results of our study."
An accompanying commentary (p 642) by Malcolm Hilton (Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, UK) states that van der Meulen's and colleagues' study paves the way for more research (such as a randomised trial) to provide more insight into the pros and cons of different surgical techniques for tonsillectomy.
Please remember to cite The Lancet.
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| 0.933083 | 633 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) mission is currently scheduled for launch on September 6 at 11:27 PM EDT (Sept 7 3:27 UT). There will be a four minute window for the launch that night. If, for any reason, the launch were to have to push to the following night, the window will open at September 7 11:26 PM EDT (Sept 8 3:26UT) and extend for 15 minutes. LADEE will launch from pad 0B at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility aboard an Orbital Sciences five-stage Minotaur V rocket. This will be the first launch beyond low Earth orbit from Wallops and the first flight of the Minotaur V rocket. Learn more at http://www.nasa.gov/ladee, http://moon.nasa.gov, and http://lunarscience.nasa.gov.
As a night launch, there is a potential for very wide visibility of this launch. A previous night launch of a Minotaur I rocket from Wallops was visible from as far west as Detroit. Under ideal weather conditions, 60 percent of the US population could potentially observe the launch. There will be a public launch event at Wallops, and special exhibits will be available to the public there beginning September 4. A number of other locations will host launch viewings and/or events. Visit http://moon.nasa.gov/ladeelaunch.cfm for the latest information on these events as well as a range of associated resources including NASA’s New Moon Toolkit. The LADEE launch will have two separate programs on NASA TV channels. The NASA Edge launch broadcast will be on the Education/Public Channels (more color, less countdown); LADEE launch with traditional launch coverage/commentary will air on the Media Channel (http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv).
Members of the public can become direct participants in the LADEE mission. Students in classrooms can track and monitor the spacecraft in flight, taking remote control of giant 34-meter deep space communications dishes through the GAVRT program (http://www.lewiscenter.org/gavrt). Amateur astronomers can make important ground-based science observations by participating in the Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observation Campaign (http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LADEE/main/get-involved.html). Even if you do not have a telescope, you can make valuable scientific observations for the mission by participating in the Meteor Counting Campaign (http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LADEE/main/get-involved.html).
Join NASA in the excitement and adventure of our continuing exploration of the Moon!
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| 0.888131 | 568 | 3.578125 | 4 |
CONCENTRATE! — Fifth grade student Romey Hagee concentrates as she winds the thread around her hook in preparation to create her own unique fly. I-O Photo by Tirsea McNeal
By Tirsea McNeal, I-O Reporter
Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks Matt Wilhelm from Livingston came out to Prairie View School and worked with the fifth grade classes teaching them to tie flies.
Wilhelm said, “The hunting and fishing license sales are down and we work to encourage kids to have an interest in the outdoors.”
As the students filed in to the room, their attention was riveted to the tables holding the hooks and material to make their flies.
As the first fifth grade class gathered around the table and Wilhelm, he began showing them how to tie fishing flies Wilhelm said, “It’s important they learn to enjoy the outdoors. As more people get interested in outdoor recreation, they support programs that protect and preserve our resources.”
Setting the tables up with equipment and supplies for tying the flies took about 30 minutes for the two fifth grade classes.
As Wilhelm worked with the students, their interest was intent as he instructed them what to do.
Tying the flies kept them busy and all of the students were very intent on the task.
Fifth grade teachers Diana Agre and Val Kellogg’s classes will be doing other outdoor activities throughout the spring as part of their science unit. For more activities and events, contact Prairie View School at 271-5251.
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http://www.theindependentobserver.com/index.php/news-mainmenu-2/17-latest/2607-fifth-graders-tie-flies
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| 0.972361 | 316 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This 1998 photo shows the southbound Meadowbrook State Parkway at EXIT M1 (Old Country Road) in Carle Place. During most of the year, the Meadowbrook Parkway is filled with traffic heading to The Source and Roosevelt Field shopping malls. On summer weekends, the parkway fills up early with traffic bound for Jones Beach. (Photo by Steve Anderson.)
A SECOND ROUTE TO JONES BEACH: Since opening in 1929, Jones Beach State Park, which was named after an Irish immigrant and privateer who established a whaling station in the area in 1692, has been an immensely popular recreational destination for families. By 1931, summer weekends were recording attendance numbers of 100,000 people per day. The four-lane Wantagh State Parkway, which at the time was the only route leading to Jones Beach, was becoming inadequate to serve beach traffic. To alleviate Jones Beach-bound traffic, the Meadowbrook State Parkway was constructed.
Construction of the Meadowbrook State Parkway began in earnest in 1932, and included the construction of the Loop Parkway spur to Point Lookout. This initial four-mile-long section from Jones Beach north to EXIT M9 (Merrick Road) in Freeport opened in the fall of 1934. It originally featured two 24-foot, two-lane roadways separated by an 18-foot-wide grassed median. The causeway leading to Jones Beach was constructed on hydraulic fill over marsh and islands across the bay on lands donated to the state by the Town of Hempstead.
Because of the depressed economic conditions at the time, the Long Island State Park Commission (LISPC) borrowed the $5 million cost of construction from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), a Federal-level New Deal agency.
PARKWAY EXTENSIONS: In 1935, the Meadowbrook State Parkway was extended 2.8 miles north to the Southern State Parkway in North Merrick. This section was constructed by the New York State Department of Public Works (NYSDPW) and was separately financed. The roadway design was the same as that featured on the initial section.
One year later, Moses released plans for an extension of the Meadowbrook State Parkway north to the Northern State Parkway in Carle Place. Although land for the right-of-way had been acquired by Nassau County, construction of the parkway was delayed by the depression and World War II.
In the early 1950's, officials from the NYSDPW considered construction of a north-south expressway between Freeport and Roslyn. After encountering opposition along the route, officials backed away from this idea, deciding instead to build a parkway along the existing Meadowbrook right-of-way between the Northern State and Southern State parkways.
The Meadowbrook State Parkway extension, built by the NYSDPW and financed by Jones Beach State Parkway Authority bonds, was completed in 1956. It was constructed with two 24-foot-wide roadways, each carrying two lanes of traffic, and a 29-foot-wide median to separate the two roadways. The bridges separating grades were constructed to permit the future widening of the parkway from four to six lanes.
WIDENING PROJECTS: The popularity of Jones Beach continued to grow in the postwar era, and to meet the demand, the LISPC widened the Meadowbrook State Parkway from four to six lanes south of EXIT M6 (Southern State Parkway). This widening, which was financed by Jones Beach State Parkway Authority bonds, took place between 1955 and 1965.
The postwar era also brought rapid development in the "Nassau Hub" (Roosevelt Field and Mitchel Field) area, prompting officials to widen the remainder of the Meadowbrook State Parkway between the Southern State Parkway in North Merrick and the Northern State Parkway in Carle Place. During this project, the existing two-lane roadways were expanded to three 12-foot-wide lanes in each direction, and by doing so, the grassed median was narrowed from 29 feet to five feet. With the reduction of median space caused by the widening, cable-reinforced timber guide rail was installed to prevent accidental center mall crossings. New collector-distributor (C/D) roads were also constructed to serve Mitchel Field and the new Nassau Coliseum. (The Glen Curtiss Boulevard overpass in Uniondale hints at a possible future southern extension of the C/D roads.) This expansion project was completed in 1971.
This 2000 photo shows the Meadowbrook State Parkway looking north at EXIT M5 (NY 24 EAST / Hempstead Turnpike) in Uniondale. (Photo by Steve Anderson.)
PRESENT IMPROVEMENTS: In 1977, maintenance of the Meadowbrook State Parkway was transferred from the LISPC to the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), although ownership remained under the jurisdiction of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (NYSOPRHP). To accommodate the increase in traffic volume and speed, and to address the accident history, the NYSDOT began to modify the parkway in accordance with Federal and state traffic safety guidelines.
In 1978, one year after the parkways were transferred from the LISPC to the NYSDOT, tolls were removed for motorists using the Meadowbrook Causeway in the area of Jones Beach.
For many years, the substandard interchange between the Meadowbrook State Parkway and the Northern State Parkway was the site of many accidents. From the westbound Northern State Parkway, one had to make a "U-turn" onto the eastbound lanes (using EXIT 31 / Glen Cove Road) in order to get onto the southbound Meadowbrook Parkway. After two decades of community debate and several years of reconstruction, the interchange between the two parkway, which featured new, wider main roadways and direct ramps, was completed in 1992.
During the late 1980's and early 1990's, new MUTCD-compliant signs and high-intensity lighting were installed along the parkway from Merrick Road north to the Northern State Parkway. More modern safety measures such as concrete ("Jersey") barriers and sand-filled impact attenuators replaced existing safety measures.
Most of these improvements, however, have occurred north of the Southern State Parkway. This is because the section of the Meadowbrook State Parkway south of the Southern State Parkway is designated as a "Robert Moses National Register Parkway." In this segment, many facets of the original parkway design, including the guardrails and landscaping, are protected. The new lighting fixtures (installed in 2001) south of EXIT M9 (Merrick Road) are replicas of the original wooden lightposts, but reflect modern design standards.
According to the NYSDOT, the Meadowbrook State Parkway handles approximately 125,000 vehicles per day (AADT) between the Northern State and Southern State parkways, approximately 75,000 vehicles per day from the Southern State Parkway south to EXIT M9 (Merrick Road), and approximately 30,000 vehicles per day south of Merrick Road. In 1998, the parkway was ceremonially renamed the "Norman Levy Memorial Parkway" after the passing of the long-serving state senator remembered for transportation issues.
CURRENT AND FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS: The NYSDOT and the New York Metropolitan Transportation Council outlined the following improvements to the Meadowbrook State Parkway:
$5.4 million rehabilitation of the Meadowbrook Causeway between the Fundy Creek Bridge and the Sloop Channel Bridge, including the area of EXIT M10 (Loop Parkway) and the Jones Beach fee booth plaza; completed in 2001.
$14 million extension of the northbound C/D (collector-distributor) road from EXIT M4 (NY 24) north to EXIT M3 (Stewart Avenue and Merchants Concourse); project postponed.
$69 million reconstruction of the interchange between the Meadowbrook State and Southern State parkways; scheduled for after fiscal year 2009.
Longer-term measures also have been planned to deal with the increase in traffic. In 1990, the Long Island Regional Planning Board comprehensive highway plan called for the expansion from six to ten lanes between the Northern State and Southern State parkways. A decade later, the NYSDOT scaled back the 1990 plans, and instead called for the construction of HOV lanes between the Northern State and Southern State parkways.
The Meadowbrook State Parkway HOV lanes are expected to handle the new "Long Island Rapid Commute" (LIRC) vehicles envisioned by the "LITP 2000" plan. According to the NYSDOT, the LIRC articulated vehicles would travel on dedicated new and existing HOV lanes on controlled-access highways, as well as on existing arterial roads.
This 2001 photo shows the southbound Meadowbrook State Parkway at EXIT M10 (Loop Parkway), just before the fee booths for Jones Beach State Park. The NYSDOT installed the "new-generation woodie" lightposts during the spring of 2001 as part of a parkway rehabilitation project. (Photo by David J. Greenberger.)
The Meadowbrook State Parkway should be widened between the Northern State Parkway and the Southern State Parkway. This can be done in one of two ways:
Expansion of the main roadway from six to eight general-use lanes.
Extension of the C/D (collector-distributor) roads north to EXIT M1 (Old Country Road). That is, the existing C/D roads that serve the Mitchel Field area should be extended north to serve the Roosevelt Field area.
In both cases, interchange improvements should be implemented as required to improve safety and traffic flow.
SOURCES: "New Highways Across Long Island To Link North and South Shores," The New York Times (11/15/1936); The Power Broker by Robert A. Caro, Vintage Books-Random House (1974); History of the Long Island State Parkway System, New York State Department of Transportation (1985); "Jones Beach State Parkway Channel Bascule Bridge" in Historic American Engineering Record, National Park Service (1987); Robert Moses: Single-Minded Genius by Joann P. Krieg, Heart of the Lakes Publishing (1989); New York Metropolitan Transportation Council; Cynthia Blair; Daniel T. Dey; Ralph Herman; Nathan W. Perry; Jim Wade.
Meadowbrook State Parkway shield by Ralph Herman. Lightposts by Jeff Saltzman. HOV sign by C.C. Slater.
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Historic Town of Zabid
Threats to the Site (2000)
- Serious deterioration of the built heritage (a high percentage of the residential houses being replaced by concrete and multi-storey buildings);
- The remaining houses in the city are rapidly deteriorating, due to the prevailing low income of the inhabitants;
- Since the souq activities have been transferred outside the city, the ancient souq is almost empty and free from any type of activity and the shops are falling apart;
- The traditional economic role of the city has vanished;
- The city in general, is lacking any conservation and rehabilitation strategies.
The Yemeni government asked for Zabid to be inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger to facilitate its preservation.
List in Danger
- 2000 -Present
* Based on the frequency at which the World Heritage Committee has deliberated over this property over the past 15 years. 0 = minimum reports, 100 = maximum reports.
For more information consult the The State of Conservation of the World Heritage Forest Network
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Consider this scenario: You are a woman, admitted to a hospital with chest pain, and you undergo an X-ray imaging test called an angiogram to see if you have blockages in the arteries that supply blood to your heart. The test comes back clear, but you have been experiencing chest pain (angina), and another test - called a stress test - finds that portions of your heart are not receiving enough oxygen-rich blood. Both you and your physician know that something is wrong. Now what?
Scenarios such as this are common in women who might have what is called coronary microvascular disease. As the name implies, this is disease of the smaller (micro) blood vessels (vascular) that supply the heart with blood. While microvascular disease can be present in both men and women, it is more common in women, and it is one of the factors that can make heart disease in women harder to diagnose.
What Is Microvascular Disease?
Microvascular disease is a form of heart disease that differs from what you may be used to hearing about. The “classic” description of heart disease is of coronary artery disease, in which the major arteries that supply blood to the heart have one or more blockages. These blockages are formed from the build-up of deposits called plaques that contain cholesterol, fat, and other substances. These blockages may restrict blood flow, causing chest pain, or they may rupture, causing a blood clot to form at the rupture site and resulting in a heart attack.
Microvascular disease, on the other hand, refers to problems in the functioning of the smaller blood vessels of the heart that are 100–200 micrometers in diameter (a human hair is roughly 100 micrometers in diameter). In patients with microvascular disease, blood does not flow properly through these tiny blood vessels and the heart muscle may not have enough oxygen-rich blood, or oxygen may be cut off entirely to portions of the heart muscle.
What medical professionals now know about heart disease in women who do not have blockages in the coronary arteries is thanks to a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute study that was started in 1996. Research from this study, called the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE), identified microvascular disease as one reason why some diagnostic tests may not show women’s heart disease.
Today, medical researchers are still working to understand microvascular disease and why it is more prevalent in women. One area that researchers are exploring is whether a drop of the hormone estrogen after menopause may play a role in the development of microvascular disease.
Why Coronary Microvascular Disease Matters
The effects of coronary microvascular disease on women’s health are substantial:
- Two to three million women in the United States have coronary microvascular disease, and there are 90,000 new cases each year.
- Even without evidence of blockages in the major heart arteries, women with ongoing chest pain have high five-year rates of a cardiovascular event such as a heart attack.
- This might be due to the presence of microvascular disease among these women. Further research studies are needed to understand this condition better.
- Nearly 60 percent of women who have chest pain or suspected reduced blood flow to the heart do not have blockages in the major coronary arteries, making their heart disease more challenging to diagnose for the treating heart specialist.
- Women with symptoms of heart disease but no blockages in the major arteries have a higher risk for depression and for a lower quality of life.
- Coronary microvascular disease may contribute to later development of coronary artery disease (blockages in the larger arteries that supply the heart with blood).
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| 0.938854 | 772 | 3.59375 | 4 |
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