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|Scripture Reference: Luke 10:25-37
Illustrating the Story
Use MSSS Bible Character Crafts to create characters for story-telling.
Keys for Kids
offers a wide variety of devotions
and stories that aid in the teaching
of Bible lessons. Search by
topic or by Bible reference.
- Bible Quizzes Parables
Mission Arlington (Requires
Adobe Acrobat Reader)
- Mission Arlington
Following Jesus - A call to
follow Jesus centers around four
biblical texts, the call of the
disciples, the rich young ruler,
Jesusí death and resurrection
and the good Samaritan.
NAD Kindergarten/Primary SS Program Helps
Sunday School Resources
The Good Samaritan
Sunday School Sources
- WoRM (The Official Site of
the Workshop Rotation Model)
Lesson and Ideas Exchange
Don't forget to check out MSSS
Bible Craft and Activities for Any Story for more ideas.
Colouring Pages/Activity Sheets
Some sites have user policies which restrict use of these colouring pages
to personal or educational use. Please check the sites' policies
if you wish to be using these pages outside of these purposes.
- This idea can be found at Danielle's Place -
Heals the Sick and could be adapted for this parable.
Print out Making
Friends or BillyBear4Kids
Paperdolls (look towards the bottom of the page for children) and stick
bandaids on them like sick children. Talk about the things we could do
to help those who have been hurt and/or are sick. Alternatively use
paper dolls to create a picture of how children can be kind to others
(giving flowers, sharing toys, being friends with someone others are teasing
- DLTK-Kids has some father's
day frames of which the Home Sweet Home frame could be adapted for this
parable. Place a picture of Jesus rather than Dad in a window along
with child's photo (or drawing). Write (or glue) at the top "Who
is My Neighbour?" and find pictures of the sick, needy, people from
mission fields etc. and discuss the things we can do to help
- MSSS - Sharing/Helping Hands
note: all outside links open in a new window.
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| 0.846677 | 486 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Cooking Fire Safety
Many families gather in the kitchen to spend time together, but it can be one of the most hazardous rooms in the house if you don't practice safe cooking behaviors. Cooking equipment, most often a range or stovetop, is the leading cause of reported home fires and home fire injuries in the United States. Cooking equipment is also the leading cause of unreported fires and associated injuries.
Safe Cooking Behaviors
Product Safety Tip: Turkey Fryers
The delicious deep-fried turkey has quickly grown in popularity but safety experts are concerned that backyard chefs may be sacrificing fire safety for good taste.
Here’s why using a deep-fryer can be dangerous »
Cooking Fire Safety Video Clips
Short, educational messages for safe home cooking to avoid fires and other burns.
Radio on Fire Audio PSAs
This series addresses the top five fire-safety topics most frequently identified with home fire deaths: smoke alarms, escape plans, child fire safety, older adult fire safety (cooking and heating), and careless smoking. Download Scripts and PSAs »
It's a recipe for serious injury or even death to wear loose clothing (especially hanging sleeves), walk away from a cooking pot on the stove, or leave flammable materials, such as potholders or paper towels, around the stove. Whether you are cooking the family holiday dinner or a snack for the children, practicing safe cooking behaviors will help keep you and your family safe.
Choose the Right Equipment and Use It Properly
- Always use cooking equipment tested and approved by a recognized testing facility.
- Follow manufacturers' instructions and code requirements when installing and operating cooking equipment.
- Plug microwave ovens and other cooking appliances directly into an outlet. Never use an extension cord for a cooking appliance, as it can overload the circuit and cause a fire.
Use Barbecue Grills Safely
- Position the grill well away from siding, deck railings, and out from under eaves and overhanging branches.
- Place the grill a safe distance from lawn games, play areas, and foot traffic.
- Keep children and pets away from the grill area by declaring a 3-foot "kid-free zone" around the grill.
- Put out several long-handled grilling tools to give the chef plenty of clearance from heat and flames when cooking food.
- Periodically remove grease or fat buildup in trays below grill so it cannot be ignited by a hot grill.
- Use only outdoors! If used indoors, or in any enclosed spaces, such as tents, barbecue grills pose both a fire hazard and the risk of exposing occupants to carbon monoxide.
- Purchase the proper starter fluid and store out of reach of children and away from heat sources.
- Never add charcoal starter fluid when coals or kindling have already been ignited, and never use any flammable or combustible liquid other than charcoal starter fluid to get the fire going.
- Check the propane cylinder hose for leaks before using it for the first time each year. A light soap and water solution applied to the hose will reveal escaping propane quickly by releasing bubbles.
- If you determined your grill has a gas leak by smell or the soapy bubble test and there is no flame:
- Turn off the propane tank and grill.
- If the leak stops, get the grill serviced by a professional before using it again.
- If the leak does not stop, call the fire department.
- If you smell gas while cooking, immediately get away from the grill and call the fire department. Do not attempt to move the grill.
- All propane cylinders manufactured after April 2002 must have overfill protection devices (OPD). OPDs shut off the flow of propane before capacity is reached, limiting the potential for release of propane gas if the cylinder heats up. OPDs are easily identified by their triangular-shaped hand wheel.
- Use only equipment bearing the mark of an independent testing laboratory. Follow the manufacturers' instructions on how to set up the grill and maintain it.
- Never store propane cylinders in buildings or garages. If you store a gas grill inside during the winter, disconnect the cylinder and leave it outside.
Watch What You Heat
- The leading cause of fires in the kitchen is unattended cooking.
- Stay in the kitchen when you are frying, grilling, or broiling food. If you leave the kitchen for even a short period of time, turn off the stove.
- If you are simmering, baking, roasting, or boiling food, check it regularly, remain in the home while food is cooking, and use a timer to remind you that you're cooking.
- Stay alert! To prevent cooking fires, you have to be alert. You won't be if you are sleepy, have been drinking alcohol, or have taken medicine that makes you drowsy.
Keep Things That Can Catch Fire and Heat Sources Apart
- Keep anything that can catch fire - potholders, oven mitts, wooden utensils, paper or plastic bags, food packaging, towels, or curtains - away from your stovetop.
- Keep the stovetop, burners, and oven clean.
- Keep pets off cooking surfaces and nearby countertops to prevent them from knocking things onto the burner.
- Wear short, close-fitting or tightly rolled sleeves when cooking. Loose clothing can dangle onto stove burners and catch fire if it comes into contact with a gas flame or electric burner.
If Your Clothes Catch Fire
If your clothes catch fire, stop, drop, and roll. Stop immediately, drop to the ground, and cover face with hands. Roll over and over or back and forth to put out the fire. Immediately cool the burn with cool water for 3 to 5 minutes and then seek emergency medical care.
Use Equipment for Intended Purposes Only
Cook only with equipment designed and intended for cooking, and heat your home only with equipment designed and intended for heating. There is additional danger of fire, injury, or death if equipment is used for a purpose for which it was not intended.
Protect Children from Scalds and Burns
- Young children are at high risk of being burned by hot food and liquids. Keep children away from cooking areas by enforcing a "kid-free zone" of 3 feet (1 meter) around the stove.
- Keep young children at least 3 feet (1 meter) away from any place where hot food or drink is being prepared or carried. Keep hot foods and liquids away from table and counter edges.
- When young children are present, use the stove's back burners whenever possible.
- Never hold a child while cooking, drinking, or carrying hot foods or liquids.
- Teach children that hot things burn.
- When children are old enough, teach them to cook safely. Supervise them closely.
Prevent Scalds and Burns
- To prevent spills due to overturn of appliances containing hot food or liquids, use the back burner when possible and/or turn pot handles away from the stove's edge. All appliance cords need to be kept coiled and away from counter edges.
- Use oven mitts or potholders when moving hot food from ovens, microwave ovens, or stovetops. Never use wet oven mitts or potholders as they can cause scald burns.
- Replace old or worn oven mitts.
- Treat a burn right away, putting it in cool water. Cool the burn for 3 to 5 minutes. If the burn is bigger than your fist or if you have any questions about how to treat it, seek medical attention right away.
Install and Use Microwave Ovens Safely
- Place or install the microwave oven at a safe height, within easy reach of all users. The face of the person using the microwave oven should always be higher than the front of the microwave oven door. This is to prevent hot food or liquid from spilling onto a user's face or body from above and to prevent the microwave oven itself from falling onto a user.
- Never use aluminum foil or metal objects in a microwave oven. They can cause a fire and damage the oven.
- Heat food only in containers or dishes that are safe for microwave use.
- Open heated food containers slowly away from the face to avoid steam burns. Hot steam escaping from the container or food can cause burns.
- Foods heat unevenly in microwave ovens. Stir and test before eating.
How and When to Fight Cooking Fires
- When in doubt, just get out. When you leave, close the door behind you to help contain the fire. Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number after you leave.
- If you do try to fight the fire, be sure others are already getting out and you have a clear path to the exit.
- Always keep an oven mitt and a lid nearby when you are cooking. If a small grease fire starts in a pan, smother the flames by carefully sliding the lid over the pan (make sure you are wearing the oven mitt). Turn off the burner. Do not move the pan. To keep the fire from restarting, leave the lid on until the pan is completely cool.
- In case of an oven fire, turn off the heat and keep the door closed to prevent flames from burning you or your clothing.
- If you have a fire in your microwave oven, turn it off immediately and keep the door closed. Never open the door until the fire is completely out. Unplug the appliance if you can safely reach the outlet.
- After a fire, both ovens and microwaves should be checked and/or serviced before being used again.
Nuisance Smoke Alarms
- Move smoke alarms farther away from kitchens according to manufacturers' instructions and/or install a smoke alarm with a pause button.
- If a smoke alarm sounds during normal cooking, press the pause button if the smoke alarm has one. Open the door or window or fan the area with a towel to get the air moving. Do not disable the smoke alarm or take out the batteries.
- Treat every smoke alarm activation as a likely fire and react quickly and safely to the alarm.
Links of Interest
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| 0.905499 | 2,125 | 2.96875 | 3 |
See and realise changes – Vietnam
This project has initiated a process to help communities in the Mekong Delta identify and respond
to alterations in climate. “See and realise changes” will incorporate the management of
coastal resources and the development of sustainable coastal livelihoods in its efforts to manage
disaster risks and adapt to climate change. Through these efforts, the project’s organizers
hope to make the most vulnerable communities more resilient to the climatic variations already
- Nearly 50 communities to participate
- 300,000 people in target areas
Vietnam is very vulnerable to climate change, particularly in the Mekong Delta where rising sea levels,
saltwater intrusion, and flooding already affect vulnerable coastal communities. Rainfall has become less
predictable, temperatures are fluctuating greatly, storms have become more extreme, and ocean levels are
rising. This is degrading ecosystems and decreasing the availability of land for farming. This makes it
harder for people to survive off the land and sea as they have traditionally.
Through the support of Oxfam, this project helps communities
identify local risks that need to be addressed, and develop strategies for responding to them. The process
starts with a baseline survey to assess the current status of the communities. People in the communities
are then educated on vulnerabilities and risk. They will determine the characteristics that define
resilient communities, including sustainable livelihoods and natural resource management. They will
also be directly involved in identifying options to adapt and respond to natural disasters, and identify
potential funding sources.
Helping the planet
Natural disaster management could include measures to protect ecosystems, such as mangrove swamps that act
as natural barriers against storm surges. Resilience measures could also be tied to better management of
natural resources such as fisheries. Developing sustainable livelihoods prevents the over-extraction of
natural resources, averting further environmental degradation.
Better preparation for natural disasters can benefit communities by saving lives and preventing property
damage. Developing new or altered ways of making a living in a changing environment increases the
communities’ ability to survive and thrive.
Adaptation and disaster planning at the community level are intended to become a part of economic planning.
This would allow other communities to reap benefits of the project’s results.
Images owned by the activity partners, all rights reserved.
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| 0.912751 | 490 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Green flashes are real (not illusory) phenomena seen at sunrise and sunset, when some part of the Sun suddenly changes color (at sunset, from red or orange to green or blue). The word “flash” refers to the sudden appearance and brief duration of this green color, which usually lasts only a second or two at moderate latitudes. These pages illustrate and explain green flashes, offer advice for seeing and photographing them, and provide information about other refraction phenomena, such as mirages.
As the area that turns green is ordinarily near the limit of the eye's resolution, these are sometimes called “green dot” displays. There are several quite different phenomena commonly lumped together under the name of “the green flash”, and this intermingling of disparate phenomena has fostered confusion. So I prefer to say “green flashes” and avoid the definite article.
There is a distinct, but related, phenomenon that really deserves the term “flash.” In this much rarer display, a green flash of the ordinary kind is followed (at sunset) by a brief ray or glow of green, which often appears to shoot up from the sunset point. It often accompanies, or follows, a “green dot”. These very rare displays are grouped under the term “green ray,” although the ray form is only one of several. Unfortunately, the term “green ray” has often been applied to the much commoner green-flash displays of the “green dot” form.
You have probably heard something about green flashes, but may not have seen one. If so, you'll be happy to find that a number of pictures of green flashes are available on the Web.
A number of Web pages offer incomplete explanations of green flashes. All of those listed here have some virtue as well as some defects. I have developed my own page to counter the weaknesses of the ones I've found. I also have some simulations (i.e., gif animations) of the commoner forms, as evidence that things are not so simple as the textbooks would have you believe.
By now, you may be eager to run out and see some green flashes for yourself. Here's some advice on how to do that. If you don't know what you're doing, you can look for years in vain. If you do know what to do, you can see green flashes in most sunsets.
There's a wealth of information out there — much of it, unfortunately, wrong. Here are some common misconceptions about green flashes, each contrasted with the facts of the matter.
There's no substitute for a good book (or magazine article). Here's a recommended reading list on green flashes. It is not complete, but will provide additional words (to be taken with a grain of salt) and pictures. A complete bibliography is also available. (Because the bibliography is a huge file that will load slowly, links to it are set in boldface as a warning.)
Want more? Here's an “omnium gatherum” of links to Web pages where green flashes are mentioned. You may be surprised at the number of commercial uses of green flashes — as trade names, as tourist lures, etc.
These hundred-odd pages now cover more topics than just green flashes. Most pages have links to related pages at the end; scroll down to the bottom to find them. See the overview page for a quick look at what else is here, or the table of refraction phenomena, with links to the main groups of simulations.
Now that most browsers support the LINK element with a site-navigation toolbar, I've added this information to my most-visited pages. If you don't know how to make your browser show this toolbar, see here. (Otherwise, you'll have to rely on the explicit links at the end of each page.)
The hierarchy of the LINK pointers is laid out in the Tables of Contents page, along with several alternative arrangements.
Please note the typographical cues that indicate links to the huge (about 2.0 MB!) bibliography and the glossary.
Also, see the alphabetical index for a more detailed listing of the main topics. Are these entries adequate? Are the categories clear? Please let me know if anything needs work here.
There's also a glossary of technical terms here. I have tried to make a link to it (in italics) from each of the other pages when a term is used for the first time. Are these adequate? Are the explanations clear? Want more information? Please let me know what you need.
Yes, I need help! Turning up information on these phenomena also turns up unanswered questions, some of which haven't yielded to the standard methods of searching for information. So I have both a list of unsolved problems, and a list of missing references.
No doubt most of these are pretty obscure; but no doubt there is someone out there in cyberspace who's sitting on just what I need, or has at least a clue to it. If you're that person, please have a look at my lists, and let me hear from you!
Everyone who provides useful information gets a mention on the “thanks” page.
© 1999 – 2007, 2010, 2012, 2016 Andrew T. Young
Who's responsible for all this?
This website has been given the Griffith Observatory's weekly “Star Award” for the week of March 12 – 18, 2000, “for excellence in promoting astronomy to the public through the World Wide Web.”
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Kevin R. Malone - Nevada DMV
Kathleen Hale - Rose/Glenn Group
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
IS IN THE AIR, BUT SO IS AIR POLLUTION
– Valentine’s Day is just around the corner, but love is not the only thing
in the air. Vehicles emitting
visible exhaust release three pollutants, resulting in poor air quality for the
region. The Department of Motor
Vehicles (DMV) provides drivers with information on the pollutants and solutions
to keep the Truckee Meadows smog free.
vehicles emit: hydrocarbons,
which react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight and hot
temperatures forming ground-level ozone; nitrogen oxide which
contributes to the formation of ozone and acid rain; and carbon
monoxide that reduces the flow of oxygen in the bloodstream and can impair
mental alertness and vision. Studies
have reported that in urban areas, as much as 90 percent of carbon monoxide in
the air is a result of motor vehicles.
help prevent air pollution caused by vehicles emitting visible exhaust, drivers
can participate in the following:
Keep vehicles in good
running condition: poorly maintained vehicles emit as much as 10 times the
emissions as well-maintained vehicles
Travel at moderate steady
speeds and reduce idling time: idling more than half a minute burns more gas
than it takes to restart the engine.
· Use clean fuels when available: including reformulated gasoline, oxygenated gasoline and alternative fuels.
of the Truckee Meadows can also help to improve the region’s air quality by
reporting smoking vehicles by calling 686-SMOG.
Callers should be prepared to provide the license plate number of the
smoking vehicle, the approximate time the vehicle was spotted and the location
of the vehicle. All information is
smoking vehicle program started in 1996, resulting in more than 32,000 calls
over the last five years to the DMV. The
program has helped to get more than 5,000 smoking vehicles cleaned up resulting
in cleaner air for the region.
more information on the smoking vehicle program call 1-877-DMV-STAT
(1-877-368-7828) or access http://www.dmvnv.com/emission.htm.
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| 0.866957 | 481 | 2.671875 | 3 |
What do the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) mean for what we do in our classrooms? What, if anything, will be different in our classrooms if the CCSS are implemented? Will the CCSS affect what we teach and how we teach? What can we as teachers do to prepare?
download presentation: PDF || PPT || PPT (zipped)
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| 0.887733 | 75 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Hopkins, Edward, 1600–1657, colonial governor of Connecticut, b. England. He migrated (1637) to Hartford, where he soon became a leader because of his wealth and ability. He became governor of the Connecticut colony in 1640 and was governor, assistant governor, or deputy governor every year until 1656, the law not allowing the office of governor to be held two years in succession. As a delegate from Connecticut he helped to form the New England Confederation, and he was elected one of the confederation commissioners. He returned to England shortly before his death to become warden of the fleet, keeper of the palace at Westminster, and member of Parliament.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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| 0.981948 | 158 | 3.359375 | 3 |
|Cross with Ladder in Perspective by Lautensack|
(photo credit: Wikimedia Commons)
The following is something I have a hard time describing, but I find it important enough that I'm going to give it a try.
I think we're made to look for the time when things are stable and settled, but we set our sights too short. Heaven is where our gaze (even now) is to be directed.
I compare it to the "vanishing point" I did projects on in Art school. In a study of perspective, the vanishing point is that place on the horizon where what one sees, in effect, vanishes. It's a central point, sometimes illustrated by a single little dot. It is that spot to which all things are directed. Everything in the picture is geared toward that point. Streets, roofs, windows, roads can then be lined up as the eye sees them: wider when they're closer to the viewer, and narrower toward the horizon. the picture is only correct, nicely proportioned, and logical if the artist takes into account the vanishing point. In a basic perspective lesson, the student is taught to project the vanishing point and then to practice by using rulers until all things in the picture line up correctly with that one central spot.
Continue reading at Nancy's blog The Breadbox Letters.
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| 0.961662 | 273 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Nosebleeds can be dramatic and frightening. Luckily, most nosebleeds are not serious and can be handled fairly easily. They are divided into two types, depending on whether the bleeding is coming from the anterior (front of the nose) or posterior (back of the nose).
- Anterior nosebleeds make up more than 90% of all nosebleeds. The bleeding usually comes from a blood vessel at the very front part of the nose. Anterior nosebleeds are usually easy to control, either by measures that can be performed at home or by a doctor.
- Posterior nosebleeds are much less common than anterior nosebleeds. They tend to occur more often in elderly people. The bleeding usually comes from an artery in the back part of the nose. These nosebleeds are more complicated and usually require admission to the hospital and management by an otolaryngologist (an ear, nose, and throat specialist).
In the United States, one of every seven people will develop a nosebleed at some time. Nosebleeds tend to occur during winter months and in dry, cold climates. They can occur at any age but are most common in children aged 2 to 10 years and adults aged 50 to 80 years.
This answer should not be considered medical advice...This answer should not be considered medical advice and should not take the place of a doctor’s visit. Please see the bottom of the page for more information or visit our Terms and Conditions.
Archived: March 20, 2014
Thanks for your feedback.
301 of 363 found this helpful
Read the Original Article: Nosebleeds
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| 0.94434 | 334 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Thomas, A (1976) The determination of the refractive index of a photoelastic specimen by immersion technique. In: Experimental Mechanics, 16 (12). pp. 479-480.
fulltext.pdf - Published Version
Restricted to Registered users only
Download (207Kb) | Request a copy
Conventional methods for determining the refractive index demand specimens of optical quality, the preparation of which is often very difficult. An indirect determination by matching the refractive indices of specimen and immersion liquid is a practical alternative for photoelastic specimen of nonoptical quality. An experimental arrangement used for this technique and observations made while matching the refractive indices of three different specimens are presented.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Additional Information:||Copyright of this article belongs to Springer.|
|Department/Centre:||Division of Physical & Mathematical Sciences > Instrumentation and Applied Physics (Formally ISU)|
|Date Deposited:||11 Dec 2009 10:26|
|Last Modified:||19 Sep 2010 05:48|
Actions (login required)
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| 0.731912 | 229 | 2.5625 | 3 |
After a pivotal vote in the legislature, Louisiana is now set to become the first state to extend school choice to all students trapped in failing public schools. Education reformers just have to wait for Gov. Bobby Jindal's signature.
Today, the state legislature passed Senate Bill 61, known as the Louisiana Public School Choice Act. If signed into law by Governor Bobby Jindal, the bill would allow parents of students in schools graded "D" or "F"to enroll their child in any public school that is graded "C" or above, beginning in the 2014–2015 school year. Parents throughout the state would no longer be limited by arbitrary school district lines that force their children to attend failing schools.
Louisiana has already made a name for itself as the Silicon Valley of education reform with the state's Recovery School District (RSD)—the first all-charter school district in the nation, where kids enroll in the public charter school of their choice. Signing Senate Bill 61 into law would further move the needle for school choice, making Louisiana the first state to enact a statewide open enrollment policy.
In 2003 then-Governor Kathleen Blanco signed Act 9 into law, giving the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE) the legal authority to take over failing schools and place them in the newly created state-run Recovery School District. After Hurricane Katrina devastated much of the state in 2005, the threshold for what constituted a "failing school" was lowered, giving BESE even greater jurisdiction to move more failing schools into the RSD.
New Orleans Parish was the district most impacted by the new law, and 114 chronically low-performing schools were shifted into the RSD to be taken over by non-profit and charter school providers. Only 17 schools remained under the control of the Orleans Parish School Board—an education authority overseeing abysmally underperforming schools and suffering from a long record of fraud and corruption that yielded several FBI criminal indictments.
Since then, the Orleans Parish School Board has reduced the number of employees in its central office from 1,300 before hurricane Katrina to only 60, allowing more money to flow directly to schools.
New Orleans now has the largest concentration of charter school students in the nation: Over 90 percent of students attend a public charter school of their choice. And as of 2013, New Orleans implemented citywide open enrollment for both traditional public and charter schools operating under the RSD and Orleans Parish School Board using a single computerized system called OneApp.
The district has shown tremendous gains in academic performance and the percentage of students enrolled in "F" schools has improved from nearly 75 percent in the 2004-2005 school year to only 2 percent this past school year.
Just last week, the RSD closed the last traditional public school under its jurisdiction, making it the first all-charter district in the nation. That means Louisiana is the first state to have a school district with open enrollment where money follows the children to the schools of their choice, and schools have complete autonomy over how they operate. In exchange, schools are accountable to the needs of students and parents.
Signing the Louisiana Public School Choice Act into law would allow traditional public schools to have the same open enrollment policies as public charter schools. Also, state and federal dollars would follow eligible students to the school system that they choose, creating an incentive for schools to attract these students and the money following them.
Louisiana has been a national leader for school choice, and the academic results in places like New Orleans have proven that these policies work. If Senate Bill 61 is signed into law—which seems very likely, given Jindal's support for the issue—it will further expand options for children and families and empower parents to choose the educational experience that best suits their children's needs.
Katie Furtick is a policy analyst at Reason Foundation. This article originally appeared at Reason.com.
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Returning to a polio jab that fell out of favour in the 1960s offers the best hope of eradicating the disease, research has claimed.
Currently protection against polio is generally delivered by mouth using liquid drops or a coated sugar lump that appeals to children.
But a new study shows that boosting immunity with the injected polio vaccine (IPV) greatly improves the chances of preventing continued transmission of the virus.
Most polio vaccination campaigns today rely on multiple doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV), the effects of which wane over time.
More top news
Another unsettled day with cloud, rain and blustery winds.
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The Lipid Profile is a blood test that measures cholesterol in your body.
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in certain foods and in your body's cells. Your body needs a small amount of cholesterol to function normally. When too much cholesterol is present, plaque (a hard deposit) may form in your body's arteries restricting the blood to flow to the heart. This buildup causes hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) over time, which can lead to heart disease.
According to The American Heart Association, all adults age 20 or older should have a fasting lipid profile which measures these 4 levels listed below.
A total cholesterol level of 200 or more raises your risk for heart disease.
HDL is also called "good cholesterol". Higher levels of this particular category are better. The lower the level of HDL the higher the risk for heart disease. Smoking, being overweight and not excersising can all be factors that cause low HDL levels.
LDL is also called "bad cholesterol". This particular level has categories such as optimal, borderline, high, and very high. The lower your LDL cholesterol, the lower your risk of heart attack and stroke. It's a better gauge of risk then your total blood cholesterol.
Elevated triglycerides are a lifestyle related risk factor. For example, overweight/obese, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, excess alcohol consumption and/or diet can be a factor in raising your triglycerides.
Elevated cholesterol levels generally do not produce any visible symptoms, but can result in the development of serious conditions like hypertension, stroke, and heart attacks. Have your cholesterol checked regularly, and take control of your health.
It is important to keep in mind that when determining how your cholesterol levels affect your risk for heart disease you need to take into account other risk factors such as age, family history, smoking, and high blood pressure. Lipid Panel
*The Lipid Profile Blood test is performed after a 9-12 hr fast without liquids, food, or pills. You may drink water and take prescription medications unless directed otherwise by your physician.
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Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
A bifurcation is an abrupt change in the qualitative behavior of a system.
Chaos is a type of nonlinear behavior characterized by sensitive dependence on initial conditions.
Equilibrium points are important features of a system's behavior. They can be stable or unstable, depending on whether or not a system is naturally evolves toward them or away.
These numbers describe the "threshold" of chaos--where a system transitions from normal to chaotic behavior.
LaGrange Points are unstable equilibrium points where two or more gravitational fields are balanced.
Linear systems can be solved relatively simply because they can be broken down into parts that can be solved separately.
Nonlinear dynamics is the study of complicated changing systems that don't always behave proportionally or predictably.
A phase portrait is a path through phase space that describes how a system's behavior evolves in time.
Phase space is a way to model the behavior of nonlinear systems in an abstract space.
This principle allows linear systems to be solved by breaking them into parts, finding simple solutions and combining them to create solutions to the original system.
Chaotic systems can exhibit sensitive dependence on initial conditions. In other words, small changes in input can lead to dramatic changes in output.
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Occasionally in shallow water by steep drop-offs. Solitary or in pairs, occasionally in groups of five or six, at less than 10 m depth. Juveniles are pelagic, seen under floating objects (Ref. 9318, 48637). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Adults and juveniles are rarely seen near reefs. Juveniles often with large jellies and these may bring them close to reefs and adults may nest on sandflats adjacent to reefs in deep water. At other times, the adults may form large schools under weed-rafts that usually form during the wet season (Ref. 48637). Feed on benthic organisms (Ref. 30573).
No one has provided updates yet.
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When the slug body has been built up it constitutes a biological individual and is reacting
upon the environmental pressure. How are the cells being ruled by the superior function, i.e.
how is its “will” mediated to the cells?
In normal bodies the influence of the superior function is mediated by chemical feedback,
chemical signals of different kind among others.
Within the slug there can hardly exist such in a developed manner. It is difficult for me to
imagine that the slug would be able to develop any simple function that would correspond to
functions of normal bodies, but I can neither exclude it.
It is hopeless for me to try to come any further in the discussion and to establish any scenarios
concerning the slime molds. I have to restrict myself to state that the operation control from
the superior function is functioning through some chemical or other communication that in
turn causes the slug to continue its simple program.
Even the reactions of the cells upon the communication of the superior function ought to be
investigated. There must be something that at the slime molds is substituting the management
of normal bodies. Which force is activated? How are the cells being activated?
As a hypothesis I can propose e.g. the following: At the cells maybe such a force can have
been established in connection with the level rise and the transition into altruism. The
example with Bettelheims prisoners may point to a part of the answer. When their situation
became catastrophic they abandoned their selfishness and became altruistic. They were
captured by an euphoric feeling in that they gave up all their private concerns and that feeling
sufficed in just that case as long as the catastrophic situation endured. A correspondence to
that feeling on an elementary, almost molecular level can have developed among the cells and
became activated in connection with the operation control by the superior function. This
hypothetic euphoria on the molecular level may be the “reward” the superior function is using
in order to manage the cells. (Cf. Ch. 11). The both examples seem to that extent similar due
to their basic elements that maybe one has to search for the explanation in that direction.
Our activities we use to describe in terms of behaviour, even though it is obvious that
everything has an outermost ground. It would be considered meaningless by us to search for
the molecular biological connections in human actions. It is therefore, according to my
opinion, not wrong to describe cell activities in connection with level rises in terms of
behaviour as long as their behaviour can be discerned and judged. I think that this is possible
just with respect to the level rising activities of the slime molds. Therefore I have made some
intellectual experiments starting from their hypothetic feelings and consciousness.
The degrees of freedom of these cells are a necessary prerequisite for meaningful intellectual
experiments to be performed. The functions of normal bodies on the contrary can not be
elucidated similarly through feeling insight or observation and the reason is that everything
occurs conformable to law, without degrees of freedom.
Which conditions are valid for the relationship between the cells and the superior function?
As a hypothesis one might think of the functions of the cells as divided into an external and an
internal side, which does not mean that those parts shall be regarded as physically apart, but
with respect to their functions. This division can facilitate the understanding of how the slug
is ruling the cells.
The external part of the slug includes these reactions upon the environmental pressure. At the
external part of the cells the environmental pressure is being replaced by the rule the superior
function is performing. How about the internal side of the slug then? To this I count the
communication that takes place to the external part of the cells.
When I am talking about “rule” and “actions”, it is of course a question of programmed
courses. That can become changed over time according to the doctrine of evolution.
Because the system includes degrees of freedom one can allow an intellectual experiment
concerning the consciousness of of cells and bodies. That hypothetical consciousness would
be thought of as existing within the external part of the slug and be due to the environmental
pressure. Besides, in that case also a corresponding consciousness would exist with respect to
the impulses from the superior function of the slug.
The cells perceive the slug only through its rule, its “orders” which they perceive as instincts.
Any apprehension of the slug as such, or of the outer world with respect to the slug, is not
conceivable by the cells.
The contact between the slug and the cells is one-way, from the slug to the cell. Contacts in
the opposite direction are not possible, since the slug belongs to a higher level.
The relationship between the external and the external parts of the slug and the cells
respectively can be visualized through the aid of Picture 5. The whole lapse is contained
within every cell, but by practical reasons it must be recorded with the slug and the cells
In the picture it has been marked that the communication is one-way.
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It's a living legal community making laws accessible and interactive. Click Here to get Started »
The policy of applying laws or penalties to even minor infringements of a code in order to reinforce its overall importance and enhance deterrence.
Since the 1980s the phrase zero tolerance has signified a philosophy toward illegal conduct that favors strict imposition of penalties regardless of the individual circumstances of each case. Zero tolerance policies deal primarily with drugs and weapons and have been implemented by most school districts in the United States. Two federal laws have driven zero tolerance but state legislatures have also been willing to mandate similar policies. Supporters of zero tolerance policies contend that they promote the safety and well-being of school children and send a powerful message of deterrence. In addition, supporters believe strict adherence to these polices ensures that school officials do not treat individual children differently. Critics of zero tolerance believe that inflexible discipline policies produce harmful results. Moreover, school administrators have failed to use common sense in applying zero tolerance, leading to the expulsion of children for bringing to school such items as an aspirin or a plastic knife.
The term zero tolerance was first employed by President Ronald Reagan's administration when it launched its War on Drugs initiative in the early 1980s. Some school districts embraced the initiative in an attempt to eradicate drug possession and drug use on school property. The policy became law, however, when Congress passed the Drug-Free Schools and Campuses Act of 1989 (Pub.L. 101-226, December 12, 1989, 103 Stat. 1928). The act banned the unlawful use, possession, or distribution of drugs and alcohol by students and employees on school grounds and college campuses. It required educational agencies and institutions of higher learning to establish disciplinary sanctions for violations or risk losing federal aid. As a result, the majority of schools and colleges immediately began to adopt zero tolerance polices to safeguard their federal funding.
Congress legislated zero tolerance polices toward weapons on school grounds when it passed the Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994 (Pub. L. 103-382, Title I, § 101, October 20, 1994, 198 Stat. 3907). According to the act, every state had to pass a law requiring educational agencies to expel from school, for not less than one year, any student found in possession of a gun. Students with disabilities under either the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) (Pub.L. 91-230, Title VI, April 13, 1970, 84 Stat. 175 to 188) or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (Pub.L. 93-112, September 26, 1973, 87 Stat. 355) could be expelled for only 45 days. Despite these strict provisions, the act permitted school superintendents to modify the expulsion requirement on a case-by-case basis.
This federal law was the catalyst for school zero tolerance policies that soon went beyond drugs and weapons to include hate speech, harassment, fighting, and dress codes. School principals, who must administer zero tolerance policies, began to suspend and expel students for seemingly trivial offenses. Students have been suspended or expelled for a host of relatively minor incidents, including possession of nail files, paper clips, organic cough drops, a model rocket, a five-inch plastic ax as part of a Halloween costume, an inhaler for asthma, and a kitchen knife in a lunch box to cut chicken. Outraged parents of children disciplined by zero tolerance policies protested to school boards, publicized their cases with the news media, and sometimes filed lawsuits in court seeking the overturning of the discipline. Courts generally have rejected such lawsuits, concluding that school administrators must have the ability to exercise their judgment in maintaining school safety.
One study, however, issued by the Advancement Project in 2000, suggested that zero tolerance, while supposedly a neutral policy, was applied disproportionately to students of color. Such concerns led the American Bar Association (ABA) in 2001 to pass a resolution opposing, in principle, zero tolerance policies that (1) have a discriminatory effect, or (2) set forth mandatory punishment without regard to the circumstances or nature of the offense, or the student's history. The ABA concluded that such "one-size-fits-all" policies violate students' due process rights. Although the organization urged schools to maintain strong prevention policies, it also wanted to ensure that students' rights were protected when they were disciplined.
Despite the backlash, zero tolerance has remained a central part of school administration. In particular, zero tolerance for weapons has been a top priority due, in part, to a string of school shootings, which culminated in the 1999 tragedy at Columbine High School in Colorado. Some school administrators have turned to zero tolerance policies because they need to respond swiftly and decisively in order to maintain control and discipline. They contend that such polices can be communicated clearly and forcefully to students so they understand that discipline will be immediate and predictable. Finally, another reason for school administrators to embrace zero tolerance policies is legal liability. A school that does not enforce a zero tolerance policy risks a civil lawsuit by victims of school violence.
American Bar Association: Criminal Justice Section. 2001. Report on Zero Tolerance. Available online at <http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/juvjus/zerotolreport.html> (accessed August 27, 2003).
Ayers, William, Bernardine Dohrn, and Rick Ayers, eds. 2001. Zero Tolerance: Resisting the Drive for Punishment. New York: New Press.
Skiba, Russell J., and Gil G. Noam, eds. 2002. Zero Tolerance: Can Suspension and Expulsion Keep Schools Safe? New York: Jossey-Bass.
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Europe's economic crisis has thrown into relief the economic disparity between the Continent's richer, northern half and its poorer, southern half.
There are numerous causes for this inequality, such as the industrial makeup, demographic profile and human capital potential in each country, but among the most important is infrastructure.
Transport infrastructure has a significant effect on a country's trade costs and its economic development. Due in part to the investment in man-made infrastructure like highways and rail networks along with natural transport networks like rivers, Northern Europe - defined here as France, Germany and the Netherlands - is considerably more developed and richer than Southern Europe.
The countries of Southern Europe - Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece and the Balkan countries - have higher trade costs because they lack integrated waterways or extensive road and rail networks, in part due to the mountainous geography separating them from the Northern European core.
Even if the eurozone's financial problems disappeared tomorrow, Southern Europe would still be at a severe economic disadvantage compared to its northern counterpart due to its less-developed transport infrastructure.
Europe's Natural Transport Networks
Europe's waterway network is more than 50,000 kilometers (30,000 miles) long but very unevenly distributed across the Continent. Except for the Danube, which flows to the east into the Black Sea, Europe's waterways are located in and flow through its northwest.
The industrial areas of Germany, Switzerland and northeast France are connected via the Rhine and its branches, and the Maas River and adjoining navigable waterways connect Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France.
The channel between the Main and Danube rivers, linking the North Sea with the Black Sea, connects the larger industrial areas in Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria with Germany. And via the Elbe and the Oder, the industrial areas in Germany, Austria, Poland and the Czech Republic are linked.
This interconnection is important, as water-based transport is less expensive than land-based transport; depending on the particular circumstances and construction costs for the specific type and location of man-made infrastructure, it can be more than 10 times cheaper. Possessing a navigable waterway network has historically allowed a country to spend the capital it would otherwise need to put toward building transport networks on other investments that could increase its economic potential, such as education, energy or technology.
Though present-day waterways play a relatively minor role with respect to freight flow (only around 5 percent of freight is transported via inland waterways), they enable industries to acquire intermediate products and expertise from farther away, increasing competition among the local suppliers and creating more complex supply chains.
In contrast to Northern Europe, Southern Europe is completely disconnected from the dense waterway network in the northwestern plain. This makes it difficult to reach internal consumer markets in a cost-effective manner without first investing resources in constructing rail or motorway networks. Due to the extensive coastline and seaports controlled by these territories, the Mediterranean has historically been the richest part of Europe, and the Po River Valley in northern Italy is still among the richest areas in the world. About 40 percent of freight is still transported over sea within the European Union.
However, deepwater navigation allowed the more plentiful (but disconnected) rivers of Northern Europe to knit their systems together. This contributed to the Atlantic Ocean's overtaking the Mediterranean as the more significant trade system in the 16th and 17th centuries, linking Europe to Africa, the Americas and Asia, and Northern Europe's wealth consequently eclipsed that of the southern countries on the Iberian Peninsula and below the Alps. Greece, which is at the epicenter of the eurozone's debt crisis, is in an even more difficult situation because it lacks Spain's and Italy's export bases and has been plagued by debt crises for much of its modern history.
The Challenge of Topography
Mountainous topography in part determines where these waterways form and thus plays a significant role in this division between Europe's north and south. On the Iberian Peninsula, the Pyrenees form a natural barrier between Spain and Portugal and the rest of Europe. To the eastern and western edge of the mountain chain there are thin coastal strips that allow traffic to flow between France and Spain, but this is more time-consuming and costly than a route through the Pyrenees (which the European Union has tentative plans to construct). Almost all of Spain's industrial and population centers are located along the coast, with the exception of Madrid. The capital functions as a transport hub with roads and rail lines linking it to the coastal cities, but Spain lacks any comprehensive internal transport network.
Italy is cut off from the rest of Europe by the Alps, which are even more difficult to bypass than the Pyrenees. The mountain chain forms a half-circle around the fertile Po River Valley, and there is no coastal strip of flat land in Italy's northwest providing the space to build transport infrastructure connecting Italy to France, though the northeastern border of Italy leaves a thin strip of coastal land between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea that can be used as a passage to the east. The Po River in the north is the only navigable waterway in Italy. South of the Po River Valley, the Apennine Mountains run to the southern tip of Italy, preventing extensive east-west infrastructure from being built in Italy and forcing most cities to be located along the peninsula's coasts.
Greece lies farthest south in Europe and is cut off from the north by several mountain chains. The Dinaric Alps run vertically through the entire Balkans, and the Rhodope Mountains run horizontally and form the northeastern border between Greece and Bulgaria. Both of these chains are difficult to cut through to gain access to the Hungarian Plain and Danube River. Within Greece, the Pindus Mountains are a barrier to domestic connectivity among cities. The Carpathian Mountains, which form a crescent through the Balkan Mountains and multiple Eastern European countries (mainly Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine and Romania), leave a gap, called the Iron Gate, allowing the Danube to flow into the Black Sea.
This mountainous terrain drives the inequality in Europe, not only by separating the poorer southern countries from their northern neighbors, but also by putting up obstacles to commerce within the countries themselves, which can only be overcome through expensive infrastructure investments.
Whether or not a country possesses natural transport networks in the form of navigable waterways or ports, it has a strategic incentive to build up its man-made transport infrastructure. Today, the main purpose is to facilitate trade, but in the past expanding transport networks has also been pursued by national governments to facilitate the movement of military forces within a country's borders.
In the 19th century, rail was the most important of these transport systems. With no great topographic difficulties to overcome and many industrial centers that had to be connected, the railway network was most easily developed and dense in northwestern Europe. Countries like France, Spain and the United Kingdom have a network centered on the capital, while Germany, with industrial pockets spread throughout, has a more extensive network throughout the country. (Eastern European countries from Moldova north through Ukraine and the Baltics are disconnected from the industrial base in the northwest because the Soviet Union constructed railways using a different gauge.)
While rail is a cost-effective method of transporting goods, it is inefficient at gradients of more than 4 percent, which effectively severs rail networks at mountain ranges like the Apennines and Alps. The development of the road allowed this topographical challenge to be overcome for countries lacking navigable waterways, though at considerable cost. One kilometer of motorway costs between 600,000 and 800,000 euros ($820,000 to $1.09 million), but the maintenance costs for Alpine-area roads is 20-50 percent higher than the maintenance cost for normal roads.
Around 1,000 kilometers of motorway were built in EU member states per year during the 1990s. However, no significant progress was made connecting the Mediterranean nations to the northwestern countries. Roads were mostly built to improve domestic connectivity, but they have not substantially contributed to cross-border traffic.
The historical evolution of the transport infrastructure explains why freight flows in Europe are concentrated in the northwest. The industrial base in that region greatly profits from the dense infrastructure, and the lower transportation costs offer a substantial competitive advantage, contributing to the area's wealth compared to Europe's south.
The European Union is well-aware of the importance of transport infrastructure as an element of European integration. Even on a national level, infrastructure projects take a long time to plan and construct. On a multinational level this challenge is even greater, particularly now given the sensitivity of richer EU states like Germany or France, where domestic populations are hostile to the idea of subsidizing the bloc's poorer countries whether in the form of bailouts or infrastructure investments.
The Trans-European Transport Network Executive Agency, which was created by the European Commission in 2006, is supposed to plan and partially finance a number of projects intended to connect the European continent. That it took the European Union 10 years to create this agency after having decided on the guidelines for the Trans-European Transport Network in 1996 shows how difficult it is to take the development of infrastructure from a national to a supranational level.
For most of the projects, financing is still not secured and there are bilateral cross-border disputes to be overcome. Even in the most optimistic outcome for the eurozone crisis, it is unlikely this will happen until the 2020s.
The fact remains that of the European Union's 66,000 kilometers of road, nearly half - 31,000 kilometers - is located in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Poland and Denmark. Of the European Union's 212,000 kilometers of railway, 92,000 kilometers are in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland and Denmark. And of the 41,000 kilometers of inland waterways regularly used for transport in the bloc, 24,000 kilometers are in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Poland. Taking transport infrastructure as an indicator, it is apparent that European integration still has a long way to go.
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What is activated charcoal?
1. What is activated charcoal?
• Activated charcoal is a remedy from nature and it is made by burning wood or coconut shells in a placewhere there is no air, like in a covered hole in the ground. Activated charcoal is carbon that has been treated with oxygen.
• Activation/Oxidation: Raw material or carbonized material is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres (carbon dioxide, oxygen, or steam) at temperatures above 250 °C, usually in the temperature range of 600–1200 °C. The treatment results in a highly porous charcoal.
• There is also chemical activation: Prior to carbonization, the raw material is impregnated with certain chemicals.
Like usual charcoal this medicine has been used for thousands of years.Many people use charcoal to make fires, for cooking, and for heating up water.
• You can also use charcoal like a medicine.To do this, you first break charred wood into small pieces andThen you can store the charcoal powder in a dry, tightlycovered container; this will keep it fresh for a very long time.
• This home charcoal will be three times less efficient than the activated charcoal. And for making it the best choice is some three like linden.
• What is activated charcoal from animal origin? This kind of charcoal is produced from animal remains. You do not want to use this type of charcoal
2. How it’s work
It works like a sponge soaking in poisons and germs that causesickness. When the germs and the poisons become trapped inthe charcoal, they stop causing sickness, and are carried out ofthe body.
3. Activated charcoal uses
Charcoal has been used through the ages to absorb a variety of poisons including lead, DDT, strychnine, camphor, alcohol, hemlock, Malathion, nicotine, mercury, phosphorus, iron, silver, potassium permanganate, and many other chemicals and drugs.
Why is charcoal such a good medicine?
Let’s learn more about how we can use charcoal to treatdiseases.
Charcoal can be used to help treat the inside of our body for:• Gas
Just as we have learned how charcoal can be used inside thebody, there are also many conditions where we can usecharcoal externally or on the outside the body.• Infections or inflammation of the skin and joints
• Eye and ear infections
• Wounds from poisonous plants
• Bee stings and other insect bites
• Spider and snake bites
How do we use charcoal on the skin?
Here are directions for preparing and applying a plaster:
You can store the charcoal powder in a dry, tightly covered container; this will keep it fresh for a very long time.Charcoal has no smell or taste. It is completely safe.
Burned food is not charcoal. Burned food is bad for the body, but charcoal is good medicine.
BookIf you like this article consider buying this excellent book about the charcoal:Home Remedies: Hydrotherapy, Massage, Charcoal, and Other Simple Treatments
or |Review from customer: Hydrotherapy, Massage, Charcoal, and Other Simple Treatments gives a brief history of hydrotherapy, the immune system, anatomy and physiology to explain how and why hydrotherapy works.
It then explains step-by-step how to use hot and cold water to treat illnesses. There are a number of hydrotherapy treatments, message techniques, and charcoal therapies listed with illustrations to help the reader visualize how the treatment is done.
There is also a section on various diseases with the natural remedies to use to treat the illnesses. I have personally have used hydrotherapy to treat a bad chest cold and know first hand the effectiveness of hydrotherapy. I was surprised to observe that hydrotherapy was better and quicker than taking medicine!
Experiences with activated charcoal
Have A Great Story About Using Activated Charcoal?
Do you have a great story about this natural remedy? Share it!
Buy activated charcoal!
Great Product: Was a bit skeptical at first, but this stuff definitely fit the bill. From detoxing to oral hygiene, to curing upset tummy's, this is a must have at the house. (my 2cens)
excellent: There is really no more to ad. It's an excellent product, great natural detox and healing element. Thank you!
Activated Charcoal Powder -hard to find.Activated Charcoal used to be fairly easy to find but as with many simple things that is no longer true. I was happy to find a selection on Amazon. This particular product was exactly what I was looking for at a good price. This activated charcoal powder is very fine texture powder, easy to work with and appears to be very pure. If you haven't worked with activated charcoal powder before be sure to do your research and read the labels.
Internal links in natural-remedies-healthy-lifestyle.com for the topic:'What is activated charcoal'Go to: 'The use of the charcoal for varicose veins' from current: "What is activated charcoal"
Return to: "natural-remedies-healthy-lifestyle.com" –Home Page,From Current: "What is Activated Charcoal"
New! CommentsHave your say about what you just read! Leave me a comment in the box below.
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The gender in humans and most other mammals is determined at the time of conception. What your baby’s gender would be entirely depends on what pair of sex chromosomes it gets. Simply, boys have a pair of two different chromosomes – XY and girls have two X chromosomes – XX.
The mother can only provide a X chromosome, the Y chromosome can come only from the father. In other words all eggs contain one X chromosome, while 50% of spermatozoons have X and the other 50% have Y chromosome. During fertilization only one spermatozoon fertilizes the egg and depending on the sex chromosome it carries (X or Y), the gender of your baby is formed.
Humans have a gene or genes on the Y-chromosome that determine maleness. A single gene (SRY) on the Y-chromosome acts as a signal to set the developmental pathway towards maleness, but not all male-specific genes are located on the Y-chromosome.
A lot can be written about sex determination in humans, these are only the very basic things. When we have some more time, we will provide some more cool and interesting information about this. Fortunately, Interner is full of information and if you need more, we would recommend you start form here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system
You can also have a look here: http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-sex-of-offspring-is-determined-by-6524953
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Analysis of Gaps Among Maryland's Kindergartners
May 05, 2010
Data tracking and analyses can help states identify subgroups within the early childhood population or specific areas of the state that may require additional assistance, and can help pinpoint those school districts facing particularly difficult economic or other challenges.
According to new data released by the Advocates for Children and Youth, the disparity in literacy readiness between low-income children and their higher-income classmates grew from 17 percent in the 2008-2009 school year to 19 percent in the 2009-2010 school year, while minority children showed larger gaps. The literacy readiness gap between African American children and White children grew by 6 percent during the same period, while the gap between Hispanic children and their White classmates grew by 4 percent.
These new figures demonstrate a reversal in a state that has been steadily moving forward to prepare all young children for academic success. From 2006-2009, the disparity in literacy readiness between low-income and minority children and their higher-income and White classmates had been decreasing in much of the state, although in two of Maryland's largest districts (Prince George's and Baltimore City), for instance, gaps in school readiness remained stagnant overall.
These literacy data come from a comprehensive initiative, the Maryland Model of School Readiness (MMSR), that seeks to bring together parents, early childhood providers, and kindergarten teachers to ensure that children are ready to succeed in school. The MMSR includes research-based instruction and age-appropriate assessments. In the beginning of the kindergarten year, kindergarten teachers do an initial assessment of children using the Work Sampling System, which looks across seven domains: social and personal development, language and literacy, mathematical thinking, scientific thinking, social studies, the arts, and physical development and health. The model ties together assessment and classroom instruction with family communication, coordination with early childhood programs, and integrated staff professional development activities. By working across settings--in child care, in Head Start, and in public schools with prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers--the MMSR strives to promote the healthy development of all young children in Maryland.
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An example of a disability is blindness.
- a disabled condition
- that which disables, as an illness, injury, or physical handicap
- a legal disqualification or incapacity
- something that restricts; limitation; disadvantage
- a. The condition of being disabled; incapacity.b. The period of such a condition: never received a penny during her disability.
- A disadvantage or deficiency, especially a physical or mental impairment that interferes with or prevents normal achievement in a particular area.
- A program that provides financial support to people with such impairment: has been on disability for a month.
- Law Lack of legal capacity to perform some act, such as to enter into a contract, because of infancy or lack of soundness of mind.
(usually uncountable, plural disabilities)
- State of being disabled; deprivation or want of ability; absence of competent physical, intellectual, or moral power, means, fitness, and the like.
- Want of legal qualification to do a thing; legal incapacity or incompetency.
- (uncountable, informal) Regular payments received by a disabled person, usually from the state
- I had to go on disability after the accident.
- Did you get your disability this month?
- Disability and inability: Inability is an inherent want of power to perform the thing in question; disability arises from some deprivation or loss of the needed competency. One who becomes deranged is under a disability of holding his estate; and one who is made a judge, of deciding in his own case. A man may decline an office on account of his inability to discharge its duties; he may refuse to accept a trust or employment on account of some disability prevents him from entering into such engagements.
Circa 1570 disable + -ity.
disability - Legal Definition
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Effects of Strangulation of Douglas-Fir Seedlings by Rigid Tags
Abstract:Tags tied around stems of transplanted Douglas-fir seedlings caused formation of canker-like knots. These knots served as centers for the initiation of new roots in some of the seedlings. Only seedlings that formed new roots this way were able to survive after out-planting.
Document Type: Journal Article
Affiliations: Forest Research Laboratory, School of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis
Publication date: February 1, 1968
More about this publication?
- The Journal of Forestry is the most widely circulated scholarly forestry journal in the world. In print since 1902, the Journal has received several national awards for excellence. The mission of the Journal of Forestry is to advance the profession of forestry by keeping forest management professionals informed about significant developments and ideas in the many facets of forestry: economics, education and communication, entomology and pathology, fire, forest ecology, geospatial technologies, history, international forestry, measurements, policy, recreation, silviculture, social sciences, soils and hydrology, urban and community forestry, utilization and engineering, and wildlife management. The Journal is published bimonthly: January, March, May, July, September, and November.
2015 Impact Factor: 1.476
Ranking: 22 of 66 in forestry
Also published by SAF:
Other SAF Publications
- Submit a Paper
- Membership Information
- Author Guidelines
- Ingenta Connect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites
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In the winter of 1795-96 Thomas Paine wrote his last great pamphlet,
"Agrarian Justice." The pamphlet was first published in French
in Paris. An English edition was brought out in 1797.
In this pamphlet Paine advocated the creation of a social insurance scheme for the aged and for young people just starting out in life. The benefits were to be paid from a national fund accumulated for this purpose. The fund was to be financed by a 10% tax on inherited property. A tax on inherited property was used due to Paine's general philosophy of property rights. Although he based his social insurance scheme on a line of argument that might sound quaint in the present era, in other respects his plan was quite modern, recognizing the problem of income security for the elderly, and the desirability of creating a national fund for this purpose.
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An Introduction to Geology > Concept #7 Quiz
magma or weathering
process of formation
process of deformation
whether or not the rock melts
process of inflation
involvement of sediment
Label the diagram with the appropriate terms associated with the rock cycle.
For each item below, use the pull-down menu to select the letter that labels the correct part of the image.
a. igneous rocks
b. sedimentary rocks
c. metamorphic rocks
a and b only
a and c only
b and c only
all rock types
Match the following parts of the rock cycle with the appropriate explanation.
Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right.
Match the following processes of the rock cycle with the appropriate explanation.
sedimentary rocks may weather to become igneous rocks
igneous rocks may metamorphose into metamorphic rocks
metamorphic rocks may melt to become magma
magma may crystallize to form igneous rocks
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Lisbon Baroque & the Art of Tiles
The word Baroque comes from the Portuguese barroco, which means an imperfect pearl. Baroque is an architectural and decorative style which flourished all over Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries—a time when Portugal enjoyed tremendous wealth from the discovery and exploitation of mines in Brazil.
Some say Baroque is the art of extravagance; others say it is the art of embellishment. Your tour takes you to visit two of the finest examples of Baroque art in Lisbon.
The first is the beautiful Basilica da Estrela, whose impressive interior features marble of various colors on the walls and flooring. It houses the famous Christmas crib by Machado de Castro and the mausoleum of the founder Queen Maria I.
The second is the Tile Museum housed in the former Madre de Deus Convent. No country has used tile as an art form to the same extent as Portugal. This unique museum shows how the tiles are made, and demonstrates their versatile use over a period of five centuries, right up to the present. The museum’s masterpiece is a very long panel of tiles dating back to 1700, depicting the city of Lisbon as it was in that era. The former church was entirely redecorated in the 18th century, reflecting Portuguese Baroque art in the most beautiful way, with gilded carvings, azulejos, marble and precious Brazilian woods.
Enjoy some free time to buy souvenirs at the museum shop or just relax in the lovely gardens and the original café complete with unusual kitchen tiles.
Tour does not operate on Mondays. Not advisable for guests using a wheelchair or for those with mobility limitations.
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Checkers: A California wildflower for bees and butterflies
A pretty pink wildflower that adapts to various California growing conditions, checkers (Sidalcea neomexicana) attracts a variety of butterflies and native bees.
Checkers, a pink-blooming wildflower in the mallow family, is of huge benefit to any gardener wanting to attract native bees or butterflies.
Checkers (Sidalcea neomexicana) thrives with the summer water given to many flower borders and vegetable beds, and it’s an easy-to-grow plant for sun or part shade.
It will even tolerate wet soil, in stark contrast to most California natives, which prefer hot and dry summer conditions.
The blooms attract native bees
Not only does it flower like a champ all through the summer, but the blooms attract a wide variety of our peaceful native bees. Sweat bees, mason or orchard bees, and leaf cutter bees can be seen gathering pollen from the glowing blooms on sunny days.
While you may not be a fan of stinging insects, our native bees have a peaceful temperament, and most are so small that their stinger won’t penetrate our skin.
Peter Haggard, author of "Insects of the Pacific Northwest," says that while researching and photographing his book, he would often reach out and carefully grasp a native bee to properly identify it, before releasing it again. Even though he was actually picking up and holding onto a native bee, stings were rare.
If you’re a vegetable gardener, you probably already know the benefits of having lots of pollinators nearby. Tomatoes and other fruits and veggies rely on pollinators to turn flowers into fruit, so if you’ve ever had a tomato plant flower and flower with little or no fruit, you’ll benefit greatly from planting checkers or another bee attractor nearby.
A place for butterflies to lay eggs
Even better than providing food to our pollinators, checkers is a host plant to all three of our California painted lady butterflies, as well as at least one other butterfly species.
This is important because so many butterflies are host-specific, meaning they won’t just lay their eggs anywhere. If there aren’t enough plants they recognize as a place they can lay their eggs, our butterflies will die out entirely.
Planting checkers is a great way of ensuring you’ll see painted ladies and other butterflies in your garden come summer!
The wildlife benefit doesn’t stop in winter, either. When I visited Haggard’s garden recently, he showed me how he had snapped off the tips of the dead flower stalks on checkers in fall. That exposes the hollow core of the stems, which is a perfect nesting place for carpenter and mason bees.
You may have seen tutorials on how to make a nest box for native bees using a drill and a block of wood, but checkers provides a natural home for our peaceful pollinators, with little effort on your part. Just leaving the old flower stalks through the year is an easy way to provide for this part of our ecosystem.
As you can see from the photos above, many of our native bees are gorgeous to look at -- a brilliant, shiny green -- and checkers isn’t a slouch in the looks department, either. It’s a low-maintenance perennial that fits in well with most any garden design.
If you want to grow checkers, Las Pilitas Nursery is a great source for this and other California native plants.
Genevieve Schmidt is a landscape designer and garden writer in the redwoods of northern California. She shares her professional tips for gardening in the Pacific Northwest at North Coast Gardening and on Twitter. To read more by Genevieve here at Diggin' It, click here.
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Alaska Natives are the indigenous peoples of Alaska. They include: Aleut, Inuit, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Eyak, and a number of Northern Athabasca cultures. Alaskan natives in Alaska number about 119,241 (as of the 2000 census). There are 229 federally recognized Alaskan villages and five unrecognized Tlingit Alaskan Indian tribes.
The Tlingit are also known as Kolosh and lived in three groups including the Yehl or Raven, Goch or Wolf, and Nehadi or Eagle. Since the Nehadi were a small group, some researchers leave out this group of the Tlingit. Each of these groups usually consisted of over twenty clans. The clans may have contained two or more villages which was further divided into house groups which contained a number of families.
Occupying the islands and mainland of southeast Alaska are the northernmost groups of the Northwest Coast cultures; the Tlingit and Haida Indians. They are well-known for their distinctive art represented in totem poles and other elegantly carved objects. The Tlingit and Haida are more similar to Indians along the coast of present day British Columbia than to other Alaskan groups. The Tlingit occupied the vast majority of the area from Yakutat Bay to Portland Canal while the Kaigani Haida, whose Haida relatives occupied the Queen Charlotte Island off the north coast of British Columbia, controlled the southern half of the Prince of Wales archipelago. The two groups share similar social and cultural patterns; however, their languages are unrelated and they have distinct ethnic identities.
The clans of the Tlingit Indians and the family groups were given their status based on the wealth, character, and ancestors of their members. The oldest male was the head of the family group. The family head with the highest status was the leader of the clan. There were no village leaders and disputes were mediated by the clan heads.
The Tlingit homes were a large rectangle with cedar planks set along the sides and upon a low-sloping, peaked roof held up by four decorated corner posts and a ridge beam. Inside, the floor was dug down so the sides of the house could hold two or more levels of benches, a platform where people sat and a higher one divided by wooden partitions into sleeping compartments.
On the beach in front of the house were canoes, sheds for smoking fish, drying racks, and work areas.At the rear of each house, before or inside its secluded storeroom holding sacred treasures, lived the members of the nobility who owned that house. Their eldest man was the leader of the household, but his mother and sisters provided the links among all the members. Along the sides lived families of commoners who attached themselves to that house as kin or labor. Beside the oval front door slept slaves, taken in war or the children of such captives, whose lives belonged to their owner, along with all their efforts. Along the sides of the house where they lived, families kept their own open fires for cooking and heating.
The Tlingit Indians are known for their elaborate ceremonies. One of the more well known ceremonies was the potlatch which was usually performed out of respect for the dead. These ceremonies traditionally lasted for four days. They consisted of dances, songs, performances, gifts, and a feast which were hosted by one group for another.
According to coastal Indians, Orca was created by the hunter who carved a "blackfish" out of yellow cedar and commanded it to kill his wicked in-laws. Orca tore the men to bits and returned to the Tlingit man, Natsalane, who then ordered the sleek animals never again to prey on humans. And, to this day, Orca, the top predator of the sea, doesn’t eat people. Indeed, the Tlingit people of southeast Alaska consider Orca a custodian of the sea.
Since the Tlingit lived on the coast, their subsistence was derived mainly from the sea. Seals and fish such as halibut, salmon, and herring were caught with hooks, basketry traps, and spears. Hunting supplemented fishing, but hunting was done primarily for furs. Bears were rarely killed, since they were thought to be closely related to human beings.
The Tlingit were sedentary most of the year, but during the summer they led a semi-nomadic life. It was also during the summer that most of the subsistence activity was carried on, and the people left the villages for camps in their hunting and fishing territories. The winter was devoted to household activities, such as weaving. Winter was also the ceremonial season.
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The following is a daily, weekly, and monthly description of what is happening in the uterus and the developing fetus from conception, which is two weeks after the last menstrual period. (The actual pregnancy began two weeks ago, on the first day of the woman's period. During the two weeks before conception the reproductive system was preparing for a pregnancy.) This is to be used as a general guide for healthy development. Development may vary among pregnancies due to mother's health. For more details and resources, check out these links:
Day 1: Sperm joins with the ovum to form one cell smaller than a grain of salt. Twenty-three chromosomes from each parent join to form every detail of human development: sex, hair, eye color, height, skin tone, personality, emotional make-up, and other inherited characteristics.
Day 3-4: The fertilized egg is rapidly dividing as it travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus where for the last two weeks the lining has been preparing to receive the zygote.
Days 5-9: The zygote implants in the lining and begins to draw nourishment from the lining.
Days 10-14, Week 2: The zygote splits into two sets of cells, half become the placenta, which provides nourishment for the fetus and the other will become the fetus. Placental chemicals and hormones prevent the women from menstruating.
Day 20: The embryo is now the size of an apple seed. The placenta and umbilical cord are now functioning. The foundations for the brain, spinal cord and nervous system are established.
Day 21, Week 3: The heart begins to beat.
Day 28, Week 4: The backbone and muscles are forming. Arms, legs, eyes and ears have begun to show. Hair has begun to sprout.
Day 30: The embryo is 10,000 times larger than the original fertilized egg. The heart is pumping increasing quantities of blood through the circulatory system. The placenta forms a unique barrier that keeps the mother's blood separate while allowing food and oxygen to pass through to the embryo.
Day 35, Week 5: Five fingers can be discerned in the hand. The eyes darken as pigment is produced. The embryo is now the size of a raspberry.
Day 40: Brain waves can be detected and recorded.
Week 6: The liver is now taking over the production of blood cells and the brain begins to control movement of muscles and organs.
Week 7: The uterus is about the size of a tennis ball. The embryo is moving continuously. The jaw forms, including teeth buds in the gums. The eyelids seal to protect the embryo's developing light-sensitive eyes.
Week 8: Now a little more than an inch long, the fetus has everything found in a fully developed adult. The stomach produces digestive juices, the kidneys are functioning and genitals have begun to form. Forty muscle sets operate in conjunction with the nervous system and the fetus responds to touch.
Week 9: Fingerprints are already evident in the skin. The fetus will curve its fingers around an object placed in its palm. The fetus weighs about 1/2 ounce and is developing fingernails and hair.
Week 10: The fetus can bend, stretch, make fists, open hands, lift its head, squint, swallow and wrinkle its forehead.
Week 11: The fetus is now two inches long. Urination occurs.
Week 12: The fetus now breaths amniotic fluid, sleeps, awakens, exercises, turns its head, curls its toes and opens and closes its mouth.
Week 13: Fine hair has begun to grow on the head, and sexual differentiation has become apparent.
Week 16: The fetus is eight to ten inches in length and weighs a half pound or more. The women will probably begin to show now. The ears are functioning and can hear the mother's voice and heartbeat as well as external noises. The umbilical cord transports 300 quarts of fluids per day and completes a round trip of fluids every 30 seconds.
Week 17: The fetus rolls, sucks thumb or hand, kicks, and is learning to swallow.
Week 18: The fetus weighs about 7-9 ounces, and the mother will feel small movements.
Week 19: The fetus is growing a waxy coating called vernix, which coats and protects the skin, and makes delivery easier.
Week 20, month 5: The fetus is about 8-10 inches long, the mother is feeling stronger movement. The fetus may jump in reactions to startling or loud sounds.
Week 21/22: The fetus weighs about 1 lb.
Week 23: The mother may feel rhythmic jumping because the fetus may start hiccuping.
Week 24, Month 6: Oil and sweat glands are functioning. The fetus could be born in this month and could survive with proper care.
Week 25/26: The fetus weighs about 1 1/2 lbs.
Week 27: The fetus will double or triple in weight between now and birth.
Week 28, Month 7: The fetus' hair and eyelashes are visible. The fetus now uses the senses of vision, hearing, taste and touch. He can recognize his mother's voice among other voices.
Week 29: The baby can see light through the walls of the womb and blinks a lot.
Week 30/31: Many babies have inverted to a head down position in the uterus now. The mother will probably begin to feel powerful kicks under her rib cage and the ball of the baby's head on the pelvic floor. Now measuring about 15-17 inches, the baby weighs about 4 lbs.
Week 32, month 8: The skin begins to thicken with a layer of fat stored underneath for insulation and nourishment. Antibodies increase, and the baby absorbs about a gallon of amniotic fluid per day. The woman's body completely replaces amniotic fluid every 3 hours.
Week 33: The baby may be up to 18 inches, and weigh 6-7 lbs.
Week 34: The baby's toenails have reached the tips of his toes. The umbilical cord is about 20 inches long.
Week 35: The baby's head will dip or drop into the pelvis, alleviating the women's difficulty in breathing. The uterus will begin small contractions called Braxton-Hicks.
Week 36/37, month 9: The baby weighs about 6-9 lbs. The heart is pumping 300 gallons of blood per day, he is fully capable of life outside the womb with minimal intervention. The baby's downy hair and vernix is absorbed into the amniotic fluid and swallowed by the baby, and will produce the baby's first bowel movement after birth.
Week 38: The baby's heartbeat can be heard outside the womb, and is ready at any moment to come into the world.
Reprinted with permission from American Pregnancy Association. Permission to republish granted to Pregnancy.org, LLC.
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|Hello, I have an psychology honors research project which as never been done or published before. None that I can find anyway.|
People have always done studies proving that happy and sad music can effect emotion and memory in different ways. They have the people look at a list of word lists and try to memorize them. They say, if a person is listening to happy music, they will recall the happy words more than the sad words. It would just be the oppsite for people who listen to sad music.
This study has been done a lot and it pretty straight forward that those different emotions would influence the memory of words that portray them. The other thing, is that people have a easier time guessing the words and having better accuracy. A word list is not very significant because it does not deal with real life events and has little variation.
I would like to take the study up a notch. I would still have the people listen to happy and sad music. Other than using word lists, I would give them a paragraph passage to read.The passage would contain words that would trigger certain ideas or feelingss that would be considered happy or sad emotions.
For example, "Johnny went with his friend Jennifer to the ice cream store. Chocolate was Johnnys favorite flavor. While Johhny was walking on the sidewalk licking his ice cream at the same time, he tripped over a rock and the ice cream fell to the ground. Jennifer agreed to buy Johnny another ice cream because she cares for him a lot."
That was just an example, but it would be very harder for students to remember certain words without being effected by the emotion of words and influence by the type of music in the background.
I mainly want to find out if students can recall happy words while listening to happy music and also students who recall sad words within passages while listening to sad music. Mainly want to see how accurret they can be and if music does effect their emotions and memory.
One other thing I want to add, I want to use CONTENT ANALYSIS to analysis what were the keywords that often showed up in the passage and how close related they were when it comes to certain emotion cues.
But the thing is, I don't know much content analysis or (LSA), so if everybody know a lot about it or knows any good sites where I can find some good interactive content analysis programs that can analyze passages let me know.
Please let me know what think about the project and share any advice about content analysis or (LSA).
Thank you and I hope to hear some suggestions.
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<urn:uuid:68972c78-1d60-4513-84eb-ffa320e8e332>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.auditory.org/mhonarc/2009/msg00167.html
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| 0.977391 | 529 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Our country suffers from an addiction to coal - 94% of our electricity comes from it, and Eskom is currently building two of the biggest coal-fired power stations in the world (Medupi and Kusile). As a result, we are among the biggest carbon emitters in the world.
Let's Do It in Durban!
Activists display a banner in front of the cooling towers of a coal power plant. Greenpeace is calling for the South African government to be a true climate leader: not only pushing for a deal in the international negotiations in 2011, but also reducing the country's dependence on coal and choosing a sustainable pathway to a clean energy future domestically. © Juda Ngwenya / Greenpeace
If humans continue to burn fossil fuels at the current rate, we risk causing catastrophic climate change. However, all is very far from lost – we are at a critical crossroads, and the right choices now will make all the difference.
The reality is that around the world, countries need to shift away from coal and nuclear power and towards abundant renewable energy – in a real life energy [r]evolution. South Africa is no different.
In presenting the greatest threat the planet faces, climate change also provides a huge opportunity for sustainable development. South Africa has massive renewable energy sources, from wind and marine energy to some of the best solar resources in the world. If we use these resources much more, South Africa would not only make a huge contribution to averting runaway climate change by reducing emissions, but would also create a green economy based on green jobs.
It’s not easy to change, but just because South Africa has been using coal for over a century, doesn’t mean we shouldn’t kick the habit.
Around the world, renewable energy markets continue to grow, and South Africa risks being left in the dust.
To make the shift and to tackle climate change effectively, the government needs to know that South Africans are asking for sustainable energy from renewables.
So, let’s get ahead of the game, and ask for large scale renewables - by using the wind and the sun more, we’ll make the future look very bright.
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http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/News/news/Stopping-Climate-Change-with-Renewables/
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en
| 0.934453 | 445 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Mind Hygiene, 2009–2011
In a neuroscientific world, the self is less produced through introspection and training, but through neurotechnological testing and manipulation. The project Mind Hygiene consists of three devices for testing and changing the self. Empathy Scale. A sequence of images is presented to the test subject. The empathic state is measured by analysing the microgestural response to the images on the screen. In the case of a low empathic response, the images become more brutal; in the case of a high empathic response, they become more gentle. True Love. Two subjects stand on the apparatus facing each other. On pressing the button, a gas flows through the outlets. This gas activates the production of a pair-bonding neurotransmitter in the brain, which will create a permanent bond between the subjects. Mirror Stage. The response to one's own mirror-image is measured through a neurofeedback device, which analyses the subject's brain waves. If the subject is in an euphoric or tranquil state, the image stays clear; if the subject is in a disturbed or upset state, the image becomes blurry. The device thereby aids the development of a positive self-image.
Some of our fears are very hard to grasp, since they are so removed from everyday experience and rational thinking. Nevertheless, we try to quantify these diffused fears through technical warning and prediction systems which allow us to grasp and manage them. These systems include risk assessment scales, weather prediction systems and crime statistics. On the one hand, these systems allow us to address and manage our fears, but on the other hand, these systems might also trigger fears that would otherwise remain unnoticed. Threat Alert is a device that turns the abstract fear of catastrophes and terror into a tangible experience. Linked to a governmental warning system, the device displays the current national threat-level on a colour-coded scale. Thereby, the individual citizen is kept in a hypochondriac condition of permanent readiness and alertness. In addition to the display, a wearable device can be used during the night, which wakes up the user by pinching the skin should the threat-level rise. (Photos in collaboration with Jonas Unger)
Traces of an Imaginary Affair is a kit containing a set of nine tools which can be used to create an imaginary affair. These tools leave marks on the body, such as bite marks, carpet burns, bondage marks, love bites, scratches and bruises. In addition, probes of perfume, lipstick and hair can be applied to either the body or clothes. The project broaches the issue of intentionally instigated jealousy in relationships, which often serves to bolster self-esteem or to test the strength of partnerships. It was inspired by stories of people who used fake evidence of victimisation or illnesses to receive attention from others. (Photos in collaboration with Jonas Unger)
Affective Sensory Extensions are a collection of three wearable interfaces that monitor health-related information concerning the user’s body. The devices create an immediate and tangible experience by anticipating the long-term consequences of the user’s behaviour. Rather than displaying the information as abstract data, the devices transform them into tangible and unpleasant consequences by using the body itself as a display. The Stressed device measures stress and starts to scratch unpleasantly to force the user to wind down by amplifying the stress. The Sunburned device measures the sun’s radiation and creates and artificial sunburn to force the user to leave the sun. The Cramped device measures body postures and induces and artificial cramp if the position is to static or unhealthy.
We increasingly submit ourselves voluntarily to the direct control of machines and technical systems such as alarm clocks or traffic lights, which regulate our private and social lives. Sometimes, however, this control can be more enforcing and can influence our behaviour more directly. The voluntary submission under the control of machines can help us to attain or eliminate a certain behaviour that we are unable to achieve on our own due to lack of motivation or will. In this way, the machine becomes an external motivation device, similar to a personal trainer or coach, which not only encourages us but also makes us change our behaviour. The Pace Maker is a training device to improve the performance of an extreme workout. It consists of a facial mask with a valve and an embedded pedometer, which counts the amount of steps per time-frame. The valve opens or closes depending on the stepping speed of the user, which is set at the beginning of the training. If the speed is too slow, the device starts to suffocate the user, which then mobilises all power reserves. (Photos in collaboration with Jonas Unger)
One of the most common triggers for panic is the loss of control over a situation, such as being enclosed in small spaces from which one cannot escape by one’s own efforts. This may be the reason why one of the deepest human fears is being buried alive or, more recently, being stuck in a lift without contact to the outside world. The latter also reflects the fear of losing control, which humans experience when being at the mercy of technological systems. The Panic Box creates such a situation. After closing the door, the user is trapped inside the box and is asked to pass a reaction test in order to open the door. The situation intensifies with the release of a gas and the continuous drop in reaction results. However, since the test results are manipulated and the gas is a placebo, the only way to escape the box is to press a panic button, which raises an outside alarm. The machine creates a hopeless situation from which one can only escape by admitting one’s state of panic. (Photos in collaboration with Jonas Unger)
© 2004–2011 Björn Franke
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| 0.936582 | 1,177 | 2.875 | 3 |
If you've ever glanced skyward, you've probably noticed the sheer numbers of stars. Some are tiny, barely visible points. Others radiate strong white light.
Why is the earth round? Why isn't it a cube or a pyramid?
Learn about 24 Themis, one of the largest known asteroids.
If you've been to a cave, you might think that it's cold underground. Nothing could be further from the truth. Learn more on this Moment of Science.
Beyond our atmosphere flies a lot of debris. Some fragments can be larger than mountains, but most is space-dust.
The startling experience of five British monks from the twelfth century who saw an enormous explosion occur on the moon. The moon still be vibrating today.
How many times have you actually seen a star explode or a asteroid at night? Have ever learned about how the records of these events are taken? Then tune in.
What is the difference between an asteroid and a comet?
Geogenesis is the scientific term for the beginning of something very important, life. How did it all begin?
The first thing you need to survive an asteroid collision is knowledge of when it's coming.
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| 0.953124 | 242 | 3.484375 | 3 |
An X-ray of the head revealed a fracture at the back of the head.
by far the most intriguing information revealed by the X-ray tests was
the presence of a depression fracture in the occipital area (the back
of the skull) along with what appeared to be remains of brain tissue in
the same area.
The researchers concluded that this type of damage is consistent with an injury caused by a pointed object with a rectangular shape, and that the lack of any evidence of healing suggested that the injury was fatal. The remnant of brain tissue would also be consistent with this type of damage, although there was also evidence that the embalmers had gone through this area to remove the brain during the mummification process. Nevertheless, it seems likely that the individual had met a violent death.
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http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/anthropology/x-ray-head
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| 0.979581 | 164 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals
Russell Sage Foundation
Hardcover: ISBN-13: 978-0-87154-657-9, ISBN-10: 0-87154-657-4
Paperback: ISBN-13: 978-0-87154-658-6, ISBN-10: 0-87154-658-2
Joel Perlmann, Senior Scholar and Program Director
Levy Economics Institute of Bard College
Mary C. Waters, M.E. Zukerman Professor of Sociology
The change in the way the federal government asked for information about race in the 2000 census marked an important turning point in the way Americans measure race. By allowing respondents to choose more than one racial category for the first time, the Census Bureau challenged strongly held beliefs about the nature and definition of race in our society. The New Race Question is a wide-ranging examination of what we know about racial enumeration, the likely effects of the census change, and possible policy implications for the future.
The growing incidence of interracial marriage and childrearing led to the change in the census race question. Yet this reality conflicts with the need for clear racial categories required by anti-discrimination and voting rights laws and affirmative action policies. How will racial combinations be aggregated under the Census’s new race question? Who will decide how a respondent who lists more than one race will be counted? How will the change affect established policies for documenting and redressing discrimination? The New Race Question opens with an exploration of what the attempt to count multiracials has shown in previous censuses and other large surveys. Contributor Reynolds Farley reviews the way in which the census has traditionally measured race, and shows that although the numbers of people choosing more than one race are not high at the national level, they can make a real difference in population totals at the county level. The book then takes up the debate over how the change in measurement will affect national policy in areas that rely on race counts, especially in civil rights law, but also in health, education, and income reporting. How do we relate data on poverty, graduation rates, and disease collected in 2000 to the rates calculated under the old race question? A technical appendix provides a useful manual for bridging old census data to new.
The book concludes with a discussion of the politics of racial enumeration. Hugh Davis Graham examines recent history to ask why some groups were determined to be worthy of special government protections and programs, while others were not. Posing the volume’s ultimate question, Jennifer Hochschild asks whether the official recognition of multiracials marks the beginning of the end of federal use of race data, and whether that is a good or a bad thing for society?
The New Race Question brings to light the many ways in which a seemingly small change in surveying and categorizing race can have far reaching effects and expose deep fissures in our society.
Copublished with the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.
Read the entire first chapter here.
Table of Contents
PART I WHAT DO WE KNOW FROM COUNTING MULTIRACIALS?
- RACIAL IDENTITIES IN 2000: THE RESPONSE TO THE MULTIPLE-RACE RESPONSE OPTION — Reynolds Farley
- DOES IT MATTER HOW WE MEASURE? RACIAL CLASSIFICATION AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIRACIAL YOUTH — David R. Harris
- MIXED RACE AND ETHNICITY IN CALIFORNIA — Sonya M. Tafoya
PART II HOW MUCH WILL IT MATTER?
- BACK IN THE BOX: THE DILEMMA OF USING MULTIPLE-RACE DATA FOR SINGLE-RACE LAWS — Joshua R. Goldstein and Ann J. Morning
- INADEQUACIES OF MULTIPLE-RESPONSE RACE DATA IN THE FEDERAL STATISTICAL SYSTEM — Roderick J. Harrison
- THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF A MULTIRACIAL CENSUS — Nathaniel Persily
PART III A MULTIRACIAL FUTURE?
- AMERICAN INDIANS: CLUES TO THE FUTURE OF OTHER RACIAL GROUPS — C. Matthew Snipp
- CENSUS BUREAU LONG-TERM RACIAL PROJECTIONS: INTERPRETING THEIR RESULTS AND SEEKING THEIR RATIONALE — Joel Perlmann
- RECENT TRENDS IN INTERMARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE FUTURE RACIAL COMPOSITION OF THE U.S. POPULATION — Barry Edmonston, Sharon M. Lee, and Jeffrey S. Passel
PART IV THE POLITICS OF RACE NUMBERS
- HISTORY, HISTORICITY, AND THE CENSUS COUNT BY RACE — Matthew Frye Jacobson
- WHAT RACE ARE YOU? — Werner Sollors
- COUNTING BY RACE: THE ANTEBELLUM LEGACY — Margo J. Anderson
- THE ORIGINS OF OFFICIAL MINORITY DESIGNATION — Hugh Davis Graham
- LESSONS FROM BRAZIL: THE IDEATIONAL AND POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF MULTIRACIALITY — Melissa Nobles
- REFLECTIONS ON RACE, HISPANICITY, AND ANCESTRY IN THE U.S. CENSUS — Nathan Glazer
- MULTIRACIALISM AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE — Peter Skerry
- MULTIPLE RACIAL IDENTIFIERS IN THE 2000 CENSUS, AND THEN WHAT? — Jennifer L. Hochschild
- RACE IN THE 2000 CENSUS: A TURNING POINT — Kenneth Prewitt
Appendix BRIDGING FROM OLD TO NEW
- Chapter 19 COMPARING CENSUS RACE DATA UNDER THE OLD AND THE NEW STANDARDS — Clyde Tucker, Steve Miller, and Jennifer Parker
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- About Us
- Interactive Images
Ketten Laboratory Research - Marine Mammal Hearing
Ketten lab research studies are directed at understanding how the ears of marine animals, particularly whales and dolphins, are able to hear and use underwater sounds. Biomedical (CT and MRI) micro-imaging techniques are used to study auditory systems from a wide range of species and to produce mathematical and three-dimensional computer models of marine ears. The models allow us to estimate hearing abilities for rare and endangered species, like blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), that cannot be tested by normal methods. We also use computer simulations to determine how whale ears withstand rapid pressure changes during dives and how underwater noise affects hearing. Because of the close relationship between what an animal hears and the sounds it produces, work in this laboratory is linked closely with vocalization and behavioral research in Peter Tyack's laboratory. Studies on stranded animals are tied also to research in Michael Moore's laboratory on the effects of pollutants and disease and Mark Hahn's laboratory on chemical-biological interactions in marine animals.Read more about Dr. Ketten's research here.
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Bardon Hill Quarry is in north-west Leicestershire in the East Midlands where the rocks have been extracted for more than 400 years.
Bardon Hill rocks formed from a volcano in Precambrian times, about 570 million years ago.
The volcanic rocks are called andesite and its eruptions were similar to those recently witnessed on the island of Montserrat in the West Indies.
The modern quarry is about 800 m across.
It produces about three million tonnes of crushed rock per year, which is around 15 per cent of a normal year’s production for the whole of the UK.
This rock is valued for its properties when it is crushed and is used to build roads and for the foundations of buildings.
Bardon Hill is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) because it has veins of quartz containing native copper and gold. It is also an unconformity: In the Triassic, the ancient land surface of Precambrian volcanic rocks had been eroded to form deep valleys called ‘wadis’ and these were infilled by red coloured desert sediments.
Further Bardon Quarry SSSI information is available from Natural England
Contact Enquiries for further information.
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http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/hazards/volcanoes/models/bardonHillQuarry.html
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| 0.959301 | 252 | 3.484375 | 3 |
By Bruce E. Beans, Pure Matters
It's better to miss a game than a whole season. That's the key message of a campaign by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) aimed at an underrated health threat: sports-related concussions.
Concussions are a traumatic brain injury caused by a blow or jolt to the head that causes the soft tissue of the brain to knock against the skull's bony surface. Although they range from mild to severe, they're all serious injuries that can harm the way the brain works. According to the CDC, approximately 1.6 to 3.8 million sports- and recreation-related concussions occur each year in the United States. For many of these injuries, the athletes never lose consciousness yet still suffer significant damage.
Concussions can happen to any boy or girl in any sport, says CDC epidemiologist Julie Gilchrist, M.D. Girls, however, may have a higher rate of post-concussion neurological complications than do boys. The short-term effects of a concussion can generate additional problems that may plague a person through life. When young athletes have a flawed memory, Dr. Gilchrist says, "they can have difficulty concentrating in school, relating to kids or sleeping well, and these things can have long-term, devastating consequences."
One grave danger occurs when athletes go back to the game before they fully recover from a concussion. In such a case, even a mild blow can cause second-impact syndrome. That can lead to brain swelling, brain damage and even death. Statistics also show that athletes with a history of concussion are at six times greater risk for another concussion than an athlete with no prior concussion.
Teammates have to keep an eye on each other, Dr. Gilchrist says. Athletes must also let everyone know if they hurt their heads. "You're not helping yourself or your team by hiding it," she says.
She says parents should make sure that children wear the right safety gear during all practices and games and that schools have a concussion plan. If you think your athlete has a concussion, the CDC says:
- Seek medical help at once.
- Bench your child until a health care professional who knows the return-to-play guidelines says it's OK to play.
- Tell all your child's coaches about any recent concussion.
Parents, athletes and coaches can find a free concussion tool kit at this CDC website: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/tbi/Coaches_Tool_Kit.htm.
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| 0.960424 | 522 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Musical instruments for popular tales and educational
There are two kinds of traditional music: one is the Pin Peath with stringed and percussion instruments and the other the Mohory with only stringed instruments. The different instruments are: Pin Peath is a group of instruments which have Roneath (xylophone in metal or bamboo), Kong (percussion instrument surrounding the player), a pear of Skor Thom (a very big drum, which has two faces, for making the rhythm), Sampho (a big drum,which has two faces, for making the rhythm), Sro Lai (a big recorder),Chhoeng (percussion instrument hitting each other for making rhythm).
This kind of music is used to accompany dances, praying to God or spirit and other ceremonies. Mohory is a group of instruments, which have Khoem (with 35 horizontal strings instrument), Ta Khe (with 3 horizontal strings instrument), Tro (with vertical strings instrument), Skor Dai (a small drum for making rhythm), Khloy (recorder) and Chhoeng.
This kind of music is used to accompany dance, theatre, wedding and other ceremonies. There are 4 to 6 % of children attend these courses and they start learning all the traditional Khmer instruments, and choose one they prefer to form the group.
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| 0.941668 | 268 | 3.375 | 3 |
This famous statue, discovered in the 16th century and widely known as the Capitoline Brutus, is housed in the Capitoline museum in Rome. We don't really know if it's accurate, but some assert that the portrait is actually that of Lucius Junius Brutus, the founder of the Roman Republic, ancestor to the Brutus who was chief conspirator in the assassination of Julius Caesar. It dates to around 300 BC, so it's quite early. It's made of bronze, embellished with inlaid ivory and glass eyes, which is somewhat unique. The statue was probably either a full-standing or possibly an equestrian one originally, but only the head survives, as bronze sculptures were often recycled upon discovery.
Nobody has marked this note useful
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http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Rome/Rome/photo1449822.htm
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| 0.984263 | 155 | 3.28125 | 3 |
About IP addresses
An IP address (short for Internet Protocol address) is used to identify computers on the Internet. It works like a return address would on a piece of mail.
How IP addresses work
When your computer or device sends a request, like a search on Google, it tags the request with your IP address. That way Google knows where to send the response.
How Google uses your IP address
Your IP address is usually based on a real-world location, so Google might use your IP address to guess where you are and give you local results.
For example, Google could use your IP address to give you the weather forecast for the town you're in when you search for
What an IP address looks like
Your IP address will be a number, like 172.16.254.1 or 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1.
Find your IP address
When you search
what is my IP on Google Search, you’ll see the IP address of the computer or device where you did the search.
Ashley is a Search expert and the author of this page. Leave her feedback below about how to improve it.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/1696588?hl=en
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| 0.920932 | 246 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Nightingale of Andover
Take a day trip to the Jenny Lind Chapel near Galesburg
Though her name is more associated with nursery furniture today, Jenny Lind was without a doubt the most remarkable singer of her day, a celebrity of celebrities whose admirers included Queen Victoria of England, Harvard’s Edward Everett, poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, orators Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, and German composer Felix Mendelssohn, who called Jenny the greatest artist he had ever met.
Born Johanna Maria Lind in Stockholm, Sweden, on Oct. 6, 1820, Jenny was the illegitimate child of unfit parents, who at the very first opportunity sent their infant to live with strangers in the countryside. Although circumstances returned Jenny to her mother at the age of three, their true relationship was unknown to the future opera star until she was nine, when she was heard singing to her cat in a window box and offered an audition with the Swedish National Theatre. Even at that young age, Jenny’s voice turned heads and she was offered a working scholarship to the theater, at which time her parents had to reveal their daughter’s paternity. Soon afterward, Jenny’s parents married, but only after discovering their daughter’s potential for a steady income. Over the next eight years Jenny appeared in nearly 300 plays, operas, and other performances staged by the National Theatre. But her meteoric rise was just beginning.
After her 18th birthday Jenny was invited to sing in Germany, where her reputation grew year after year. She sang in countless operas of the day by Mozart, Verdi and Donizetti, and was received in the Swedish and English court. Everywhere she went, Jenny Lind was loved for her voice, but also for her generosity. Seldom did she sing without giving away a substantial portion of her receipts to local charities and personal appeals. Stories abound about her benevolence, modesty and Christian virtue. After studying for a year with perhaps the greatest vocal teacher of the 19th century, Manuel Garcia in France, Jenny was invited to perform all over Europe, eventually in England, where, in 1849, she was approached by representatives of P. T. “Humbug” Barnum, the infamous impresario more noted for his sideshow hucksterism than for his operatic ear.
The Swedish Nightingale and her entourage arrived in America on Sept. 1, 1850. Barnum’s promotion and Jenny’s reputation brought an estimated 30,000 people to greet her at the New York pier. Individual tickets were auctioned off, the first selling for more than $200 – that’s 1850 money. In Boston the “first-seat” auction raised more than $600, although the average ticket price was between $3 and $6. Nevertheless, ticket sales were vigorous and nearly all seats were sold in advance. Not only did Lind receive a large commission to tour America, she received a portion of the ticket sales, which allowed her to invest money at home and to give away a portion of her earnings. In New York alone, she donated more than $10,000 to various charities after her first concert. The donations were itemized and printed in the New York papers, which only encouraged others to ask her for money.
When Jenny sang in Boston in June of 1851, she received a visit from Reverend Lars Paul Esbjörn, pastor of a flock of Swedish immigrants who had settled in the small Henry County, Ill., town of Andover, north of Galesburg. According to Rev. Esbjörn’s diary, he met with Lind for more than an hour on June 26. When he left he had a personal check for $1,500 from Lind to build a new brick church for his congregation. Most of Lind’s money paid for the church’s construction, interrupted only by a cholera epidemic in Andover between 1851 and 1853. Some of the lumber her money purchased was used to build coffins for the victims, estimated at more than 100, who were buried in a common grave in the cemetery at Andover, which fronts what is now called the “Jenny Lind Chapel.”
Although her travels took her up the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, Jenny Lind never actually set foot in Illinois. She gave at least five concerts in a mudhole city called St. Louis, and saw the city of Cairo from the Ohio River (a fellow traveler called it “a filthier and more woebegone place” than its namesake in Egypt, a “lamentable spectacle of dilapidation and the rot”), but she never made it as far as Andover. Nor did she make it to Chicago, yet she gave at least $1,000 to help build a Protestant Episcopal Church for a Swedish congregation in that city, and purchased a silver communion service, valued at $1,500 in its day, for another Chicago congregation that had been swindled out of its money.
Lind never made it to Minneapolis, Minn., either, although, an elementary school there is named for her, as are towns in western Arkansas (near Fort Smith) and Jenny Lind, Calif., which has a high school name for her. Lind never returned to the United States after her first tour. She married her pianist, Otto Goldschmidt, who was nine years her junior, retired from the stage and settled down to raise a family in England. She died of cancer at age 67 in 1887.
Andover, Ill., however, is unique in that the Jenny Lind Chapel not only memorializes its benefactor, it honors her with special concerts, vesper services in the summer and community events tied to Swedish holidays, such as the annual Hogmassa (last Sunday in September). The chapel also houses a small Jenny Lind museum in the basement where paintings of the Swedish Nightingale, lithographs, copies of her programs, letters and other memorabilia can be seen.
“She was truly a rock star of her generation,” says Ron Peterson, a member of the Jenny Lind Chapel Foundation, which maintains the building and grounds, and protects its small endowment from the quirky economy. If you’re ever in Henry County, Peterson would be pleased to show you around Andover and to tell you the history of this town transformed by a Nightingale’s song.
William Furry is the executive director of the Illinois State Historical Society and a former editor and staff writer for Illinois Times. In his spare time he plays with Thistle n’ Thyme, a Celtic music trio that performs the “Jenny Lind Polka” upon special request.
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The Government of the
THE mode of government observed by the
Fraternity will best explain the importance, and give the truest idea of
the nature and design of the Masonic system.
There are several classes of Masons, under
different appellations. The privileges of these classes are distinct, and
particular means are adopted to preserve those privileges to the just and
meritorious of each class.
Honor and probity are recommendations to
the first, class, in which the practice of virtue is enforced, and the
duties of morality inculcated, while the mind is prepared for regular and
social converse in the principles of knowledge and philosophy.
Diligence, assiduity, and application are
qualifications for the second class, in which an accurate elucidation of
science, both in theory and practice, is given. Here human reason is
cultivated by a due exertion of the rational and intellectual powers and
faculties, nice and difficult theories are explained, new discoveries
produced, and those already known beautifully embellished.
The third class is composed of those whom
truth and fidelity have distinguished; who, when assaulted by threats and
violence, after solicitation and persuasion have failed, have evinced
their firmness and in-
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In the Garden:
Only weeks from now, these blooms will be clusters of succulent blueberries.
Wishing You the Berry Best
With the season of strawberry shortcakes upon us, I can't help but get up on a soapbox to exhort you to consider adding some of the easier-to-grow fruit crops to your garden. Why more people don't is a mystery to me. Nutritionists are constantly telling us to eat more fruit, so why not have it readily available right in our own backyards?
Fresh fruit is often expensive to buy at the grocery, especially organic choices, which is an important consideration as fruit is among the most pesticide-ridden of foods. Yet many homegrown fruits are easy to grow, and the surplus is often easily frozen for year-round use. My own favorites to grow include blackberries, strawberries, cherries, currants, gooseberries, and Asian pears, but blueberries and raspberries top the list.
The group of substances that put the "blue" in blueberries -- anthocyanins -- are responsible for putting blueberries right at the top of the list of fruits and vegetables with antioxidant potential. Plus the berries are high in fiber. In the garden, blueberries make attractive deciduous shrubs, growing about 6 feet tall with leaves that turn a beautiful red fall color. Their requirement for acid soil is not as critical as often suggested. By adding some powdered sulfur when planting, the bushes will most likely thrive for years and years. As added insurance, however, feed annually with a fertilizer designed for acid-loving plants.
You'll need at least two different varieties for adequate pollination, and four plants will provide enough blueberries for the average family. Blueberries are also easy to have year-round, as they are easily frozen with no special preparation. I just pull out a handful of frozen berries from the freezer bag in the morning, run hot water over them, and pour them over my cereal.
No pesticides are ever needed on blueberries, and the only two aspects of blueberries that approach the difficult are that you will spend a bit of time harvesting them and protecting them from the birds. Plastic owls and snakes, as well as shiny mylar tape blowing in the wind, will provide some protection, but the most effective method of banishing the birds is to build a temporary cage covered with bird netting. Although there are any number of ways to build this shelter, the easiest way for me has been to use a product called Build-a-Balls. There are holes in these, through which metal pipes are inserted to create a framework. Bird netting is then tossed over the top and sides.
As expensive as raspberries are to buy, there is no excuse for not growing some at home. Again, birds are the major pest but not nearly as bad as with blueberries. There are types that produce one crop in the summer, as well as ones referred to as everbearing that produce both a summer and a fall crop. Besides varieties that bear red berries, there are also yellow, purple, and black raspberries. 'Heritage' is the most widely available everbearing variety, but 'Caroline' has been shown to have the highest nutrition content. All raspberries are high in fiber plus packed with a wide range of vitamins and antioxidants.
The key to successfully growing raspberries is to have a well-prepared bed that is as weed-free as possible. A bed 3 feet wide and 50 feet long will hold 25 plants spaced 2 feet apart, and yield at least 50 pints of berries each year. As the 5-foot canes can be floppy, it's usually a good idea to add a wire support around the outside of the bed. Canes that have fruited need to be cut off at ground level each year. The lazy person's way to prune everbearing raspberries is to mow the entire row off in late winter. This eliminates the summer crop, but improves the fall crop.
Raspberries are very perishable and should be eaten as soon as possible after picking. My own favorite way is to eat them in the garden. To preserve them, spread them out on baking sheets and freeze, then put the frozen berries in freezer-safe plastic bags.
Care to share your gardening thoughts, insights, triumphs, or disappointments with your fellow gardening enthusiasts? Join the lively discussions on our FaceBook page and receive free daily tips!
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Swanage - Coastal management
Swanage is located on the south east corner of the Isle of Purbeck, and its coastline is therefore under the jurisdiction of Purbeck District Council. As Swanage is one of the few developed areas of coastline on the Isle of Purbeck, it is considered economically viable to carry out coastal defence works to protect the town from flooding and erosion. Coastal defence works have been carried out in the area since the nineteenth century.
Today, Swanage has 1.8km of coastal defence works, mainly concrete or stone sea walls and timber groynes. The sea wall and groynes to the south of the bay were put in place in the late nineteenth century. Further coastal defence works were added in the 1920s and 1930s, in the form of an extension to the sea wall and timber groynes. Unfortunately, although effective in the area they were constructed, these works starved the beach further to the north of sediment and the scheme therefore had to be extended in the 1960s.
During the winter months, landslips still occur in the cliffs around Swanage as rainfall lubricates the impermeable marl beds within the cliffs, causing the Purbeck limestone beds on top of them to slip onto the beach below. In the 1980s, rock armour was put in place at the base of the cliffs and groundwater drained from the rock to improve stability and reduce the frequency of slippage.
In the late 1990s, a review and consultation based on the existing coastal defences was undertaken in order to develop a strategic framework for the long term management of the coastline. The aim of the review was to determine the most suitable method of retaining sediment, dissipating wave energy and thus reducing the risk of flooding and slippage whilst still maintaining the beach.
The most cost effective method was found to be the replacement of the 1930s groynes and replenishment of the beach sediment. Eighteen timber groynes were put in place in 2005, constructed out of certified tropical hardwood and some material salvaged from the pre-existing groynes. In November of the same year, 90,000 m3 of sand was deposited on the beach. The works were finally completed in June 2006 at an estimated cost of £2.2 million. The beach will need to be recharged with around 40,000m3 of sand every 20 years.
Coastal processes, tourism, management
- Why are sea defences needed in Swanage?
- Why has beach replenishment been necessary in Swanage?
- Has replenishment been a success?
- What are the socio-economic and environmental effects of the replenishment scheme?
- Too many visitors to a honeypot site can do as much damage as natural erosion
- How do you think global warming might affect this coast in the future?
- The sea is not the only factor responsible for the landforms of the Dorset coast
- If possible visit the site during stormy weather conditions to see the power of the sea
- Take spare camera batteries and film
- Field sketches
- Cost-benefit analysis of sea defences
- Beach profiles - before and after scheme
Review - Statistical
- Environmental quality before and after replenishment
Review - Presentation
- Bi-polar surveys
- Longshore drift graphs
Links to Key Stage 3 Specifications
Geographical enquiry and skills
1 Undertaking geographical enquiry:
1b - Suggest appropriate sequences of investigation (gathering views and factual evidence about a local issue)
1c - Collect, record and present evidence
1d - Analyse and evaluate evidence and draw and justify conclusions
1e - Appreciate how people's values and attitudes affect issues
2 Developing geographical skills:
2a - To use an extended geographical vocabulary
2b - To select appropriate fieldwork techniques and instruments
Knowledge and understanding of places
3c - Describe physical and human features that give rise to the distinctive character of places
3d - Explain how and why changes happen in places, and the issues that arise from these changes
Knowledge and understanding of patterns and processes
4a - Describe and explain patterns of physical and human features
4b - Identify, describe and explain physical and human processes and their impact on places and environments
Breadth of study
6c - Geomorphological processes
6f - Population
6g - Settlement
6h - Economic activity
6j - Environmental issues and management
7c - Carry out fieldwork investigations outside the classroom
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The first-ever spacewalk on Friday for British astronaut Tim Peake will require a long journey outside the space station to replace a failed power unit while under cover of darkness, NASA said Tuesday.
The spacewalk is scheduled to begin Friday at 7:55 am (1255 GMT) and end 6.5 hours later.
Hoisting a rectangular voltage regulator that would weigh 200 pounds (90 kilograms) on Earth, Peake will have to maneuver more than 200 feet (60 meters) out of the International Space Station airlock to the worksite, the US space agency told reporters.
"It's about as far at the space station as you can go from the airlock, which certainly raises the pucker factor for the crew," said Paul Dum, lead spacewalk officer, in a briefing with reporters.
Then, along with American astronaut Tim Kopra, who will be making his third career spacewalk, the duo will have to remove the broken voltage regulator in the dark so that they don't get zapped by any electrical shorts from the solar-powered equipment.
NASA isn't exactly sure why the power unit—one of eight on the ISS—failed, so they want the astronauts to avoid any danger from potential sparks by doing the work when the space station is doing a night pass.
"We need to protect the crew from the power that would come from the array," said Dum.
The space station orbits the Earth every 90 minutes, and spends 31 of those minutes out of the light of the Sun, according to ISS spacewalk flight director Royce Renfrew.
The task should only take about 15 minutes.
But the astronauts will have to squeeze into a small area to do their work while wearing bulky space suits and gloves.
"Imagine going out with thick winter gloves on and trying to do anything that takes fine dexterity. That is going to be challenging," said Dum.
He added that the team has practiced on Earth in a buoyancy lab, and using virtual reality equipment.
The outage is similar to a power failure seen in October 2014 involving a sequential shunt unit at the orbiting outpost, said Kenneth Todd, ISS operations integration manager.
"From a station perspective, we could live in this state for a while but the reality is if we were to have an additional failure in another channel, we would probably find ourselves a little more strapped," Todd said.
"We think it is probably about time to go get this work behind us."
Peake will be known as EV 2 (extravehicular spacewalker 2) and will be wearing a white spacesuit.
His job is to carry the replacement unit out of the station and over to the work site, and tote the faulty unit back to the airlock.
Kopra, wearing red stripes on his spacesuit, will carry the tools and do the removal and installation work.
US astronaut Scott Kelly will help the two Tims get into and out of their spacesuits inside the ISS.
Mission control on Earth will use the men's first and last names when addressing them during the outing to avoid confusion, Renfrew said.
"The crew has studied hard and they are ready to go," said Dum.
Explore further: US spacewalkers will aim to move stalled rail car
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"Stoic" is a word often used to describe people who show their emotions very little or do not talk much. While it has this everyday meaning, Stoicism was actually a Philosophy followed by a number of ancient Greeks and Romans which was meant to make people happier by teaching them to control their negative emotions. Whether you want to simply learn to be stoic in the modern sense or embrace the ancient philosophy and banish sadness from your life, read below for some great advice.
Learning Modern Stoicism
1Internalize your emotions. Keep your emotions inside and do not let them show outwardly. Experience them but do not show it. Keep your experience of your emotions limited to inside yourself.
- This will take practice. You can watch emotional movies or TV shows, if you want to practice holding back your emotions. Try episodes of WWYD on Youtube.
2Keep your reactions minimal. When something happens that brings out an emotional response in you, physically react as little as possible. Keep your facial expressions in check and don't cry or get visibly angry.
- Try thinking about something else, if you can. If you struggle with that, sing a song inside your head to manually focus on something else.
3Verbally respond as little as possible. When someone asks you a question, say as little as you can. When you're feeling emotional, don't tell people what you're thinking or feeling, or say anything that might give it away.
4Speak, generally, very little. In general, speak as little as possible. This will give you a more stoic appearance, but it will also help you practice for times when you're trying to minimize your emotional response.
5Don't volunteer information. Much like responding to questions as little as possible, you shouldn't just tell people things about yourself, your thoughts, or your feelings.
6Never complain. Complaining is a sure sign of a lot of internal emotions, like anger and sadness, so avoid it. Instead of complaining about things that bother you, take the situation into your own hands and fix the problem yourself.
7Express your emotions later, in private. Bottling emotions and not dealing with them, as the above methods can lead to, is very unhealthy. Make sure you find a healthy way to express your emotions later, in private. This can be yelling or crying into a pillow, writing your feelings and thoughts in a journal, or whatever else you find works for you.
Embracing Traditional Stoic Philosophy
1Place importance on logic. The idea behind Stoicism is that our negative emotions can lead us to make bad decisions and generally make our life worse. Since emotions are often illogical responses, Stoicism seeks to solve emotional problems by applying logic to the situation. Try to apply logic to the situations in your daily life to practice for when you find yourself in emotional situations.
2Examine your biases. You may think that living a certain way or doing certain things is less than another way of living, and thinking that way can lead to lots of negative emotions, when things don't go your way or people disagree with you. Consider your biases and think about other ways of looking at those situations. This will make it easier to cope with problems.
3Minimize negative emotions. The goal of Stoicism is not to minimize all emotion but instead to minimize negative emotions. This philosophy seeks to make you happier in your life by reducing the impact of emotions like sadness, anger, fear, and envy. Doing this should be your main goal as a budding Stoic.
4Encourage positive emotions. While minimizing your experience of negative emotions, you should practice allowing and encouraging yourself to be happy. Getting depressed or banishing happy thoughts can become almost a habit for some people, and breaking that habit should be another goal if you find that quality in yourself.
5Retrain your priorities. Humans tend to always want the next best thing. No matter how great the things we have are, we'll always find something to be unhappy with. Stoicism seeks to retrain your brain so that you learn to be happier with the things that you do have.
6Find beauty and wonder in the world. A part of learning to be happier with the things we have is to learn to find happiness in the world around us. We get a a little jaded sometimes (and it is a jaded age, for sure) but if you stop and realize that the world around you is so incredible, you find yourself enjoying your life more. Stop and embrace the moment. Let yourself be filled with amazement and wonder.
- Think about it: you have a phone the size of your hand that you can take anywhere and call anyone in the world. That's amazing. You're living in a sci-fi novel!
- Even the natural world is incredible. Did you know that there are trees that are taller than the Statue of Liberty or Big Ben? Incredible!
7Avoid permanence. When we get attached to things, people, or situations, we tend to be more prone to big emotional swings when we lose those things. The Stoic philosophy teaches us to be open to and accepting of change, giving up the sense of permanence that can cause devastation when loss occurs.
8Read up on the stoic philosophers. Learn more about Stoicism by reading up on the Stoic philosophers, if you want to fully embrace the philosophy. Stoicism, which was practically a religion in ancient times, was highly regarded and widely practiced by people of class and education, making the things that were written about it widely available and very interesting. Famous historical figures like Cicero and Marcus Aurelius were devoted Stoics and wrote extensively about their beliefs. Look them up!
Applying Stoicism to Your Life
1Release anger. When you find yourself getting angry at something that's happening around you: stop. Think. Is getting angry going to help the situation? No. Your emotional reaction will do little to change the situation. Instead, it is your actions that will make the changes you want to see. When things make you angry, look for what needs to be done to fix the problem and do that.
2Experience life through others. If a person is making you angry or frustrated, try to see the problem through their eyes. Realize that we all make mistakes. People rarely do things to be malicious or cause problems. They usually think that they're doing the right thing. Try to understand why they made the mistake that they did and forgive them for it, then move on to making things better.
3Let yourself experience sadness. Don't try to shove sadness out of your life. Don't ball it up and never deal with it. This is very unhealthy. Instead, experience it and move on quickly. Be sad for a few days and then get back to life. No matter why you're sad, staying away from happiness won't make your life better, only worse.
4Try imagining loss. This is called negative visualization. Negative visualization is a common training trick and everyday practice for Stoics. This is when you imagine your life without something that is very important to you. Maybe you imagine that you lost your job, or that your spouse divorces you, or your child is taken away from you. It sounds upsetting, and it definitely isn't fun to do, but it will significantly increase your enjoyment of the good things in your life, and teach you how to cope with loss by preparing yourself for it.
5Try removing yourself from the situation. This is called projective visualization. This is another practice. Although it is less effective than the first, it can be more useful when you are actively dealing with something that upsets you. The idea here is to imagine this bad thing that is happening to you is happening to someone else. What advice would you give them. How would your opinion of the situation change. Usually when something bad happens to someone else, we tell them that we feel very bad for them but that sometimes these things just happen. And that's the truth of the situation: things happen that we can't control and being overly upset about it won't make things any better. Apply these ideas to your own situation and it may help you to feel better.
6Experience the moment. Enjoy what you are doing right now, while you are doing it. As we said before, the human tendency is to be a little bit unhappy no matter what we're doing, but you should fight back that feeling to appreciate the situation that you're in right now. This is an area where negative visualization can be useful. Just remember that the world is an incredible place, and no matter how bad things seem, there are still waterfalls, birds in brilliant colors, children who sings songs, and people who love you.
7Accept and expect change. Stoics fight against a sense of permanence, against the idea that things should or will always be the same. What we have to remember is that change is good. When things we love come to an end, that can be hard to accept, but try to remember that something good ending only opens up the possibilities for more good things to come into your life. When bad things are happening to you and it feels like they'll never end, it is still important to remember that that is not the case.
- This is when the common Stoic mantra, as popularized by Joseph Campbell, comes in to play: "This too shall pass." Just repeat that phrase until you feel better.
8Appreciate what you have. The most important application of Stoicism to your life is to appreciate what you have while you have it. Don't complain about your girlfriend's snoring or your baby crying or your dog wanting to play too much. These are things you'd miss if you didn't have them. Appreciate them and tell them how much you love them every moment that you can.
- Breathe deeply. Oxygen will help you relax, which will help you be stoic.
- Don't obviously revel in being mysterious, and don't try too hard. People should view this as part of your basic character - who you are at your core - rather than a role you're trying to play. If you come across as the latter, you won't be viewed as mysterious, just immature.
- Move and speak as little as possible. Do everything efficiently as if you are lazy, but always keep good posture.
- Confide in someone you trust. Sometimes keeping it all bottled up will become just too much. Have someone in your life whom you trust deeply and in whom you can confide anything. Without such an outlet, you risk becoming cold-hearted, paranoid, and unfeeling.
- It is true that models are directed to be stoic, but taking on this look does not in itself make you more attractive. Models are meant to be moving mannequins and the stoic look is a traditional part of their character. That being said, a stoic look will give an edge to very feminine girls and a powerful look to men.
- Let down your defenses more around those you truly trust.
- Being stoic should not equate to being rude and thoughtless about other people. Don't blatantly ignore people or brush off their questions; while it's fine to make it clear that there are some topics you won't discuss, avoid being rude about it or about not giving out information that Google could tell them.
- Avoid being incomprehensible. That will make people shake their heads and abandon you as a lost cause, and possibly consider you a bit rude too.
Categories: Personal Development
In other languages:
Español: ser estoico, Italiano: Essere Stoico, Português: Ser Estoico, 中文: 成为斯多葛派信徒, Français: être stoïque, Русский: стать стоиком, Deutsch: Stoisch sein, Bahasa Indonesia: Menjadi Orang yang Berbahagia dengan Filosofi Stoic, Nederlands: Stoïcijns zijn, Čeština: Jak být stoický
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 145,688 times.
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University of California, Merced 2009 Long Range Development Plan
Located on an 815-acre site in California's fastest growing region, the University of California, Merced’s 2009 Long Range Development Plan creates a 21st century urban framework for the University of California’s first new campus in 40 years. The plan was adopted by the Regents of the University of California in March 2009.
The plan’s approach embraces economic, social and environmental sustainability in all aspects of its built environment, operations and approach to programming. The foundation for the plan is a campus that has already achieved remarkable results:
-LEED Gold minimum for all structures
-First-generation students make up 52% of the student body while 47% come from low income backgrounds.
-Campus buildings use 50% less energy and 40% less water than comparable projects.
-An onsite photovoltaic solar farm generates 20% of annual and 60% of peak electricity needs.
-Enrollment has increased 525% within the first five years of operation.
In 2020, when enrollment reaches 10,000, UC Merced will be the first zero-net-energy, zero-waste and zero-net-emissions campus in America. At full buildout, the 25,000 student campus will house 50% of its student body on a car-free, pedestrian-oriented campus edged by 30,000 acres of permanently preserved vernal pool grasslands.
The plan incorporates sustainable design concepts to integrate land use, circulation, water and open space in the heart of California’s Central Valley.
Edged by 30,000 acres of vernal pool grasslands, the high-density plan for the UC system’s first new campus in 40 years accommodates 25,000 students and housing for 12,500.
Key environmental issues are the presence of the world’s largest concentration of vernal pool grasslands to the north and east, its location in a region facing air quality attainment issues, and the challenge of water resources. The goals were to preserve the grasslands, limit emissions generated by vehicular travel, reduce the use of water and be energy self-sufficient.
Through deployment of photovoltaics, energy-efficient buildings and a strategic land-use plan, the campus will be zero-net-energy, zero-waste and zero-net-emissions by 2020.
The plan is oriented around a car-free core designed for bicycles, transit and pedestrians. Phase 1 buildings are achieving 50% of benchmarks energy design targets – even though they were designed to achieve 70% of targets.
Innovations include distributed energy centers, flat roof building standards for both energy production and energy research, material choices that reduce energy demand and visible infrastructure to promote a living laboratory for sustainable design.
The site is in California’s Central Valley, an agricultural region with some of the nation’s poorest economic indicators. The population has the lowest level of college attainment in the state, the highest levels of child poverty, and among the highest unemployment in America. It is also the state’s fastest-growing region due to high birth rates. By 2035, it will be 60% Latino.
The design challenge is not limited to environmental and economic efficiency. It includes a social sustainability target of developing a vibrant academic space in a region with few opportunities for young people to experience the environment of a college campus.
Building design evokes underappreciated agricultural architecture, and programming promotes 24-hour activity – creating vibrant, memorable places that add social purpose to the spatial framework.
50% of UC Merced’s students are first-generation students, and the neighborhoods have been designed to be safe venues within a 10-minute walk to the core. The campus promotes community connectivity by programming public activities, a multimodal transit center and job nodes along the west and south.
Transportation alternatives include an integrated bicycle and pedestrian network along two irrigation canals that bisect the site. Iconic canal bridges serve as pedestrian landmarks.
The plan is based on a compact orthogonal grid that evokes classic Central Valley downtowns, promotes efficient land use, and is oriented to maximize rooftop solar collection. Within the grid, landscape design applies a low-water typology that is contextual and includes tree and shrub selections intentionally designed to attract native birds and other wildlife.
Off-campus stormwater from adjacent native grasslands flows onto and through the open space and street systems, then into the chain of ponds and streams created
within the North and South Bowls, where it is detained and eventually released downstream. The campus’s outer loop road serves as an environmental buffer, keeps vehicles off campus, uses bioswales to channel off-campus stormwater and provides access to the perimeter vistas to the Sierra Nevada and Lake Yosemite.
Campus topography is defined by three watershed segments formed by the irrigation canals, which pass through the campus at different elevations. The canals act as shaded riparian bioswale corridors to cleanse rainwater.
Stormwater management is made more complex by impervious, expansive clay soils. Design standards for street cross sections, and the requirement to provide 30% pervious surfaces on individual blocks, provide local detention and cleansing and reduce storm flow velocities.
The Coast Ranges to the west buffer the site from Pacific Ocean weather systems. Summer temperatures are warm to hot and arid, with clear skies, no rainfall and cool evenings. The winters in Merced are mild, with occasional rains and frequent, heavy fogs. In the winter, 30 days of fog are not unusual. Winds come from the northwest during the summer and the southeast during the winter.
The daily temperature variation of up to 30 degrees creates conditions for saving energy through passive environmental systems design in buildings, which employ the cooler evenings to reduce cooling load during the day and the warmer days to reduce heating needs in the evenings.
Natural solar income and other renewable sources will meet all of UC Merced’s energy needs. The north/south orientation of the plan’s orthogonal grid is designed to maximize solar collection.
Design standards incorporate a system of shaded pathways to protect pedestrians from the intense Valley sun, wind and inclement weather. Attention to shade creation through building design, low-water landscape and siting will generate a temperature differential of 20 degrees and enable outdoor human activity to occur in relative comfort and reduce building load.
The plan’s design standards include daylighting in 75% of interior spaces, operable windows for small spaces and curtain walls along primary views of the grasslands.
The first Classroom Office Building provides a model of the plan’s implementation. As applied within the plan, the design includes double-pane low-e glass, glass trellises, and window overhangs to reduce solar heat gain and glare. The building includes energy-efficient lighting, daylighting controls, and carbon dioxide sensors that adjust airflow depending on occupancy.
A variable-air-volume, dual-fan dual-duct HVAC system with direct digital controls uses chilled water from the nearby Central Plant’s 2 million gallon thermal energy storage tank to cool the building, also reducing energy costs.
Because of the diurnal temperature swing, and favorable conditions during the swing seasons, and the fairly regular wind, operable windows have also been incorporated. When opened, these windows are designed to disable space conditioning and avoid wasted energy.
The goal of the plan is to improve water run-off quality and increase local water infiltration through its integrated bioswale system.
The campus hydrology network must accommodate 1600 ac. ft. of rain water from adjacent grasslands. This is accommodated through the North and South Bowls and the integrated stormwater management and visible green streets network in the public right of way. By working to decrease concentrations of polluted water while providing water for street trees and other vegetation, the plan’s bioswales bioremediate water, mimic natural hydrology and position stormwater as a resource, not a hazard.
The campus has made the investment to include two sets of piping, one to provide potable water and the other to supply reclaimed water for irrigation. On site stormwater storage and treatment are contemplated for future phases.
The landscape design approach eschews turf grass for passive outdoor spaces. Native landscaping with interpretive signage makes the campus a botanical teaching tool for low-water plants. The campus is already using 40% less water than benchmarks. As of 2012, all irrigation will be nonpotable -- saving 80% of typical Valley potable water consumption.
Low-flow plumbing fixtures and waterless urinals have already reduced water consumption below baseline buildings.
Currently, the campus Central Plant stores thermal energy in off-peak hours for cooling during peak hours. Water stored in the Central Plant tank overnight is discharged through the chilled water loop the following day to cool buildings without requiring activation of the plant’s chillers. This spreads out cooling loads over a 24-hour day and requires less chilled water – thus saving energy without sacrificing comfort.
Under the plan’s zero-net-energy approach, the campus generates as much electricity as it uses through a portfolio of solar, wind, waste-to-energy and energy efficiencies.
As implemented in Phase 1, the campus currently generates 20% of its annual electricity needs from a 1MW on-site solar array and will generate 100% by 2020. In addition, UC Merced’s existing buildings are achieving 50% energy savings based on design benchmarks. These savings are exceeding the as-designed 70% benchmarks ahead of schedule, making UC Merced’s implementation particularly unique and innovative.
These savings are being accomplished through (1) passive building systems such as solar shading and thermal massing, (2) building technologies, (3) the Central Plant’s Thermal Storage Tank and (4) a centralized Building Energy Management system.
UC Merced committed to purchasing materials to local and regional materials to support the local economy and achieve LEED Platinum targets. To date, six buildings have achieved LEED Gold, with the remainder pending. As the largest concentration of LEED-certified buildings in the region, the site has become a living teaching tool for local contractors, designers and architects. On a typical Phase 1 building, exemplary performance is the norm. For Phase 1, 70% of waste was recycled or diverted from local landfills, 48% of materials were from recycled content and 43% of materials were manufactured regionally. Glass, concrete and steel composed in utilitarian forms evoke regional architectural industrial structures. Building overhangs provide a shaded pedestrian realm, with color accents along pedestrian corridors that provide views into internal active ground floor uses.
In the academic core, warm earth tones derived from the local landscape are used as accent features. Color in residential and student life areas reflect the agricultural palette of the Valley. The overall impact is an appealing range of tones that blend into the natural and agriculturally influenced environment.
Indoor materials with low-VOC content were specified for all campus buildings.
The campus is organized on a flexible and expandable grid system to organize land uses and infrastructure. Blocks vary in size with a minimum dimension of 300’. Rights-of-way vary in widths but are scaled to support the circulation and open-space objectives of the plan. Utilities are aligned within rights-of-way to ease maintenance and retrofitting.
Campus buildings are designed to provide the social, economic and environmental benefits that derive from lasting 50 to 100 years. To design for longevity, spaces and building shells are oriented for flexible re-use wherever possible. Present-day ground-floor offices can be easily converted into commercial storefronts and library space into offices – all without heavy construction. Durable materials, such as glass, concrete and steel, in simple forms, reduce maintenance costs.
Development of this plan was an inclusive, democratic effort among dozens of stakeholders. Workshops held over 18 months with students, faculty, staff and the general public provided critical input during the planning process. Flagship events among faculty, staff, students and designers were the actual genesis of the plan’s sustainability targets.
Significant time and resources were dedicated to tours of the physical site, electronic communication and feedback, photographing and documenting participants to put “fingerprints” on the plan and facilitated workshops.
As the plan has been implemented, post-occupancy surveys, interviews and analysis has enabled designers and campus staff to monitor sustainability efficiencies. Third-party analyses by the New Buildings Institute and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory as well as university researchers have helped fine-tune implementation. Energy functions and efficiencies are continually monitored for improvement through the building and water data gathered by the Central Plant’s electronic control room.
The plan will be developed in four phases. Phase 1 (5,000 students, 1.25 MSF Academic Core) is almost complete. Phase 2 (10,000 students, 2.5 MSF) is currently in the design phase. Phase 3 will accommodate 20,000 students (5 MSF) just before midcentury. Phase 4 will bring the campus to 25,000 students. (6.25 MSF)
The application of sustainability measures has resulted in significant cost savings for the campus. The combination of renewables and energy-efficient buildings saves the campus more than $1 million a year in energy costs.
An integrated monitoring system tracks energy use for the campus. UC Merced uses this data to stretch beyond energy-efficiency targets. The campus uses what it learns from this information to inform future projects.
|Role on Team||First Name||Last Name||Company||Location|
|Cliff||Lowe||Cliff Lowe Associates|
|Associate Planner||Gene||Barrera||UC Merced||Merced, CA|
|Associate Planner||Suzanne||Kallmann||UC Merced||Merced, CA|
|Director of Design||Michael||Chow||UC Merced||Merced, CA|
|Project Director||Min||Jiang||UC Merced||Merced, CA|
|Director of Project Management||Catherine||Kniazewycz||UC Merced||Merced, CA|
|Director of Environmental Affairs||Brad||Samuelson||UC Merced||Merced, CA|
|Andy||Plescia||A. Plescia & Co.|
|Paul||Heath||Business Place Strategies|
|Douglas||Jamieson||Douglas Jamieson, Inc.|
|Ellen||Polling||Fehr & Peers|
This is a profound example of taking the long view of the built environment, setting out an early plan, identifying benchmarks, designing and building a campus, seeing if you are meeting your benchmarks, and continuous improvement until hopefully you reach the goals of zero energy and zero waste for 10,000 students in 2010. It’s an astonishing ambition and they are on track.
The fact that they established a set of goals, they have delivered 6 LEED gold buildings, they’re monitoring, they’re building in a feedback loop in order to improve performance. They are meeting or exceeding every goal established gives us a great hope they will achieve the goals they set.
They are continuing to track their systems’ performance, which is the direction the profession is heading. We need to start to realize we are heading towards outcome-based codes. We’ve already got outcome-based clients. When we start working with that, we are going to start to improve our system, but also their leveraging scale larger than the building in very smart ways and again using the feedback loops to improve them. But by using district scale energy systems, and it appears they are contemplating district scale water systems they are going to achieve the sort of ambitious goals that single buildings can’t.
This project’s commitment to monitoring, actual system performance and optimization is exemplary. We are moving towards a world of outcome-based codes, and more and more we are seeing outcome-based clients, so this project does us all a service in helping to show the way.
This project also is showing the way in regards to employing district scale systems effectively - by using systems that are bigger than individual buildings, they are demonstrating that economies of scale are an important component of the continuing evolution of sustainable design.
These long-term projections were made believable by the feedback loop that they’ve established.
This project is really important because I don’t believe the architecture profession as a whole yet understands the context of buildings in the larger scale. Generally, energy, water, and waste systems don’t optimize at the building scale. We are going to need to start looking from a variety of places to find ways to come closer to optimizing systems at their appropriate scales.
Hope this encourages more planning projects that are in progress and demonstrate performance and improvement.
There was also a community process that was a very intense and active over the course of an 18 month period with the administration, educators, students, and the government that influenced the programming. Exemplary in its effectively with respect to economies of scale and ecologies of use.
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| 0.926723 | 3,556 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Heads and Legs
Date: 07/25/2001 at 13:51:09 From: Joseph Brazell Subject: Algebra Joe counts 48 heads and 134 legs among the chickens and dogs on his farm. How many dogs and how many chickens does he have?
Date: 07/25/2001 at 16:29:37 From: Doctor Greenie Subject: Re: Algebra Hi, Joseph - This is a classic problem for beginning algebra students, but if you are in fact 11 years old (as you said you were), then you probably are not yet using algebra to solve problems. So here is another approach I like to use with this type of problem. (In many cases, algebraic techniques for solving a problem greatly simplify the amount of work required to get an answer. In this type of problem, I find the algebraic approach actually takes more effort, so this alternate method of solution is in fact the one I usually use.) Each chicken and each dog has one head, so the number of chickens and dogs together is 48. Each chicken has two legs and each dog has four; together the 48 animals have 134 legs. Let's first check to see if the problem even makes sense. The minimum number of legs possible would be if all 48 animals were chickens; that would be 48*2 = 96 legs. The maximum number of legs possible would be if all 48 animals were dogs; that would be 48*4 = 192 legs. Since 134 is between 96 and 192, the problem should have a solution. Now let's solve the problem. Start by guessing that all 48 animals are chickens. We have already determined that this would give us 96 legs. We want 134 legs, so we are short by 134-96 = 38 legs. Now suppose we replace one chicken with a dog. The replaced chicken had two legs, and the dog has four - so we now have two legs more than before. And each time we replace another chicken with another dog, we get two more legs. So I started with a "guess" of 48 chickens and no dogs, which left me 38 legs short of what I wanted. And I found that each time I replaced a chicken with a dog I gained two legs. If my first guess left me 38 legs short, and if I gain two legs each time I replace a chicken with a dog, then the number of chickens I need to replace with dogs to get the other 38 legs I need is 38/2 = 19. So I should replace 19 chickens with dogs, leaving me with 19 dogs and 48-19 = 29 chickens. Whatever method you use to get the answer to the problem, you should check your answer: 19 dogs with 4 legs each = 19*4 = 76 legs + 29 chickens with 2 legs each = 29*2 = 58 legs ----------------------------------------------- 48 animals total 134 legs total In the remainder of my response, I will show one algebraic approach to the solution of this problem (there are many others...), just in case you know enough algebra to understand the method. It is interesting to compare this algebraic approach to the method I demonstrated above. Let c be the number of chickens and d the number of dogs. Then... (1) the number of chickens and dogs together is 48: c + d = 48 (1) (2) the number of legs, with 2 legs for each chicken and 4 for each dog, is 134: 2c + 4d = 134 (2) So now I have two equations relating the numbers c and d: c + d = 48 (1) 2c + 4d = 134 (2) Now I want to "play" with these equations algebraically and then compare them to find the value of one of the numbers. One way I can do this is to imagine that I double the size of my farm, so that I have twice as many chickens and twice as many dogs as before; to see the resulting number of animals and heads, I can "double" equation (1): 2c + 2d = 96 (3) Then I have two equations 2c + 4d = 134 (2) 2c + 2d = 96 (3) When I "compare" these equations to see how they differ, I see that the number of chickens is the same in both, but the number of dogs is different. That means the difference in the numbers on the right must be due to the difference in the numbers of dogs in the two equations. So I "subtract" the two equations to find the "difference" between them: 2c + 4d = 134 - (2c + 2d = 96) ----------------- 2d = 38 This tells me that twice the number of dogs is 38, so the number of dogs is 19. Then from my original equation (1) I know that the number of chickens is 48-19 = 29. For a similar problem in our archives, see: 60 Eyes and 86 Feet http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/57957.html - Doctor Greenie, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2015 The Math Forum
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Well-named, the Tundra
Swan spends its summer months on tundra lands in or near the Arctic. The
North American race is often called the "Whistling Swan", while the
Eurasian race is often called "Bewick's Swan". This is the most
widespread and common of the swans normally found in North America.
summer breeding grounds are the lakes and ponds of the North American
tundra. During migration and the winter months, is most often found on
shallow lakes, ponds, and estuaries, often in the vicinity of agricultural
Diet: Primarily feeds on the seeds, roots, and
stems of aquatic plants. Will also eat large amounts of waste grain in
harvested fields, as well as the occasional small invertebrate.
Behavior: Forages both on land and in the water.
In the water, forages by swimming on the surface and either grabbing food
items from the surface, or by dipping its head and neck below the water for
good. As with some other waterfowl species, they have learned to take
advantage of waste grain left behind in agricultural fields, and will rely
heavily on such food sources during migration and in winter.
Breeding: Non-breeder in South Dakota
Migration: Summers on the tundra in northern Canada and
Alaska. Winters in scattered locations in the west, along the Pacific and
Atlantic coastlines, and elsewhere.
Conservation Status: Numbers stable, possibly increasing.
South Dakota "Hotspot": The northeastern part of the state, especially
in and around Sand Lake, are prime locations to find Tundra Swans in migration.
Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Tundra Swan
Whatbird.com: Tundra Swan
Photo Information: March 23rd, 2006 -- Minnehaha
County -- Terry Sohl
Additional Photos: Click on the image chips or
text links below for additional, higher-resolution Tundra Swan photos.
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| 0.932379 | 432 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Peter is a person with erratic sleep habits. He goes to sleep at twelve o'lock every midnight. He gets up just after one hour of sleep on some days; he may even sleep for twenty-three hours on other days. His sleeping duration changes in a cycle, where he always sleeps for only one hour on the first day of the cycle.
Unfortunately, he has some job interviews this month. No doubt he wants to be in time for them. He can take anhydrous caffeine to reset his sleeping cycle to the beginning of the cycle anytime. Then he will wake up after one hour of sleep when he takes caffeine. But of course he wants to avoid taking caffeine as possible, since it may affect his health and accordingly his very important job interviews.
Your task is to write a program that reports the minimum amount of caffeine required for Peter to attend all his interviews without being late, where the information about the cycle and the schedule of his interviews are given. The time for move to the place of each interview should be considered negligible.
The input consists of multiple datasets. Each dataset is given in the following format:
t1 t2 ... tT
T is the length of the cycle (1 ≤ T ≤ 30); ti (for 1 ≤ i ≤ T ) is the amount of sleep on the i-th day of the cycle, given in hours (1 ≤ ti ≤ 23); N is the number of interviews (1 ≤ N ≤ 100); Dj (for 1 ≤ j ≤ N) is the day of the j-th interview (1 ≤ Dj ≤ 100); Mj (for 1 ≤ j ≤ N) is the hour when the j-th interview starts (1 ≤ Mj ≤ 23).
The numbers in the input are all integers. t1 is always 1 as stated above. The day indicated by 1 is the first day in the cycle of Peter's sleep.
The last dataset is followed by a line containing one zero. This line is not a part of any dataset and should not be processed.
For each dataset, print the minimum number of times Peter needs to take anhydrous caffeine.
2 1 23 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 0
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| 0.944833 | 447 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Arsenic. When I hear that word I immediately think of a TV mystery where someone’s lover is poisoned to death via the toxin. Today, arsenic is not the star in some made-for-tv drama but rather a news-maker for a completely different reason. Arsenic is in our food and you could be eating it every day. Have you read the recent reports of elevated arsenic levels in apple juice? Just weeks later, and now, it’s showing up in many organic food products.
Environmental chemist, Brian P. Jackson, and his team at Dartmouth, discovered that organic foods containing the popular alternative sweetener, brown rice syrup, tested high for arsenic. Among the foods tested were infant formula, cereal bars, energy bars, and energy “shots.”
“Arsenic occurs in several forms, some thought to be more dangerous than others. Organic forms of arsenic can be found naturally in the soil, along with arsenic-based pesticides used before the EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] banned them in 2009. Rice, Jackson noted, ‘takes up more arsenic than all the other grains.’
Inorganic arsenic is considered much more toxic than organic arsenic, Jackson said. Brown rice is usually higher in total arsenic and inorganic arsenic than white rice because the outer layer that’s removed in white rice contains the inorganic arsenic. However, another form of arsenic can be found inside the grain of both white and brown rice.”
Rice can be a major source of inorganic arsenic for certain sub-populations. Of major concern was the elevated arsenic found in organic infant formula where brown rice syrup was the first ingredient. Several brands tested 20-30 times higher in arsenic than other formulas and at levels up to 6 times the EPA safe drinking water limit.
Related Report: Brown Rice Syrup
Brown rice syrup is a popular alternative to high fructose corn syrup and sugar and is found in a wide variety of foods. Many adults are also consuming more rice in their diets in general as gluten-free and organic food products continue to see explosive growth. As people switch to rice-based or rice-containing foods instead of wheat products, they may be unknowingly ingesting more rice (and therefore more arsenic) on a daily basis.
According to the EPA’s website, the health effects associated with arsenic are:
“Non-cancer effects can include thickening and discoloration of the skin, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting; diarrhea; numbness in hands and feet; partial paralysis; and blindness. Arsenic has been linked to cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidney, nasal passages, liver, and prostate.”
The EPA has set the arsenic standard for drinking water at 10 parts per billion for total arsenic (a combination of organic and inorganic forms). The really scary news to all this is that there is currently no US regulations limiting or monitoring arsenic levels in our food. Jackson concludes that based on their findings, “…there is an urgent need for regulatory limits on arsenic in our food.” You think??
What to do:
Until there is some assurance from our government or at the very least from food manufacturers that they are actually testing regularly for arsenic levels, you may want to consider reducing overall consumption of products containing brown rice syrup. If breastfeeding is an option, skip the infant formula all-together and reduce the arsenic exposure risk.
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| 0.951345 | 705 | 2.859375 | 3 |
November 5 is known within the UK as Bonfire Night or Guy Fawkes Day. It is an occasion when families take their children to watch bonfires burn and fireworks explode. Wrap up warm folks and stay safe.
The life & Crimes of Guy Fawkes
The infamous Gunpowder Plot conspirator.
Summary: Guy Fawkes, also known as Guido, was an Elizabethan nobleman, adventurer, and politician who became involved in the infamous Gunpowder Plot.
The Plot was intended to overthrow the government and assassinate the monarch by blowing up the Houses of Parliament. It failed and, although he was a relatively minor player, it was Fawkes who was to have lit the fuse but was instead caught in the act. He therefore achieved notoriety and became, by association, the principal character of the Plot.
1570: Born 13th April, Stonegate, York.
1570: Baptised, 16th April at Saint Michael-le-Belfrey, York.
Parents Edward and Edith Fawkes. His father was proctor of the ecclesiastical courts and advocate of the consistory court of the Archbishop of York.
1579: His father died and his mother Edith married again into a Catholic family.
The Gunpowder Plot
1603: When Elizabeth I died without children, Mary's son, was next in line to the throne. As James was a Protestant, Parliament was also in favour of him becoming king. The Roman Catholics in England were upset that there was going to be another Protestant monarch. They also became very angry when James passed a law that imposed heavy fines on people who did not attend Protestant church services.
1604: In May, Robert Catesby devised the Gunpowder Plot, a scheme to kill James and as many members of Parliament as possible. At a meeting at the Duck and Drake Inn Catesby explained his plan to Guy Fawkes, Thomas Percy, John Wright and Thomas Wintour. All the men agreed under oath to join the conspiracy.
Over the next few months Francis Tresham, Everard Digby, Robert Wintour, Thomas Bates and Christopher Wright also agreed to take part in the overthrow of the king.
After the death of James in the explosion, Robert Catesby planned to make the king's young daughter, Elizabeth, queen. In time, Catesby hoped to arrange Elizabeth's marriage to a Catholic nobleman. It was Everard Digby's task to kidnap Princess Elizabeth from Coombe Abbey.
Catesby's plan involved blowing up the Houses of Parliament on 5th November. This date was chosen because the king was due to open Parliament on that day. At first the group tried to tunnel under Parliament.
This plan changed when Thomas Percy was able to hire a cellar under the House of Lords. The plotters then filled the cellar with barrels of gunpowder. Fawkes, because of his munitions experience in the Netherlands, was given the task of creating the explosion.
The Plot was discovered when the cellars were searched the night before the opening. Fawkes was caught red-handed and although his fellow conspirators fled, they were cornered and either died resisting arrest or were captured and executed.
1606: Died 31st January executed in the garden of St. Paul's Cathedral / Old Palace Yard, Westminster.
I wonder if such a plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament today would be celebrated in such a fashion in a couple of hundred years time? Somehow I doubt it.
Further information surrounding Bonfire Night can be found here.
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| 0.982463 | 726 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Anna Karelina, and
Maria Ruibal Villasenor
tudents taking introductory physics courses not only need to learn the fundamental concepts and to solve simple problems but also need to learn to approach more complex problems and to reason like scientists. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is considered one of the most important types of reasoning employed by scientists. If-then logic allows students to test hypotheses and reject those that are not supported by testing experiments. Can we teach students to reason hypothetical-deductively and to apply this reasoning to problems outside of physics? This study investigates the development and transfer from physics to real life of hypothetical-deductive reasoning abilities by students enrolled in an introductory physics course at a large state university. The abilities include formulating hypotheses and making predictions concerning the outcomes of testing experiments. (The work was supported by NSF grant REC 0529065.)
Published January 30, 2007
Last Modified January 29, 2011
This file is included in the full-text index.
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BRADSHAW FOUNDATION - LATEST NEWS
Evolution of complex human culture
An article on phys.org - Population size fails to explain evolution of complex culture - reports that despite the growing consensus among archaeologists and anthropologists that the size of a population determines its ability to develop as well as to maintain complex culture, this view is severely compromised by a paper published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
The Lion Man sculpture from the Stadel Cave, Germany, carved out of mammoth ivory, is now believed to be 40,000 years old based on carbon dating material from the same layer in which the sculpture was found. It is from the Aurignacian culture. It was carved using a flint knives, burins and scrapers. Some argue that this sculpture, and others like it, represents the dawn of human behavioural modernity.
Ice Age sculptures (left to right): Lion Man, Vogelherd Horse & Lespugue figurine.
Archaeologists observe a fairly sudden appearance of behavioural modernity, such as complex technologies, abstract and realistic art and musical instruments, some 40,000 years ago, in the Later Stone Age. For decades archeologists and antropologists have searched for a scientific explanation for these and other 'cultural revolutions'. In so doing, it may find the origin of human culture. For some 10 years the predominant theory suggested the driving factor was growing population numbers.
Why? Logically, the bigger the population, the higher the probability it contains an 'Einstein'; unique, original and epiphanous thoughts and ideas that produce quantifiable and ameliorating results. Hence, bigger populations are more likely to develop complex culture.
Not so, argues the recently published paper. The research team includes technology philosopher Krist Vaesen from Eindhoven University of Technology (working in the Philosopy & Ethics group of the faculty Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences), along with archaeologists from Simon Fraser University, La Trobe University and Leiden University. They refute this demography hypothesis with a growing body of ethnographic evidence.
The critical flaws of the model supporting a relationship between population size and cultural complexity? A critical analysis of the available archaeological evidence suggests that there are simply no data to infer that behavioural modernity emerged in a period of population growth or that the size of a population directly influences the rate of innovation in a society's technological repertoire.
Too simplistic? Yes, according to the team - for the evolution of complex culture, no satisfying answer is available yet; the question of the emergence of complex culture remains as elusive as ever.
Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Provided by: Eindhoven University of Technology
View the ORIGINS section:
Visit the Ice Age Sculpture Gallery:
Sculptures available in the iShop:
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Article abstract: Primarily through a book written by colleagues after his death, Saussure established the foundations of twentieth century linguistics. His focus on the systematic structure of language is the fundamental principle of structuralism in linguistics, anthropology, and literary criticism, and he provided the theoretical basis of semiology—the study of signs.
When Ferdinand de Saussure was enrolled in chemistry and physics courses at the University of Geneva in 1875, he was following a tradition long established on his father’s side of the family. Ferdinand’s great-grandfather was Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, a famous scientist; his grandfather was professor of geology and mineralogy; and his father, Henri, had a doctorate in geology. Ferdinand, too, was to become a scientist, but it was the science of linguistics that captured his attention at an early age.
Adolf Pictet, a friend of the family, and Count Alexandre-Joseph de Pourtalès, Ferdinand’s maternal grandfather, encouraged the young boy to study languages. By the age of twelve, Ferdinand had read chapters of Pictet’s book on linguistic paleontology. He knew French, German, English, and Latin, and he began Greek at the age of thirteen. The year before entering the university, the young Saussure, on Pictet’s advice, studied Sanskrit from a book by the German scholar Franz Bopp.
Saussure’s career in physics and chemistry lasted for only two semesters. During that time, he continued his studies of Greek and Latin and joined the Linguistic Society of Paris. By autumn 1876, he had transferred to the University of Leipzig in Germany. For the next four semesters, Saussure attended courses in comparative grammar, history of the German language, Sanskrit, Greek, Old Persian, Celtic, Slavic languages, and Lithuanian. His teachers were the leading figures of the time in historical and comparative linguistics, including, among the younger generation, the “Neogrammarians,” scholars of Indo-European who established the famous principle that sound changes in the historical development of languages operate without exception.
In the Leipzig environment of August Leskien, Hermann Osthoff, and Karl Brugmann, Saussure wrote extensively, publishing several papers through the Linguistic Society of Paris. At age twenty-one, in 1878, he produced the monograph that was to be the most famous work of his lifetime, Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes (1879; memoir on the original system of the vowels in the Indo-European languages). When it appeared, he was in Berlin studying Sanskrit. Returning to Leipzig in 1880, he received his doctoral degree with honors.
Saussure’s Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes was a daring reconstruction of an aspect of proto-Indo-European which was met in Germany with little understanding, even with hostility. Yet the work was very well received in France; in the fall of 1880, Saussure moved to Paris. He attended courses in classical languages, lectures by the leading French linguist Michel Bréal, and meetings of the Linguistic Society of Paris. The next year, on October 30, 1881, with Bréal’s strong support, he was unanimously named lecturer in Gothic and Old High German at the École des Hautes Études. His lifelong career as a teacher began a week later.
Saussure’s courses dealt primarily with comparative grammar of the Germanic languages, but he was highly critical of the earlier nineteenth century German tradition in such studies. Comparison of individual words in different languages or over time within one language seemed to him haphazard, unfruitful, and unscientific. In his Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes, he had used the notion of a language as a structured system in which all forms are interrelated, and this fundamental concept had led him to hypothesize forms in Indo-European that had disappeared in the languages for which there were historical records. It was a half century after the publication of the Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes that evidence was discovered in Hittite proving him correct.
At the École des Hautes Études, Saussure’s courses attracted substantial numbers of students, and, with Bréal, he set the foundation for comparative grammar in France. He taught Sanskrit, Latin, and Lithuanian as well, and some of his students and disciples became the most prominent French linguists of the early twentieth century. One of these, Antoine Meillet, was later to emphasize the intellectual excitement and commitment generated by Saussure in his classes. So engrossed was Saussure in his teaching during the Paris years that his publications became increasingly infrequent, but he was greatly admired, and when he left the École des Hautes Études for a position at the University of Geneva in the winter of 1891, his French colleagues nominated him for the Cross of the Legion of Honor.
At Geneva, too, students and colleagues were devoted to Saussure and committed to his teachings. Were it not for this dedication, there would be...
(The entire section is 2177 words.)
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There’s a very interesting Jan. 8, 2015 essay by Dr. Andrew Maynard, being hosted on Nanowerk, about the effects that quantum dot televisions could have on the environment (Note: A link has been removed),
Earlier this week, The Conversation reported that, “The future is bright, the future is … quantum dot televisions”. And judging by the buzz coming from this week’s annual Consumer Electronics Show (CES) that’s right – the technology is providing manufacturers with a cheap and efficient way of producing the next generation of brilliant, high-definition TV screens.
But the quantum dots in these displays also use materials and technologies – including engineered nanoparticles and the heavy metal cadmium – that have been a magnet for health and environmental concerns. Will the dazzling pictures this technology allow blind us to new health and environmental challenges, or do their benefits outweigh the potential risks?
If I understand things rightly, cadmium is toxic at both the macroscale and the nanoscale and Andrew goes on to describe quantum dots (cadmium at the nanoscale) and the problem they could present in his Jan. 7, 2015 essay on The Conversation,also hosted by Nanowerk, (Note: Link have been removed),
Quantum dots are a product of the emerging field of nanotechnology. They are made of nanometer-sized particles of a semiconducting material – often cadmium selenide. About 2,000 to 20,000 times smaller than the width of a single human hair, they’re designed to absorb light of one color and emit it as another color – to fluoresce. This property makes them particularly well-suited for use in products like tablets and TVs that need bright, white, uniform backlights.
… What is unique about quantum dots is that the color of the emitted light can be modified by simply changing the size of the quantum dot particles. And because this color-shifting is a physical phenomenon, quantum dots far outperform their chemical counterparts in brightness, color and durability.
Unfortunately, the heavy metal cadmium used in the production of many quantum dots is a health and environmental hazard.
On top of this, the potential health and environmental impacts of engineered nanoparticles like quantum dots have been raising concerns with toxicologists and regulators for over a decade now. Research has shown that the size, shape and surface properties of some particles influence the harm they are capable of causing in humans and the environment; smaller particles are often more toxic than their larger counterparts. That said, this is an area where scientific understanding is still developing.
Together, these factors would suggest caution is warranted in adopting quantum dot technologies. Yet taken in isolation they are misleading.
The essay describes the risk factors for various sectors (Note: A link has been removed),
The quantum dots currently being used in TVs are firmly embedded in the screens – usually enclosed behind multiple layers of glass and plastic. As a result, the chances of users being exposed to them during normal operation are pretty much nil.
The situation is potentially different during manufacturing, when there is a chance that someone could be inadvertently exposed to these nanoscopic particles. Scenarios like this have led to agencies like the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health taking a close look at safety when working with nanoparticles. While the potential risks are not negligible, good working practices are effective at reducing or eliminating potentially harmful exposures.
End-of-life disposal raises additional concerns. While the nanoparticles are likely to remain firmly embedded within a trashed TV’s screen, the toxic materials they contain, including cadmium, could well be released into the environment. Cadmium is certainly a health and environmental issue with poorly regulated e-waste disposal and recycling. However, when appropriate procedures are used, exposures should be negligible.
It seems quantum dot televisions impose a smaller burden than their cousins on the environment,
Although it seems counter-intuitive, analysis by the company that was made available to the EPA [US Environmental Protection Agency] showed QD Vision’s products lead to a net decrease in environmental cadmium releases compared to conventional TVs. Cadmium is one of the pollutants emitted from coal-fired electrical power plants. Because TVs using the company’s quantum dots use substantially less power than their non-quantum counterparts, the combined cadmium in QD Vision TVs and the power plant emissions associated with their use is actually lower than that associated with conventional flat screen TVs. In other words, using cadmium in quantum dots for production of more energy-efficient displays can actually results in a net reduction in cadmium emissions.
Not the conclusion one might have drawn at the outset, eh? You can read the essay in its entirety on either Nanowerk (Jan. 8, 2015 essay) or The Conversation (Jan. 7, 2015 essay). (Same essay just different publication dates.) Andrew has also posted his essay on the University of Michigan Risk Science Center website, Are quantum dot TVs – and their toxic ingredients – actually better for the environment? Note: Andrew Maynard is the center’s director.
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An amazing new image of stars being born has been captured by the Hubble Space Telescope.
The stunning snap shows swirling clouds of gas and dust, sprinkled with the bright blue, hot young stars.
The stars show up as bright blue because they're giving off ultraviolet radiation.
It's all happening in a distant region called NGC 2467, which is a massive cloud of gas that acts like a nursery for the baby stars to grow in.
Stars are born within the clouds of dust and gas scattered throughout most galaxies.
Activity within these clouds eventually make them collapse because of gravity.
The stuff in the centre of the collapsing cloud then heats up, creating a star.
The region NGC 2467 is thought to be about 13,000 light years from Earth.
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The Alevi community in Turkey has ties to the lineage of Shiite Islam while also having geographic roots in what is now the Turkish state. They are neither Sunni nor fully Turkish. This has not stopped, however, both the secular Turkish state and certain members of the Turkish academic community in wielding the Alevi as pawns in a chess game of constructing a national-religious Turkish identity. This reconceptualized construction of the Alevis is aimed at reducing their socioreligious and political otherness in order to assimilate them into the nation-in-formation — Turkey. Writing Religion: The Making of Turkish Alevi Islam, then, is an important study within the field of religious studies in that it highlights the complexity of understanding secularism and reveals the power that religious scholars wield over their subjects of study.
In the first section of his book, Dressler poses the question: How did we get from Kızılbaş to Alevi? The former were described as a group of immoral heretics that eventually, as the word changed, were re-signified as a group of Turkish, yet heterodox Muslims. In other words, a people once considered less than were incorporated into the national-religious identity of the emerging Turkish state in order to create a myth of national unity. It is as if Israel had remained a nation-state after A.D. 70 and, at some point throughout their long history, found a way to incorporate the Samaritans into their national-religious-political identity. The problem, however, is that in order to do this the Israelites would have had to sweep any cultural, theological, or political differences between them and the Samaritans underneath the historical rug. And it is precisely this, Dressler points out, that the Turkish secular state did to the Alevi for the purpose of creating a national, unified identity.
In the second half of Writing Religion, Dressler turns to the academy and its role in facilitating the Alevi re-signification. Mehmed Fuad Köprülü, a Turkish academic, created the historical framework that made it possible to place certain groups from the periphery of Ottoman-Turkish public and Islamic discourse into the center of the narrative of the national and religious evolution of the Turks.” Dressler finds Köprülü’s facilitated re-signification of the Alevi unremarkable, for Köprülü was only working within the academic context of his time. What is of concern for Dressler, however, is that Köprülü’s work on the Alevi had yet — until Dressler — to be critically reevaluated.
These two things then — the re-signified term “Alevi” and the framework created by Köprülü — exerted pressure upon the Alevi to assimilate to a new, external model of what it meant to be both religious and Turkish. This process of created nationalism, according to Dressler, can be viewed as both the work of integration and assimilation, which calls for a unitary religion that will strengthen the moral community of the nation.
Dressler’s Writing Religion highlights the need for a critical re-investigation of the concepts that the academic study of religion has inherited from classical religionists. Dressler posits that only when the methodology used by scholars of religion is based on a critical approach to those same concepts can scholars advance more complex inquiries into the dynamics of inner-Islamic difference and plurality. While Dressler is writing about inner-Islamic studies in particular, he advice is not lost on the religious studies community in general. If Dressler’s work does anything, then it surely unveils the homogenizing impact of secularization upon nationhood. In other words, if the desire is to create a unified majority that the nation-state can represent, then religious and cultural particularities cannot help but be lost in the process.
Dressler also shows, and most importantly for our purposes, that scholars of religion must tread with great care when studying the “other.” Köprülü’s work on the Alevi established a paradigm for wrongly understanding a particular people group, which, for nearly a century, resulted in the marginalization and oppression of the Alevi. While Dressler seeks to redress this misconception in Writing Religion, his monograph appears to be fighting a lone battle against the more general and secular Turkish assumptions that the Alevi are a heterodox group of Turkish Muslims that comprise part of the Turkish national whole. The reality is far more complex.
In the end, one can never assume that their categories, methodologies, or conclusions are both academically and historically benign. To study religion is to make a statement about — at the very least — the culture, beliefs, and practices of others. If scholars are to avoid wielding others as pawns in the academic game of chess, then it is paramount that religious scholars internalize Dressler’s methodological cautions.Powered by Sidelines
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My top five (in order of importance):
- Know that the most important part of data journalism is… journalism. Reporting. In other words, you know how to report a story, you understand how to treat data as a source. You know how to pick up a phone, and not just assume that everything you get in data form (especially government data) is complete and accurate.
- You have at least basic data skills — meaning, you know your way around a spreadsheet. You can figure out for yourself how to import data, and do something with it. You also understand the basics of data analysis: rates, ratios, sums, averages, medians, and how to use them.
- You have command of more advanced data analysis skills, such as GIS, basic statistics, advanced SQL, etc. You also may know some basic programming techniques (using the language of your choice… Python, Perl, Ruby. ILENE.. shoot, even .NET) to scrape the web, get and clean data.
- You have some skills with a web framework (Django, Rails, Grails) in order to enhance your reporting online through data-driven applications that you create from scratch and host.
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Musicians can present a unique group of skin rashes related to their profession or avocation. Some of these rashes are so common they have characteristic names such as fiddler’s neck, flautist’s chin, guitarist’s nipple and harpist’s finger.
In a recent survey, 21 percent of musicians reported some type of instrument-related rash. Some of these rashes are mechanical in nature, such as chaffing, erosions or blistering and callusing due to repeated trauma.
Many of the rashes are allergic in origin and the common causes are exotic woods, metals, resins, stains and varnishes. The most common allergic metals used in instruments are chromium, cobalt and nickel. Many wind instrument users develop skin or lip rashes from their instruments.
Woods that have a high allergic potential are ebony, cocobolo, African Blackwood, Brazilian and Indian rosewood. Also, cane reed used in mouthpieces can cause allergic problems.
Paraphenylendiamine is a black dye that causes allergy and is commonly found in stringed bows and chin rests. Propol is also known as bee glue and is used in violin varnish and is a strong allergen. Colophony – a solid form of resin obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers – is also a significant allergen for violinists, violists and cellists.
The metals that cause allergy are not only found in wind instruments (brass), but also in string instruments – especially guitars, cellos, violins, sitars and harps.
The key (pun intended) to diagnosing the cause of these rashes is that they occur in the specific body parts that touch the instrument.
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General Science Model Questions and Answers for preparing Kerala PSC LDC, Special Branch Assistant and other Examinations.
Fertilization, Pollination and Seed Dispersal
1. The flowering plants are collectively called?
2. The reproductive units in Angiosperms is called?
3. The male reproductive organ of the flower?
4. The female reproductive organ of a flower?
5. Study of flowers?
6. Fruits developed from the parts of the flower other than a card?
Answer: False fruits (Cashew)
7. Smallest pollen?
8. Largest pollen?
9. Father of angiosperm embryology in India?
Answer: P. Maheswari
10. Pollination by the agency of water?
11. Pollination by the agency of animals?
12. Pollination by the agency of birds?
13. Pollination by the agency of bats?
14. After fertilization ovule developed into?
15. After fertilization ovary wall developed into?
Answer: Fruit wall
16. After fertilization ovary developed into?
17. Final product of sexual reproduction in angiosperms?
18. Study of fruits is called?
19. Seedless fruits are formed from an unfertilized flower is called?
Note: Medium of questions in LDC 2013-14 Exam will be Malayalam.
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A perfect example is an issue we saw recently which turned out to be caused by a faulty SATA port on the motherboard. We will explain how we arrived at the solution – it reinforces the need to have a logical approach to diagnosis yet not to become so blinded by the ‘most common’ causes that you fail to consider much rarer alternatives.
Reported Problem – 4 year old Vista PC working fine most of the time but suffering occasional blue screen of death (BSOD) crashes or long freezes followed by automatic shut down and restart. The issues had been getting worse for 6 months and now averaged about once a day – but with no pattern as to how long the PC was on for or what software was in use at the time…
These types of error can be caused by either a hardware or a software problem – and, being intermittent, are not easy to diagnose so a thorough investigation is needed.
Steps To Diagnose The Problem – We first backed up all the important documents before attempting any diagnosis! This is really important if hardware failure is suspected e.g. if a hard drive is dying then testing it might just finish it off. Always play safe and ensure you have a full backup before continuing with diagnosis.
1. We checked Event Viewer, looking particularly at the System logs for relevant errors. Several errors typically related to memory (RAM) faults so we tested the memory – no faults found. (If the problem were not so intermittent we could have just swapped out the RAM to test it)
2. Other errors were typically related to hard drive faults – although they may have been caused by the frequent unexpected shutdowns corrupting the Windows file system. As the PC was 4 years old we tested the hard drive to check if it was failing – no faults found.
3. A faulty PSU (Power Supply Unit) could cause random freezing and restarts so we tested it under full load – no faults found.
Next Steps – So far we had established that the hard drive, RAM, PSU and temperatures were all fine – there were no other separate components (like a graphics/sound card) so this narrowed down the cause to an intermittent motherboard problem or software errors.
The biggest issue was not being able to reproduce the error – even under stress testing the PC had remained resolutely stable for us with no crashes or freezing. Unless we could find a ‘smoking gun’ we could not justify wasting a lot of time updating drivers/software willy nilly, and certainly not wasting a lot of money replacing the motherboard or writing off the PC – we needed to make this PC crash.
- Considering all the information to date, our instinct and experience still pointed us towards an issue with heavy file read/write access causing related memory and hard drive issues, hence the crashes/freezing…
- So we ran a full virus scan on the PC (also useful to rule out virus activity) which would read/check every file but found no issues – and still no crash.
- Next we decided to do a disk cleanup – lo and behold it froze half way through and the PC shut down!
- To make sure, we tried a few disk cleanups in both normal and safe mode and the PC froze up every time. At last we could reproduce the problem at will so could proceed with diagnosis and repair, confident that we could test for sure if we had been successful.
- To test for motherboard issues we changed the hard drive SATA data cable – disk cleanup still crashed. We then moved the hard drive SATA data cable to a different SATA port on the motherboard – and disk cleanup finished successfully 🙂
We repeated the test by trying a few disk cleanups in both normal and safe mode and they were successful every time – no freezes at all. As a final check, we moved the SATA cable back to the original port on the motherboard and, sure enough, the disk cleanup started failing again – proving for sure that particular SATA port was at fault.
Updated 29th Dec 2012 – some readers have asked what to do if you find that all your motherboard SATA ports are faulty (especially if you only have 2). Possible solutions would include:
1. Add more internal SATA ports by adding a SATA PCIe card (if you have a free PCIe slot) or a SATA PCI card (not as quick but will do the job) – note that you may have to play around with loading SATA drivers when installing Windows.
2. Use an IDE port instead if you have an IDE hard drive available.
3. Buy a new motherboard.
4. Even if you decide to buy another PC, as long as the SATA hard drive itself is not faulty, you could reuse it in a new PC or just retrieve your personal data from it (by attaching it temporarily in another PC).
The original SATA port (or associated disk controller) on the motherboard was faulty – but only intermittently and under heavy disk activity. This is a very rare outcome – the usual sign of a faulty SATA port is that the hard drive is not recognized in BIOS or Windows does not load, producing a disk read error or ‘no operating system found’ message.
It underlines the importance of thorough step by step testing and being able to reproduce a fault so that you can test if a potential fix actually works – otherwise you’re just shooting in the dark.
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PITTSBURGH (AP) — Carnegie Mellon University researchers hope Web surfers will spend their free time playing Internet-based games to help other people’s and businesses’ computers get smarter.
On Wednesday, the researchers launched www.gwap.com with five games designed to help computers with tasks they can’t automatically do.
“There are a lot of things that computers cannot do, but we’d somehow like to get them done,” said Luis von Ahn, an assistant professor of computer science. “So what we’re doing is getting humans to do it for us.”
The tasks include improving computer searches for images or audio clips. For example, if you search on the Web for “sad songs,” a search engine will generally show you links to audio files that have the word sad in the filename. But by getting people to describe audio clips as sad in online games like “Tag a Tune,” researchers can improve searches for audio files.
Users older than 13 are matched with other players on five games, with others to be added later. Among the games are:
—ESP, in which opposing players are shown a picture and try to guess what words the other player will use to describe the image. The game’s goal is to help improve image searches on the Internet by creating descriptions of uncaptioned images. The game has already been licensed by Google as Google Image Labeler.
—Matchin, in which opposing players are shown the two images and asked to choose which one they like best. The more the players choose the same image, the more points they rack up. The goal is to help computers recognize what images people would prefer to see when they are searching for pictures on the Web.
—Squigl, where two players are given a word describing part of an image and must trace what the word is describing. Points are awarded based on how similarly the players traced the image. The goal is to help computers more easily recognize images.
Players don’t communicate with one another or see one another’s answers; the games tell them just that they’ve made a match.
Von Ahn is also the creator of CAPTCHA, the program that creates distorted series of letters and numbers that users must decipher at some sites to register or to buy things. The puzzles were originally used to verify the computer users were humans but also now are used now to help digitize books by having the millions of people across the world who unscramble the words each day type in phrases from books.
Researchers said the idea of using people to do things computers can’t is catching on.
“This is just the beginning,” said Mike Crawford, the Carnegie Mellon Web site’s chief engineer. “I think there’s a lot of potential.”
— Jennifer C. Yates, Associated Press Writer
Hearing privacy concerns, Google to blur faces captured in Street View
BOSTON (AP) — After privacy complaints, Google Inc. is beginning to automatically blur faces of people captured in the street photos taken for its Internet map program. Rolling it out will take several months, however.
Although Google’s Street View service was not the first to augment online maps with photos, the detail and breadth of images on the site surprised and unsettled many users when it launched last year.
As specially equipped Google vehicles cruised city streets snapping panoramic images of homes and businesses, the resulting photos revealed people falling off bikes, exiting strip joints, crossing the street, sunbathing — everyday, in-public things but nonetheless, things they might not have wanted preserved for posterity.
Some privacy advocates, including the influential Electronic Frontier Foundation, suggested that Google blur the images of people. That move, the critics pointed out, would not inhibit Street View’s goal of helping people become familiar with the look and feel of a location before they travel there.
This week, Google revealed it had indeed begun deploying a facial-recognition algorithm that scans photos for mugs to blur. The changes are happening first in scenes in New York, before slowly expanding to the other 40 cities in Street View.
Google spokesman Larry Yu said the company is still tweaking the system. For now it tends to err on the side of blurring too many things — things a computer erroneously interprets as faces — but that is better than leaving too many faces unblurred, Yu said.
Yu said Google was responding not only to privacy complaints in the U.S., but also trying to head off legal or cultural objections that might emerge as Street View expands into other countries.
Rebecca Jeschke, a spokeswoman for the Electronic Frontier Foundation, praised Google’s decision, but she added that “it’s just a shame it didn’t happen before the tool launched.”
— Brian Bergstein, AP Technology Writer
Forget to lock the front door? Car system can do it remotely
TOKYO (AP) — Drivers in Japan can check on their pets, turn lights and air conditioning on and off and lock their front doors — all from inside their cars — with a new navigation system from Panasonic.
In addition to guiding drivers to destinations as regular global positioning system navigation gadgets do, the $3,400 Strada F-Class will link to the home through any Internet-capable mobile phone.
Users could use the phone itself to communicate with your Web-enabled home, but Panasonic says it’s easier while driving to use the Strada F-Class.
Users just touch icons on the navigation system’s screen that read “turn off the light” or “lock the door.” They can make it look as though they’re home — to ward off burglars — by turning lights off and then on, all while they’re away, said Naohisa Morimoto, an official with Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., which puts out Panasonic brand products.
The catch is that they need a Web-enabled camera, front door and other devices. Only about 2,000 homes in Japan have such Net-linking systems, Morimoto said. But Panasonic offers home servers for about $1,900 in Japan, and cheaper ones are available.
Panasonic hopes to sell about 8,000 of the Strada F-Class monthly in Japan after they go on sale June 13. There are no overseas sales plans.
—Yuri Kageyama, AP Business Writer
Camera memory card uses wireless to label photos by location
NEW YORK — A wireless memory card for digital cameras now comes with an added twist: Besides making it easier to store and share photos, the latest version of the Eye-Fi card also helps sort images by location.
Eye-Fi Explore, due out next month, taps into a database run by Skyhook Wireless. That company sends trucks up and down streets to scan for home wireless routers or commercial hotspots and record the unique identifying code and location of each.
The Eye-Fi card can sense the Wi-Fi access point that happens to be nearby, regardless of whether that access point is open or password-protected. The unique code for that access point gets matched with what’s in the Skyhook database. When you take a photo, Eye-Fi automatically attaches data about the current location, as determined by Skyhook.
“Today, that’s a very manual and time-consuming process,” said Jef Holove, chief executive of Mountain View, Calif.-based Eye-Fi Inc. “We’re saving people the time and the hassle.”
Like GPS-based “geotagging” products, Eye-Fi tag photos with latitude and longitude coordinates. That could boost geotagging, which remains limited to more tech-savvy or professional photographers.
Without the aid of Eye-Fi or a GPS device, location information needs to be entered manually.
The $129 Eye-Fi Explore comes with 2 gigabytes of storage and works with any camera using SD memory cards.
Like previous Eye-Fi models, Explore can also automatically send photos over Wi-Fi from your camera to your computer or photo-sharing sites when within range.
— Anick Jesdanun, AP Technology Writer
On the Net: http://www.eye.fi
VeriSign wins patent for typo redirection but won’t disclose plans
NEW YORK (AP) — The company that runs many of the Internet’s core directory systems has won a patent for its controversial service that helps Internet users find sites even when they mistype addresses.
VeriSign Inc. said it has no intentions of resurrecting the Site Finder service, but it declined further comment on its plans for the patent, including bloggers’ speculation that it could now demand licensing fees from EarthLink Inc. and other companies that have since started similar efforts.
Normally, when you mistype a Web address, perhaps switching two letters, a generic error message often appears.
Site Finder sought to help guide surfers mistyping “.com” or “.net” names — which VeriSign runs — by offering a list of likely alternatives, including pay-for-placement listings for which VeriSign got a share of revenues when users clicked on one.
Although Time Warner Inc.’s AOL, Microsoft Corp.’s Internet Explorer browser and others already offered similar services, VeriSign was criticized when it launched Site Finder in 2003 because of the influence the company already had as the keeper of the traffic-control directories containing all “.com” and “.net” names.
VeriSign agreed to suspend the service under mounting pressure. Despite the March 4 patent approval, the company says it “does not intend to relaunch related services.”
If VeriSign tries to demand licensing fees from others, patent lawyers could claim that similar services existed before Verisign’s was patented. In fact, VeriSign had cited those pre-existing services in justifying Site Finder.
Time Warner Cable Inc.’s Road Runner and Verizon Communications Inc. are among the service providers that have launched or tested such services to tap the growth in search advertising. OpenDNS also offers it to users of its free directory services crucial for translating a Web site’s domain name into its actual numeric Internet address.
EarthLink was recently criticized after security researchers discovered a vulnerability with its U.K.-based service partner, Barefruit. Officials say that the flaw was quickly fixed and that no users were harmed.
—Anick Jesdanun, AP Internet Writer
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Hashitoxicosis is an autoimmune thryoid disorder that is often hard to diagnose. Thyroid hormone changes due to both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism occurring simultaneously may cancel each other's influence on routine thyroid function tests, causing the patient to have normal results. Autoantibody tests are usually needed to diagnose this disorder.
In Hashitoxicosis, the primary disorder is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune hypothyroid disorder. However, as thyroid cells are destroyed by autoantibodies, thyroid hormone is released, causing recurrent symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Also, patients have both blocking and stimulating TSH receptor antibodies, causing transient periods of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Anyone genetically predisposed to autoimmune thyroid disease can develop Hashitoxicosis. It's not uncommon for individuals to have Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, primary myxedema and Hashitoxicosis at different times in one lifetime. Depending on what thyroid autoantibodies are present, any of these disorders can occur. ♦
© 21 May 2006 Copyrighted by Elaine Moore
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The Vision of the Buddha: Buddhism-The Path to Spiritual Enlightenmentby Tom Lowenstein
The Buddha's teaching and the influential concepts of Buddhist
One of the world's great Eastern religions, Buddhism has become an increasingly potent influence in the West. This book is a vivid, richly illustrated guide to the history and legends of Buddhism, and to the main themes and beliefs in the Buddhist spiritual tradition, both today and in the past.
The Buddha's teaching and the influential concepts of Buddhist philosophy are described in depth, and the book also traces the development of Buddhism as it spread from its Indian homeland to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, China, Japan and Tibet. Each country or region has a chapter devoted to it, allowing the distinctive features in the Buddhism of that area to be thoroughly explored. The often complex doctrines are clearly explained in a lucid, authoritative text.
The final chapter chronicles the growth of Buddhism in the West and shows how, with its mixture of ethical and spiritual teachings and its offering of a complete way of life, the religion has such powerful appeal to Westerners in their quest for an understanding of the human predicament.
Tom Lowenstein has been a student of Buddhism since 1972 and studied Pali and Sanskrit in Sri Lanka and at the University of Washington. His other main area of academic interest is north Alaskan shamanism, which has so far resulted in three books: The Things That Were Said of Them (1992), Ancient Land: Sacred Whale (1993) and a social history textbook for Inuit high-school students. He has published several books of poetry including Filibustering in Samsara (1987). In 1979 he received the prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship.
- Sterling Publishing
- Publication date:
- Product dimensions:
- 5.12(w) x 8.16(h) x 0.75(d)
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I cannot address the accuracy of this information, as I thought it was meant to be the source of information. As such, it allows for both intensive, page-by-page reading and is an easily referenced book.
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Frederick Law OlmstedArchitect / Landscape Designer
Died: 28 August 1903
Birthplace: Hartford, Connecticut
Best known as: The designer of Central Park
Frederick Law Olmsted has been called "the founder of American landscape architecture and the nation's foremost parkmaker" by the National Park Service. Olmsted was born into a well-to-do family and dabbled in various professions until being appointed superintendent of Central Park during the park's design phase in 1857. With fellow designer Calvert Vaux, he designed the 843-acre park and oversaw its early development. Central Park was a tremendous success, and established the themes which are now closely associated with Olmsted, especially his use of hills, trees and curved walkways to give visitors intriguing vistas and a feeling of serene isolation from the city. Olmsted and Vaux later formed a partnership and designed Brooklyn's Prospect Park as well as major parks in Buffalo, Louisville and elsewhere. Olmsted founded his own firm in 1883 in Brookline, Massachusetts and conceived Boston's "Emerald Necklace" of greenspaces. Among his many other projects, he played a major role in the 1870s redesign of the U.S. Capitol grounds and in the design of the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. Olmstead retired in 1895 and his firm was taken over by his son, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.
Olmsted’s Brookline estate, “Fairsted,” is now a national historic site… Prior to his landscape work, he was a journalist and co-founded The Nation magazine… Olmsted married his brother’s widow in 1859.
Copyright © 1998-2016 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.
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Updated 2011 September 23
The equations for the light curves of comets that are currently visible use only the raw observations and should give a reasonable prediction for the current brightness. If the comet has not yet been observed or has gone from view a correction for aperture is included, so that telescopic observers should expect the comet to be fainter than given by the equation. The correction is about 0.033 per centimetre. Values for the r parameter given in square brackets [ ] are assumed. The form of the light curve is either the standard m = H0 + 5 log d + K0 log r or the linear brightening m = H0 + 5 log d + L0 abs(t - T + D0) where T is the date of perihelion, t the present and D0 an offset, if L0 is +ve the comet brightens towards perihelion and if D0 is +ve the comet is brightest prior to perihelion.
Observations of individual comets are given below, but if you want to view the latest observations of all comets, here are the ones I've received recently in TA format (note that observations received in ICQ format are in the individual files only). All observation lists are given in ICQ format.
Full details of recently discovered objects will not appear until they are available on the CBAT web pages, which is usually a fortnight after the publication of the IAUC.
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-X73 [2004 December 14]
Although the orbits computed for the SOHO comets that are members of sungrazing groups other than Kreutz have hitherto necessarily been assumed to be parabolic, the low orbital inclinations and the indicated associations with meteor streams suggest that the members of the Marsden and Kracht groups, at least, are of short period (which still means that e is no smaller than 0.98). If so, it might now be the case that individual members can be recognized at more than one perihelion passage. Furthermore, the implied success in having at least one member survive perihelion passage would provide an obvious mechanism for the continued maintenance of these comet groups.Comet 1999 J6 was around 7th magnitude in the LASCO C3 and faded quite rapidly. This suggests that it would probably not be brighter than 13th magnitude during its close approach. It would have been very favourably placed for northern hemisphere observers on 1999 June 11/12 and 12/13, crossing across half the sky during this time and passing some 6 degrees from the pole.
It is eminently possible that C/2004 V9 is in fact identical with C/1999 J6 (cf. MPEC 2000-F30). To demonstrate this, the following represents a tentative linkage of the observations. Since there is a well-known inconsistency between the C3 and C2 observations, only the latter (i.e., those of the 1999 comet made on May 11.46257 UT and earlier and those of the 2004 comet on Nov. 8.35423 and earlier) have been used, the resulting residuals being very comparable to those of the individual parabolic solutions. It should also be noted that the object would have passed only 0.0091 AU from the moon and 0.0087 AU from the earth on 1999 June 12.22 and 12.31 UT, respectively.Epoch 1999 May 22.0 TT = JDT 2451320.5 T 1999 May 11.58356 TT MPC q 0.0491317 (2000.0) P Q n 0.17952782 Peri. 22.21043 -0.20252199 -0.87330037 a 3.1120618 Node 81.80049 +0.81764025 -0.39980558 e 0.9842125 Incl. 26.59424 +0.53893345 +0.27839172 P 5.49 Epoch 2004 Nov. 11.0 TT = JDT 2453320.5 T 2004 Nov. 8.56075 TT MPC q 0.0490617 (2000.0) P Q n 0.17940682 Peri. 22.31612 -0.20213975 -0.87355162 a 3.1134609 Node 81.67998 +0.81732637 -0.39954766 e 0.9842421 Incl. 26.58223 +0.53955270 +0.27797346 P 5.49Earlier computations, by both Brian Marsden and P. Chodas, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, had suggested linkages among C2 observations of Kracht Group comets, namely, the possibility that C/1999 M3 (MPEC 2002-E18) = C/2004 L10 (MPEC 2004-O05) and that C/1999 N6 (MPEC 2002-F03) = C/2004 J4 or C/2004 J18 (MPEC 2004-M71, 2004-N05).
For further information on the discovery of these objects see this year's SOHO discoveries.
The IAU Committee on Small Bodies Nomenclature has decided to name three comets as follows: C/1996 R3 (Lagerkvist), P/2003 A1 (LINEAR), P/2004 A1 (LONEOS). [IAUC 8430, 2004 November 6]
B. A. Skiff, Lowell Observatory, reports the discovery of a comet found on CCD images taken by himself on January 13.27 in the course of the LONEOS program with the 0.59-m Schmidt telescope. The LONEOS images showed stellar appearance, but the motion led Skiff to request that a pair of 5-min R-band CCD exposures be taken of the object by H. R. Miller at the Perkins 1.8-m reflector, and these images show a 3" well- condensed coma and a 12" tail in p.a. 290 deg. To get additional observations, the object's ephemeris was then posted on the NEO Confirmation Page, which resulted in CCD images taken by J. Young (Table Mountain, CA, 0.6-m reflector) on Jan. 13.5 UT that show a 4" coma with a very faint 10" tail in p.a. 262 deg. [IAUC 8267, 2004 January 13]
The comet was finally named in 2004 November.
The IAU Committee on Small Bodies Nomenclature has decided to name three comets as follows: C/1996 R3 (Lagerkvist), P/2003 A1 (LINEAR), P/2004 A1 (LONEOS). [IAUC 8430, 2004 November 6]
An apparently asteroidal object reported by the LINEAR project on January 29.16, and posted on the NEO Confirmation Page, has been reported by J. Young (from CCD exposures taken with the 0.6-m reflector at Table Mountain Observatory on Jan. 30.1 UT) to have a 3" round coma with a broad extension 4" long in p.a. 300-320 deg. [IAUC 8279, 2004 January 30]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-S27 [2004 September 20] that
The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000270 and -0.000245 (+/- 0.000224) AU^-1, respectively.The "original" value suggests that this is not a "new" comet.
J. A. Larsen, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, reports his discovery of a comet on Spacewatch CCD images obtained with the 0.9-m f/3 reflector on Feb. 12.42 UT. Following posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, cometary appearance was also reported on CCD images taken around Feb. 13.3 by J. Young (Table Mountain, 0.6-m reflector; 6" coma of total mag 18.0 with little or no central condensation and a short, stubby tail 14" long in p.a. 260 deg) and by J. E. McGaha (Tucson, AZ, 0.36-m reflector; eighteen stacked images show a 6" coma and a 5" fan-shaped tail in p.a. 90 deg). [IAUC 8286, 2004 February 13]
An apparently asteroidal object discovered by the LINEAR project on February 3.40 has been found to show a narrow 1'.1 tail in p.a. 274 deg (slightly expanding toward the end) on CCD images obtained by R. H. McNaught with the 1.0-m f/8 reflector at Siding Spring on Mar. 30.8 UT. Following a request by the Central Bureau, M. Kocer reports that CCD frames taken at Klet on Mar. 31.145 also show a narrow tail about 90" long in p.a. approximately 280 deg. [IAUC 8314, 2004 March 31]
An apparently asteroidal object reported by the NEAT project on February 17.12, and posted on the NEO Confirmation Page, has been found to show apparent cometary appearance on CCD images taken by J. Ticha and M. Tichy (Klet, Feb. 20.8 UT; diffuse with a faint coma of diameter 10" and a possible tail in p.a. 225 deg) and by P. Birtwhistle (Great Shefford, Berkshire, U.K., Feb. 22.8 and 23.8; somewhat larger and less concentrated than stars of similar brightness, with a coma diameter of 9"-10", slightly extended in p.a. 270 deg). [IAUC 8294, 2004 February 27]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-Q33 [2004 August 23] that
The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000259 and +0.000390 (+/- 0.000033) AU^-1, respectively.The "original" value suggests that this is not a "new" comet.
Subsequent observations with the 2.2-m reflector of the University of Hawaii showed it to have a coma, thus confirming its true cometary nature.
An apparently asteroidal object found by both the Spacewatch and LINEAR projects on CCD images taken on Feb. 17 has been found to have a 5" centrally condensed coma (of mag R = 18.7) and a 15" tail in p.a. 220-270 deg on CCD images taken on Mar. 16.3-16.6 UT by S. S. Sheppard, Y. R. Fernandez, and D. Jewitt with the University of Hawaii 2.2-m reflector. [IAUC 8305, 2004 March 15]
An apparently asteroidal object reported independently by the Catalina and LINEAR surveys (discovery observations on MPEC 2004-E02 and MPS 100749) has been found to have a 4"-diameter centrally condensed coma and a faint tail in p.a. 190-220 deg on R- band CCD images taken on Mar. 16 and 17 UT by S. S. Sheppard, Y. R. Fernandez, and D. Jewitt with the University of Hawaii 2.2-m reflector at Mauna Kea. [IAUC 8321, 2004 April 14]
An apparently asteroidal object reported independently by the Catalina and LINEAR surveys (discovery observations on MPS 102307; linked by G. V. Williams) has been found to be cometary on CCD images obtained at two Arizona observatories. Observations (via independent discovery) on Apr. 14.3 UT by M. T. Read and J. A. Larsen, using the 0.9-m f/3 Spacewatch reflector at Kitt Peak, show a tail 100" long in p.a. 300 deg, extending asymmetrically from the south part of the nuclear condensation. Exposures taken to look for cometary appearance on Apr. 14.32 by C. W. Hergenrother with the 1.2-m reflector at Mt. Hopkins show a very condensed 9" coma and a narrow tail 210" long in p.a. 295 deg. [IAUC 8322, 2004 April 15]
M. Hicks reports the discovery of a comet on CCD images taken with the 1.2-m Palomar Schmidt telescope in the course of the Near- Earth Asteroid Tracking project. The comet appeared soft and diffuse compared to nearby background stars, showing a coma of diameter 5" elongated east-west. Following posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, J. Young reported that CCD images taken by A. Grigsby and himself with the 0.6-m reflector at Table Mountain on Mar. 19.4 show a bright 4"-diameter coma with little central condensation and a weak fuzzy area about 12" long spanning p.a. 240-270 deg (but no distinct tail). [IAUC 8309, 2004 March 19]
The LINEAR project reports the discovery of a comet with a tail in p.a. approximately 235 deg on their images from Mar. 26.5 UT, with a previous observation the day before. Following posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, P. Holvorcem reports that three co-added unfiltered CCD images taken with the Tenagra 0.81-m telescope on Mar. 29.48 show the object to be diffuse with a 10" coma. [IAUC 8313, 2004 March 29]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-L38 [2004 June 12] that
The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.006430 and +0.006880 (+/- 0.000035) AU^-1, respectively.The "original" value suggests that this is not a "new" comet.
The NEAT program reports the discovery of a comet on images taken with the 1.2-m reflector at Haleakala, with a tail about 5" long toward the west. Following WWW posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, numerous observers have reported on the object's cometary appearance on CCD images taken during Mar. 28.9-29.4 UT, including F. Hormuth, J. Ticha and M. Tichy, P. Kusnirak, B. L. Stevens, J. Young, and G. Hug -- the object generally showing a coma diameter of 8"-30", total magnitude as bright as 16, and a faint tail approximately 20"-40" long spanning p.a. 240-285 deg.
The available astrometry, the following elliptical orbital elements, and an ephemeris appear on MPEC 2004-F82. The comet passed about 0.37 AU from Jupiter in July 2001, causing the perihelion distance to decrease. [IAUC 8313, 2004 March 29]
Kazuo Kinoshita calculates that this passage reduced the perihelion distance from 3.8 AU to 2.9 AU. The comet will approach Jupiter again in 2024, when the perihelion will be increased to 3.5 AU. The returns of 2005, 2013 and 2021 are the closest over the last 200 years. The comet should have been bright enough for discovery at earlier returns, which suggests that the change in perihelion distance has enhanced the activity of the comet.
On Mar. 28, A. C. Beresford, Myrtle Bank, South Australia, reported the visual discovery of a possible new comet close to the horizon in twilight by William A. Bradfield, during his search for sungrazing comets, from observations made with a 0.25-m reflector on Mar. 23.43 and 24.42 UT; further attempts to observe it had failed until the last few days. The delay in reporting was due to difficulties in matching the sketch of observations with star charts. [IAUC 8319, 2004 April 12]
Z. Sekanina, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, writes: "The comet's peculiar shape in the SOHO's C3 coronagraphic images is caused by two effects. The gradual coma broadening in a direction nearly perpendicular to the apparent motion, beginning before Apr. 18.8 UT, is caused by a rapid development of the comet's post-perihelion dust tail, which points to the southwest from the nucleus in the images taken around Apr. 19.5 and to the west in the more recent C3 images. The increasingly rugged boundary of the tail on its antisolar side, especially well pronounced after Apr. 18.8, is due to discrete features protruding through the tail's smooth leading edge. These protrusions are either streamers -- i.e., synchronic formations that are products of recurring events of briefly elevated dust emission (outbursts) -- or striae (i.e., pseudosynchronic formations of a more complex nature). If they are streamers (perhaps a more likely case, judging from their appearance in the images just before the comet's head left the C3 field-of-view), their sequence suggests fairly consistently an outburst recurrence period of about 0.5 day, which might indicate the comet's rotation period. For example, in the image of Apr. 19.496, one can identify at least seven features, whose position angles are estimated at between 150 deg and 240 deg, with the corresponding calculated event times between 2.4 days before perihelion and 0.6 day after perihelion. The peak radiation- pressure accelerations on the particles in the features are estimated at about 2-3 times the sun's gravitational acceleration."
K. Battams, Naval Research Laboratory, has reported measurements of the position of C/2004 F4 from the SOHO C3 images. [IAUC 8326, 2004 April 20]
The orbit, which puts perihelion at 0.17 AU on April 17.1, suggests that it should have been a relatively bright object during the winter and well placed in northern skies, so it is a little surprising that no-one picked it up. Perhaps it will be found in archival images. Alternatively the comet may have undergone an outburst, in which case its future behaviour becomes uncertain.
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-N32 [2004 July 12] that the "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.005164 and +0.004248 (+/- 0.000019) AU^-1, respectively. The original value suggests that this is not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.
It entered the C3 coronagraph field on April 16 and left it on April 20; during the passage it brightened significantly, perhaps reaching -2 with a tail over 9 degrees long. Its elongation from the Sun rapidly increases and it will soon be visible in a dark sky. It remains a binocular object in the morning sky until June, passing through Pisces and Andromeda and is close to M31 in the second week of May. It will fade rapidly
I was able to recover the comet on April 23.14, estimating it at 2.6: in 20x80B in strong twilight. The comet was nearly stellar with hints of a tail. On April 26.1 it was an impressive sight in 20x80B with the tail stretching across the field of view. The coma was still highly condensed with a magnitude of 4.9. After a spell of cloudy weather I was able to observe it again on May 6.1, estimating it at 7.6 in 20x80B with a 0.3 degree tail. The coma was still highly condensed. It appears to be fading quite slowly, with reports in mid June suggesting that it is still 11th magnitude.
40 observations received so far suggest a preliminary light curve, corrected for aperture and where possible for systematic observer differences of m = 8.0 + 5 log d + 8.1 log r
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2004 June 27, updated 2004 December 30.
H. Love, Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, reports the LINEAR discovery of a comet with a very diffuse coma and a diffuse tail roughly in p.a. 270 deg. [IAUC 8318, 2004 April 10]
An apparently asteroidal object reported by LINEAR, and posted on the NEO Confirmation Page, has been found to be diffuse by at least two different CCD observing groups, including M. Kocer at Klet (1.06-m KLENOT telescope on Apr. 16.8 UT) and A. Gilmore and P. Kilmartin at Mt. John (0.6-m reflector on Apr. 18.4). [IAUC 8325, 2004 April 18]
J. A. Larsen, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, reports his discovery of a comet on Spacewatch images taken with the 0.9-m telescope at Kitt Peak; the object showed a coma diameter of 7" and a 15" tail in p.a. 240 deg. Following posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, other CCD observers also noted the object's cometary appearance, including J. G. Ries (McDonald Observatory, 0.76-m reflector; Apr. 21.24-21.43 UT; object extended with a hint of tail to the southwest), G. Hug (Scranton, KS, 0.3-m reflector; Apr. 21.4; diffuse), and J. Young (Table Mountain, 0.6-m reflector; Apr. 21.42-21.45; small central condensation in a round 4" coma, with a hint of elongation about 8" long in p.a. 290 deg). [IAUC 8328, 2004 April 21]
J. A. Larsen, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, reports the discovery of a comet on Spacewatch CCD images taken with the 0.9-m f/3 reflector at Kitt Peak, reporting a 17" tail in p.a. 280 deg. Following posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, J. E. McGaha (Tucson, AZ, 0.62-m f/5.1 reflector) reported that his stacked 3-min CCD frames taken on Apr. 24.22 UT show a soft coma with diameter 6" and a 8" tail in p.a. 270 deg. [IAUC 8332, 2004 April 24]
I was unable to see it in 25x100B on August 12, but Carlos Labordena reported it at 11.3 on August 14.89 in his 23.5cm SC.
On May 13, the Central Bureau was informed apparently independently by X.-m. Zhou, K. Cernis, and M. Mattiazzo of the existence of a possible unknown comet on the low-resolution ultraviolet SWAN images taken from the SOHO spacecraft. As there have been numerous never-confirmed reports to the Central Bureau of such objects over the last couple of years, despite a great exertion of effort to have them confirmed by ground-based observers, we proceeded with caution to try and get solid confirming evidence of a real comet. Reports trickled in (as can be seen from the table below), but successive attempts to produce search ephemerides met with some negative results that indicated some of the early positions were apparently not of the new comet. [IAUC 8346, 2004 May 27]
The orbit shows that it was at perihelion at 0.78 AU on May 12.7.
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-N33 [2004 July 12] that the "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are -0.000124 and -0.000099 (+/- 0.000048) AU^-1, respectively. The original value suggests that this is a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.
37 observations received so far suggest a preliminary light curve, corrected for aperture and where possible for systematic observer differences of m = 7.2 + 5 log d + 13.5 log r
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2004 August 21, updated 2004 December 30.
An apparently asteroidal object discovered by the LINEAR survey (discovery observation on MPS 105288) has been found to have cometary appearance by A. Gleason and J. Larsen on CCD exposures taken by J. Scotti with the Spacewatch telescope on Apr. 25.34-25.39 UT, when it showed a coma of diameter about 5" (and mag 17.6-17.9) and two tails: a diffuse component approximately 7" long in p.a. 350-355 deg and a very diffuse but more obvious tail approximately 10"-16" long spanning p.a. 275-335 deg. [IAUC 8333, 2004 April 30]
Subsequent observations revealed a faint tail and hints that the object was not stellar. The latest orbit is parabolic, with perihelion at 3.1 AU towards the end of December 2003.
An apparently asteroidal object discovered by the Spacewatch survey (discovery observation from MPS 106357 and MPEC 2004-H91) has been reported by D. J. Tholen, University of Hawaii (UH), to be cometary on two 400-s R exposures taken on May 8.3 UT by F. Bernardi, J. Pittichova, and N. Moskovitz with the UH 2.24-m telescope on Mauna Kea. There is a faint tail approximately 55" long in p.a. about 24 deg and a hint of a second, fainter tail almost 15" long in p.a. 310 deg. The measured PSF widths of the comet head are 1".03 and 0".95 in the two images, while the widths of 55 trailed astrometric reference stars in the images range from 0".90 to 1".09, not sufficient to resolve the presence of a coma. R. H. McNaught reports that images obtained on Apr. 30.6 at Siding Spring also suggest a slightly soft image for the comet. [IAUC 8337, 2004 May 9]
An apparently asteroidal object reported by the Catalina Sky Survey, and posted on the NEO Confirmation Page, has been found by T. Spahr to show a weak coma with a possible very faint extension to the west on CCD images obtained by J. B. Battat and himself (Mt. Hopkins 1.2-m reflector) on May 24.4 UT; the FWHM of the comet image is 20 percent larger than other stars of similar brightness in the field. R. Stoss reports that CCD images taken by S. Sanchez, J. Nomen, and himself on May 24.1 (0.30-m reflector, Mallorca) shows the object to have a softer image than surrounding field stars. [IAUC 8343, 2004 May 24]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2005-G29 [2005 April 5] that
The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000854 and +0.000585 (+/- 0.000001) AU^-1, respectively.The original value suggests that this is probably not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.
A comet has been discovered by R. H. McNaught on CCD images obtained with the 0.5-m Uppsala Schmidt telescope at Siding Spring. Following posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, J. Young reported that CCD images obtained with the 0.6-m reflector at Table Mountain on May 25.5 UT show an 8"-10" coma with no apparent central condensation and a straight, narrow tail 20"-30" long in p.a. 252 deg. CCD images taken by A. C. Gilmore and P. M. Kilmartin with the 0.6-m reflector at Mount John on May 25.7 show a circular 5" coma and no tail. [IAUC 8348, 2004 May 28]
An apparently asteroidal object reported by LINEAR, and posted on the NEO Confirmation Page, has been found to have cometary appearance on CCD images taken by P. Birtwhistle (Great Shefford, U.K.; coma diameter 12" with a hint of a 9"-wide extension emanating from a 3" central condensation for approximately 20" in p.a. 90 deg) and by P. Holvorcem and M. Schwartz (Tenagra Observatories, Nogales, AZ; 0.81-m f/7 reflector; 5" coma). [IAUC 8350, 2004 June 11]
An apparently asteroidal object discovered by the LINEAR project, and posted on the 'NEO Confirmation Page', has been found to show cometary appearance (5" round coma without condensation) by J. Young (0.6-m reflector, Table Mountain) on CCD images taken on June 14.3-14.4 UT. [IAUC 8352, 2004 June 14]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2005-G30 [2005 April 6] that
The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.001393 and +0.001366 (+/- 0.000002) AU^-1, respectively.The original value suggests that this is probably not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.
An apparently asteroidal object reported by LINEAR, and posted on the 'NEO Confirmation Page', has been found to show cometary appearance on CCD images taken by G. Masi (Las Campanas, 0.35-m reflector, June 17.2 UT; round coma with diameter 6"-8") and by J. E. McGaha (Tucson, AZ, 0.62-m reflector, June 17.3; 5-min exposure shows a 10" coma and a 15" fan-shaped tail in p.a. 300 deg). [IAUC 8356, 2004 June 17]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2005-K03 [2005 May 16] that
The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.001330 and +0.001060 (+/- 0.000012) AU^-1, respectively.The original value suggests that this is probably not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.
Maik Meyer provides the following information on the linkage with the NEAT images:
Comet precovery by Maik Meyer [from http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/0409/20.htm]
It came right after my little son went to bed and I was preparing for a comet observing session, so I had time without family duties. I quickly checked for earlier images of this comet and SkyMorph indicated two days in 1996 in NEAT data with an asteroidal brightness of 18 mag. I was not very hopeful but almost fell off my seat when I saw the bright 16-mag. comet with a coma and a tiny tail on my screen.
I quickly measured the two days, composed the message to the MPC, and, when I came back from my comet observing, MPEC 2004-S18 had been issued containing the observations and updated orbits for the 1996 and 2004 apparitions. I still wonder why this one slipped through NEAT's detection, because it is so obvious. Now this comet will become numbered ? my second precovery which leads to a permanent numbering after 159P/LONEOS.
An apparently asteroidal object, designated 2004 NL_21 on the basis of LINEAR observations on July 15 and 16 (MPS 110794) and for which the Minor Planet Center has published several "cometary" orbits (cf. e.g., MPEC 2004-O40, MPO 66393, MPEC 2004-S06), has been reported to be of cometary appearance by R. H. McNaught from observations with the 0.5-m Uppsala Schmidt telescope at Siding Spring. Sixty-second CCD exposures on Sept. 6.6 UT showed a near-asteroidal condensation with a narrow fan tail extending about 40" in p.a. 220 deg; on Sept. 18.5 there was a tail about 60" long in p.a. 230 deg. [IAUC 8408, 2004 September 23]
Following the identification by M. Meyer (cf. MPEC 2004-S18) of 1996 observations of comet P/2004 NL_21 (cf. IAUC 8408), on exposures taken via NEAT at Haleakala, the comet has received the permanent number 160P (cf. MPC 52734, 52764, 52766). [IAUC 8414, 2004 October 3]
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2004 October 13, updated 2004 October 19.
While the retrograde nature of the orbit of 2004 NN8 is certain, the size of the orbit is very poorly constrained. At one extreme, the orbit could be parabolic (or even hyperbolic). At the other, orbits with semimajor axes smaller than 4 AU are not excluded by the currently available observations. The solution above is based on the assumption that 2004 NN8 is similar to objects such as 1999 LE31 and (20461) Dioretsa. Further observations are very much desired, as are observations with large-aperture instruments to clarify the physical nature of this object. The difference in plane-of-sky between the above solution and a parabolic solution on Aug. 17 amounts to -0m.23 in R.A. and -1'.1 in Decl.Further observations, most recently in late March 2005, suggest that it was at perihelion at 2.35 AU in late October 2004. The semimajor axis is 96 AU, the eccentricity 0.98 and the inclination 165 degrees. Aphelion is at 190 AU, with the period just under 1000 years.
K. J. Lawrence, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reports the discovery by the NEAT project on August 5.32 of a slightly diffuse comet (coma diameter about 3") on CCD images taken with the Palomar 1.2-m Schmidt telescope. Following posting on the 'NEO Confirmation Page', other CCD observers have remarked on the object's cometary appearance, including J. Ticha and M. Tichy at Klet (1.06-m telescope; object diffuse with an asymmetric coma or faint tail toward p.a. 250 deg and red mag 18.7-18.8 on Aug. 7.92 UT; coma diameter 13" and faint tail in p.a. 250 deg on Aug. 8.88); P. Birtwhistle at Great Shefford, Berkshire, England (0.30-m f/6.3 reflector; object distinctly diffuse with a diameter of 10" -- three times the size of star images of similar brightness on co- added images taken on Aug. 7.94-7.96); and P. Kusnirak at Ondrejov (0.65-m f/3.6 reflector; diffuse with coma diameter 10" on Aug. 7.93 and 7.97). [IAUC 8383, 2004 August 8]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-U11 [2004 October 18] that The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000024 and -0.000096 (+/- 0.000075) AU^-1, respectively. The original value suggests that this is probably a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.
Observations in early June 2005 revealed a faint coma to the object, which had been classified as a Centaur type asteroid, with a period of 65 years and perihelion at 11.8 AU.
Roy Tucker provides the following discovery information:
With my system at Goodricke-Pigott Observatory, I do an all-night scan-mode image of a strip of sky 48 arcminutes wide centered at declination +02 degrees, 5 minutes with three 35-centimeter aperture f/5 Newtonian telescopes with 1K-squared CCDs at the foci. The telescopes are spread in the east-west direction so that they image the same sky but separated in time by about twenty minutes. Their aiming is centered about 40 minutes to the east of the meridian. During data acquisition, the scan is chopped into 1024x1024-pixel FITS images, each covering about 0.64 square degrees. Imaging begins in the evening twilight and continues until morning twilight.
Summer is not prime observing time in Tucson, Arizona. We have a seasonal monsoon from early July until mid-September like clockwork. I haven't seen Perseid meteors here in years. My first bit of luck was that I got four consecutive clear nights from the 20th through the 23rd of August.
The object announced yesterday in MPEC 2004-Q43 as comet C/2004 Q1 (Tucker) was actually recorded on the morning of the 22nd, but in an image triplet just a few fields from the end. After looking at blinking images for a couple of hours, I sometimes get a little eager to finish up. I actually did report a faint asteroid in another part of the field, but I was so fixated on looking for faint moving objects that I missed the big moose wallowing across the field.
Fortunately, the 23rd was clear and the comet was well positioned near the middle of the field of view (in the cropped frame seen above). When I got to that image triplet, I immediately noticed it, but didn't think too much about it. I see known comets pass through my field fairly often and, indeed, had seen comet 53P/Van Biesbroeck pass through on the 20th and the 21st. I went to the Minor Planet Center's Web site and used the MPChecker function to find out what the object was. When it reported no known objects in that area, I became very interested.
I immediately composed an astrometry report for those observations and E-mailed them to the Minor Planet Center with the heading "comet" and inquired if this was a known object. After a bit of time, Kyle Smalley responded that this appeared to be an unknown object and requested a physical description. During the wait for this response, I realized that I should have recorded it the previous night. A short search revealed the previous images and I sent those astrometric measures to the MPC. So, although the formal discovery image was recorded on the 23rd of August, I was actually able to provide observations for the previous night within a short time. The object was then posted on the NEO Confirmation Page and other observers quickly verified it.
So, I was lucky three ways. 1) I had good weather at just the right time, 2) nobody else saw it between my observations of the 22nd and the 23rd, and 3) the other surveys were working mostly to the west. Of course, it helps to look at large numbers of images. Each clear night provides me 500 to 700 images to examine, depending upon season. I'll get perhaps 190 clear, dark nights per year, which means a little over 100,000 images per year.
Although the discovery was very exciting, the operation that produced it is very routine. MOTESS is a "discovery machine"; photons go in and discoveries come out. I don't actually do much except look at a lot of images. I go to bed pretty early and rise early to shut down the instrument and begin processing the data. It's a pleasant change from the usual astronomical observing in that I can get a good night's sleep and go to a day job refreshed.
Roy Tucker's day job is CCD engineer at the University of Arizona. MOTESS is short for "Moving Object and Transient Event Search System," a project that received a 2002 Planetary Society Eugene Shoemaker Grant (update). His other discoveries include NEA 2003 UY12 and PHA 2004 MP7.
Roy A. Tucker, Tucson, AZ, reports his discovery of a comet with a coma diameter of about 50" and a 70" tail in p.a. about 230 deg on unfiltered CCD images taken with a 0.35-m reflector. Following posting on the 'NEO Confirmation Page', the object was also noted to be cometary on CCD images taken by J. Foster (University Hills, Los Angeles, CA, 0.32-m f/5.6 reflector; fan tail in p.a. 235 deg on Aug. 24.4 UT) and by J. E. McGaha (Tucson, AZ, 0.36-m f/10 reflector; faint 26" coma with a very faint fan-shaped tail 30" long in p.a. 250 deg on Aug. 25.35). Images by Tucker on Aug. 25.5 show a 30" coma and a tail about 40" long in p.a. 255 deg. [IAUC 8393, 2004 August 25]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-U30 [2004 October 23] that The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.005264 and +0.005985 (+/- 0.000010) AU^-1, respectively. The original value suggests that this is not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.
108 observations received so far suggest a preliminary light curve, not corrected for aperture but where possible for systematic observer differences of m = 1.5 + 5 log d + 27.5 log r
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2005 May 4, updated 2005 May 11.
Don Machholz provides the following discovery information:
I began comet hunting on Jan 1, 1975, and for nearly 30 years now I've done some comet hunting each and every month. At the time I found this comet I had searched 7046 hours, 1457 since my previous find, in 1994, when I found three comets in four months (go figure!)There were some early suggestions that the orbit was periodic and linked with comet 1532 R1, which has a suggested linkage with a progenitor of 2002 C1 (Ikeya-Zhang). The prediscovery observations however rule out this possibility.
When I found this latest one I was on my back deck, using my 6" (15cm) Criterion Dynascope (purchased in 1968). I used a 2" OD eyepiece pressed over the focussing tube, yielding 30x and a field of view of about 2 degrees. This is the same setup I use for my Messier Marathons, and I used it last March to find all 110 objects by memory in one night. I'm very comfortable with it. I use it on my back deck from time to time to compliment the 10" reflector and 5" homemade binoculars I have in my observatory 30 meters from my house. With the 6" in the deck I can see down to -45 degrees declination. I had covered some of the southern sky on Aug 25, then went back out on Aug 27 to cover more sky, working my way eastward after each N-S sweep.
Donald Edward Machholz reports his visual discovery of a comet (his tenth) with a 0.15-m f/8 reflector, at 30x, on Aug. 27.467 UT.
2004 UT R.A. (2000) Decl. Mag. Observer Aug. 27.511 4 16.8 -22 20 11.2 Machholz Aug. 27.660 4 16 28.5 -22 22 50 Garradd D. E. Machholz (Colfax, CA). Coma diameter 2' moderate degree of condensation (position and physical measurements made with a 0.25-m reflector at 64x). Motion < 1 deg/day eastward. G. Garradd (Siding Spring). 0.5-m Uppsala Schmidt telescope + CCD. Coma diameter 1', with a 3' tail in p.a. about 320 deg. Position rough (center of comet uncertain within overexposed coma).[IAUC 8394, 2004 August 27]
J. J. Gonzalez, Leon, Spain, reports that a visual observation made from Alto del Castro with a 0.20-m reflector on Aug. 28.16 UT yielded total mag 10.9 and coma diameter 2'.3. P. Birtwhistle, Great Shefford, Berkshire, England, reports that CCD images obtained with a 0.30-m f/6.3 Schmidt-Cassegrain reflector on Aug. 28.15 show a coma of diameter 70" and a broad tail 5' long in p.a. 240 deg. R. Behrend, Geneva Observatory, reports that CCD images by C. Vuissoz and himself with the 1.20-m Euler reflector on Aug. 28.4 show a coma diameter of 1' and a 3' tail in p.a. 240 deg. [IAUC 8395, 2004 August 28]
D. H. Wooden, NASA Ames Research Center; D. E. Harker, University of California, San Diego; C. E. Woodward and M. S. Kelley, University of Minnesota; S. J. Bus and A. Tokunaga, University of Hawaii; C. Magri, University of Maine; R. P. Binzel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and G. Lo Curto and E. Wenderoth, European Southern Observatory (ESO), report that K-, N-, and Q-band photometry of comet C/2004 Q2 was obtained on Oct. 18.64 UT using the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (+ SpeX guider camera). The coma was extended (FWHM = 5", FWZI = 12"); aperture photometry in a 3"-diameter aperture yields K [2.2 microns] = 8.49 +/- 0.1. The comet was also observed on Oct. 23.31 with the ESO 3.6-m telescope (+ TIMMI2) at La Silla, yielding the folowing flux densities in a 3"-diameter aperture: N_1 (8.6 microns), 0.53 +/- 0.04 Jy; Q_1 (17.75 microns), 1.50 +/- 0.14 Jy. The comet was also extended in the N_1 band (FWHM = 3", FWZI = 5"). Spitzer InfraRed Spectrograph observations of the comet are planned for Nov. 13. [IAUC 8431, 2004 November 7]
J. H. Sastri and R. Vasundhara, Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore, reports that R-band CCD images of comet C/2004 Q2 were obtained in January by K. Kuppuswamy and C. Velu with the 1.02-m f/13 telescope at the Vainu Bappu Observatory, Kavalur, which reveal dust fans via the spatial filter of Larson and Sekanina (1984, A.J. 89, 571) with the following lengths (+/- 15") and position angles (+/- 10 degrees) for each of the three fans: Jan. 2.6625 UT, fan 1, 150" in p.a. 291 deg; fan 2, 150" in p.a. 252 deg; fan 3, 60" in p.a. 216 deg. Jan. 15.6344, fan 1, 150" in p.a. 282 deg; fan 2, 150" in p.a. 239 deg; fan 3, 30" in p.a. 211 deg. The dust features were modeled after Vasundhara (2002, A.Ap. 382, 342), indicating that the latitude ranges of the active regions on the nucleus that produce the fans are as follows (direction of fitted north rotational pole R.A. = 190 deg +/- 10 deg, Decl. = +50 deg +/- 10 deg, equinox 2000.0): fan 1, -15 to 0 deg; fan 2, -50 to -35 deg; fan 3, -78 to -70 deg. Assuming silicate grains of size 0.1-30 microns and Fulle's (1987, A.Ap. 171, 327) relation between grain velocity and the forces on each grain, a rotation period of 0.38 +/- 0.08 day is estimated for the comet's nucleus. Naked-eye total-magnitude estimates by J. Gonzalez, Asturias, Spain: Jan. 9.81 UT, 3.4; 17.07, 3.7; 22.80, 4.1; 31.95, 4.3; Feb. 7.81, 4.8. [IAUC 8480, 2005 February 9]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-U31 [2004 October 23] that The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000404 and +0.001856 (+/- 0.000015) AU^-1, respectively. The original value suggests that this is probably not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.
Observations in mid September put the comet at around 10th magnitude and it had brightened to 8th magnitude by mid October. I was able to observe it in 20x80B from outside Cambridge on November 14.1, estimating it at 7.3. David Seargent reports that it is just visible to the naked eye from really dark sites at 6.2. By mid December it was widely visible to the naked eye, and had brightened to around 4.5. In early January it became very well placed for observation and reached its brightest at around 3.5. By mid February it had faded to 5th magnitude, but was still a naked eye object. It is now slowly fading, but remains well placed for northern hemisphere observers.
Images from the Campocatino Austral Observatory, including a fantastic movie of the ion tail.
1087 observations received so far suggest a preliminary light curve of m = 5.2 + 5 log d + 9.3 log r
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2005 May 30, updated 2005 June 1.
R. H. McNaught reports his discovery of a comet on CCD images taken by himself with the 0.5-m Uppsala Schmidt telescope at Siding Spring on Sept. 2.4 UT, when the object was diffuse with a hint of a tail to the southeast. Images taken by McNaught with the Siding Spring 1.0-m f/8 reflector on Sept. 4.4 show the comet to be diffuse with a 10" coma and a tail 15" long in p.a. 110 deg. [IAUC 8398, 2004 September 4]
J. Young (Table Mountain, 0.6-m reflector + CCD) reports that images taken in poor seeing (and at low altitude) on Sept. 6.13- 6.16 UT show a coma diameter of about 5". Additional CCD images by R. H. McNaught with the Siding-Spring 1.0-m reflector on Sept. 6.5 show an ill-defined center of brightness that is elongated in the direction of tail (and of the comet's motion). [IAUC 8400, 2004 September 6]
Stuart Rae estimated the comet at 9.7 on September 10, a little brighter than the ephemeris estimate. By September 15 it had brightened to 8.4 and had become more condensed. Images from the Campocatino Austral Observatory
G. Pojmanski, Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, reports the discovery by the 'All Sky Automated Survey' (ASAS) of a comet on CCD V images taken on Sept. 3.40 UT with the ASAS-3V instrument (a 200-mm-f.l., 70-mm-aperture, f/2.8 telephoto lens; pixel size 14".8) at Las Campanas (measurements of ASAS-3V images given below). A. Hale (Cloudcroft, NM, 0.20-m reflector) reports total visual mag 10.9 and coma diameter 2'.5 (diffuse without condensation) on Sept. 9.47. [IAUC 8402, 2004 September 9]
18 observations received so far suggest a preliminary light curve, corrected for aperture and where possible for systematic observer differences of m = 10.1 + 5 log d + 8.2 log r, which suggests it might reach 3rd magnitude in early October, however it is showing signs of fading, suggesting it may not survive perihelion.
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2004 September 27, updated 2005 January 5.
On Sept. 15 the NEAT project at Jet Propulsion Laboratory reported to the Minor Planet Center observations from Sept. 13 of a cometary object observed at Palomar in collaboration with M. Brown, California Institute of Technology. Observations with the 1.2-m Schmidt telescope showed the object to be diffuse with a coma about 5" across and condensation of 2" but no evident tail. The Minor Planet Center then established that the object was identical with an unremarkable, presumed main-belt minor planet for which it had linked observations from Sept. 10 and 13 reported by LINEAR. The two "discovery" observations are as follows:
2004 UT R.A. (2000) Decl. Mag. Observer Sept.10.29965 0 37 23.60 +14 18 11.9 20.1 LINEAR 13.26186 0 35 27.70 +14 21 11.6 19.1 NEATFollowing placement on "The NEO Confirmation Page" further observations were received, among them a report from G. Jones, Tucson, AZ (0.32-m Ritchey-Chretien reflector), to the effect that on Sept. 16.20 UT the object had a coma of diameter 3" and a 10" tail in p.a. 230 deg, as well as one from J. Young, Table Mountain Observatory (0.6-m reflector), remarking that on Sept. 16.23 there was a 5" coma (with no apparent central condensation) and a fan- shaped tail between p.a. 210 deg and 270 deg extending about 8"; a straight, narrow spike extended 40" in p.a. 236 deg. [IAUC 8407, 2004 September 23]
M. Bezpalko, Lincoln Laboratory, reports the LINEAR discovery of an apparent comet with a short tail in p.a. about 195 deg on Nov. 20.435 UT. This object was identified by the Minor Planet Center with the apparently asteroidal object 2004 RG_113 (also found by LINEAR; cf. MPS 113143 -- Sept. 19 batch). [IAUC 8444, 2004 November 23]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-Y10 [2004 December 18] that
The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.001764 and +0.002993 (+/- 0.000017) AU^-1, respectively.showing that the comet is not a "new" one.
M. E. Van Ness, Lowell Observatory, reports his discovery of a comet on CCD images taken by himself with the 0.59-m Schmidt LONEOS telescope (discovery observation below), reporting an 8" moderately condensed coma with a fan-shaped tail 155" long in p.a. 225 deg. B. A. Skiff reports that LONEOS images taken by himself on Sept. 27.4 UT show a nearly circular, poorly condensed coma of red mag 18.0 and about 12" across in bright moonlight. Following posting on "The NEO Confirmation Page", J. E. McGaha (Tucson, AZ, 0.36-m f/10.0 Schmidt-Cassegrain reflector + CCD) reports that 20 stacked 60-s exposures from Sept. 27.3 show an unusual appearance, with a split fan-shaped tail 18" long in p.a. 280 deg and 250 deg, and an elongated coma in p.a. 260 deg and no sharp central condensation; McGaha's 30 stacked exposures on Sept. 28.3 also show a diffuse, elongated coma 14" (axis along p.a. 265 deg-85 deg) x 4", again with no sharp condensation, and an 8" fan-shaped tail in p.a. 225 deg. J. Young reports that CCD frames taken with the Table Mountain 0.6-m reflector on Sept. 28.28-28.38 show a 4" coma without any central condensation and a very wide fan-shaped tail about 6"-8" long spanning p.a. 205 deg-280 deg, and a narrow 25" 'spike' in p.a. 255 deg. [IAUC 8412, 2004 September 28]
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2004 October 13, updated 2004 October 19.
K. J. Lawrence, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reports the NEAT discovery of a comet on images taken with the Haleakala telescope, the object described as having a coma of diameter about 25", with elongated images but no obvious tail. The comet was also observed earlier on the same night (with prediscovery observations on Sept. 21) by the LINEAR team, which made no comment on the object's appearance; both "discovery" observations are tabulated below. Following posting on "The NEO Confirmation Page", numerous observers have reported on the object's cometary appearance on CCD images obtained during Oct. 5.9-6.6 UT, including M. Tichy (Klet), P. Birtwhistle (Great Shefford, U.K.), C. Jacques and E. Pimentel (Belo Horizonte, Brazil), D. T. Durig and G. A. T. Morris (Sewanee, TN), J. E. McGaha (Tucson, AZ), G. R. Jones (Tucson, AZ), and D. Higgins (Canberra, Australia). The general consensus is that there is a diffuse coma of diameter about 16"-30" and a faint, broad, fan- shaped tail about 1' wide and 4'-5' long in p.a. approximately 240-280 deg. P. Kusnirak (Ondrejov) reports the fan tail in p.a. about 290 deg and another tail about 4' long in p.a. about 240 deg. [IAUC 8416, 2004 October 6]
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2004 November 16, updated 2004 December 30.
An object discovered at Siding Spring on 0.5-m Uppsala Schmidt telescope CCD images by R. H. McNaught on October 12.69 has been found (after posting on the 'NEO Confirmation Page') to be diffuse on CCD images taken at Las Campanas with the 0.36-m 'SoTIE' reflector by G. Masi, F. Mallia, and R. Wilcox on Oct. 13, 17, and 21. Ten combined 1-min exposures taken on Oct. 13.1 UT show a slightly diffuse object with diameter about 15" (slightly elongated northwest-southeast) with an apparent condensation in the northwest part of the coma; images taken on Oct. 17.3 show a possible 5" tail in p.a. 10 deg. [IAUC 8421, 2004 October 21]
An apparently asteroidal object discovered on Oct. 10 by the Siding Spring Survey (announced as 2004 TU_12 on MPEC 2004-T55; discovery observation below) has been found to show a short eastward tail. CCD images taken over 2.5 hr with the 0.36-m "SoTIE" reflector at Las Campanas by F. Mallia, G. Masi, and R. Wilcox on Nov. 12.0 UT show a tail about 2' long in p.a. 70 deg (the "head" appearing like stars in the field (FWHM about 3"). Eighty 30-s CCD images taken on Nov. 12.8 by J. Lacruz (La Canada, Spain) show a sharp tail 4' long in p.a. 69 deg (and total mag 14.3). [IAUC 8436, 2004 November 12]
G. Masi, Ceccano, Italy, reports further on their CCD images of this comet (cf. IAUC 8436), noting that the tail was brighter close to the comet's head on Nov. 12.0 UT; on Nov. 14.2 and 15.1 the tail was faint (barely visible) close to the nuclear condensation while peaking in intensity about 100" and about 130", respectively, from the comet's head. On Nov. 14.2 and 15.1, the total tail length was > 5'.8 and > 10', respectively, always pointing toward p.a. 70 deg. Images taken on Nov. 17.04-17.07 show the tail to be definitely fainter than on the previous night, being barely visible for the first 1' from the comet's head but clearly brighter beyond that point (visible to > 6', beyond the edge of the frames); the first 3'.3 of the tail was in p.a. 72 deg, with a sudden change at that point to p.a. 73 deg. [IAUC 8439, 2004 November 17]
Two additional comets have now been numbered: 161P/Hartley-IRAS (P/1983 V1 = P/2004 V2; IAUC 8428) and 162P/Siding Spring (P/2004 TU_12; IAUC 8436). [IAUC 8445, 2004 November 24]
The 14th magnitude object was discovered by Rob McNaught during the Siding Spring Survey on October 10.55. It will fade. It has been linked to objects seen in 1990 (by the Palomar Sky Survey), 2000 (by LINEAR and LONEOS) and by ESO, AMOS and NEAT in following years, so the orbit is secure and it was numbered 162. It has a period of 5.32 years, with perihelion at 1.23 AU and was at perihelion on November 10.
An apparently asteroidal object discovered by LINEAR on October 19.42 has been found to show a faint coma on CCD images taken on Oct. 20.1 UT by A. Knoefel (Schoenbrunn, Germany; 0.5-m f/5 reflector). CCD images taken by P. Birtwhistle (Great Shefford, U.K.; 0.30-m f/6.3 reflector) on Oct. 21.2 show the object to be possibly diffuse with diameter 9" and a possible broad tail 12" long in p.a. 320 deg. [IAUC 8421, 2004 October 21]
In October 2005 a faint secondary component was reported.
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-Y11 [2004 December 18] that
The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000712 and +0.001041 (+/- 0.000038) AU^-1, respectively.showing that the comet is probably not a "new" one.
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2005 January 8, updated 2005 February 8.
B. Skiff, Lowell Observatory, reports his discovery of a comet on LONEOS images obtained on Nov. 4.1 UT with the 0.59-m Schmidt telescope, the object showing a moderately condensed coma of diameter 25" and a weak tail 50" long in p.a. 75 deg. Following posting on the "NEO Confirmation Page", B. L. Stevens (Las Cruces, NM, 0.3-m Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope) reports that his CCD images taken on Nov. 4.2 show a 30" tail in p.a. 55 deg. [IAUC 8426, 2004 November 4]
R. H. McNaught, Siding Spring Observatory, reports his recovery of comet P/1983 V1 (= 1983v = 1984 III) on CCD images taken with the 1.0-m f/8 reflector on Nov. 3.7 and 5.8 UT. The comet appears slightly diffuse with no tail. The indicated correction to the predictions on MPC 45657 (ephemeris on MPC 52656) and in the 2004 Comet Handbook is Delta(T) approximately -4.8 days. [IAUC 8428, 2004 November 5]
Two additional comets have now been numbered: 161P/Hartley-IRAS (P/1983 V1 = P/2004 V2; IAUC 8428) and 162P/Siding Spring (P/2004 TU_12; IAUC 8436). [IAUC 8445, 2004 November 24]
John Davies and Simon Green of Leicester University reported the discovery of a fast moving object by IRAS (the Infra-Red Astronomy Satellite) on 1983 November 11. On being asked to confirm the object, Ken Russell of the UK Schmidt Telescope Unit reported that Malcolm Hartley had discovered a comet on a plate taken 6 days earlier, that was probably the same object, but due to moonlight it wasn't captured on a confirming plate until November 23. The comet has a retrograde orbit (just) with a period of 21.5 years, and 2005 is its first return since discovery. It reached 10th magnitude in 1984 January and should attain a similar magnitude this time round. It emerges sufficiently far from the Sun for observation from the UK in 2005 June, by which time it is nearing its brightest. Moving north from Andromeda, it rapidly becomes circumpolar, passing some 9 degrees from the pole in July. It slowly fades and we should be able to follow it until September, by which time it has crossed into Canes Venatici. On its way out from perihelion at its next return it will pass fairly close to Jupiter in 2028, an encounter that will reduce the perihelion distance from its current 1.28 AU to 1.22 AU.
R. H. McNaught, Siding Spring Observatory, reports the discovery of an object on November 3.40 on images taken by G. J. Garradd with the 0.5-m Uppsala Schmidt telescope in the course of the Siding Spring Survey; McNaught later (Nov. 5 and 6) found the object to be slightly diffuse on CCD images taken with the Siding Spring 1.0-m f/8 reflector. [IAUC 8429, 2004 November 6]
K. J. Lawrence, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reports the NEAT discovery of a comet on November 5.45 on images taken with the 1.2-m Schmidt telescope at Palomar, the object showing very slight coma, but no tail. R. H. McNaught confirms that the object shows a slightly diffuse nuclear condensation and a 40"-long fan tail centered in p.a. 280 deg (the fan spanning 25 deg) on 240-s images obtained with the Siding Spring 1-m reflector on Nov. 6.7. [IAUC 8429, 2004 November 6]
Maik Meyer has found images of the comet on Palomar DSS plates from 1990 and 1991, and NEAT images from 1997. This gives a secure orbit and lead to the comet being numbered 163.
Following the identification of observations of comet P/2004 V4 (cf. IAUC 8429, 8438) in 1990-1991 and 1997 (cf. MPC 53257, 53303, 53307), the comet has been numbered 163P. [IAUC 8468, 2005 January 18]
The Catalina Sky Survey has reported observations of two short-tailed comet suspects on four CCD frames obtained over a 39-min span on Nov. 10.5 UT (observer R. Hill; 0.68-m Schmidt telescope). The head of the slightly fainter of the two was situated about 102" west and 33" north of that of the brighter and close to end of the latter's tail. Assuming that the two orbits differed only in T, B. G. Marsden, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, found that the objects -- if real -- had to be intermediate-period comets some 4.3-4.4 AU from the earth. The assumption also revealed likely LINEAR observations of a single asteroidal object on Oct. 8 and 24, and a three-night linkage then showed identity with the LINEAR asteroidal object 2003 YM_159, observed on 2003 Dec. 17 and 30 (see MPS 109905) -- the identity clearly being with the brighter 2004 Nov. 10 object, now designated component A. T for component B will occur about 0.23 day later than for component A. [IAUC 8433, 2004 November 10]
The comet was originally named LINEAR-Catalina, however Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-V79
Consultation with the IAU Committee on Small-Body Nomenclature has yielded the decision to introduce for this comet (cf. IAUC 8433, MPEC 2004-V52) the new principal designation P/2004 V5 and to replace the name LINEAR- Catalina with LINEAR-Hill. The components A and B are defined as before, The orbital elements and ephemeris refer to component A. Component B will pass perihelion 0.23 day after component A.
While the initial report inferred that the discovery of comet P/2003 YM_159 at Catalina was a team discovery (thus the name 'LINEAR-Catalina' given on IAUC 8433), it has since been determined that observer Rik Hill was alone in discovering, measuring, and reporting the comet -- thereby allowing his name to be used in place of the survey name (as also approved by the Catalina team). Consultation with the IAU Committee on Small-Body Nomenclature has yielded the decision to introduce for this comet the new principal designation P/2004 V5 and to replace the name 'LINEAR-Catalina' with 'LINEAR-Hill'. The components A and B are defined as before. The improved orbital elements on MPEC 2004-V79 are for component A, with the preliminary elements for component B being well satisfied with the same elements but with Delta(T) = +0.23 day. [IAUC 8438, 2004 November 15]
Z. Sekanina, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, writes that his comet fragmentation model (cf. IAUC 8434) shows that the two nuclei of P/2004 V5 (MPECs 2004-V79 and 2004-W07) broke apart around 2001.9 +/- 0.3 year, at a heliocentric distance of about 6.3 AU and 2.5 years before perihelion. The separation velocity of the companion (fragment B) relative to the primary (A) pointed below the orbital plane and was at least 2.6 m/s. The motion of B has since been subjected to a differential deceleration of 40 +/- 6 units of 10**-5 the solar attraction. Predicted separations and position angles of B relative to A are as follows (equinox 2000.0): 2004 Nov. 21.0 TT, 131", 287 deg; Dec. 1.0, 137", 288 deg; 11.0, 144", 289 deg; 21.0, 152", 290 deg; 31.0, 159", 290 deg; 2005 Jan. 10.0, 167", 291 deg; 20.0, 175", 291 deg; 30.0, 181", 291 deg. [IAUC 8440, 2004 November 18]
Rik Hill is a BAA Member and has provided this discovery frame.
On Nov. 30, M. Mattiazzo (Adelaide, S. Australia) reported that he noticed images of a faint object moving on SWAN images (his positions have uncertainties of a degree or more due to the poor resolution of the ultraviolet imager on SWAN/SOHO), speculating then that, if real, the object might become visible in the days ahead in the C3 coronagraph. Today, S. Hoenig has reported the appearance of a comet with a tail in C3 images, which K. Battams reports has brightened slightly from mag about 6.5 on Dec. 16.26 UT to about 6.1 on Dec. 16.70-16.74. A span of 14 hours of SOHO astrometry by Battams appears on MPEC 2004-Y02 (reduced by B. G. Marsden). It does appear that the SWAN object is identical with the SOHO object. [IAUC 8455, 2004 December 16]
Observations in ICQ format, last observation 2005 January 11, updated 2005 January 18.
An apparently asteroidal object discovered by LONEOS, designated 2004 VR_8 (cf. MPS 118755, MPEC 2004-V48; discovery observation below), has been found to show a 10"-diameter coma and a tail 16" long in p.a. 140 deg on R-band CCD observations taken by C. W. Hergenrother (Lunar and Planetary Laboratory) with the 1.54-m Kuiper reflector at Catalina on Nov. 19.3 UT. Also, A. Nakamura (Kuma, Ehime, Japan) reports that 240-s unfiltered CCD frames taken with a 0.60-m reflector on Dec. 8.55 and 9.55 shows to object's image to be slightly 'softer' than other field stars of similar brightness, and a possible very faint tail is visible to the southeast. [IAUC 8451, 2004 December 10]
An apparently asteroidal object discovered by LINEAR on November 22.32, and published as 2004 WR_9 on MPO 120656, has been found to show cometary appearance. P. Birtwhistle, Great Shefford, U.K., reports that CCD images taken on Dec. 7.0 UT with a 0.30-m f/6.3 reflector show the object as having a tail 20" long in p.a. 235 deg and a very concentrated coma with a diameter of 9", while on images from Dec. 3.0, there had been a suggestion of a 10" tail in p.a. 250 deg. C. Hergenrother reports that R-band images taken with the Catalina 1.54-m reflector on Dec. 8.45 show a highly condensed coma 11" in diameter and a faint tail > 25" long in p.a. 235 deg. [IAUC 8448, 2004 December 8]
A. Milner, Lincoln Laboratory, reports the discovery by LINEAR of a comet with an apparent tail in p.a. 90 deg (discovery observation below). Following posting on the 'NEO Confirmation Page', other observers have confirmed the object's cometary nature from CCD images, including E. J. Christensen at Catalina (0.68-m Schmidt telescope, Dec. 9.10-9.11 UT; coma diameter about 8" with red mag 16.2-16.6 and faint 20" tail in p.a. 60 deg) and M. Tichy, M. Kocer, and J. Ticha at Klet (1.06-m KLENOT telescope, Dec. 9.70; diffuse with coma diameter 25" and a wide tail in p.a. 70 deg). It is possible that this comet is of short period. [IAUC 8449, 2004 December 9]
An apparently asteroidal object discovered by the LINEAR project (discovery observation below), and posted on the 'NEO Confirmation Page', has been found to be cometary in appearance. R-band observations taken by C. Hergenrother with the Catalina 1.54-m reflector on Dec. 9.55 UT show a coma 25" in diameter and a slightly curved 50" tail in p.a. 325 deg. CCD images taken by J. E. McGaha (Tucson, AZ, 0.36-m f/10 reflector) on Dec. 10.4 show a 3" coma with a 12" tail in p.a. 300 deg. [IAUC 8450, 2004 December 10]
An apparently asteroidal object discovered by the LINEAR project on December 15.46, and posted on the 'NEO Confirmation Page', has been found to show a round 4" coma in CCD images taken in poor seeing on Dec. 20.5 and 21.5 UT by J. Young with the 0.6-m reflector at Table Mountain, who adds that five stacked images taken on the latter date show the head to be slightly elongated. Images taken by M. Tichy at Klet on Dec. 21.1 (1.06-m reflector) show a diffuse 8" coma. [IAUC 8457, 2004 December 21]
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2005-D12 [2005 February 21] that
The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000006 and -0.000647 (+/- 0.000042) AU^-1, respectively.showing that the comet is a "new" one from the Oort cloud.
Eric J. Christensen, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, reports his discovery of a comet in the course of the Catalina Sky Survey on images taken with the 0.68-m Schmidt telescope on December 21.47, noting a coma of diameter about 15" and a fan-shaped tail 20" long in p.a. 270 deg. Following posting on the 'NEO Confirmation Page', J. Young writes that his images taken at Table Mountain on Dec. 22.4 UT show the object with a round 8" coma and a broad fan-shaped tail spanning p.a. 210-290 deg (the faint tail edge at p.a. 210 deg extends 20", while the brighter edge at p.a. 290 deg extends only 14"). [IAUC 8458, 2004 December 22]
Following the identification of observations in 1998 Jan. and Apr. (cf. MPC 53463), comet P/2004 Y1 (cf. IAUC 8458) has been numbered 164P/Christensen. [IAUC 8474, 2005 February 1]
Observations with the Dupont 2.5-m reflector at Las Campanas at the end of November and beginning of December 2005 finally showed cometary characteristics and the object has been confirmed as a comet.
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How to Overcome Stress, Anxiety, and Other Related Maladies with Mind-Body Techniques
Mind-body techniques provide real benefit for those suffering from stress, anxiety, and other related maladies. Related maladies means depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and even heart disease because too much stress can increase your risk of developing any one of those conditions, too.
Live with success over stress
A slow and prolonged exhalation (the breathing out part of breathing) has been shown to enhance a reaction in the body that causes overall muscular relaxation. Chanting, singing, or breathing techniques can promote that slow and prolonged exhalation. If you are more relaxed, you handle your stress and your emotions more easily, and you may even sleep better.
One study specifically compared moving Tai Chi Chuan practices to walking and found that reactions in the body during Tai Chi were similar to the reactions caused by moderate fitness walking in reducing anxiety and increasing vigor. Of course, researchers even pointed out that people may have been biased after hearing of the wonderful relaxing effects of Tai Chi Chuan.
The only study that actually used the NIA technique compared women who did NIA with women who just did traditional aerobic dance. Lo and behold, the NIA group had less anxiety and generally felt better,
Even non-aerobic mind-body methods like Feldenkrais and Alexander may have tension-reducing effects that can leave you feeling better in your everyday life.
Lower the risk of heart disease
When you aren’t bound up by stress and anger, you just feel better on a day-to-day basis. But living without stress and anger may also cause decreases in your blood pressure, bad-cholesterol level, and other factors that can raise your risk of heart disease.
One recent journal article reviewed research about meditation and relaxation techniques (although not specifically mind-body exercise) and found a reduced risk of coronary artery disease. Yet another article, which also looked only at related areas such as relaxation breathing, found fewer secondary heart attacks after five years in patients with cardiac disease.
Control obsessive-compulsive behavior
One study recently found that simple breathing techniques had as much positive effect on people with obsessive-compulsive behavior as drugs did! That means the obsessiveness and compulsiveness decreased and allowed the people to live better day-to-day . . . without drugs.
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Nomascus hainanus (Thomas, 1892)
China (Island of Hainan)
(2000, 2002, 2004, 2006)
The taxonomy of the crested black gibbons, genus Nomascus is still in debate, but experts now believe there are three species: the Hainan gibbon, Nomascus hainanus, the most endangered of any of the gibbons and restricted to the island of Hainan (Geissmann 2003; Geissmann and Chan 2004; Wu et al. 2004; Zhou et al. 2004); the eastern black gibbon, Nomascus nasutus, occurring in northeast Vietnam (Nadler 2003), and adjoining Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (Chan et al. in prep.); and the western black gibbon, Nomascus concolor, occurring in central Yunnan, China, and Indochina.
A recent study found no molecular differences between the putative subspecies of N. concolor, but significant genetic differences between the forms hainanus and nasutus (Roos et al. 2007). The Hainan gibbon and eastern black gibbon differ in their hair coloration (Geissmann et al. 2000; Mootnick 2006) and territorial calls (La Q. Trung and Trinh D. Hoang 2004). These characteristics, in association with the newly discovered genetic differences, suggest that the Hainan gibbon and eastern black gibbon be considered distinct species (Roos and Nadler 2005; Roos et al. 2007).
Adult male eastern black gibbons are black and can have a slight tinge of brown hair on the chest. Adult male Hainan gibbons are entirely black (Geissmann et al. 2000; Mootnick 2006). Adult female Hainan gibbons and eastern black gibbons vary from a buffish to a beige brown and have a black cap (Geissmann et al. 2000; Mootnick 2006). The adult female Hainan gibbon has a thin, white face ring that is thicker above the mouth and below the orbital ridge. The hair surrounding the face of the female Hainan gibbon creates a rounded appearance encircling the face. The hair grows outwards on the side of the face and in a more downward direction as it gets closer to the chin.
This contrasts with the female northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus l. leucogenys), whose facial appearance is slightly similar to the female Hainan gibbon. The hair on the outer sides of the face of the female white-cheeked gibbon grows in a more upward direction giving the face a more triangular appearance. Depending on the amount of humidity, female Nomascus can acquire a more orangey color resulting from their sweat (Mootnick 2006). The only account of a live female eastern black gibbon in close proximity was of a female “Patzi” in the Berlin Zoo whose vocalizations were similar to that of the eastern black gibbon, but her pelage differed in that she had a very long and broad black crown streak that went past the nape, and extended to the brow, tapering to a thin face ring and becoming thicker at the chin (Geissmann et al. 2000; Mootnick 2006). This female had a narrow blackish-brown chest plate slightly wider than the face, beginning at the throat and tapering at the top of the abdomen. At this time Patzi had more black than what has been observed in the wild or in museum specimens of female eastern black gibbons.
The eastern black gibbon was thought to be extinct in southwestern provinces of China in the 1950s. In the 1960s, it was also feared extinct in Vietnam, but was rediscovered after intensive searches in January 2002 by Fauna and Flora International (FFI) biologists La Q. Trung and Trinh D. Hoang (2004). They found five groups totaling 26 individuals in the remaining 3,000 ha of limestone forest of Phong Nam-Ngoc Khe Mountains, Trung Khanh District, northern Cao Bang Province bordering Guangxi in China. Further surveys by the Vietnam Primate Conservation Programme of FFI and Trung Khanh District rangers in November 2004 located 37 individuals (VNA 2004).
Recently, a team of researchers from Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden (KFBG) and China confirmed 17 eastern black gibbons in three groups in the Bangliang limestone forest of Jingxi County in Guangxi, neighboring the Phong Nam-Ngoc Khe Mountains of Vietnam. Some of the gibbons observed in Bangliang may be the same individuals counted by Vietnamese counterparts as gibbon groups were seen traveling between the two countries (People's Daily Online 2006; Chan et al. in prep.). There is a rumor that there might be some eastern black gibbons in Kim Hy Nature Reserve, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam, as well as other border areas in Guangxi, China.
In the 1950s there were estimates of >2000 Hainan gibbons on the island of Hainan in 866,000 ha of forests across 12 counties (Wang and Quan 1986). By 1989, the Hainan gibbon population was reduced to only 21 gibbons in four groups restricted to Bawangling Nature Reserve (Liu et al. 1989). In 1998 the population was said to be 17 (Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden 2001). A gibbon survey in October 2003 found two groups, and two lone males, comprising a total of 13 individuals (Fellowes and Chan 2004; Geissmann and Chan 2004; Chan et al. 2005; Zhou et al. 2005); another survey in 2001–2002 estimated 12–19 individuals in four groups (Wu et al. 2004). In recent months three newborns and at least one lone female have been observed, bringing the world total to 17 individuals (Hainan Daily Online 2007a).
Gibbons generally establish long-term pair bonds, but in Bawangling National Nature Reserve (BNNR) there have been repeated observations of two females in the same group both carrying offspring (Liu et al. 1989; Bleisch and Chen 1991; Hainan Daily Online 2007a). This “non-traditional” group could be the result of older offspring being unable to locate appropriate mates (Wu et al. 2004), limited space to establish new groups (Liu et al. 1989), or could reflect habitual bigyny as in the crested black gibbons of Yunnan (Bleisch and Chen 1991; Fan et al. 2006). If fresh feces could be collected from these individuals, it is possible that nuclear DNA sequencing could determine the relationships and confirm if observations are being conducted on the same group in different locations.
Since 2003, when the first Hainan Gibbon Action Plan was launched (Chan et al. 2005), several teams have continued to work roughly in line with the Plan, though with limited coordination. Conservation actions include surveying the distribution of the Hainan gibbon, providing training of staff to monitor the gibbons, restoring the forest, and community conservation work. One team consists of the KFBG, the Hainan Wildlife Conservation Centre of the Hainan Provincial Forestry Department (HWCC), and BNNR. The second (Franco-Chinese) team consists of East China Normal University of Shanghai (ECNU), the Zoological Society of Paris (PZS), and BNNR. A third team from Fauna and Flora International (FFI) China has also conducted monitoring, training and community work in the recent past.
With only 17 Hainan gibbons and 54 eastern black gibbons confirmed, each surviving in just one small forest block, the Hainan gibbon and eastern black gibbon are among the most critically endangered primates in the world. It is important to gain full support from the surrounding community for conservation of the gibbons and their habitat, possibly by ensuring benefits linked to their compliance with conservation goals, and ensuring longer-term commitment from the government and outside partners. Efforts are underway to contribute to the conservation of the eastern black gibbon in Vietnam with the establishment of community-based protection activities. Since there are unconfirmed reports of gibbon occurrences from other forests, additional surveys need to be conducted in both Guangxi and Hainan (Hainan Daily Online 2007b). There is an urgent need to secure and expand suitable forest for the survival of the few remaining gibbons and their habitats, which will require continued effort and cooperation among all parties.
Alan R. Mootnick, Xiaoming Wang, Pierre Moisson, Bosco P. L. Chan, John R. Fellowes & Tilo Nadler
Bleisch, W. V. and N. Chen. 1991. Ecology and behavior of wild black-crested gibbons in China with a reconsideration of evidence of polygyny. Primates 32: 539–548.
Chan, B. P. L., J. R. Fellowes, T. Geissmann and J. F. Zhang (eds.). 2005. Hainan Gibbon Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan – Version I (Last updated November 2005). Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Technical Report No. 3. KFBG, Hong Kong SAR, iii + 33 pp. .
Chan, B. P. L., X. F. Tan and W. J. Tan. In preparation. Rediscovery of the Critically Endangered Eastern Black Crested Gibbon Nomascus nasutus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China; with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status.
Fan P. F., X. L. Jiang, C. M. Liu and W. S. Luo. 2006. Polygynous mating system and behavioural reason of Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Dazhaizi, Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China. Zool. Res. 27(2): 216–220.
Fellowes, J. R. and B. Chan. 2004. Hainan Gibbon: concerted action for the world’s most endangered ape. Living Forests 7: 22–24.
Geissmann, T., Dang X. Nguyen, N. Lormée and F. Momberg. 2000. Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2000. Part 1: Gibbons. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programe, Hanoi.
Geissmann, T., Trung Q. La, Hoang D. Trinh, Thong D. Vu, Dang, N. Can and Pham, D. Tien. 2003. Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam. Asian Primates 8(3/4): 8–10.
Geissmann, T. 2003. Symposium on Gibbon Diversity and Conservation: Concluding resolution. Asian Primates 8(3/4): 28–29.
Geissmann, T. and B. Chan. 2004. The Hainan black crested gibbon: Most critically endangered ape. Folia Primatol. 75 (Suppl. 1): 116. (Abstract.)
Hainan Daily Online, 2007a. Website: http://hnrb.hinews.cn/php/20070326/162705.php.
Hainan Daily Online, 2007b. Website: http://hnrb.hinews.cn/php/20070326/162706.php.
Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden. 2001. Report of Rapid Biodiversity Assessments at Bawangling National Nature Reserve and Wangxia Limestone Forest, Western Hainan, 3 to 8 April 1998. South China Forest Biodiversity Report Series: No. 2. KFBG, Hong Kong SAR, ii + 33pp.
La Q. Trung and Hoang D. Trinh. 2004. Status review of the Cao Vit black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus nasutus) in Vietnam. In: Conservation of Primates in Vietnam, T. Nadler, U. Streicher, and Long T. Ha (eds.), pp.90–94. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi.
Liu, Z. H. and C. F. Tan. 1990. An analysis of habitat structure of the Hainan gibbon. Acta Theriologica Sinica 10: 163–169. In Chinese with English summary.
Liu, Z. H., S. M. Yu and X. C. Yuan 1984. Resources of the Hainan black gibbon and its present situation. Chinese Wildlife 6: 1–4. In Chinese.
Liu, Z. H., Y. Z. Zhang, H. S. Jiang and C. H. Southwick. 1989. Population structure of Hylobates concolor in Bawanglin Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Am. J. Primatol. 19: 247–254.
Mootnick, A. R. 2006. Gibbon (Hylobatidae) species identification recommended for rescue and breeding centers. Primate Conserv. (21): 103–138.
Nadler, T. 2003. Rediscovery of the Eastern black crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus in Vietnam. The Gibbon’s Voice 6(1): 1–3.
People's Daily Online. 2006. Website: http://english.people.com.cn/200611/15/print20061115_321610.html.
Roos, C. 2004. Molecular evolution and systematics of Vietnamese primates. In: Conservation of Primates in Vietnam, T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds.), pp.23–28. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi.
Roos, C. and T. Nadler 2005. Molecular evolution and systematics of Indochinese primates. Primate Rep. 72(1): 38–39.
Roos, C., V. N. Thanh, L. Walter, and T. Nadler. 2007. Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates. Vietnamese J. Primatol. 1: 41-53.
VNA. 2004. Endangered gibbon and rare flora species found. Report on web site of Sci/Tech-Environment, Vietnam News Agency (VNA), Hanoi. . Accessed: 17 November 2004.
Wang, S. and G. Quan. 1986. Primate status and conservation in China. In: Primates: The Road to Self-sustaining Populations, K. Benirschke (ed.), pp.213–220. Springer Verlag, New York.
Wu, W., X. M. Wang, F. Claro, Y. Z. Ding, A. C. Souris, C. D. Wang, C. H. Wang and R. Berzins. 2004. The current status of the Hainan black-crested gibbon Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus hainanus in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Oryx 38(4): 452–456.
Zhou, J., F. W. Wei, M. Li, J. F. Zhang, D. L. Wang and R. L. Pan. 2005. Hainan Black-crested Gibbon is headed for extinction. Int. J. Primatol. 26(2): 453–465.
Mootnick, A. R., Xiaoming Wang, Moisson, P., Chan, B. P. L., Fellowes, J. R. and Nadler, T. 2007. Hainan Gibbon, Nomascus hainanus (Thomas, 1892). In: Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2006–2008, R. A. Mittermeier et al. (compilers), pp.16-17. Unpublished report, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI), Arlington, VA.
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The De Redin Towers are a series of thirteen small fortified watch towers that Grand Master Martin de Redin of the Knights of Malta built on the island of Malta between the year 1658 and 1659. The towers are in sight of each other, and provided a communication link between Gozo and Grand Harbour, in addition to functioning as watchtowers against attack by Corsairs.
The design is based on the design of the last of the five Lascaris towers, the Sciuta (Xuta) tower (1640) at Wied iz-Zurrieq, built by de Redin's predecessor, Grand Master Juan de Lascaris-Castellar. The locals refer to both the five Lascaris towers and the thirteen de Redin towers as "de Redin towers".
Many of the towers still exist in good condition today and most are accessible to the public.
By adrbr @ 2010-12-19 15:39:14
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Bird flu is caused by a type of influenza virus that rarely infects humans. More than a dozen types of bird flu have been identified, including the two strains that have most recently infected humans — H5N1 and H7N9. When bird flu does strike humans, it can be deadly.
In recent years, outbreaks of bird flu have occurred in Asia, Africa and parts of Europe. Most people who have developed symptoms of bird flu have had close contact with sick birds. In a few cases, bird flu has passed from one person to another.
Health officials worry that a global outbreak could occur if a bird flu virus mutates into a form that transmits more easily from person to person. Researchers are working on vaccines to help protect people from bird flu.
Sept. 25, 2014
- Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2015. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 8, 2014.
- Mandell GL, et al. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 8, 2014.
- Thorner AR. Avian influenza A H7N9: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 7, 2014.
- Thorner AR. Avian influenza A H7N9: Treatment and prevention. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 7, 2014.
- Avian influenza: Fact sheet. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/#. Accessed Aug. 10, 2014.
- What consumers need to know about avian influenza. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm085550.htm. Accessed Aug, 15, 2014.
- Mertz D, et al. Populations at risk for severe or complicated avian influenza H5N1: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS. 2014;9:1.
- Key facts about influenza (flu) & flu vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm. Accessed Aug. 15, 2014.
- Prevention and treatment of avian influenza A viruses in people. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/prevention.htm. Accessed Aug. 15, 2014.
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GMO Crops May Affect Pregnant Women and their Families
By Molly Gray, ND LM
I encourage all pregnant women and families with young children to avoid GMO crops. I make this recommendation because of the increased amount of pesticides used with GMO crops. Research is continually demonstrating the toxicity of pesticides to human health and the environment. Crops that are commonly genetically modified include: corn, soy, potato, sugar beets, canola, and cotton.
The importance of minimizing children’s exposure to pesticides was emphasized to me by a 2009 study by Environmental Health Perspectives. The study found that young children have significantly lower levels of a key enzyme that protects against the toxic effects of certain pesticides. The young children’s enzyme levels do not catch up to an adult's until after age seven – far longer than previously thought. Developing babies in the womb are even more defenseless than young children when it comes to keeping toxic chemicals from harming them. Detoxification processes are either completely missing in developing fetuses or immature like mentioned with the young children meaning that toxic chemicals have vastly different effects on the very young.
The Environmental Working Group puts out a list of the “dirty dozen.” These foods have the highest amount of residue left behind during tests by the US Department of Agriculture and FDA. It is extra important to choose organic when eating these foods. If you need to save money or can’t find organic choices, choose the foods with the lowest levels of pesticides, “clean fifteen.” A printable list and iphone application for the Dirty Dozen and the Clean Fifteen is available at www.foodnews.org.
For further reading on other environmental effects on children’s health such as lead in toys, toxic nurseries, flame retardants in clothes, BPA in bottles, and toxins in sunscreen- I recommend the following resources: www.watoxics.org and www.ewg.org
Molly Gray is a naturopathic family medicine physician and midwife in the Seattle area. She has a great interest in how the environment affects our health and recently testified to the US Senate to ask them to update our nation’s laws on toxic chemicals.
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General Knowledge Test
States develop their own tests which must be at least as stringent as the Federal standards. Model driver and examiner manuals and tests have been prepared and distributed to the States to use, if they wish.
* The general knowledge test must contain at least 30 questions.
* To pass the knowledge tests (general and endorsement), applicants must
correctly answer at least 80 percent of the questions.
* To pass the skills
test, applicants must successfully perform all the required skills.
The skills test must be taken in a vehicle representative of the type of
vehicle that the applicant operates or expects to operate.
Classes of License:
The Federal standard requires States to issue a CDL to drivers according
to the following license classifications:
Class A -- Any combination of vehicles with a GVWR of 26,001 or more pounds
provided the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is in excess of 10,000 pounds.
Class B -- Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 or more pounds, or any
such vehicle towing a vehicle not in excess of 10,000 pounds GVWR.
Endorsements and Restrictions: Drivers who
operate special types of CMVs also need to pass additional tests to obtain
any of the following endorsements on their CDL
* T - Double/Triple Trailers (Knowledge test only)
* P - Passenger (Knowledge and Skills Tests)
* N - Tank Vehicle (Knowledge Test only)
* H - Hazardous Materials (Knowledge Test only)
* X - Combination of Tank Vehicle and Hazardous Materials
* S - School Bus
If a driver either fails the air brake component of the general knowledge
test or performs the skills test in a vehicle not equipped with air brakes,
the driver is issued an air brake restriction, restricting the driver from
operating a CMV equipped with air brakes.
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What are the poorest countries in the world? The rankings below were published in Wikipedia from International Monetary Fund’s 2011 gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita) report and reflecting the countries with the lowest purchasing power parity (PPP). Since 1970, there has been encouraging news emerging from developing countries. According to the UN’s 2010 Human Development Report, life expectancy in developing countries has increased from 59 years in 1970 to 70 years in 2010. School enrolment climbed from 55% to 70% of all primary and secondary school-age children. Also, in the last forty years, per capita GDP doubled to more than ten thousand U.S. dollars. Poor countries are catching up with the wealthier countries, but not all countries are making fast progress. For example, some countries in Sub-Sahara Africa have little or no progress, largely due to the HIV epidemic and civil wars.
The 20 Poorest Countries:
#1. Democratic Republic of the Congo
GDP Per Capita: $348 (As of 2011)
Not to be mixed with the neighbouring Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has become the poorest country in the world as of 2010. Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire until 1997. Congo is the largest country in the world that has French as an official language – the population of D.R Congo is about six million larger than the population of France (71 million people in D.R Congo vs 65 million in France). The Second Congo War beginning in 1998 has devastated the country. The war that involves at least 7 foreign armies is the deadliest conflict in the world since World War II – by 2008 the Second Congo War and its aftermath had killed 5.4 million people.
GDP Per Capita: $456 (As of 2011)
Liberia is one of the few countries in Africa that have not been colonized by Europe. Instead, Liberia was founded and colonized by freed slaves from America. These slaves made up the elite of the country and they established a government that closely resembled that of the United States of America. In 1980 the president of Liberia was overthrown and a period of instability and civil war followed. After the killings of hundreds of thousands, a 2003 peace deal was led to democratic elections in 2005. Today, Liberia is recovering from the lingering effects of the civil war and related economic dislocation, with about 85% of the population lives below $1 a day.
GDP Per Capita: $487 (As of 2011)
The government of Zimbabwe released its largest bank note 100 trillion dollar bill issued on January 2009. In addition to the economic problems the life expectancy of Zimbabwe is the lowest in the world – 37 years for men and just 34 for women. One of the problems for the early deaths are the 20.1% of the population with HIV and AIDS. The health issues aren’t seeing any improvement.
GDP Per Capita: $615 (As of 2011)
Burundi is known for its tribal and civil wars. Burundi have never really had any peaceful time between the everlasting civil wars as a result its the fourth poorest country. Owing in part to its landlocked geography, poor legal system, lack of economic freedom, lack of access to education, and the proliferation of HIV and AIDS. Approximately 80% of Burundians live in poverty and according to the World Food Programme 57% of children under 5 years suffer from chronic malnutrition; 93% of Burundi’s exports revenues come from selling coffee.
GDP Per Capita: $735 (As of 2011)
Affected by the Italian colonizers of the 19th century. Eritrea’s advantage of controlling the sea route through the Suez Canal made the italians to colonized it just a year after the opening of the canal in 1869 and same reason the British conquered it in 1941. The present Eritrea’s economic conditions have not improved and real gross domestic product growth averaged 1.2 percent between 2005 and 2008; in 2009 GDP growth was estimated at 2.0 percent.
#6. Central African Republic
GDP Per Capita: $768 (As of 2011)
Despite its significant mineral resources; uranium reserves in Bakouma, crude oil, gold, diamonds, lumber, hydropower and its arable land, it remains one of the poorest countries in the world. Diamonds constitute the most important export of the Central Africans Republic, accounting for 40–55% of export revenues. The 2010 UNDP Human Development Report ranks CAR near the bottom of its Human Development Index (159th out of 162 countries) and unlikely to meet its MDG goals. The proportion of Central Africans living on $1 a day has decreased slightly to 62% but it needs to be half of that in order to reach the 2015 goal.
GDP Per Capita: $771 (As of 2011)
With over 80% of its land is covered by the giant desert of Sahara, Niger has a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Parity Purchasing Power (PPP) terms of US$771 as of 2011, one of the lowest in Africa. Niger’s poverty is exacerbated by political instability, extreme vulnerability to exogenous shocks and inequality which affects girls, women and children disproportionately. In January 2000, Niger’s newly elected government inherited serious financial and economic problems including a virtually empty treasury and was qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund program for Highly Indebted Poor Countries.
#8. Sierra Leone
GDP Per Capita: $849 (As of 2011)
A West African country with English as its official language, Sierra Leone has relied on mining, especially diamonds, for its economic base and home to the third largest natural harbour in the world where shipping from all over the globe berth at Freetown’s famous Queen Elizabeth II Quay. It is among the top diamond producing nations in the world, and mineral exports remain the main foreign currency earner and also among the largest producers of titanium and bauxite, and a major producer of gold. Despite this natural wealth, 70% of its people live in poverty. If you have seen the movie Blood Diamond you should know that it is based on Sierra Leone.
GDP Per Capita: $860 (As of 2011)
Malawi has one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world, with 53% (2004) living under the poverty line. In December 2000, the IMF stopped aid disbursements due to corruption concerns, and many individual donors followed suit, resulting in an almost 80% drop in Malawi’s development budget. In 2006, Malawi was approved for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. In December 2007, the US granted Malawi eligibility status to receive financial support within the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) initiative. Agriculture accounts for 35% of GDP, industry for 19% and services for the remaining 46%. In addition, some setbacks have been experienced, and Malawi has lost some of its ability to pay for imports due to a general shortage of foreign exchange, as investment fell 23% in 2009.
GDP Per Capita: $899 (As of 2011)
This small, sub-Saharan economy suffers from anemic economic growth and depends heavily on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for a significant share of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export earnings with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is among the world’s largest producers of phosphate. Approximately one half of the population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.
GDP Per Capita: $934 (As of 2011)
Madagascar’s mainstay of growth are tourism, agriculture and the extractive industries. Approximately 69% of the population lives below the national poverty line threshold of one dollar per day. The agriculture sector constituted 29% of Malagasy GDP in 2011, while manufacturing formed 15% of GDP. Tourism dropped more than 50% in 2009 compared with the previous year, and many investors are wary of entering the uncertain investment environment.
GDP Per Capita: $956 (As of 2011)
Afghanistan is probably the only poorest country in the world that doesn’t need any introduction. Due to the decades of war and nearly complete lack of foreign investment, the nation’sGDP per capita stands at $956. Its unemployment rate is 35% and 42 % of the population live on less than $1 a day. As tribal warfare and internecine feuding has been one of their chief occupations since time immemorial. History has never seen Afghanistan lose a war. They might be one of the poorest but they know how to fight. Instead of a traditional army they simply resist with small counter attacks that eventually tire out the enemy.
GDP Per Capita: $1,083 (As of 2011)
Guinea also has diamonds, gold, and other metals. The country has great potential for hydroelectric power. Bauxite and alumina are currently the only major exports. Guinea’s poorly developed infrastructure and rampant corruption continue to present obstacles to large-scale investment projects. Agriculture employs 80% of the nation’s labor force. Under French rule, and at the beginning of independence, Guinea was a major exporter of bananas, pineapples, coffee, peanuts, and palm oil. From independence until the presidential election of 2010, Guinea was governed by a number of autocratic rulers, which has contributed to making Guinea one of the poorest countries in the world.
GDP Per Capita: $1,085 (As of 2011)
One of the poorest and most underdeveloped country in the world, 75% of the population engages in small-scale agriculture, which still suffers from inadequate infrastructure, commercial networks, and investment. The minimum legal salary is around US$60 per month.
GDP Per Capita: $ 1,093 (As of 2011)
Ethiopia suffers from poverty, and poor sanitation. In the capital city of Addis Ababa, 55% of the population lives in slums. Despite its fast growth in recent years, GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and the economy faces a number of serious structural problems. Ethiopia’s economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 41% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Agricultural productivity remains low, the sector suffers from poor cultivation practices and frequent drought.
GDP Per Capita: $1,128 (As of 2011)
With 50% of the population living below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day, Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world. Some of its natural resources are gold, uranium, livestock, and salt. Mali remains dependent on foreign aid. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River and about 65% of its land area is desert or semidesert. Mali experienced economic growth of about 5% per year between 1996-2010. The government in 2011 completed an IMF extended credit facility program that has helped the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment.
GDP Per Capita: $1,144 (As of 2011)
Guinea-Bissau’s legal economy depends mainly on farming and fishing, but trafficking in narcotics is probably the most lucrative trade. With 60% of the population living below the poverty line, drug traffickers based in Latin America use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighboring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine. The government and the military did almost nothing to stop this business.
GDP Per Capita: $ 1,232 (As of 2011)
Made up of three islands with rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. As of 2008 about 50% of the population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day, due to numerous coups d’etat since independence in 1975.
GDP Per Capita: $1,235 (As of 2011)
Haiti is a free market economy that enjoys the advantages of low labor costs and tariff-free access to the US for many of its exports. Poverty, corruption, and poor access to education for much of the population are among Haiti’s most serious disadvantages. Haiti’s economy suffered a severe setback in January 2010 when a 7.0 magnitude earthquake destroyed much of its capital city, Port-au-Prince, and neighbouring areas. Already the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the population living under the poverty line and 54% in abject poverty, the earthquake inflicted $7.8 billion in damages. Seven out of ten Haitians live on less than US$2 a day, according to the International Red Cross.
GDP Per Capita: $1,317 (As of 2011)
Uganda is one of the poorest nations in the world, with 37.7 percent of the population living on less than $1.25 a day. Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, small deposits of copper, gold, and other minerals, and recently discovered oil. Despite making enormous progress in reducing the countrywide poverty incidence from 56 percent of the population in 1992 to 31 per cent in 2005, poverty remains deep-rooted in the country’s rural areas, which are home to more than 85 per cent of Ugandans.
[Source: Wikipedia/International Monetary Fund]
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A planet that directly orbits the sun.
- Valon was the primary planet in the Tiroc system.
- The primary planets comprise the major planets, of which nine are known, viz., in order of distance from the Sun, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, and the minor planets or asteroids, the orbits of which lie between those of Mars and Jupiter.
- Pluto also has a relatively large moon (1,400km across) named Charon, which is regarded as the largest moon in the Solar System with respect to the size of its primary planet.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: pri·ma·ry plan·et
Definition of primary planet in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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Usually I suggest writing 4 paragraphs for task 2. However, sometimes it might be better to write 5 paragraphs. The following essay question has three parts, so I've written three main body paragraphs (5 paragraphs in total).
Explain some of the ways in which humans are damaging the environment. What can governments do to address these problems? What can individual people do?
Humans are responsible for a variety of environmental problems, but we can also take steps to reduce the damage that we are causing to the planet. This essay will discuss environmental problems and the measures that governments and individuals can take to address these problems.
Two of the biggest threats to the environment are air pollution and waste. Gas emissions from factories and exhaust fumes from vehicles lead to global warming, which may have a devastating effect on the planet in the future. As the human population increases, we are also producing ever greater quantities of waste, which contaminates the earth and pollutes rivers and oceans.
Governments could certainly make more effort to reduce air pollution. They could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories or to force companies to use renewable energy from solar, wind or water power. They could also impose ‘green taxes’ on drivers and airline companies. In this way, people would be encouraged to use public transport and to take fewer flights abroad, therefore reducing emissions.
Individuals should also take responsibility for the impact they have on the environment. They can take public transport rather than driving, choose products with less packaging, and recycle as much as possible. Most supermarkets now provide reusable bags for shoppers as well as ‘banks’ for recycling glass, plastic and paper in their car parks. By reusing and recycling, we can help to reduce waste.
In conclusion, both national governments and individuals must play their part in looking after the environment.
This essay is exactly 250 words long. I've tried to make it as simple as possible, but it's still good enough to get a band 9.
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Here is the Reason Why Thanksgiving is So Late This Year
Thanksgiving is November 26 this year and if you have been saying that Thanksgiving is awfully late again this year, you’re right. Actually, Thanksgiving originally fell on the last Thursday of the month, all the time. Ever since 1863, when Abraham Lincoln established the last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day in the United States, the U.S had celebrated the day later in the month. That all changed thanks to the Great Depression. In 1939 then President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the holiday from November 30 to November 23 in an effort to add an additional holiday shopping weekend to boost sales in the country to help us get out of the depression. There was opposition to the change as several states refused to move the date and began calling it “Franksgiving” instead.
In 1941, Congress finally stepped in and officially settled the debate by establishing Thanksgiving Day to be held on the fourth Thursday of November. Since Thanksgiving is on the fourth Thursday of the month this year we will have one less shopping weekend for this holiday season which won’t make the retailers very happy.
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Written Documentation: Condition Survey, Treatment Proposals and Treatment Reports
Part of the Conservation Code of Ethics is to record any alteration made to a cultural artifact. A treatment may drastically alter the state of a valuable, unique object that is library property; what it looked like before is a vital part of the historical record. This documentation takes two forms: written and photographs.
A condition survey is designed to give a clear snapshot of the book’s physical condition. Within a few minutes, each of the 1,500 books were examined thoroughly. Its current condition was described using standardized vocabulary and then recorded into the database. At the same time, a treatment proposal for the book was created. Again, using standardized vocabulary, a list of what needed to be done to conserve the book was decided on. The details of this initial proposal could change one the book was brought to the conservation lab, but it was accurate enough to batch like work together for a more efficient workflow. A change in the treatment proposal is not uncommon, since sometimes it is hard to asses the damage until the cover has been removed or the book disbound.
After the treatment is completed, a treatment report is written. For the Save America’s Treasures grant, this is another aspect of the conservation database. Each step of the treatment is reported and all materials used are listed. This enables future scholars to know how the book was conserved and what might have been altered from the original (such as a replacing a missing spine or adding new endsheets). The treatment report will also aid future conservators if further treatment is needed for the item.
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http://www.lib.msu.edu/exhibits/sat/written.jsp
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| 0.962883 | 327 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The US Dollar was established on 6 July, 1785 and became the official monetary unit of the U.S...
A few days ago the whole USA celebrated its 225th birthday! Congrats!
On July 6, 1785, the United States baptized "green" as its national tender. At that time nobody could have imagined that the dollar would become the most important currency in the global economy.
The Dollar's family tree has its roots in the Czech city Jáchymov where its name originated from: Joachimsthaler. Silver coins were launched into circulation by the German princes in the sixteenth century in Europe. Over time the name changed from coins to thalers. Germany had its own official name for it: Reichsthaler and in England they were called rix-dollar. With the popularity of silver coins in the American colonies, the dollar finally reached American territory.
Immediately after the declaration of independence, the United States established its own currency: the Dollar. Unlike British silver coins the Dollar changed its form to a one color, paper banknote. The primary objective was to provide a currency for young America, a convenient way of payment to cover the high costs of the war with England. Each banknote guaranteed a nominal exchange value of the Spanish peso or the equivalent in silver or gold. The parity of gold proved to be the salvation of the U.S. in 1934, when America tried to recover from the effects of the Great Depression.
Printing of the dollar and its characteristic green face we are familiar with today initially began in 1928. Interestingly, since the origination of the U.S. dollar the company Crane&Company of Dalton has had a monopoly on the printing of banknotes. For 225 years, Dollars have been printed on high quality paper consisting of 75 percent of cotton and 25 percent of flax. The banknote with the highest value was the $100,000 bill. It was printed in the 30's in a limited number of about 300 notes. It was printed to served the settlement of federal fiscal services.
It appears that the viability of U.S. dollars varies depending on the value of the note. 100 dollar banknotes in circulation are around 9 years old, the 20-dollar banknote is able to survive for only four years, and the 1 dollar banknote is destroyed after about two years from printing. The king of all currencies bravely defends his throne.
The U.S. dollar is the most widely used currency in international settlements. The dollar plays a significant role in the global economy. It gained so much popularity after the Second World War in 1945 that 26 other countries borrowed the name "dollar" for their currencies, including Canada, Australia and Singapore.
The international nature of American currency is also apparent in that over two thirds of U.S. dollars are currently situated outside the United States. The size and stability of the U.S. economy has encouraged other countries to develop their foreign exchange reserves in this successful currency. As the United States has been severely affected by the financial crisis in recent times competition between American "green" and the Euro has increased. In December 2006, European currency outstripped U.S. in terms of value of cash in circulation. Dethroning the dollar from the position of the leading world currency, however, seems to be impossible for now.
Search for your ancestors:
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://blog.myheritage.com/2010/07/czech-german-roots-of-american-green/
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en
| 0.96919 | 691 | 3.515625 | 4 |
is an independent coeducational day and boarding school in Caterham
and a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Caterham School was founded in 1811 in Lewisham, by the Reverend John Townsend to provide a boarding education for the sons of Congregational Ministers. The abolitionist
politician and philanthropist William Wilberforce
was a Governor of the School from its foundation until his death in 1833.
By 1884, the School had outgrown its premises, and the 114 boys with their teaching staff moved to the present site in the North Downs in Surrey. In 1890, Caterham opened its doors to the sons of laymen and to day boys. In 1995, after 184 years as a boys' day and boarding school, it merged with Eothen School for girls (founded by the Misses Pye in 1892) to become a coeducational
school. Girls had been admitted to the Sixth Form education since 1981, but the merger integrated the schools and enabled co-education to be offered to pupils aged 3 years and upward.
The schools fees are comparable with other Independent Schools in the area. If the applicant performs particularly well on the entrance exam tests, the school may award a scholarship. The scholarships can either be academic, art, music, sport or all-rounder. The academic scholarships are up to 50% off the school fees. The school also has a bursaries scheme for children of United Reformed Church Ministers, for families... Read More
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://pages.rediff.com/caterham-school/805169
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en
| 0.974194 | 309 | 2.71875 | 3 |
While the scientific community uses AUVs for a plethora of applications such as oceanography, long-duration ocean observing, polar research, water sampling, fishery studies and habitat research, academics are also using these platforms to develop and field new payloads and to improve the state of AUV technology itself through enhanced vehicle autonomy.
Advancements in payload and sensor technology for a variety of AUV applications are ongoing and are often developed in academia for specific research areas. Bluefin AUVs can serve as payload testbeds so developers can validate payload and sensor performance in the field. Our systems are ideal for this application for a number of reasons. First, payload sections are modular, allowing the user to work on a payload without dedicating a vehicle for the entire development period. Organizations can share assets so multiple research goals can be achieved.
Second, the AUVs are intentionally designed with a Standard Payload Interface allowing the payload computer(s), whether provided directly by Bluefin or by the customer, to easily communicate with the main vehicle computer (MVC). The Standard Payload Interface allows the vehicle to accept a large range of sensors without alteration to the core systems. As a result, the AUV configuration can change as your objectives change, providing immense flexibility. For more information, check out the Autonomy and Behaviors page.
Lastly, Bluefin engineers are available to assist with the integration of a payload and our marine operations team can help operate the system during at-sea testing. Having access to our experts to handle these tasks means you can focus on the science, not the system.
Learn more about Bluefin survey systems here >
Bluefin products that address this application include:
Vehicle autonomy is a popular area of AUV research. In the past, AUVs were relatively simple machines that could be programmed to hold a certain heading at a given depth while monitoring their own health. This ability, however simple, proved extremely useful, allowing the vehicle to survey large tracts of seafloor and perform mine countermeasure (MCM) missions. Today, researchers are building on this initial success and developing new types of onboard autonomy for AUVs.
Bluefin AUVs are ideal platforms for this type of research because they include a Standard Payload Interface that can interface with third-party autonomy capabilities. During the GLINT09 sea trials for example, a multi-vehicle autonomous anti-submarine warfare (ASW) system comprised of AUVs and gliders was used to detect, classify, localize, and track adversarial vehicles on its own. Central to this work were the MOOS and IvP open-source tools and the backseat driver paradigm, which allowed novel behaviors to be written without explicit knowledge of the core vehicle systems.
Many other areas of autonomy research are expected to flourish in the near future. One example is automated marine mammal tracking, where AUVs will track marine mammal populations and provide biologists with the data necessary to assess the impact of Navy sonar tests. Alternatively, AUVs could track individual animals and provide insight into previously unknown aspects of their behavior.
Supported by tools like MOOS, IvP and the backseat driver, future research in autonomy is expected to produce enhancements in situational awareness, self-monitoring, planning, fault recovery, and decision-making, which will push AUV applications in new directions. Armed with these tools, researchers will find new and creative uses for AUVs in the coming decades, and Bluefin vehicles will be there to support these advances.
For more information, check out the Autonomy and Behaviors page.
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<urn:uuid:9a42dae4-a4e3-4f54-bcb1-ff4a600df883>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.bluefinrobotics.com/applications/scientific-research/
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en
| 0.934545 | 727 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Onsen (温泉) is the Japanese word for hot springs; quite literally, at that, since 温 on is "warm" and 泉 sen is "spring". Japan is a very volcanically active country, resulting not only in frequent earthquakes, but also an abundance of hot springs throughout the archipelago. Traditionally, onsen were located outdoors, although a large number of inns have now built indoor bathing facilities as well. Onsen by definition use naturally hot water from geothermally heated springs. Onsen should be differentiated from sentō, indoor public bath houses where the baths are filled with heated tap water. Major onsen resort hotels often feature a wide variety of themed spa baths and artificial waterfalls in the bathing area (打たせ湯).
Man - otoko
Woman - onna
Onsen water is believed to have healing powers derived from its mineral content. A particular onsen may feature several different baths, each with water with a different mineral composition. The outdoor bath tubs are most often made from Japanese cypress, marble or granite, while indoor tubs may be made with tile, acrylic glass or stainless steel. Many bathers come for only an hour or so to soak in the waters. Food also plays an important part in the attraction of a particular inn. While other services like massages may be offered, the main reason most people visit the onsen is to enjoy the baths.
Traditionally, men (top kanji) and women (bottom kanji) bathed together at the onsen, as they did at the sentō, but single-sex bathing has steadily become the established custom since the opening of Japan to the West during the Meiji period. Mixed-sex bathing persists at some onsen in the rural areas of Japan, which usually also provide the option of separate "women-only" baths or different hours for the two sexes, although young children of either sex may be seen in both the men's and the women's baths. People often travel to onsen with work colleagues, as the relaxed and open atmosphere helps to break down some of the hierarchical stiffness inherent in Japanese work life. However, most visitors to onsen are not work groups but friends, couples and families.
|Discount Shinkansen Tours: Great deals for visitors to Japan - up to 58% off!|
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<urn:uuid:6712f1d4-e2fb-4603-941e-1b3b12d61391>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://japan-onsen.com/japan_onsen.htm
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en
| 0.968234 | 490 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The early courthouses in Luzerne County occupied space in the town square from shortly after the county’s establishment in 1786. The first building was a simple log structure, followed, in 1801, by a Georgian-style building showing the Philadelphia influence. Again, in 1856, a more commodious courthouse was needed, and a prominent New York architect, Joseph C. Wells, was called upon to design it. He chose a round arch style called Rundbogenstil and produced a building, sophisticated for its time, with an early futile attempt at fireproofing.
The demand for a new courthouse began to be voiced in 1892. The Wilkes-Barre Record of April 12, 1892, published a short editorial:
The grand jury recommends the building of a new courthouse. We are glad to hear it. The present structure is not large enough for the business needs of the County, and, besides, is not much better than a tinder box, liable to be destroyed any moment. The County is out of debt and the ordinary receipts are large enough to erect a commodious, fireproof building without increasing the taxes a cent. Why not commence it as soon as formalities permit!
The proposal sounded very simple, and it did not reflect the complexities of taste, politics, or real estate in Wilkes-Barre. However, the machinery had been set in motion. Acting upon the grand jury’s recommendation of 1892, the County Commissioners set about to choose an architect. Seven years, numerous law suits, three architects and two million dollars later, the present courthouse was opened and has since stood as a symbol of the community’s pride and opulence.
The time was ripe for courthouse building in the United States. When the Civil War ended, the states were ready for a display of pride. Thomas U. Walter’s magnificent new dome for the Capitol, completed in 1867, become an inspiration for architects and state officials throughout the country. The functions of the state government were expanding, and more space was needed. The newer areas of the country were ready for their first monumental public symbols. In all, it was time for a wave of construction, and the cruciform domed configuration was foremost in popularity.
As the state capitals grew and developed, so grew the counties and their need for their own symbols, which often followed the lead of the capitals. This need created a demand for specialized professional skills. The large architectural firms, many from the Northeast, undertook commissions across the country. In almost every case, local planners and builders, who often gave themselves the title of "architects,’ deeply resented this intrusion of outsiders. They particularly resented the large fees paid to the visiting experts. That money, they felt, should be kept within the state. This animosity contributed to the problems of the architects dealing with Commissioners who had little understanding of the fine points of aesthetics or construction. As politicians, they wanted to point with pride, both to the symbolic grandeur of the building, and to the low cost. Some of the architects were driven to near bankruptcy by the demands and misunderstandings of their clients.
The World’s Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago from May 1 to October 30, 1893, had a marked impact on the courthouse project in Wilkes-Barre. In fact, it was perhaps the most successful and influential of all the world’s fairs in the United States. With few exceptions, most notably, Louis Sullivan’s Transportation Building, the fair was designed in the classic revival style already made popular by McKim, Meade and White, and by R. M. Hunt of New York. A Chicago architect and planner, D. H. Burnham, was largely responsible for the "City Beautiful" type of planning which incorporated more open space, parks and boulevards in the cities. This concept had its impact upon Wilkes-Barre in the dispute over the location of the courthouse and the effort to make the public square an open space.
The buildings at the fair were all temporary, built of stucco and painted white to look like marble. This style gave rise to the term "White Cities " The fair brought together the foremost mural painters in the country. These individuals concentrated their talents to make the architecture, along with its decoration, the resounding success that it became.
The fair had a tremendous influence on the construction of domed capitols, and, even more, on courthouses. It initiated the "White Cities Movement,’ which was to inspire both marble buildings and landscaped open spaces in cities throughout the land. The architectural style which came out of this movement is often referred to as "Renaissance Style," or "Beaux Arts Style," referring to the many architects who received training in Paris at the Ecole des Beaux Arts.
The Standard American Encyclopedia of 1897 described Wilkes-Barre as having a population of 37,718. Furthermore, the area boasted two great railroads, twenty-two churches, seven banks and eight newspapers. It manufactured locomotives, machinery, carriages, tools, rope, and castings. Beneath the ground lay rich anthracite mines, which produced much of Wilkes-Barre’s wealth. The Encyclopedia also lists, as local features, an opera house, courthouse, female seminary and a high school. It fails, however, to mention the rich variety of ethnic groups which contributed to the cultural complexity of the City.
The large number of churches in our area filled the needs of many ethnic groups. A church became a community, speaking and preserving a native language. These church communities brought to Wilkes-Barre architectural elements which reflected their place of origin. They also engaged architects accustomed to building for specific church groups. This enhanced the richness and variety of the architectural life of Wilkes-Barre.
Wilkes-Barre’s proximity to both Philadelphia and New York, and the fact that the leaders of the community had business connections in both cities, provided exposure to outside cultural influences. Some area individuals chose architects, whose work they had seen and admired during their travels, to design their homes and businesses; others commissioned local men who were often influenced by the sophisticated work of the imported architects.
In August, 1894, the County Commissioners selected a site on South Main Street, Wilkes-Barre, for the new courthouse and engaged Elijah E. Myers of Detroit to draw up the plans. Myers was a well-known architect of public buildings, including the capitols of Michigan, Texas and Colorado. Myers prepared plans for a Beaux Arts building, reproduced in Robinson’s book on the courthouse. It featured a slender dome and four square glass covered towers. Law suits were filed and hearings held. The South Main Street site was overruled, and the controversy over the suitability of the Public Square continued.
It is not clear why the Myers plan was not used, but on July 12, 1895, Myers sued the County for $10,000. His suit dragged on for many years and was finally settled out of court in 1924.
Another element of controversy arose over the bidding process. The Wilkes-Barre Record of May 21, 1895, published a lengthy article under the caption WHY THEY DO NOT BID. It says, in part:
Prominent contractors give their response why they are not preparing estimates for the proposed new courthouse…
The fact that only a few Wilkes-Barre contractors are bidding upon the proposed new courthouse is rather significant. In Wilkes-Barre, contractors are as good and capable as any to be found elsewhere, and the mere magnitude of a building would not frighten and deter them from making estimates.
. . . judging from allegations that the courthouse contract has already been practically settled …. Especially are they firm in this opinion since the insinuation has come to their ears that a Western contractor has had plans for the purposes of making estimates for a month over the Wilkes-Barre contractors.
The Wilkes-Barre Record further states that only two sets of plans were displayed in the arbitration room of the courthouse for the use of all Wilkes-Barre contractors and that W. H. Shepard, one of the contractors, stated that the cost would be a million dollars or more.
On May 20, The Wilkes-Barre Record made its position clear in regard to the courthouse, and gave a succinct summary of what was wrong with the project:
The Record, on the other hand, wanted the courthouse built right. Because we favored the improvement, it did not follow that we should lend our countenance to the method adopted by the Commissioners. When this paper saw that these officials began at the wrong end, it wasn’t afraid to tell the people about it and to insist that the blunder be corrected. The Commissioners had no right to employ an architect until they had secured a site. They had no right to pay him $10,000 cash and promise him $10,000 more and 5% of the cost of the building before either they or the architect know what the cost would be, or where the building was to go up. This was the false start to which the Record called attention…
Arguments over the site dragged on.
Finally, in 1899, an architectural competition was held. March 15 was the last day for submitting plans. The Wilkes-Barre Record reports the specifications to the architects as follows:
The building shall be a four or five story, steel frame, fireproof structure, providing offices for all the County officials and providing for one large and five smaller court rooms and also jury rooms, judges’ offices, law library, waiting rooms, lavatories, hygienic closets, ventilation, lighting, and heating…
The building shall be fireproof throughout, walls, floors, partitions, girders, roof, etc. Doors and window frames may be of wood. The exterior shall be of the most durable character. Cornices, finials, etc. where of metal shall be of copper. Galvanized iron will not be allowed.
The cost of the building is limited to $450,000, including all steam and gas fitting and plumbing and electric wiring, mail chute, but not including power plant, heating plant or electric plant and elevators or gas and electric fixtures…
Any set of drawings for a building which shall exceed in the probable cost the limits named by more than 10 percent, may also be excluded from the competition.
In all, 25 architects submitted plans amidst an atmosphere of the greatest secrecy.
The Wilkes-Barre Record delineated some of the rules of the competition. The Board of County Commissioners would select the architect and award the prize money. This decision would follow a consultation with the County Comptroller and an advisory committee of five persons, all members of the bar. The five were: Andrew H. McClintock, John I. Lenahan, William S. McLean, George K. Powell, and Frank W. Wheaten. It further stated that the Commissioners will request the Judges of Luzerne County to confer with them concerning the plans.
The Commissioners awarded the contract to F. J. Osterling of Pittsburgh, an architect little known outside the Pittsburgh area. If the Commissioners had visited Western Pennsylvania in order to see some of his work, as was rumored, they perhaps saw the Fort Pitt Federal Building (1890) or the Washington County Court House under construction.
Although Osterling’s plans had been drawn for the Public Square site, the conflict still raged over the suitability of that location. Some wanted to keep the square as an open space, most did not want any money expended on real estate, and some favored use of the River Common as a site. Finally, on October 1, 1901, a court opinion gave the Commissioners permission to accept the River Common site for the new courthouse and gave the City the power to transfer the site. Again, exceptions were filed and dismissed, and by November 16, the Judges examined the Osterling plans.
The original plans were made for the Public Square location, and now they had to be adjusted to the new site. It is difficult to determine the magnitude of the changes. The architect’s plans, on file at the City Buildings Department, do not include elevation drawings; however, the sectional drawing indicates three bays at the three entrances. As completed, the building has five bays. Some early post cards were issued before the completion of the building, one being post-marked 1906. One shows a building similar to the present one, with a single dome, three bays and sculpture on the roof. The other, also with three bays, shows the space at the crossing partially filled with a square member and a glass-covered dome. This second building is clearly not from Osterling’s hand, but there is no indication of the architect’s identity. Yet another depiction of the courthouse appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Record on June 10, 1899. It is said to be the Myers plan, but clearly it is not the building depicted in Robinson, which relates stylistically to capitol designs characteristic of Myers. This version is not related to the American renaissance, but rather the Victorian gothic of an earlier style. It would be credible as the work of J. H. W. Hawkins, but there is no documentation to this effect. Hawkins was one of the five runners-up on the courthouse competition. Others were Albert H. Kipp, McCormick and French, Davey and Williams, and Hazelburt and Haskel of Philadelphia.
The building, as it now stands, is one of five bays with a clustered dome. The four tourelles grouped around the main dome remind one of the competition project designed by McKim, Mead and White for the Rhode Island State Capitol of 1891.5 However, Osterling added pediments with stained-glass windows connecting the tourelles, and he omitted the roof sculpture of the original design. The Luzerne County Court House continues to stand on its magnificent site proclaiming dignity and solidarity to all who behold it. The following attests this point:
The plan of the building is cruciform, the length of each axis being 200 feet. The rotunda at the intersection of the axis is 53 × 53 feet, and terminates vertically with the dome, the base of which is 100 feet above the first floor. The various offices and court rooms open off the corridor and gallery encircling the rotunda.
The foundations are of concrete, the exterior walls of Ohio sandstone, the floors, roofs and domes are of reinforced concrete, and the roof coverings of terra-cotta. With the exception of the dome, the tiles are nailed to porous brick set in the concrete roofs.
The entire rotunda, including the arches of the penetrations under the dome, is finished with marble. The four piers supporting the dome and the rusticated walls of the first story are of Botticino stone, a buff-colored marble resembling Caen stone in color. The cornices, columns, balustrades and corridor wainscoting are of white Italian marble, and the wainscoting base of Alps green. Statuary finish bronze has been used effectively in the marble cornice of the second floor gallery and main stairway. The elevator enclosures, electroliers and office screens are also of cast bronze. The floors throughout, with the exception of some of the smaller offices, are of Tennessee marble, those of the corridors, gallery and rotunda being laid in patterns.
The interior of the dome is executed in plaster and is colored with the prevailing tone of the Botticino stone. The panels are terra verte, with such portraits and emblems as are used, painted as cameos. Gold leaf is used on the moldings. The pendentives are painted with figures on mosaic backgrounds.
The vaulted ceiling of the rotunda corridor and entrance corridors are treated with Mosaics, the pendentives of the vaults having painted portraits of various people prominently connected with the history of the County. The lunettes along the corridor walls which adjoin the mosaic vaults are painted with subjects apropos of the early settlement of the Wyoming Valley.
There are five court rooms, four of which are located on the third floor; the fifth, or Orphans’ Court room, being on the second floor. The third floor court rooms are similar in design; two are finished in mahogany and two in Circassian walnut. The Judges’ chambers adjoin the court rooms and are similarly treated. The court room floors are covered with rubber tiling, the draperies are of Orsini silk velour and the electroliers of brass, gold plated. Each of the third floor court rooms is embellished with a notable mural painting over the Judges’ bench: "Justice," "Prosperity Under the Law," "The Judicial Virtues," and "The Awakening of a Commonwealth," having been executed by Messrs. Edwin H. Blashfield, Will H. Low, Kenyon Cox and William I. Smedley, respectively.
The Orphans’ Court room is wainscoted with English veined white Italian marble in the form of panels, with stiles and rails of Blanco P. The columns are of Breche violette, the woodwork of mahogany. This room is also decorated with a mural painting, similarly located to those in the other court rooms; the work of Charles L. Hinton, entitled "The Symbols of Life."
The Law Library, stack rooms and Bar Association room occupy the south wing of the second floor, and are finished in dark oak. The base and fireplace faces in the Law Library are of Numidian marble.
Special care was taken to have the furnishings of the building take their logical positions as a part of the various rooms. Special drawings and specifications were made for all the furniture, rugs, draperies, etc.
The elevator equipment consists of two plunger elevators with a maximum load capacity of 3,000 pounds each. The pumps are driven by 25 hp dc motors automatically controlled. The building is heated and ventilated by a fan-blast system, all the air being cleaned by air washer before entering the fans, and the temperature in all the rooms being automatically controlled by a thermostatic regulation system.
This glowing account does not record the controversy that was concomitant with the building project. Much of 1900 was taken up with an injunction to restrain the County Commissioners from accepting the River Common site. Judge Endlich refused the injunction and dismissed exceptions to his opinion. Finally, early in 1902, the State Supreme Court affirmed Judge Endlich’s decision and Osterling’s modified plans were approved by the County Judges.
The building contract was awarded on July 24, 1902, to Joseph Handler for $597,000, or $102,000 above the amount stipulated in the competition of 1899. This did not include the dome, which was apparently kept out of the bidding; a drawing in the City Buildings Department shows the dome complete and bears the notation that it is to be omitted from the bidding. Furthermore, the figure did not include any of the interior finish. Within two days, Handler had refused to sign the contract, "because he could not get the stone he bid on at a reasonable rate." The contract was then awarded to Wilson J. Smith for $682,000, or $187,000 above the limit. A preliminary injunction was granted to restrain Smith from building the courthouse on the ground that "the amount of money needed cannot be legally raised." The injunction was dismissed, and the contract with Wilson J. Smith was approved on March 9, 1903. Ground was broken seven days later.
Soon problems arose concerning payment. Osterling considered Smith’s charges for changes in plans to be excessive, and the Comptroller was sufficiently uneasy with the situation that he withheld payment. Work was virtually stopped, and Osterling attempted to have Smith fired. There were more investigations, and ultimately on June 10, 1905~ a grand jury report recommended dismissal of the architect.
McCormick and French were subsequently appointed architects on January 17, 1906. In 1899, there were five runners-up in the courthouse competition: First was Albert H. Kipp; McCormick and French were second. The Advisory Board and Commissioner Guinsey had favored Kipp at the time of the selection of Osterling by the majority of the Commissioners. There is no record that Kipp was contacted, but the heart condition, which caused his death in 1906, may have been the reason. Surely a person in poor health would not undertake a job of the magnitude of the Luzerne County Court House. At this time, Wilson J. Smith withdrew from the project by giving his power of attorney to the Carlucci Brothers of Scranton.
McCormick and French were a relatively young firm in Wilkes-Barre. Their first commission was the Nesbitt Theater in 1897. McCormick appears in the City Directory as a "carpenter" in 1893. He is said to have come to Wilkes-Barre to superintend the building of the Grand Opera House in 1892." He continued to be listed as a "carpenter" through 1895. In 1896 and 1897, he is listed as an "architect " In 1897, the firm of McCormick and French appeared in the directory, and the partnership continued until French’s death in 1928. Harry Livingston French received his degree in architecture from Cornell University in 1894. He wrote on his alumni record that he spent the-ensuing year in Colorado "rusticating" and that he worked one year in the office of Missouria Haupt of Wilkes-Barre. However, obituaries in both The Wilkes-Barre Record and the News, as well as in American Architect state that he studied in Europe.
The "White Cities" movement was beginning to make itself felt in Wilkes-Barre. J. H. W. Hawkins’ original plan for the Hotel Sterling in 1897 had been for a red brick chateau-style building. However, after the blue stone foundation was laid, the developers decided that the original plan was too old-fashioned, and Hawkins designed a flat roofed Renaissance Palazzo, using fashionable Inciana limestone. The newer style was soon imitated by Kipp. The classical style of his First National Bank, erected in 1906, is still evident on Public Square. McCormick and French’s Second National Bank (now First Eastern Bank), of the same year, brought to Wilkes-Barre its first skyscraper, with its handsome classical entrance facade and upper stories of pale brick. By 1911, Daniel H. Burnham, the chief architect for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, designed the Miner’s National Bank (now United Penn Bank), using white glazed terra-cotta, which gave the building more of the feeling of the "White Cities Movement." This, the tallest of Wilkes-Barre’s buildings at the time, is the centerpiece of the movement. It was preceded by Welsh, Sturdevant and Poggi’s Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company in 1909 (now Guard Center), with its soaring columns, and one year later by the Springbrook Water Company (now Pennsylvania Gas and Water Company), with its classical details. Burnham’s last contribution to the "White Cities" movement in Wilkes-Barre was the 1913 Lehigh Valley Coal Company (now King’s College Administrative Building). In 1914, McCormick and French added another Renaissance-style bank, perhaps their most successful Beaux Arts building, to the "White Cities" movement in Wilkes-Barre; it was the Wyoming National Bank (now Merchants Bank). The Market Street Bridge, designed by the New York architectural firm of Carrere and Hastings, was the last public monument inspired by the "White Cities" movement. It appears to be based on a drawing, dated 1914, by Wilkes-Barre architect Thomas H. Atherton, who from 1910 to 1914 was a draftsman for Carrere and Hastings.
McCormick and French took over the courthouse commission after the Osterling design was formulated. One of the more innovative features of the building was an early attempt at air conditioning. Washed air was to be circulated throughout the building by high-speed fans. Unfortunately there was no provision for removing water from the air after the washing. k soon became apparent that the dampness was more intolerable then the heat, and it was not until the renovation of the 60’s that air conditioning was finally successfully installed.
In their bank designs, McCormick and French had proved themselves masters of interior design, and the courthouse provided them with the opportunity to display these talents to the utmost. The plan had to be followed, including the major interior spaces and the monumental stairway. They chose fine marble for the interior finish and found the Carlucci Brothers to be able collaborators in developing the designs.
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For most, 68,000 years is a long, long time — long enough for an ice sheet to form in Antarctica. But it’s a rather hard number to grasp for ordinary humans. So that’s where art comes in: specifically, artist Anna McKee, who creates semi-abstract installations that put you metaphorically deep inside the ice core that’s melting at an alarming rate in Antarctica. It’s art tightly woven with science, which is perfect for the next Art-Sci Salon at the University of Puget Sound, where McKee is one of four guest speakers (two artists, two geoscientists) who will talk about ice, climate change and how art helps us see science better.
“I’m interested in creating work that might elicit an emotional response to climate change that’s not about fear or alarm,” says the mixed-media artist, whose recent and upcoming installations are inspired by her observations on ice core field work in Canada and Antarctica. “And it’s about taking a step back and seeing our place in terms of earth’s history, where we fit in.”
The Art-Sci Salons have been held for more than a year, a collaboration between the University of Puget Sound’s art and science departments, with some help from Tacoma Art Museum. Involving speakers, presentations and the chance to mingle and talk, they offer an unusual forum where creative and science types can meet on the same ground from a different angle.
As well as McKee — an artist with a degree in landscape architecture, who works closely with the Isolab at the University of Washington to get the data for her installations — there’s painter Cynthia Camlin from Western Washington University, whose large-scale landscapes of glaciers meditate on a changing world through color, form and texture. The two scientists are Dan Shugar, a photographer and geomorphologist at the University of Washington Tacoma who studies how glaciers, rivers and landslides respond to climatic conditions; and Kat Huybers, glaciologist at Pacific Lutheran University, who uses computer models to study how climate change is expressed in lakes, glaciers and polar regions.
For McKee, who traveled on an ice core study expedition to the West Antarctica Ice Sheet in 2009 under a National Science Foundation Artist and Writers Grant, art offers a unique way to express science. Her Deep Ice Reliquaries (recently seen at the Museum of Northwest Art) use water samples from each layer of the ice core, encased in glass capsules and either represented by or attached to long hangings of silk. The ice sheet “Reliquary” coming soon to the Nevada Museum of Art involves 3,405 such capsules sewn onto silk hangings stretching more than 22 feet, representing the temperature history of the ice sheet over its 68,000-year history.
“It looks like a very abstract graph,” says McKee, “reflecting the instability of the ice that’s coming out of that science right now.”
“Anna’s done an amazing job of capturing more than just the aesthetic beauty of the polar regions,” says Huybers, who has seen McKee’s work in several places. “She takes it to another level, where you can see the underlying beauty not just of the place but the dynamics of the ice and elegance of the climate system.”
Huybers also points out that art and science have creativity in common, and that art has the ability to evoke scientific principles and make them more understandable than traditional journal articles or data — and to reach a very different audience.
And for McKee, art helps us deal with science’s discoveries.
“Most of us don’t have a lot of power to address (the issue of climate change),” says McKee. “We can minimize our own footprints, but it’s bigger than that. My work is a way to deal with the enormity of that.”
When: 6-8 p.m. Jan. 28, also Feb. 18 and April 21.
Where: Kittredge Gallery, University of Puget Sound, 1500 N. Warner St., Tacoma (Jan. 28 and April 21); Tacoma Art Museum, 1701 Pacific Ave., Tacoma (Feb. 18).
Includes: Food and drinks, meeting artists/scientists, talks and question-and-answer session (6:30 p.m.)
Information: 253-879-3100, pugetsound.edu/artsci.
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California is setting aside more than $1 billion for the implementation of a common core curriculum in the new state budget. The method takes a holistic approach to learning. For instance, students won’t just memorize fractions; teachers will make sure kids understand the concept behind them.
Sacramento City Unified School District Superintendent Jonathan Raymond says his students have been using "common core" since 2011.
“These are world-class standards. And we’re getting our backsides beat off by other counties,” he says. “Finland, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Canada. And you know why? Because they’ve got these world-class standards.”
Beginning in 2015, students will be tested using Common Core methods. Several other states are already working on implementing similar standards.
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When your school actually sits on property owned by the National Park Service (NPS), it seems only natural to find ways for students to benefit from this unique setting.
The Marine Academy of Science and Technology (MAST) is a co-ed four-year high school (grades 9-12), and one of five career academies administered by the Monmouth County Vocational School District. It is located in the Gateway National Recreation Area, which is better known to New Jerseyans as Sandy Hook.
A few years ago, we designed a “Directed Field Research” course to challenge our 12th-grade students in both technology and the marine/environmental sciences. Because the entire Sandy Hook barrier beach ecosystem is one large outdoor classroom/laboratory, we wanted our students to become familiar with the vegetative components of the area. Hopefully this would encourage our students to become active participants in the effort to preserve natural beach areas for our generation and the next.
This course design grew from a professional learning community, but became a reality, in part, thanks to funding from the Frederick L. Hipp Foundation for Excellence in Education.
Our dream: an interactive herbarium
A herbarium is a preserved collection of plants used for identification by scientists or people looking to investigate plants in different vegetative zones. In conjunction with and permission from, Gateway National Recreation Area, our students have collected, identified, pressed and preserved indigenous plant specimens from the various habitats of the barrier beach ecosystem. Ultimately we wanted them to design and construct an "Interactive Herbarium" that would be made available to our students, students from other districts participating in organized field trips, and the general public.
Specimens were preserved within Riker Boxes and students researched information regarding each species and the particular habitat from which it was taken and included it on labels placed on the back of each box. These labels include scientific, medicinal and other "local" information regarding the species.
A "QR Tag" was also fixed to the box so that individuals with "smart phone" technology could gain access to the student-designed and constructed website sandyhookherbarium.org. Species locations were recorded and then mapped using GPS/GIS and included on the website.
We have requested permission from NPS to attach removable Revlar tags on trees and shrubs found along marked trails so that visitors could also use QR codes to access information regardless of the operating hours of the Information Center (where the physical herbarium will be housed). Meanwhile, some students have produced landscape portraits of the dune ecosystem as well as scientific illustrations of individual plant species.
The “Interactive Herbarium” was designed as a five-year project due to the sheer number of species on Sandy Hook. During this time, our students have had the opportunity to interact with local naturalists and wildlife biologists to accurately identify species and habitats, to map individual species using GIS/GPS, and to place the QR tags on selected trail specimens.
Enter the Frederick L. Hipp Foundation for Excellence in Education
Perhaps you are wondering how we were able to fund such a great project. As frequent readers of both the NJEA Review and the NJEA Reporter, we knew about the grants that the Frederick L. Hipp Foundation for Excellence in Education was offering to educators throughout the state. We decided to throw our hat in the ring. The application process was straightforward, and we were thrilled when the big white envelope arrived in the spring of 2012 to announce the project was accepted. We received a $5,410 grant to fund the Interactive Herbarium.
The importance of funding outside school district parameters allows for independence and creativity in designing and sustaining both new and innovative educational projects. Equally important is the helpfulness of NJEA staff members who work with the grant winners. Their assistance in preparing our budget and spending reports made the process smooth sailing.
Sandy causes a detour
When Superstorm Sandy made landfall along the coast of New Jersey on Oct. 29, 2012, our Interactive Herbarium project was drastically altered. MAST sustained major damage that caused our school to be relocated to St. Joseph’s Elementary School in Keyport.
Flooding also destroyed many of the preserved plant specimens, and some pieces of equipment purchased with grant funds were no longer usable. Most important, our access to Sandy Hook and our ability to collect specimens was no longer possible. All field activities came to an abrupt halt.
Despite this setback, our students never gave up, and NJEA was right by our side. The Association’s Hurricane Sandy Relief Fund gave us money to purchase equipment and supplies that had been destroyed. Suddenly, we began to focus more on the interactive part of the herbarium and concentrated on expanding our website and other non-field based activities. When Gateway National Park reopened on May 1, 2013, we were again able to make collection visits for spring specimens.
We also applied for a Hipp continuation grant for the 2013-14 school year and have received $9,998 to make our dream—only temporarily derailed by Sandy—a reality.
Classroom Close-up visits and revisits MAST
Just two weeks before the storm, “Classroom Close-up, NJ” (CCUNJ) came to MAST to film a segment about our project. It was a beautiful fall day, and no one had an inkling that disaster was about to strike.
Only days after Sandy hit, the show’s executive producer, NJEA staffer Wanda Swanson, called us to see if her crew could return to let the show’s viewers know how we survived the storm. In late November, the CCUNJ gang visited us at St. Joseph’s. They continued to follow our story, returning a third time when the seniors in our Directed Field Research class graduated in June. That ceremony took place back at Sandy Hook.
After witnessing their hard work on their Interactive Herbarium project, and then learning that much of it and their school had been devastated by the storm, we just had to return to find out how they were coping, said Wanda Swanson. “We visited their temporary facility, and witnessed a lesson in tenacity. But the real joy was when we returned eight months later to Sandy Hook to be part of their graduation ceremony. It was a roller-coaster of emotions that we were privileged to document on our show.”
To watch the three CCUNJ segments, go to classroomcloseup.org, click on the Video Library logo, and search for “Interactive Herbarium.”
The journey continues
The Hipp Foundation is a great resource for educators to bring their innovative ideas to life,” notes Dawn Hiltner, an NJEA associate director who oversees the foundation. “Hurricane Sandy presented unusual challenges and opportunities for our grant winners, so we kept in close contact to ensure they were still able to meet the needs of their students and achieve the goals of their projects. When it comes down to it, our grant winners are the experts so it is important to give them the flexibility and support they need to be successful.”
It’s hard to put in words what our association with the Hipp Foundation has meant to us. Now in the second year of funding, our project goals are being fulfilled and future ideas are coming into view. It was invigorating to present our story at the NJEA Convention in November and give demonstrations of our projects (in the Great Ideas Forum) to teachers from around the state. And when we met our fellow grant winners at the Celebration of Excellence on Friday at the convention, we felt honored to be among such a caring and creative group of educators.
Our two-year association with the Frederick L. Hipp Foundation has been both rewarding and special. We’ve never been so proud to be teachers, and would not have traded these experiences—even those associated with Superstorm Sandy—for anything. We are convinced that the enthusiasm we have and the pride we feel has trickled down to our students, and the results have been amazing.
Cheryl McDonald teaches ninth-grade marine biology and directed field research at MAST, where she has worked for 31 years. She can be reached at [email protected].
David Alfonse teaches computer-aided designes (CAD) to 10th graders as well as directed field research at MAST. Contact Alfonse, who has worked at MAST for 30 years, at [email protected].
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Ice melt in Greenland exposes different ways media treats the story (Update)
According to the Atlantic’s Rebecca Rosen, Greenland is in the middle of an “extreme ice melt”. You can read the article and consider the point. I’ll give her credit. She reports it pretty objectively including this as a reason for the melt:
NASA says that it is normal for Greenland’s ice to melt a bit in the summer; what is abnormal is the extent. Normally, only about half of the ice sheet’s surface sees any melting. This year, that proportion just about doubled. NASA additionally said that its satellites were recording uncharacteristically high temperatures over the island. Those warmer temperatures were brought by a bubble of warm air (a "heat dome"), the latest in a series of such ridges that have moved over Greenland this year.
In other words, a regional event.
She also mentions:
The last such melt event occurred in 1889, according to data from ice cores, and scientists say they would expect such an event about every 150 years. They’ll be monitoring the ice closely in the years ahead to see if this turns out to be a regular aberration, or an irregular one.
Got it. Thanks for noting the event which appears to have a history (I’ll cover how much of a history below).
The UK’s Guardian kicks it up a notch with the use of the word “unprecedented” in their title.
“Greenland ice sheet melted at unprecedented rate during July”
No. It didn’t. As we see from the Atlantic’s treatment, this event isn’t at all “unprecedented.” In fact, if I have any gripe about the Atlantic’s coverage is it stopped short of noting a longer history of Greenland’s ice melts:
Greenland, as you can see, has seen periods as warm or warmer than now in its history. One could logically assume then that it would have had the same sorts of weather events during those periods as it experienced during the recent week in early July.
BTW, here’s an explanation of the numbers you see above:
“Unprecedented” is obviously a incorrect characterization of the event. Why did the Guardian seize on the word?
Because some scientist conveniently used it:
However, scientists were still coming to grips with the shocking images on Tuesday. "I think it’s fair to say that this is unprecedented," Jay Zwally, a glaciologist at Nasa’s Goddard Space Flight Center, told the Guardian.
Again, no, it isn’t “unprecedented”. And obviously the Guardian didn’t take the time to find out if it really was. A simple Wikipedia check would have produced the above graph.
So why the acceptance of the scientist’s characterization without checking? I think that too is obvious – it’s scarier than admitting it has a long history of occurring, many times prior to the industrial revolution. It lends more immediacy to the story. The fact that throughout its history Greenland has seen a cycle of warmer and colder weather is “inconvenient” to the scare factor related to AGW. Certainly the Guardian is careful not to come right out and scream global warming, but by noting this “unprecedented” event, it certainly is clear that global warming, and specifically AGW, is the dot to which they want you to connect this to.
The NY Times, on the other hand, notes the melt and takes a different approach. While noting the melt and the high pressure ridge, the Times throws this into the mix:
Nonetheless, the scientists said, the melt was significant because Greenland’s ice sheet is unequivocally shrinking as a result of the warming of the world’s oceans, and the event could help broaden their insights into climate change and earth systems.
While they don’t claim that AGW is the cause for warming oceans (don’t worry, there are plenty of others out there that do), they don’t endeavor to explain why oceans have been warming for the past 100 years.
Here’s a pretty significant clue. It’s a 2,300 year Hallstatt solar variation cycles graph:
Anyone notice what has been rising for the last 1,000 or so years?
In fact, says Sami Solanki, the director of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
The sun has been at its strongest over the past 60 years and may now be affecting global temperatures… the brighter sun and higher levels of so-called "greenhouse gases" both contributed to the change in the Earth’s temperature, but it was impossible to say which had the greater impact.
As it is turning out, it appears it may be the Sun. CO2 has always been a lagging indicator in warming history until it was recently elevated by some “scientists” to a leading cause. It has not shown the effect on temperature predicted by warmist models, however. In fact, it hasn’t even been close even while the ppm of CO2 in the atmosphere has continued to rise.
The point of all of this? It appears that those traditionally associated with the AGW scaremongering are toning down their rhetoric even while still attempting, through half-truths, incomplete reporting and implication, to push the AGW agenda, albeit much more subtly now.
Don’t let them get away with it.
UPDATE: And then, of course, there are those who don’t have a clue and don’t care, especially when they can use this to club the GOP.
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Obama Administration: Largest Tax Hike since WWII
August 13, 2013
President Obama bragged recently that our deficits are coming down at the fastest rate in 60 years. And it is true: deficits as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) are falling faster under Obama than they have at any point since the end of World War II, says the Washington Examiner.
- However, when the federal government's deficit fell from 30.3 percent of GDP in 1943 to a 4.6 percent surplus in 1948, the change was almost entirely due to deep spending cuts.
- In 1943, federal government spending made up 43.6 percent of the economy. By 1948, that spending sunk like a rock to 11.6 percent.
- And yet, despite forecasts of economic doom by Keynesian economists, the U.S. economy boomed after WWII.
- Taxes actually fell during this period too, from 20.9 percent of GDP in 1944 to 16.2 percent in 1948.
Fast forward more than 60 years to today, and taxes are rising faster now under Obama than they have under any other president since WWII.
- When President Truman came into office in 1945, federal taxes were 20.4 percent of the U.S. economy. When he left office in 1953 they made up just 18.7 percent.
- President Eisenhower then lowered taxes even further to 17.8 percent by 1961, and President Kennedy lowered them further still to 17.6 percent.
- President Johnson then raised taxes for his wars on Vietnam and poverty to 19.7 percent.
- President Nixon then cut taxes to 17.9 percent by 1975, before President Ford raised them to 18.5 by 1977.
- President Carter raised taxes even further to 19.6 percent, before President Reagan cut them to 18.4 percent and President Bush cut them to 17.5 percent.
- President Clinton then raised taxes to 19.5 percent of GDP by 2001 before President Bush cut them to 17.6 percent in 2008. The financial crisis then sunk the economy, lowering tax collection to a post-WWII low of 15.1 percent.
- President Obama's many tax hikes will send taxes as a percentage of GDP as high as 19.3 percent in 2015, before falling to 18.9 percent in 2017.
- From 2009 to 2017, taxes as a percentage of GDP will have risen 3.8 points, a larger tax hike than any other American president since WWII.
Source: Conn Carroll, "Taxes Rising Faster under Obama than Under any Other President," Washington Examiner, August 7, 2013.
Browse more articles on Tax and Spending Issues
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Psychology: the science of behavior.
Full text is not in this repository.
Based on the connections between behavior and its biological underpinnings, Psychology: The Science of Behavior presents psychological behavior in the context of its adaptive significance. The Seventh Edition again combines a scholarly survey of research with real-world applications of research results to problems that confront us today. The authors apply the discovery method to take students inside the research process to foster a critical understanding of the logic and significance of empirical findings.
|Additional Information:||Authors responsible for previous editions, including International and European editions.|
|Research Areas:||A. > School of Science and Technology > Psychology|
|Depositing User:||Dr GN Martin|
|Date Deposited:||18 May 2010 11:48|
|Last Modified:||01 Oct 2015 10:10|
Actions (login required)
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News that scientists had for the first time recovered stem cells from cloned human embryos prompted dire warnings from religious leaders who say the research crosses a moral red line and could lead to designer babies.
Boston Cardinal Sean O’Malley, point man for the U.S. Catholic bishops on bioethical issues, said Wednesday (May 15) that “this means of making embryos for research will be taken up by those who want to produce cloned children as’copies’ of other people.”
Human cloning “treats human beings as products,” O’Malley said on behalf of the bishops, “manufactured to order to suit other people’s wishes. … A technical advance in human cloning is not progress for humanity but its opposite.”
Critics argue there are other ethical techniques for creating stem cells that may help cure illnesses like Parkinson’s disease and diabetes and that the alternatives do not require cloning human embryos or destroying them. The most popular alternative is harvesting adult stem cells from the same patient.
“Given that science has passed cloning by for stem cell production, this announcement seems simply a justification for making clones, and makes reproductive cloning and birth of human clones more likely,” said David Prentice of the Family Research Council.
The cloning breakthrough was accomplished by scientists at Oregon Health & Science University and was announced Wednesday in the journal Cell. It followed 15 years of failed experiments and the infamous case of fraud when a South Korean biologist falsely claimed to have cloned human embryos.
To achieve their breakthrough, researchers had to refine techniques that had been used on monkey embryos: This time they were able to take DNA from a human patient and splice it into a human egg that had its DNA removed. The egg then grew into an early-stage embryo whose stem cells — a virtual genetic copy of the original patient — were then harvested.
Many Christian experts, especially Catholic bioethicists who believe life begins at conception, object to the destruction of human embryos for any purpose.
But they also say the new technique could lead to the cloning of replica human beings because it is similar to the process used to produce the cloned sheep named Dolly in 1996. That technique has since been used to clone a dozen other animal species.
The lead researcher on the team, Shoukhrat Mitalipov, said he does not believe the new technique could lead to cloned babies, in part because scientists have not yet been able to do that with cloned monkey embryos. The cloned primate embryos do not develop sufficiently to implant into the uterine wall.
But others say the innovation opens the door to human cloning scenarios that were once confined to the realm of science fiction.
“The reasons why primate-cloned embryos won’t implant are probably just technical barriers,” William Hurlbut, a consulting professor at Stanford University and former member of George W. Bush’s Presidential Council on Bioethics, told Christianity Today. “Science is clever at figuring out what goes wrong and fixing it.”
Hurlbut, who has worked with Mitalipov on developing ethically acceptable adult stem cell techniques, said the breakthrough will “mark the beginning of a whole new chapter of moral scientific controversy.”
Copyright: For copyright information, please check with the distributor of this item, Religion News Service LLC.
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New data from studies in mice suggests that a sweetener made from agavins found in the agave plant - which is also used to make tequila - could help to lower blood glucose levels for those who have type 2 diabetes and may also help them and the obese lose weight.
The Mexican study, which was supported by Mondelez International and Agavaceae Produce, suggests that the main reason such a sweetener could be valuable is that agavins are non-digestible and can act as a dietary fibre, which would not raise blood glucose.
“We have found that since agavins reduce glucose levels and increase GLP-1, they also increase the amount of insulin,” explained lead researcher Mercedes López, from the Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados - speaking at the recent 247th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS).
“Agavins are not expensive and they have no known side effects, except for those few people who cannot tolerate them," she added.
López also noted that agavins can help increase satiety, meaning that people feel fuller for longer and could help them eat less.
“One slight downside, however, is that agavins are not quite as sweet as their artificial counterparts,” she said.
The team fed a group of mice a standard diet and added agavins to their daily water. They weighed the mice daily and checked their glucose blood levels weekly.
Most mice that drank agavins ate less, lost weight, and their blood glucose levels decreased when compared to other sweeteners such glucose, fructose, sucrose, agave syrup, and aspartame, said the team.
“This study represents the first attempt to evaluate agavins as sweeteners in spite of their lower sweetness compared to sugar,” said López.
Fructose vs fructans
The team noted that agavins are a type of sugar that contain fructoses. However, unlike high-fructose corn syrup - a sugar that has been subject to much debate recently, and is full of fructose that can increase blood sugar levels - López pointed out that agavins are fructans, which are fructose sugars linked together in long, branched chains.
She explained that due to their long and branched chains, the human body cannot use fructans, and therefore they do not affect blood sugar.
In addition, agavins, like other fructans, which are made of the sugar fructose, are the best sugars to help support growth of healthful microbes in the mouth and intestines, she said.
Agavins and agave syrup
The lead researcher also noted that agavins are also sometimes confused with agave nectar or agave syrup, which appears on many health-food store shelves.
These products contain fructans that have been broken down into individual fructoses, so they are much more similar to high-fructose corn syrup, she explained.
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| 0.9634 | 632 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Jane Goodall urges Vancouver Aquarium to end cetacean captivity
Published Tuesday, May 27, 2014 10:29AM PDT
Last Updated Tuesday, May 27, 2014 7:39PM PDT
A world-renowned animal expert is jumping into a heated debate over whether the Vancouver Aquarium should keep whales and dolphins in captivity.
Dr. Jane Goodall, one of the world’s leading primate experts, has sent a letter to the Vancouver Park Board calling for the popular attraction to phase out its practice of keeping and breeding cetaceans at the Stanley Park facility.
“Belugas, dolphins and porpoises are highly social animals which can travel in large pods and migrate long distances,” reads the May 13 letter. “In captivity, these highly vocal and complex communicators are forced to live in a low-sensory environment, which is unable to fully meet the needs of their physical and emotional worlds.”
Aquarium president and CEO Dr. John Nightingale said he was surprised to hear about the letter, and that he disagrees with Goodall.
“I'll argue with Dr. Goodall about chimpanzees any day of the week," he told the Vancouver Board of Trade Tuesday. “She’s clearly operating under information provided by the activist community.”
The calls for the aquarium to free the cetaceans have been growing, with even the city’s mayor throwing his support behind the anti-captivity movement.
“My personal view is that I would like to see a phasing out, but it’s not up to me, it’s up to the Park Board and aquarium to work that out,” Mayor Gregor Robertson said earlier this month.
The aquarium’s stance is that an estimated one-million visitors each year are gaining a better understanding of the marine mammals by being able to see them and learn about them, and the organization also has a good track record when it comes to research and conservation efforts.
News of Goodall’s letter came the day the aquarium announced a new research institute meant to better monitor ocean health.
The Coastal Ocean Research Institute will be the first in Canada to create indices to monitor the ocean, according to Nightingale. The aquarium calls it a “multidisciplinary, collaboration-based agency that will integrate data for big ocean picture.”
Nightingale said the institute will represent a 50-year commitment on behalf of the aquarium.
The organization said it plans to reach out to Goodall to discuss the matter further.
With a report from CTV Vancouver's Nafeesa Karim.
Dr. Jane Goodall's entire letter to the Vancouver Park Board:
Dear Park Board Chairman and Commissioners,
The capture, breeding and keeping of cetaceans world-wide has come under increasing public scrutiny due to recent high-profile stories being released from industry insiders. The scientific community is also responding to the captivity of these highly social and intelligent species as we now know more than ever, about the complex environments such species require to thrive and achieve good welfare. Those of us who have had the fortunate opportunity to study wild animals in their natural settings where family, community structure and communication form a foundation for these animals’ existence, know the implications of captivity on such species.
I understand the Vancouver Park Board and the Vancouver Aquarium became industry leaders in 1996, when an agreement was made to not allow the keeping of cetaceans caught from the wild after September 16th of that year (with the exception of endangered species or rehabilitation animals that could not be released). However, the current permission of Vancouver Aquarium cetacean breeding programs on-site, and at SeaWorld with belugas on loan, is no longer defensible by science. This is demonstrated by the high mortality rates evident in these breeding programs and by the ongoing use of these animals in interactive shows as entertainment.
The idea that certain cetaceans “do better” in captivity than others is also misleading, as belugas, dolphins and porpoises are highly social animals which can travel in large pods and migrate long distances. In captivity, these highly vocal and complex communicators are forced to live in a low-sensory environment, which is unable to fully meet the needs of their physical and emotional worlds.
As society at large and the scientific community now reflect on the keeping of highly cognitive species like primates, elephants, and cetaceans in entertainment and research, I ask the Vancouver Park Board and the Vancouver Aquarium to do the same. The phasing out of such cetacean programs is the natural progression of human-kind’s evolving view of our non-human animal kin. I hope the Vancouver Park Board and the Vancouver Aquarium will be a leader in compassionate conservation on this issue, as you have done before.
Jane Goodall, Ph.D., DBE
Founder, the Jane Goodall Institute &
UN Messenger of Peace
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| 0.948273 | 1,037 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Buzzy Bee was building a honeycomb. She decided to decorate the
honeycomb with a pattern using numbers. Can you discover Buzzy's
pattern and fill in the empty cells for her?
In your bank, you have three types of coins. The number of spots shows how much they are worth. Can you choose coins to exchange with the groups given to make the same total?
Can you work out the domino pieces which would go in the middle in
each case to complete the pattern of these eight sets of 3
This problem is taken from "Be a Zoo Vet", one of the Using Maths series published by ticktock Media Ltd. To view their online catalogue, visit the ticktock Media website .
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| 0.961398 | 151 | 3.21875 | 3 |
2012-03-15 10:35:36 by Holly Pupino, Media Relations Specialist, as posted on the inside.akronchildrens.org blog.
Any parent who has raised a child to adulthood knows the teenage brain is, well, different. This anecdotal evidence continues to be backed by research, including a recent study that shows teens are more vulnerable to the long-term effects of head injury.
The study findings, published in the journal Brain Injury, followed 96 male athletes ages 9 through 26, half of whom had a diagnosed concussion in the past year.
Using a battery of memory, attention, and motor tests and EEGs, the researchers found that all of the concussed athletes showed reduced working memory. But the adolescents had the most cognitive impairment, even if months had passed since their injury and they reported feeling fine.
The results don’t surprise Yolanda Holler, MD, a pediatric neurologist and medical director of the Brain Injury Program at Akron Children’s Hospital.
"The brain continues to mature into the early 20s,” she said. “During adolescence, the brain is still making connections and becoming more organized. There is a lot of pruning, in which the brain gets rid of information that is no longer needed.”
Much of this activity takes place in the top front of the head – the region where the all-important executive functions are forming – and this is also where teens are likely to suffer a concussion while playing football, soccer, hockey, rugby and other contact sports.
This study focuses solely on boys and young men but Dr. Holler also sees many girls and young women in her head injury clinic.
Female athletes may even be more at risk for head injuries because their necks are not as strong and thus not as able to protect the head from a blow.
This study is a good reminder for parents: If your child suffers any type of head injury, don’t hesitate to seek an evaluation and treatment.
And don’t assume that when the physical symptoms of concussion (dizziness, headaches) are gone, that the child is 100 percent. More subtle changes in cognition, such as memory problems, inability to multi-task, difficulty retrieving information recently learned, and mood changes, can last for weeks, months and even years.
Ongoing follow-up with a pediatric neurologist – and possibly a neuropsychologist – is especially important for these patients as they may need documentation to receive accommodations in school and should not be returning to their sport without medical clearance.
(8 a.m.-4:30 p.m.)
What to expect when coming to Akron Children's
For healthcare providers and nurses
Residency & Fellowships, Medical Students, Nursing and Allied Health
For prospective employees and career-seekers
Our online community that provides inspirational stories and helpful information.
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| 0.956488 | 591 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The USDA action resulted from an undercover investigation, which was carried out last fall by the Humane Society of the United States and reported on January 30th. The Humane Society investigation revealed that Hallmark/Westland was processing meat from "downer" cattle – cows that were staggering or unable to stand on their own – in contravention of USDA and California regulations. Some of the meat from the slaughtered downer cattle was supplied to school children through USDA's School Lunch Program.
On January 30th, USDA announced the immediate suspension of Hallmark/Westland as a supplier of meat to the School Lunch Program and other federal food and nutrition programs, and initiated its own investigation into the Humane Society's allegations. Today's recall is a result of the USDA investigation.
In classifying this recall as "Class II" rather than "Class I", USDA is signaling that it does not believe the recalled meat to be a significant hazard to human health. Nevertheless, downer cows are known to be more likely to carry human pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7 than ambulatory cows. A study carried out in 2001 and reported in 2003 revealed that downer cows had a more than 3-fold higher chance of carrying E. coli O157:H7 than ambulatory cows.
There are still some important, unanswered questions regarding this scandalous situation:
- Why did the Humane Society wait until January 30th before releasing the results of their undercover investigation?
- Has USDA checked any of the recalled meat for E. coli O157:H7 or other pathogens?
- Where were the USDA inspectors when the downer cattle were being prodded and pushed by employees of Hallmark/Westland?
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| 0.975389 | 345 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Take a minute to think of people whom you consider to be exemplary leaders--people who led their organizations to greatness. What are the events or actions that led you to believe these leaders were exemplary? Was it the development of a new product, the revival of a failing business, or perhaps the start-up of an entrepreneurial venture? People who become leaders are individuals who triumph during times of turbulence, conflict, and change. They look for ways to change the status quo, to challenge the accepted, and to create something new. You can learn to do the same. A knowledge of how to challenge processes, a realization of the attitudes and behaviors that accompany change, and a willingness to do the necessary work is all it takes. You can learn about each of these areas in this course, which will teach you how to lead through change.
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| 0.972306 | 167 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Find A Sandawe grammar on the new SIL International website.
SIL e-Books 20
A Sandawe grammar
This paper is a descriptive overview of the grammar of Sandawe, a Khoisan language spoken in Tanzania. The first section begins with a brief description of the geographical context of the Sandawe language, followed by a short summary of previous research into the language. This is followed by a phonological overview and an explanation of the sources and presentation of the data contained in the grammar.
Sections 2 to 7 are organised according to grammatical category and consider nouns, pronouns, postpositions, verbs, modifiers and conjunctions, respectively. Section 8 looks at word order and section 9 at derivation. Clause construction is then discussed, with section 10 concerning itself with mood, reality, and aspect in major clause types and section 11 covering the remaining clause types. Finally, section 12 takes a brief look at some important discourse features evident in Sandawe. A sample text is given in full in the Appendix.
|A Sandawe grammar|
|Keywords||clause types; mood; reality; aspect; derivation; Grammatical descriptions; Clauses; Mood (grammatical); Aspect|
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| 0.836404 | 254 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Serving all people by providing personalized health and wellness through exemplary care, education and research.
Explore health content from A to Z.
I need information about...
GGTP, gamma-glutamyl transferase, GGT
This test looks for an enzyme, or protein, called gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in your blood.
GGT is found in liver cells. This test helps your doctor look for possible damage to your liver or its ducts. It can also help tell the difference between liver and bone disease if your results from a different blood test called alkaline phosphatase are abnormal.
You may need this test if your healthcare provider suspects that you have liver damage. One symptom of liver damage is jaundice, a yellowish tint to your skin and eyes. You may also need this test to see if you have liver or bone disease. This test is also used to look for chronic alcohol abuse.
Your healthcare provider may also order other liver enzyme tests. These include:
Alanine aminotransferase, or ALT
Alkaline phosphatase, or ALP
Aspartate aminotransferase, or AST
Creatine phosphokinase, or CPK
Lactic dehydrogenase, or LDH
Leucine aminopeptidase, or LAP
Many things may affect your lab test results. These include the method each lab uses to do the test. Even if your test results are different from the normal value, you may not have a problem. To learn what the results mean for you, talk with your healthcare provider.
Results are given in international units per liter (U/L). Normal findings are:
8 to 38 U/L for women older than 45 and all men
5 to 27 U/L for women younger than 45
Older adults may have slightly higher levels. Normal results for children are much like those for adults. A newborn's level is 5 to 7 times higher than an adult's.
Higher than normal test results could be a sign of liver damage from diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, tumors, or pancreatic cancer. But a higher than normal GGT level does not tell you the specific cause of liver disease or damage.
GGT is often higher a week or two after you've had a heart attack. It's unclear why this happens.
Higher GGT levels also may mean liver damage from heavy, chronic alcohol abuse. GGT levels that are higher than normal may also signal a viral infection, such as Epstein-Barr.
The test requires a blood sample, which is drawn through a needle from a vein in your arm.
Taking a blood sample with a needle carries risks that include bleeding, infection, bruising, or feeling dizzy. When the needle pricks your arm, you may feel a slight stinging sensation or pain. Afterward, the site may be slightly sore.
Your test results might be affected if you are near the end of your pregnancy. Phenobarbital and phenytoin can increase your GGT levels. Other medicines such as clofibrate and birth control pills can lower your levels.
You must not eat or drink anything but water for 8 hours before having this test. Be sure your healthcare provider knows about all medicines, herbs, vitamins, and supplements you are taking. This includes medicines that don't need a prescription and any illicit drugs you may use.
Copyright © 2016 Baylor Scott & White Health. All Rights Reserved. |
3500 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246-2017 | 1.800.4BAYLOR
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| 0.931936 | 752 | 2.796875 | 3 |
"There is another Africa today," says Father Nzamujo Godfrey Ugwuegmulam, director of the Songhai Project in Benin. "This Africa is not yet known by the mass media. But there are a growing number of communities and nongovernmental organizations and ass ociations that refuse to accept a gloomy picture of the future of Africa....It is our duty to create the human capabilities for solving both the social and economic problems of our African communities. We have no right to decry what is happening in Africa and stop there. The only way to get out of our problems is to build another Africa--our Africa, where we can be recognized as human beings." (African Farmer, January 1994, p. 41)
The resource materials in this chapter describe some of the food- and agriculture-related issues that Africans face in building "another Africa." These include control of seeds, distribution of land, export-oriented cash crops, water, sustainable farmi ng techniques, food shortages and war, unavoidable natural phenomena (drought, locusts), the role of foreign agencies in disaster relief, agricultural policies sponsored by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) , foreign trade and aid, and so forth. The resources also emphasize Africa's accomplishments--the successful projects, the creativity and resiliency of people determined to be self-reliant, the sense of community responsibility for the provision of food and other economic necessities , and the role of women in agricultural production.
Seed and Surplus: An Illustrated Guide to the World Food System (Delpeuch 1994), co-published by the Catholic Institute for International Relations (London) and Farmers' Link (Norwich), is another introductory guide that presents the workings of the world food system in readable terms and superlative illustrations (more than 50 full-page illustrations in all).
The annual reviews published by the Bread for the World Institute (BFWI) are noteworthy for their analytical essays and their clearly presented charts and tables of statistical data. See
The 11 essays in The Color of Hunger: Race and Hunger in National and International Perspective (Shields 1995) probe for reasons why hunger is concentrated among people of color, both in industrialized and emerging nations. Africa-related essays include Tshenuwani Simon Farisani's "Hunger Amidst Plenty: A South African Perspective" and Mutombo Mpanya's "Stereotypes of Africa in U.S. Hunger Appeals."
The pros and cons of World Bank and IMF involvement in African agriculture are laid out in Aid to African Agriculture: Lessons from Two Decades of Donors' Experience (Lele 1992) and A Blighted Harvest: The World Bank and African Agriculture i n the 1980s (Gibbon et al. 1993).
The following books are particularly useful for delineating the causes for African agricultural crises:
The following studies feature case studies of initiatives that are being implemented in Africa to encourage agricultural self-sufficiency:
Cameroon: Chapter 8 in Institutional Sustainability in Agriculture and Rural Development: A Global Perspective (Brinkerhoff and Goldsmith 1990): "Policy reform as institutional change."
Cape Verde: History and Hunger in West Africa: Food Production and Entitlement in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (Bigman 1993).
Côte d'Ivoire: An End to Hunger? The Social Origins of Food Strategies (Barraclough 1991).
Egypt: Sustainable Agriculture in Egypt (Faris and Khan 1993).
Ethiopia: Ethiopia: Failure of Land Reform and Agricultural Crisis (Mengisteab 1990); Environment, Famine, and Politics in Ethiopia: A View from the Village (Dejene 1990).
Guinea Bissau: History and Hunger in West Africa: Food Production and Entitlement in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (Bigman 1993).
Kenya: Intervention in Child Nutrition: Evaluation Studies in Kenya (Hoorweg and Niemeijer 1989).
Morocco: Chapter 9 in Institutional Sustainability in Agriculture and Rural Development: A Global Perspective (Brinkerhoff and Goldsmith 1990): "The Three Phases of Sustainability in Morocco's Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II."
Senegal: Gender, Class and Rural Transition: Agribusiness and the Food Crisis in Senegal (Mackintosh 1989).
Sudan: To Cure All Hunger: Food Policy and Food Security in Sudan (Maxwell 1991).
Tanzania: Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade: Public and Private Faces of Urban Marketing Policy, 1939-1988 (Bryceson 1993); Chapter 5, "Ujamaa: The Failure of a Non-coercive Agricultural Policy in Tanzania," in Famine in East Africa: Foo d Production and Food Policies (Seavoy 1989); Food Insecurity and the Social Division of Labour in Tanzania, 1919-85 (Bryceson 1990).
Zimbabwe: Seeds for African Peasants: Peasants' Needs and Agricultural Research. The Case of Zimbabwe (Friis-Hansen 1995); Zimbabwe's Agricultural Revolution (Rukuni and Eicher 1994); Government and Agriculture in Zimbabwe (Mas ters 1994).
"I grew up in a village of 1,000 people in Tshikapa, Zaire. There were no soldiers, policemen, prisons, or criminals. Everyone had enough food to eat; there were no beggars. Children, elders, and sick people were all taken care of by their families. Pe ople grew their own food, built their own homes, and created their own arts and entertainment. Of course, my village was not Korem in Ethiopia [center of the Ethiopian famine in the mid-1980s], or any other village, but this image of peace and self-suffic iency is as valid and real an image of Africa as any other."
--Mutombo Mpanya, "Stereotypes of Africa in U.S. Hunger Appeals," The Color of Hunger: Race and Hunger in National and International Perspective (Shields 1995), p. 32
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| 0.900676 | 1,264 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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