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1The avoidance of excess or extremes, especially in one’s behavior or political opinions: he urged the police to show moderation
More example sentences
- They are encouraging young people to associate alcohol with excess and extreme moderation.
- That's what I favour - moderation and responsible behaviour.
- From the disease model point of view, moderation of addictive behavior is an unrealistic goal for a true addict.
self-restraint, restraint, self-control, self-command, self-discipline;
temperance, leniency, fairness
1.1The action of making something less extreme, intense, or violent: the union’s approach was based on increased dialogue and the moderation of demands
More example sentences
- A real decline in inflation would depend in the moderation of wage demands by ‘organised groups of workers’, indicated Government sources.
- This is probably more precaution than I would take on my weblog, particularly the moderation of unregistered comments.
- They're basically young toughs in these projects, and they're just not responding to any kind of calls for moderation to the violence, not even from their parents, by the way.
relaxation, easing (off), reduction, abatement, weakening, slackening, tempering, softening, diminution, diminishing, lessening;
decline, modulation, modification, mitigation, allaying
2 Physics The retardation of neutrons by a moderator.
- Soil water content was measured three times per week by neutron moderation method at 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 cm depths.
- The individual fibers absorb water, which can contribute to thermal moderation.
- Within reasonable limits; not to excess: nuts can be eaten in moderationMore example sentences
in moderate quantities/amounts, within (sensible) limits;moderately
- Hence the need to regularly swim, cycle, or walk - all in moderation and within your limits of course.
- When used in moderation or used in excess on an infrequent basis, the primary effects can be short term.
- When it comes to dieting, the official view - eat a balanced diet in moderation, and do exercise - is probably the right one.
Late Middle English: via Old French from Latin moderatio(n-), from the verb moderare 'to control' (see moderate).
For editors and proofreaders
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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For Release Thursday, May 26, 2011
As the world’s population hits 7 billion this fall, we are again reminded that we live on a planet of cities. More than half the world’s population lives in cities, and hundreds of millions more are on the way, coming in from the countryside in search of a better life. But we also risk living on a planet of slums. Although the number can’t be pinned down precisely, the UN estimates as many as 1 billion live in informal settlement — shantytowns, squatters’ shacks, and favelas that are technically illegally occupying urban land.
The reality of informal settlement has been around for decades, and though it spans from Asia to Africa, it’s Latin America — where nearly 130 million people or one out of four urban residents live in these makeshift neighborhoods — that has had the most experience in tackling the problem. South America in particular understands the costs. Informality is attributed to many causes, including low income levels, unrealistic urban planning and building regulations, a lack of serviced land and social housing, and a dysfunctional legal system. Though romanticized by some, life in the favelas too often means constant insecurity, fear of eviction, lack of basic services such as water and sewer, environmental and health hazards, discrimination, and violent crime. The costs are high for local government as well, in fighting crime, public health, and a vast array of social problems.
So what to do? The idea of “slum clearance,” bulldozing favelas and attempting to relocate large numbers to public housing, typically in dormitory-style structures at the periphery, has lost appeal. It is seen these days as socially intolerable and economically not feasible.
Instead, Latin American nations and metropolitan areas have been trying mightily to work with these areas as they exist, on site, in place – to improve conditions, provide basic services, and begin integration into the formal city. At the same time, governments don’t want to be so accommodating that they end up encourage further informal settlement. It’s been a policy bulls eye that has been challenging to say the least.
What is known as the “regularization” of informal settlement has taken two major forms: legalizing parcels by awarding the occupants titles to the property as exemplified in Peru, and Brazil’s broader approach that combines titling with extensive upgrading of public services.
Both approaches have had an impact. But a report recently published by the Lincoln Institute, Regularization of Informal Settlements in Latin America, suggests that these efforts are very much a work in progress. Titling by itself is relatively inexpensive but has not triggered neighborhood improvements, while upgrading is much more costly and can stimulate additional irregular development by those hoping to benefit from future upgrading.
The report’s author, Edesio Fernandes, a lawyer and international expert on regularization, concludes that regularization programs need to be designed carefully to avoid either making conditions worse for the low-income residents the programs are intended to help, or stimulating the development of new informal settlements.
Peru’s approach is inspired by Hernando de Soto’s hypothesis that tenure security is a trigger for development, stimulating access to finance, economic activity, and residential upgrading. From 1996 to 2006 Peru issued over 1.5 million freehold titles at an average cost of $64 per household. Evaluations indicate that the titling programs had little impact on access to credit, but yielded some investment in housing, and may have contributed to some poverty alleviation. The programs also increased property values by about 25 percent, well in excess of the titling cost.
Brazil’s broader regularization programs combine legal titling with the upgrading of public services, job creation, and community support initiatives. At $3,500 to $5,000 per household, these programs are much more costly than Peru’s titling system, and Brazil has had more modest coverage of households. Ironically, service upgrading occurs more often with little or no change in legal tenure status, although the number of titles is increasing. The few evaluations that exist indicate that the increase in property values associated with upgrading exceeds its cost.
Many residents in informal areas feel secure with de facto property rights of ownership based on customary practices. Residents in informal settlements developed on private land often have bills of sale or related documents, and such properties are bought and sold regularly. Some residents seem to prefer this system of informal titling and often do not embrace the legal titling system.
The business of awarding titles clearly needs some fine-tuning. All this work requires careful monitoring to determine if the situation is improving or worsening, and to prevent the establishment of additional informal settlements. Some may start occupying ever more precarious land because they expect that upgrading will come along eventually.
Integrating informal areas in the formal city also carries with it an intriguing notion: that residents with titles on their property pay property taxes. Yet adjustments must be made so the system is equitable in the context of conditions on the ground — not paying full freight for truck-delivered water, for example.
As noted by Martim O. Smolka, director of the Program on Latin America and the Caribbean at the Lincoln Institute, cities in Latin America are finding that addressing informality “on site” is now a political imperative, but that the long-run challenge is to provide infrastructure and services in an affordable and sustainable manner.
The recent animated film Rio depicts favelas as essentially well-functioning, fine-grained urban areas with winding streets and low-rise housing stacked on hillsides, typically with beautiful views. There is clearly some Hollywood white-washing at work. But as Jane Jacobs observed, the organic, self-organizing character of informal settlement does have integrity. Customized, cost-effective, and sustainable approaches to shoring up these accidental neighborhoods have the potential to improve the lives of millions of people.
Anthony Flint, a Citistates Associate, is a fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy www.lincolninst.edu.
Citiwire.net columns are not copyrighted and may be reproduced in print or electronically; please show authorship, credit Citiwire.net and send an electronic copy of usage to [email protected].
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Ice Formations on Dead Wood -- Haareis or Hair Ice
Dr. James R. Carter, Professor Emeritus
Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4400
In 2006 Geoff Gaynor of Wales sent me an email with photos of some ice formations he had observed. Those photos appear on the master page. Geoff had seen my web pages and wanted to know what he had found. The ice in his photos was similar to my ice flowers but is on woody material on the ground. I think Geoff was the first person I asked if I could use his photos on my web pages. Geoff gave me permission and that set a direction for these pages. Thus, I have been able to show interesting formations of ice that I have not seen. This is particularly true of Hair Ice featured here which I have yet to see.
Subsequently I have learned that this form of ice is called Haareis or Hair Ice, in German and English. That name is most appropriate describing the hair-like nature of those fine needles. This photo by bobbi fabellano from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, USA, shows this hair-like texture. Note that in this and other photos, the hairs of ice do not grow from linear fissures in a stem but rather appear to come out of pores in the wood. As such they are similar to hair on a head.
In the photo above there appears to be no bark on the piece of wood. The photo below shows ice growing only where there is no bark. It has been suggested that the growth of ice may push out and break off old bark. This photo was taken by Joachim Mittendorf in the Harz Mountains of Germany. That location is significant because in 1884 Prof. Schwalbe described similar ice he found in these same mountains
Mittendorf in an email of March 2007 wrote: "Most of the numerous white branches had very thin and up to 3 cm long "hairs." They really looked like the thin white hair of a human being." Here the 'hair-like' nature of this ice is quite evident and the comparison to white hair of human beings is appropriate.
Below is another photo of Haareis or Hair Ice from Joaquim Mittendorf. I included this photo because it is different from the other photos in that it shows a dense array of ice but the individual hairs of ice are still distinct. Note that in this photo the ice is on a dark piece of wood and that below that piece of wood we can see daylight reflecting off the leaves. This demonstrates the wood does not have to be on the ground.
In her email to me bobbi fabellano called this type of ice "silk frost," a name she heard from others, She proposed the name "cotton candy frost" which is quite appropriate in many ways. While the term frost is used frequently as part of such names, these ice formations are not a product of frost. Frost comes about by moisture from the air being deposited on surfaces. As such frost is quite amorphous and would never appear as fine needles like we see here. Hair Ice is ice that grows outward from the surface of the wood, as super-cooled water emerges from the wood, freezes and adds to the hairs from the base.
The photo below is from bobbi fabellano who found this on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA. This photo portrays an array of ice like a flower. Much of the appeal of this photo is the color at the center which is from the diffusion of sunlight.
Compare the ice in this photo with that below, from Rick Eppler of Vancouver Island, Canada. In both cases the ice seems to emerge and spread out from a central area. In both cases the needles or hairs of ice stay as individual strands while the growth of ice from plant stems more commonly fuse together to form ribbons or continuous surfaces.
Rick Eppler is also the source of the photo below. Both of these are from Vancouver Island on the west coast of Canada. This is very close to the area in Washington where bobbi got her photos. I included both of these photos because they are very attractive and give great insight into this form of ice.
While I have argued that Hair Ice does not fuse together like Ice Ribbons or Ice Flowers that grow from plant stems, the two photos below from Rick suggest this is not always the case. In these two photos the ice does seem to form a ribbon. As I have studied these photos, I think they may be of the same growth of ice.
In this series of web pages showing the growth of ice with diurnal or daily freeze/thaw activities, we see ice growing from pieces of dead wood, from plant stems, from soil and from rocks. This ice has a common base but the form varies with the media from which it grows.
Haareis or Hair Ice from the Past
The first reference I know about this type of ice growths appeared in a
report on the meeting of the Physical Society in Berlin, in the March 13,
1884, issue of Nature Prof. Schwalbe
describes flowers growing from rotten twigs lying on the
ground in the Harz Mountains as ". . . ice-excrescences of soft,
brilliant, asbestine appearance, and uncommonly
delicate to the touch. . . ." Prof. Schwalbe brought some of these withered and rotten
twigs with him to
In a later editions of Nature there were a series of letters reporting on ice formations and reacting to earlier letters. Most of these reports relate to what was obviously needle ice but in the January 1, 1885 issue B. Woodd Smith tells of a friend who “. . . picked up a piece of a dead beech-branch which was covered with filamentous ice, such as is described by the Duke of Argyll and others.” This person found the ice reappeared again the next morning when it was left out over night. (p. 194).
Prof. Alfred Wegener in 1918 in Die Naturwissenschaften (6/1, pp. 598-601) wrote about seeing this type of ice in two different places. In the article entitled "Haareis auf morshem holz" he had three photographs and two sketches. Wegener hypothesized a connection between the formation of the ice and the presence of fungi. This is the climatologist Wegener who went on to fame for proposing the concept of Continental Drift.
A. Hillefors wrote about “Needle Ice on Dead and Rotten Branches” in Weather, 1976 (31, pp. 163-168). He observed Haareis in Sweden and notes the ice occurred on branches of beech. Hillefors as a meteorologist attempted to relate the formation of the ice to the synoptic weather preceeding the event. We now know it is more a product of diurnal freeze/thaw, which may occur under many synoptic weather situations. Hillefors noted that when such ice forms in soil it is known as "pipkrakes" in Sweden and as "kammeis" in Germany. He considered his ice on beech to be a peculiar form of pipkrakes, or a variation of Needle Ice. Indeed, it is in the sense that it is another form of the growth of ice with diurnal freeze/thaw processes. Hillefors referenced only an 1880 report by the Duke of Argyll about ice on plant stems and missed the papers by Schwable 1884 and Wegener 1918 on Haareis in Germany and France.
So, this is far from a new phenomenon. In spring 2007 I received an email from Joachim Mittendorf in Sweden with a photo of a similar occurrence of ice on wood he saw in the Harz Mountains of Germany, where Prof. Schwalbe saw ice more than a century earlier. I was beginning to believe that Haareis occurred only in Europe until I received the photos from bobbi fabellano in the Pacific Northwest. Then I heard from Brenda Callan and Rick Eppler, both from coastal British Columbia, Canada. As a geographer I want to know where each type of ice is found. Thus it appears that Hair Ice is found only in the Pacific Northwest part of North America and western Europe.
And speaking of geography, someone put me on to two photos of such ice formations on the Geograph web site in the UK where the goal is to have photos from every grid square. The links to these photos are http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/320718 and http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/320726 These two photos are from near Inverness, Scotland. There is no doubt these photos are showing the same type of ice seen in Wales, Germany, Sweden and the Pacific Northwest of North America.
As spring 2008 approached I received a gold mine on this type of ice formation. Gerhard Wagner of Switzerland pointed me to web pages showing many views of such formations and to two of his articles available as pdf files at http://www.wagnerger.ch/daten/haareis.pdf and http://www.wagnerger.ch/daten/haarstaengel.pdf
The more comprehensive article is that of Gerhart Wagner and Christian Matzler, "Haareis auf morschem Laubholz als biophysickalisches Phanomen" or "Hair Ice of Rotten Wood of Broadleaf Trees -- A Biophysical Phenomenon" This 31-page paper is downloadable from http://www.iap.unibe.ch/publications/download/3152/de/ The paper is in German with an English abstract and contains many photos and diagrams which add insights. The captions are in both German and English.
Wagner and Matzler, 2009, "Haareis -- Ein seltenes biophysikalisches Phanomen im Winter" Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau, 62, Heft 3, pp. 117-123, is the definitive paper on this topic. Summarizing the current state of knowledge they state they have found Haareis on wood from beech and oak, and reference others who have found such ice on hazel wood, maple and alder pieces. Note that all of these are deciduous trees.
There are some good images on a number of web sites. Der Karlsruher Wolkenatlas has five photos of Haareis. The Natur Galerie von Paul Esser has a nice collection of photos, #2 of which is Haareis. It is my interpretation that the ice in this photo is not as long as in many photos, but in this example the wood seems to stand vertical and may be part of a tree that still has some life. The Waldwissen.net web site has two photos of Haareis on pieces of wood on the ground. In these two photos the threads of ice are much longer than in other images I have seen.
Then I received a photo from the Netherlands showing a good example of Haareis. So, another country in Europe is home to these ice formations. Interestingly, a few weeks before I had received photos from the Netherlands of Ice Flowers on plant stems. Those are the first examples of Ice Flowers I have seen from Europe.
Thank goodness for the Internet and digital cameras for they let us exchange information about these attractive ice formations. Please take on the task of looking for ice when the freeze/thaw processes are underway. Feel free to contact me at [email protected] if you see any ice of this nature in your early morning outings.
Return to the master page of Ice Formations with Diurnal Freeze/Thaw Cycles
One of the many web pages of Dr. Jim Carter
This Web Page Created with PageBreeze Free Website Builder
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|Machine learning and
Backpropagation, an abbreviation for "backward propagation of errors", is a common method of training artificial neural networks used in conjunction with an optimization method such as gradient descent. The method calculates the gradient of a loss function with respect to all the weights in the network. The gradient is fed to the optimization method which in turn uses it to update the weights, in an attempt to minimize the loss function.
Backpropagation requires a known, desired output for each input value in order to calculate the loss function gradient. It is therefore usually considered to be a supervised learning method, although it is also used in some unsupervised networks such as autoencoders. It is a generalization of the delta rule to multi-layered feedforward networks, made possible by using the chain rule to iteratively compute gradients for each layer. Backpropagation requires that the activation function used by the artificial neurons (or "nodes") be differentiable.
- 1 Motivation
- 2 Summary
- 3 Algorithm
- 4 Intuition
- 5 Derivation
- 6 Modes of learning
- 7 Training data collection
- 8 Limitations
- 9 History
- 10 Notes
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 External links
The goal of any supervised learning algorithm is to find a function that best maps a set of inputs to its correct output. An example would be a simple classification task, where the input is an image of an animal, and the correct output would be the name of the animal.
The goal and motivation for developing the backpropagation algorithm was to find a way to train a multi-layered neural network such that it can learn the appropriate internal representations to allow it to learn any arbitrary mapping of input to output.
The backpropagation learning algorithm can be divided into two phases: propagation and weight update.
Phase 1: Propagation
Each propagation involves the following steps:
- Forward propagation of a training pattern's input through the neural network in order to generate the propagation's output activations.
- Backward propagation of the propagation's output activations through the neural network using the training pattern target in order to generate the deltas (the difference between the targeted and actual output values) of all output and hidden neurons.
Phase 2: Weight update
For each weight-synapse follow the following steps:
- Multiply its output delta and input activation to get the gradient of the weight.
- Subtract a ratio (percentage) from the gradient of the weight.
This ratio (percentage) influences the speed and quality of learning; it is called the learning rate. The greater the ratio, the faster the neuron trains; the lower the ratio, the more accurate the training is. The sign of the gradient of a weight indicates where the error is increasing, this is why the weight must be updated in the opposite direction.
Repeat phase 1 and 2 until the performance of the network is satisfactory.
The following is a stochastic gradient descent algorithm for training a three-layer network (only one hidden layer):
initialize network weights (often small random values) do forEach training example named ex prediction = neural-net-output(network, ex) // forward pass actual = teacher-output(ex) compute error (prediction - actual) at the output units compute for all weights from hidden layer to output layer // backward pass compute for all weights from input layer to hidden layer // backward pass continued update network weights // input layer not modified by error estimate until all examples classified correctly or another stopping criterion satisfied return the network
The lines labeled "backward pass" can be implemented using the backpropagation algorithm, which calculates the gradient of the error of the network regarding the network's modifiable weights. Often the term "backpropagation" is used in a more general sense, to refer to the entire procedure encompassing both the calculation of the gradient and its use in stochastic gradient descent, but backpropagation proper can be used with any gradient-based optimizer, such as L-BFGS or truncated Newton.
Backpropagation networks are necessarily multilayer perceptrons (usually with one input, multiple hidden, and one output layer). In order for the hidden layer to serve any useful function, multilayer networks must have non-linear activation functions for the multiple layers: a multilayer network using only linear activation functions is equivalent to some single layer, linear network. Non-linear activation functions that are commonly used include the rectifier, logistic function, the softmax function, and the gaussian function.
The backpropagation algorithm for calculating a gradient has been rediscovered a number of times, and is a special case of a more general technique called automatic differentiation in the reverse accumulation mode.
Learning as an optimization problem
Before showing the mathematical derivation of the backpropagation algorithm, it helps to develop some intuitions about the relationship between the actual output of a neuron and the correct output for a particular training case. Consider a simple neural network with two input units, one output unit and no hidden units. Each neuron uses a linear output[note 1] that is the weighted sum of its input.
Initially, before training, the weights will be set randomly. Then the neuron learns from training examples, which in this case consists of a set of tuples (, , ) where and are the inputs to the network and is the correct output (the output the network should eventually produce given the identical inputs). The network given and will compute an output which very likely differs from (since the weights are initially random). A common method for measuring the discrepancy between the expected output and the actual output is using the squared error measure:
where is the discrepancy or error.
As an example, consider the network on a single training case: , thus the input and are 1 and 1 respectively and the correct output, is 0. Now if the actual output is plotted on the x-axis against the error on the -axis, the result is a parabola. The minimum of the parabola corresponds to the output which minimizes the error . For a single training case, the minimum also touches the -axis, which means the error will be zero and the network can produce an output that exactly matches the expected output . Therefore, the problem of mapping inputs to outputs can be reduced to an optimization problem of finding a function that will produce the minimal error.
However, the output of a neuron depends on the weighted sum of all its inputs:
where and are the weights on the connection from the input units to the output unit. Therefore, the error also depends on the incoming weights to the neuron, which is ultimately what needs to be changed in the network to enable learning. If each weight is plotted on a separate horizontal axis and the error on the vertical axis, the result is a parabolic bowl (If a neuron has weights, then the dimension of the error surface would be , thus a dimensional equivalent of the 2D parabola).
The backpropagation algorithm aims to find the set of weights that minimizes the error. There are several methods for finding the minima of a parabola or any function in any dimension. One way is analytically by solving systems of equations, however this relies on the network being a linear system, and the goal is to be able to also train multi-layer, non-linear networks (since a multi-layered linear network is equivalent to a single-layer network). The method used in backpropagation is gradient descent.
An analogy for understanding gradient descent
The basic intuition behind gradient descent can be illustrated by a hypothetical scenario. A person is stuck in the mountains and is trying to get down (i.e. trying to find the minima). There is heavy fog such that visibility is extremely low. Therefore, the path down the mountain is not visible, so he must use local information to find the minima. He can use the method of gradient descent, which involves looking at the steepness of the hill at his current position, then proceeding in the direction with the steepest descent (i.e. downhill). If he was trying to find the top of the mountain (i.e. the maxima), then he would proceed in the direction steepest ascent (i.e. uphill). Using this method, he would eventually find his way down the mountain. However, assume also that the steepness of the hill is not immediately obvious with simple observation, but rather it requires a sophisticated instrument to measure, which the person happens to have at the moment. It takes quite some time to measure the steepness of the hill with the instrument, thus he should minimize his use of the instrument if he wanted to get down the mountain before sunset. The difficulty then is choosing the frequency at which he should measure the steepness of the hill so not to go off track.
In this analogy, the person represents the backpropagation algorithm, and the path taken down the mountain represents the sequence of parameter settings that the algorithm will explore. The steepness of the hill represents the slope of the error surface at that point. The instrument used to measure steepness is differentiation (the slope of the error surface can be calculated by taking the derivative of the squared error function at that point). The direction he chooses to travel in aligns with the gradient of the error surface at that point. The amount of time he travels before taking another measurement is the learning rate of the algorithm. See the limitation section for a discussion of the limitations of this type of "hill climbing" algorithm.
Since backpropagation uses the gradient descent method, one needs to calculate the derivative of the squared error function with respect to the weights of the network. Assuming one output neuron,[note 2] the squared error function is:
- is the squared error,
- is the target output for a training sample, and
- is the actual output of the output neuron.
The factor of is included to cancel the exponent when differentiating. Later, the expression will be multiplied with an arbitrary learning rate, so that it doesn't matter if a constant coefficient is introduced now.
For each neuron , its output is defined as
The input to a neuron is the weighted sum of outputs of previous neurons. If the neuron is in the first layer after the input layer, the of the input layer are simply the inputs to the network. The number of input units to the neuron is . The variable denotes the weight between neurons and .
which has a nice derivative of:
Finding the derivative of the error
In the last term of the right-hand side of the following, only one term in the sum depends on , so that
If the neuron is in the first layer after the input layer, is just .
The derivative of the output of neuron with respect to its input is simply the partial derivative of the activation function (assuming here that the logistic function is used):
This is the reason why backpropagation requires the activation function to be differentiable.
The first term is straightforward to evaluate if the neuron is in the output layer, because then and
However, if is in an arbitrary inner layer of the network, finding the derivative with respect to is less obvious.
Considering as a function of the inputs of all neurons receiving input from neuron ,
and taking the total derivative with respect to , a recursive expression for the derivative is obtained:
Therefore, the derivative with respect to can be calculated if all the derivatives with respect to the outputs of the next layer – the one closer to the output neuron – are known.
Putting it all together:
To update the weight using gradient descent, one must choose a learning rate, . The change in weight, which is added to the old weight, is equal to the product of the learning rate and the gradient, multiplied by :
The is required in order to update in the direction of a minimum, not a maximum, of the error function.
Modes of learning
There are two modes of learning to choose from: batch and stochastic. In stochastic learning, each propagation is followed immediately by a weight update. In batch learning many propagations occur before updating the weights, accumulating errors over the samples within a batch. Stochastic learning introduces "noise" into the gradient descent process, using the local gradient calculated from one data point. This reduces the chance of the network getting stuck in a local minima. Yet batch learning typically yields a faster, more stable descent to a local minima, since each update is performed in the direction of the average error of the batch samples. In modern applications a common compromise choice is to use "mini-batches", meaning batch learning but with a batch of small size and with stochastically selected samples.
Training data collection
- Gradient descent with backpropagation is not guaranteed to find the global minimum of the error function, but only a local minimum; also, it has trouble crossing plateaus in the error function landscape. This issue, caused by the non-convexity of error functions in neural networks, was long thought to be a major drawback, but in a 2015 review article, Yann LeCun et al. argue that in many practical problems, it isn't.
- Backpropagation learning does not require normalization of input vectors; however, normalization could improve performance.
According to various sources, basics of continuous backpropagation were derived in the context of control theory by Henry J. Kelley in 1960 and by Arthur E. Bryson in 1961, using principles of dynamic programming. In 1962, Stuart Dreyfus published a simpler derivation based only on the chain rule. Vapnik cites reference in his book on Support Vector Machines. Arthur E. Bryson and Yu-Chi Ho described it as a multi-stage dynamic system optimization method in 1969.
In 1970, Seppo Linnainmaa finally published the general method for automatic differentiation (AD) of discrete connected networks of nested differentiable functions. This corresponds to the modern version of backpropagation which is efficient even when the networks are sparse.
In 1973, Stuart Dreyfus used backpropagation to adapt parameters of controllers in proportion to error gradients. In 1974, Paul Werbos mentioned the possibility of applying this principle to artificial neural networks, and in 1982, he applied Linnainmaa's AD method to neural networks in the way that is widely used today.
In 1986, David E. Rumelhart, Geoffrey E. Hinton and Ronald J. Williams showed through computer experiments that this method can generate useful internal representations of incoming data in hidden layers of neural networks. In 1993, Eric A. Wan was the first to win an international pattern recognition contest through backpropagation. During the 2000s it fell out of favour but has returned again in the 2010s, now able to train much larger networks using huge modern computing power such as GPUs. For example, in 2013 top speech recognisers now use backpropagation-trained neural networks.
- One may notice that multi-layer neural networks use non-linear activation functions, so an example with linear neurons seems obscure. However, even though the error surface of multi-layer networks are much more complicated, locally they can be approximated by a paraboloid. Therefore, linear neurons are used for simplicity and easier understanding.
- There can be multiple output neurons, in which case the error is the squared norm of the difference vector.
- Artificial neural network
- Biological neural network
- Catastrophic interference
- Ensemble learning
- Neural backpropagation
- Backpropagation through time
- Rumelhart, David E.; Hinton, Geoffrey E.; Williams, Ronald J. (8 October 1986). "Learning representations by back-propagating errors". Nature 323 (6088): 533–536. doi:10.1038/323533a0.
- Paul J. Werbos (1994). The Roots of Backpropagation. From Ordered Derivatives to Neural Networks and Political Forecasting. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- LeCun, Yann; Bengio, Yoshua; Hinton, Geoffrey (2015). "Deep learning". Nature 521: 436–444. doi:10.1038/nature14539.
- ISBN 1-931841-08-X,
- Stuart Dreyfus (1990). Artificial Neural Networks, Back Propagation and the Kelley-Bryson Gradient Procedure. J. Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 1990.
- Eiji Mizutani, Stuart Dreyfus, Kenichi Nishio (2000). On derivation of MLP backpropagation from the Kelley-Bryson optimal-control gradient formula and its application. Proceedings of the IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2000), Como Italy, July 2000. Online
- Jürgen Schmidhuber (2015). Deep learning in neural networks: An overview. Neural Networks 61 (2015): 85-117. ArXiv
- Jürgen Schmidhuber (2015). Deep Learning. Scholarpedia, 10(11):32832. Section on Backpropagation
- Henry J. Kelley (1960). Gradient theory of optimal flight paths. Ars Journal, 30(10), 947-954. Online
- Arthur E. Bryson (1961, April). A gradient method for optimizing multi-stage allocation processes. In Proceedings of the Harvard Univ. Symposium on digital computers and their applications.
- Stuart Dreyfus (1962). The numerical solution of variational problems. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 5(1), 30-45. Online
- Bryson, A.E.; W.F. Denham; S.E. Dreyfus. Optimal programming problems with inequality constraints. I: Necessary conditions for extremal solutions. AIAA J. 1, 11 (1963) 2544-2550
- Stuart Russell; Peter Norvig. Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach. p. 578.
The most popular method for learning in multilayer networks is called Back-propagation.
- Arthur Earl Bryson, Yu-Chi Ho (1969). Applied optimal control: optimization, estimation, and control. Blaisdell Publishing Company or Xerox College Publishing. p. 481.
- Seppo Linnainmaa (1970). The representation of the cumulative rounding error of an algorithm as a Taylor expansion of the local rounding errors. Master's Thesis (in Finnish), Univ. Helsinki, 6-7.
- Seppo Linnainmaa (1976). Taylor expansion of the accumulated rounding error. BIT Numerical Mathematics, 16(2), 146-160.
- Griewank, Andreas (2012). Who Invented the Reverse Mode of Differentiation?. Optimization Stories, Documenta Matematica, Extra Volume ISMP (2012), 389-400.
- Griewank, Andreas and Walther, A.. Principles and Techniques of Algorithmic Differentiation, Second Edition. SIAM, 2008.
- Stuart Dreyfus (1973). The computational solution of optimal control problems with time lag. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 18(4):383–385.
- Paul Werbos (1974). Beyond regression: New tools for prediction and analysis in the behavioral sciences. PhD thesis, Harvard University.
- Paul Werbos (1982). Applications of advances in nonlinear sensitivity analysis. In System modeling and optimization (pp. 762-770). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Online
- Alpaydın, Ethem (2010). Introduction to machine learning (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-262-01243-0.
- Eric A. Wan (1993). Time series prediction by using a connectionist network with internal delay lines. In SANTA FE INSTITUTE STUDIES IN THE SCIENCES OF COMPLEXITY-PROCEEDINGS (Vol. 15, pp. 195-195). Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
- A Gentle Introduction to Backpropagation - An intuitive tutorial by Shashi Sathyanarayana The article contains pseudocode ("Training Wheels for Training Neural Networks") for implementing the algorithm.
- Neural Network Back-Propagation for Programmers (a tutorial)
- Backpropagation for mathematicians
- Chapter 7 The backpropagation algorithm of Neural Networks - A Systematic Introduction by Raúl Rojas (ISBN 978-3540605058)
- Quick explanation of the backpropagation algorithm
- Graphical explanation of the backpropagation algorithm
- Concise explanation of the backpropagation algorithm using math notation by Anand Venkataraman
- Visualization of a learning process using backpropagation algorithm
- Backpropagation neural network tutorial at the Wikiversity
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Property Discrimination Lawyers
Locate a Local Real Estate Lawyer
Currently, there are several federal statutes that prohibit discrimination in the context of buying property. Of these statutes, the most commonly applied is the Fair Housing Act of 1968. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 outlaws discrimination on the basis of any of the following seven categories:
What Is Prohibited under the Fair Housing Act of 1968?
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 makes it unlawful to commit any of the following acts against a person based on their affiliation with any of the previously mentioned groups of people:
- Sale or Rental of Residential Real Estate – Refuse to sell, rent or otherwise make unavailable or deny any dwelling
- Advertising residential Real Estate – Make print, publish, or cause to be made, printed or published, a notice, statement or advertisement relating to the sale or rental of housing that indicates a preference, limitation or discrimination
- Block-Busting – Persuade or attempt to persuade, for profit, a person to sell or rent their dwelling by making representations about the present or future entry into the neighborhood of one or more of the protected groups
- Loans or Other Financial Assistance – Discriminate in the making or purchasing of loans or providing other financial assistance
- Brokerage and Appraisal Services – Discriminate in the brokering or appraisal of residential real estate
- Participation in Real Estate Organizations – Deny access to, or establish different terms and conditions for, membership or participation in any multiple listing service, real estate brokers’ organization or other service, organization or facility relating to the business of selling or renting of dwellings
- Intimidation, Coercion and Threats – Intimidate, coerce, threaten or interfere with a person in one of the protected classes in enjoyment of rights conferred by this act
Exemptions to the Fair Housing Act of 1968
The following are the four established exemptions to the Far Housing Act of 1968:
- A single family house sold or rented by the owner, provided that the owner does not own more than three residences and does not advertise in a discriminatory fashion
- Dwellings units or rooms in a building of four or fewer units provided the owner of the building occupies one of the units as his residence
- A dwelling owned or operated by a religious organization or non profit organization
- Lodging owned and operated as a private club as an incident to its primary purpose and not for a commercial purpose
Enforcing the Fair Housing Act of 1968
The following are the most common means by which to enforce the Fair Housing Act of 1968:
- Administrative complaints – A person may file a written complaint with the Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development
- Private Lawsuit
- Lawsuits in Pattern or Practice Cases – The U.S. Attorney General may initiate a civil lawsuit in any federal district court if they have a reasonable belief that a person has engaged in discriminatory practices
Should I Contact an Attorney about My Discrimination Claim?
If you belong to one of the groups mentioned above, and have been subjected to one of the following prohibited practices, it may be helpful to seek the advice of a property attorney who specializes in discrimination suits. Due to the complex nature of this area of law, the help of an attorney who specializes in this field may help determine the success of your case.
Consult a Lawyer - Present Your Case Now!
Last Modified: 07-01-2013 04:26 PM PDT
Link to this page
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A witch appears to be screaming out into space in this image from NASA's Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE. The infrared portrait shows the Witch Head nebula, named after its resemblance to the profile of a wicked witch. Astronomers say the billowy clouds of the nebula, where baby stars are brewing, are being lit up by massive stars. Dust in the cloud is being hit with starlight, causing it to glow with infrared light, which was picked up by WISE's detectors.
The Witch Head nebula is estimated to be hundreds of light-years away in the Orion constellation, just off the famous hunter's knee.
WISE was recently "awakened" to hunt for asteroids in a program called NEOWISE. The reactivation came after the spacecraft was put into hibernation in 2011, when it completed two full scans of the sky, as planned.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages, and operated WISE for NASA's Science Mission Directorate. The spacecraft was put into hibernation mode after it scanned the entire sky twice, completing its main objectives. Edward Wright is the principal investigator and is at UCLA. The mission was selected competitively under NASA's Explorers Program managed by the agency's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. The science instrument was built by the Space Dynamics Laboratory in Logan, Utah. The spacecraft was built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. in Boulder, Colo. Science operations and data processing take place at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.
More information is online at http://www.nasa.gov/wise and http://wise.astro.ucla.edu.
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The manufacture of chocolate and confectionary owes as much to art as it does science with commercial production representing the union of traditional handcraft with large scale industry.
Confectionery and Chocolate Engineering: Principles and Applications draws on over 40 years of Professor Ferenc Mohos' inside experience to reveal how the scientific principles of food engineering can be applied to this unique industry.
"Confectionery is usually associated with handicraft instead of engineering and it's true that while production has been dominated by large scale industry for nearly a century, the attractiveness of confectionery is due to the coexistence of handicraft and engineering," said Mohos. "Traditional literature focuses on technology, yet this book takes a different approach. Building on the scientific background of chemical engineering it offers a theoretical approach to the practical aspects of the confectionery and chocolate industry."
Confectionery and Chocolate Engineering: Principles and Applications is the only title to examine the unit operations of confectionery and chocolate manufacture by applying the principles of food engineering, making it ideal for food engineers, technologists in research and industry, as well as students on food and chemical engineering courses.
Chapters not only cover the wider principles of food engineering, but also explore the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the industries' diverse raw materials and end products such as milk products, eggs, gelatin and vegetable material.
Confectionery and Chocolate Engineering: Principles and Applications aims to characterise the unit operations of confectionery manufacture to open up new possibilities for improving efficiency of operations, the use of new materials, and new applications for traditional raw materials.
"Altogether I've spent half a century in this field, working on product development, production, quality control, purchasing and trading," concludes Mohos. "These tasks, related mainly to sugar confectionery and chocolate, convinced me that a uniform attitude and scientific approach is essential for understanding the wide ranging topics of chocolate and confectionery."
|Contact: Ben Norman|
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Not so long ago a video of a flock of starlings swooping and swirling as one body in the sky went viral. Only two minutes long, the video shows thousands of birds over the River Shannon in Ireland, pouring themselves across the clouds, each bird following the one next to it. The birds flew not so much in formation as they flew in the biological equivalent of phase transition. This phenomenon of synchronized bird flight is called a murmuration. What makes the murmuration hypnotic is the starlings’ seemingly uncoordinated coordination, a thousand birds in flight, like fluid flowing across the skies. But there’s something else as well. Something else about the murmuration that appeals to us at this particular moment, that helps to explain this video’s virality.
The murmuration defies our modern understanding of crowds. Whether the crazed seagulls of Hitchcock’s The Birds, the shambling hordes of zombies that seem to have infected every strain of popular culture, or the thousands upon thousands of protestors of the Arab Spring, we are used to chaotic, disorganized crowds, what Elias Canetti calls the “open” crowd (Canetti 1984). Open crowds are dense and bound to grow denser, a crowd that itself attracts more crowds. Open crowds cannot be contained. They erupt.
A murmuration is not an open crowd. It is not quite a closed crowd either. A closed crowd is bounded and permanent, while a murmuration is an instantiation—a rhythmic, ephemeral flash. The murmuration in the video is an idealization of the crowd, transforming it into a thing of beauty.
Even the word itself is sublime, a murmur that goes on to become something else entirely. Murmuration might be this generation’s cellar door, supposedly—as the novelist Don DeLillo once recounted with skepticism—the most beautiful string of syllables in the English language (Begley 1993). And like the avian phenomenon it describes, this poetic word contrasts sharply with that unpleasant onomatopoeic word we use to describe something else that flies in the sky but which is rarely seen.
The long ‘o’ following by an even longer ‘n,’ an alveolar nasal consonant that sounds like a humming without the ‘m.’ A low threshold background noise, ubiquitous but unlocatable, like object it describes. Vaguely insect-shaped machines, armed with laser-guided missiles, drones have become the Obama administration’s chief tactical weapon in its counterterrorism operations.
Before the Predator and the Reaper, both made by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, a drone was more commonly associated with the male honeybee, whose sole function is to fertilize the queen bee. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that the bee, not the sound, is the origin of the word, and it dates back to 1000 AD. Only later, in the 16th century would the word become associated with the sound. And how did drone—as we use the word today—come to mean what the U.S. government calls “remotely piloted aircraft”? The earliest example the Oxford English Dictionary gives is 1946 in England. It is a reference to remote controlled planes, likely because of their simplistic, mindless function, which recalls an earlier use in Britain of “drone,” slang for a “non-worker; a lazy idler, a sluggard.” This meaning of drone suggests that modern unmanned drones are purely mechanical, the anti-crowd.
The Predator and Reaper drones are not automatons though, no more than any bird in a murmuration. These unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are controlled by a crew comprised of a remote pilot and a sensor operator, working side-by-side in a ground station, hundreds, even thousands, of miles away from the battleground. Many of the drone sorties flown in Yemen and Somalia, for example, are controlled by pilots at Creech Air Force Base in Nevada or Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico (Whitlock 2012; Shoemaker 2012).
In an Air Force photograph of a training mission at Holloman Air Force Base, we see an MQ-9 Reaper pilot and sensor operator wedged into their cramped control room, surrounded by no less than fourteen screens, a joystick in the pilot’s right hand.
The remote cockpit is a jarring mismatch of technology. The drone itself is loaded with full motion cameras, infrared sensors, and other sophisticated gear, but the hardware in the control station is an eighties shade of PC beige, and the recliners look to be leftovers from an office supply store fire sale. The room is windowless and appears claustrophobic, perhaps even more so than the cockpit of an F-16. “If you’re in the F-16, at night, in the weather, lightning around you and St. Elmo’s fire coming up on the cockpit, all that stuff is affecting you right now,” reports one California National Guard drone pilot, stressing the psychological impact of visual access to the outside world. “Whereas,” he continues, “if you’re sitting in the ‘cockpit’ of the UAV, you don’t have those external influences on you, so you don’t feel quite as threatened as you might flying though a thunderstorm in an F-16” (Prawdzik 2007). The drone cockpit is detached from the outside world, almost monastic in its winnowing of perception and experience.
And here we come full circle. Is not the idealized crowd we find reflected in the balletic flight path of the murmuration the precise opposite of drone warfare? We watched the murmuration video and shared it like good news because it transformed all the elements of drone warfare into a graceful dance. The mangled crowd of PTSD warriors and victims became a rapturous display of nature. The gleaming machines and their AGM-114 Hellfire missiles became a flock of warm-blooded birds dominating the sky by their sheer vitality. The terror of a drone attack from on high became the sublime sight of a murmuration. And the witnesses to a drone attack—the only consistent witnesses being the UAV operators themselves—became the two young women recording the murmuration video, and by proxy, us. The murmuration appealed to us because it met two forces shaping the contemporary world and from which most Americans are sheltered—crowds and drones—and combined and transmuted them. So that for a little while longer we can keep the other world—the world of darkness, destruction, and indeterminate humanity—at bay.
Begley, Adam. 1993. “The Art of Fiction CXXXV.” Paris Review 35 (128): 274–306.
Canetti, Elias. 1984. Crowds and Power. Translated by Carol Stewart. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Prawdzik, Christopher. 2007. “Airmen Warm to UAVs as California Establishes First Air National Guard Predator Mission.” National Guard Magazine, February.
Shoemaker, Michael. 2012. “Predators, Reapers Break Flying Record.” Air Force Print News Today. October 15.
Whitlock, Craig. 2012. “Remote U.S. Base at Core of Secret Operations.” The Washington Post, October 25.
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Early 1900s Poetic Movements
- Acmeism (Greek, "pinnacle of") was a short lived early 20th century, poetic movement similar to Imagism. A school of Russian poets in 1910 attempted a break from the vague and symbolic poetry of the time. Their goal was to create maximum emotion from lucid and sensory vivid images. The movement was cut short by the Russian Revolution and the difficult cultural climate of the time.
- The Auden Group, also called the Thirties Movement, is really less a movement than simply a categorizing of Irish and English poets of the 1930s who went to either Oxford or Cambridge around the same time and tended to have leftist political views. Named for W.H. Auden, the group included Louise MacNeice, and Stephen Spender among others.
The Laborer in the Vineyard by Stephen Spender
Here are the ragged towers of vines
Stepped down the slope in terraces.
Through torn spaces between spearing leaves
The lake glows with waters combed sideways,
And climbing up to reach the vine-spire vanes
The mountain crests beyond the far shore
Paint their sky of glass with rocks and snow.
Lake below, mountains above, between
Turrets of leaves, grape-triangles, the labourer stands.
His tanned trousers form a pedestal,
Coarse tree-trunk rising from the earth with bark
Peeled away at the navel to show
Shining torso of sun-burnished god
Breast of lyre, mouth coining song.
My ghostly, passing-by thoughts gather
Around his hilly shoulders, like those clouds
Around those mountain peaks their transient scrolls.
He is the classic writing all this day,
Through his mere physical being focusing
All into nakedness. His hand
With outspread fingers is a star whose rays
Concentrate timeless inspiration
Onto the god descended in a vineyard
With hand unclenched against the lake's taut sail
Flesh filled with statue, as the grape with wine.
- Augustan Poetry refers to one of two sources of poetry: Latin -(27 B.C-14 A.D.) the great period of Roman literature under Emperor Augustus, produced the writings of Horace, Virgil and Ovid. O r England in the early 18th century England, neoclassic period, which included the formal writings of poets like Alexander Pope. John Dryden Swift and Joseph Addison The poetry was often satirical and political. The precedence of individual or society was a common subject.
Marlborough at Blenheim by Joseph Addison
BEHOLD in awful march and dread array
The long extended squadrons shape thier way!
Death, in approaching terrible, imparts
An anxious horror to the bravest hearts;
Yet do their beating breasts demand the strife,
And thirst of glory quells the love of life.
No vulgar fears can British minds control:
Heat of revenge, and noble pride of soul,
O'erlook the foe, advantag'd by his post,
Lessen his nmbers,a nd contract his host;
Though fens and floods possest the middle space,
That unprovok'd they would have fear'd to pass;
Nor fens nor floods can stop Britannia's bands,
When her proud foe rang'd on their borders stands.
But O, my Muse, what numbers wilt thou find
To sing the furious troops in battle join'd!
Methinks I hear the drums tumultuous sound
The victor's shouts and dying groans confound,
The dreadful burst of cannon rend the skies,
And all the thunder of the battle rise.
'Twas then great Marlborough's mighty soul was prov'd,
That, in the shock of charging hosts unmov'd,
Amidst confusion, horror, and despair,
Examin'd all the dreadful scenes of war:
In peaceful thought the field of death survey'd,
To fainting squadrons sent the timely aid,
Inspir'd repuls'd battalions to engage,
And taught the doubtful battle where to rage.
So when an angel by divine command
With rising tempests shaks a guilty land,
Such as of late o'er pale Britannia past,
Calm and serene he drives the furious blast;
And, pleas'd th' Almighty's orders to perform,
Rides in the whirlwind, and directs the storm.
- Cubist Poetry, was the early 20th century movement of Picasso's "sum of destruction" emulated in poetry. French poet Guillame Apollinaire was a cubist.
Clotilde by Guillame Apollinaire
Anemone and columbine
Where gloom has lain
Opened in gardens
Between love and disdain
Made somber by the sun
Our shadows meet
Until the sun
Is squandered by night
Gods of living water
Let down their hair
And now you must follow
A craving for shadows.
- Dymock Poets were a 20th century, group of poets who gathered together in the Gloucestershire village of Dymock to write and discuss poetry in the years immediately preceding World War I. They included Robert Frost, Rupert Brooke, Edward Thomas, and Wilfred Gibson.
In A Restaurant by Wilfred Gibson
HE wears a red rose in his buttonhole,
A city-clerk on Sunday dining out:
And as the music surges over the din
The heady quavering of the violin
Sings through his blood, and puts old cares to rout,
And tingles, quickening, through his shrunken soul,
Till he forgets he ledgers, and the prim
Black, crabbèd figures, and the qualmy smell
Of ink and musty leather and leadglaze,
As, in eternities of Summer days.
- Georgian Poetry is a poetic movement named for period of the reign of the English King George V (1910-1936). Techinically it refers to the work of 36 poets included in a 5 volume anthology titled Georgian Poetry but in has also spilled over to include most conventional, romantic verse of the same period. Some of the 36 poets were later labeled War Poets which by this association is sometimes lumped into Georgian Poetry. some Georgian poets are Abercrombie, Walter de la Mare, Edmund Blunden, Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon.
The Empty House by Walter de la Mare
My mind is like a clamorous market-place.
All day in wind, rain, sun, its babel wells;
Voice answering to voice in tumult swells.
Chaffering and laughing, pushing for a place,
My thoughts haste on, gay, strange, poor, simple, base;
This one buys dust, and that a bauble sells:
But none to any scrutiny hints or tells
The haunting secrets hidden in each sad face.
The clamour quietens when the dark draws near;
Strange looms the earth in twilight of the West,
Lonely with one sweet star serene and clear,
Dwelling, when all this place is hushed to rest,
On vacant stall, gold, refuse, worst and best,
Abandoned utterly in haste and fear.
- Graveyard Poets, also called Churchyard Poets, were 18th century poets who focused their work on human mortality. The poems often took place in a graveyard. Thomas Gray is probably the best known of these poets. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Sonnet on the Death of Richard West by Thomas Gray
In vain to me the smiling mornings shine,
And red'ning Phobus lifts his golden fire;
The birds in vain their amorous descant join;
Or cheerful fields resume their green attire:
These ears, alas! for other notes repine,
A different object do these eyes require.
My lonely anguish melts no heart but mine;
And in my breast the imperfect joys expire.
Yet morning smiles the busy race to cheer,
And new-born pleasure brings to happier men:
The fields to all their wonted tribute bear:
To warm their little loves the birds complain:
I fruitless mourn to him that cannot hear,
And weep the more because I weep in vain.
- The Harlem Renaissance was an African American literary movement in the 1920s and 1930s. Poets such as Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen are probably the best known.
For A Poet by Countee Cullen
I have wrapped my dreams in a silken cloth,
And laid them away in a box of gold;
Where long will cling the lips of the moth,
I have wrapped my dreams in a silken cloth;
I hide no hate; I am not even wroth
Who found earth's breath so keen and cold;
I have wrapped my dreams in a silken cloth,
And laid them away in a box of gold.
- Jazz Poetry is an early 20th century movement initiated by the American poet Vachel Lindsay to perform, chanting their poetry. Langston Hughes was one of the first to recite his poetry to music. Beat poets became a part of the movement in coffee houses all over the US.
Madam and Her Madam by Langston Hughes
I worked for a woman,
She wasn't mean--
But she had a twelve-room
House to clean.
Had to get breakfast,
Dinner, and supper, too--
Then take care of her children
When I got through.
Wash, iron, and scrub,
Walk the dog around--
It was too much, Nearly broke me down.
I said, Madam,
Can it be
You trying to make a
Pack-horse out of me?
She opened her mouth.
She cried, Oh, no! You know, Alberta,
I love you so!
I said, Madam, That may be true--
- Lake Poets is a term used to identify 19th century poets, William Wordsworth, Robert Southey and Samuel Taylor Coleridge who all lived in the Lake District of England and drew inspiration from the landscape. There is no distinct style or philosophy that came from the Lake poets but they were all considered part of the Romantic Movement and all at one time or another shared uncomplimentary critiques from the Edinburgh Review.
To A Goose by Robert Southey
If thou didst feed on western plains of yore
Or waddle wide with flat and flabby feet
Over some Cambrian mountain's plashy moor,
Or find in farmer's yard a safe retreat
From gipsy thieves and foxes sly and fleet;
If thy grey quills by lawyer guided, trace
Deeds big with ruin to some wretched race,
Or love-sick poet's sonnet, sad and sweet,
Wailing the rigour of some lady fair;
Or if, the drudge of housemaid's daily toil,
Cobwebs and dust thy pinion white besoil,
Departed goose! I neither know nor care.
But this I know, that thou wert very fine,
Seasoned with sage and onions and port wine.
- Nature Poets are poets who's subject is primarily nature, animals, birds, insects and vegitation. Noted Nature Poets span the centuries, some names are Ted Hughes, DH Lawrence, Gerard Manley Hopkins and John Clare. "poems, like animals, are each one 'an assembly of living parts, moved by a single spirit.' Ted Hughes
Trees in a Garden by DH Lawrence
Ah in the thunder air
how still the trees are!
And the lime-tree, lovely and tall, every leaf silent
hardly looses even a last breath of perfume.
And the ghostly, creamy coloured little tree of leaves
white, ivory white among the rambling green
show evanescent, variegated elder, she hesitates on the green grass
as if, in another moment, she would disappear
with all her grace of foam!
And the larch that is only a column, it goes up too tall to see:
and the balsam-pines that are blue with the grey-blue blueness
--------------------- of things from the sea,
and the young copper beech, its leaves red-rosy at the end
show still they are together, they stand so still
in the thunder air, all strangers to one another
as the green grass glows upwards, strangers in the silent garden.
- Poets of Elan poetic movement in Ecuador that touched on the social and political climate of the early 1900s. One poet in particular, Adalberto Ortiz explored the trials of the Afro-Hispanic.
from Tierra, son y tambora by Adalberto Oritiz
Un bombo retumba en la yungla:
iViva Patricio Lumumba
revolviendose en su tumba!
Otra vez Chang6
y otra vez bong6 y mas bong6 y mas bongo
y otra vez bongo y ma's bongo y ma's bongo
y otra vez bongo y ma's bongo y ma's bongo y ma's
- Pylon Poets were 1930s left-wing poets who were known for their use of industrial imagery - road, trains, skyscrapers, factories, etc. The actual term 'pylon' was derived from Spender's 1933 poem The Pylons. Poets such as Stephen Spender, W. H. Auden, Cecil Day-Lewis and Louis MacNeice were Pylon poets.
Pylons by Stephen Spender
The secret of these hills was stone, and cottages
Of that stone made,
And crumbling roads
That turned on sudden hidden villages
Now over these small hills, they have built the concrete
That trails black wire
Pylons, those pillars
Bare like nude giant girls that have no secret.
The valley with its gilt and evening look
And the green chestnut
Of customary root,
Are mocked dry like the parched bed of a brook.
But far above and far as sight endures
Like whips of anger
With lightning's danger
There runs the quick perspective of the future.
This dwarfs our emerald country by its trek
So tall with prophecy
Dreaming of cities
Where often clouds shall lean their swan-white neck.
- Scottish Renaissance reached across the arts but primarily had its roots in literature. It was an attempt of Scottish modernist artists to connect with their roots. It could almost be thought of as an attempt to preserve or save a diminishing language, bringing into the modern world a sound of the ancient, a nationalist signature.
The Watergaw by Hugh MacDiarmid (1 stanza)watergaw meaning a broken shard of a rainbow. A translation of this poem from the "Scot's language" by the poet himself in both the English and Scot's version can be heard at Poetry Archive
One wet, early evening in the sheep-shearing season
I saw that occasional, rare thing -
a broken shaft of a rainbow with its trembling light
beyond the downpour of the rain
and I thought of the last, wild look you gave
before you died.
- The Southern Agrarians originally were twelve American, Southern writers who collaborated on a book I'll Take My Stand which was published in 1930. It was their initial attempt at to preserve many of the innate features of Southern living, stability and closeness to the land. They attributed the Civil War and the Reformation to the rise of materialism, industrialism and applied modern science which they felt was choking the more graceful, fulfilling characteristics out of the south. John Crowe Ransom, Andrew Lytle, Henry B. Kline, Stark Young, Lyle H. Lanier, Frank L. Owsley, Allen Tate, Donald Davidson, John Gould Fletcher, Herman C. Nixon, Robert Penn Warren, and John Donald Wade were among the 12. Although the basic tenants of the agrarians were constant, their approach to its solution was individual. Each offered a different perspective. The staunch philosophy of the agrarians is that humanity requires roots in the land in order to be nurtured and sustained. The proposed that culture has a "linguistic" connection to agriculture.
Evening Hawk by Robert Penn Warren
From plane of light to plane, wings dipping through
Geometries and orchids that the sunset builds,
Out of the peak's black angularity of shadow, riding
The last tumultuous avalanche of
Light above pines and the guttural gorge,
The hawk comes.
------------- His wing
Scythes down another day, his motion
Is that of the honed steel-edge, we hear
The crashless fall of stalks of Time.
The head of each stalk is heavy with the gold of our error.
Look! Look! he is climbing the last light
Who knows neither Time nor error, and under
Whose eye, unforgiving, the world, unforgiven, swings
--------- Long now,
The last thrush is still, the last bat
Now cruises in his sharp hieroglyphics. His wisdom
Is ancient, too, and immense. The star
Is steady, like Plato, over the mountain.
If there were no wind we might, we think, hear
The earth grind on its axis, or history
Drip in darkness like a leaking pipe in the cellar.
- The School of Spectric Poetry, is not a school of poetry at all. The term was created as a hoax by two poets, Witter Byner and Arthur Davidson Fricke under the alias' of Emanuel Morgan and Anne Knish. They wrote a book of "nonsense" poetry, Spectra published in 1916 which included a preface introducing the Spectric School of Poetry. Many noted poets such as Amy Lowell and William Carlos Williams fell for the hoax and gave credence to the movement in interviews and essays before being alerted to the deception.
I ONLY know that you are given me
---- For my delight.
No other angle finishes my soul
---- But you, you white.
I know that I am given you,
Black whirl to white,
To lift the seven colors up...
Focus of light!
THE black bark of a dog
Made patterns against the night.
And little leaves flute-noted across the moon.
---- I seemed to feel your soft looks
Steal across that quiet evening room
Where once our souls spoke, long ago.
---- For that was of a vastness;
And this night is of a vastness...
---- There was a dog-bark then –
It was the sound
Of my rebellious and incredulous heart.
Its patterns twined about the stars
And drew them down
And devoured them.
- Surrealist Poets were a group of 20th century French poets inspired by Freud's theories of the unconscious and attempted to emulate his theory with irrational images. Some Surrealists were André Breton, Louis Aragon and Paul Éluard.
She Looks Into Me by Paul Éluard
She looks into me
The unknowing heart
To see if I love
She has confidence she forgets
Under the clouds of her eyelids
Her head falls asleep in my hands
Where are we
He alive she alive
And my head rolls through her dreams.
- Symbolist Poets were a group of 19th century French poets who wrote with evocative language with symbolism in rebellion of the objectivity and realism of the Pamassian movement. Some of the poets ere Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Verlain.
The Seekers of Lice by Arthur Rimbaud
translated by Jeremy Harding
When the boy's head, full of raw torment,
Longs for hazy dreams to swarm in white,
Two charming older sisters come to his bed
With slender fingers and silvery nails.
They sit him at a casement window, thrown
Open on a mass of flowers basking in blue air,
And run the fine, intimidating witchcraft
Of their fingers through his dew-dank hair.
He listens to their diffident, sing-song breath,
Smelling of elongated honey off the rose,
Broken now and then by a hiss: saliva sucked
Back from the lip, or a longing to be kissed.
He hears their dark eyelashes start in the sweet-
Smelling silence and, through his grey listlessness,
The crackle of small lice dying, beneath
The imperious nails of their soft, electric fingers.
The wine of Torpor wells up in him then—
Near on trance, a harmonica-sigh —
And in their slow caress he feels
The endless ebb and flow of a desire to cry.
- War Poetry is poetry from that came out of World War I. Certainly there has been "war poetry" that has come out of wars before and after World War I, but it seems that the poets of WWI wrote about the personal pain of war, the discomfort of soggy trenches and the awkwardness of suddenly having to put on a gas mask. Poets such as Siegfried Sassoon, Edward Thomas, Rupert Brook, Robert Graves and Wilfred Owen were among several poets of the Great War. Thomas and Owens died in battle, Owen died 7 days before the end of the war. Since then, there have been some poets from World War II such as Keith Douglas, Alun Owen, Sidney Keyes and Henry Reed that have been included in this category.
Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of disappointed shells that dropped behind.
GAS! Gas! Quick, boys!-- An ecstasy of fumbling,
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And floundering like a man in fire or lime.--
Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
If in some smothering dreams you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,--
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
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In April, another unarmed Black person was killed by police. Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African-American male, was arrested by Baltimore police on April 12, given a "rough ride" and a week later died of a spinal cord injury he received in the police van.
Much has been, and will still be, written about Baltimore. However, one word that has been overused in that coverage is "riot." We must keep in mind: The protests and property destruction in Baltimore may have been a spontaneous reaction to police violence but they were not isolated. They are part of a growing uprising against generations-long systemic racism across the United States.
The system that people in Baltimore rose up against stretches back across the centuries. Pundits and the mainstream media also focus incessantly on "looting," pointing to a relatively small amount of property damage in Baltimore in order to delegitimize the uprising. Here, we must remember that the real "looting" is the looting of Black wealth through generations of slavery, racial discrimination and exploitative economic policies.
The slave system fueled the US economy for generations and enriched many slave masters and capitalists.
From the 1500s to late 1800s, European slave traders imported more than 12 million slaves from Africa to the Western Hemisphere to work on plantations. Slavery was a massive, intricate economy that built modern capitalism. Along with performing other services like domestic work, slaves were exploited to grow cash crops like cotton and sugar, and to produce commodities that were sold in international markets for profit - a key component of capitalism. Slaves, themselves, were also considered property and traded on international markets. The slave system fueled the US economy for generations and enriched many slave masters, capitalists and other wealthy people.
Numerous financial institutions benefited from slavery. In fact, Wall Street was initially built as a slave market in the 1600s. Aetna sold insurance to slave owners who wanted to protect their "investments" in case a slave died aboard a slave ship. Slave owners were also compensated for losing their "property" - i.e. human slaves. Wachovia and JP Morgan Chase's predecessor banks gave loans to slave owners and accepted slaves as "collateral."
Slavery was a transfer of wealth from unpaid, exploited Black labor to White European slave owners, capitalists and other White people who benefitted from the system. As a slave state and plantation colony, Maryland was a key part of this system. Slavery not only laid the foundation for modern capitalism, but it also ensured that Black people would be at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder, while White people were at the top, for generations after slavery's demise.
To keep Black socioeconomic and political power subordinate to White people after slavery, a system of racial segregation known as Jim Crow was established in the former slaveholding South. In 1910, the Baltimore city government passed a residential housing ordinance that restricted African Americans to living in certain areas. Justifying the policy, the Baltimore mayor said, "Blacks should be quarantined in isolated slums in order to reduce the incidence of civil disturbance, to prevent the spread of communicable disease into the nearby White neighborhoods, and to protect property values among the White majority."
Slavery and segregation contributed to present-day racial inequalities. The racial wealth gap persists.
Baltimore exemplified nationwide policy and practice of racial discrimination. Federal housing policy prevented African Americans from moving into White suburban neighborhoods, which received federally subsidized construction loans as long as developers excluded Black people. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) refused to insure mortgages for Black families regardless of whether they lived in Black or White neighborhoods. The practice of denying mortgages and other financial services to African Americans became known as "redlining" since "neighborhoods were colored red on government maps to indicate that these neighborhoods should be considered poor credit risks as a consequence of African Americans living in (or even near) them," according to Economic Policy Institute's Richard Rothstein. This meant Black communities were deprived of wealth and economic resources to uplift themselves.
While legalized racial segregation ended in the 1960s, schools and neighborhoods remain just as segregated as - if not more than - they were 50 years ago. Moreover, the sameinequities exist, with many important economic resources largely absent in African-American communities. As a result, poverty is highly concentrated in predominantly Black and Brown communities like Baltimore, Washington, DC, and elsewhere.
Slavery and segregation contributed to present-day racial inequalities. Poverty remains higher among Black people. In 2013, the poverty rate for White people was 9.6 percent, in contrast to 27.2 percent for Black people, according to US Census data.
The racial wealth gap persists. According to a Pew Research analysis of Federal Reserve data, in 2013, the median net worth of all US households was $81,400. But for White households, it was $141,900; Latino households had $13,700, while Black households had $11,000 in net worth. Black and Latino households were hit very hard by the housing bubble and recession since their communities were targeted for subprime mortgage loans and most of their wealth came from the value of their homes.
Indeed, the risky subprime mortgage loans with which Black households were systematically targeted were then turned into complex financial instruments that tanked the economy but made a tiny group of Wall Street investors very rich. For example, Wells Fargo loan officers deliberately and systematically singled out Black people in Baltimore and suburban Maryland for toxic, high-interest subprime mortgages. Loan officers "referred to Blacks as 'mud people' and to subprime lending as 'ghetto loans,'" according to The New York Times. One loan officer, Beth Jacobson, who is White, told The New York Times, "Wells Fargo mortgage had an emerging-markets unit that specifically targeted black churches, because it figured church leaders had a lot of influence and could convince congregants to take out subprime loans."
Black unemployment usually far exceeds White unemployment or the national average. At the end of 2014, the national unemployment rate for White people was 4.5 percent; for Black people, it was 11 percent.
In Freddie Gray's Baltimore neighborhood, Sandtown-Winchester and Harlem Park, 51.8 percent of the working-age population was unemployed between 2008 and 2012, according to a report by the Justice Policy Institute and Prison Policy Initiative. Median household income is $24,006, and more than one-third of homes in the area are vacant or abandoned.
Racist Police Brutality Throughout the United States
The United States' police system also traces its roots back to slavery. Slave insurrections threatened the stability of the slave economy so slave owners utilized various methods, such as the legal system and systematic violence, to keep slaves in check. Slave patrols, a component of this systematic violence, helped birth modern US policing. During slavery, slave patrols would monitor, search, arrest, detain and terrorize Black Africans - runaway, enslaved or free - in order to punish and return slaves to their masters. Slave patrols' practice of stopping and searching free and enslaved Black people was a predecessor to stop-and-frisk. Once slavery ended, the slave patrols and their practices morphed into Southern police departments.
In Northern cities, the main purposes of US police were maintaining social control of "dangerous" people seen as prone to disorderly, violent or immoral behavior (immigrants, the homeless, African Americans, Native Americans) and suppressing labor uprisings. Social control - via order-maintenance policing - and political repression remain key components of US policing to this day.
Known in Baltimore as "rough rides" or "nickel rides" - and "joy rides" or other names in other regions - the form of violence that Freddie Gray experienced occurs when police vans are intentionally driven in a way that causes pain or injury to unbuckled but handcuffed detainees. Numerous people and their families have sued the City of Baltimore and received payouts for receiving injuries during police van rides. "The most sensational case in Baltimore," according to The Baltimore Sun, was that of Dondi Johnson Sr., a 43-year-old plumber "who was arrested for public urination" in 2005. Johnson "was handcuffed and placed in a transport van in good health. He emerged a quadriplegic," The Sun reported. He died two weeks later of "pneumonia caused by his paralysis."
During a seven-year period ending in 2012, a White police officer killed a Black person nearly twice a week.
Like Gray, Johnson told his doctor that he was not fastened to his seat in the police van when it "made a sharp turn" that sent him "face first" into the van's interior, according to court records obtained by The Sun. The lawsuit quoted in The Sun adds that Johnson was "violently thrown around the back of the vehicle as [police officers] drove in an aggressive fashion, taking turns so as to injure [Johnson] who was helplessly cuffed." After he died, Johnson's family sued and the jury agreed that the police treated him negligently. Their initial $7.4 million award "was eventually reduced to $219,000 by Maryland's Court of Special Appeals because state law caps such payouts," according to The Sun.
In 1997, Jeffrey Alston was paralyzed from the neck down in a Baltimore police van after he was arrested. Seven years later, in 2004, he sued and was awarded $39 million by a jury. However, he and the City settled for $6 million. The Sun also mentioned, "In settlements, the city generally does not acknowledge liability; the officers involved in the case did not face disciplinary actions."
Black people and other people of color are disproportionately killed by police officers in Baltimore and throughout the country. Social science studies have shown that people, including police officers, are more likely to shoot Black suspects than White suspects. In fact, unarmed Black suspects in those simulations were more likely to be shot than armed White suspects. Since there is no national database on police killings, this means a variety of sources, such as independent press or organizations, have had to document the killings themselves. The FBI does collect data on police killings, but they are based on information volunteered by police departments. Thus, the FBI's information, as with other sources, is incomplete. While each source on police killings is incomplete, put together, they reveal stark racial disparities in police-involved shootings.
The Malcolm X Grassroots Movement estimated that police officers, vigilantes and other members of law enforcement kill a Black person every 28 hours. A December 2014 ProPublica analysis of FBI data on police killings revealed that young Black males are 21 times more likely to be fatally shot by police than young White males. Looking back on FBI data from 1980 to 2012, ProPublica's analysis found that more than half of police shooting victims were nonwhite. FBI data on police killings obtained by Vox shows that of the 426 people killed by police in 2012, 46 percent were White, 12 percent were Latino and 39 percent were Black. Additional FBI data also reveals that, on average, police kill 400 people a year. During a seven-year period ending in 2012, a White police officer killed a Black person nearly twice a week.
Throughout Maryland, 109 people died in police encounters between 2010 and 2014, according to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Of those, 69 percent were Black - even though Maryland's Black population is 29 percent - and 41 percent were unarmed.
The US Carceral State
The United States has the world's largest prison population with more than 2.4 million people - mostly people of color - behind bars. Black men are six times more likely to be incarcerated than White men. One in every three Black men can expect to go to prison in their lives compared to one in every 17 White males. And in the education system, Black students are suspended more often and disciplined more harshly than White students.
The typical justification for this situation is something along the lines of, "Well, Black people commit more crime!" Not quite. Most Black people do not commit any crime. The ones who do commit crime, especially violent crime, represent a small minority of the community. People will often point to arrest statistics to argue that Black people commit more crime but that is a flawed measurement. Not everyone who commits a crime gets arrested. Arrest statistics only count who goes through the criminal legal system - which are often people of color - not who actually commits a crime. Communities of color are also more heavily policed than White communities, which means people of color are more likely to be arrested and show up in crime statistics than White people.
Crime throughout the country is at its lowest point in decades. So-called "Black-on-Black" crime is also at its lowest point in years and decreasing faster than "White-on-White" crime, according to a Demos study. It's important to note that crime is committed by all races and most crime is intraracial.
Mainstream discourse on "crime" leaves out crimes committed by the US government and large corporations.
Moreover, the discourse on crime is deeply racialized and politicized. Many White males have committed mass shootings and other egregious crimes, such as James Eagan Holmes, the shooter who killed 12 people and injured 70 others in an Aurora, Colorado, movie theater. Yet, White men are not collectively blamed for those acts nor criminalized like Black people are after an act of violence or criminality is committed by a Black person.
Plus, mainstream discourse on "crime" leaves out crimes committed by the US government and large corporations. For example, the FBI's national database on crime - the standard-bearer for measuring crime rates in the country - focuses on individual crime that occurs in communities but largely discounts crimes of the powerful, such as aggressive war, torture, human rights abuses, violations of international law and constitutional rights, economic plunder, money laundering, and various forms of corporate crime and malfeasance. These crimes inflict greater harm on larger numbers of people than day-to-day crime committed by individuals.
African Americans have been hit with the brunt of the so-called war on drugs. Black and White people use drugs at similar rates and White people are more likely to deal drugs than Black people. However, African Americans are more likely to be arrested and locked up for drug offenses than White people.
Moreover, the US government plays a role in fueling the international drug economy and bringing drugs into the country. During the 1980s, the US-backed Contras in Nicaragua - a right-wing guerrilla force that was trained, armed and funded by the CIA - funneled cocaine from South America into the United States in order to raise money for their war against the left-wing Sandinista government. Many Contra fighters were drug dealers, even while they were on the CIA's payroll. This helped fuel the infamous crack epidemic that destroyed many Black inner-city communities, such as South Central Los Angeles, through increased crime and gang violence. Thus, Black people are blamed for a so-called drug problem that is not of their making.
What happened in Baltimore is not an isolated incident. Ever since the protests against the police killing of unarmed Black teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson in August 2014, a vibrant social movement has been growing, with interlinked protests and organizing efforts against police brutality, institutional racism and mass incarceration accelerating around the country.
The movement's momentum has taken many people, including myself, by surprise. In November 2014, I covered a protest in Oakland during the day of the Ferguson grand jury verdict in the Michael Brown case. Like so many protests, I expected this one to be a gathering of a hundred or so people to be angry for about an hour and then leave right after. But this protest was far different. After the grand jury refused to indict Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson for fatally shooting Brown, hundreds of people gathered in Oakland to protest the decision. The protest grew so large that it wound up taking over one of the Bay Area's major highways.
It will take a lot more than a commission to halt police brutality and eliminate institutional racism.
The anger - not only at the verdict, but also at the system - was palpable in the crowd, which included many young people. Marissa Johnson, a freshman at University of California, Berkeley, told Truthout, "The fact that Darren Wilson was not indicted is just preposterous to me and I just felt like I needed to do something about it. I couldn't just sit around and see another White man being let go for killing one of our brothers." Johnson also wasn't surprised with the grand jury verdict. Solomon Kamara, also a UC Berkeley freshman, simply said, "I'm doing this because he [Michael Brown] could've been me."
One protester, a Berkeley resident who declined to be named but preferred to be called "Lucy," said, "As a person of color [Mexican-American], it's my duty to come out here. And just show that I don't support that there was no indictment of Darren Wilson and to show that Black lives do matter." However, Lucy added, "I feel like even if there was an indictment, there would still not be justice because there's an ongoing war on Black people in America." It seemed that people had reached a tipping point.
The protests in Baltimore are not separate from this movement. In fact, the founders of the Black Lives Matter movement announced their solidarity with protesters in Baltimore and referred to the national movement against racist police brutality as an "uprising."
On May Day (May 1), longshore workers, labor leaders, families of police brutality victims and hundreds of people shut down the Port of Oakland to protest police brutality. There were several similar protests throughout the country as well. A recent poll found that 96 percent of Americans expect what happened in Baltimore to happen in the upcoming summer months.
The Baltimore uprising has also forced members of the ruling political class to respond. After the uprising, Maryland state attorney Marilyn Mosby charged the six officers who arrested Gray for their role in his death. Admitting that the uprising forced her response, she told the protesters, "To the people of Baltimore and the demonstrators across America: I heard your call for 'No justice, no peace.'" (Of course, charging the six officers is actually Mosby's job; the response was significant, but should not be considered a particularly progressive step.)
The Baltimore uprising shows that many people, especially African Americans, have reached a tipping point.
Additionally, Sen. Gary Peters (D-Michigan) introduced a bill that would establish a commission of experts to issue recommendations for reform of the criminal legal system. According to The Huffington Post, the bill would have Congress and the president "appoint 14 experts in law enforcement, civil liberties, victims rights and other areas to review the criminal justice system. The group would have 18 months to issue recommendations aimed at increasing public safety and improving relations between communities and law enforcement."
However, it will take a lot more than a commission (or a vaguely encouraging sign from an official) to halt police brutality and eliminate institutional racism within the criminal legal system.
Responding to a question about the Baltimore uprising, President Barack Obama condemned the looting, but also acknowledged that decades-long poverty, economic inequality and police corruption were grievances behind the unrest. While looting did occur, President Obama's reference to it as "violence" is misplaced. The real violence came from Baltimore police - not the protesters.
Former President Bill Clinton called for an end to mass incarceration in the aftermath of the Baltimore uprising. He admitted that his policies put "too many people in prison and for too long" and "overshot the mark." Clinton's policies greatly expanded the prison system during the 1990s. His 1994 crime bill built more prisons, expanded police forces and allowed states to implement longer and harsher sentences. As first lady, Hillary Clinton lobbied for her husband's bill.
Like Bill, Hillary, who is now running for president, is singing a different tune. In a recent speech, Hillary also called for ending an "era of mass incarceration" but said little in terms of policy proposals, aside from advocating for body cameras in every police department. However, a recent Fusion investigation found that body cameras, rather than providing a means for police accountability, "usually serve police more than citizens charging misconduct." The "key problem" is "officers control the record button. They decide when to turn on and off the cameras and have little to fear when violating department policies about recording."
What happened in Baltimore is not one, isolated riot.
The Baltimore uprising, along with the protests in Ferguson and beyond over the past few months, show that many people, especially African Americans, have reached a tipping point when it comes to routine police brutality. The issue of property destruction is somewhat beside the point. Property destruction occurs very often in moments of social upheaval. In fact, property destruction and violent confrontations with police occurred during the 2010-2011 Arab uprisings but the mainstream media still sympathized with the protesters - contrary to how the same press routinely condemns protests in the United States that have even a small instance of property damage. When people - whether in the Arab world or Black America - are oppressed by systematic violence and economic depravation for generations, it is inevitable that they will erupt in chaotic anger. So to issue moral judgments on whether property damage during moments of social upheaval are good or bad achieves very little.
What happened in Baltimore is not one, isolated riot. It is part of a massive uprising against systemic police brutality in the United States. Thus, it is not unreasonable for 96 percent of Americans to expect more Baltimore-like uprisings to occur this coming summer.
Given that the kind of institutional racism embedded within the policing and judicial systems is rooted in generations of slavery and oppression, it will take far more than police body cameras, commissions and statements by political leaders to uproot it. Throughout history, social movements have proven that they have the ability to force radical political and social change during times when status quo politics cannot do it. The Black Lives Matter movement is one of them.
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New Environmental Education Initiative Could Become National Model
By Andrea Moran, CBF Staff
Seining is one activity students may experience on a CBF education experience. CBF is planning an exciting new educational partnership with Virginia Beach Public Schools.
Photo credit: Andrea Moran/CBF Staff
Chesapeake Bay education may get propelled to an exciting new level in the near future. The Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF)'s widely acclaimed education department is expanding its partnership with the Virginia Beach City Public Schools (VBCPS) to launch an environmental literacy program that would reach all Virginia Beach students in core science classes. With 70,000 students, Virginia Beach has the third largest school system in the state. Rather than providing an experience that select students benefit from, under the new program, every student in particular grades in the Virginia Beach public school system would receive high-quality, high-impact watershed experiences every year, year after year, because it would be part of the science curricula.
The Virginia Beach Systemic Environmental Literacy Program (VBSELP) will enable CBF and VBCPS to enhance a 20-year partnership that has the potential to be nothing short of transformative. It would also create a model for school systems throughout Virginia, the Bay watershed, and the nation. The partnership would ensure that every graduate gains a strong understanding of the local environment and the human impact on it.
Says CBF President Will Baker, "We have a dream of widespread environmental literacy. We've done so much but we're hardly finished. With this new initiative we will look back in five years at what we've started today, and know that we really can make the world a better place by getting kids excited about the environment."
Dr. James Merrill of VBCPS says the program is important because "[t]o get students ready to enter the world, we must teach them how finite our resources are, and teach them about sustainability."
The program will expand partnerships with local environmental organizations such as CBF, the Elizabeth River Project, Lynnhaven River Now, Oyster Reef Keepers of Virginia, the Virginia Aquarium and Marine Science Center, and First Landing State Park.
A key component of the environmental education plan is teacher training, based on CBF's successful experience of more than 30 years. The new initiative would establish lead teachers at each secondary school and have other trained teachers develop and design model research and service projects for middle and high schools. Each participating teacher would have a portfolio of research projects which would be assessed annually for effectiveness.
VBCPS has identified sustainability and global awareness as essential twenty-first-century skills in its strategic plan. And Lynnhaven River Now's Karen Forget says "this proposed program will also help us enhance our goal for Virginia Beach schools to have zero runoff while developing curriculum on school property that enhances buffers, builds rain gardens, etc."
The proposed program in Virginia Beach also complements the national No Child Left Inside movement which CBF and hundreds of other outdoor and environmental organizations are advocating.
CBF recently received notice that a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Bay Watershed Education and Training (B-WET) grant needed to fund the Virginia Beach initiative had been approved. However, NOAA's budget cannot be finalized until the federal budget is resolved. CBF and VBCPS are committed to finding a way to make this exciting project a reality.
The VBSELP was presented last month at CBF's annual education conference, which was held in Virginia Beach.
These key players gave the plan enthusiastic praise:
Joe Burnsworth, Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction, Virginia Beach City Public Schools: "This is going to create an enormous change in our school system and give every student the same opportunity. This is for the long-term, not just a one-day experience. Each student will have a portfolio of research and problem-solving work, which will be reviewed to assess success. We know we'll see results because it's going to be embedded into the learning experience."
Charles W. "Wick" Moorman, Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer, Norfolk Southern Corporation: "Norfolk Southern has a responsibility to the communities we serve. Part of that responsibility is to help strengthen the education systems of those communities, many of which do an inadequate job of environmental education. By working with CBF to enhance environmental education, we'll ensure that students today will be a better workforce and better citizens tomorrow."
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A recent series of genetic studies has revealed tantalizing hints of the origin of the human species. What’s more, these new discoveries would seem to lend support to the ancient history of the human race as outlined by the book of Genesis.
Thanks to these and earlier studies of human genetics, scientists now know that the human race had a single point of origin and then spread out from there. One of the most recent of these studies was completed in December 2007, when a group of anthropologists and geneticists examined 3.9 million DNA sequences from 270 people belonging to four human populations around the globe. According to Gregory Cochran of the University of Utah, a member of the team, the study indicates that genetic variation among humans increased rapidly as they spread out from their point of origin and became agriculturalists (Biello 2007: 30).
Another discovery made by this spate of recent studies is that the human race as we know it is much younger than scientists had previously postulated. Geneticist Noah Rosenberg of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, who participated in a comprehensive study of human genetic variation published in the February 2008 issue of the prestigious journal Nature, concluded from his studies:
We are a young species. Different human populations have not been separated for long enough periods of time to develop their own new alleles [different forms of the same genes] (ibid.).
After quoting Prof. Rosenberg, the June 2008 issue of Scientific American reported:
Many geneticists therefore express doubt that genes have evolved very much in the relatively short span of human existence in all parts of the planet (ibid.).
There is another fact to be gleaned from these new discoveries, one that lends plausibility to the Genesis scenario of a sudden choking off of almost the entire human species, to be followed by a worldwide expansion. Scientific American reported:
Instead of [human] evolution working on a relatively small number of genes to actively promote functional adaptations—a process known as positive selection—"the alternative is a demographic factor, which is a bottleneck," explains geneticist Marcus Feldman of Stanford University. A bottleneck describes the rise of a new population from a few individuals. Feldman participated in a study of DNA samples from 938 people in 51 different populations, finding evidence for the alternative explanation in declining DNA sequence (haplotype) variation with increasing distance from Africa. The work appeared in [the journal] Science in February (ibid. 31).
A relatively young human species, a single point of origin, a sudden reduction of the human population to a small number of individuals, followed by a spreading out these individuals from their point of origin to become agriculturalists all across the globe—all these scenarios reflect the basic outline of the early history of the human race as described in the book of Genesis.
Biello, D. 2008. “Need for Speed?” Scientific American 298, no. 6.
Recommended Resources for Further Study
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Maria has been a teacher for 35 years. Teaching fills her life and gives her a sense of accomplishment, but recently she has begun to forget details and has become more and more disorganized. At first, she laughed it off, but her memory problems have worsened.
Her family and friends have been sympathetic but are not sure what to do. Parents and school administrators are worried about Maria’s performance in the classroom.
The principal has suggested she see a doctor. Maria is angry with herself and frustrated, and she wonders whether these problems are signs of Alzheimer’s disease or just forgetfulness that comes with getting older.
Many people worry about becoming forgetful. They think forgetfulness is the first sign of Alzheimer’s disease. Over the past few years, scientists have learned a lot about memory and why some kinds of memory problems are serious but others are not.
Age-Related Changes In Memory
Forgetfulness can be a normal part of aging. As people get older, changes occur in all parts of the body, including the brain. As a result, some people may notice that it takes longer to learn new things, they don’t remember information as well as they did, or they lose things like their glasses. These usually are signs of mild forgetfulness, not serious memory problems.
Some older adults also find that they don’t do as well as younger people on complex memory or learning tests. Scientists have found, though, that given enough time, healthy older people can do as well as younger people do on these tests. In fact, as they age, healthy adults usually improve in areas of mental ability such as vocabulary.
Keeping Your Memory Sharp
People with some forgetfulness can use a variety of techniques that may help them stay healthy and maintain their memory and mental skills. Here are some tips that can help:
- Plan tasks, make “to do” lists, and use memory aids like notes and calendars. Some people find they remember things better if they mentally connect them to other meaningful things, such as a familiar name, song, book, or TV show.
- Develop interests or hobbies and stay involved in activities that can help both the mind and body.
- Engage in physical activity and exercise. Several studies have associated exercise (such as walking) with better brain function, although more research is needed to say for sure whether exercise can help to maintain brain function or prevent or delay symptoms of Alzheimer’s.
- Limit alcohol use. Although some studies suggest that moderate alcohol use has health benefits, heavy or binge drinking over time can cause memory loss and permanent brain damage.
- Find activities, such as exercise or a hobby, to relieve feelings of stress, anxiety, or depression. If these feelings last for a long time, talk with your doctor.
Other Causes Of Memory Loss
Some memory problems are related to health issues that may be treatable. For example, medication side effects, vitamin B12 deficiency, chronic alcoholism, tumors or infections in the brain, or blood clots in the brain can cause memory loss or possibly dementia (see more on dementia, below). Some thyroid, kidney, or liver disorders also can lead to memory loss. A doctor should treat serious medical conditions like these as soon as possible.
Emotional problems, such as stress, anxiety, or depression, can make a person more forgetful and can be mistaken for dementia. For instance, someone who has recently retired or who is coping with the death of a spouse, relative, or friend may feel sad, lonely, worried, or bored. Trying to deal with these life changes leaves some people confused or forgetful.
The confusion and forgetfulness caused by emotions usually are temporary and go away when the feelings fade. The emotional problems can be eased by supportive friends and family, but if these feelings last for a long time, it is important to get help from a doctor or counselor. Treatment may include counseling, medication, or both.
More Serious Memory Problems
For some older people, memory problems are a sign of a serious problem, such as mild cognitive impairment or dementia. People who are worried about memory problems should see a doctor. The doctor might conduct or order a thorough physical and mental health evaluation to reach a diagnosis. Often, these evaluations are conducted by a neurologist, a physician who specializes in problems related to the brain and central nervous system.
A complete medical exam for memory loss should review the person’s medical history, including the use of prescription and over-the-counter medicines, diet, past medical problems, and general health. A correct diagnosis depends on accurate details, so in addition to talking with the patient, the doctor might ask a family member, caregiver, or close friend for information.
Blood and urine tests can help the doctor find the cause of the memory problems or dementia. The doctor also might do tests for memory loss and test the person’s problem-solving and language abilities. A computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan may help rule out some causes of the memory problems.
Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Some people with memory problems have a condition called amnestic mild cognitive impairment, or amnestic MCI. People with this condition have more memory problems than normal for people their age, but their symptoms are not as severe as those of Alzheimer’s disease, and they are able to carry out their normal daily activities.
Signs of MCI include misplacing things often, forgetting to go to important events and appointments, and having trouble coming up with desired words. Family and friends may notice memory lapses, and the person with MCI may worry about losing his or her memory. These worries may prompt the person to see a doctor for diagnosis.
Researchers have found that more people with MCI than those without it go on to develop Alzheimer’s within a certain timeframe. However, not everyone who has MCI develops Alzheimer’s disease. Studies are underway to learn why some people with MCI progress to Alzheimer’s and others do not.
There currently is no standard treatment for MCI. Typically, the doctor will regularly monitor and test a person diagnosed with MCI to detect any changes in memory and thinking skills over time. There are no medications approved for use for MCI.
Dementia. Dementia is the loss of thinking, memory, and reasoning skills to such an extent that it seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities. Dementia is not a disease itself but a group of symptoms caused by certain diseases or conditions such as Alzheimer’s. People with dementia lose their mental abilities at different rates.
Symptoms may include:
- Being unable to remember things
- Asking the same question or repeating the same story over and over
- Becoming lost in familiar places
- Being unable to follow directions
- Getting disoriented about time, people, and places
- Neglecting personal safety, hygiene, and nutrition
Two of the most common forms of dementia in older people are Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. These types of dementia cannot be cured at present.
In Alzheimer’s disease, changes to nerve cells in certain parts of the brain result in the death of a large number of cells. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s begin slowly and worsen steadily as damage to nerve cells spreads throughout the brain. As time goes by, forgetfulness gives way to serious problems with thinking, judgment, recognizing family and friends, and the ability to perform daily activities like driving a car or handling money. Eventually, the person needs total care.
In vascular dementia, a series of strokes or changes in the brain’s blood supply leads to the death of brain tissue. Symptoms of vascular dementia can vary but usually begin suddenly, depending on where in the brain the strokes occurred and how severe they were. The person’s memory, language, reasoning, and coordination may be affected. Mood and personality changes are common as well.
It’s not possible to reverse damage already caused by a stroke, so it’s very important to get medical care right away if someone has signs of a stroke. It’s also important to take steps to prevent further strokes, which worsen vascular dementia symptoms. Some people have both Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia.
Treatment For Dementia
A person with dementia should be under a doctor’s care. The doctor might be a neurologist, family doctor, internist, geriatrician, or psychiatrist. He or she can treat the patient’s physical and behavioral problems (such as aggression, agitation, or wandering) and answer the many questions that the person or family may have.
People with dementia caused by Alzheimer’s disease may be treated with medications. Four medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat Alzheimer’s. Donepezil (Aricept®), rivastigmine (Exelon®), and galantamine (Razadyne®) are used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer’s (donepezil has been approved to treat severe Alzheimer’s as well). Memantine (Namenda®) is used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer’s. These drugs may help maintain thinking, memory, and speaking skills, and may lessen certain behavioral problems for a few months to a few years in some people. However, they don’t stop Alzheimer’s disease from progressing. Studies are underway to investigate medications to slow cognitive decline and to prevent the development of Alzheimer’s.
People with vascular dementia should take steps to prevent further strokes. These steps include controlling high blood pressure, monitoring and treating high blood cholesterol and diabetes, and not smoking. Studies are underway to develop medicines to reduce the severity of memory and thinking problems that come with vascular dementia. Other studies are looking at the effects of drugs to relieve certain symptoms of this type of dementia.
Family members and friends can help people in the early stages of dementia to continue their daily routines, physical activities, and social contacts. People with dementia should be kept up to date about the details of their lives, such as the time of day, where they live, and what is happening at home or in the world. Memory aids may help. Some families find that a big calendar, a list of daily plans, notes about simple safety measures, and written directions describing how to use common household items are useful aids.
What You Can Do
If you’re concerned that you or someone you know has a serious memory problem, talk with your doctor. He or she may be able to diagnose the problem or refer you to a specialist in neurology or geriatric psychiatry. Healthcare professionals who specialize in Alzheimer’s can recommend ways to manage the problem or suggest treatment or services that might help. More information is available from the organizations listed below.
People with Alzheimer’s disease, MCI, or a family history of Alzheimer’s, and healthy people with no memory problems and no family history of Alzheimer’s may be able to take part in clinical trials. Participating in clinical trials is an effective way to help in the fight against Alzheimer’s. To find out more about clinical trials, call the Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center toll-free at 1-800-438-4380 or visit the ADEAR Center website at www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers. More information is available at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
For More Information
Here are some helpful resources:
Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center
P.O. Box 8250
Silver Spring, MD 20907-8250
The National Institute on Aging’s ADEAR Center offers information and publications in English and Spanish for families, caregivers, and professionals on diagnosis, treatment, patient care, caregiver needs, long-term care, education and training, and research related to Alzheimer’s disease.
225 North Michigan Avenue, Floor 17
Chicago, IL 60601-7633
National Library of Medicine
For more information on health and aging, contact:
To sign up for regular email alerts about new publications and other information from the NIA, go to www.nia.nih.gov/health.
Visit www.nihseniorhealth.gov, a senior-friendly website from the National Institute on Aging and the National Library of Medicine. This website has health information for older adults. Special features make it simple to use. For example, you can click on a button to have the text read out loud or to make the type larger.
National Institute on Aging
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Technology is now a central part of children’s lives: TV, DVDs, computer games, the internet, social media networks, and mobile phones all make for a vast array of constant activity. There is no escaping it—digital devices are everywhere and they are an integral part of social activities, education, and leisure time. However, I would argue it’s equally important for this generation of children to experience the varieties of life, and to promote this I supply 21 practical ideas for entertaining, and educating, kids without the use of technological wizardry.
1. Paper Airplanes
To get things rolling, we have the legendary process of making sheets of paper fly. Paper airplane-making sessions can start with simple dart designs, and then encourage your children to develop their design skills; folding the nose tip adjusts weight and momentum, experimenting with flaps on the wings to add lift, and change direction and trying out different airplane designs.
Although paper airplane-making offers a huge amount of fun, it also introduces the principles of aerodynamics and develops design and craft skills.
2. Science Experiment #1: Mouldy Bread!
Science experiments at their most basic can be great fun, and educational. For this simple experiment you will need sliced bread, sealable sandwich bags, locations with different conditions in which you can leave the bread, and a magnifying glass. This experiment also requires around ten days for a proper investigation.
For the first stage, get the kids to place single slices of bread into sandwich bags, seal the bags, and then find places to store them where they will not be disturbed. These areas should provide a variety of conditions: warm and cold, light and dark, dry and moist, indoors and outdoors. Once left, the children should check the state of their bread samples at regular intervals over the course of ten days, studying them with the magnifying glass and noting the presence of mould and the different conditions that encourage its growth. The bags should remain sealed. The results they find can form the basis of a conversation about why mould grows, what microbes are, which conditions are best for mould to grow in, why we refrigerate food, and other related issues.
It should be noted some people are allergic to mould, so get your children to wear protective gloves and masks when studying the bread, never allow them to have direct contact with the mould, and dispose of the samples at the end of the investigation.
3. Write a Story
This is one of the simplest tech-free ways to entertain your children. It’s a simple process that promotes creativity and inspiration—vital activities for young, developing minds.
4. Perform a Play
Holding an impromptu play is a terrific way to entertain children. You can use favourite toys to create characters, include the family pets as additional support, and generally make sure you have a fun, silly time of it. The play could be anything from a simple monologue to more elaborate productions that would encourage further creativity, such as script-writing, set-building, making costumes, singing songs, and dancing.
5. Make Maps
Cartography is a lot of fun and also helps develop a child’s spatial awareness. Drawing maps of the layouts of their bedroom, or the house, can begin with pacing out the lengths of walls and where things are located in relation to each other. Larger-scale maps could include routes to school, where friends live, and the local town and countryside. A world map would also be worthwhile, allowing a child to understand the scale of the Earth. It doesn’t have to be so serious, of course, as imaginary places (such as treasure maps) can a tremendous sourse of creative fun.
6. Tie-Dye Clothing
For this activity you will need clothing dye, freshly washed and dried t-shirts, rubber gloves, a large washing up bowl or bucket, and elastic bands or string.
Use the elastic bands or string to fold, knot, and tie the clothing item: the way it is tied determines which parts will be exposed to the dye and coloured. Wearing the rubber gloves, mix up the dye with water according to the dye manufacturer’s instructions and submerge the clothing item for the recommended amount of time. Remove the item and allow it to dry for 24 hours, and then wash. Once finished you’ll have a very lively piece of clothing!
7. Science Experiment #2: Make a Sundial
This is an outdoor activity that requires the ever-useful Sun, a clock, a compass, and a stick. Push the stick into the ground, angled towards north on the compass. Use the clock to mark where the stick’s shadow is at the passing of every hour. Now you can use these marks to tell the time on any day when there is enough sunlight to cast a shadow. This is a handy reminder to any child of our ancient ancestors’ lack of access to digital clocks!
8. Science Experiment #3: Build a Rain Gauge
This is a meteorological technique that measures rainfall—if everyone’s stuck inside thanks to a rainy day, here’s a reason to be creative. All you need is a large flat-bottomed jar, a ruler, and some rain.
Leave the container out in the rain either for the duration of a rain shower; hours, days, or weeks would be fine. Use the ruler to measure to depth of water collected in the container and you have an accurate record of how much rain fell during the specific period of time. It’s a useful way for children to understand the arbitrary happenings of weather.
9. Science Experiment #4: Plant Seeds
This is the perfect way to introduce children to how plants grow. You will need fresh seeds such as sunflower, cress, or pumpkin seeds. Next, find some good quality soil or compost, and a few plant pots. Water, sunlight, and heat will also be handy for this experiment!
Place the soil in the plant pots, plant the seeds in the soil, and place the plant pots on a warm windowsill that receives plenty of sunlight. Keep the soil moist by watering daily. Kids can keep a record of how the seeds germinate and the plants grow, developing an understanding of biology and farming.
Juggling is a fun, and healthy, activity; it can help improve concentration, hand-eye coordination, and overall brain health. The creative and mathematical elements to the skill are also very handy for young, and old, minds alike. You can use Lifehack’s Juggling Guide to learn the basics—practice makes perfect!
This is a cheap, and rewarding, way to promote creativity. From watercolours to acrylic paints, all you need is a sheet of paper and some artistic flair.
12. Chalk Drawings
Every child should enjoy the artistic creativity of drawing with colourful chalks on a local pavement. If this is frowned upon in your community, get a chalk board—there’s no price on creative expression for young ones.
13. Science Experiment #5: Experiment With Static Electricity
This activity is great fun, but also introduces children to ideas about how physics works. Here’s what you need: two balloons, a wooly jumper/sweater, an aluminum can, and a head of hair. Once in possession of these, rub the balloons on the wooly jumper and then experiment with trying to push them together—they will resist one another. Next, rub a balloon on your hair and gently lift it away from your head—it should make your hair stand on end! Rub the balloon on your hair again and then, with the aluminum can lying flat on its side on a table, hold the balloon close to the can—it will be pulled towards the balloon.
The kids can try out these experiments and you can explain what is happening: rubbing the balloons creates static electricity. When you rub the balloon on hair or wool it becomes negatively-charged because it has taken some negative particles (called electrons) from the hair or wool, leaving the hair or wool positively charged. The positively-charged hair, or aluminum can, are attracted to the negatively charged balloon. The two negatively charged balloons are not attracted to each other so resist being pushed together.
14. Draw a Family Tree
Children can learn a lot about their history by creating a family tree; they will be able trace distant relatives, learn how much other family members know about the family’s past, and find interesting connections and personal stories. Families are often very complex, but resist the urge to go online for research. Instead, speak to family members and ask them about their memories of relatives. Before long, a family tree will take shape.
15. Scientific Experiment #6: Create an Indoor Volcano
Making an indoor volcano is a real crowd-pleaser, but also has the potential to get very messy, so you need to be prepared. To build your volcano you need a large bowl, an empty 500ml soft drink bottle, a large oven dish, warm water, washing up liquid (dish soap), red food colouring, bicarbonate of soda, vinegar, cooking oil, 850g of plain flour, and 320g salt.
Place the flour and salt in the bowl along with 480ml of water and four tablespoons of cooking oil. Get your kids to use their hands to combine the mixture into a smooth paste.
Stand the empty drinks bottle in the centre of the oven dish and then begin molding the paste around the bottle to form the shape of the volcanic cone with the top of the bottle becoming the volcano’s crater.
When the volcano’s cone-shaped mountain is complete you can unscrew the bottle’s cap and start adding the ingredients for the lava. Pour in warm water until the bottle is about three quarters full, then add six drops of washing up liquid, and a dash of red food colouring. Finally, add two tablespoons of bicarbonate of soda, stand back and watch the eruption begin!
16. Take to the Great Outdoors
Many of these activities have involved being outdoors, but this tech-free suggestion for is to take kids right out into the great outdoors.
There are infinite possibilities for activities to be enjoyed this way: head to local parks (or into your garden) and look for local wildlife; study the weather (or just guess the shapes of clouds), or explore urban landscapes in greater detail. Most cities have park areas, so seek them out and enjoy the relative solitude.
17. Find Pen Pals
A long-forgotten part of growing up is writing letters by hand, even if it’s just to each other or to family. Hold a letter-writing project and take your kids to post them in the nearest mailbox. Even better would be to get a pen pal from abroad; communicating with different cultures can be inspiring for any young mind.
18. Charity Events
Bring out the best in your children by holding charity events and initiatives. Find long-forgotten causes and contribute to them; such activity promotes good moral teachings. As it’s springtime, you could do something fun to raise money, such as opening a lemonade stand.
19. Play Some Retro Games
Classics such as Monopoly and Trivial Pursuit are still great fun to play and promote intelligent thinking, whilst games such as Jenga can provide fun shocks, and Twister will have everyone in hysterics. These games are also useful in promoting social interaction and communication, so dust off your old versions and get playing!
20. Make Sock Puppets
An item as simple as a sock can be a tremendous source of fun to a child’s vivid imagination. Sock puppets, which can easily be made by adding eyeballs and silly bits of wool for hair, immediately become sentient beings with children, and they can even make up a number of characters to form a play (which would be handy for Point 4).
21. Music Lessons
See if you’re in the possession of the latest Mozart by holding regular music lessons. With so much modern music focusing on electronic sounds, going back to music’s roots can inspire and remind children of different cultures and human history. Classical music is believed to have very positive effects on children’s development—Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s compositions in particular. The “Mozart Effect” has been a craze for 20 years, with studies from 1993 showing young people’s reasoning abilities improved after listening to Mozart’s music.
Here’s a list of the top five things to eliminate from your vocabulary NOW if you want your child to grow up to be kind, community-minded, and successful.: 5 Things To Stop Saying to Your Kids and What to Say Instead
Set a goal for yourself
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Difference Between RPC and SOAP
RPC vs SOAP
Communication is of vital importance in any field be it in business, politics, personal relationships, and even in saving lives. Another area where communication proves to be of utmost importance is through a computer network. Without proper communication avenues, a typical service requester and service provider cannot function in full. In the Internet universe, there is a thing called Web Service. This is used for easy communication over a network between two electronic devices. As of now, the most commonly used among web services are RPC (Remote Procedure Call) more popularly called XML-RPC and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol).
To have a better picture of how these two work in the computer world and Internet universe, XML-RPC is a technology created for accessing information over the Internet. A good example is when an XML-RPC message is delivered to the target server. It normally uses HTTP post requests.
Meanwhile, SOAP is a protocol specification that is used for exchanging structured information utilizing Web Services to cater to the implementation within computer networks. A good example on how it functions is that a SOAP message can be delivered to a web-service-enabled web site like in a real estate price database with needed parameters to do a search. In return, the site will go back to an XML-formatted document with the needed data like the prices. The data acquired can now be easily integrated to a third party application or web site because of its machine-parse-able format is already standardized.
Without these two web services, Internet servicing will be very complicated and unruly. However, there are some distinct differences between the two web services.
First, the designs are obviously different. SOAP’s structural architecture has more complexities compared to RPC. It has XML messages that are being transformed by the use on SOAP-Envelope. RPC, on the other hand, uses XML for both encoding and decoding remote procedure calls within its parameters. It has simpler architecture to use compared to SOAP.
Second, in SOAP, the order is irrelevant and the procedures basically take the named parameters. In XML-RPC it is the other way around. The order is relevant and the procedures do not have to take named parameters.
SOAP is considered to be more powerful; having its 1.2 specs fit 44 pages while RPC fits 6 pages.
Another thing to consider is that SOAP is known to be more verbose yet it is oftentimes more capable than RPC. However, in terms of python support, in the standard library, RPC is greatly supported compared to SOAP.
Indeed, web services are functional and play an integral role in the World Wide Web. There may be some criticisms, especially in their designs and complexities, but as long as Internet users still find ways to utilize these services, they will definitely last.
1.SOAP has more complicated designs compared to XML-RPC
2.For XML-RCP, the order is more relevant than the procedure. For SOAP, it is the other way around.
3.SOAP is more powerful in terms of capabilities compared to RPC.
4.RPC, on the other hand, has more python support than that of SOAP.
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Families and ...
Peer relationships are very important to teens. 1) Friendships provide teens with opportunities to develop conflict resolution skills. Teens can learn how to end a fight and still remain friends. 2) Friends provide fun and excitement for teens through companionship and recreation. 3) Friends also give advice to one another. Teens talk through lots of issues and problems with their friends. 4) Loyalty is a valued trait in friendship. Teens are looking for loyal allies that can help them out at school or in their own neighborhood. 5) Friendships also provide stability during times of stress or transition. It is helpful to teens to have a friend who is going through the same situations and can ease the anxieties of the times.
What happens when youth don't have friends? Teens without friends tend to be more lonely and unhappy. They tend to have lower levels of academic achievement and lower self esteem. As they get older, they are more apt to drop out of school and to get involved in delinquent activities.
Friendships change as youth move into their teen years.
As parents, it is important to encourage friendships among teens. However, it is vital to know who your teen's friends are and to communicate openly about changes in peer relationships and friendships with your teens.
Source: Gateway: Parenting Into the Teen Years, Issue 6, University of Illinois Extension.
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Cemeteries are often called "The Cities of the Dead," and nowhere is the term more appropriate than in New Orleans. The soil being low and wet, it is necessary to bury above ground, and, consequently, the cemeteries of this place present the appearance of cities with little white houses, which serve as tombs. As the manner of burial is different from most cities, the cemeteries should be visited by all strangers. In the rear of the city are some graveyards where interments are made in the ground, but, as you cannot dig very deep without striking water such mode of burial is but little used, and then only by the poorer class, who have to dig very shallow graves. The customary way is to bury in tombs of brick or marble, costing from one hundred to one thousand dollars, and in some cases even more. The tombs, which generally consist of two vaults, with a vault below for bones, are well cemented to prevent exhalations from the bodies within, and rigorous laws are enforced to prevent vaults being opened too soon after a burial. The rows of vaults built in tiers are called ovens. After a year or two, if the vault is needed for another person, the coffin, which is of wood, is broken up and burned, and the bones deposited in the vault below, so that, in this manner, many burials can be made in the same tomb during a series of years. Funerals are always attended by friends and acquaintances of the family, as it is considered a mark of respect. One of the first things that strikes the stranger is the little black-bordered funeral invitations on the street corners, the relics of a custom which is derived from the French. In these notices the names of half a dozen families, of near and remote kin, are sometimes mentioned. In former times, these invitations were sent on a silver basket, by a slave to all friends and the omission to send one was considered as a slight. Formerly, when the cemeteries were near the centre of the city, the body was carried, followed by a long procession of priests and friends bearing wax tapers. At each corner the procession would halt and chant prayers for the dead in a most lugubrious tone. Now, the practice is abolished, but it is still the custom for ladies and gentlemen to follow the procession on foot. The black household servants always claim the privilege to follow immediately after the coffin before the family, and it is the custom in the French part of the city for passers-by to *uncover while the procession is passing. (*remove hat)
It is a custom in New Orleans to announce deaths by printing a notice on a double sheet of paper, bordered with black, and to nail these on telegraph poles in the more frequented parts of the town. This practice is confined to the city. It is also a custom to drape the door or gate of the stricken household with crepe, white for the young dead, black for the elderly, and to fasten here also one of the printed notices.
Gentlemen always lift their hats and remain uncovered while a funeral goes by, as a mark of respect for the dead. And this gracious custom is observed in the most crowded marts in the heart of the business day. Catholics invariably lift their hats when passing a church of their faith, and the stranger will observe this done even in the street cars.
It will not do to omit the cemeteries, they are so unlike all other cemeteries of the country. They are simply streets of tombs from ten to fifteen feet high and five to. ten feet in width. All are scrupulously white, whether made of brick and covered with cement and whitewashed, or of marble. Water being so near the surface, no bodies are placed beneath it, but all above.
In addition to family tombs there are tenement blocks of tombs, four tiers or stories high, each space receiving one casket, each block containing fifty or more caskets, and numbered as houses are numbered.
In many of the cemeteries the inscriptions upon tombs are almost
exclusively in French, and sentences similar to the following meet the eye at every turn: "A mon cher epoux," "Dieu seul connait mes regrets," "A
iiotre pere." Here and there may be seen the names of loved children in
groups belonging to one family, as:
AS HAS been repeatedly indicated elsewhere. New Orleans is situated in a marsh. Its greatest natural elevation above the sea level is 10 feet 8 inches, which is artificially increased to 16 feet by the levee on the river bank. Half a mile back from the river the elevation is but little above the sea-level, so that, especially during high stages of the river, a large part of the city is below the natural water line. Strangers are always struck by the singular phenomenon of water running in the gutters away from the river, instead of towards it, as would seem natural. And not only is it necessary to fence out the water that flows past our doors, but the ground upon which we tread is not yet fully redeemed from the dominion of that element, it being impossible to dig three feet without striking water. Under these circumstances it is readily seen that burial, as understood in more elevated localities, is out of the question in New Orleans. The method of interment adopted, therefore, is that of tombs built upon the surface, consisting usually of two vaults, with a lower vault for the reception of bones When it is desired to use the upper chambers a second time. These tombs are built of brick, covered with stucco, of stone, iron or marble. The tombs belonging to societies and benevolent orders are mausoleums of imposing proportions, and often beautified with statues and other ornamental sculptures. The older cemeteries, within the limits of the thickly built portions of the city are enclosed by thick walls, which are honeycombed with vaults called "ovens," each provided with a small arched opening closed with cement and a memorial tablet. These vaults, as well as those built upon the ground, are private property, and are handed down from generation to generation in the same family. The first cemetery in New Orleans, utilized during the days of Bienville, was situated beyond the fortifications to the north of the city, near what is now the comer of Bourbon and Esplanade. Bodies were there buried in the ground.
THE cemeteries of New Orleans are truly cities of the dead. In place of marble and granite slabs set in green lawns or hillsides under trees, one finds closely built-up, walled enclosures filled with oblong house-like tombs, blinding white under the hot southern sun. The deceased reside in the midst of the great living city of their descendants.
Very little is known concerning burial of the dead in Colonial times. Interment was beneath the surface of the ground, and there are no remains of tombs or monuments, or even slabs, bearing a date earlier than 1800, the older graves having disappeared. After 1803 the rapid increase in population, together with the inroads made by yellow fever and cholera, Created a real municipal problem. New cemeteries were established and old ones enlarged to meet the situation. Rigid regulations regarding methods of burial were issued. Interment in the ground was forbidden, and brick tombs were required in all cemeteries, which were enclosed within high brick walls. The recurring epidemics of yellow fever, however, sent so many dead bodies to the cemeteries that these regulations could not always be carried out. At times the burial grounds were so overtaxed that the only possible way of disposing of the dead was to bury them en masse in shallow trenches as on the field of battle. It is estimated that more than 100,000 are buried in the old St. Louis cemeteries on Basin and Claiborne Streets alone.
A graphic picture of the condition of the epidemic in 1853, drawn by Cable in Creoles of Louisiana, describes a lack of gravediggers: Five dollars an hour failed to hire enough of them. Some of the dead went to the tomb still with martial pomp and honors; but the city scavengers, too, with their carts went knocking from house to house asking if there were any to be buried. Long rows of coffins were laid in furrows scarce two feet deep, and hurriedly covered with a few shovels full of earth, which the daily rains washed away, and the whole mass was left, 'filling the air far and near with the most intolerable pestilential odors.' Around the graveyards funeral trains jostled and quarreled for places, in an air reeking with the effluvia of the earlier dead. Many 'fell to work and buried their own dead.' Many sick died in carriages and carts. Many were found dead in their beds, in the stores, in the streets.
The death rate per thousand from 1800 to 1880 in some decades was appalling. The lowest figure was 40.22 from 1860 to 1870, while the highest was 63.55 from 1830 to 1840.
The manner in which rain and water seepage hampered burials is vividly described in DeBow's Review of September 1852: A grave in any of the cemeteries is lower than the adjacent swamps, and from ten to fifteen feet lower than the river, so that it fills speedily with water, requiring to be bailed out before it is fit to receive the coffin, while during heavy rains it is subject to complete inundation. The great Bayou Cemetery (afterwards St. Louis Cemetery No. 3 on Esplanade Avenue) is sometimes so completely inundated that inhumation becomes impossible until after the subsidence of the water; the dead bodies accumulating in the meanwhile. I have watched the bailing out of the grave, the floating of the coffin, and have heard the friends of the deceased deplore this mode of interment.
The method of tomb burial in New Orleans is unusual. The tombs, which usually consist of two vaults, with a crypt below in which the bones are kept, are carefully sealed to prevent the escape of gases from the decaying bodies. Sometimes they are built in tiers, resembling great, thick walls, and are called 'ovens.' After a period of time prescribed by law, the tombs may be opened, the coffins broken and burned, and the remains deposited in the crypts. By this method a single tomb may serve the same family for generations.
The oven vaults line the walls of the cemetery. In some of the graveyards single vaults can be rented for a certain period, after which, if no disposition is made of the remains by relatives when the period expires, the body is removed and buried in some out-of-the-way corner of the graveyard, the coffin destroyed, and the vault rented to some other tenant. This seemingly heartless procedure was the only possible manner of interment in the restricted areas of the old burial grounds. The system is giving way to burial in the ground in the more modern cemeteries where family tombs do not already exist, but although it is quite safe nowadays to bury the dead beneath the ground, many tombs are still built.
There have always been certain exceptions to the practice of tomb burial. In the Hebrew cemeteries burial has always been in the ground, and only marble and granite slabs and monuments are seen. The Potter's Field and Charity Hospital Cemetery, where the unclaimed or destitute poor are buried, present another and quite different appearance. The Charity Hospital Cemetery on Canal Street, for instance, has the appearance of a well-kept green lawn. Close examination, however, discloses the existence of small square stones in rows, flush with the ground and marked with numbers. These stones mark the graves of white persons at the Canal Street entrance and of Negroes at the Banks Street end.
Only a few rows of stone markers are visible, since the entire cemetery has recently been raised about three feet. Underneath the present surface are the forgotten graves of many thousands buried there since the cemetery was established in the 1830's.
In connection with these old cemeteries some interest attaches to the history of the San Antoine Mortuary Chapel. This chapel, now St. Anthony's Italian Church, is situated only a short square distant from the oldest of the cemeteries, at the comer of Rampart and Conti streets. About the same time that the council donated the ground for the new cemetery on Claiborne street, complaints began to be made of the frequency of the performance of funeral ceremonies at the Cathedral, which were no doubt a great interruption to business, the Cathedral being at that time still in the center of the city. In deference to these well-grounded complaints the city granted to the wardens of the Cathedral a piece of ground at the location named above, upon condition of their erecting there a chapel to which the dead might be brought for the last rites of the Church. In compliance with this provision, on the 10th of October, 1826, a cross was set up to mark the site of the altar, and the following morning work was begun on the chapel, which was completed within the year at a cost of $16,000. It was dedicated to the most holy Saint Anthony of Padua, and here for many years were performed the funeral rites of all persons dying in the faith of the Roman Catholic Church. The chapel was included in the list of the property belonging to the Cathedral made at the time the church and all its possessions were transferred to the Archdiocese of New Orleans.
The little church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, at Rampart and Conti Sts., was originally the mortuary chapel where all Catholic funerals were held from 1827 to 1860. Convinced that the dead bodies which were taken into the Saint Louis Cathedral during funerals were a means of spreading disease, the City Council forbade the holding of funerals in the Cathedral after 1827. The mortuary chapel was erected near the cemetery by the wardens of the Cathedral to fill this need. After the Civil War the ban on cathedral funerals was removed and the little chapel became a parish church.
The Cathedral is also the proprietor of a cemetery on Esplanade avenue, the ground for which was acquired by purchase in 1849, and which is known as St. Louis Cemetery No. 3. This cemetery is less crowded than the older ones, and is beautified with trees and flowers. Its acquisition for burial purposes gave rise to a lawsuit, the proprietor of a neighboring piece of land objecting to the opening of a graveyard so near his residence. An injunction was sued out to forbid the continuance of interments, and the case being appealed to the Supreme Court, the judges decided that, so far from being necessarily shocking or offensive to the senses, a cemetery under proper police superintendence, "may be rendered one of the most attractive ornaments of a city," and that, in the court's opinion, "such is the case with those of New Orleans." The injunction was therefore dissolved, and judgment rendered for defendants, with costs in both courts.
A curious little burial ground, with the odd personality of a former sexton clinging to it, is the Louisa Street Cemetery. Pepe Lula, a Spanish swordsman and an expert pistol shot, was sexton here for a great many years, and the fact having become known that he had killed a number of men, the people came to believe that he had established the cemetery for the purpose of burying his victims, and thereafter called the place Pepe Lula's Cemetery, which title still clings to it in the popular mind.
The oldest of the "uptown" cemeteries is known as Lafayette No. 1, and is situated on Washington avenue, between Coliseum and Prytania streets. This is now in the very heart of the choicest residence portion of the city, called the "garden district," from the universal practice of surrounding the dwellings with shade trees, lawns and parterres of flowers; but in 1824, when the square was appropriated as a burial place, it was a thinly populated suburb, a mile or more distant from the upper limit of the corporation, which was then Delord street. For many years up to 1862, in fact, this suburb was known as Lafayette, and was governed by its own mayor and council.
This cemetery resembles those of the lower district already noticed in all essential features, though an improvement upon them in the matter of arrangement, being laid out in regular avenues, and planted with trees. The central avenue is especially noticeable from the double line of magnolia trees from which it takes its appellation - Magnolia avenue.
Lafayette Cemetery No. 2 is also on Washington avenue, much farther out in the direction of the lake, between Saratoga and South Franklin streets. Its area is about equally divided between white and colored people, the tombs of many of the burial societies and benevolent associations of this latter class being located there. Among its most conspicuous monuments are those of the French Society of Jefferson, and of the Butchers' Association.
Many other cemeteries are situated in various parts of the town, and can be visited between sunrise and sunset without cards of admission.
New Orleans, in the early 1900's, had more than thirty cemeteries. The first Colonial cemeteries and some later graveyards such as Locust Grove Cemetery, now the site of the Thorny Lafon Negro school and playground, are no longer in existence. Many of these cemeteries are controlled by church congregations, and several are city property. Almost every one now has a section for Negroes; and there are no exclusively Negro cemeteries.
An Old Spanish document in the Cabildo, dated 1800, and dealing with an auction sale of lots in the old cemetery on Rampart Street 'in front of the Charity Hospital' mentions that shortly after the founding of the city 'the dead were buried on the grounds where later the capitular houses were erected and now stand, and that due to the increase in the population of the city, the said cemetery was transferred to the city block that corners with Bienville and Chartres Streets, being located on the second block coming down from the levee of the river toward the cathedral,' on a plot now bounded by Bienville, Chartres, Conti, and Royal Streets. The cemetery was maintained here until 1743, when it was moved to the ramparts opposite the Charity Hospital of that day, on the square between Toulouse, Burgundy, and St. Peters Streets. In 1788 it was moved beyond the ramparts and a little further south. Basin Street was cut through afterwards and the ground from Rampart to Basin Street detached from the cemetery. Human bones dug up as late as 1900 in this area indicate that it once formed a part of the burial ground. Treme Street (Marais) was cut through in 1838 and the graveyard confined to the river side of the street. The present St. Louis Cemetery No. 1, with the strip on Marais Street, formerly called the American Cemetery, is all that now remains of the original Basin Street burial ground. Soon after 1803 a strip in the rear of the Basin Street cemetery was set aside to serve as a burial place for the Protestants.
As the nature of yellow fever was not understood, every conceivable method of protection was tried. It was felt, for one thing, that contagion spread from the cemeteries, and the City Council carried on a prolonged controversy with the wardens of the Cathedral in an effort to remove St. Louis Cemetery to some other location. In those early days all the ground between Rampart Street and Lake Pontchartrain was a swamp laced with bayous and foul with stagnant water and refuse from the city. Bayou Ridge Road and Bayou Metairie were the highest places. It was decided to leave the old cemetery as it was and establish a new cemetery on Claiborne Avenue reaching from Canal to St. Louis Streets. The square at Canal and Claiborne was afterwards reclaimed. A new Protestant cemetery was also established at the head of Girod Street. The ground later occupied by the City Yard and the Illinois Central Hospital was subsequently detached. Girod Cemetery was in use before 1820, and St. Louis Cemetery No. 2 on Claiborne Avenue dates from 1822. The city found it necessary to establish a pauper burial ground in 1833, and a location on 'Leprous Road' was selected. 'Leper's Land' was the name given to the neighborhood on Galvez Street, between Carondelet Canal and Bayou Road Ridge, because Galvez (1777- 1785) banished the lepers, of whom there was a dangerous number in his day, to that neighborhood, and Miro, his successor (1785-1792), built a house for them there. The new cemetery was situated on the bayou on the present site of St. Louis Cemetery No. 3, and is referred to in old city directories as the Bayou Cemetery.
As the city grew and the yearly epidemics continued, more and more burial grounds were needed. The present group at the head of Canal Street began about 1840, the Fireman's, Cypress Grove, and St. Patrick's being among the first.
The suburban towns of the period above New Orleans, which were afterwards absorbed into the city, also had their cemeteries. Lafayette Cemetery No. 1, at Washington Avenue and Prytania Street, was the first planned cemetery in New Orleans, the lanes being laid out in symmetrical order and provision made for driveways for funeral processions.
The first Jewish cemetery, at Jackson Avenue and Benton (Liberty) Streets, dates from the 1820's. It was closed in 1866, but still exists intact and is well cared for. St. Joseph's, on Washington Avenue and Loyola, was established in 1850. In Bouligny, or Jefferson City, the Soniat Street Cemetery began to be used about 1850, while the Hebrew cemetery of the Congregation Gates of Prayer, farther out in Hurstville (on Joseph Street), was established in 1852. Carrollton Cemetery goes back to the 1830's.
After the Civil War the Metairie race track was turned into a cemetery and has become the finest in the city. The Hebrew cemeteries on Frenchmen Street and Elysian Fields, and St. Roch's also date from this period.
Mark Twain once said that New Orleans had no architecture except that found in its cemeteries. He had the public buildings of the city in mind, and his statement was truer when made in 1875 than it is today. There are many beautiful tombs in the modern cemeteries, especially in Metairie. The material used ranges from the soft, cement-covered brick of early days, found chiefly in the St. Louis Cemeteries, to the finest of marble and granite carved and shaped into many striking and effective designs, and representing outlays of thousands of dollars. All styles and combinations of styles of architecture are to be found Egyptian, Greek, and Gothic. The prevailing color is dazzling white, but striking effects are also secured with gray and red granite. A feature of some of the old tombs in St. Louis Cemetery No. 1 is the use of small wrought-iron fences topped with a cross of the same material enclosing a little space in front of the tomb. Every large tomb has a place for flower vases, and most of the 'oven' vaults have a small shelf for the same purpose, some of which are never without floral offerings. The prevailing design in tombs is a rectangle with a rounded top, but diminutive temples, Gothic cathedrals, and irregular designs of various kinds are to be found in all cemeteries. Many mausoleums erected by societies are scattered through all the burial grounds. Sometimes these are plain square 'beehives', but often they are unusual in design, like the mound tomb of the Army of Tennessee in Metairie, and the Elks' tomb in Greenwood.
Fewer epitaphs are to be found in the New Orleans cemeteries than elsewhere. The large number of people usually buried in a family tomb and the consequent lack of space on the slab make anything more than the name and dates impracticable. Wordings in many different languages are found; French and English, however, are most frequent. Perhaps the outstanding epitaph, at least from the old-fashioned Southern point of view, is the rhetorical tribute to Albert Sidney Johnston by John Dimitry, carved on the rear wall of the vault of the tomb of the Army of Tennessee in Metairie.
The cemetery of St. Vincent de Paul, 1322 Louisa St. (take St. Claude car at Canal and N. Rampart Sts.; get off at Louisa St. and walk two blocks left), is notable because of its connection with Pepe Lula, who is credited with having established it, although it appears that he merely developed it after he became connected with the family who started it. A native of Mahon, Spain, heavily bearded and of striking appearance, he was noted for his swordsmanship, and was said to have been a veteran of more than thirty duels. His prowess in this respect was so great that popular tradition states that he started the cemetery in order to have a convenient place to bury his victims. St. Vincent de Paul's also contains the tombs of Mother Catherine Seals, Negro spiritualist leader, and of Queen Marie of the Gypsies, who died March 19, 1916. The large marble tomb of the latter bears the name 'Boacho' and the legend 'Tomb of the Tinka-Gypsy.' Gypsies are said to make regular visits to the resting-place of their Queen.
There are many Hebrew cemeteries in different sections of the city, while the Masons and Odd Fellows have well-kept burial grounds at the head of Canal St. The three St. Patrick Cemeteries, in which many of the old Irish pioneers are buried, are also on Canal St. The Lafayette Cemeteries No. 1, 1427 Sixth St. and No. 2, Washington Ave. between Loyola and Saratoga Sts. contain tombs of many well-known residents of the old Garden District; St. Joseph's, Washington Ave. and Loyola St., contains the original frame church of St. Mary's Assumption, which was moved there from its original site, when the present brick church was erected. The National Cemetery at Chalmette was laid out in 1865 and contains the graves of more than 12,000 soldiers, almost half of them unknown.
In addition to these there are:
Valence Street Cemetery. Sixth district, size one square, bounded by Valence, Bordeaux, Rampart and Dryades streets.
Carrollton Cemetery. Seventh district, size four squares, bounded by Adams and Lower Line, Seventh and Eighth streets.
St. Joseph Cemetery. Fourth district, size two squares, bounded by Washington avenue, St. David, South Liberty and Sixth streets.
St. Vincent Cemetery Sixth district, size three squares, bounded by St. David, Green and St. Patrick streets.
Locust Grove Cemeteries, Nos. 1 and 2. Fourth district, size one square each, bounded by Locust, Freret, Sixth and Seventh streets. Sometimes called "Potter's Field".
St. Vincent de Paul Cemetery. Third district, size one square, bounded by Louisa, Piety, Villere and Urquhart streets.
Holt's Cemetery. First district, size five to six acres.
Hebrew Cemetery. Elysian Fields, near Gentilly road, size one square.
Hebrew Cemetery. Sixth district, on Joseph street, known as "Hebrew Place of Prayer;" size one square.
German Hungarian Lutheran Cemetery. Canal street, between Anthony and Bernadotte.
Chalmette Cemetery. One mile below Barracks, on river. For Union soldiers.
Verret Cemetery. Sixth district, corner Verret and Market streets.
St. Bartholomew Cemetery. Fifth district, bounded by De Armas, Lassey-rusee, Franklin and Hancock streets.
William Tell Cemetery. Gretna, Tenth street, between Lavoisier and Nerota streets.
NEW ORLEANS CITY GUIDE
NEW ORLEANS AS IT IS, WITH A CORRECT GUIDE TO ALL PLACES OF INTEREST, 1885, By W. E. PEDRICK.
STANDARD HISTORY OF NEW ORLEANS. EDITED BY HENRY RIGHTOR, THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, CHICAGO 1900. CHAPTER X. OLD BURIAL PLACES. BY A. G. DURNO. Outlines of the History of Louisiana, By Hon. James S. Zacharie, Second Vice President of the Louisiana Historical Society, Member of the City Council of New Orleans, 1903.
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Phyllodesmium longicirra Berg, 1905
Phyllodesmium longicirra is probably the largest aeolid in the Indo-Pacific. It may reach lengths exceeding 120 mm. Its golden brown patches in the cerata and on the body attest to the fact that it is one of the solar-powered nudibranchs. These are patches of zooxanthellae, the dinoflagellate algae that are also present in most reef corals and giant clams.
Phyllodesmium longicirra probably gets much of its supplemental nutrition from its zooxanthellae. While it feeds on octocorals, it is most often observed crawling about on sand and rubble bottoms, away from any obvious prey. Many other species of Phyllodesmium also have zooxanthellae, but the association is most highly developed in P.longicirra, where the elaborate branches of the ceratal ducts permit greater surface area for the symbionts.
Phyllodesmium longicirra was originally described from Indonesia by Danish brancher, Rudolf Bergh in 1905 where it was collected during the famous Siboga Expedition which explored much of the Indonesian waters. It has also been found in Australia and New Guinea. It appears to be restricted to the western margin of the Pacific.
The first one I found was tucking under a ledge with just the cerata sticking out. It looked like a soft coral, but when touched, it reacted by shrinking up. The specimen in the above photo was found by my son John on a dive in the Milne Bay Province of PNG. After descending along the anchor chain, we found a wobbegong shark ten feet to the left of the anchor that occupied us for half the dive. While I finished photographing the wobby, John found this nudibranch ten feet to the right of the anchor. It was the least swimming I have ever done on a dive!
Send Mary Jane mail at mjadams@earthlink
California Academy of Sciences
Send Terry mail at [email protected]
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About Alzheimer's Disease
Normal Forgetfulness vs. Memory Impairment
As we age, the process of recalling information slows down. It is normal to experience forgetfulness such as not being able to recall an acquaintance's name or appointments, or not remembering what you wanted in the kitchen once you get there, only to remember it later.
Occasional memory problems may result from stress, distractions, grief, fatigue, poor vision or hearing, use of alcohol, an illness, or trying to remember too many details at once. Clinical depression also may cause poor concentration, sleep disturbance, or other symptoms that lead to forgetfulness in persons who do not have Alzheimer's disease.
What is Dementia?
Dementia is the loss of intellectual functions (such as thinking, remembering and reasoning) of sufficient severity as to interfere with a person's daily functioning. People with dementia experience short-term memory lapses and confusion that are more persistent, more severe, and more disabling than normal forgetting. These memory problems affect performance of everyday activities such as handling finances, doing household chores, and maintaining good hygiene habits.
What is Alzheimer's Disease?
Alzheimer's disease is the most common of the dementia disorders. It is a progressive, degenerative disease that attacks the brain and results in impaired memory, thinking and behavior.
Warning Signs of Alzheimer's Disease
It is important to seek a medical evaluation if you observe these warning signs in a loved one. A complete, comprehensive evaluation is necessary to determine the cause of dementia. Evaluations of this nature make it possible to identify treatable causes such as depression, malnutrition, infections, vitamin deficiency, and allow physicians to be 90% accurate in diagnosing Alzheimer's-type dementia. The only way to be 100% certain of an Alzheimer's diagnosis is to complete an autopsy.
Lee Memory Care, (Lee Memorial Health System)
Mind and Brain Care
|Alvin A. Dubin Alzheimer's Resource Center, Inc. Copyright 2006-2015|
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http://www.alzheimersswfl.org/abtalzheimers.asp
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| 0.899873 | 406 | 3.28125 | 3 |
(GLCs: Click here for grade level guidelines.)
Date(s) Used: Sep. 2002
(from the pulisher) In this story of the hero for whom Mexico is named, children learn of Mexicatl, a young man whose spiritual vision inspires him to lead his people out of the scorching desert to their new homeland.
Discussion topics: To be posted soon ...
|Craft ideas: |
At the end of the book, the author tells us about legends being told by pictographs drawn on deer skins. Take a strip of paper and draw your own story using your own pictographs.
What was the next adventure of Mexicatl and his people? Write it and illustrate.
Make a feather headband and illustrate it from scenes from the book.
*Note: These craft ideas are just suggestions.
You can use them, but you dont have to use them.
You can expand upon them, or add your own twist.
Remember, though, that the focus of your time should
not be on the development and execution of a craft;
the focus should be on the read-aloud and the
enjoyment of the book!
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<urn:uuid:22ac948f-e8c1-4169-abf7-39b4ff6f225d>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://readingtokids.org/Books/BookView.php?pag=3&bookID=00000217
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| 0.931864 | 243 | 4 | 4 |
Date: March 13, 2014
"Congratulations to Jillian on this magnificent national-level accomplishment," said UMass Dartmouth Provost Mohammad Karim. "UMass Dartmouth is committed to supporting its young researchers who are pushing ahead with their search for new knowledge."
In her research, Jillian studied a class of exploding stars known as thermonuclear supernovae. As one of the brightest objects in the cosmos, a supernova in vastly distant galaxies can be seen clearly by astronomers. As it ends its life in an unfathomably large explosion, a supernova releases as much energy over the span of several seconds as the sun does in its entire lifetime.
"Beyond being incredible explosions, supernovae provide a rare and fascinating opportunity for astronomers to understand these cosmological distance markers," said Jillian. "In January, a supernova erupted close to 12 million light years away. It was one of the closest and brightest supernovae in recent history viewable from Earth. However, the stellar conditions of origin for this type of supernova remain a mystery."
Astronomers rely on determining the brightness of supernovae to make accurate distance measurements and develop cosmological maps. In much the same way that one knows a dim candle must be very distant, supernovae are used as "standard candles" to measure distances across the cosmos of millions of light years. Further investigation of supernovae pre and post explosion is required to better understand these cosmic yard sticks and improve upon current measurements.
The double white dwarf model is one of the leading models for a supernova to occur. It consists of two stars in orbit, locked in, spiraling inward together until they merge and go off as a supernova. Jillian and Professor Fisher are using a computer simulation of the first moments following the merger to predict an observable optical and X-ray signature. Current and future telescopic surveys will allow for these pre-explosion images to be compared directly against the predictions to validate the double white dwarf merger model. Determining what causes this type of supernova will likely improve their use as cosmological distance markers.
The relationship between supernovae distances led to the discovery of dark energy, which provides strong evidence of the universe's accelerating expansion. Supernovae are also believed to impact the chemical balance of the universe.
Professor Fisher leads a group of graduate and undergraduate students pursuing several exciting research projects in star formation and supernovae. He consistently engages with and supports graduate and undergraduate students who are interested in theoretical astrophysics and computational physics. Professor Fisher is also a member of UMass Dartmouth's Center for Scientific Computing and Visualization Research, which focuses on computationally-driven research that addresses the pressing needs of modern engineering, mechanics, fluid dynamics, and electromagnetics.
The CUR has hosted the annual undergraduate poster session in Washington, D.C. as a direct way to help members of Congress understand the importance of undergraduate research by talking directly with the students who have benefited immensely from undergraduate programs. The Massachusetts Space Grant Consortium awarded Jillian a NASA grant over the summer to fund her project. After graduation, she intends to continue her studies in graduate school, and to earn a Ph.D. in astrophysics.
UMass Dartmouth's Office of Undergraduate Research (OUR) promotes undergraduate research, supports student-researchers, and disseminates the products of student research. The drive for seeking knowledge, embodied in all members of the UMass Dartmouth community, is a signature component of the university's educational experience and research is the expression of this search. OUR offers awards for the fall and spring semester to help support student research projects. Undergraduate students in any department at UMass Dartmouth, who are engaged in original research under the guidance of a faculty member, are eligible.
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<urn:uuid:fb7914b7-2ed8-4a07-9397-adaae2ef674e>
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http://www1.umassd.edu/communications/articles/showarticles.cfm?a_key=3302
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en
| 0.954097 | 770 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Integrated Pest Management
IPM involves using a combination of methods to control and prevent excessive damage from pests in the garden or farm. Efforts are made to minimize pesticide use but it is not forbidden. If a pesticide is used, it is used knowledgeably.
This means :
Only harmful bugs are hunted and destroyed.
Yes, one must accept that there are beneficial bugs; in fact about 90% of them are beneficial.
After this paradigm shift there is another big leap of faith, encourage the beneficial bugs. Plant weeds for them to make homes on. Learn who they are and which weeds they like. Have tolerance for a certain level of damage from the “bad bugs” – not every “bad bug” must be immediately eradicated. Many “bad bugs” are parasitized by “good bugs” and they need their dinner too.
Show em who is the boss by planting in a time that doesn't work for the problem bugs, beans planted in July don't suffer from the bugs that thrive in June.
When damage exceeds your tolerance only attempt to kill the pests off in a specific manner. Don’t use systemic or long lasting pesticides. Try to find the mildest and shortest acting agent that still does the job. Often this is trapping, hand picking or soap and water sprays.
Incorporate organic matter into the soil. This will help you to grow healthy plants and they can fight their own battles. One of the best ways to do this is to maintain a compost pile but don't compost diseased plant material as this can spread the problem in following years.
For a very user friendly guide go to
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<urn:uuid:7f54ffc5-0372-4d30-9309-0542f9c17ce6>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://everything2.com/title/integrated+pest+management
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en
| 0.952468 | 343 | 3.203125 | 3 |
International Situation Update
Map of International Activity Estimates
(Including 2009 H1N1 Flu)
This report provides an update to the international situation using data collected through February 21, 2010, and reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 26. WHO continues to report laboratory-confirmed 2009 H1N1 flu cases and deaths
on its Web page. These laboratory-confirmed cases represent a substantial underestimation of total cases in the world, as most countries focus surveillance and laboratory testing only on people with severe illness.
Based on FluNet data collected by 32 countries from February 6 - 13, 2010, 48.3% of specimens testing positive for influenza were typed as influenza A and 51.7% as influenza B. In nearly all countries of the world where influenza infection is reported, the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus continues to predominate among all subtyped influenza A viruses. Out of all subtyped influenza A viruses, 90% were 2009 H1N1 positive.
Little flu activity has been reported in the temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere in 2010 to date. In the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus continues to be detected across many countries. However, influenza activity continues to decline or remain low in most countries. In the Americas, both in the tropical and northern temperate regions, 2009 H1N1 continues to circulate at low levels, but overall influenza activity continues to decline or remain low in most places. In tropical regions of Asia, several countries reported an increasing trend of influenza activity, but overall intensity remains low. The most active areas of influenza transmission are currently in parts of South and Southeast Asia and in certain areas of East and Southeastern Europe.
- According to WHO, the majority of 2009 H1N1 influenza isolates tested worldwide remain sensitive to oseltamivir, an antiviral medicine used to treat influenza disease. Among 2009 H1N1 isolates tested worldwide, 253 have been found to be resistant to oseltamivir - 60 of these isolates were detected in the United States.
- Influenza B activity continues to increase in China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China. Hong Kong SAR China has reported increased influenza B activity accounting for 56.1% of all influenza detections, while in China it accounted for 83.5%. In addition to the increasing proportion of influenza type B viruses detected in China, low levels of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) and type B viruses are circulating in parts of Africa and Asia.
- As of February 18, 2010, WHO has published recommendations for the following viruses to be used for influenza vaccines in the 2010-2011 influenza season of the Northern Hemisphere:
- an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
- an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus*;
- a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.
* A/Wisconsin/15/2009 is an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus and is
2010 Southern Hemisphere vaccine virus.
International Resources for 2009 H1N1 Information
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Offices
Travel and 2009 H1N1 Flu
Human cases of 2009 H1N1 flu virus infection have been identified in the United States and several countries around the world. For information on 2009 H1N1 flu and travel, see the CDC H1N1 Flu and Travel website.
Reports and Publications
- White House Report on 2009 H1N1 in the Southern Hemisphere
Issued August 2009 -- This White House report was prepared by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in coordination with the Office of the Director for National Intelligence (ODNI) and the Department of State (Dos) and describes the characteristics and impact of 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus in the Southern Hemisphere.
- ECDC Interim Risk Assessment Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Pandemic
Issued July 30, 2009 -- This document provides an interim risk assessment of novel H1N1 flu in Europe prepared by ECDC.
- World Health Organization Weekly Epidemiological record -- Issued July 24, 2009
This document by WHO provides updates on the international novel H1N1 flu situation.
- MMWR -- Update: Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection -- Mexico, March-May, 2009 -- Issued June 5, 2009 / Vol. 58 / No. 21.
This Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report describes the novel influenza A (H1N1) outbreak in Mexico from March-May, 2009.
- MMWR -- Update: Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infections -- Worldwide, May 6, 2009 -- Issued May 8, 2009 / Vol. 58 / No. 17.
This Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report describes worldwide novel influenza A (H1N1) infections as of May 6, 2009.
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<urn:uuid:c825e685-f0f4-4f06-a4b6-72cd9f88774a>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.thebody.com/content/art54085.html
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en
| 0.898734 | 1,052 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This region of Kansas is the corner of the Ozarks, a hilly and densely forested region that covers a large area in Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The limestone and flint in this region were formed during the Mississippian Period, 350 million years ago. They are the oldest surface rocks in the state.
Two minerals, lead and zinc, were once mined in this area. Rocks were crushed to get the minerals out. The lead and zinc are no longer mined here, but big piles of crushed rock called "chat" were left behind.
Kansas Geological Survey
Updated March 14, 1997
Send comments to [email protected]
The URL for this page is http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Physio/ozark.html
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<urn:uuid:c9f658c5-f729-4f9a-9245-0dd19f0d0c7f>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Physio/ozark.html
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en
| 0.967941 | 163 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Celebrating the pipe organ, the King of Instruments
Opinion is still divided as to whether Bach left Contrapunctus XIV unfinished - the four-part fugue that was to crown Art of Fugue. The long-standing assumption was that Bach died in the midst of composing it, but new theories have arisen in the last few decades to explain its abrupt ending.
One is that Contrapunctus XIV does not really belong to Art of Fugue at all because the principal theme is totally absent. It seems likely, however, that Bach intended to use the principal theme in the missing part of the fugue, and scholars have shown how Bach might have done this.
Another opinion is that Bach probably did finish Contrapunctus XIV but the final manuscript was lost. This is based on differences between Bach’s first manuscript (completed around 1742) and the published edition of 1751. For example, the first edition contains pieces added since the 1742 manuscript (Contrapuncti IV and XIV) for which no original materials exist. [ 2] Did Bach prepare a final definitive manuscript before publishing Art of Fugue in the late 1740s?
A more recent view is that Bach intentionally left Contrapunctus XIV in an “unfinished” form as a musical puzzle - an invitation to other composers to either guess his intentions or come up with their own solutions. Bach and other organists often challenged each other to fugal contests, a sort of “dueling keyboards” in which one organist would begin a fugue and then suddenly hand off to the competitor, who continued and developed the theme. A number of composers have since tried their hand at the game (including Helmut Walcha, Lionel Rogg, and Michael Ferguson, as heard on Pipedreams No.2030).
See Christoph Wolff, “The Last Fugue: Unfinished?”, in Current Musicology, No. 19 (1975), pp. 71-77.
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<urn:uuid:ad4c7a74-3a44-4e96-8380-ec20726ddc08>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://pipedreams.publicradio.org/articles/artoffugue/unfinished.shtml
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.963446 | 416 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text in its argument. The text in the box is in LR mode which prevents it from being broken across lines.
The \makebox command is similar except that it allows you to specify a width which is not necessarily the natural width of the text and also to specify the placement within the box.
An \mbox within math mode does not use the current math font; rather it uses the typeface of the surrounding running text.
The \mbox command is robust.
See also Spaces and Boxes
Return to LaTeX Table of Contents
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<urn:uuid:13f58ca7-de9c-4ff5-8f35-4e31178d9772>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/General/latex/ltx-265.html
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en
| 0.853809 | 126 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Fossils are the remains of ancient life. Often, fossils represent only part of the ancient organism, usually the hard parts. To complicate matters, only some of the hard parts may be exposed along a bedding surface, making it difficult to determine the true shape of the fossil, let alone the organism the fossil represents. In this activity, you will see the effect cutting recognizable objects has on your ability to identify them. It is a lesson in perspective, geometry, and fossils all in one.
Discovery: Look at the fossils in the floor of the William T. Young Library (or other cut stones containing fossils). This can be done during an actual visit, or you can take a virtual trip . How many different shapes can you see? Some are different types of fossils. Many, however, belong to one type of fossil. Many of the circular, U-, and V-shaped fossils represent two-dimensional slices through the same type of fossils. Can you imagine what type of shape the fossil might have in three dimensions? That will help you determine what the fossil is. Try to draw what you imagine the organisms looked like when they were alive, then do the extension activity.Materials: Four apples, four bananas (peeled), cutting board, and knife for cutting fruit
Safety: Using a knife poses the risk of a cut or puncture wound. Handle any sharp object with extreme care. Always cut away from your body. Children should let teachers or parents cut the fruit.
Goal: To show that it can be difficult to determine the three-dimensional appearance of an object from two-dimensional slices through the object.
Follow-up: Pick up a copy of the fact sheet, Fossils at the William T. Young Library , to see the true shapes of the ancient animals whose remains are preserved as fossils in the limestone.
Connections to Kentucky Program of Studies and Core Content for Assessment
Grades Primary–4—Earth/Space Science: Properties of earth materials. Grades 5–7—Life science: Diversity and adaptions of organisms, also Earth/Space Science: Earth's history. Grade 8—Earth/Space Science. Grades 9–12—Earth/Space Science: The formation and ongoing changes of the earth system, also Life Science: Biological change.
Handout by Stephen F. Greb 1 , Kathy Trundle 2 , and Donald R. Chesnut, Jr. 1 , 1 Kentucky Geological Survey, 2 Kentucky Department of Education, University of Kentucky. Created in 1999. Modified and posted to the Internet in 2005.
Fact sheet link is http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/YoungFossils-11.pdf
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<urn:uuid:56de64e7-7aa9-493d-a179-f720ca0b287b>
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http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/fossil_act.htm
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en
| 0.902565 | 547 | 4.5 | 4 |
Engineers at the University of Toronto just made assembling functional heart tissue as easy as fastening your shoes. The team has created a biocompatible scaffold that allows sheets of beating heart cells to snap together just like Velcro™.
“One of the main advantages is the ease of use,” says Professor Milica Radisic (ChemE, IBBME), who led the project. “We can build larger tissue structures immediately before they are needed, and disassemble them just as easily. I don’t know of any other technique that gives this ability.”
Growing heart muscle cells in the lab is nothing new. The problem is that too often, these cells don’t resemble those found in the body. Real heart cells grow in an environment replete with protein scaffolds and support cells that help shape them into long, lean beating machines. In contrast, lab-grown cells often lack these supports, and tend to be amorphous and weak. Radisic and her team focus on engineering artificial environments that more closely imitate what cells see in the body, resulting in tougher, more robust cells.
Two years ago, Radisic and her team invented the Biowire, in which heart cells grew around a silk suture, imitating the way real muscle fibres grow in the heart. “If you think of single fibre as a 1D structure, then the next step is to create a 2D structure and then assemble those into a 3D structure,” says Boyang Zhang a PhD candidate in Radisic’s lab. Zhang and Miles Montgomery, another PhD student in the lab, were co-lead authors on the current work, published today in Science Advances.
Zhang and his colleagues used a special polymer called POMaC to create a 2D mesh for the cells to grow around. It somewhat resembles a honeycomb in shape, except that the holes are not symmetrical, but rather wider in one direction than in another. Critically, this provides a template that causes the cells to line up together. When stimulated with an electrical current, the heart muscle cells contract together, causing the flexible polymer to bend.
Next the team bonded T-shaped posts on top of the honeycomb. When a second sheet is placed above, these posts act like tiny hooks, poking through the holes of honeycomb and clicking into place. The concept the same as the plastic hooks and loops of Velcro™, which itself is based on the burrs that plants use to hitch their seeds to passing animals.
Amazingly, the assembled sheets start to function almost immediately. “As soon as you click them together, they start beating, and when we apply electrical field stimulation, we see that they beat in synchrony,” says Radisic. The team has created layered tissues up to three sheets thick in a variety of configurations, including tiny checkerboards.
The ultimate goal of the project is to create artificial tissue that could be used to repair damaged hearts. The modular nature of the technology should make it easier to customize the graft to each patient. “If you had these little building blocks, you could build the tissue right at the surgery time to be whatever size that you require,” says Radisic. The polymer scaffold itself is biodegradable; within a few months it will gradually break down and be absorbed by the body.
Best of all, the technique is not limited to heart cells. “We use three different cell types in this paper; cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, but conceptually there is really no limitation,” says Radisic. That means that other researchers could use the scaffold to build layered structures that imitate a variety of tissues, livers to lungs. These artificial tissues could be used to test out new drugs in a realistic environment.
Moreover, the ability to assemble and disassemble them at will could enable scientists to get much more detailed information on cell response than is currently possible. “You could take middle layer out, to see what the cells look like,” says Radisic. “Then you could apply a molecule that will cause differentiation or proliferation or whatever you want, to just that layer. Then you could put it back into the tissue, to see how it interacts with the remaining layers.”
The next step is to test how well the system functions in vivo. Radisic and her team are collaborating with medical researchers in order to design implantation experiments that will take the project one step closer to the clinic.
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<urn:uuid:ab75e784-68b5-4130-bde2-6639acaf8e7e>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://news.engineering.utoronto.ca/tissue-velcro/
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en
| 0.955087 | 946 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Carbon dioxide gets most of the climate change press. But methane is a far more potent greenhouse gas. Climate scientists have long studied it as an indicator of CO2 levels and a possible co-conspirator in a number of dramatic extinction events correlated to a sharp increase in global temperatures, most notably the Permian-Triassic event. Recent data suggests there is reason to be concerned:
“Some of the methane and carbon dioxide concentrations we’ve measured have been large, and we’re seeing very different patterns from what models suggest,” Miller said. “We saw large, regional-scale episodic bursts of higher-than-normal carbon dioxide and methane in interior Alaska and across the North Slope during the spring thaw, and they lasted until after the fall refreeze. To cite another example, in July 2012 we saw methane levels over swamps in the Innoko Wilderness that were 650 parts per billion higher than normal background levels. That’s similar to what you might find in a large city.”
Ultimately, the scientists hope their observations will indicate whether an irreversible permafrost tipping point may be near at hand. While scientists don’t yet believe the Arctic has reached that tipping point, no one knows for sure. “We hope CARVE may be able to find that ‘smoking gun,’ if one exists,” Miller said.
In addition to the CO2 this could signal, large stores of methane are locked away in the oceans as methane hydrate and in the Arctic permafrost. If the ambient temperature in those locations were to rise just a bit, some or all of these stores could be released, adding significant momentum to the climate forcing already in progress due to human emissions. For more discussion see FishOutofWater’s diary here.
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<urn:uuid:1f00ffed-f2d6-4515-9bd9-fbecc3f21bd1>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://freethoughtblogs.com/zingularity/2013/06/14/nasa-findsa-high-co2-methane-levels-over-arctic-permafrost/?wpmp_switcher=mobile
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en
| 0.940326 | 375 | 3.453125 | 3 |
That Emily Carr described herself as "a little old woman on the edge of nowhere" is often cited as proof of her low self-confidence and disconnection with the people and movements at the forefront of Canadian art. However, the context in which she said it was ironic. While Carr did indeed harbour feelings of isolation, blaming geography, finances, and her failing health as barriers to her inclusion in what she saw as a burgeoning art scene in the rest of Canada, she overcame this through her determination to grow as a modern artist. Furthermore, her identification as an outsider was belied by the fact that Carr was well-travelled, well-educated, and connected to various cultural figures who supported the realization of her remarkable talent.
Carr triumphed over isolation through her focused drive to contribute significantly to something larger than herself. Part of how she accomplished this was by taking advantage of all that her West Coast location had to offer. While she acknowledged the peripheral location of Victoria, she willingly lived there because she loved it. Indeed, she expressed this sentiment explicitly in her journal when recounting a visit from collector Harold Mortimer Lamb:
"It's a shame to think of you stuck out here in this corner of the world unnoticed and unknown," says he. "It's exactly where I want to be," says I. And it is, too. This is my country. What I want to express is here and I love it. Amen!
(Emily Carr, May 1934).
Her deeply felt spiritual connection with the natural environment and First Nations culture of Vancouver Island speaks to us today through her words and paintings. She immersed herself in the people and landscape, and drew upon both for inspiration and subject matter for her painting that, in the first half of the 20th century, represented some of the most groundbreaking work in British Columbia and Canada. For this, Emily Carr remains a figure of influence in Canada, identified as a pioneer of modernism. She was an artist, writer, and mentor to younger artists. We also recognize her as a visionary, one who imagined and called for what could be possible in the sleepy cultural scene of the Victoria of her day.
View a stunning collection of Emily Carr's artwork in Emily Carr: On the Edge of Nowhere, an ongoing exhibition featuring pieces in all the media and styles she explored and perfected.
See all of Emily Carr's artwork in our online collection:
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<urn:uuid:40703f4b-9549-4360-85d3-b378eaec1d6e>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://aggv.ca/collection/emily-carr
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en
| 0.980546 | 488 | 2.671875 | 3 |
3.3.2 Definition of a stabilization target
Mitigation scenarios explore the feasibility and costs of achieving specified climate change or emissions targets, often in comparison to a corresponding baseline scenario. The specified target itself is an important modelling and policy issue. Because Article 2 of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) states as its objective the ‘stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system’, most long-term mitigation studies have focused their efforts on GHG concentration stabilization scenarios. However, several other climate change targets may be chosen, for example the rate of temperature change, radiative forcing, or climate change impacts (see e.g. Richels et al., 2004; Van Vuuren et al., 2006b; Corfee-Morlot et al., 2005). In general, selecting a climate policy target early in the cause-effect chain of human activities to climate change impacts, such as emissions stabilization, increases the certainty of achieving required reduction measures, while increasing the uncertainty on climate change impacts (see Table 3.4). Selecting a climate target further down the cause-effect chain (e.g. temperature change, or even avoided climate impacts) provides for greater specification of a desired climate target, but decreases certainty of the emission reductions required to reach that target.
Table 3.4: Advantages and disadvantages of using different stabilization targets.
|Target ||Advantages ||Disadvantages |
|Mitigation costs ||Lowest uncertainty on costs. ||Very large uncertainty on global mean temperature increase and impacts. Very large uncertainty on global mean temperature increase and impacts. Either needs a different metric to allow for aggregating different gases (e.g. GWPs) or forfeits opportunity of substitution. |
|Emissions mitigation ||Lower uncertainty on costs. ||Does not allow for substitution among gases, thus losing the opportunity for multi-gas cost reductions. Indirect link to the objective of climate policy (e.g. impacts). |
|Concentrations of different greenhouse gases ||Can be translated relatively easily into emission profiles (reducing uncertainty on costs). ||Allows a wide range of CO2-only stabilization targets due to substitutability between CO2 and non-CO2 emissions. |
|Radiative forcing ||Easy translation to emission targets, thus not including climate sensitivity in costs calculations. Does allow for full flexibility in substitution among gases. Connects well to earlier work on CO2 stabilization. Can be expressed in terms of CO2-eq concentration target, if preferred for communication with policymakers. ||Indirect link to the objective of climate policy (e.g. impacts). |
|Global mean temperature ||Metric is also used to organize impact literature; and as has shown to be a reasonable proxy for impacts ||Large uncertainty on required emissions reduction as result of the uncertainty in climate sensitivity and thus costs. |
|Impacts ||Direct link to objective of climate polices. ||Very large uncertainties in required emission reductions and costs. |
A commonly used target has been the stabilization of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. If more than one GHG is included, most studies use the corresponding target of stabilizing radiative forcing, thereby weighting the concentrations of the different gases by their radiative properties. The advantage of radiative forcing targets over temperature targets is that the consequences for emission trajectories do not depend on climate sensitivity, which adds an important uncertainty. The disadvantage is that a wide range of temperature impacts is possible for each radiative forcing level. By contrast, temperature targets provide a more direct first-order indicator of potential climate change impacts, but are less practical to implement in the real world, because of the uncertainty about the required emissions reductions.
Another approach is to calculate risks or the probability of exceeding particular values of global annual mean temperature rise (see also Table 3.9). For example, Den Elzen and Meinshausen (2006) and Hare and Meinshausen (2006) used different probability density functions of climate sensitivity in the MAGICC simple climate model to estimate relationships between the probability of achieving climate targets and required emission reductions. Studies by Richels et al. (2004), Yohe et al. (2004), Den Elzen et al. (2006), Keppo et al. (2006), and Kypreos (2006) have used a similar probabilistic concept in an economic context. The studies analyze the relationship between potential mitigation costs and the increase in probability of meeting specific temperature targets.
The choice of different targets is not only relevant because it leads to different uncertainty ranges, but also because it leads to different strategies. Stabilization of one type of target, such as temperature, does not imply stabilization of other possible targets, such as rising sea levels, radiative forcing, concentrations or emissions. For instance, a cost-effective way to stabilize temperature is not radiative forcing stabilization, but rather to allow radiative forcing to peak at a certain concentration, and then decrease with additional emissions reductions so as to avoid (delayed) further warming and stabilize global mean temperature (see Meinshausen, 2006; Kheshgi et al., 2005; Den Elzen et al., 2006). Finally, targets can also be defined to limit a rate of change, such as the rate of temperature change. While such targets have the advantage of providing a link to impacts related to the rate of climate change, strategies to achieve them may be more sensitive to uncertainties and thus, require careful planning. The rate of temperature change targets, for instance, may be difficult to achieve in the short-term even, using multi-gas approaches (Manne and Richels, 2006; Van Vuuren et al., 2006a).
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Saturday: In 1982 the world's first search-and-rescue satellite is launched (Kosmos 1383).
July 2: The planet Saturn is at opposition. This means it is opposite the sun (as seen from Earth), and so rises at sunset and sets at sunrise: In other words, Saturn is up all night! Neptune is also at opposition today, but because it is roughly 3 billion miles away, it can't be seen in the sky without a telescope.
July 3: New moon.
July 4: Earth at aphelion. Today it reaches its greatest distance from the sun - just over 94 1/2 million miles. A supernova bright enough to be seen in the daytime was first observed by Chinese astronomers in AD 1054. Amelia Earhart is lost over the Pacific Ocean in 1937.
July 6: Henrietta Leavitt's 121st birthday. Her investigations of star brightnesses led to accurate determinations of the distances of far away stars.
July 8: Ferdinand, Count von Zeppelin's 151st birthday. He built big dirigibles.
July 9: 10th anniversary of the Voyager 2 flyby of Jupiter.
July 10: First quarter moon. The moon is also at apogee today - its farthest distance from the Earth (251,180 miles.) Telstar 1, the world's first telecommunications satellite, is launched in 1962.
July 11: 10th anniversary of the destruction of Skylab, the world's first space station, when it reentered the Earth's atmosphere earlier than expected.
July 14: 75th anniversary of the first liquid fueled rocket patent (granted to Robert Goddard). The first closeup images of the planet Mars are transmitted by Mariner 4 in 1965.
July 16: 117th birthday of Roald Amundsen, discoverer of the South Pole. On this day in 1945, the first atomic bomb explosion took place, 120 miles south of Albuquerque, N.M. The light from the explosion was visible 400 miles away. First photograph taken of a star (Vega) in 1850.
July 17: First flight of the X-15 into outer space (Major Robert White, in 1962). In 1975, Apollo 18 and Soyuz 19 spacecraft are successfully docked in the first and only joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. manned space mission. (Stafford, Brand, Slayton; Leonov, Kubasov).
July 18: Full moon; Moon of Deer Horne Dropping Off (Kiowa Indians). Mercury in superior conjunction (in other words, it's behind the sun and can't be seen). Gemini 10 is launched in 1966 (Young, Collins). India launches its first satellite into space in 1980.
July 20: Twentieth anniversary of the first manned landing on the moon (Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins). Viking 1 lands on Mars in 1976.
July 21: Mercury 4 is launched in 1961 (Gus Grissom, second American in Space).
July 22: Wiley Post completes the first solo round the world flight in 1933.
July 23: Moon at perigee (nearest the Earth - 228,981 miles).
July 24: The first rocket is launched from Cape Canaveral in 1950.
July 25: Last quarter moon. 80th anniversary of the first crossing of the English Channel by airplane (Louis Bleriot). 30th anniversary of the first hovercraft crossing of the Channel.
July 26: Apollo 15 is launched to the moon in 1971 (Scott, Worden, Irwin).
July 27: Tonight and tomorrow night mark the peak of activity for the South Delta Aquarid Meteor Shower. Face toward the east after midnight for best results - under clear, dark skies, as many as 10 to 15 meteors can be seen each hour.
July 28: 25th anniversary of the launch of Ranger 7, which sent back more than 4,000 closeup photos of the moon on July 31. Skylab 3 crew is launched in 1973 (Bean, Garriott, Lousma). A total solar eclipse is captured for the first time on a daguerrotype photo in 1851.
July 29: Eighth launch of the space shuttle Challenger, in 1985 (Fullerton, Bridges, Musgrave, England, Henize, Acton, Bartoe).
The July sky
We lose Mars this month. It has graced our evening skies since last summer; but now, celestial mechanics have caught up with the red planet, and are planning on throwing it behind the sun for a while (we'll see it again in the predawn of early December). If you want to catch one last glimpse of Mars, during the first half of July it's very low in the western sky just after sunset. Nearby and to the right is brilliant Venus, which is also nearly impossible to see.
Another planet that few people will see is Jupiter; that's because despite its bright starlike appearance, the giant planet is low in the east only an hour or so before sunrise, having just come around the sun's back side.
So what can we see? Well, Saturn is putting on quite a show (see July 2 entry). After it gets dark, the ringed planet is in the southeastern sky, appearing as a bright yellow star in the constellation Sagittarius. By midnight Saturn is well-placed in the south. Toward dawn it slips over into the western sky - if you are up at this hour, you can see both Saturn and Jupiter, nearly opposite each other near the west and east horizons respectively.
Bell is director of astronomy at the Virginia Living Museum in Newport News. If you have any questions about the sky or astronomy, call him at 595-1000.
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The Franklin stove is a metal-lined fireplace named after Benjamin Franklin, who
invented it in .... Around this time, the deputy governor of Pennsylvania, George
Thomas, made an offer to Franklin t...
Benjamin Franklin's Inventions: Benjamin Franklin, a printer by trade, ... The
method is this: Provide a small iron rod (it may be made of the rod-iron used by
the ... The Franklin stove, invented in 1742, is a metal-lined fireplace that stands
in the ...
Mar 10, 2006 ... Franklin Stove by Benjamin Franklin in 1742. FRANKLIN ... Since smoke rises,
this made it impossible for his original stove to work properly.
With his own hands he created the numerous Benjamin Franklin inventions. ...
Another Benjamin Franklin invention was the "Franklin Stove", also known as the
Jan 17, 2013 ... Franklin's stove gave homeowners a second option. ... was the first to invent
bifocals, or if he was an early adopter that made them famous.
Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning rod - iron furnace stove - bifocal glasses
and ... The glasses were nested in each other which made the instrument more ...
Nov 6, 2013 ... Ben Franklin Stove - Many people know Benjamin Franklin was not only a
Founding Father but also an avid inventor and man of ideas.
Franklin stove: In 1741, Ben invented the Franklin stove, an iron furnace that ...
Benjamin Franklin made several international journeys during his lifetime.
Feb 7, 2013 ... Though Benjamin Franklin is credited with its invention, the Franklin stove is
really the culmination of improvements made over time to his ...
Benjamin Franklin was one of the most people of his generation, his country, and
his ... wood in their fireplaces even though many houses were still made of wood.
... He came up with an iron furnace stove that used less wood while producing ...
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The next William is the most enigmatic of the ancestors. We have assumed that 1723 was his birth year; the same year that Sir Christopher Wren died when King George I was on the throne. We do not know for sure either William's birth or death date but we do have eight facts:
- His wife's birth:
1725 Jun 5 HYRONS Mary, f, William, tallow-chandler
- His marriage:
1740 Jan 18 COX William, b, HYRONS Mary, sp
The deaths of 5 of his children:
- 1742 Dec 28 Cox William s of William hempdresser and Mary
- 1749 Dec 13 Cox Mary d of William hempdresser and Mary
- 1752 July 6 Cox Mary d of William hempdresser and Mary
- 1754 Feb 19 Cox Mary d of William hempdresser and Mary
- 1755 Oct 31 Cox Sarah d of William flaxdresser and Mary
The death of his wife:
- 1780 Oct 2 Cox Mary wife of William flaxdresser
At only 14 years old Mary Hyrons was by far the youngest bride in the family. It was legal at the time, however, Jane Wylde was 28, and Jane Lamprey was 24. The child mortality seems high; even by 18th century Neithrop standards. Either they were living in particularly unsanitary conditions, or they had a very large family. If the previous rates of child mortality remained constant then we would expect eight births in total with three surviving children - perhaps a William, a Mary and, for reasons explained in the next chapter, a James. There were no Cox marriages in Banbury in the period when William and Mary's children would have married, however, on October 4th 1790 Samuel Boss, a garter-weaver, married a woman named Hannah Cox. The witnesses were a William Cox and Mary Cox, however, Mary, the wife of our William, had died ten years earlier and William would have been 67. Is this then evidence of surviving children of our William and Mary?
William and Mary were our only ancestors to not baptise any of their children. This could not have been due to the Stamp Duty Act, passed to help pay for the American War of Independence, as this did not come into force until 1783. Nor was it peculiar to this particular family, as all Cox baptisms in Banbury ceased after 1755 (other than one illegitimate baptism in 1763) and they did not start again until 1786. It does coincide with a decline in Cox marriages, but was not due to a lack of Coxes in Banbury because Cox burials continued at a steady rate. The most likely reason is religious non-conformity.
Political cartoon of 1616 illustrating the Puritan zeal of Banbury - hanging a cat on Monday for killing a mouse on Sunday
For half a century after Henry VIII's death Banbury retained Catholic sympathies. Queen Mary visited and erected the town into a borough, giving it a charter. Later on, extreme Puritanism took over, leading to the story of the cat hung on a Monday for killing a mouse on Sunday.
In 1739 there were said to be only '9 or 10 papist families in Banbury, all very poor', so it seems unlikely that William became Catholic in 1740. There are no Cox references in the Warkworth Catholic records (1771 - 1812) and Father Sharp, the archivist at St Chad's Cathedral in Birmingham, thought it "very unlikely" that lay Catholic priests performed baptisms in Neithrop which were not recorded at Warkworth, so it seems more likely that they were Protestant non conformists, probably Unitarians.
Presbyterian records date back to 1786 and there was a Hannah Hirons (possible relations of William's wife Mary) baptised in 1803 but there were no Coxs recorded. The Quaker records date back to 1648 and Cox marriages are recorded from 1724 (Josiah and Ann from Bloxham) but they don't appear to be related to the Banbury Coxs.
If William did become non-conformist this may have led to a family rift as it seems odd that he left his father to die in the workhouse given that he was earning money as a hempdresser.
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Type 1 Diabetes Prevention
Several efforts examine the possibility of halting the development of type 1 diabetes. So far the results are mixed -- at best.
The DAISY trial (the Diabetes AutoImmune Study in the Young) was designed to answer the question whether certain types of stomach virus (enterovirus) could cause increased susceptibility to diabetes. The study looked at two alternate hypotheses: that enteroviruses are either transmitted from the mother at birth or acquired in early childhood, resulting in a chronic infection that leads to an autoimmune response, or that late infections acquired by children who already have abnormal beta-islet cell function can put the final nail in the coffin of the insulin-secreting cells.
But like the DPT-1 trial, this study yielded negative results. "There is no evidence from this study that enterovirus infection is a risk factor for development of beta-cell autoimmunity," researchers write in the January 2003 issue of the journal Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.
The European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial, or ENDIT, conducted in Europe, Canada, and the U.S., is looking at whether high doses of nicotinamide, a form of Vitamin B3 with antioxidant properties, can help to preserve beta-islet cell function in people at risk for type 1 diabetes due to their family history. Trial results, announced at a European diabetes meeting in early 2003, indicated that the supplement offered no additional protection against diabetes, Dupre tells WebMD.
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RPC::Any::Exception - A throwable exception object for RPC::Any
use RPC::Any::Exception; die RPC::Any::Exception(code => 1234, message => "I'm dead!");
This object represents an exception that an RPC::Any::Server can throw. See "ERROR HANDLING" in RPC::Any::Server for information about how to use this in your own code.
There are various types of built-in errors that an RPC::Any::Server can throw. They have specific error codes that correlate with the error codes specified at http://xmlrpc-epi.sourceforge.net/specs/rfc.fault_codes.php (which are valid for both JSON-RPC and XML-RPC).
What follows is a brief description of each type of error (which is a subclass of RPC::Any::Exception) and its numeric code:
Something called "die" with something that wasn't an RPC::Any::Exception. This is just a basic Perl error. The message will be the error that "die" threw.
There was a problem with the HTTP protocol on the input. The message will have more details.
There was an error parsing the input for the RPC protocol. The message will have more details.
The RPC request contained an invalid method. The message will have more details.
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Today is the Spring Equinox and thousands of people are expected to be in attendance at Chichen Itza to witness the descent of Kukulkan (Mayan word that means “feathered snake”) on El Castillo, the site’s grand pyramid. Every Spring and Fall, at the time of the equinox, huge crowds gather at the ancient Mayan ruin site of Chichen Itza to see the “snake” (it’s merely shadows created by the setting sun) travel from the top to the bottom of the pyramid. At the bottom of the stairs, in the stone, there is a large head of a snake. The shadows create the body of the snake, but the head is made of stone.
Many people also go to Chichen Itza because the equinox is believed to be a spiritual time. The Mayans used the Spring equinox as a signal that it was time to plan corn.
El Castillo was built with 91 stairs on each of it’s 4 sides. When you add up the number of stairs, plus add in the final step, which is the platform at the top of the structure and the total is 365. The number of steps on the pyramid represents the number of days in the year. Then, at sunset on the days of vernal and autumnal equinoxes, shadows appear on the stairs of one side of El Castillo and it appears to take the form of a snake slithering down the side of the pyramid. The Mayan people understood astronomy in ways that we are unimaginable, considering they did not have the modern technology that we have today. Had they not had a strong grasp of astronomy, the pyramid at Chichen Itza would probably not have been built to perfectly show Kukulkan’s descent.
Both the Spring equinox and the Fall equinox draw large crowds to Chichen Itza, but the Spring is generally much busier than the Fall. Today’s attendance is expected to reach nearly 15,000 people.
This short video not only shows the shadows appearing on the stairs as the sun sets at Chichen Itza, but it also shows the massive crowd that attended the event in 2007:
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| 0.944233 | 462 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Well, not literally.
In response to the increased demand for water in a time of climate change, drought, and dust deposition—which has led to a severe drop of lake levels on Lake Mead—NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory is developing the Airborne Snow Observatory.
This observatory and other systems would bring the nation “to a mature monitoring of our snow resource to anchor cutting edge science and water management in an uncertain future.”
Dr. Thomas Painter, a research scientist in the Water and Carbon Cycles Group, in the Earth Sciences Section of JPL will be giving a public lecture, “Melting Snows: The Threatened Lifeblood of the Western U.S.”
“The threat to southern California’s water supply of a seismic breach of levies in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta hangs like the Sword of Damocles.” If you remember your Greek legends, after King Dionysius II of Syracuse, Italy switches places with Damocles because the courtier exclaims how magnificent it must be surrounded by infinite wealth and power, Damocles cannot stand the pressure of sitting on the throne under a sword that the king has had hung above his head—which is held by a single hair from a horse’s tail.
Using this legend, Cisero, in his fifth Tusculan Disputation, asks, “Does not Dionysius seem to have made it sufficiently clear that there can be nothing happy for a person over whom some fear always looms?”
Luckily, JPL, Dr. Painter, and countless others are working to foresee the consequences of current environmental changes and taking steps to monitor the situation, which may ultimately lead to an ability to create new means and initiate adaptations to mankind’s ever-increasing demand for water.
Melting Snows: The Threatened Lifeblood of the Western U.S.
Thursday, June 21st, 7 p.m.
The von Kármán Auditorium at JPL
4800 Oak Grove Drive
Friday, June 22nd, 7 p.m.
The Vosloh Forum at Pasadena City College
1570 E. Colorado Blvd.
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| 0.917551 | 457 | 3.140625 | 3 |
A pulsar is a fast-spinning, highly magnetized neutron star, formed (in most cases) following a supernova explosion, that sends out regular directional pulses of radiation as it rotates, in the manner of a lighthouse beam; the pulsar effect is seen if the beam happens to sweep in our direction. Pulsars were found originally at radio wavelengths but have since been observed at optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray energies; the first was discovered in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell Burnell.
About 2,000 pulsars are known. Most emit radio waves; of these, about 60 have also been observed to emit gamma rays. About 30 known pulsars emit only gamma-rays (see section "Gamma rays from pulsars" below).
Because rotation powers their emissions, isolated pulsars slow as they age. For example, the 10,000-year-old CTA 1 pulsar, which the Fermi Space Telescope team announced in October 2008, slows by about a second every 87,000 years.
Pulses and pulse periodsThe emission comes from the acceleration of electrons to near-light speed above the pulsar's magnetic poles, which are displaced from the object's geographic poles. Pulses last on the order of microseconds, while the interval between pulses, known as the pulse period, is typically 0.25 to 2 seconds, but can be short as 1 to 10 milliseconds in the case of millisecond pulsars. The pulse period gradually lengthens as the neutron star loses rotational energy, though some young pulsars are prone to glitches, probably due to starquakes, when period abruptly changes. Precise timing pulses has revealed the existence of binary pulsars and of two pulsars that have sets of planet-sized companions (see pulsar planets).
Millisecond pulsarsThe discovery of millisecond pulsars, with pulse periods of less than 10 ms (the current record holder is PSR J1748-2446ad with a period of 1.40 ms) was initially puzzling. The reason for this is that the youngest known pulsar is the one in the Crab pulsar with a period of 33 ms. Since pulsars slow down with age, how could older pulsars have shorter periods? The answer is that millisecond pulsars have been "spun up," thereby becoming what are called recycled pulsars, by the transfer of matter from a companion. Almost all the 200 or so known millisecond pulsars have been found to be part of binary systems in which the partner is a white dwarf, the presumption being that the pulsars was rejuvenated by matter transfer while their companions were still in the red dwarf phase.
Pulsars from white dwarfsAlthough most pulsars are thought to form during supernovae, mounting evidence suggests that some originate as white dwarfs. Matter transfer is again the underlying phenomenon at work. If a white dwarf acquires enough mass from a close companion and doesn't somehow manage to get rid of it, as in a nova outburst, for example, it will eventually collapse to become a neutron star and may be seen as a pulsar.
Gamma rays from pulsarsThe fact that, early on, most studies of pulsars were carried out at radio wavelengths tended to color our understanding of these objects. In fact, of all the energy radiated by a typical pulsar across the electromagnetic spectrum only a few parts per million is in the radio wave region. Much more of the pulsar's energy – around 10% – is given off in the form of gamma rays. Detection and observation of pulsars in this shortest-wavelength part of the spectrum has now become much easier thanks to orbiting observatories such as the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly known as GLAST).
It used to be thought that the gamma rays emerged near the neutron star's surface from the polar cap, which is where the radio beams form. However, recent observations of the gamma-ray emission of pulsars, and the discovery of a new class of gamma-ray-only pulsars, has changed this view. Astronomers now believe the pulsed gamma rays arise far above the neutron star. Particles produce gamma rays as they accelerate along arcs of open magnetic field. For the Vela pulsar, for example, the brightest persistent gamma-ray source in the sky, the emission region is thought to lie about 480km (300 miles) from the star, which is only 32km (20 miles) across.
Existing models place the gamma-ray emission along the boundary between open and closed magnetic field lines. One version starts at high altitudes; the other implies emission from the star's surface all the way out. Future observations will hopefully determine which of these scenarios is correct.
Starquakes and glitchesSome pulsars have been seen to undergo an abrupt change in the tempo of their rotation – an event known as a glitch. The cause of pulsar glitches is unclear but there are two main theories. One involves starquakes, analogous to earthquakes but thought to be triggered by stress in the pulsar's crust caused by the strong magnetic fields inside it. Another possibility is that glitches are caused by a pulsar's frictionless superfluid interior spinning faster than its solid crust.
Related entries• Crab Nebula and pulsar
• pulsar planets
• pulsar timing noise
• variable stars
Related categories• TYPES OF STARS
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact
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| 0.95066 | 1,129 | 4.34375 | 4 |
10 Risky Jobs for Your Lungs
These jobs may have lung risks for some workers.
3. Health Care
Doctors, nurses, and other people who work in hospitals, medical offices, or nursing homes are at increased risk for lung diseases such as tuberculosis, influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
So, health care workers should keep up with immunizations (including the flu vaccine) that the CDC recommends for them.
Health care workers may also develop asthma if latex is used in gloves or other supplies. Latex-free synthetic gloves are an alternative.
4. Hair Styling
Certain hair-coloring agents can lead to occupational asthma. Some salon hair-straightening products contain formaldehyde, a known carcinogen. It's also a strong eye, nose, throat, and lung irritant.
Good ventilation is important. Because wearing a respirator might cause appointments to cancel, know what's in the products you're working with. If they're not safe, find a safer product.
Some factory workers risk getting asthma or making their existing asthma worse. Asthma not caused by work but made worse by it affects as many as 25% of adults with asthma, Harber says.
Factory workers can be exposed to everything from inhaled metals in foundries to silica or fine sand, which can lead to silicosis, a disease that scars the lung, or increased risk of lung cancer.
A lung disorder called "popcorn lung," or bronchiolitis obliterans, has been seen in plant workers exposed to some of the flavoring chemicals used to make microwave popcorn. Again, respirators and proper ventilation are key for those workers. (No risk of "popcorn lung" has been seen in people who eat that popcorn.)
Workers who demolish old buildings or do remodeling can be exposed to asbestos used as insulation around pipes or in floor tiles.
Even minimal exposure to its microscopic fibers has been linked to a variety of problems. One is mesothelioma, a form of cancer, Von Essen says.
Exposure also seems to raise the risk of small-cell lung cancer and can lead to asbestosis, or scarring of the lung. Removal should be left to trained and licensed crews.
"Know where the asbestos is," Von Essen says. "Follow all the rules and don't take chances."
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The development of different taxonomies for describing rural America is central to policy relevant research, policy analysis, political debate, and the implementation of federal and state programs. The most popular rural classification systems are:
- Rural-Urban Commuting Areas (RUCAs) (Census Tract and ZIP code based)
- Office of Management and Budget’s Metropolitan and Non Metropolitan Areas (county-based)
- Census Bureau’s Urban and Rural definitions (Census tract-based on population and density)
- Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service’s Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (sometimes called the Beale Codes – county-based employing OMB metro status, county urban population, and commuting)
- Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service’s Urban Influence Codes (county-based employing OMB metro status, size of largest city/town, and commuting)
- Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service’s County Typology Codes (county-based employing OMB metro status and various county demographic factors – e.g., persistant poverty status)
- Isserman Urban-Rural Density Typology (county-based).
- Goldsmith Reclassification (Census tract-based for large area counties employing 1980 Census place and commuting information)
- There are many rural and urban classification systems used for individual states (e.g., Washington State Generalist Health Service Areas)
- In addition, there are many other less frequently used rural and urban categorizations (see additional references). In addition, there is a whole group of other taxonomies aimed at creating service areas (e.g., Department of Agriculture's Commuting Zones and Labor Markets, Dartmouth Hospital Service Areas, Rand McNally Trade Areas, and Dartmouth Primary Care Services Areas (PCSAs).
- National Center for Frontier Communities Consensus Frontier Definition
Why We Need a New Taxonomy
- Most of current definitions of rural are based on county boundaries, which results in substantial under and over bounding of urban areas (rural areas being lumped with large urban areas).
- Many current definitions are dichotomies and do not appropriately take into account the great variation across rural areas.
- Policy and study definitions should fit unique needs.
- There is no universal “only” or “best” definition.
- The concept of rural is nebulous at best.
- The RUCA codes provide policy makers and researchers with a sub county alternative that categorizes all of the nation's Census tracts with standard criteria.
- The RUCA Codes are a classification system that allows users to tailor the codes to their needs taking functional relationships, density, and population into account.
- The ZIP code version of the RUCAs provides a sub-county alternative rural/urban taxonomy that uses a geographic unit (ZIP code area) that is readily available on many health care data sets.
- The RUCA Codes are based on standard Census Bureau commuting data and Urbanized Area and Urban Cluster definitions.
- The RUCA Codes provide a scheme that allows federal and state programs and research to be better targeted across the spectrum of rural places.
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Jurassic ‘butterflies’ discovered, predating modern butterflies by 40 million years
The impressive prehistoric pollinators shared many similarities with today's butterflies.
Fossils are fascinating … how nice that Earth provides some kind of ersatz photographic evidence of life from millions of years ago. All the things we know and continue to discover about prehistoric times we owe to records set in stone.
Case in point: Recently a cache of well-preserved fossils was found in ancient lake deposits in northeastern China and eastern Kazakhstan. And among those fossils were a number of extinct "lacewing" insects of the genus kalligrammatid – what scientists are calling Jurassic “butterflies.” The insect is illustrated above in an artist's rendering, consuming pollen from bennettitales, an extinct order of plant from the Triassic period
"Poor preservation of lacewing fossils had always stymied attempts to conduct a detailed morphological and ecological examination of the kalligrammatid," says paleobotanist David Dilcher, a co-author on the study that identifies the insects. "Upon examining these new fossils, however, we've unraveled a surprisingly wide array of physical and ecological similarities between the fossil species and modern butterflies, which shared a common ancestor 320 million years ago."
Fossilized lacewing, left, and the modern owl butterfly, right. (Photo: Conrad C. Labandeira and Jorge Santiago-Blay)/CC BY 2.0
The fossils were replete with “eye spots” on their wings – to this day, one can see the same markings on owl butterflies, a nifty defense mechanism in which predators are threatened by those big “eyes.” The fossils also revealed tube-shaped mouthparts and wing scales and some even sported faces dusted with pollen.
If you have a penchant for this kind of thing, Dilcher’s name may ring a bell as he rode the headlines last year for his role in similarly discovering the "first flower." He says that these "first butterflies" existed not unlike modern butterflies, relying on plants for nectar and pollen. But kalligrammatids and modern butterflies are only distantly related, indicating a case of convergent evolution, in which two distant animals develop similar traits apart from each other.
The similarities between the two species are remarkable ... imagine having a Jurassic doppleganger?
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International Standard Bible EncyclopediaGOD, STRANGE
stranj: The word "strange," as used in this connection in the Old Testament, refers to the fact that the god or gods do not belong to Israel, but are the gods which are worshipped by other families or nations. In several cases a more exact translation would give us the "gods of the stranger" or foreigner. So in Genesis 35:2, 4 Joshua 24:2 Judges 10:16 Deuteronomy 31:16; Deuteronomy 32:12, etc. In a few passages like Deuteronomy 32:16 Psalm 44:20; Psalm 81:9 Isaiah 43:12, the word is an adjective, but the idea is the same: the gods are those which are worshipped by other peoples and hence are forbidden to Israel, which is under obligation to worship Yahweh alone (compare 2 Esdras 1:6).
"Strange" as contrasted with "an Israelite." Such wives are spoken of in the King James Version Ezra 10:2, 11 (the English Revised Version "strange women," the American Standard Revised Version "foreign women"; see STRANGER AND SOJOURNER; in the parallel 1 Esdras 8:68-9:37, the King James Version uses "strange wives" and "strange women" indifferently, and the Revised Version (British and American) here follows the King James Version) as "wives of the people of the land," in taking whom the men of Israel are said to have "trespassed against their God." Accordingly such wives were "put away."
The Hebrew zar, translated "stranger," meant primarily one "who turns aside," i.e. to visit another country; then a "sojourner," "stranger." The "strange woman" of Proverbs 2:16 is a technical term for "harlot"; compare Judges 11:1, 2, where "son of a strange (the Revised Version (British and American) "another") woman" (11:2, 'acher) is parallel to "the son of a harlot" (11:1).
stranj ('esh zarah, "alien fire"): These words are mentioned in connection with the fatal sin committed by the two oldest sons of Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, in "offering strange fire before Yahweh," on the occasion of the formal consecration of the Aaronitic priesthood (Leviticus 10:1, 2). The fact is mentioned again in Numbers 3:4; Numbers 26:61. The greatest calamity of all befell them in that they were cut off childless, which for every true Israelite was the darkest fate imaginable. This fact is mentioned twice (Numbers 3:4 1 Chronicles 24:2). The power which cut off the lives of Nadab and Abihu (Leviticus 10:1, 2) is the same as that which shortly before had consumed the consecratory burnt offering (Leviticus 9:24). What was its true character, whether, as Rosenmuller and Dachsel surmise, it was a lightning stroke or some other supernatural agency, is not worth while debating. It is enough for us to know that "there came forth fire from before Yahweh and devoured them." Yet this latter word is not to be taken literally, since they were carried out for burial in their own linen garments (Leviticus 10:5). They were therefore merely killed, not incinerated. What was their sin? The words "strange fire" have been explained either as common fire, which they placed in their censers, or as unholy incense, which they put thereon (Exodus 39:38). But the text plainly points to the former. The sacred fire, once kindled on the altar, was never to be permitted to go out (Leviticus 6:12 f). When later the temple was dedicated Yahweh again lighted the fire on the altar from heaven, as in the case of the dedication of the tabernacle. As, however, the injunction to take fire for the censers of the incense offering only from the coals of the altar is not found before (Leviticus 16:12), Rosenmuller's observation would seem to be very much to the point: "Quamquam enim in iis quae praecedunt, non extat hoc interdictum, tamen est verisimile Mosem vetasse Aaroni et filiis eius ne ignem alienum altari imponerent." ("For although his injunction does not hold in regard to the preceding cases, yet it is very probable that Moses had forbidden Aaron and his sons to place strange fire upon the altar.") A verbal injunction of Moses must have preceded the fatal mistake. But the text leads us to believe there was more than a mistake here. Some find here the sin of drunkenness, from the enjoined abstinence from any intoxicating drink before the priests thereafter minister before Yahweh (Leviticus 10:9). The likeliest explanation is that, inflated with pride on account of the exaltation of the Aaronitic family above all Israel, they broke unbidden into the ritual of the consecration of the tabernacle and priesthood, eager to take part in the ceremony, and in their haste bringing strange fire into the tabernacle, and thus met their death (see Oehler, Old Testament Theol., 126, 282). The fire burning on the altar came from God, it might never go out, since it represented "the unbroken course of adoration of Yahweh, carried on in sacrifice." And this course was interrupted by Nadab and Abihu. The fire on the altar was a symbol of holiness, and they sought to overlay it with unholiness. And thus it became to them a consuming fire, because they approached the Holy One in a profane spirit (compare Isaiah 33:14).
See GOD, STRANGE.
Greek3927. parepidemos -- sojourning in a strange place
... sojourning in a strange place. Part of Speech: Adjective Transliteration: parepidemos
Phonetic Spelling: (par-ep-id'-ay-mos) Short Definition: residing in a ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/3927.htm - 7k
824. atopos -- out of place, strange
3579. xenizo -- to receive as a guest, to surprise
3861. paradoxos -- contrary to opinion or expectation
3581. xenos -- foreign, a foreigner, guest
245. allotrios -- belonging to another
2087. heteros -- other
1854. exo -- outside, without
2084. heteroglossos -- of another tongue
241. allogenes -- of another race
Strong's Hebrew5235. neker -- to act or treat as foreign or strange, to disguise
... neker. 5235a . to act or treat as foreign or strange, to disguise. Transliteration:
neker Phonetic Spelling: (neh'-ker) Short Definition: strange. strange ...
/hebrew/5235.htm - 5k
5235a. nakar -- to act or treat as foreign or strange, to disguise
5236. nekar -- that which is foreign, foreignness
2114a. zur -- to be a stranger
1970. hakar -- perhaps to wrong
2054. vazar -- criminal, guilty
2114. zuwr -- to be a stranger
5237. nokri -- foreign, alien
6012. ameq -- deep, unfathomable
5234. nakar -- to regard, recognize
A Strange Battle
Strange Dark Shadowings.
A Strange Reward for Faithfulness
God's Strange Work
Wisdom and the Strange Woman
Christ's Strange Thanksgiving
A Prophet's Strange Providers
It is Strange that These Delightful Promises Affect us Coldly...
The Sexton's Strange Apparition
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary1. (superl.) Belonging to another country; foreign.
2. (superl.) of or pertaining to others; not one's own; not pertaining to one's self; not domestic.
3. (superl.) Not before known, heard, or seen; new.
4. (superl.) Not according to the common way; novel; odd; unusual; irregular; extraordinary; unnatural; queer.
5. (superl.) Reserved; distant in deportment.
6. (superl.) Backward; slow.
7. (superl.) Not familiar; unaccustomed; inexperienced.
8. (adv.) Strangely.
9. (v. t.) To alienate; to estrange.
10. (v. i.) To be estranged or alienated.
ThesaurusStrange (234 Occurrences)
... 9. (vt) To alienate; to estrange. 10. (vi) To be estranged or alienated. 11. (vi)
To wonder; to be astonished. Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia. GOD, STRANGE. ...
/s/strange.htm - 45k
Strange-speaking (1 Occurrence)
Nadab (21 Occurrences)
Wife (437 Occurrences)
Adventuress (5 Occurrences)
Abihu (12 Occurrences)
Unholy (23 Occurrences)
Foreign (65 Occurrences)
Undertaking (30 Occurrences)
Security (41 Occurrences)
Bible ConcordanceStrange (234 Occurrences)
Matthew 2:9 After hearing what the king said, they went to Bethlehem, while, strange to say, the star they had seen in the east led them on until it came and stood over the place where the babe was.
Luke 2:50 And his words seemed strange to them.
Luke 5:26 Amazement took hold on all, and they glorified God. They were filled with fear, saying, "We have seen strange things today."
Luke 17:18 Were there none found who returned to give glory to God, except this stranger?"
John 9:30 The man said in answer, Why, here is a strange thing! You have no knowledge where he comes from though he gave me the use of my eyes.
John 10:5 They will by no means follow a stranger, but will flee from him; for they don't know the voice of strangers."
Acts 7:6 God spoke in this way: that his seed would live as aliens in a strange land, and that they would be enslaved and mistreated for four hundred years.
Acts 10:28 And he said to them, Ye know how it is unlawful for a Jew to be joined or come to one of a strange race, and to me God has shewn to call no man common or unclean.
Acts 17:20 For you bring certain strange things to our ears. We want to know therefore what these things mean."
Acts 19:19 And a great number of those who were experts in strange arts took their books and put them on the fire in front of everyone: and when the books were valued they came to fifty thousand bits of silver.
Acts 26:11 And I punished them oft in every synagogue, and compelled them to blaspheme; and being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even unto strange cities.
Romans 10:20 And Isaiah, with strange boldness, exclaims, "I have been found by those who were not looking for Me, I have revealed Myself to those who were not inquiring of Me."
1 Corinthians 14:9 So if you, in using a strange tongue, say words which have no sense, how will anyone take in what you are saying? for you will be talking to the air.
1 Corinthians 14:11 But if the sense of the voice is not clear to me, I am like a man from a strange country to him who is talking, and he will be the same to me.
1 Corinthians 14:19 But in the church it would be better for me to make use of five words of which the sense was clear, so that others might have profit, than ten thousand words in a strange tongue.
1 Corinthians 14:21 In the law it is written, "By men of strange languages and by the lips of strangers I will speak to this people. Not even thus will they hear me, says the Lord."
2 Corinthians 6:9 as obscure persons, and yet are well known; as on the point of death, and yet, strange to tell, we live; as under God's discipline, and yet we are not deprived of life;
2 Corinthians 11:15 no great thing, then, if also his ministrants do transform themselves as ministrants of righteousness -- whose end shall be according to their works.
Galatians 3:1 O foolish Galatians, by what strange powers have you been tricked, to whom it was made clear that Jesus Christ was put to death on the cross?
Ephesians 4:18 Whose thoughts are dark, to whom the life of God is strange because they are without knowledge, and their hearts have been made hard;
Colossians 3:5 Then put to death your bodies which are of the earth; wrong use of the flesh, unclean things, passion, evil desires and envy, which is the worship of strange gods;
1 Timothy 1:3 When I was on my journey to Macedonia I begged you to remain on in Ephesus that you might remonstrate with certain persons because of their erroneous teaching
Hebrews 11:9 By faith he sojourned in the land of promise, as in a strange country, dwelling in tabernacles with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise:
Hebrews 13:9 Don't be carried away by various and strange teachings, for it is good that the heart be established by grace, not by food, through which those who were so occupied were not benefited.
1 Peter 2:11 Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul;
1 Peter 4:4 They think it is strange that you don't run with them into the same excess of riot, blaspheming:
1 Peter 4:12 Beloved, don't be astonished at the fiery trial which has come upon you, to test you, as though a strange thing happened to you.
Jude 1:7 Even as Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities around them, having, in the same way as these, given themselves over to sexual immorality and gone after strange flesh, are set forth as an example, suffering the punishment of eternal fire.
Revelation 15:1 And I saw another sign in heaven, great and strange; seven angels having the seven last punishments, for in them the wrath of God is complete.
Genesis 19:9 And they said, Give way there. This one man, they said, came here from a strange country, and will he now be our judge? now we will do worse to you than to them; and pushing violently against Lot, they came near to get the door broken in.
Genesis 21:34 And Abraham went on living in the land of the Philistines as in a strange country.
Genesis 23:4 "I am a stranger and a foreigner living with you. Give me a possession of a burying-place with you, that I may bury my dead out of my sight."
Genesis 31:15 Are we not counted of him strangers? for he hath sold us, and hath quite devoured also our money.
Genesis 35:2 Then Jacob said unto his household, and to all that were with him, Put away the strange gods that are among you, and be clean, and change your garments:
Genesis 35:4 And they gave unto Jacob all the strange gods which were in their hand, and all their earrings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by Shechem.
Genesis 42:7 Joseph saw his brothers, and he recognized them, but acted like a stranger to them, and spoke roughly with them. He said to them, "Where did you come from?" They said, "From the land of Canaan to buy food."
Exodus 2:22 And she bare him a son, and he called his name Gershom: for he said, I have been a stranger in a strange land.
Exodus 3:3 And Moses said, I will go and see this strange thing, why the tree is not burned up,
Exodus 12:45 A man from a strange country living among you, and a servant working for payment, may not take part in it.
Exodus 12:49 One law shall be to him who is born at home, and to the stranger who lives as a foreigner among you."
Exodus 18:3 And her two sons; of which the name of the one was Gershom; for he said, I have been an alien in a strange land:
Exodus 20:10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to Yahweh your God. You shall not do any work in it, you, nor your son, nor your daughter, your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your livestock, nor your stranger who is within your gates;
Exodus 21:8 If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.
Exodus 22:21 Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.
Exodus 23:9 Also thou shalt not oppress a stranger: for ye know the heart of a stranger, seeing ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.
Exodus 23:12 Six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day thou shalt rest: that thine ox and thine ass may rest, and the son of thy handmaid, and the stranger, may be refreshed.
Exodus 30:9 You shall offer no strange incense on it, nor burnt offering, nor meal offering; and you shall pour no drink offering on it.
Exodus 30:33 Whoever compounds any like it, or whoever puts any of it on a stranger, he shall be cut off from his people.'"
Leviticus 10:1 Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, each took his censer, and put fire in it, and laid incense on it, and offered strange fire before Yahweh, which he had not commanded them.
Leviticus 16:1 And the Lord said to Moses, after the death of the two sons of Aaron when they took in strange fire before the Lord and death overtook them;
Leviticus 19:26 Nothing may be used for food with its blood in it; you may not make use of strange arts, or go in search of signs and wonders.
Leviticus 19:34 The stranger who lives as a foreigner with you shall be to you as the native-born among you, and you shall love him as yourself; for you lived as foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am Yahweh your God.
Leviticus 22:12 If the priest's daughter also be married unto a stranger, she may not eat of an offering of the holy things.
Leviticus 26:38 And death will overtake you among strange nations, and the land of your haters will be your destruction.
Numbers 1:51 When the tabernacle is to move, the Levites shall take it down; and when the tabernacle is to be set up, the Levites shall set it up. The stranger who comes near shall be put to death.
Numbers 3:4 Nadab and Abihu died before Yahweh, when they offered strange fire before Yahweh, in the wilderness of Sinai, and they had no children. Eleazar and Ithamar ministered in the priest's office in the presence of Aaron their father.
Numbers 3:10 You shall appoint Aaron and his sons, and they shall keep their priesthood. The stranger who comes near shall be put to death."
Numbers 3:38 Those who encamp before the tabernacle eastward, in front of the Tent of Meeting toward the sunrise, shall be Moses, and Aaron and his sons, keeping the requirements of the sanctuary for the duty of the children of Israel. The stranger who comes near shall be put to death.
Numbers 14:3 Why is the Lord taking us into this land to come to our death by the sword? Our wives and our little ones will get into strange hands: would it not be better for us to go back to Egypt?
Numbers 14:31 And your little ones, whom you said would come into strange hands, I will take in, and they will see the land which you would not have.
Numbers 16:30 and if a strange thing Jehovah do, and the ground hath opened her mouth and swallowed them, and all that they have, and they have gone down alive to Sheol -- then ye have known that these men have despised Jehovah.'
Numbers 26:61 Nadab and Abihu died, when they offered strange fire before Yahweh.
Deuteronomy 1:39 And your little ones, who, you said, would come into strange hands, your children, who now have no knowledge of good or evil, they will go into that land, and to them I will give it and it will be theirs.
Deuteronomy 5:14 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to Yahweh your God, in which you shall not do any work, you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your ox, nor your donkey, nor any of your livestock, nor your stranger who is within your gates; that your male servant and your female servant may rest as well as you.
Deuteronomy 10:18 He doth execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loveth the stranger, in giving him food and raiment.
Deuteronomy 10:19 Love ye therefore the stranger: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.
Deuteronomy 13:2 And the sign or the wonder takes place, and he says to you, Let us go after other gods, which are strange to you, and give them worship;
Deuteronomy 13:6 If your brother, the son of your mother, or your son or your daughter or the wife of your heart, or the friend who is as dear to you as your life, working on you secretly says to you, Let us go and give worship to other gods, strange to you and to your fathers;
Deuteronomy 14:29 And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with thee,) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, which are within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hand which thou doest.
Deuteronomy 16:11 And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there.
Deuteronomy 16:14 And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates.
Deuteronomy 18:10 Let there not be seen among you anyone who makes his son or his daughter go through the fire, or anyone using secret arts, or a maker of strange sounds, or a reader of signs, or any wonder-worker,
Deuteronomy 23:17 No daughter of Israel is to let herself be used as a loose woman for a strange god, and no son of Israel is to give himself to a man.
Deuteronomy 24:17 Thou shalt not pervert the judgment of the stranger, nor of the fatherless; nor take a widow's raiment to pledge:
Deuteronomy 24:19 When thou cuttest down thine harvest in thy field, and hast forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands.
Deuteronomy 24:20 When thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not go over the boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.
Deuteronomy 24:21 When thou gatherest the grapes of thy vineyard, thou shalt not glean it afterward: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.
Deuteronomy 25:5 If brothers dwell together, and one of them die, and have no son, the wife of the dead shall not be married outside to a stranger: her husband's brother shall go in to her, and take her to him as wife, and perform the duty of a husband's brother to her.
Deuteronomy 26:11 And thou shalt rejoice in every good thing which the LORD thy God hath given unto thee, and unto thine house, thou, and the Levite, and the stranger that is among you.
Deuteronomy 26:13 Then thou shalt say before the LORD thy God, I have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also have given them unto the Levite, and unto the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, according to all thy commandments which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy commandments, neither have I forgotten them.
Deuteronomy 27:19 Cursed be he that perverteth the judgment of the stranger, fatherless, and widow. And all the people shall say, Amen.
Deuteronomy 28:33 The fruit of your land and all the work of your hands will be food for a nation which is strange to you and to your fathers; you will only be crushed down and kept under for ever:
Deuteronomy 28:36 And you, and the king whom you have put over you, will the Lord take away to a nation strange to you and to your fathers; there you will be servants to other gods of wood and stone.
Deuteronomy 28:41 You will have sons and daughters, but they will not be yours; for they will go away prisoners into a strange land.
Deuteronomy 28:43 The stranger that is within thee shall get up above thee very high; and thou shalt come down very low.
Deuteronomy 28:49 The Lord will send a nation against you from the farthest ends of the earth, coming with the flight of an eagle; a nation whose language is strange to you;
Deuteronomy 29:26 And they went after other gods and gave them worship, gods who were strange to them, and whom he had not given them:
Deuteronomy 30:11 For these orders which I have given you today are not strange and secret, and are not far away.
Deuteronomy 31:16 Yahweh said to Moses, "Behold, you shall sleep with your fathers; and this people will rise up, and play the prostitute after the strange gods of the land, where they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them.
Deuteronomy 32:12 So the LORD alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him.
Deuteronomy 32:16 They moved him to jealousy with strange gods. They provoked him to anger with abominations.
Deuteronomy 32:17 They made offerings to evil spirits which were not God, to gods who were strange to them, which had newly come up, not feared by your fathers.
Joshua 24:20 If ye forsake the LORD, and serve strange gods, then he will turn and do you hurt, and consume you, after that he hath done you good.
Joshua 24:23 Now therefore put away, said he, the strange gods which are among you, and incline your heart unto the LORD God of Israel.
Judges 10:16 And they put away the strange gods from among them, and served the LORD: and his soul was grieved for the misery of Israel.
Judges 11:2 And Gilead's wife bare him sons; and his wife's sons grew up, and they thrust out Jephthah, and said unto him, Thou shalt not inherit in our father's house; for thou art the son of a strange woman.
Judges 13:19 So Manoah took the young goat with its meal offering, offering it on the rock to the Lord, who did strange things.
Judges 18:3 When they were near the house of Micah, hearing a voice which was not strange to them, that of the young Levite, they went out of their road to his place, and said to him, How did you come here? and what are you doing in this place? and why are you here?
Judges 19:12 And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah.
Ruth 2:10 Then she fell on her face, and bowed herself to the ground, and said unto him, Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou shouldest take knowledge of me, seeing I am a stranger?
LinksBible Concordance • Bible Dictionary • Bible Encyclopedia • Topical Bible • Bible Thesuarus
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Jim Dine was inspired by a 1984 trip to The Glyptothek in Munich, to create a series of figurative drawings based on Greek and Roman antiquities; they would ultimately function as positive transparencies in the production of the heliogravure prints (helio — "light"; gravure — "engraving") for his limited edition book Glyptotek, 1988. Due to the ultimate function of these drawings, Dine used materials that would either block or transmit light and, thus, was restricted to the use of opaque black media on translucent supports. Over the course of two winters from 1987-1988 in a studio in Venice, Italy, Dine created forty drawings in this manner, working from photographic reproductions of antique sculptures. These drawings make up his body of work known as the Glyptotek Drawings.
Translucent vs. Opaque
"The drawings are about light, as is the technique used to transfer them to the plates."—Dine, December 22, 2010
Light was an essential factor in Dine's choice of materials, guiding him as he purchased supplies from local art supply stores. The ability of light to pass through the drawings was heavily dependent on the type of support, thus Dine's main criterion was its degree of translucency. Dine used three different categories of supports to fulfill this requirement: clear plastic sheets, frosted plastic sheets, and translucent paper. Dine claims to have had no preference for one type of support over the other; however, more than half of the drawings were executed on frosted plastic sheets and only three are on clear plastic.
The size of each drawing was a secondary factor in Dine's choice of supports. Knowing that he wanted to create a printed book and that the drawings would be transferred to the printing plate at actual-size, the drawings all needed to be of consistent dimensions. These drawings range in size from 8 to 26 inches in height and 10 to 20 inches in width. Within these dimensions, a few drawings have crop lines or marks indicating how much of the drawing should be transferred to the printing plate (figure 1). In other cases, the drawings have been roughly cut down to the desired dimensions with the occasional crop line still visible along the edge.
To block the passage of light through the translucent supports, Dine created opaque drawings using only black media. Working in black allowed him to created drawings with a dual function: drawings that could be viewed in reflected light, as well as drawings that could be used as positive transparencies. Dine selected materials with which he was familiar, allowing him to make intuitive choices as he worked, based on years of experience. When asked about his specific material choices for each drawing, Dine responded, "It's the way I cook." i
Building up the Layers
Dine began each drawing with charcoal or lithographic crayon, which he manipulated with his fingers (figure 2) and a kneaded eraser to create subtle gradations. On paper and frosted plastic supports, Dine used vine and compressed charcoal as his initial drawing material. However, when he worked on a clear plastic support, Dine required a stickier drawing material that would adhere to the very smooth surface and still allow for later manipulation. For this, Dine chose to use soft lithographic crayons. In several drawings Dine created passages of charcoal that have the appearance of a liquid. He achieved this effect by applying a layer of spray fixative and using his finger to manipulate the charcoal before the fixative dried. To create large areas of smudged charcoal, Dine first applied the charcoal over the area and then manipulated it to create a continuous tone. Evidence of this working method is visible in the lower left corner of Glyptotek Drawing , where the texture from the directly applied charcoal can be seen in contrast to the manipulated tonal area (figure 3).
Once the initial charcoal or crayon drawing was completed, subsequent layers of black media were built up and secured with spray fixative as needed. These subsequent layers may have appeared in the form of more charcoal or crayon, or Dine may have chosen to use one or more different materials, including pastel, graphite, marker, spray paint, india ink or enamel paint. To monitor their evolution, the drawings were periodically pinned or taped to a wall. Ultimately, this working method resulted in heavily worked surfaces that effectively blocked the passage of light.
In Glyptotek Drawing , Dine created an opaque black background using successive layers of media, which further emphasizes the dismembered head in the drawing (figure 4). The head was first drawn in charcoal and heavily coated with spray fixative. Next, Dine used spray paint to block out the majority of the background. While spray paint was effective at creating an opaque layer, it did not allow the control required to follow the contours of the head without depositing drops of paint on top of the charcoal drawing. To fill in areas directly surrounding the head and other areas where the spray paint was translucent, Dine used enamel paint applied with a brush, followed by lithographic crayon and charcoal to fill in any remaining translucent spots once the paint dried.
This resulted in a lively, multi-layered opaque black background. When used as a transparency, light could pass through the charcoal drawing of the head and toward the edges of the support where the background still remained transparent. In printed form, the lively black background becomes nearly flat, giving only the barest hint of the modulations in the original drawing.
Dine worked horizontally on top of a variety of white papers in order to be able to see what he was creating. Working in this manner resulted in distinct frottage patterns in many of the final drawings. A rough pattern is prominent in several drawings, while in others there is a pattern of miniature staggered dots, each with a diameter that is approximately one millimeter, or there may be a fine linear pattern akin to the texture of a laid paper (figure 5). The patterns are not specific to a particular support. In fact, all patterns appear in each support, sometimes two in one drawing. Thus, the patterns are solely related to the white paper Dine used below each drawing (figure 6).
In Glyptotek Drawing , the rough pattern appears in both positive, when Dine applied the charcoal and pastel, and in negative, when Dine subtracted the media (figure 7). This suggests that the drawing was worked from start to finish on the same surface in one drawing session. In other drawings there are either two patterns, or only sections of the drawing that feature a pattern, thus demonstrating that Dine changed the white paper below the drawing, possibly over several drawing sessions.
Other patterns seen in some of these drawings do not come from below the supports, but from applied patterned surfaces. In Glyptotek Drawing , a diamond pattern resembling a wire mesh can be seen in both positive and negative (figure 8). Dine used the mesh in this drawing to apply media, remove media, and manipulate it. In other drawings, the patterns were not entirely intentional. In Glyptotek Drawings and , there is a second type of diamond pattern, which Dine confirmed is a shoe print (figure 9) and assumed he must have stepped on these drawings.ii
Even though this pattern was unintentional, the print was left on the drawing and transferred to the printing plate. These shoe prints, along with fingerprints, smudges, tears, hairs, and drips from liquid media and heavily applied fixative, reveal Dine's working methods and become part of the history of the Glyptotek Drawings, and ultimately are transferred to the prints.
Putting light into the drawings iii
It was necessary for light to penetrate the multi-layered drawings in order to achieve highlights in the final prints. Dine devised innovative subtractive techniques to remove media, using erasers, sandpaper, knives, razor blades, and an intaglio plate scraper to create voids. Light, passing through these negative spaces, thus became Dine's drawing medium.
In all of the drawings, evidence remains of Dine's use of erasers to subtract layers of friable media, whether it is a subtle highlight or a large area of subtraction with remaining eraser crumbs visible (figure 10). The crumbs that remain on the drawings are adhered into place by subsequent layers of fixative and are reproduced in printed form as an abstract tonal pattern. A tonal pattern was not Dine's intention when he left these crumbs on the drawings but instead, as Dine mused, "[I] just left my tracks."iv
Once a layer of fixative was applied to the surface, the use of erasers became limited. To create highlights in areas of fixed friable media or in areas of liquid media, Dine used more aggressive means of subtraction. Sandpaper allowed Dine to create large areas of highlights, leaving behind fine scratches in the surface of the drawing as evidence of its use (figure 11). The use of a knife, razor blade, or scraper afforded Dine more precise linear scraping, which could be wider or thinner depending on the angle of the tool (figures 12).
Subtracting media is not unique to this series, but rather is a constant for Dine in the creation of drawings. In the past Dine has described a drawing as "something you . . . carve . . . out of the paper rather than laying it on top."v This working method typically prescribes the use of thick resilient supports. In the Glyptotek Drawings, Dine's main criterion for supports was translucency, which limited their thickness. When using these subtractive techniques on paper supports, Dine worked more delicately to create shallow scrapings. The plastic supports, however, allowed Dine to be more aggressive in his scraping, either removing thin slivers of plastic from the surface or, in some drawings, cutting right through the supports (figure 13).
Drawings to Printing Plates
Before starting the Glyptotek Drawings, Dine contacted master printer Kurt Zein in Vienna to determine what process would be used to transform his drawings into prints. This would be the first formal project Dine and Zein worked on together. Together, they decided that creating heliogravures, using the drawings as the positive transparencies, would best capture the subtle nuances of the drawings that Dine planned to make. This discussion, thus, guided Dine's material choices as described above.
Once Dine completed all forty drawings, he turned them over to Zein to have them transferred to copper printing plates and printed on Zerkall LITHO white mould-made printmaking paper. Heliogravure is an intaglio printmaking process, which traditionally uses light in combination with a continuous tone photographic film positive transparency to create an acid-resistant gelatin ground for transfer onto a copper printing plate. To create this ground, the transparency is placed over a photosensitive layer of gelatin and exposed to an ultraviolet-containing light source. Areas of the gelatin that are exposed to light are hardened in proportion to the amount of light that penetrates the transparency, making these areas of gelatin less soluble and more acid resistant. This gelatin layer is then bonded to a plate prepared with an aquatint grain. The plate is then placed in a series of ferric chloride solutions used to etch the surface of the copper and transfer the image from the transparency to the printing plate.
In the case of the prints seen in Glyptotek, the Glyptotek Drawings were used in place of the photographic film positive transparency. Heliogravures made in this manner are often referred to as direct gravures vi, as the step in which the drawing would be photographed to make a positive transparency is eliminated, making the process more direct. To obtain printed images that were the sharpest and most precise representations of Dine's drawings, the drawings were placed face down on top of the gelatin layer. As a result, the heliogravure prints are exact replicas of the drawings, except that they are mirror images of one another (figure 14). It is important to note that a small number of the prints are not exact replicas, as Dine sometimes worked in drypoint directly on the printing plates to make minor adjustments. Still, the prints are primarily considered heliogravures.
Drawings as Positive Transparencies
The Glyptotek Drawings are an instance in which the ultimate goal of creating a book of prints guided the artist's materials and techniques. Using materials that were readily available and relying on his intuition from years of working with drawing, painting, and printmaking materials, Dine was able to adapt his working methods to this new challenge. The catalog for the first exhibition that included these heliogravure prints, Jim Dine: Youth and the Maiden and Related Works, at the Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna, 1989, stated that the drawings were destroyed when the images were transferred to the printing plates. The drawings subsequently surfaced in the 1990 exhibition Jim Dine: Glyptotek Drawings at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, revealing that in the end Dine created two works of art: the printed images in Glyptotek, and a series of forty drawings that, besides their intended intermediary printmaking function, make up the finished work of art Glyptotek Drawings.
Glossary of Terms
Aquatint grain: An overall pattern that is applied to a printing plate to reproduce tone in printed form. This is accomplished by depositing a fine particulate layer of asphaltum or rosin dust on the surface of a printing plate. When exposed to acid, the voids around these particles are etched, creating a series of ink-holding recesses.
Charcoal: A black drawing medium that is the carbon by-product of burned wood or other organic materials. Charcoal for drawing is typically sold in two types: wood or vine charcoal — carbonized twigs of wood or vine — and compressed charcoal — ground charcoal compressed into stick form with little or no binder. Wood or vine charcoal tends to have a brown undertone, while compressed charcoal is a denser black.
Drypoint: An intaglio printmaking technique in which recessed lines are created directly on the printing plate using sharp metal tools. When printed, drypoint lines have a distinct soft appearance.
Enamel paint: A glossy, quick-drying paint that can have an oil or resin binder.
Etch: The chemical removal of metal from a printing plate using an acidic solution, such as ferric chloride.
Ferric chloride: An acidic solution made by dissolving iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) in water. When used to create intaglio printing plates, the ferric chloride eats away, or etches, the exposed areas of the metal printing plate to create ink-holding recesses.
Graphite: A naturally occurring silvery-black drawing material that is an allotropic form of carbon. Graphite is mixed with clay to create a variety of hardnesses used as pencil leads or drawing sticks.
Heliogravure: An intaglio printmaking process also known as photogravure. Traditionally, this process uses light in combination with a continuous tone photographic film positive transparency to create an acid-resistant gelatin ground on a copper printing plate. To create this ground, the transparency is placed over a photosensitive layer of gelatin and exposed to an ultraviolet-containing light source. Areas of the gelatin that are exposed to light are hardened in proportion to the amount of light that penetrates the transparency, making these areas of gelatin less soluble and more acid resistant. This gelatin layer is then bonded to a plate prepared with an aquatint grain. The plate is then placed in a series of ferric chloride solutions used to etch the surface of the copper to transfer the image from the transparency to the printing plate. In the case of the heliogravure prints in Dine's Glyptotek, the Glyptotek Drawings were used as the positive transparencies. The elimination of the photographic film positive transparency is often referred to as direct gravure.
India Ink: A modern, waterproof, black ink that contains a carbon black pigment, shellac, and a borax emulsifier.
Intaglio: A category of printmaking processes in which the image is created by recessed lines or textured areas below the surface of a metal plate. These recesses can be achieved by manual removal of the metal or by chemical removal using acid. To print the image, the plate is inked and wiped, leaving ink only in the recessed areas, and then printed onto a damp sheet of paper using a printing press. Characteristically, the printed ink is raised above the surface of the paper and the print often bears a plate mark. Intaglio includes engraving, drypoint, mezzotint, etching, aquatint, and heliogravure.
Intaglio plate scraper: A three-sided steel tool used to scrape away unwanted lines or burrs from intaglio plates.
Kneaded eraser: A soft pliable eraser that is made of rubber, oil, abrasives, and proprietary ingredients.
Lithographic crayon: A black greasy stick used to draw directly onto a lithographic stone or plate. Lithographic crayons contain wax, tallow, soap, natural resin, and lamp-black pigment in varying proportions to produce five to seven hardnesses. Crayons come in the form of square sticks that are approximately two inches long, or the same ingredients can be cast into rods and wrapped in paper to create lithographic pencils.
Marker: A drawing instrument with a fiber tip to which a constant supply of ink is supplied from an attached reservoir.
Pastel: A soft drawing stick made from finely ground natural or synthetic pigments mixed with a small amount of a water-soluble binder and a filler.
Spray fixative: A clear acrylic resin applied as a mist to a work of art with the purpose of adhering friable media. Commercial fixatives are sold in aerosol containers.
Spray paint: A liquid paint that is applied as a mist to a substrate. Commercial spray paints are sold in aerosol containers.
(i) Conversation with Jim Dine at The Morgan Library & Museum on December 22, 2010.
(ii) Conversation with Jim Dine at The Morgan Library & Museum on December 22, 2010.
(iii) When asked about his subtractive techniques, Dine said that he used the intaglio plate scraper to 'put light into the drawing'. Conversation with Jim Dine at The Morgan Library & Museum on December 22, 2010.
(iv) Conversation with Jim Dine at The Morgan Library & Museum on December 22, 2010.
(v) Quoted in Judith Brodie "A Manner of Speaking" in Judith Brodie and Jim Dine. Drawings of Jim Dine. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 2004. p. 17.
(vi) Direct gravure is a term used in David Morrish and Marlene MacCallum, Copper Plate Photogravure: Demystifying the Process. New York: Focal Press, 2003. p. 148-149. Also see: Sacilotto, Deli. Photographic Printmaking Techniques. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1982. pp. 108-109.
Brodie, Judith, and Jim Dine. Drawings of Jim Dine. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 2004.
CAMEO: Conservation & Art Material Encyclopedia Online. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. www.cameo.mfa.org/index.asp.
Carpenter, Elizabeth. Jim Dine Prints, 1985–2000: A Catalogue Raisonné. Minneapolis, Minn: Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 2002.
Dine, Jim. Jim Dine in Der Glyptothek. München: Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek, 1990.
Dine, Jim, Personal conversations and correspondence, December 2010–March 2011.
Dine, Jim, Ruth Fine, and Stephen Fleischman. Jim Dine: Drawing from the Glyptothek. New York: Hudson Hills Press, in association with Madison Art Center, Wisconsin, 1993.
Dine, Jim, and Deni M. I. McHenry. Jim Dine: Glyptotek Drawings. Kansas City, Mo.: Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 1990.
Dine, Jim, Barbara Wally and Kurt Zein. Me and Zein: Etchings and Woodcuts 1987–1996, Printed by Kurt Zein. Salzburg: Internationale Sommerakademie für Bildende Kunst, 1997.
Ellis, Margaret Holben, and M. Brigitte Yeh. "Categories of Wax-Based Drawing Media," WAAC Newsletter. Vol 19, No 3 (September 1997).
Mayer, Ralph, and Steven Sheehan. The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, 4th ed. New York: Viking Press, 1981.
Media & Techniques of Works of Art on Paper. New York: Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, July 1999.
Morrish, David, and Marlene MacCallum. Copper Plate Photogravure: Demystifying the Process. New York: Focal Press, 2003.
Oberhuber, Konrad, and Jim Dine. Jim Dine: Youth and the Maiden. London: Waddington Graphics, 1988.
Ross, John, Clare Romano, and Tim Ross. The Complete Printmaker: Techniques, Traditions, Innovations. New York: Free Press, 1990.
Sacilotto, Deli. Photographic Printmaking Techniques. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1982.
"Surface Cleaning: Eraser Materials," Chap. 14 in Paper Conservation Catalog, 8th ed. Washington, DC: AIC/BPG, 1992.
Zein, Kurt, Werkstatt für handgedruckte Originalgraphik. Personal Correspondence, March 2011.
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French biochemist Pierre Calleja poses the question, “who will save our suffocating world?” Given the scientist’s area of expertise, the answer may not surprise you, for in his formulation the crucial ingredient of our salvation is not the out-sized brains of homo sapiens, but rather the singular cells of a phosphorescent micro organism.
Microalgae Street Lamps. Designed by Pierre Calleja.
Scientist Pierre Calleja Has Designed A Bio-Powered Lamp
Calleja’s creation is a lamp like no other. Though slightly familiar from the photovoltaic paradigm of energy collection, Calleja’s Microalgae Powered Lamps depart from pv cells in many ways. Just for starters, the crucial components are not made by man at considerable effort and expense, but rather bestowed as a gift of nature—prone to reside at the mucky surface of a Louisiana swamp, or deep in the gardens of the dark-green sea.
For the last 20 years, Calleja has focused his attentions on species of mixotropic algae, versatile little buggers that generate electricity not only from the preferred source of most plant life—sunlight—but also by absorbing CO2: “the lamps are composed of a tube containing microalgae, as well as a battery… during the day, the batteries are charged via photosynthesis of the algae, using both solar power and CO2.”
This means that Calleja’s microalgae not only suck those pesky carbon molecules from the air, they also convert them into a ready source of energy to power his street lamps. The lamps, for their part, contain a murky mix of the greenish algae and a growth medium (water). This, together with the emitted light, makes for a Frankenstein meets Tim Burton type of aesthetic, which will be most intriguing once Calleja perfects the concept and the lamps begin to purify the air on foggy roadways and cloud-enshrouded bridges from Paris to Prague, from Bangladesh to Budapest.
Remarking that car exhaust accounts for around 25% of global CO2 emissions, Calleja suggests that the Microalgae Lamps will address two social problems at once: “absorbing an estimated ton of emissions per year, the lamps represent a viable electricity-free lighting solution even for locations where there is no or little natural light, such as underground parking garages—at night, the stored power is used for lighting.”
About the Designer: French Biochemist Pierre Calleja has dedicated 20+ years of research to the microscopic wunderkind called mixotropic algae. These single-celled organisms feed on sunlight and carbon dioxide with equal facility, thus not only harboring tremendous potential to diminish global warming, but also to create usable electricity. Currently in the prototype stage, Calleja’s Mircoalgae Street Lamps may one day be a fixture in high-density municipalities, shops, and private homes.
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That old saying "laughter is the best medicine" has more than a little truth in it. When laughter bursts forth, your metabolism picks up, muscles are massaged, and neurochemicals stream into the blood. You feel relaxed — and you raise your guard against depression, heart disease, and pain.
Now researchers think laughter’s salutary role includes boosting the immune system. New studies indicated that laughter can increase concentrations of salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) — an antibody linked to lower rates of upper respiratory illnesses. In fact, it's been found that IgA levels are naturally high in people who regularly battle adversity with humor. In addition, laughter decreases cortisol, an immune suppressor, which has a tremendous influence on the immune system. This decrease allows interleukin-2 and other immune boosters to express themselves.
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On September 14, three years after they were arrested, the Supreme Court of New South Wales began hearing the trial of the girls’ mother, senior clergy member Sheikh Shabbir Vaziri and a 68-year-old nurse who performed the genital cutting on the girls.
The trial could last for six weeks and if convicted, the three accused could face seven years in jail.
The Dawoodi Bohras are a small but influential sub-sect of Shia Islam, between one and two million in number, who predominantly hail from Gujarat. While the majority of the community lives in India, there is a large Bohra diaspora around the world.
In India, the Bohras are the only community known to practice female circumcision – cutting the tip of a young girl’s clitoris – a ritual that is regarded by the World Health Organisation as a type of female genital mutilation. India does not have a specific law against this practice, but in several countries, including Australia, FGM is considered a criminal offence.
What is FGM?
The practice of female genital cutting is said to have originated somewhere in Africa much before the rise of Islam, and finds no mention in the Quran. Most of the communities that practice varying degrees of genital cutting believe it is done to moderate a woman’s sexual desire and prevent her from having extra-marital or pre-marital sex.
The World Health Organisation has classified female genital mutilation into four types based on the degree of severity and damage: while Type 1 involves cutting a part or whole of the clitoris, Types 3 and 4 involve cutting off most of a woman’s external genitalia and, at times, sewing up the vaginal opening.
The Bohras are known to practice Type 1 FGM – slicing off the clitoral hood when a girl is around seven years old – although there are some cases where the damage caused has been more severe. It is likely that the Bohras inherited the practice from Yemen and Egypt, where the sect traces its origins to the Fatimid dynasty of the 11th century.
The Australia case
In Australia, where female genital cutting is practiced mainly among migrants from Africa, West Asia and South Asia, all forms of FGM were made illegal in 1997.
The case of the two circumcised Bohra girls was uncovered in 2012, when the Department of Community Services in New South Wales received an anonymous tip-off about the prevalence of FGM in the Dawoodi Bohra community. The state police began investigating the community by recording phone calls and using listening devices, and found that the two sisters – then aged six and seven – had been circumcised in two separate incidents, in Sydney and Wollongong, sometime between October 2010 and July 2012.
When the girls were interviewed in their school, they revealed that khatna (circumcision) had been done to them by a woman they did not know, and described the procedure as “a little cut down there”. According to the police, one of the girls said she was given some lemonade before the procedure and was asked to imagine a place that she liked to ease the pain during the circumcision. While showering after the cutting, she was also reportedly scared that it would hurt.
In conversations secretly recorded after the girls’ family came to know of the police investigations, their mother allegedly told them, “We told you, my child, this is a secret. Never tell anyone.” In another recorded phone call, the nurse who performed the cutting was heard saying, “I’m in trouble. I do not want to go to jail at my age.”
Initially, eight Bohras were arrested in the case, but charges against the girls’ father and four other relatives were dismissed by the lower courts. Now, in addition to the mother and the nurse who have been charged with arranging and performing the circumcision, a senior Bohra clergy member Sheikh Shabbir Vaziri has been accused of hindering the investigation by instructing community members to lie to the police about the prevalence of FGM among Bohras.
So far, the defence lawyers representing the accused have argued that the cutting was just a “ritualistic ceremony” that did not cause any visible injury to the external genitalia. The lower court did not accept this argument, but the Supreme Court’s verdict is not likely to be out for another six weeks.
All the accused have been granted bail and the next hearing is on September 26. So far, the girls have been in their parents care.
In Mumbai, the administrative headquarter of the Dawoodi Bohras, community spokespersons declined to comment on the Australian case. A senior Bohra scholar, however, confirmed that this is the first instance of Bohras being arrested for female genital cutting.
Community members in India, meanwhile, are ambivalent about the ongoing trial in Australia.
“It is important to follow the law of the land in which you live, so if this practice is illegal in Australia, they should not have done it there,” said a Bohra businesswoman from Mumbai who did not wish to be identified. “But seven years of jail would be too much if they are convicted – what would happen to the children?”
Pious Bohras, say community members, follow the practice not to harm their children but because they believe it is mandated by the religion for the good of their daughters. This, they say, does not make them bad parents.
“I too have had khatna performed on my daughters and initially I saw no harm in it,” said a Bohra mother from Vapi who was told that the circumcision is meant to curb a girl’s sexual energy during puberty. “Now I am ambivalent about the practice. There must be some reason why the Prophet endorsed it, but if it is stopped, then it should be stopped uniformly everywhere.”
Some Bohras in Australia, however, are hopeful that the case will deter the community from continuing the practice.
"I am horrified that this barbaric practice has followed this community overseas," said Rashida Murphy, a Bohra from Perth. "Those little girls will never be the same again and their mother should be made to pay by jail time to deter others contemplating this savagery."
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1) What is the atomic # for selenium?
The atomic number is 34, what else?
2) Write the full electron configuration for selenium following the (n+l) rule?
I must admit I don't know what the n+one rule is (although that could be n + ell rule). However the electron configuration is
[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p4
I am not sure what is meant by n+l
3) write the electron configuration, grouping electrons by their "n" values.
[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p4
I would write 2,8,18,6 for n = 1,2,3,and 4.
4) What is the number of valence electrons for selenium?
6. Those are the 4s2 4p4 and you are correct.
what is the number of core electrons?
I do not understand what core electrons are.
The core electrons are those inside the valence shell; i.e., that will be 34-6 = 28. Another way to look at it is to look at the n shells of 2,8,18,6 and take off the last 6 which leaves 2,8,and 18 = 28.
5) what is the number of unpaired electrons? Show how you determined this.
You have 4s2 4p4 in the valence shell (all of the others are paired; i.e., the 2, 8, and 18). The two in 4s2 are paired. That leaves just the 4p4 electrons to worry about. Since there are three p orbitals (the Px, Py, Pz) and Hund's rule says we fill all orbitals BEFORE we start pairing which means we have 1 in Px, 1 in Py, and 1 in Pz. The fourth one must pair up with the 1 already there in Px and there are no more electrons. Therefore, that leaves the last two electrons, 1 in Py and 1 in Pz, unpaired. So the answer is 2 unpaired electrons. So you are right!
i think the answer is two but im not sure why.
6) What is the number of filled shells?
7) What is the number of filled orbitals?
I'm not sure what the question means by filled orbitals. Is that completely filled or partially filled. Either way it is a filled orbital. I would count 1s2 as 1 orbital + 2s2 as 1, + 2p6 as 3, + 3s2 as 1, 3p6 as 3 + 3d10 as 5 + 4s2 as 1 + 4p2 as 1 and I'm not counting the last two unpaired since those orbitals are only partially filled. You can add those numbers but I think that is 16. If you interpret the question differently you can adjust the answer.
Thank you for your help!!!
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| 0.945636 | 615 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Political Science | Analyzing Politics
Y205 | 18845 | Razo
This course introduces students to tools and concepts to analyze
politics. In general, students will learn how political scientists
frame research questions, how they collect and analyze information,
and how they present research results. Selected topics include
theories and hypotheses, research ethics, types of research design,
and various strategies for data analysis.
In particular, students will learn five practical research skills to
assist them with future coursework and professional development.
These skills include how to:
• Evaluate published research
• Formulate their own research project
• Collaborate on a small-scale survey project
• Analyze data
• Learn principles for good scientific illustrations.
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| 0.873401 | 153 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|Release of Salivary Stones
|What are (Submandibular / Sub-lingual) Salivary Gland
Sialolithiasis (Salivary Gland Stones) is the most common
disease of the salivary glands. It is affects 12 in 1000 of
the adult population; men are affected twice as much as
women; children are rarely affected.
Sialolithiasis accounts for more than 50% of diseases of
the large salivary glands and is thus the most common
cause of acute and chronic salivary gland infections.
More than 80% occur in the submandibular gland or its
duct, 6% in the parotid gland and 2% in the sublingual
gland or minor salivary glands.
|Photos of Sialoliths removed from the Submandibular Duct
Clinical Examination, Investigations & Diagnosis
Careful history and examination are important in the
diagnosis of sialolithiasis (in fact, in all aspects of medicine
& dentistry). Pain and swelling of the concerned gland at
meal-times and in response to other salivary stimuli are
especially important. Complete obstruction of the salivary
duct by a salivary stone causes constant pain and swelling;
pus may be seen draining from the duct and signs of
systemic infection may be present.
Bi-manual palpation of the floor of the mouth, in a
posterior (back) to anterior (front) direction, reveals a
salivary stone in a large number of cases of
submandibular calculi formation. Bi-manual palpation of
the gland itself can be useful, as a uniformly firm and hard
gland suggests a hypo-functional (under-performing) or
Imaging studies are very useful for diagnosing
sialolithiasis. Occlusal radiographs (X-rays of the floor of
the mouth) are useful in showing (radio-opaque) stones.
Sialography is useful in patients showing signs of
sialadenitis related to (radio-lucent) stones or deep
submandibular / parotid stones. Sialography is, however,
contra-indicated in acute infection or in marked contrast
allergy (ie an allergy to the contrast media pumped into the
duct and gland).
What does the operation involve?
There are various methods available for the management
of salivary stones, depending on the gland affected and
Patients presenting with sialolithiasis may benefit from a
trial of conservative management especially if the stone is
The patient must be well hydrated (that is, drink frequently)
and must apply moist warm heat and massage the involved
salivary gland, while sialogogues are used to promote
saliva production and flush the stone out of the duct.
With gland swelling and sialolithiasis, infection should be
assumed and antibiotics prescribed. Most stones will
respond to such a regimen, combined with simple
sialolithotomy when required.
If the stone is sufficiently forward in the salivary duct, it
can be ‘milked’ and manipulated through the duct opening;
this can be done with the aid of lacrimal probes and
dilators to open the duct.
Once open, the stone can be identified, ‘milked’ forward,
grasped and removed. The gland is then ‘milked’ to
remove any other debris in the more posterior (back)
portion of the duct.
Almost half of the submandibular calculi lie in the distal
third of the duct and are amenable to simple surgical
release through an incision (cut) directly onto the stone. In
this way more posterior stones, 1 – 2 cm from the salivary
duct punctum, can be removed by cutting directly onto the
stone in the longitudinal axis of the duct. Care is taken as
the lingual nerve lies deep to the duct, but in close
association with the submandibular duct posteriorly.
Subsequently, the stone can be grasped and removed. No
closure is done leaving the duct open for drainage.
If the submandibular gland has been damaged by
recurrent infection and fibrosis or calculi have formed
within the gland, it may require removal.
Alternative methods of treatment have emerged such as
the use of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)
and more recently the use of Endoscopic Intracorporeal
Shockwave Lithotripsy (EISWL), in which shockwaves are
delivered directly to the surface of the stone lodged within
the duct without damaging adjacent tissue (piezoelectric
principle). Both extra and intra-corporeal lithotripsy are
gaining increasing importance in the treatment of salivary
Submandibular gland removal may be indicated following
failure of lithotripsy or if the size of an intra-glandular stone
is > 12 mm as the success of lithotripsy may be < 20% in
In the case of small calculi, the treatment of choice should
be medical, instead of surgical. The patient can be
administered natural sialogogues such as small slices of
lemon or sialogogue medication (such as pilocarpine).
Surgical removal of the calculus (or even of the whole
gland) has traditionally been used as an alternative to
medical therapy, whenever the latter was not possible or
when it proved ineffective.
How long will the operation take?
It can be very quick (a few minutes). If the stone is big or
difficult to access, it can take that much longer.
What can I expect after the operation?
It is unlikely to be very sore but regular painkillers will be
arranged for you. There is relatively little swelling following
salivary stone removal.
Do I need any time off work?
Possibly only for the day of the operation.
Will I have a scar?
What are the possible problems?
Bleeding from the wound is unlikely to be a problem. If it
occurs it usually does so within the first 12 hours of surgery
which is why you need to stay in hospital overnight.
Infection is uncommon but if your surgeon thinks it may
happen to you a short course of antibiotics will be arranged.
What are the possible complications?
There are potential complications with any operation.
Fortunately with this type of surgery complications are rare
and may not happen to you. However it is important that
you are aware of them and have the opportunity to discuss
them with your surgeon.
Pain. As it is a surgical procedure, there will be soreness
at the operation site. This can last for several days.
Painkillers such as Ibuprofen, Paracetamol, Solpadeine or
Nurofen Plus are very effective. Obviously, the painkiller
you use is dependent on your medical history and the ease
with which the stone was released.
Swelling. There will be swelling afterwards though it will
not be obvious from the outside. Sucking an ice-cube at
the op site will help to decrease the swelling. Avoidance in
the first few hours post-op of alcohol, exercise or hot foods
/ drinks will decrease the degree of swelling that can
Sutures. The op site will often be closed with stitches.
These dissolve and ‘fall out’ within 10 – 14 days.
Limitation of Mouth Opening. Often the chewing muscles
and the jaw joints are sore after the op so that mouth
opening can be limited for the next few days.
Scarring / Lumpiness at Op Site. Any cut to soft tissues
produces a scar. Initially, after the release of a stone, a
scar may be produced. This softens and disappears (i.e.
improves) with time. The scarring can also be dependent
on the size of the stone, how long it had been present for,
how many infections had been associated with it and the
individuals’ tendency to scarring.
Floor of Mouth Complications. When stitching up the
operation site, sometimes, the stitches can tie off the
Submandibular Duct. If this happens, saliva produced by
the Submandibular Gland can not escape into the mouth
and back pressure into the gland happens. This causes
the Submandibular Gland to swell and become painful.
The floor of the mouth may even rise. If any of this
happens, you will need to contact the OMFS department or
A&E as soon as possible. Because of the potential of this
to happen, stitches are sometimes not used or if used, are
Repeat Op. Sometimes not all of the stone is removed or
there were more stones than originally thought (and not
obvious on the X-ray) or the conditions that created the
salivary stone in the first place haven’t changed and a new
stone has formed; hence, the need to repeat the op.
Numbness of the Tongue. The lingual nerve which supplies
feeling to the side of the tongue can become bruised as a
result of surgery. If this occurs you will experience a tingly
or numb feeling in the tongue, similar to the sensation after
having an injection at the dentist. This numbness may take
several months to disappear and in a minority of patients
may last for ever.
Damage to the Submandibular Duct. The submandibular
duct is the name of the tube which carries saliva from the
submandibular gland into the mouth. The duct runs close
to the sublingual gland before opening on the inside of the
mouth under the tongue immediately behind the lower front
teeth. If this duct is damaged, saliva may not drain
properly from the submandibular gland and the gland may
therefore swell in the upper part of the neck. The majority
of these swellings settle down on their own.
Need for Gland Excision. If the stone has caused multiple
infections in the Submandibular Gland, this may have
damaged the gland so much that removal of the stone will
have no beneficial effects. If this is the case, the
Submandibular Gland may need to be removed.
Are there are any long-term effects of having my
(submandibular / sub-lingual) salivary stones removed?
Will I need further appointments?
Not necessarily. If the stone has been removed and it is
thought that all the stone has been removed and that the
procedure was straightforward, then there is no need for
review. If there are any queries, then a review is most
|Last Updated 12th January 2011
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| 0.910398 | 2,324 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Skip to Content
by Leigh MacMillan | Friday, Jul. 25, 2014, 8:00 AM
Chytridiomycosis – an invasive skin disease caused by the fungal pathogen B. dendrobatidis – is killing amphibians worldwide. Current treatment of the fungus (for amphibians in captivity) uses itraconazole, but toxicity and emerging resistance emphasize the need for other antifungals.
Louise Rollins-Smith, Ph.D., and colleagues have now evaluated chloramphenicol and amphotericin B against B. dendrobatidis in vitro and in vivo. They found that both chloramphenicol and amphotericin B reduced B. dendrobatidis infection in naturally infected southern leopard frogs, but neither drug completely cleared the fungus. They also evaluated innate skin defenses in the frogs – the production of antimicrobial peptides and the existence of protective skin bacteria. None of the drugs inhibited antimicrobial peptide synthesis, but chloramphenicol inhibited the growth of skin bacteria, suggesting that it may alter the naturally protective skin microbiome.
The findings, reported in the July issue of Applied and Environmental Microbiology, suggest that amphotericin B might be a useful addition to itraconazole for treating chytridiomycosis.
This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (IOS-0619536, IOS-0843207, IOS-1121758).
Send suggestions for articles to highlight in Aliquots and any other feedback about the column to [email protected]
Leigh MacMillan, (615) 322-4747
Health and Medicine, Reporter, Research Aliquots, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, biological sciences, Department of Pediatrics, frog, fungus, Louise Rollins-Smith, NSF, pathology microbiology and immunology, Reporter June 13 2014
There are lots of ways to keep up with Vanderbilt. Choose your preferred method:
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| 0.857285 | 407 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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Archaeologists claim objects are earliest 'matches'
By Nick Crumpton
Researchers from Israel say that mysterious clay and stone artefacts from Neolithic times could be the earliest known "matches".
Although the cylindrical objects have been known about for some time, they had previously been interpreted as "cultic" phallic symbols.
The researchers' new interpretation means these could be the earliest evidence of how fires were ignited.
The research was published in the open access journal Plos One.
The journal reports that the artefacts are almost 8,000 years old.
Although evidence of "pyrotechnology" in Eurasia is known from three quarters of a million years ago, this evidence usually takes the form of remnants of fire itself.
"We have fire evidence in modern humans and Neanderthals, from charcoal, ashes and hearths, but there was nothing ever found that was connected with how you ignite the fire," lead author Prof Naama Goren-Inbar of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem told BBC News.
But on a visit to the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, Professor Goren-Inbar recognised the shape of structures discovered at the Sha'ar HaGolan archaeological site as that found in tools used for purposes other than simply cultural ones.
"I saw this object and immediately it came to my mind that this was very, very similar to all the sticks that you see [used as] 'fire drills'. I made the connection and it slowly developed," she said.
By using electro-microscopy techniques, Prof Goren-Inbar and her colleagues identified tell-tale signs that the cylindrical clay objects may have been rotated at high speed, generating friction to ignite tinder.
They identified linear marks, or striations - at the conical ends of the cylinders which they interpret as being generated by spinning the "matches" within sockets found on "fire boards", which are known from other sites.
Burn-colouration reminiscent of scorch-marks was also found, as well as grooves evident higher up the objects, which may have been generated by a bow, used to spin the cylinders.
This evidence, the researchers write, is supported by known cultural evidence from the Neolithic as well as knowledge of traditional fire ignition techniques.
This new interpretation highlights the technological sophistication of the Sha'ar HaGolan inhabitants at this time, and the prevalence of these structures around a wide area of the Eastern Mediterranean may further indicate that clay matches were common at an earlier time period than other ignition technologies.
Prof Goren-Inbar told BBC News that the team intended to carry out further experimental work in order to validate their conclusions.
When small cylinders of clay and stone turned up at ancient archaeological sites, researchers described them as "phallic" and theorized the pointy-tipped cylinders had religious significance.
But regardless of the resemblance they bear to male genitalia, these cylinders had a practical purpose: They were the world's earliest-known matches, an Israeli research team concluded after examining one of the sites holding these "early matches."
After examining cylinders found at an 8,000-year-old site in a Neolithic village called Sha'ar HaGolan in modern-day Israel, the team determined they were rotated against another surface to generate friction, which would generate heat and, ultimately, fire.
This system, called a fire drill, relies on drill bits — the role the researchers believe these cylinders played — and a fire board that also holds tinder.
Drills and boards have shown up in archaeological sites around the world, including Egypt, Europe and South America. They have also been used by people such as Australian aborigines and American Indians.
But phallic advocates take heart, "ethnographically, in many societies the fire drill and the fireboard are considered to represent the male and female sex organs, respectively," they write.
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| 0.967322 | 852 | 3.25 | 3 |
Stand Your Ground Laws
The shooting death of Trayvon Martin brought a lot of attention to so-called “stand your ground” self-defense laws. That tragic situation caused many people to question the wisdom of stand your ground laws, and still others to demand their repeal. But what are stand your ground laws? How do they work, and what purpose do they serve? This article will answer those questions and more.
Duty to Retreat
It is impossible to discuss stand your ground laws without first explaining the concept of the duty to retreat. In its most extreme form, the duty to retreat states that a person who is under an imminent threat of personal harm must retreat from the threat as much as possible before responding with force in self-defense. These days, states that retain the duty generally incorporate a variety of the duty with somewhat less stringent requirements.
Stand Your Ground
Stand your ground laws are essentially a revocation of the duty to retreat. Stand your ground laws generally state that, under certain circumstances, individuals can use force to defend themselves without first attempting to retreat from the danger. The purpose behind these laws is to remove any confusion about when individuals can defend themselves and to eliminate prosecutions of people who legitimately used self-defense even though they had not attempted to retreat from the threat.
In many states with stand your ground laws, a claim of self-defense under a stand your ground law offers immunity from prosecution rather than an affirmative defense. This means that, rather than presenting a self-defense argument at an assault trial, for example, an individual could claim self-defense under the state’s stand your ground law and avoid trial altogether.
States with Stand Your Ground laws differ on whether the law applies to instances involving lethal force, with some states retaining the duty to retreat when lethal force is involved and others removing the duty to retreat under all circumstances.
Controversy over Stand Your Ground
Stand your ground laws are often criticized as encouraging violence. Critics claim that the laws lead to a “shoot first, ask questions later” attitude that results in more injuries and deaths than would occur without the law. Proponents of stand your ground counter that the laws allow people to protect themselves without worrying about whether they have retreated sufficiently before using force.
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| 0.956245 | 458 | 3.140625 | 3 |
A Draft Resolution of Congressional Censure
Kennedy, O'Connor, Rehnquist, Scalia,
for Their Betrayal of the American
Letter of Introduction
The Counts of Censure
II. The Legal Controversy in Florida
III. The U.S. Supreme Court's Intervention
IV. The U.S. Supreme Court's Decision
V. The Anomalous Nature of the Per Curiam Rulings
VI. The Tragic Impact of the Supreme Court's Rulings
VII. The Voice of Memory
Therefore it is resolved that . . .
PDF Version of Resolution
I. Applicable Laws and Principles.
Whereas the United States Constitution preserves the individual states as sovereign units of republican government within the United States of America and ascribes to them a wide range of autonomous and concurrent powers coexistent with federal governmental powers;
Whereas the separation of powers provisions contained in the United States Constitution are bedrock principles of our nation's checked-and-balanced, republican form of government—created from revolution, redeemed through civil war, and sustained so long thereafter by fervent devotion to the rule of law;
Whereas, pursuant to the separation of powers, the Constitution establishes independent, particularized provisions for selecting officers of the three branches of the federal government and the head officers of said branches of government, including the President of the United States as head of the Executive branch;
Whereas the President of the United States serves as Commander in Chief of the armed forces and wields enormous influence over the foreign and domestic policies of the nation, including the power to propose treaties and legislation; appoint federal department heads, ambassadors, and federal judges; administrate and execute the laws; annually report to Congress and the American people on the State of the Union; and to represent the United States as head of state in all substantive and ceremonial dealings with foreign nationals;
Whereas all American citizens registered to vote are eligible to cast a ballot in the quadrennial election to fill the office of President of the United States, and said officeholder is acknowledged to be among the most preeminent personages of the nation and in the world;
Whereas the United
States Constitution determines the manner of electing the President and
Vice President of the United States and prescribes a role for two (and
only two) institutions: state legislatures before Election Day and Congress
thereafter, as follows:
Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution declares: "Each state shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors [for President and Vice President of the United States] . . . . The Congress may determine the Time of chusing [sic] the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States."
Whereas, resulting from the disputed presidential contest of 1876 between Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden and Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes, Congress passed the Electoral Count Act of 1887 in order to provide a detailed blueprint for resolving—through political means—future disputes concerning the bona fides of state presidential electors, the provisions of which are codified in 3 USC, Secs. 5, 6, and 15 et seq.;
Whereas it is logical to conclude from a reading of said statute and its legislative history that Congress intended to commit the power to resolve such controversies over the bona fides of state presidential electors to the Congress (both houses) and to the states, rather than to the federal courts; see H. Rep. No. 1638, 49th Cong., 1st Sess., 2 (1886), report submitted by Rep. Caldwell, Select Committee on the Election of President and Vice-President ["The two Houses are, by the Constitution, authorized to make the count of electoral votes. They can only count legal votes, and in doing so must determine, from the best evidence to be had, what are legal votes . . . . The power to determine rests with the two Houses, and there is no other constitutional tribunal."] Accord: Framer of the Constitution, James Madison, July 25, 1787 (reprinted in 5 Elliot's Debates on the Federal Constitution 363 (2d ed. 1876)) ["Madison . . . believed that allowing the judiciary to choose the presidential electors 'was out of the question.'"]—cited in Breyer, dissenting opinion Part B, p. 12, Bush v. Gore; No. 00-949 (U.S. Dec. 12, 2000).
Whereas, for the
presidential election of 2000, Congress determined that the day for Congress
to receive electoral vote reports from the fifty States and the District
of Columbia, and, if necessary, to entertain, adjudicate and resolve objections
thereto, was January 6, 2001;
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| 0.925418 | 990 | 2.734375 | 3 |
verb (fructifies, fructifying, fructified)[with object] formal
1Make (something) fruitful or productive.
- The students are at the helm of activities right from obtaining permission to utilise ‘poromboke’ land in the villages and raising funds from philanthropists to fructify asset creation.
- Thence it fructified the economy of China's centres of silk and tea production in the lower Yangzi provinces.
- I decided to fructify this one for the sole reason that it didn't require another person to do it.
1.1 [no object] Bear fruit or become productive.
- What force prevents the terrorist conspiracy from fructifying?
- The proposal to build the Devanhalli international airport too has taken a long time to fructify and even today the progress is bogged down with some technicalities, though there is no doubt about its becoming a reality before long.
- It may be noted that in this case, there is full performance risk - the airline has to exist, operate, achieve ticket sales and collect successfully for the cashflows to fructify.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of fructify in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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| 0.919658 | 281 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Compensation is a process in which the brain learns how to ignore false signals sent from the inner ear that detect motion.
The false signals, sent when the inner ear is injured or diseased, conflict with the signals from the other balance centers in the body. This results in the symptom called vertigo (a false sense of movement).
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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| 0.906147 | 122 | 2.625 | 3 |
Dwarf galaxies that orbit the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxies defy the accepted model of galaxy formation, and recent attempts to wedge them into the model are flawed, reports an international team of astrophysicists.
David Merritt, professor of astrophysics at Rochester Institute of Technology, co-authored "Co-orbiting satellite galaxy structures are still in conflict with the distribution of primordial dwarf galaxies," to be published in an upcoming issue of Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. A pre-print of the paper is available online at http://arxiv.
The study pokes holes in the current understanding of galaxy formation and questions the accepted model of the origin and evolution of the universe. According to the standard paradigm, 23 percent of the mass of the universe is shaped by invisible particles known as dark matter.
"The model predicts that dwarf galaxies should form inside of small clumps of dark matter and that these clumps should be distributed randomly about their parent galaxy," Merritt said. "But what is observed is very different. The dwarf galaxies belonging to the Milky Way and Andromeda are seen to be orbiting in huge, thin disk-like structures."
The study, led by Marcel Pawlowski at Case Western Reserve University, critiques three recent papers by different international teams, all of which concluded that the satellite galaxies support the standard model. The critique by Merritt and his colleagues found "serious issues" with all three studies.
The team of 14 scientists from six different countries replicated the earlier analyses using the same data and cosmological simulations and came up with much lower probabilities--roughly one tenth of a percent--that such structures would be seen in the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy.
"The earlier papers found structures in the simulations that no one would say really looked very much like the observed planar structures," said Merritt.
In their paper, Merritt and his co-authors write that, "Either the selection of model satellites is different from that of the observed ones, or an incomplete set of observational constraints has been considered, or the observed satellite distribution is inconsistent with basic assumptions. Once these issues have been addressed, the conclusions are different: Features like the observed planar structures are very rare."
The standard cosmological model is the frame of reference for many generations of scientists, some of whom are beginning to question its ability to accurately reproduce what is observed in the nearby universe. Merritt counts himself among the small and growing group that is questioning the accepted paradigm.
"Our conclusion tends to favor an alternate, and much older, model: that the satellites were pulled out from another galaxy when it interacted with the Local Group galaxies in the distant past," he said. "This 'tidal' model can naturally explain why the observed satellites are orbiting in thin disks."
Scientific progress embraces challenges to upheld theories and models for a reason, Merritt notes.
"When you have a clear contradiction like this, you ought to focus on it," Merritt said. "This is how progress in science is made."
CONTACT: David Merritt can be reached at [email protected] or 585-730-3847.
IMAGE: An optical image of the "Tadpole" galaxy, an interacting galaxy, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Material stripped from the galaxy during its collision with a smaller galaxy (seen in the upper left corner of the larger interaction partner) forms a long tidal tail. Young blue stars, star clusters and tidal dwarf galaxies are born in these tidal debris. These objects move in a common direction within a plane defined by the orientation and motion of their tidal tail. A similar galaxy interaction might have occurred in the Local Group in the past, which could explain the distribution of dwarf galaxies in co-rotating planes.
UGC 10214 ("The Tadpole"): http://www.
Credit: NASA, Holland Ford (JHU), the ACS Science Team and ESA
MOVIE: Movie of a computer simulation modeling the merger of two galaxies. The remnant galaxy is similar to our neighboring Andromeda galaxy. Debris from the collision is expelled in long tidal tails, along which tidal dwarf galaxies form. These orbit in a common plane, because they follow the motion of the tidal tail. This might explain the satellite galaxy planes around the Milky Way and Andromeda.
Credit: Observatoire de Paris / GEPI / François Hammer et al.
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What is COBRA coverage and how was it created?
The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (hereinafter referred to as “COBRA”) is a law passed by the United States Congress on a reconciliation basis and signed by President Ronald Reagan that, among other things, mandates an insurance program giving some employees the ability to continue health insurance coverage after leaving employment. COBRA includes amendments to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). While the law deals with a great variety of subjects it is perhaps best known for its amendment to the Internal Revenue Code and Public Health Service Act to deny income tax deductions to employers (generally those with 20 or more full time equivalent employees) for contributions to a group health plan unless such plan meets certain continuing coverage requirements. The violation for failing to meet those criteria was subsequently changed to an excise tax. Although this statute became law on April 7, 1986, its official name is the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 . Because of the discrepancy between the official name of the Act and the year in which it was enacted, some government publications refer to the Act as the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986. The Act is often referred to simply as “COBRA”.
What medical services does COBRA cover?
COBRA is a federal law that allows certain employees, their spouses and dependents, to keep their group health plan for between 18 and 36 months after they leave their job or lose coverage for certain other reasons, as long as they pay the full cost of the premium. Under COBRA, a group health plan is defined as a plan that provides medical benefits for the employer’s own employees, their spouses and their dependents. Medical benefits may include the following:
- inpatient and outpatient hospital care;
- physician care;
- surgery and other major medical benefits;
- prescription drugs;
- any other medical benefits, such as dental and vision care.
It is important to note that life insurance is not covered under COBRA.
The federal COBRA law generally covers group health plans maintained by employers with 20 or more employees in the prior year. It applies to health plans in the private sector and those sponsored by state and local governments. The law does not, however, apply to plans sponsored by the federal government and certain church-related organizations. Some states extend rights similar to COBRA coverage to people who would not otherwise be eligible for COBRA coverage, (i.e, people with companies that have fewer than 20 employees).
Is COBRA coverage less expensive than original Medicare Part A and Part B?
Employer group health coverage under COBRA is generally expensive because the coverage tends to be comprehensive and you pay the full cost of the premium yourself whereas generally employers part part of the premium for current employees. However, COBRA coverage is usually much more expensive than similar individual health coverage. Therefore, you should always compare COBRA to your pther options, such as a Medicare Supplement, Medicare Advantage or Individual Health Plan. Original Medicare Part A is typically provided at no cost; however, original Medicare Part B carries a premium of $104.90 in 2013. The cost of Medicare insurance should also be taken into consideration as well as comparison of coverage between original Medicare Part A and Part B and Medicare insurance verses COBRA coverage.
Can I have original Medicare and COBRA coverage at the same time?
Even if you already have Medicare, you are eligible for COBRA if both of the following conditions apply:
- You are enrolled in an employer group health plan subject to COBRA and,
- You have a “qualifying event” (such as termination of employment) that causes you to lose employer group health insurance. The type of qualifying event also determines the length of COBRA coverage.
What constitutes a qualifying event and how long am I eligible for COBRA coverage?
The following identifies each qualifying event and the length of COBRA as a result of the qualify event:
Qualifying event: If the employee retires, is terminated, or has a reduction is work hours:
The individual is entitled to COBRA coverage for 18 months.
Qualifying event: Employee develops a disability and has a reduction in work hours –
The individual is entitled to COBRA coverage for 18 months.
Qualifying event: Employee develops a disability and is eligible for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) during the initial 18-month COBRA period –
The individual is entitled to COBRA coverage for 18 months +11 months extra (for a total of 29 months).
Qualifying event: Employee is terminated for gross misconduct –
The individual is not entitled to COBRA coverage.
Qualifying event: Employee’s spouse and dependent children lose the employer group health plan because:
- Employee becomes eligible for Medicare
- Employee and spouse are divorced
- Dependent child loses dependent child status
- Employee dies
COBRA coverage is available for 36 months.
If I have original Medicare and COBRA, which is my primary coverage?
If you qualify for original Medicare based on age or disability, whether you can have both COBRA coverage and original Medicare depends on which you have first.
1. If you already have COBRA when you enroll in Medicare, your COBRA coverage usually ends on the date you enroll in original Medicare. If you have COBRA and become Medicare-eligible, you should enroll in Part B immediately because you are not entitled to a Special Enrollment Period (also known as “SEP”) when COBRA ends. Your spouse and dependents may keep COBRA for up to 36 months, regardless of whether you enroll in original Medicare during that time. You may also be able to keep COBRA coverage once you get original Medicare for services that original Medicare does not cover. For example, if you have COBRA dental insurance, the insurance company that provides your COBRA coverage may allow you to drop your medical coverage but keep paying a premium for the dental coverage for as long as you are entitled to COBRA.
2. If you already have original Medicare when you become eligible for COBRA, you must be allowed to enroll in COBRA. Unless you qualify for original Medicare because you have End Stage Renal Disease (also known as “ESRD”), original Medicare acts as the primary payer and COBRA as the secondary payer, so you should stay enrolled in original Medicare Part B. You may wish to take COBRA if you have very high medical expenses and your COBRA plan offers you generous extra benefits, like prescription drug coverage.
How does COBRA coverage work if if I am eligible for original Medicare because of a diagnosis of End Stage Renal Disease?
If you are eligible for original Medicare because you have End Stage Renal Disease, there is a period of time when your employer group health plan will pay first and original Medicare will pay second. This is called the 30-month coordination period. If you have COBRA during this time, COBRA will be your primary insurance during your 30-month coordination period. If your COBRA coverage ends before the 30 months have passed, original Medicare becomes primary. If you still have COBRA when the 30-month coordination period ends, Medicare will pay first and your COBRA coverage may end. You should check with your State Department of Insurance for details on your state laws regarding COBRA coverage.
If you develop a disability within the first 60 days of getting COBRA coverage, then you and your family may be able to extend your COBRA by 11 months, but not to exceed 29 months. You must notify your COBRA insurer that you have developed a disability within 60 days of the date of your disability determination and before the expiration of the 18-month COBRA coverage, or you could lose all rights to the extension.
Can COBRA coverage be terminated?
Yes, COBRA coverage may be terminated if any of the following occurs:
- You become eligible for Medicare.
- You reach the maximum coverage limit under the plan.
- You become eligible for another employer-sponsored health plan that does not have a pre-existing condition waiting period (if the new plan does have a waiting period, you may continue COBRA coverage during this period).
- The employer from whom you are getting coverage stops coverage for all employees.
- You do not pay your COBRA premiums on time.
Should I enroll in original Medicare before COBRA coverage terminates?
Yes, if you are entitled to original Medicare but currently have COBRA coverage, not applying for original Medicare before the COBRA coverage ends can have negative consequences. Although qualified beneficiaries are not required to enroll in Medicare Part A or B, it may be in their best interest to do so before COBRA coverage terminates for the following reasons:
- If an individual does not elect Medicare Part A and B while covered or during the 8-month special enrollment period following the loss of group health coverage, the monthly premium cost will increase an additional 10% for every 12-month period past the initial enrollment period.
- If an individual does not enroll in Medicare Part A or B coverage before the end of the 8-month special open enrollment period, he or she will not be able to enroll until the next regular Medicare annual open enrollment period (January 1, through March 31 each year) and their coverage entitlement date will not begin until July 1 of that same year. Consequently, an individual who loses COBRA coverage may have to wait up to 15 months before Medicare Part A or B becomes effective. For example, if an individual is eligible but has not enrolled in Medicare Part A or B and loses COBRA coverage on April 1, Medicare coverage would not be effective until July 1 of the following year.
In addition to helping covered individuals understand their coverage rights, it is also in the employer’s best interest to encourage enrollment in original Medicare Part A and Part B because Medicare will usually be the primary claim payer during continuation of COBRA coverage.
Once enrolled in original Medicare Part A and Part B, do not forget about your Medicare insurance options. Original Medicare was not intended to be complete coverage and leaves you, the Medicare beneficiary, responsible for a lot of cost-sharing, or out of pocket costs. Contact Medicare Pathways and speak with a Benefit Advisor to discuss your Medicare insurance options. We specialize in Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplements and Prescription Drug Plans. A Medicare Pathways Benefit Advisor will help you review your Medicare options and help you find the most affordable, most appropriate plan for your Medicare insurance needs. You can call 1-866-466-9118 and speak with a Benefits Advisor, or you can Request a Quote and a Medicare Pathways Benefit Advisor will contact you. Let Medicare Pathways help you make the most out of your Medicare.
Stay informed! Visit our Medicare News Blog!
Medicare Pathways: 1-866-466-9118
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Core Values of PD in WVSD 1. Improves learning for all
1. Our primary learning focus is on improving student learning students
2. We work collaboratively on district, school and team goals 2. Deepens learning for teachers
because teaching is too hard to do alone 3. Centered on teams within
3. Our work is supported by current research schools and embedded in
Dennis Sparks, Linda Darlington-
Hammond, Fred Newmann, Peter
-Connected to school plan and - Based on professional
- WVSD goals are informed by corresponding school goals growth plans
Ministry of Education and
Board of Education directions -Development of a professional - WVTA, WVAA support
learning culture structures to facilitate growth
-WVSD works to align district
- Planning for PD is based on opportunities
and school goals
long term and short term - Ideally there is a connection
-WVSD supports school and school goals with school goals to facilitate
Collaborative Teams - Entry Points
•How does your school develop a focus for collaborative teams? (i.e. school goals?
•What are your school's entry/focus points to support student learning? How were
these entry/focus points decided upon?
Collaborative Teams - Structures
•What are your school's structures to support the collaborative process?
• How are your collaborative teams formed?
•How do you create time for learning teams to meet?
Collaborative Teams - Student Learning
•How do you know your professional learning focus has improved student learning?
•What structures do you have in place to facilitate on-going and summative reflection
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| 0.933234 | 345 | 2.890625 | 3 |
|National Research Council panel believes carcinogens
from cooked meat occur "naturally"!
The mainstream media has come a long way in
the past few years in providing accurate reports on long-suppressed health and nutrition
information. Research studies in areas which were once considered too controversial are
coming to light. The subject of vegetarianism, which was previously considered radical and
out of bounds by newspaper editors and their medical advisors, is now being shown for its
merits. A positive force in this trend has been the Physicians' Committee for Responsible
Medicine, lead by Neal Barnard, M.D., a renowned heart specialist who has documented
conclusive success with the reversal of heart disease via a change to a low-fat vegetarian
While accurate health information is
gradually finding its way into the newspapers, there is still a way to go until we see
clear information from establishment researchers which properly serves the health
A February, 1996 article in Newsday reported
that "an expert panel" of the National Research Council's (NRC) Committee on
Life Sciences released a report, "Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Diet"
(1996), concluding that compounds in cooked fatty foods, most notably meat, probably pose
a greater cancer risk than man-made carcinogens in the diet. This is a most laudable piece
of information which our cancer-ridden society desperately needs to become aware of.
However, isn't it a bit astonishing that it has taken establishment scientists until the
computer age to finally learn what Plato, Socrates, Jesus the Essene and, Leonardo da
Vinci knew: that eating cooked animal meat is extremely unhealthful?
The article goes on to further state that the
"expert panel" characterized the cancer-causing agents (called heterocyclic
amines, which are generated when cooking meat at high temperatures) as "naturally
occurring dietary chemicals."
Does this characterization make you stop and
think, Why do these "experts" associate cancer causing agents in the human diet
with the word "natural"? Does the concept of carcinogens occurring naturally in
the human diet make any sense to you? If we produce carcinogens when we cook meat, is it
sensible to call the cooked meat food? To link the cooking of meat with "naturally
occurring dietary chemicals" presumes that cooking meat is an act of nature. It is
not! No animal cooks its food, and for the first 99% of our evolution humans did not
These NRC "experts" may well be
proficient at detecting dietary carcinogens, but we need to understand that they are not
properly schooled and trained in the life sciences. Their approach is to look for the
cause of and cure for medical diseases; they would stand to learn far more if they looked
for the cause of health. With their lack of fundamental understanding about the nature of
healthful eating and our physiology, these and other establishment researchers often draw
skewed conclusions which are unfortunately presented to the unwitting public. The public
would derive far greater benefit from studies of the diets, lifestyles and physiological
condition of long-lived vivacious peoples.
The research laboratory is the wrong place to
start to find the truths about nutrition and healthful eating. A field trip out of the
laboratory and into the wilderness will reveal that there are no barbecues or ovens to
cook meat with in nature. When cooked meat or any cooked fat is eaten, we ingest toxins
and set ourselves up for cancer and suffering, and that is not the natural way to eat or
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| 0.951291 | 756 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Six families around the world share their shopping list and tell the BBC how the global rise in food prices has affected their eating habits. We will return to the families in the months ahead to see if prices have changed.
THE RODAS FAMILY, QUETZALTENANGO, GUATEMALA
Evelyn prepared lunch for her dad, her two nephews and her niece
Evelyn: I am an agronomic engineer and my family has six members.
I spend approximately $250 a month buying meat, milk, fruit and vegetables, bread and tortillas, which is around 40% of our income.
The rise in the prices of all the basic food products here is alarming, and it is even worse for the families who live in extreme poverty, because they don't have enough food to live with dignity.
I have noticed the rise as well. We used to eat meat five times a week, and we can only do it twice now. The children don't drink milk three times a day but once for breakfast, and we don't buy some fruits that get too expensive depending on the season.
LOCAL FOOD PRICES
The Rodas family spends 40% of its income on food.
1 kilo of corn tortilla flour: $0.71 (35p)
1 litre of cooking oil: $1.95 (97p)
1 kilo of chicken: $4.28 (£2.12)
1 kilo of potatoes: $ 4.40 (£2.18)
Shop owners have also been affected. My mum owns a shop, and I have seen how there are fewer customers, while the suppliers raise their prices every day.
Basic products like corn tortillas, which are central to the Guatemalan diet, cost US$1 a kilo, and we consume at least two kilos a day, besides bread.
I think the reason behind the high prices is the rise in the price of corn in the international markets, due to its high demand in the production of bio fuels such as ethanol.
THE CLASSICK FAMILY, FELTHAM, UK
Jonathan, Joanne, Reece and Morgan Classick
Joanne: I think we are probably quite average with our food shopping habits.
We try to keep our diets balanced by eating healthy snacks, and having plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables each day.
We spend between £80 to £100 per week on our food shopping, which is about 10% of our weekly income.
I like to cook with fresh ingredients and prepare most of our meals from scratch.
On an average day, we will all have toast or cereal for breakfast with a glass of orange juice. Lunch is usually a home-made sandwich, yoghurt and fruit, and our main meals usually consist of meat with potatoes and two or three vegetables.
LOCAL FOOD PRICES
The Classick family spends 10% of its income on food.
Loaf of bread: $2.50 (£1.23)
1 litre of cooking oil: $1.60 (78p)
1 kilo of carrots: $1.25 (62p)
1 kilo of lamb: $18.60(£9.24)
Probably the most expensive part of our weekly shopping is the fruit and vegetables, and the meat. I haven't really noticed the fruit and vegetable prices rise much lately, but the price of the meat has certainly gone up.
The rises haven't changed our buying habits, as we believe a healthy diet is one of the most essential things we teach our children about, and what you eat does have an effect on how you feel.
We would rather go without other things if necessary.
THE MHATRE FAMILY, MUMBAI, INDIA
The Mhatre family: Poonam, Neil, Shaniya And Tyra
Poonam: I have to feed a family of four here. My weekly food bill comes to more than US$100.
We buy vegetables, meat, cold cuts, eggs, dahl, rice, pulses and cooking oil. Each week we try to eat out about twice.
I have to say we have definitely noticed a lot of price rises in the past two years. I don't think it has really changed our buying habits, but what it has meant is that we have to spend much more. We cannot cut down on food. That is not an option. My family just eats that much. So our weekly budget has gone up.
I think we spend about 20% to 30% of our income on food. Food is very important to us, it is really central to our lives. The children always need their salads and their fruit plates. The children need their cookies and their eggs. There is no way I can compromise. I just have to buy more.
LOCAL FOOD PRICES
The Mhatre family spends 20% to 30% of its income on food.
1 kilo of chapati flour: $0.55 (27p)
1 litre of cooking oil: $2.20 (£1.10)
1 kilo of chicken: $1.40 (70p)
1 kilo of beans: $1.04 (52p)
In India, the majority of the population is below the poverty line. The government really needs to concentrate on getting prices stabilised, particularly the basics, like rice, wheat flour and onions. I have particularly noticed price rises in goods like sugar, milk, pulses and vegetables.
Other people I know complain. Everyone talks about how price rises are just too much, how they are really affecting their budgets.
THE WANG JUN FAMILY, BEIJING, CHINA
Wan Jung lives with his wife and his wife's mother
Wang Jun: I live with my wife and my wife's mother in Beijing. We own a small cleaning place. Food prices have risen in the past few years, especially last year.
We spend a lot on food. Renting the place where we live costs more than $100 and we can't really save much money for our daughter's tuition fees back at our hometown.
We've been tightening our belts to save more money.
Over the past year, the cost of food has risen so quickly that we had to stop eating meat every day to save money.
The pork price just soared madly, and it's now three or four times more expensive than two years ago.
We only eat chopped-up pork two or three times a week, but with vegetables. Eating meat on its own seems too extravagant for us.
LOCAL FOOD PRICES
The Wang Jun family spends 16% of its income on food.
1 kilo of rice: $0.62 (31p)
1 litre cooking oil: $2.50 (£1.25)
1 kilo of pork: $4.22 (£2.10)
1 kilo of lettuce: $0.99 (49p)
Also, to save money, my wife wakes up around at around 6am and cycles for one hour to go to an early market that sells cheap vegetables.
Even though it is less than one yuan cheaper than a nearby market, we can save a lot by doing it every day.
We've been using less cooking oil as well, because the price of oil has trebled over the past few months. Just now, the supermarket was taking down old price tags as the price went up again. It's mad. So we've been eating more vegetables like tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages - locally grown food is just cheaper.
The price rises are frustrating for us, but because I used to be a farmer I also see the farmers' point of view.
If the government controls food prices too much, farmers can't earn any money and life can be very difficult.
THE MBIRU FAMILY, NAIROBI, KENYA
Sheila and Andrew live with their three children outside Nairobi
Sheila: I work as a research scientist and my husband is a businessman. We live around 15km from Nairobi, at the Ridgeways Estate.
I spend an average of $228 a month. This may increase if we entertain guests or if we eat out. That's around 10% of our joint income.
I buy most of the storable stuff like rice, flour and sugar in the supermarket. I have stopped buying fresh food like fruit, vegetables and meat from there, and now buy at a local shop near to where I live, because it's cheaper.
I don't eat beef, because I have an allergy. So we eat fish, chicken and pork.
I have noticed an increase since the beginning of year, especially because of the political crisis in our country.
LOCAL FOOD PRICES
The Mbiru family spends 10% of its income on food.
1 kilo of maize flour: $0.40 (20p)
1 litre of cooking oil: $2.34 (£1.16)
1 kilo of chicken: $4.70 (£2.33)
1 kilo of potatoes: $0.55 (27p)
The price of potatoes has increased from 25 shillings per kilo, to 35 shillings per kilo. Roast chicken from the local chip shop has doubled. And this was just last week.
The political situation is a bit better, so maybe prices will go down. But they haven't yet.
We have reduced the amount of meat we eat and increased our vegetables intake because of the increased cost. We used to have meat three times a week, and now do just twice a week.
THE ABDULWAHAB FAMILY, CAIRO, EGYPT
The Abdulwahab extended family of five adults and three children
The Abdulwahab family lives in Imbaba, a poor area of Cairo. Egypt is the world's largest importer of wheat, so they have been hit hard by international prices rises.
Aza Hedar (on the right of the photo wearing a blue scarf), says that instead of three meals a day, the family now eats just two.
"We never thought it would reach this level. The prices of some foods have doubled since the end of last year. One Egyptian pound used to feed the whole household now five Egyptian pounds barely covers it."
Aza shops in the market with her sister-in-law, Aza Abdulwahab (on the left of the photo, in the beige scarf), and together they cook for the extended family of five adults and three children.
"We used to go to the market and buy whatever we laid eyes upon but now we have to think first," the second Aza says.
LOCAL FOOD PRICES
The Abdulwahab family spends 80% of its income on food.
Subsidised bread and cooking oil can be bought from government shops, but not in enough quantities to feed the family.
10 unsubsidised loaves of bread: $0.45 (22p)
10 subsidised loaves of bread: $0.09 (4.5p)
1 unsubsidised litre of cooking oil: $2.30 (£1.15)
1 subsidised litre of cooking oil: $1.50 (75p)
1 kilo of lamb: $7.22 (£3.60)
1 kilo tomatoes: $0.37 (18p)
"I buy more fruit and vegetables and we eat meat just once a week instead of every day."
The family is also increasingly reliant on government food subsidies, buying as much sugar, rice, tea and cooking oil as their ration book will allow.
Othman Abdulwahab, a government worker, is the main earner for the household. But salaries have not increased since the dramatic rise in food prices.
He is recovering from a back operation and so cannot endure hours queuing for subsidised bread.
The solution has come from his elderly mother, Nabawia. She uses a recipe from her native home in Aswan to make a simple type of bread made from flour and water - which is cooked on the stove.
"This is what we do in a time of crisis," Othman says.
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| 0.970822 | 2,570 | 2.625 | 3 |
When Andrea Riquetti taught kindergarten in Providence, R.I., the disparity between more affluent students and those from poor families was painfully clear.
"We would read The Very Hungry Caterpillar," she says, "and I would ask them, 'What is this fruit?' And they would call all the fruits just 'fruits,' because they didn't have the specific name."
Two-thirds of Providence children entering kindergarten already fall short on state literacy tests. Riquetti says this disadvantage in her students would compound over time because so much of learning depends on basic vocabulary.
"It was very hard for them to comprehend stories or to write stories, to share or to ask questions," she says.
Riquetti now helps run Providence Talks, the city's ambitious effort to change this so-called word gap that researchers discovered two decades ago. They found that professional parents tend to chat away to their children, using sophisticated language even before kids are old enough to understand, while low-income parents tend to speak far less and use more directives: "Do this, don't do that."
On average, by the time they are 3 years old, children in professional families have heard about 30 million more words than children from lower-income households. Through a yearlong series of home visits, Providence Talks aims to coach low-income parents to speak more, and differently, to their children.
On a recent morning, Julia Alfaro welcomes Stephanie Taveras, a home visitor from the program, into her small living room with a kiss on the cheek. Alfaro's 3-year-old daughter, Ayleen, bounds in, showing off her new sneakers with red lights.
Alfaro, 27, is a stay-at-home mom from Guatemala; her husband puts in long hours packing shellfish. Like much of Providence's lower-income population, the family speaks Spanish, though officials point out that is not the cause of the word gap.
Taveras brings a book to each visit. She settles on the couch next to Ayleen and her mother, and starts reading in Spanish. Then she points to the pictures and asks Ayleen questions.
"What color is that?" Ayleen taps a finger to her chin and ponders. "Yellow!"
To help parents measure progress, the city collects hard data. In fact, it's happening as they look at the book. Little Ayleen is wearing a recorder hidden inside a bright red vest specially designed for it.
The recorder logs every word spoken, all day long, and can distinguish different voices. It also distinguishes a TV, computer or radio that may be blaring in the background — words from those don't count when it comes to building a child's vocabulary, and in fact too much screen time may hurt, researchers say.
During the next visit, Taveras will bring a report that graphs the word count, hour by hour. Parents keep a log to know what they were doing at the time.
Another graph tracks conversational turns, when parent and child speak back and forth. Riquetti says these are incredibly important for language development.
"Even with babies," she says, "we see that [a parent] will coo or babble, and they will babble back, and we can measure that."
Alfaro says having all this data has changed how she talks with her daughter.
"Sometimes I was just talk, talk, talking," she says, "and not letting her express herself. Now I give her a turn."
Alfaro also turns off the TV. "Before, I'd put her in front of the TV when I was busy with housework," she says. "Now I'll include her. She'll help me wash the dishes, and we'll talk about what we're doing."
Privacy And Willingness
The first phase of the program includes 75 families, all of whom were enrolled in Early Head Start. Providence hopes to expand its effort to 2,000 low-income families and counsel them from the time their child is born. But the program is voluntary, and Alfaro says a lot of her friends are suspicious, fearful that someone is listening to the recordings.
City officials stress there's no transcript. A computer counts words only, then erases the recording.
Still, there are other concerns. Kyle Gorman, who studies language acquisition at Oregon Health and Science University, says the families who volunteer might already be more engaged with their children, "as opposed to parents of children who are most at risk."
He also worries about single parents and those juggling multiple jobs who are strapped for time. "And just as there's a word gap, there may be a parental involvement gap as well," he says. "What we're intervening to solve may not be so easily solved."
Providence Mayor Angel Taveras — no relation to the Providence Talks home visitor — pushed hard for the program, and says he's confident it will have an impact. He points out that he himself was raised by a single mother, an immigrant from the Dominican Republic who did not go to high school and did not speak English.
"I'm a Head Start baby," he says. "Several of my classmates at Harvard were Head Start babies. I think the best investment we can make is in the early years of a child's life. The returns are great. They're long-term returns."
It's not clear how long term this experiment will be. Providence won $5 million in startup funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies, and that money runs out in 2016. By then, Taveras hopes the results are so promising that other foundations will step up to keep it going.
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Background: Speculation over the existence of a "southern land" was not confirmed until the early 1820s when British and American commercial operators and British and Russian national expeditions began exploring the Antarctic Peninsula region and other areas south of the Antarctic Circle. Not until 1840 was it established that Antarctica was indeed a continent and not just a group of islands or an area of ocean. Several exploration "firsts" were achieved in the early 20th century, but generally the area saw little human activity. Following World War II, however, the continent experienced an upsurge in scientific research. A number of countries have set up a range of year-round and seasonal stations, camps, and refuges to support scientific research in Antarctica. Seven have made territorial claims, but not all countries recognize these claims. In order to form a legal framework for the activities of nations on the continent, an Antarctic Treaty was negotiated that neither denies nor gives recognition to existing territorial claims; signed in 1959, it entered into force in 1961.
Definition: This entry usually highlights major historic events and current issues and may include a statement about one or two key future trends.
Source: CIA World Factbook - This page was last updated on June 30, 2015
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04.19.13 - The iconic Horsehead Nebula seen in a new, infrared light marks the 23rd anniversary of the famous observatory's launch aboard the space shuttle Discovery on April 24, 1990.
04.17.13 - Busy-bee galaxy seen churning out stars when our universe was just a baby.
04.16.13 - Three unusually long-lasting stellar explosions discovered by NASA's Swift satellite represent a new class of gamma-ray bursts that likely arise from dying stars hundreds of times larger than the sun.
04.12.13 - The soft glow in this image is NGC 2768, an elliptical galaxy located in the northern constellation of Ursa Major (The Great Bear).
04.08.13 - X-ray observations from the Japan-led Suzaku satellite are providing a better understanding of the star that met its demise as Kepler's supernova, an event witnessed in 1604 by the famed German astronomer Johannes Kepler.
04.05.13 - NICER will not only reveal why neutron stars are the densest objects in nature, but also demonstrate navigation technology that could revolutionize travel to the far reaches of the solar system and beyond.
04.05.13 - Visible as a small, sparkling hook in the dark sky, J082354.96 is a starburst galaxy, so named because of the incredibly high rate of star formation occurring within it.
04.04.2013 - The light of a red star is warped and magnified by its dead-star companion, as detected by NASA's Kepler space telescope.
04.04.13 - Hubble found the farthest supernova ever recorded. Supernova SN Wilson, named after American President Woodrow Wilson, exploded more than 10 billion years ago.
03.29.13 - The object in this image is Jonckheere 900 or J 900, a planetary nebula — glowing shells of ionized gas pushed out by a dying star.
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Extruded products constitute more than 50 % of the market for aluminium products in Europe of which the building industry consumes the majority. Aluminium extrusions are used in commercial and domestic buildings for window and door frame systems, prefabricated houses/building structures, roofing and exterior cladding, curtain walling, shop fronts, etc. Furthermore, extrusions are also used in transport for airframes, road and rail vehicles and in marine applications.
What is Extrusion?
The term extrusion is usually applied to both the process, and the product obtained, when a hot cylindrical billet of aluminium is pushed through a shaped die (forward or direct extrusion, see Figure 1). The resulting section can be used in long lengths or cut into short parts for use in structures, vehicles or components. Also, extrusions are used for the starting stock for drawn rod, cold extruded and forged products. While the majority of the many hundreds of extrusion presses used throughout the world are covered by the simple description given above it should be noted that some presses accommodate rectangular shaped billets for the purpose of producing extrusions with wide section sizes. Other presses are designed to push the die into the billet. This latter modification is usually termed "indirect" extrusion.
Figure 1. Schematic of the extrusion process.
The Versatility of the Extrusion Process
The versatility of the process in terms of both alloys available and shapes possible makes it one of the most valued assets in helping the aluminium producer supply users with solutions to their design requirements.
The Extrusion Process
The fundamental features of the process are as follows: A heated billet cut from DC cast log (or for small diameters from larger extruded bar) is located in a heated container, usually around 450°C - 500°C. At these temperatures the flow stress of the aluminium alloys is very low and by applying pressure by means of a ram to one end of the billet the metal flows through the steel die, located at the other end of the container to produce a section, the cross sectional shape of which is defined by the shape of the die.
Aluminium Alloys and Extrusion
All aluminium alloys can be extruded but some are less suitable than others, requiring higher pressures, allowing only low extrusion speeds and/or having less than acceptable surface finish and section complexity. The term ‘extrudability’ is used to embrace all of these issues with pure aluminium at one end of the scale and the strong aluminium/zinc/magnesium/copper alloys at the other end. The biggest share of the extrusion market is taken by the 6000, AlMgSi series. This group of alloys have an attractive combination of properties, relevant to both use and production and they have been subject to a great deal of R & D in many countries. The result is a set of materials ranging in strength from 150 MPa to 350 MPa, all with good toughness and formability. They can be extruded with ease and their overall ‘extrudability’ is good but those containing the lower limits of magnesium and silicon e.g. 6060 and 6063 extrude at very high speeds - up to 100 m/min with good surface finish, anodising capability and maximum complexity of section shape combined with minimum section thickness.
Press load capacities range from a few hundred tonnes to as high as 20,000 tonnes although the majority range between 1,000 and 3,000 tonnes. Billet sizes cover the range from 50 mm diameter to 500 mm with length usually about 2-4 times the diameter and while most presses have cylindrical containers a few have rectangular ones for the production of wide shallow sections.
Design Aspects of Aluminium Extrusions
The ease with which aluminium alloys can be extruded to complex shapes makes valid the claim that it allows the designer to "put metal exactly where it is needed", a requirement of particular importance with a relatively expensive material. Furthermore, this flexibility in design makes it easy, in most cases, to overcome the fact that aluminium and its alloys have only 1/3 the modulus of elasticity of steel (Figure 2). Since stiffness is dependent not only on modulus but also on section geometry it is possible, by deepening an aluminium beam by around 1,5 times the steel component it is intended to replace, to match the stiffness of the steel at half the weight. Also, at little added die cost, features can be introduced into the section shape which increase torsional stiffness and provide grooves for say fluid removal, service cables, anti-slip ridges etc. Such features in a steel beam would require joining and machining, thus adding to the cost and narrowing the gap between initial steel and aluminium costs.
Figure 2. Designing aluminium extrusions with improved stiffness.
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http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1554
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| 0.939758 | 1,005 | 2.875 | 3 |
King David’s Water Tunnel in Jerusalem
Last week Eilat Mazar announced that she had discovered a water channel connected to the building she has identified as the palace of King David. Based on the tunnel’s date, location, and characteristics, she believes that she has identified “with high probability” the shaft used by David’s men to conquer Jerusalem. You may recall the story:
The Hebrew word tsinnor is usually translated “water shaft.” For many years, this shaft was identified with a 40 foot (13 m) vertical shaft near the Gihon Spring. More recent excavations have suggested that this shaft was not accessible during the time of David.
The story gets the press-release-rehash in the Jerusalem Post and Arutz-7. The Trumpet, because of its close relationship with Mazar, has two photos. Haaretz apparently wrote their story before the press release and has some strange information about the water system:
But Mazar believes the water system served to purify David's warriors, first among them his chief of staff, Joab, after the city had already been conquered.
She says that purification was necessary because the Bible states they had to fight against the "blind and the lame," and in so doing would have become impure. She notes the use in the relevant verse of the Hebrew root naga (touch) in relation to the "gutter," a word usually involving matters of purity.
Here are just a few thoughts (based on the articles, not the minimal information above):
It seems that this channel was discovered at the end of the last season of excavation, and much more work is required.
Both ends of the tunnel are currently blocked, so it is not clear where the tunnel begins or ends.
The tunnel runs north-south, that is, roughly from the area of “David’s palace” towards the Temple Mount, all within the city fortifications. This does not seem to fit the type of passageway that would be needed to conquer the city.
Oil lamps from the end of the First Temple period (c. 600 B.C.) were found, but it’s not clear how Mazar knows the tunnel was in use in the time of David. It’s usually easier to date the end of use of a water system than the beginning.
The attempt to also connect the tunnel with refugees fleeing from Jerusalem in the days of King Zedekiah seems stretched.
Both identifications of the tunnel to the Bible (David and Zedekiah) strike me as the sort of “biblical archaeology” that Bible believers like myself wish would go away. By that I mean, you find a tunnel and without knowing where it begins or where it ends, you assume that it must be the very one that is mentioned in a famous story in the Scriptures. How is it that such archaeologists, working in a very restricted area, always happen to find exactly what they are looking for?
The solution is not to refuse to make connections to the Bible, nor to deny that the Biblical record is historically accurate, but instead to carefully study all of the evidence, avoiding unwarranted and premature sensationalistic headlines. It goes both ways; more often it is scholars on the other side who use a scrap of evidence as complete and compelling proof that the biblical story is false. Abuses on one side do not justify abuses on the other.
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| 0.975709 | 712 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Home-grown grape plants not only produce fruit, but give shade and color to yards. According to the Ohio State University Extension, one mature and established grapevine can produce around 20 pounds of grapes per year and grow for up to 40 years. Since grapes are not self-pollinating and need the assistance of bees or other insects, companion plants are beneficial to their growing success.
Companion planting provides benefits to surrounding plants. Gardeners can discourage predatory insects, attract bees for pollination and improve soil quality with companion plants for grapes. For example, place coriander and borage several feet from grape vines to attract bees to the yard to pollinate grape vines.
Place companion plants between grape vines and in the surrounding area. They should be close enough to the grapes to provide benefits, without overcrowding the plants. For example, place Geranium or Rue plant varieties between grape vines, and at the ends of rows to deter Japanese beetles.
Use companion plants to add nutrients to the soil for grape vine growing. These will encourage stronger vines that yield larger grape crops. For example, borage adds calcium and potassium to the soil. Clover is another companion plant that increases the soil quality and attracts bees when grown near grape vines.
Aphids and beetles are common pests for grape vines. Companion plants deter these pests from overtaking an orchard. Planting chives and nasturtiums discourages aphids. Mustard plants are notorious for trapping predatory insects. Plant mustard plants at the start of the growing season and remove from the area once immature grapes start forming.
Use a combination of several companion plants with grape vines for the most benefit. Vines grow stronger and faster while yielding larger crop volumes. Growers spend less time managing and maintaining grape vines while the companion plants do the work for them. Grape growers can use companion plants for other purposes as well. For example, use chives for seasoning foods or add nasturtium blooms to salad dishes. Cut geraniums for floating flower arrangements or clean mustard plants to enjoy mustard green recipes.
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http://www.gardenguides.com/107624-companion-planting-grapes.html
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| 0.899126 | 419 | 3.59375 | 4 |
L.R. Komesaroff and M.A. McLean
Deafness and Education International, vol.8, 2006, p.88-100
In both Australia and New Zealand, most deaf students are integrated into mainstream schools, and official recognition has been given to native sign language. This article illustrates ways in which inclusion can expose and dismantle, or alternatively serve to fortify, prejudices and discriminatory practices. It argues that the presence of deaf students in mainstream classrooms must be underpinned by transformative practices that go beyond simple inclusion.
Disability and Society, vol.21, 2006, p.331-343
In May 2000, after extensive lobbying by disability organisations, the Lebanese Parliament passed a law guaranteeing basic rights for disabled people. In response, a consortium of non-governmental organisations have formed the National Inclusion Project with World Bank funding to open up educational and employment opportunities for disabled people. This article reports on some of the findings of an initial assessment process that aimed to identify available information, current policies and legislation, main stakeholders and existing programmes on inclusion of people with disabilities in education and employment. This information will be used to guide intervention efforts in the implementation phase of the project.
Education + Training, vol.48, 2006, p.252-261
It is commonly assumed that Australian employers chronically under-invest in staff training and show little inclination to increase their effort in response to government initiatives. This paper finds that assumptions about low levels of employer training expenditure are not supported by the available statistical data. Results of three qualitative research studies also support the conclusion that Australian employers are increasing both the quality and quantity of the training they provide.
Journal of Law and Economics, vol.49, 2006, p.285-329
Relative wages of teachers in the USA have been in decline since the 1940s compared to those of highly skilled workers, graduates and the labour force overall. At the same time the quality of teachers, measured by years of schooling, has been declining while more have been employed by schools. It is argued that schools are cutting their use of expensive, highly skilled teachers and are instead employing more less skilled, but cheaper, staff.
L. Fulop and P. K. Couchman
Higher Education Research and Development, vol.25, 2006, p.163-177
The commercialisation of research findings presents particular risks to universities, notably the possibility of financial loss, which has a greater impact on the university than on its partner company. Another major category of risk faced by universities is relational. This includes:
Finally, there are risks to the university’s key societal role in knowledge production and dissemination, and ultimately to its reputation as a neutral source of expertise. It is argued that universities in Australia need to develop comprehensive policies to manage the risks of R&D commercialisation.
A. Stambach and N.C. Becker
Race, Ethnicity and Education, vol.9, 2006, p.159-182
This article presents a case study of how political and social processes surrounding charter school formation can promote racial exclusion and class stratification. The analysis shows how charter schools can be used as vehicles to consolidate the interests of White, economically advantaged families within a racially diverse US school district. It illustrates how district administrators sometimes work in concert, although not always in unison, with parents whose views of schooling they do not necessarily share. In the case study presented here, wealthy White parents mobilise politically to get the charter school they want. In contrast, poor black families lack the resources needed to start a charter school of their own. District administrators, instead of supporting the African American families’ request, pursue the less risky path of trying to introduce Black students into the White dominated charter school.
Education + Training, vol.48, 2006, p.223-240
In 1996 the Swedish government introduced into the national training system a new form of tertiary vocational education: advanced vocational education (AVE). Starting as an experimental pilot project, AVE aimed to meet the continually changing demands of industry and commerce for skilled workers. AVE includes several innovative features. The courses are designed to offer active workplace-based learning within an educational context. Programmes are also developed through close co-operation between employers and training providers such as upper secondary schools, municipal adult education colleges, universities and commercial educators. In 2001, AVE became a permanent part of the Swedish continuing vocational training system. This study considers the complexities of planning and implementing this reform.
C. S.-Y. Cheung and D. Pyvis
Research in Post-Compulsory Education, vol.11, 2006, p.153-173
Prior to the 1997 transfer of sovereignty to China, the adult and continuing education sector had a marginal role in post-compulsory education provision. The situation changed when the Hong Kong government, seeking to promote lifelong learning and to transform Hong Kong into a knowledge-based society, determined that the sector had a key role to play in providing post-secondary educational opportunities to citizens. This paper reports findings from a recent qualitative study of how the university-based adult and continuing education sector has responded to the challenges of increased demand. The focus of the discussion is on the response strategies employed in the sector. The paper suggests that these fall into three broad categories: 1) building organisational strength; 2) programme planning and development; and 3) quality assurance.
K. Wimshurst and others
Higher Education Research and Development, vol.25, 2006, p.131-145
This article draws on a research project which aimed to investigate factors related to academic success and failure in the Faculty of Arts of an Australian university. The research reported in this paper presents evidence that the prospects for students being awarded particular grades were significantly determined by institutional factors such as the department that offered the course, the particular course they were doing and the year level of their enrolment. This paper addresses the implications of such inconsistencies in assessment outcomes at a time when Australian universities are conceived by policy makers as competitive entities in a market place shaped by consumer demand.
H.-L. Hung and P.V. Paul
Deafness and Education International, vol.8, 2006, p.62-74
This paper examines the effect of contact related factors (contact experience, closeness and class norm) and demographic variables (class setting, grade level and gender) on hearing students’ attitudes to inclusion of deaf/hard of hearing peers in mainstream classrooms using self-reported survey data. Results confirm that the extent of hearing students’ contact with deaf peers influences their attitudes to inclusion.
J. Benseman and others
Higher Education Research and Development, vol.25, 2006, p.147-162
As higher education in New Zealand has undergone extensive review processes, debate has centred on the need to both widen participation by under-represented groups and to retain non-traditional students through to graduation once recruited. This paper draws on a large scale study of factors which hinder and help the retention of Pasifika students in New Zealand tertiary education. Negative factors identified include student motivation and attitudes, family pressures, financial problems, lack of support services and language issues. Positive factors encouraging retention include availability of Pasifika staff, presence of role models at secondary school level, appropriate pedagogy and readily available information to support decision-making.
E. Gaad, M. Arif and F. Scott
International Journal of Educational Management, vol.20, 2006, p.291-303
This research analysed the coherence of the curriculum element of the education system of the United Arab Emirates in 2005, covering curriculum development, curriculum delivery and monitoring and evaluation. The Ministry of Education acknowledges a discontinuity between curriculum development and delivery, but is addressing the problem through use of more comprehensive teachers’ guides and training sessions. Teachers focus on delivering the content of the curriculum, without being aware of its underlying national and subject goals. Subject supervisors also focus on ensuring that content, rather than overall national goals, is delivered.
Research in Post-Compulsory Education, vol.11, 2006, p.131-140
The role of vocational education institutions in most developed countries has been confined to providing the skilled workers needed by innovative industries. This paper argues that they could have a pivotal role in mediating between researchers and practitioners by encouraging the timely take up of research results and their adaptation to local needs.
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| 0.94128 | 1,709 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The ability to obtain an accurate three-dimensional image of an intact cell is critical for unraveling the mysteries of cellular structure and function. However, for many years, tiny structures buried deep inside cells have been practically invisible to scientists due to a lack of microscopic techniques that achieve adequate resolution at the cell surface and through the entire depth of the cell. Now, a new study published by Cell Press in the October 4th issue of Biophysical Journal demonstrates that microscopy with helium ions may greatly enhance both surface and sub-cellular imaging.
Observations of the interior structure of cells and subcellular organelles are important steps in unraveling organelle functions. Microscopy using helium ions can play a major role in both surface and subcellular imaging because it can provide subnanometer resolutions at the cell surface for slow helium ions, and fast helium ions can penetrate cells without a significant loss of resolution. Slow (e.g., 10–50 keV) helium ion beams can now be focused to subnanometer dimensions (∼0.25 nm), and keV helium ion microscopy can be used to image the surfaces of cells at high resolutions. Because of the ease of neutralizing the sample charge using a flood electron beam, surface charging effects are minimal and therefore cell surfaces can be imaged without the need for a conducting metallic coating. Fast (MeV) helium ions maintain a straight path as they pass through a cell. Along the ion trajectory, the helium ion undergoes multiple electron collisions, and for each collision a small amount of energy is lost to the scattered electron. By measuring the total energy loss of each MeV helium ion as it passes through the cell, we can construct an energy-loss image that is representative of the mass distribution of the cell. This work paves the way to use ions for whole-cell investigations at nanometer resolutions through structural, elemental (via nuclear elastic backscattering), and fluorescence (via ion induced fluorescence) imaging.
Electron microscopy has been the most commonly used technique for high resolution imaging of sub-cellular structure. An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to produce a magnified image of a sample. Electrons can achieve a greater resolution than the photons of visible light because they have much shorter wavelengths. However, the electron microscope has limitations. To scan the surface of a biological structure like a cell, the surface must first be coated with an ultrathin layer of electrically conductive metal. When it comes to high resolution of thick samples, the electrons scatter as they penetrate a sample, so, while this type of microscopy is amenable to thin sections, it is not suitable for imaging whole cells.
"In order to get high resolution cell images from any scanning beam microscope, one must be able to produce a sufficiently small probe which maintains its probe size as it penetrates the cell, and measure signals emanating from a localized region within the sample," explains senior study author, Dr. Frank Watt, from the CIBA group, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore.
"Microscopy using helium ions may play a major role in both surface and sub-cellular imaging. Slow helium ions can image insulating biological surfaces at sub nanometer resolutions without the need for a metallic conductive coating, and fast helium ions can image the interior of cells without a significant loss of resolution."
Dr. Watt and colleagues used helium ion microscopy to show that fast helium ions maintain a straight path as they pass through a cell and that by measuring the energy loss of each helium ion as it passed through the cell, they could create an image representative of the mass distribution of the cell.
"Helium ion microscopy has high potential for imaging both surface and internal structures in whole cells are resolutions not attainable using other techniques," concludes Dr. Watt. "This work paves the way for the utilization of ions for whole cell investigations at nanometer resolutions."
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks
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| 0.911872 | 822 | 3.671875 | 4 |
e-ISSN: 1308-1470 ● www.e-iji.net
July 2011 ● Vol.4, No.2 p-ISSN: 1694-609X
DIFFICULTIES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING GRAMMAR IN AN EFL CONTEXT1 Abdu Mohammed Al-Mekhlafi PhD., College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman [email protected] Ramani Perur Nagaratnam PhD., Ministry of Manpower, Oman The role of grammar instruction in an ESL/EFL context has been for decades a major issue for students and teachers alike. Researchers have debated whether grammar should be taught in the classroom and students, for their part, have generally looked upon grammar instruction as a necessary evil at best, and an avoidable burden at worst. The paper reports a study undertaken to investigate the difficulties teachers face in teaching grammar to EFL students as well as those faced by students in learning it, in the teachers' perception. The study aimed to find out whether there are significant differences in teachers' perceptions of difficulties in relation to their gender, qualification, teaching experience, and the level they teach in school, thus providing insights into their own and their students' difficulties. Mean scores and t-test were used to interpret the data. The main findings are reported with implications. Key Words: English language teaching, instruction, EFL grammar instruction, teaching, difficulties in grammar instruction
INTRODUCTION The English teacher is often portrayed as an "unattractive grammar monger whose only pleasure in life is to point out the faults of others" (Baron, 1982, p. 226). For the most part, within the classroom, any mention of grammar causes the student moments of discomfort and sometimes even terror. Many teachers have tried to make grammar teaching a non-threatening, imaginative and useful activity within the English curriculum. 1 A summary of this paper was presented at the 54th World Assembly of the International Council on Education for Teaching (ICET) on ‘Maintaining Strategic Agility: Managing change and assuring quality in education for teaching’, 14-17 December 2009, Muscat, Oman.
Difficulties in Teaching and Learning Grammar…
Previous studies on students' and teachers' attitudes and perceptions of grammar instruction in the context of language teaching and learning suggest a disparity between students and teachers. While students favour formal and explicit grammar instruction and error correction, teachers favour communicative activities with less conscious focus on grammar (e.g., Brindley 1984; Kumaravadivelu 1991; Leki 1995; Schultz 1996, 2001; Spratt 1999). Rationale for the present study The foregoing review of literature shows that practicing teachers are faced with a range of options for grammar instruction in their classrooms. There are, however, many types of difficulties faced by students and teachers with regard to grammar instruction in an ESL/EFL context. Identifying such difficulties and being consciously aware of them would help teachers find ways of overcoming them and provide effective grammar instruction. There has, however, been little investigation of the difficulties faced by EFL teachers and Aran learners in the Gulf region with regard to grammar instruction. The teachers employ theoretically recommended methods without necessarily taking into account their own and their learners’ potential difficulties. They may not be conscious of difficulties which are serious and may thus hinder students’ learning of English grammar, and do not choose the method of instruction that would pose fewer difficulties and problems to their learners. It is in this context that the present study was undertaken to capture valuable insights into how EFL school teachers in Oman perceive students’ as well as their own difficulties with grammar instruction. The study reported here aims to address this need by presenting the difficulties of a cross section of school EFL teachers in Oman as well as their perceptions of their students'...
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Classification > Wetland Plant Field Guide
A Field Guide to Colorado’s Wetland Plants: Identification, Ecology, and Conservation: this guide will allow professionals and amateurs alike to identify most vascular plant species they are likely to encounter in Colorado’s wetlands. The primary goal is to combine currently available wetland information into an easy-to-use resource to not only identify wetland plants, but to apply that knowledge towards proactive conservation and protection of one of Colorado’s most valuable resources. The Guide not only assists with identifying a wetland plant, but information on its wetland indicator status, classification, conservation status, rarity, and ecology. To see a sample page click here.
View a list of the plants in the field guide.
You can purchase the field guide online at the CSU Bookstore.
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Abstinence programs effective, new study shows
February 02, 2010
A new study has demonstrated that classroom programs that promote sexual abstinence are successful in reducing the likelihood that students will engage in pre-marital sexual activity. Sex-education programs that emphasized condom use had no discernible impact on teens' sexual activity, the study found.
The study, which followed adolescent African-American students for two years after they completed the classroom programs, was published in the February 2010 Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. "This new study is game-changing," said Sarah Brown of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.
Abstinence-based programs received sharply increased federal funding during the Bush administration. Bowing to pressure from proponents of the traditional "safe sex" approach, the Obama administration has trimmed the funding of abstinence programs. The new study could prompt calls for reversing that trend.
- Efficacy of a Theory (National Abstinence Clearinghouse)
- Study finds focus on abstinence in sex-ed classes can delay sexual activity (Washington Post)
All comments are moderated. To lighten our editing burden, only current donors are allowed to Sound Off. If you are a donor, log in to see the comment form; otherwise please support our work, and Sound Off!
Posted by: TheJournalist64 -
Feb. 02, 2010 7:14 PM ET USA
I like to use this analogy: suppose I had a son who brought his .22 pistol to me and said he was going to hold up the local StopNShop to get spending money. I say, "that's not safe," and give him a .303 caliber handgun instead. That's like training adolescents, whose frontal lobes are not developed enough to make life-altering decisions, to use condoms and telling them it's "safe." No, Just dumb.
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A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical device) by ``opening'' a file, which may involve ``creating'' a new file. Creating an existing file causes its former contents to be discarded if necessary. If a file can support positioning requests (such as a disk file, as opposed to a terminal), then a ``file position indicator'' associated with the stream is positioned at the start (byte number 0) of the file, unless the file is opened with append mode, in which case it is implementation-defined whether the file position indicator is initially positioned at the beginning or end of the file. The file position indicator is maintained by subsequent reads, writes, and positioning requests, to facilitate an orderly progression through the file. All input takes place as if bytes were read by successive calls to fgetc(); all output takes place as if bytes were written by successive calls to fputc().
When a stream is ``unbuffered'', bytes are intended to appear from the source or at the destination as soon as possible; otherwise, bytes may be accumulated and transmitted as a block. When a stream is ``fully buffered'', bytes are intended to be transmitted as a block when a buffer is filled. When a stream is ``line buffered'', bytes are intended to be transmitted as a block when a newline byte is encountered. Furthermore, bytes are intended to be transmitted as a block when a buffer is filled, when input is requested on an unbuffered stream, or when input is requested on a line-buffered stream that requires the transmission of bytes. Support for these characteristics is implementation-defined, and may be affected via setbuf() and setvbuf().
A file may be disassociated from a controlling stream by ``closing'' the file. Output streams are flushed (any unwritten buffer contents are transmitted) before the stream is disassociated from the file. The value of a pointer to a FILE object is unspecified after the associated file is closed (including the standard streams).
A file may be subsequently reopened, by the same or another program execution, and its contents reclaimed or modified (if it can be repositioned at its start). If the main() function returns to its original caller, or if the exit() function is called, all open files are closed (hence all output streams are flushed) before program termination. Other paths to program termination, such as calling abort(), need not close all files properly.
The address of the FILE object used to control a stream may be significant; a copy of a FILE object need not necessarily serve in place of the original.
At program start-up, three streams are predefined and need not be opened explicitly: standard input (for reading conventional input), standard output (for writing conventional output), and standard error (for writing diagnostic output). When opened, the standard error stream is not fully buffered; the standard input and standard output streams are fully buffered if and only if the stream can be determined not to refer to an interactive device.
[CX] This section describes the interaction of file descriptors and standard I/O streams. This functionality is an extension to the ISO C standard (and the rest of this section is not further CX shaded).
An open file description may be accessed through a file descriptor, which is created using functions such as open() or pipe(), or through a stream, which is created using functions such as fopen() or popen(). Either a file descriptor or a stream is called a ``handle'' on the open file description to which it refers; an open file description may have several handles.
Handles can be created or destroyed by explicit user action, without affecting the underlying open file description. Some of the ways to create them include fcntl(), dup(), fdopen(), fileno(), and fork(). They can be destroyed by at least fclose(), close(), and the exec functions.
A file descriptor that is never used in an operation that could affect the file offset (for example, read(), write(), or lseek()) is not considered a handle for this discussion, but could give rise to one (for example, as a consequence of fdopen(), dup(), or fork()). This exception does not include the file descriptor underlying a stream, whether created with fopen() or fdopen(), so long as it is not used directly by the application to affect the file offset. The read() and write() functions implicitly affect the file offset; lseek() explicitly affects it.
The result of function calls involving any one handle (the ``active handle'') is defined elsewhere in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, but if two or more handles are used, and any one of them is a stream, the application shall ensure that their actions are coordinated as described below. If this is not done, the result is undefined.
A handle which is a stream is considered to be closed when either an fclose() or freopen() is executed on it (the result of freopen() is a new stream, which cannot be a handle on the same open file description as its previous value), or when the process owning that stream terminates with exit(), abort(), or due to a signal. A file descriptor is closed by close(), _exit(), or the exec functions when FD_CLOEXEC is set on that file descriptor.
For a handle to become the active handle, the application shall ensure that the actions below are performed between the last use of the handle (the current active handle) and the first use of the second handle (the future active handle). The second handle then becomes the active handle. All activity by the application affecting the file offset on the first handle shall be suspended until it again becomes the active file handle. (If a stream function has as an underlying function one that affects the file offset, the stream function shall be considered to affect the file offset.)
The handles need not be in the same process for these rules to apply.
Note that after a fork(), two handles exist where one existed before. The application shall ensure that, if both handles can ever be accessed, they are both in a state where the other could become the active handle first. The application shall prepare for a fork() exactly as if it were a change of active handle. (If the only action performed by one of the processes is one of the exec functions or _exit() (not exit()), the handle is never accessed in that process.)
For the first handle, the first applicable condition below applies. After the actions required below are taken, if the handle is still open, the application can close it.
If it is a file descriptor, no action is required.
If the only further action to be performed on any handle to this open file descriptor is to close it, no action need be taken.
If it is a stream which is unbuffered, no action need be taken.
If it is a stream which is line buffered, and the last byte written to the stream was a <newline> (that is, as if a:
was the most recent operation on that stream), no action need be taken.
If it is a stream which is open for writing or appending (but not also open for reading), the application shall either perform an fflush(), or the stream shall be closed.
If the stream is open for reading and it is at the end of the file ( feof() is true), no action need be taken.
If the stream is open with a mode that allows reading and the underlying open file description refers to a device that is capable of seeking, the application shall either perform an fflush(), or the stream shall be closed.
Otherwise, the result is undefined.
For the second handle:
If any previous active handle has been used by a function that explicitly changed the file offset, except as required above for the first handle, the application shall perform an lseek() or fseek() (as appropriate to the type of handle) to an appropriate location.
If the active handle ceases to be accessible before the requirements on the first handle, above, have been met, the state of the open file description becomes undefined. This might occur during functions such as a fork() or _exit().
The exec functions make inaccessible all streams that are open at the time they are called, independent of which streams or file descriptors may be available to the new process image.
When these rules are followed, regardless of the sequence of handles used, implementations shall ensure that an application, even one consisting of several processes, shall yield correct results: no data shall be lost or duplicated when writing, and all data shall be written in order, except as requested by seeks. It is implementation-defined whether, and under what conditions, all input is seen exactly once.
If the rules above are not followed, the result is unspecified.
Each function that operates on a stream is said to have zero or more ``underlying functions''. This means that the stream function shares certain traits with the underlying functions, but does not require that there be any relation between the implementations of the stream function and its underlying functions.
For conformance to the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard, the definition of a stream includes an ``orientation''. After a stream is associated with an external file, but before any operations are performed on it, the stream is without orientation. Once a wide-character input/output function has been applied to a stream without orientation, the stream shall become ``wide-oriented''. Similarly, once a byte input/output function has been applied to a stream without orientation, the stream shall become ``byte-oriented''. Only a call to the freopen() function or the fwide() function can otherwise alter the orientation of a stream.
A successful call to freopen() shall remove any orientation. The three predefined streams standard input, standard output, and standard error shall be unoriented at program start-up.
Byte input/output functions cannot be applied to a wide-oriented stream, and wide-character input/output functions cannot be applied to a byte-oriented stream. The remaining stream operations shall not affect and shall not be affected by a stream's orientation, except for the following additional restriction:
For wide-oriented streams, after a successful call to a file-positioning function that leaves the file position indicator prior to the end-of-file, a wide-character output function can overwrite a partial character; any file contents beyond the byte(s) written are henceforth undefined.
Each wide-oriented stream has an associated mbstate_t object that stores the current parse state of the stream. A successful call to fgetpos() shall store a representation of the value of this mbstate_t object as part of the value of the fpos_t object. A later successful call to fsetpos() using the same stored fpos_t value shall restore the value of the associated mbstate_t object as well as the position within the controlled stream.
Implementations that support multiple encoding rules associate an encoding rule with the stream. The encoding rule shall be determined by the setting of the LC_CTYPE category in the current locale at the time when the stream becomes wide-oriented. As with the stream's orientation, the encoding rule associated with a stream cannot be changed once it has been set, except by a successful call to freopen() which clears the encoding rule and resets the orientation to unoriented.
Although wide-oriented streams are conceptually sequences of wide characters, the external file associated with a wide-oriented stream is a sequence of (possibly multi-byte) characters generalized as follows:
Multi-byte encodings within files may contain embedded null bytes (unlike multi-byte encodings valid for use internal to the program).
A file need not begin nor end in the initial shift state.
Moreover, the encodings used for characters may differ among files. Both the nature and choice of such encodings are implementation-defined.
The wide-character input functions read characters from the stream and convert them to wide characters as if they were read by successive calls to the fgetwc() function. Each conversion shall occur as if by a call to the mbrtowc() function, with the conversion state described by the stream's own mbstate_t object, [CX] except the encoding rule associated with the stream is used instead of the encoding rule implied by the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.
The wide-character output functions convert wide characters to (possibly multi-byte) characters and write them to the stream as if they were written by successive calls to the fputwc() function. Each conversion shall occur as if by a call to the wcrtomb() function, with the conversion state described by the stream's own mbstate_t object, [CX] except the encoding rule associated with the stream is used instead of the encoding rule implied by the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.
An ``encoding error'' shall occur if the character sequence presented to the underlying mbrtowc() function does not form a valid (generalized) character, or if the code value passed to the underlying wcrtomb() function does not correspond to a valid (generalized) character. The wide-character input/output functions and the byte input/output functions store the value of the macro [EILSEQ] in errno if and only if an encoding error occurs.
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Luteinizing Hormone (Blood)
Does this test have other names?
What is this test?
This test measures the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in your blood.
LH is made by your pituitary gland. In women, the pituitary sends out LH during the ovulation part of the menstrual cycle. This tells the ovaries to release a mature egg. In men, LH causes the testes to make testosterone.
This test can help find out the cause of fertility problems in both men and women. A higher LH level can help a woman find out the point in her cycle when it's best to try to conceive.
This test can also help diagnose a pituitary gland disorder.
Why do I need this test?
You may need this test if you are infertile and your healthcare provider needs to find out the cause. You may also have this test if you have symptoms of a pituitary disorder, such as prolactinoma, or a benign tumor in the pituitary gland. Symptoms include:
You may also have this test if you are having irregular menstrual periods.
What other tests might I have along with this test?
Your healthcare provider may also order other tests for infertility. If you're a man, your provider may order a semen analysis, genetic tests, and other blood tests to measure different hormones. If you're a woman, your provider may order other hormone-level blood tests and basal body temperature testing. He or she may also order a pelvic ultrasound and a hysteroscopy to look at the inside of your uterus.
What do my test results mean?
Many things may affect your lab test results. These include the method each lab uses to do the test. Even if your test results are different from the normal value, you may not have a problem. To learn what the results mean for you, talk with your healthcare provider.
Results are given in international units per liter (IU/L). The normal range for a woman varies, depending on her menstrual cycle. Here are normal ranges:
Men: 1.24 to 7.8 IU/L
Women, follicular phase of menstrual cycle: 1.68 to 15 IU/L
Women, midcycle peak: 21.9 to 56.6 IU/L
Women, luteal phase: 0.61 to 16.3 IU/L
Women, postmenopausal: 14.2 to 52.3 IU/L
Girls, ages 1 to 10 years: 0.03 to 3.9 IU/L
If you're a woman, abnormally high levels of LH during non-ovulatory times in your menstrual cycle may mean you are in menopause. It may also mean that you have a pituitary disorder or polycystic ovary syndrome. Low levels of LH may mean you have a pituitary disorder, anorexia, malnutrition, or are under stress.
If you're a man, abnormally high LH levels along with low levels of testosterone may mean that your testicles aren't responding to LH's signal to make more testosterone. Low levels of LH may mean that your pituitary gland isn't making enough LH. That can lead to too little testosterone creation.
How is this test done?
The test requires a blood sample, which is drawn through a needle from a vein in your arm.
Does this test pose any risks?
Taking a blood sample with a needle carries risks that include bleeding, infection, bruising, or feeling dizzy. When the needle pricks your arm, you may feel a slight stinging sensation or pain. Afterward, the site may be slightly sore.
What might affect my test results?
If you're a woman, your results will vary depending on what day in your menstrual cycle the test is done.
How do I get ready for this test?
You don't need to prepare for this test. But be sure your healthcare provider knows about all medicines, herbs, vitamins, and supplements you are taking. This includes medicines that don't need a prescription and any illicit drugs you may use.
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Chief Blue Quill (sîpihtakanep) was among the original four chiefs that banded together to form Saddle Lake as a result of signing Treaty Six. In 1880, Chief Blue Quill moved his band to Egg Lake (Whitford Lake now known as Andrew). In 1890, J. A. Mitchell, the Indian Agent, persuaded Chief Blue Quill to move back to the Saddle Lake reserve. Agent Mitchell promised that Blue Quills Band would have 30 acres of land broken for them at Saddle Lake, be given six cows, and compensation for the house a band member had built at their former location. Chief Blue Quill settled on the western end of Saddle Lake. The Chief was known as a compassionate man.
“There were two religions at that time – Protestant and Catholic,” Elder Stanley Redcrow stated to the St. Paul Journal. “The Catholics went to school at Lac La Biche, and my father was one of those guys. When they went there, they never came back until they were 16 years old. At that time, the road was very bad; all they could use were dog teams… So the people in Saddle Lake started to say they wanted to have a school at home.”
It happened quickly. The Federal Indian Department studied the school, and in 1898, moved it to the more populous Saddle Lake. Within a year, a pair of Oblate brothers had built and dedicated a church and school at Saddle Lake, with the help of the people. They called it Blue Quills, and the reasons, as Redcrow notes, are interesting.
“The government said they could build the school at a site, but when the Protestants saw those piles of lumber, they asked what we were doing. We said, ‘We’re going to build a school here.’ They said, ‘No, you’re not. After you pile the lumber we’ll put a match and burn it up.’ All four Saddle Lake Chiefs; pakan, onchaminahos, Blue Quill and Bears Ears, were of the Protestant faith. The Oblate fathers went to see Chief Blue Quill and told them they wanted to build a school. Alphonse Delver, a direct descendent stated that Blue Quill responded to the request affirmatively, “Yes, put it on my land. I’m thinking of the future of my grandchildren and the orphans.”
William Delver, son-in-law of the Chief, saw the future of the grandchildren and great-grandchildren whom he said would live during a time when, “kipimâcihonâwâw ka-wehcasin. kinehiyâwiwinâwâw wî-âyiman ka-miciminamihk. (Earning a living will be easy. Being Cree will be hard to hold.)
In 1931, the school was moved to its present location, 5 kilometers west of the town of St. Paul, Alberta. Seventy years later, the brick building is still standing, the site of its 40 year anniversary as a First Nations owned and operated College. Descendents of Chief Blue Quill are among the students and faculty at the college.
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STARLAB offers the ideal solution for local schools who wish to familiarize students with astronomy. An inflated structure 16 feet across and 11 feet high, STARLAB can accommodate up to 25 students.
The star instrument can project the sun, moon, stars and planets. A special projector is used to project constellation outlines and a slide projector is used to show what objects look like close up.
STARLAB is available to all Marquette and Alger County schools by contacting Northern Michigan University’s Seaborg Center. A planetarium specialist will accompany STARLAB and present a range of programs suitable for K-12 students. Content is aligned with the Michigan Curriculum Framework.Planetarium Specialist, Scott Stobbelaar is currently an Astronomy Adjunct Instructor at Northern Michigan University and also a solar system ambassador for NASA. He served as director of the Shiras Planetarium for 29 years and also taught science classes at Marquette Senior High School. He has been an amateur astronomer for more than 40 years.
- Half-day visits can include up to three presentations for multiple grades.
- Full-day visits can include up to five presentations.
Each session can accommodate a maximum of 20-25 students.
To arrange a visit or learn more about STARLAB, call the Seaborg Center at NMU at 906-227-2002 or Scott Stobbelaar at 906-225-0959.
Visits should be scheduled at least two weeks in advance. One week notice is requested for cancelations.
- A space 20 feet wide by 25 feet long by 11 feet high. A gym works well.
- A grounded 110-volt electrical outlet
- Assistance in taking down of the STARLAB
STARLAB Program Offerings
Kindergarten: Introduction to STARLAB (30 min)
Children become acquainted with the star dome. They learn how the sun and stars move during one complete day and night and how the stars circle the North Star.
Grades 1 – 2: Day – Night Sky (40 min)
Follow the sun’s path across the sky for one day. How is the sun's path different for different seasons? Follow stars for one night. Learn how to find the North Star, the Dippers, Cassiopeia and some of the seasonal constellations. Locate the moon and planets.
Grades 3-5: Sky Tonight (40 min)
Learn how to identify the circumpolar and most of the seasonal constellations. Learn how stars move differently at the North Pole and Equator. Demonstrate the cause of the four moon phases and what the moon looks like close-up. Locate the planets and learn what they look like. Find out about meteors.
Grades 6–8: Milky Way Galaxy Tour (40 Min)
Identify circumpolar and seasonal constellations, and the Milky Way. Locate star clusters and nebulae. Learn about the birth, life and death of stars. Learn how we determine where we are in our Milky Way Galaxy.
High School: Universe Tour (45 min)
Locate the celestial pole and equator, ecliptic, meridian and zenith. Identify constellations. Understand how the stars appear to move in our sky and how these stars form our galaxy. Learn how our galaxy fits into the universe and how our universe may have formed, creating what we see today.
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As extreme weather dominates the headlines, a recent report co-authored by environmental science professor Michael B. McElroy suggests that climate change is a threat to national security.
The report, co-authored by McElroy and D. James Baker, a former administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, examines the short-term implications of climate change on the existing infrastructure and the impact of a polarized political dialogue on national security overall.
“If the richest country in the world regards the climate issue as the matter of a vote, a left-wing or right-wing vote, and is not prepared to talk about the facts, then we are not prepared to provide the leadership this world deserves,” McElroy said about environmental policy disagreements among lawmakers.
The other issue highlighted in the report is the government’s lack of preparedness for severe weather conditions.
In the report, New York governor Andrew Cuomo emphasized the importance of having reliable infrastructure when Hurricane Sandy left significant damage to the Eastern seaboard last October.
“We have a new reality when it comes to these weather patterns,” Cuomo said in the report. “We have an old infrastructure and we have old systems, and that is not a good combination.”
The publication also described the increase in high-impact weather conditions and unusual climate phenomena, saying “their extent is worldwide, affecting people where they live, where they draw upon fresh water resources, and where they grow food.”
“In the case of New York City, did anyone really predict that a storm surge of more than 20 feet could envelop lower Manhattan?” McElroy said.
Part of the report focuses on the Hadley Circulation, a weather system in which air travels north after losing much of its moisture to precipitation in tropical areas.
“What seems to be happening in recent years is that the input of new energy to the climate system due to what we are doing by burning fossil fuels, in particular, is energizing the system,” McElroy said. “It is more energetic than the tropics, so it is going higher and further north than it normally does.”
The result of this new energy input is an extension of the desert environment, which could potentially envelop Spain, Italy, Greece, Israel, and the Mid-Western United States.
“I’m hoping that by what I do at Harvard—talking about this issue with undergraduates who are going to be policy leaders—we can make a difference,” McElroy said. “Scientific literacy is important for people who are going to be Economics, English, or whatever concentrators. We all need to have an understanding of the world, where it came from, and where we are going.”
—Staff writer Indrani G. Das can be reached at [email protected]. Follow her on Twitter at @IndraniGDas.
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Chertok, Boris Yevseyevich
Credit: © Mark Wade
Credit: © Mark Wade
(1912-) Pioneering Russian guidance and control engineer, key member of Korolev's design team 1946-1992. Deputy Chief Designer 1956-1992, created Soyuz and N1 LV control systems. His frank biography is a key source for Soviet space history.
Boris Chertok was a talented and pioneering guidance and control engineer, and a key member of Korolev's team from 1946 on. He was a Deputy Chief Designer 1956-1992 at Korolev's design bureau and its successors. He was an intimate witness to the key events of the space race on the Soviet side, and his memoirs are a major historical source for Soviet space history.
Chertok was born in Lodz, the son of an accountant. The family moved to Moscow before Boris reached the age of two. Chertok began his working career at age 17 as an electrician. However he was fascinated by electronics, and despite his lack of higher education he began work at an avionics factory in 1930. His talent was recognised, and he began a university education in parallel with his work. By 1935 he was head of a design office, and played a key role in developing and supporting the electronics for Soviet polar expeditions. He received his formal degree in 1940 and began work on guidance and control systems at V F Bolkhovitinov's bureau. Chertok's first work in rocketry came with his involvement in design of the ignition and control system for the BI-1 rocketplane's engine.
In April 1945 was assigned to the special group that was tasked with obtaining German rocket technology for the Soviet Union. He worked in Germany until January 1947, famously missing a chance to obtain Wernher Von Braun's services for the Soviet Union. Here he came in contact with Sergei Korolev. He was assigned to Korolev's NII-88 institute in August 1946, beginning his lifelong career as Korolev's chief deputy for rocket and spacecraft control and guidance systems.
In this position Chertok became a key particpant in the Soviet Union's space program. Following work on the celestial navigation system for long range cruise missiles, he worked on the control systems for the world's first ICBM, the R-7, and then the first manned spacecraft, the Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz. He was responsible for the KORD engine control system for the ill-fated N1 super booster for the disastrous Soviet manned lunar program. After that project was cancelled in 1974, Chertok remained at the reorganised Energia enterprise as Deputy Chief Designer for control systems until his retirement in 1992.
Chertok received the highest honours from the Soviet and Russian states, and also served as a university lecturer in his specialties. He was the author of over 200 scholarly papers. His four volumes of memoirs, 'Rockets and Men', were written in the 1990's and span the period from 1946 to 1991.
Most fascinating are Chertok's accounts of key meetings where decisions were made on the course of the Soviet program. These are extremely lively and seem to be taken from contemporary notes or even verbatim transcripts. These were rough-and-tumble sessions, where the Chief Designers were pressed to defend their projects.
More... - Chronology...
Chertok, Boris Yevseyevich, Raketi i lyudi, Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 1994-1999.. Web Address when accessed: here.
1964 September 16 -
- Baikonur abuzz - .
Nation: USSR. Related Persons: Khrushchev; Tsybin; Chertok. Program: Voskhod. Flight: Voskhod 1. Spacecraft: Voskhod. The cosmodrome is a beehive of activity, not just for the unmanned Voskhod launch, now set for 18 September, but also for the impending visit of Premier Khrushchev on 24 September. Meanwhile Tsybin, Chertok, Kholodkov, and Vinokur are hurriedly implementing and testing changes made to the landing system as a result of the failures at Fedosiya. This will likely slip the mannequin launch to the end of September.
1964 September 18 -
- Voskhod State Commission - .
Nation: USSR. Related Persons: Chertok; Korolev; Tyulin; Mrykin; Kerimov; Rudenko. Program: Voskhod. Flight: Voskhod 1. Spacecraft: Voskhod. The State Commission meets at Baikonur. Chertok advises that the failure of the parachute hatch to jettison in the trials in Fedosiya was due to a serious defect in the schematics of the electrical layout and will not occur again. Korolev declares he is ready to certify Voskhod ready for the final drop test at Fedosiya but would prefer to delay the launch of the spacecraft with mannequins until after the Fedosiya test. The state commission finally agrees to reschedule the launch from 28-30 September, subject to a successful test at Fedosiya on 24-25 September.
Aftrwards Tyulin calls Korolev, Mrykin, Kerimov, Rudenko, and Kamanin aside. He tells them the Communist Party and Soviet Ministers have now taken a personal interest in the crew selection for Voskhod. Korolev and Kamanin bitterly debate their competing preferred crews.
1965 March 12 -
- Cosmos 60 - .
Nation: USSR. Related Persons: Keldysh; Rudenko; Ishlinskiy; Kamanin; Kerimov; Chertok; Korolev. At 13:00 the State Commission meets at the launch pad. All work is complete, and the approval to launch the E-6 robot probe to the moon is given. Keldysh takes the opportunity to confront Rudenko by asking him, who will manage the manned flights to the moon - the VVS or the Rocket Forces? Kerimov replies that this is a function of the VVS. Ishilinskiy, Kamanin, and Kerimov hope very much to be the first commander of a spaceport on the moon... The Lunik is launched successfully into earth parking orbit, but the fourth stage fails to ignite when the moment comes to launch it towards the moon. This is the sixth Lunik not to make it anywhere near its objective; together with the 100% failure rate of the planetary probes, there have been 10 failures. Kamanin believes this points to the absolute necessity of the crew being in control at all times during a manned lunar flight, as opposed to Korolev's insistent reliance on fully automatic systems. Korolev is greatly disturbed by this latest failure, and appoints Chertok to head the investigation.
1971 April 24 -
- Landing of Soyuz 10 - .
Return Crew: Rukavishnikov; Shatalov; Yeliseyev. Nation: USSR. Related Persons: Chertok; Mishin; Rukavishnikov; Shatalov; Yeliseyev. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 10. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK. Only a night landing on Soviet territory was possible, which meant the spacecraft could not be oriented for retrofire. The landing commission started planning for an emergency landing in South America, Africa, or Australia. But Shatalov reported the gyroscopes and orientation sensors were functioning well. He proposed that he orient on the dayside, spin up the gyro platform, and let the gyros orient the spacecraft on the nightside for retrofire. The plan is followed and the spacecraft was targeted for a landing area 80-100 km southwest of Karaganda.
PVO radars pick up the capsule as it soars over the Caspian Sea, and a Mi-4 helicopter sights the parachute even before it thumps down, upright, on the steppes. During the landing, the Soyuz air supply became toxic, and Rukavishnikov was overcome and became unconscious. Nevertheless the crew safely landed at 23:40 GMT, 120 km NW of Karaganda. At the cosmodrome, Chertok is assigned to head a special commission to find the cause of the docking failure and correct it before the next mission can be launched. The VVS aircraft leaves at 07:00 for Moscow. Mishin was to accompany the VPK on their aircraft back, but he is drunk and has to go separately at 15:00. The Soyuz 10 crew reaches Chkalovsky Air Base at 14:00 on 26 April and proceed to Star City for further debriefings. Film and photos indicated that the docking system on the Salyut was not damaged, setting the stage for the Soyuz 11 mission.
1971 May 10 -
- Cause of Soyuz 10's failure to dock. - .
Nation: USSR. Related Persons: Chertok. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 10; Soyuz 11. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK. A sunny day in Moscow. Chertok's investigative commission has found that the likely cause of Soyuz 10's failure to dock was a dented sleeve on the active part of the docking mechanism. In repeated tests the sleeve bent at 130 kg force 60% of the time. The real force of docking was estimated at 160 to 200 kg. Therefore for Soyuz 11 and subsequent models the sleeve will be reinforced by a factor of two. The crew will also be given the capability of steering the docking probe and of operating the orientation engine to improve the chances of docking when difficulties do occur.
Home - Browse - Contact
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Home-brewing is a trend that is becoming more and more popular, and unfortunately, so is the occurrence of hops toxicity in dogs. Hops is the plant used in the process of brewing beer, and both the 'raw' or spent hops are toxic. True flowers or dried hops plugs tend to be more toxic than hops pellets (pellets have less residue), while wild hops have been found to be non-toxic. The diagnosis is generally made based on history of having home-brewing supplies as well as seeing hops in vomit.
The mechanism of toxicity is unknown, but may be related to essential oils, resins, phenolic compounds, or nitrogenous constituents within the plant. Many of the substances in hops are degraded or aerosolized during the brewing process, so the exact relationship between substance and toxicity remains unknown.
Clinical signs of toxicity can include agitation, panting, excitement, flatulence, rapid heart rate followed by life-threatening elevations in body temperature. Death has been reported in as little as 6 hours without appropriate treatment. I have seen rectal temperatures greater than 108 F, and these temperatures can be very difficult to control. The high end of normal of a dog’s temperature is 102.5 F, and any temperature above 106 F can lead to an “unwinding” of the body’s proteins as well as permanent brain injury, depending upon the length of time that the elevation in body temperature persists.
Treatment consists of aggressive decontamination measures including induction of vomiting, gastric lavage (“washing out” the stomach under anesthesia), administration of charcoal, and enemas. Active cooling by any means available is extremely important. There are also specific medications that can be given in the hospital to help control the clinical signs.
Prognosis for survival is generally guarded to poor, and unfortunately, many deaths have been reported. We have had 2 cases of hops toxicity this past year in the ER, and thankfully, both survived with aggressive treatment.
Any breed of dog may be affected, but breeds that are predisposed to malignant hyperthermia (extreme elevation of body temperature for an unknown reason) tend to be more susceptible. These breeds include Greyhounds, Labrador Retrievers, Saint Bernards, Pointers, Dobermans, Border Collies, English Springer Spaniels, and northern breeds.
If you suspect your dog has been exposed to hops, seek veterinary care immediately! This is not something that can be managed at home. Quickly take a rectal temperature, and if it is found to be greater than 105 F, begin active cooling measures—such as dousing your pets body with cool water and wrapping icepacks in towels and placing them over its body—in addition to running the air conditioning in car while on your way to your veterinarian or local emergency clinic. This measure could help save your pets life and give him or her the best chance for survival.
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How do you set a variable equal to an array in Java. For example I have a class for input and a class for calculations which hold arrays. when I accept the user input from the input class how do I pass that variable into the array of my calculation class?
You should look into varargs. Code sample below:
You can call this method as :
Unless you have strict requirements to use arrays, you should probably be using a Collection, like a List.
For example, if you're trying to manage an array of ints, you could instead do:
Then, if you really need the data in the form of an array, you can do:
Which would return an array holding the integer values in your list. Lists are easier to read and use.
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Cold sores are small, painful, fluid-filled blisters. They are usually found at the border of the lip.
Herpes Simplex on the Lips
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Cold sores are usually caused by the herpes simplex 1 virus. Rarely, it is caused by the herpes 2 virus. Herpes 2 virus causes
. The two viruses are related, but different.
In most cases, people contract the virus as young children. The first episode of illness with herpes simplex 1 virus can cause a body wide illness. Then the virus lies quiet in the skin until it is reactivated. This is when the virus causes cold sores.
You may get the virus from:
An infection with the herpes virus is very common. Everyone is considered at risk for a herpes infection.
If you have a herpes infection, factors that can trigger cold sores include:
Cold sores often form without a known trigger.
The initial herpes simplex 1 infection can cause flu-like symptoms. The recurring infections will lead to cold sores.
A cold sore occurs most often on the lips but can occur in the mouth or other areas of the skin. You may have some symptoms the day just before a cold sore appears. You may notice some itching, tingling, burning, or pain in the area the cold sore appears. Cold sore blisters:
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. The blisters will be examined. Usually, the doctor can easily diagnose a cold sore by looking at it. In rare cases, the doctor may need to take a piece of a blister. The piece will then be analyzed. A blood sample may also be taken for testing.
Cold sores will usually heal within two weeks even without treatment.
However, certain treatments may help decrease symptoms. They may also shorten the time that you have a sore. Treatment options
To prevent the oral spread of the herpes simplex 1 or 2 virus:
The herpes virus never leave your body once you have it. There is no cure for the infection. If you already have a herpes infection, to prevent future outbreaks of cold sores or blisters:
American Academy of Dermatologyhttp://www.aad.org
Canadian Family Physicianhttp://www.cfpc.ca/
Herpes labialis. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
. Updated March 27, 2011. Accessed August 12, 2012.
Arduino PG, Porter SR. Oral and perioral herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) infection: review of its management.
Cold sore. Mayo Clinic website. Available at:
. Updated May 23, 2012. Accessed August 9, 2012.
Emmert DH. Treatment of common cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections.
Am Fam Physician
Groves MJ. Transmission of herpes simplex virus via oral sex.
Am Fam Physician.
2006;1;73:1153; discussion 1153.
Herpes simplex. American Academy of Dermatology website. Available at:
. Accessed August 9, 2012.
Herpes. American Academy of Family Physicians. Family Doctor.org website. Available at:
. Updated October 2009. Accessed November 15, 2010.
Herpes simplex. DermNet NZ website. Available at:
. Updated June 2008. Accessed August 12, 2012.
Schmid-Wendtner MH, Korting HC. Penciclovir cream—improved topical treatment for herpes simplex infections.
Skin Pharmacol Physiol.
Spruance S, Bodsworth N, Resnick H, et al. Single-dose, patient-initiated famciclovir: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for episodic treatment of herpetic labialis.
J Am Acad Dermatol
Spruance SL, Jones TM, Blatter MM, Vargas-Cortes M, et al. High-dose, short-duration, early valacyclovir therapy for episodic treatment of cold sores: results of two randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies.
Antimicrobial Agent Chem
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Hiking Hazards and Considerations
The following hazards and considerations should be noted when hiking the Table Rocks.
Many consider themselves lucky to see a rattlesnake. If the opportunity arrives, remain calm, have a good look if you can, and ease your way around it. The rattlesnake is rarely aggressive and not as dangerous as many of us have been led to believe.
Ticks commonly attach themselves to clothing or skin. As you hike, take the time to stop and check yourself and others in your party for ticks. Staying on trails and away from shrubs and tall grasses will reduce your risk of encountering ticks. Some ticks carry Lyme disease. It is important, if bitten, to carefully remove the tick and watch for symptoms.
See the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website for excellent information about Lyme disease.
Dehydration can be a concern while hiking. There is no running water on the Table Rocks and shade is limited during the extreme summer conditions. Please come prepared and drink lots of water throughout your hike.
Poison Oak is very common on the Table Rocks. Familiarize yourself with this species. A good rule to follow is: "Leaves of three, let it be." Staying on the trails can help you avoid contact with this plant.
Beware of the dangers inherent in the high cliffs; stand back from the edge.
Vault toilets are available at the Table Rocks parking area. There are no restroom facilities available at the top.
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350 or 450? There’s a split in scientific and political communities about which number—both represent parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere—is the tipping point into dangerous climate change. Actually, it goes sort of like this: Most scientists agree that 350 is the more realistic number, but most politicians say 450 is the best we can shoot for.
NASA’s James Hansen leads the more aggressive 350 movement, which has spun into a nonprofit led by the environmental journalist Bill McKibben. (Read this New Yorker profile of Hansen, which sketches how he went from being an apolitical scientist to an environmental activist.)
An important new piece of data points to 350 as the true limit of the atmosphere’s tolerance of our industrial activities. Famed British naturalist David Attenborough joined scientists yesterday to declare that coral reefs, which support a quarter of all marine life, can withstand just 350 ppm of carbon dioxide. (Oceans absorb carbon gases from the atmosphere, thereby becoming more acidic.) At current rates of emissions, the study suggests, coral will be extinct within a few decades.
Attenborough played to scuba divers and snorklers everywhere. “Anybody’s who’s had the privilege of diving on a coral reef will have seen the natural world at its most glorious, diverse and beautiful,” he said. “[There is a] moral responsibility one has to the natural world. Also you have responsibility to future generations…”
Now a little good, or at least not bad, news about the oceans. Also out of England comes an interesting new proposal for saving them. I’m skeptical of plans to mess more, rather than less, with complex natural systems, but this one is intriguing in its simplicity. It involves dumping lime into the sea to lower acidity. The ocean could then continue to absorb carbon from the air without becoming too acidic to sustain life. The first hurdle: The plan would involve large-scale mining and production of similar to that of cement, which is a significant source of carbon emissions. So, unless the carbon could be captured, the plan wouldn’t pay off. Some plans exist to sequester carbon in cement, but carbon capture and storage remains as elusive a goal as hydrogen fuel cells.
Meanwhile, as with dieting, the surest way to reach our goals is to do the thing we’re most reluctant to do: Consume less. But the bill recently passed in the House and stalled in the Senate wouldn’t even hit the less ambitious goal of 450 ppm.
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The archaeological site of Hopewell is located on the North Fork of Paint Creek in Ross County, Ohio. Named for Mordecai Hopewell, the farmer upon whose land the site was recognized, it was first mapped in the mid-nineteenth century when more of the ancient constructions were visible than are there today. The main feature of the site is the rectangular earthwork known as the Great Enclosure that covered about ninety-nine acres and followed the terraces of the North Fork. Structures within the Enclosure included one D-shape that in turn enclosed the largest mounds at the site. Mound 25 is one of these, consisting of three parts that when built actually covered earlier constructions. Burials containing elaborate grave goods have been found in Mound 25.
Hopewell is also the name given to the regional developments, of which the Hopewell site itself is part, that characterize the Ohio/Illinois area during the first half of the first millennium A.D. Flourishing centers with enormous earthworks in geometric shapes as varied as octagons, trapezoids, and ellipses were present in the southern Ohio region of Hopewell. One such earthwork site, known today as Mound City, near Chillicothe, Ohio, has a particularly high concentration of burial mounds, leading to the supposition that it was primarily funerary, used for that purpose by adjacent living sites.
An extensive trade network for exotic materials existed during the period, making enormous quantities of precious objects available for use by, and burial with, the powerful people of the communities. Burials in the so-called Mound of Pipes at Mound City produced over 200 stone smoking pipes depicting animals and birds in well-realized three-dimensional form. Objects in other materials, for instance copper from the Great Lakes area and mica from the southern Appalachians, were used to create elaborate plaques, ornaments, and profile cutout images. The copper ornaments included necklaces, bracelets, breastplates, and ear spools. A sophisticated ceramic tradition produced many short, round jars that have been found in burials throughout the Hopewellian trading area.
Department of AAOA. “Hopewell (1–400 A.D.).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hope/hd_hope.htm (October 2002)
Byers, A. Martin. The Ohio Hopewell Episode: Paradigm Lost and Paradigm Gained. Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press, 2004.
Townsend, Richard F., and Robert V. Sharp, eds. Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South. Exhibition catalogue. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
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The Ephel Dúath, or the Mountains of Shadow, were a range of mountains that guarded Mordor's western and southern borders.
There were only two known passes through them: the "Nameless Pass" that ran between Minas Morgul and Mordor, and the nearby Pass of Cirith Ungol. The Morannon was the only pass through Mordor's outer mountain chains through which large armies could easily pass, but apparently small amounts of troops were able to slowly funnel through the Nameless Pass. However, the Pass of Cirith Ungol was extremely inaccessible, involving climbing up or down the section called the Straight Stair, making it practically impossible to for easy travel of large numbers of troops, much less horses and wagons.
On 10 March T.A. 3019, Frodo Baggins, Samwise Gamgee, and Gollum began their ascent of the stairs to Shelob's Lair. The hobbits, abandoned by Gollum, entered the lair on 12 March and Frodo was captured by Orcs the next day. On 14 March Sam helped Frodo to escape from the Tower of Cirith Ungol and thus they completed their harrowing passage of the Ephel Dúath.
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|STADTSCHLAINING (Varoszalonak, Vas): Burgenland|
See also Mattersdorf.
Alternate/former names of town or village: Hungarian: Varoszalonak, Vas. About 50 miles from Vienna in Burgenland, the present total town population is about 400 families with no Jews.
The earliest known Jewish community in town dates from the 15th century. The principal landmark of Stadtschlaining is a large castle from to the 13th century, now the site of the European University Center for Peace Studies. The formerly desecrated synagogue has been restored as a Peace Library. Schlaining (in Stadtschlaining-Hungarian name Varoszalonak) was one of the most powerful castles in the province. Emperor Frederick III presented it to the noble Andreas Baumkirchner in 1445. It later passed to the Batthyany Herrschaft. Dr. U. Illig who turned it into a museum, then saved much destruction in W.W.II, Today, it is an hotel and conference center as stated. Castle website: http://www.aspr.ac.at . The village of Stadtschlaining was unique in that it was a center for three faiths. The presence of such a strong castle as well as an "Antimony Works" (closed in 1990) in Stadtschlaining probably accounted for the large mixed population.
CEMETERY: The unlocked Jewish cemetery was restored as well. A beautiful granite gate entrance identifies it as a Jewish burial ground. Early Jewish presence can be traced to the 17th century when a synagogue was built. About 1848, Stadtschlaining had one of the larger Jewish settlements with Jews accounting for 40% of the population as part of Bezirk Felso-Eor, Vas Megye pre-1921. In 1873, it had 435 Roman Catholics, 586 Lutherans, 312 Jews and 76 Reformed. Altschlaining (now part of Stadtschlaining along with Drumling, Goberling and Neumarkt) had an additional 422 Catholics, 116 Lutherans and 7 Jews, all of whom worshipped in Stadtschlaining. Catholic and Lutheran records are available from the LDS as are Jewish records from 1841-1895 (LDS 0700744).
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The Berlin Radio Tower (Funkturm) was built as one large steel framework construction, similar to the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The 150 m high and approximately 600 metric ton radio tower was originally planned strictly as a transmitting tower, but later additions included a restaurant at a height of approximately 52 m, and observation deck at a height of approximately 125 m. Visitors reach the restaurant and the observation deck by an elevator which travels up to 6 meters per second. The Radio Tower went into operation in 1926 as part of the 3rd Radio Exhibition, thus improving the quality of radio broadcasting that had existed in Berlin since 1923.
During the Berlin Wall era, the “long beanpole” was one of the most prominent symbols of West Berlin. And it still serves as a wonderful vantage point for enjoying an extensive panoramic view of the city. The radio tower was built in 1924 according to plans made by Heinrich Straumer as part of the exhibition grounds in Charlottenburg.
The fair complex is directly connected to the International Congress Center (ICC Berlin). The shimmering, silver ICC, the largest venue of its kind for exhibitions and conferences in all of Europe, was built between 1975 and 1979 by the architects Ralf Schüler and Ursulina Schüler-Witte.
It is a reflection of the architectural design of high-tech modernity, which was popular at the time. Inside the building, which resembles two nested boxes, can be found more than 20,000 places in 80 halls along with the latest modern technical equipment. The programm of conferences and congresses is complemented by pop concerts, balls, parties and other events.
14055 Berlin Charlottenburg
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Charles Dickens and the Cleveland Street Workhouse
By Dr. Ruth Richardson- Special to the Charles Dickens Page
In 1866 Dickens wrote a characteristically robust letter of support to a fine nineteenth century medical man, Dr Joseph Rogers. Rogers was the Medical Officer inside what was then known as the Strand Union Workhouse in Cleveland Street, and had witnessed and worked among the terrible conditions inside the place. The experience had led him to resolve to change things. So when he founded the Association for Improvement of London Workhouse Infirmaries, the letter Rogers received from Dickens was read out at the first meeting in 1866:
Visit the workhouse via Google maps|
View Larger Map
"My Dear Sir,
My knowledge of the general condition of the Sick Poor in workhouses is not of yesterday, nor are my efforts in my vocation to call merciful attention to it. Few anomalies in England are so horrible to me as the unchecked existence of many shameful sick wards for paupers, side by side with a constantly recurring expansion of conventional wonder that the poor should creep into corners to die, rather than fester and rot in such infamous places"
I published it in an article about Rogers in the British Medical Journal in 1989 (there is a link to it on www.workhouses.org). The long term results of this paper were first: Rogers was honoured with a blue plaque on his old home at 33 Dean St Soho, and second: it was how local people in the Cleveland Street area knew I had an interest in the workhouse, and they made contact last October, asking for my help in saving the workhouse, which is under threat of demolition for a really uninteresting modern block of posh apartments.
The Dickens quote has since taken on new meaning, because after I had spent time writing letters to individuals and framing a good public letter for The Times, and gathering good signatures of support (Nov 3rd 2010) I turned my mind to researching the street... and found that Dickens knew far more about the workhouse than I had ever guessed.
I suspected that when he was in the blacking factory, young Dickens might have been inside the catchment area for the workhouse, since it was originally built on fields to the north in 1775 (*under the Old Poor Law) for the parish of St Paul Covent Garden, and that he might therefore have been working alongside children who had been apprenticed out from Cleveland Street.
I knew there was an 'unofficial' blue plaque on a house in Chandos Street (now Place) saying that Dickens had worked there as a child, so I first had to double-check (I generally take little on trust) that the plaque was correctly sited. Finding it correct, I then went to check parish boundaries for the dense area around the Strand, and found that yes! the Chandos St house WAS inside St Paul Covent Garden Parish. So if poor Dickens was ever threatened with the workhouse - it would have been THIS one that was meant. He was working alongside some very poor children there, and if any of them had been workhouse apprentices, they would have had stories to tell, of that there can be no doubt.
While I was doing that work I had noticed that the Dickens family had lived in rather a surprising number of different addresses when he was a child - they moved about a lot, partly for his father's work, and partly to avoid creditors - and that one of these addresses was in Marylebone. I was rather puzzled because Marylebone is an expensive district of London, and always has been.
Strangely, too, the same address cropped up again later: they had lived there twice. For their second stay they had moved there following an eviction, in quite a poor area - Somers Town, so I was perplexed as to whereabouts in Marylebone they might have managed to afford - it would have to be in an area with some kind of blight on it. The workhouse is on a street which is itself the border of Marylebone - the divide runs down the middle of the street for much of its length. I think I was hoping that it might be nearby, perhaps.
So I took a look again at the address and didn't recognise it: 10 Norfolk Street. I checked on a modern AtoZ of London, and found that it doesn't exist any longer. It could have been bombed in the Blitz, or demolished for a new street/big rebuilding programme - there are any number of reasons for roads to disappear in London, in 200 years. But when I found it on an old map, I nearly fell off my chair in the Library! Norfolk Street is the southernmost end of what is now Cleveland Street - so Dickens was living in a London street with a workhouse in it!!
Then I had to locate the actual house, which was not entirely straightforward - but I eventually found a map which had street numbers, and which showed that number 10 was on the corner with Tottenham Street. The same map showed that there were only nine houses standing between Dickens' old home and the workhouse.
The pleasure of it is, that the old house still stands!! It's a lovely Georgian corner shop, and the front door and curved shop window are still there, just as they were in Dickens' day! You can see the workhouse and the old house on Google earth - just look one block south of the Telecom BT Tower for the workhouse, and another block south to see Dickens old home.
I have since double-checked all the biographies I could lay my hands on, and none of them mention the fact there was a workhouse within doors of Dickens' first London home. None of them go into detail about this interesting house, in which Dickens had lived twice, except Una Pope-Hennesey's biography, now half-a-century old itself. She had noted that the landlord was a Mr Dodd, a cheesemonger. Mr Leslie Styles, a past editor of The Dickensian had published a photograph of the house in an article on Dickens' London homes, in 1951, but hadn't noticed the workhouse, either. Among all the many books on Dickens' London, even the one by Peter Ackroyd, I haven't found anyone who has noticed the close contiguity of the workhouse. So this feels like a new discovery!!
I have been very heartened to find that there are discoveries still to be made about Dickens - Michael Allen's wonderful talk on the UK National Archives website shows that there are still things to be unearthed - his work concerns the blacking factory and the Chancery case in Bleak House - a stunningly good lecture - a half-hour talk available online, and SUCH a pleasurable half hour! There can be no doubt that had Michael Allen continued his lovely book on Dickens' childhood up to the period when he left home (rather than ending when he left school) that this discovery would have been his rather than mine. But I am very happy to have been the one to find it - to put together a fact known to Dickens scholars, with another fact known to this historian of the Poor Law!
The finding of the connection is wonderful for the workhouse, because of course it means that the building may have been the original of the one in Oliver Twist, and so that it is not just an old workhouse, but the most famous workhouse in the world!!
Other places have been suggested as models for the workhouse in Oliver Twist, especially as Dickens was at pains to place it outside London. But his geography is not only hazy but contradictory (David Paroissien's Companion to Oliver Twist discusses this) and now we know that there was a workhouse doors from Dickens' own home, it seems perverse to think that it might have been anywhere else. The Poor Law historian Peter Higginbotham (author of the excellent www.workhouses.org website) has pointed out that the one in Oliver Twist has a 'branch' workhouse where children were farmed out (Oliver is farmed out after birth) and that only workhouses in the centre of London had this - London had a special Act of Parliament to allow it. So the workhouse in Oliver Twist has to be a central London one, and Dickens was probably covering his tracks when he placed it elsewhere.
Peter Higginbotham has commented: 'Over the years, a number of other workhouses have vied for the recognition as being the one that inspired Oliver Twist. However, until now, the most obvious and convincing candidate has been overlooked.'
I would be so grateful if readers of your page who have not already done so would sign the e-petition as soon as possible, and tell friends about it - because the petition has to be submitted to government probably within the next week. We are close to 2000 signatories, and it would be wonderful if we could reach that number before submission, and splendid if they were your readers! Letters to the planners and the government Minister (details + addresses etc appear on the same website) are even better - they are particularly valuable if they come from outside the UK, as the minister is also Minister for Tourism.
Warmest wishes to you, David, and to all your readers!
Dr Ruth Richardson, historian.
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Generators - How They
Energy: How a Generator Works
Whether you use fossil fuels or an alternative form of energy, one of the
key components of the process is usually a generator.
Without a generator, you cannot produce electrical energy -
you can only produce mechanical energy. For
example, when flowing water moves a waterwheel, this is
mechanical energy. The waterwheel was sometimes
used hundred of years ago in mills to directly crush
grains by connecting the wheel moved by water through a
serious of gears to a mechanism that did the crushing
However, by using a generator, we can create the same amount of
power, but store it and send it to homes to use for
heat, light, and operating anything that needs to be
plugged into the wall.
By using the waterwheel example, generators are easy to understand.
They work in much the same way with other forms of
energy as well.
starts with a turbine of some sort. In a water
wheel, the wheel that is being pushed by the flowing
river or waterfall acts as the turbine blades.
Basically, whatever process you are using, the blades are the parts
that spin. The turbine is connected to a shaft,
which also spins and causes the rotor to spin as well.
The rotor is made up of a series of large electromagnets
and is found inside a stator, or roll of copper
wire. The electrical charge is created by the
interaction between the copper wire and magnets.
This current can then be sent as electricity to do work
Generators work in a similar way when using wind power, except the
moving air causes blades to spin, rather than
In other forms of energy, where steam is created, such as
geothermal energy, nuclear energy, and ocean thermal
energy conversion, the air expands from the heat of
the boiling liquid and this moving air turns the
This is also how fossil fuels work. The process of using turbines and
generators itself does not cause pollution. Rather,
it is the by-product from the chemical reaction used to
produce the steam that turns the turbine (in this case,
burning fossil fuels like oil and coal).
Therefore, using generators to create electricity with alternative
forms of energy is clean and safe for the environment.
As this process becomes more efficient and cost-effective, using water
and wind turbines could become more popular to create
energy for the world's power supply.
Renewable Energy -
Saving our Earth
Building a Green Home
Solar Cells - How
Biofuel as an
Ethanol - Gas of the
Generators - How
The Greenhouse Effect
The Future of
◙ Geothermal Energy
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New research suggests that humans began altering the climate on Earth long before the industrial revolution. The colonization of North and South America may have had an enormous impact on planetary climate.
New climate data indicates that 2015 was the warmest year on record by a long shot, knocking 2014 off its perch. Fifteen of the top 16 warmest years on record have occurred since 2000, and new data suggests that the so-called global warming “hiatus” was a myth.
The storms that slashed across the US last week have moved into the North Atlantic, but they haven’t died down. Temperatures at the North Pole are expected to surge to an unprecedented 50 degrees above normal, while Iceland and northern England are hit by one of the strongest winter storms on record.
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A Part of Conversation Questions for the ESL Classroom.
Pope John II
- Do you know his full name? (Karol Wojityla)
- Where was he born? (Wadowice, Poland)
- What was his birthdate? (May 18, 1920)
- Where did he live? Vatican City (Rome)
- When was he elected Pope? (Oct. 16, 1978)
- How many Popes have there been including him? (He was the 264th Pope)
- When was he the victim of an attempted assassination? (May 1981)
- How many trips to foreign lands had he made? (more than 100)
- When did he die? (April 2, 2005 at 9.37 p.m. [Rome time])
- Can you name any other Popes? (John XXIII/John Paul I /Paul VI (1963-1978))
- Where were you when you heard the Pope had died?
- What were your first thoughts when you heard he had died?
- Why was he known as "the Globetrotter Pope"?
- Can you name any cities or countries he visited?
- Did he ever visited your city or country?
- When did he visit?
- Did you see or meet him?
- What do you know about him?
- Why was he important?
- Why did people admire him?
- What did he do for humanity?
- What was his approach towards children?
- What was his approach towards other religions?
- How was he different from other Popes?
- When did he receive the then Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev at the Vatican? 1989
- What was his political approach towards the East?
- How is a Pope elected?
- Have you ever visited the Vatican City? When?
- Did you see St. Peter's Square?
- Did you see the Vatican Museum?
- Did you see the Sistine chapel Chapel?
- Who built St. Peter's Square? (Bernini)
- When was it built? (1656 - 1667)
- How long did it take to build St. Peter's Square? (More than 300 years)
- Can you describe it?
- Did you like it? Why or Why not?
- Who painted the dome of the Sistene Chapel? (Michelangel)
- How long did it take him to paint it? (1506 - 1512)
- Can you name any famous paintings in the Sistene Chapel?
- Can you describe it?
- Which painting did you like the best? Why?
- Which did you like the least? Why?
- When was the last Holy Year? (2000)
- What is the significance of the Holy Year? (One year of remission of sins and the punishment for sins. The reconciliation among enemies)
- What does a Pope do to initiate the Holy Year? (The Pope knocks three times with a silver hammer at the holy door, the door is then opened. The Pope will cross the doorway carrying a candle in his left hand and a cross in his right hand. The ritual is then repeated in the other churches [four in all])
- What do you do during the Holy Year? (We visit the four churches in Rome and pray for remission)
- Can you name the four churches in Rome we visit? (St. Peter's/San Giovanni in Laterano/Santa Maria Maggiore and San Paolo)
- When was the first Holy Year celebrated? (In1300 by Pope Boniface VIII)
- Did you visit Rome during the Holy Year? If yes, did you like it?
- Do you know any history of Rome?
- Would you be interested in learning about Rome? Why or why not?
If you can think of another good question for this list, please add it.
Copyright © 1997-2010 by The Internet TESL Journal
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Scythrididae was designated as a subfamily, Scythridinae, of Xylorictidae by Hodges (1999). A generic revision of Nearctic Scythridinae (as Family Scythrididae) was published by Landry (1991). Larvae of the relatively few scythridine species for which life histories are known show a preference for feeding (usually internally, e.g., as leaf miners) on composites (Asteraceae). Scythridinae is one of the few gelechioid groups (along with, e.g., Agonoxenidae) in which the larva bears secondary setae. Adult scythridines are small brown moths; some species are so dark as to appear black or blackish to the unaided eye, and some species have one or more whitish patches on the forewing. Adult scythridines are diurnal and seldom are attracted to light. In Illinois, they show an affinity for nectaring during the day on flowers of yarrow, Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) when it is in bloom. Some scythridines appear to be associated with sandy areas.
Rhamphura sp. (Fig. 1) feeds as a leaf-skeletonizing larva on thistle, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). In central Illinois, the mature larva occurs in early to mid-August, with the adult emerging in late August or early September. The rather striking coloration of the larva of this species is different from that of the leaf-mining species covered below, larvae of which are uniformly whitish.
Figure 1. Rhamphura sp. Adult, and leaf-skeletonizing larva on thistle, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae).
Thanks to Dr. Jean-François Landry for identifications on the following three moths.
Landryia impositella (Fig. 2) is a leaf miner on heart-leaf aster, Symphyotrichum cordifolium (formerly Aster cordifolius) (Asteraceae), a plant of deciduous forest. Multiple mines and larvae occur on each infested leaf. The larva matures in September and overwinters, with pupation and adult emergence taking place the following spring. All scaled surfaces of the adult bear a strong coppery sheen.
Figure 2. Landryia impositella. Adult, reared from leaf mine on heart-leaf aster, Symphyotrichum cordifolium (Asteraceae).
The moth in Fig. 3 is likely also Landryia impositella. As with the moth covered immediately above, it is a leaf miner on heart-leaf aster. It differs in that the leaf mine is solitary (one mine and one larva per infested leaf), and the larva matures at the end of June and pupates straightaway, with the adult emerging in mid-July. The coppery reflections seen in the previous moth are absent in this form, but apparently it is an extremely variable species, such that all differences in color and markings seen in these two entities are within the realm of intraspecific variation.
Figure 3. Landryia impositella. Adult, reared from solitary leaf mine on heart-leaf aster, Symphyotrichum cordifolium (Asteraceae).
Scythris basilaris (Fig. 4) is known in Illinois from sandy areas, where the adult has been collected diurnally on flowers of yarrow, Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae), in mid-June.
Figure 4. Scythris basilaris. Adult, collected diurnally on flower of yarrow, Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae).
Scythris immaculatella (Fig. 5) has been collected as a diurnal adult in Mason County, Illinois, on 19 June (male individual, determined by dissection). The images shown here were very kindly provided by Dr. Jean-François Landry, who writes, "these are the only known photos of [a live individual of] this species. Photographed at Lac Brûlé, Quebec, 2.vii.2003 on Rudbeckia flower planted along the cottage house. The cottage borders a mixed forest with moss-covered boulders. Larvae of S. immaculatella most likely feed on mosses."
Figure 5. Scythris immaculatella. Adult, photographed by Dr. Jean-François Landry at Lac Brûlé, Quebec, Canada; moth nectaring on flower of Rudbeckia sp. (Asteraceae).
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If you are depressed or even a little bit sad, keep your wallet at home. That’s the advice from experiments conducted by social psychologists at Harvard, Stanford and other universities. Behavioral research studies show that “feeling sad” may cause people to overpay for commodities at the rate of 30-300% more than they otherwise would. This research of course, flies in the face of New Classical economists claiming most individual consumers evaluate and make rational purchasing decisions. When it comes to spending, are you rational, or does emotion play a larger role?
A PBS special, “Mind over Money” mentions two schools of thought in economic decision-making; rationalists vs. behavioralists. The rationalists assume that consumers are completely rational, evaluating all available alternatives in a world of perfect information. Behavioralists, on the other hand, believe that emotion, excitement, and mood play a larger role in economic decision-making than previously considered.
A research report titled “Misery is Not Miserly” sheds some light on which line of thinking currently has the upper hand.
In a study, researchers hypothesized that people who “feel sad” and are more “self-focused” tend to spend more for commodities. To prove this hypothesis, psychologists set up two groups in different rooms. The test group was shown a sad video clip (the death of a boy’s mentor from “The Champ”), asked to write an essay, and then instructed to buy sporty water bottle. The baseline group was given the same task, but instead of watching the emotional video clip, members viewed a National Geographic segment on the Great Barrier Reef.
Though rationalists would say that there shouldn’t be any emotion carry-over effects from watching the scene from “The Champ,” the group exposed to the tragic video scene tended to pay up to four times more for the water bottle than the control group. This, in spite of many of the control group participants claiming the video did not affect their decision-making!
The researchers surmise that “sad and self-focused individuals spend more on commodities than other people do because they seek self-enhancement.” This in turn allows them to “increase the valuation of possessions that one might acquire.” In other words, people feeling sad or even depressed may find themselves overpaying for items in an effort to improve their state of mind.
Perhaps at this point you may be thinking that an experiment with water bottles has little relevance in your daily decision-making. Harvard social psychologist Jennifer Lerner would counsel you otherwise. She says, “(These) experiments have been done with high stakes money—a thousand dollars, etc.,—and what we find is that these results scale up, even when you use big money.”
Rational economists like John Cochrane from the Chicago School of Economics say emotions matter very little in economic decision-making. “The observation that people feel emotions means nothing,” he says. “If you’re going to just say markets went up because there was a wave of emotion, you’ve got nothing. That doesn’t tell us what circumstances are likely to make markets go up or down. That would not be a scientific theory.”
Counter that statement with Harvard’s Lerner, who claims emotions play a pretty significant role in economic decision-making, especially when experiments show sad and self-focused people spend more than they should.
The conclusions drawn from this debate matter very much, especially considering economic thought over the past 40 years has centered on rational decision-making. If rational decision-making isn’t the norm for consumers, it may be time to take a fresh look at the power of emotion in driving daily purchasing decisions.
• The PBS Mind over Money special asks, “Does raw human emotion dictate your financial decisions, or are we rational calculators of our own self-interest?” What are your thoughts?
• Have you ever shopped when sad or depressed? Would you agree with the Harvard studies that “sad and self focused individuals spend more”?
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| 0.949336 | 859 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Chapter 1 Warm Up Puzzles
1.1 Color Network Puzzles
1.2 Square Route Puzzles
1.3 Container Puzzles
1.4 Sequential Movement Puzzles
1.5 Cryptarithm Puzzles
1.6 Robot Programming Puzzles
Chapter 2 The Game of Racetrack
2.2 Mathematical Connections: Vectors
Chapter 3 Movement Puzzles
3.1 Coin Puzzles
3.2 Sliding Block Puzzles
3.3 Queen Bee Puzzles
3.4 Mini Robot Puzzles
3.5 Mathematical Connections: Archimedean Tilings
Chapter 4 Tour Puzzles
4.1 Rook’s Tour Puzzles
4.2 King’s Tour Puzzles
4.3 Knight’s Tour Puzzles
4.4 Mathematical Connections: Euler Paths
Chapter 5 Magic Square Puzzles
5.1 Introduction to Magic Squares
5.2 3x3 Magic Squares
5.3 4x4 Magic Squares
5.4 5x5 Magic Squares
5.5 6x6 and 7x7 Magic Squares
5.6 8x8 Magic Squares
5.7 12x12 Magic Squares
Chapter 6 Sequential Reasoning and Algebra
6.1 Algebraic Magic Square Puzzles
6.2 Squaring the Square Puzzles
6.3 Number Chase Puzzles
Chapter 7 Sequential Reasoning and Geometry
7.1 Angle Chase Puzzles
A.2 Playing Boards
A.3 Properties of Algebra
A.4 Properties of Geometry
Sample Sequential Reasoning Puzzles
Color Network Puzzle
Each circle is to be colored Red (R), Yellow (Y), or Blue (B). However no two vertices of a triangle are permitted to be the same color. What must be the color of the circle marked with a question mark?
A knowledge of chess is not necessary in order to solve these puzzles. A rook moves horizontally or vertically, but not diagonally. Fill in the missing numbers 1- 49 for puzzle 14. For puzzle 20, fill in the missing numbers to generate a continuous path in each square.
Rook's Tour Puzzle 14 h Rook's Tour Puzzle 20
Mathematical Connections: Euler Paths
If all the edges of a network, called a graph in Graph Theory, can be covered without retracing any edge, then the graph has an Euler path. If all edges of a graph can be covered without repetition and you can return to the starting point, then the graph has an Euler circuit.
A Magic Square is a square array of distinct integers such that the numbers in any row, column, or main diagonals, have the same sum (called the magic sum). The magic square below is a normal 4x4 magic square.
A magic square puzzle is an incomplete magic square. Complete the 5x5 magic square. You will need to calculate the magic sum first.
Magic Square Puzzle 36
Angle Chase Puzzles
Students rely on their recall of geometry properties (and can review them in Appendix 4), not their protractor, when solving Angle Chase puzzles. The puzzle below uses properties of parallels, vertical angles, isosceles triangle properties, and polygon sum properties. Find the measures of all the angles in the Angle Chase puzzle below.
This article describes four different sequential reasoning puzzles (and each puzzle has many variations). These puzzles, played as part of your school mathematics curriculum, make great classroom openers, end of period thought provokers, or for students to work on at home during school breaks. The puzzles in Smart Moves are wonderful for cooperative problem solving activities in the classroom. You can project a worksheet onto a screen as the class solves the puzzle together. I encourage parents to participate in these games and puzzles with the entire family. Sequential reasoning puzzles can provide a setting for children and grandparents to work on problem solving and mental exercises together. Try them. I think you’ll see the “reason” for including them in your lesson plans.
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| 0.847604 | 833 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Silicon shapes our realities through implants in our bodies, the chips that drive computer technologies, the concrete we walk and drive on, and the elements of nature we preserve. In this article, the author provides a narrative account of the research involved in building two large-scale installations created during the years 1992-1995. Another Day in Paradise addressed the artificiality of planned communities; Virtual Concrete modified the common perception that there is a dichotomy between the material and the immaterial.
Sometimes permanent (i.e., energy conserving) transitions are called real transitions, to distinguish them from the so-called virtual transitions, which do not conserve energy and which must therefore reverse before they have gone too far. The terminology is unfortunate, because it implies that virtual transitions have no real effects. On the contrary, they are often of the greatest importance., for the, great many physical processes are the result of these so called virtual transitions.
A large earthquake, more destructive than any other in the modern history of Los Angeles, struck on 17 January 1994 at 4:31 a.m. Officially, the earthquake lasted only 10 seconds. Eleven highway structures at eight locations in Southern California were destroyed, closing 14 roads. Residents and remote television audiences alike were horrified as freeways collapsed into large pieces of concrete within seconds. Communication moved into the virtual realm with analog lines down, as the Internet and cell phones became the established connections to the world.
Around this time, much talk in the media was circulating around censorship on the Internet and how related technologies may affect communication and relationships between people. Virtual communication technologies, as planned by the military, were built to withstand both natural and manufactured disasters, providing an unparalleled opportunity to leave traces of ourselves. The concrete object, which was perceived to survive the test of time, returns to dust in the face of major destruction, while the intangible remains. If we are represented by the information uploaded on the Internet, what happens to our data bodies written into such space? Do the personalities and the relationships that develop out of these extensions of ourselves survive us as well?
I started visualizing how I might create a piece that connects the virtual and the concrete, and I searched for a definition of habeas corpus that to me held the philosophical key to the debate about cyberspace and censorship. Habeas corpus signifies the need for physical evidence in order to have a case; when activities are transferred into an intangible realm, the ground becomes shaky.
The resulting piece, Virtual Concrete, consists of six 3-ft slabs of concrete covered with large electrostatic (digital output) prints, along with light sensors and a computer connected to the Internet via a CU-SeeMe camera (Fig. 5) . On the Internet, I established a Virtual Concrete WWW site (http://www.arts.ucsb.edu/ concrete) to allow viewers to see the visitors/participants who walked on the concrete.
- Online Festival (Web), FIVA ONLINE 95, Montreal, Canada, October 9th – December 1st, 1995
- Networked Installation, “Veered Science,” Huntington Beach Art Center, Huntington Beach, CA, July 1st – September 4th, 1995
- Network Installation, The Transformative Object, Channing Peake Gallery, Santa Barbara County Administration Building, Santa Barbara, CA, 1995
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The Hacker's Code of Ethics
Levy (1984) suggests that there is a "code of ethics" for hacking which, though not pasted on the walls, is in the air:
- Access to Computers - and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works - should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the Hands-On Imperative!
- All information should be free.
- Mistrust Authority - Promote Decentralization.
- Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position.
- You can create art and beauty on a computer.
- Computers can change your life for the better.
Levy, Steven. 1984. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 458 pp.
Last updated 97/02/24
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| 0.862061 | 187 | 2.75 | 3 |
Today most Americans seem to have forgotten the ancient evils which forced their ancestors to flee to this new country and to form a government stripped of old powers used to oppress them. But the Americans who supported the Revolution and the adoption of our Constitution knew firsthand the dangers of tyrannical governments. They were familiar with the long existing practice of English persecutions of people wholly because of their religious or political beliefs. They knew that many accused of such offenses had stood, helpless to defend themselves, before biased legislators and judges.
John Lilburne, a Puritan dissenter, is a conspicuous example. He found out the hard way that a citizen of England could not get a court and jury trial under English law if Parliament wanted to try and punish him in some kind of summary and unfair method of its own. Time and time again, when his religious or political activities resulted in criminal charges against him, he had demanded jury trials under the “law of the land” but had been refused. Due to “trials” either by Parliament, its legislative committees, or courts subservient to the King or to Parliament, against all of which he vigorously protested as contrary to “due process” or “the law of the land,” Lilbume had been whipped, put in the pillory, sent to prison, heavily fined and banished from England, all its islands and dominions, under penalty of death should he return. This last sentence was imposed by a simple Act of Parliament without any semblance of a trial. Upon his defiant return he was arrested and subjected to an unfair trial for his life. His chief defense was that the Parliamentary conviction was a nullity, as a denial of “due process of law,” which he claimed was guaranteed under Magna Carta, the 1628 Petition of Right, and statutes passed to carry them out. He also challenged the power of Parliament to enact bills of attainder on the same grounds — due process of law. Lilburne repeatedly and vehemently contended that he was entitled to notice, an indictment, and court trial by jury under the known laws of England; that he had a right to be represented by counsel; that he had a right to have witnesses summoned in his behalf and be confronted by the witnesses against him; that he could not be compelled to testify against himself. When Lilbume finally secured a jury, it courageously acquitted him, after which the jury itself was severely punished by the court….
Unfortunately, our own colonial history also provided ample reasons for people to be afraid to vest too much power in the national government. There had been bills of attainder here; women had been convicted and sentenced to death as “witches”; Quakers, Baptists, and various Protestant sects had been persecuted from time to time. Catholics were barred from holding office in many places. Test oaths were required in some of the colonies to bar any but Christians from holding office. In New England Quakers suffered death for their faith. Baptists were sent to jail in Virginia for preaching, which caused Madison, while a very young man, to deplore what he called that “diabolical hell — conceived principle of persecution.”
In the light of history, therefore, it is not surprising that when our Constitution was adopted without specific provisions to safeguard cherished individual rights from invasion by the legislative, as well as the executive and judicial departments of the National Government, a loud and irresistible clamor went up throughout the country. These protests were so strong that the Constitution was ratified by the very narrowest of votes in some of the states. It has been said, and I think correctly, that had there been no general agreement that a supplementary Bill of Rights would be adopted as soon as possible after Congress met, the Constitution would not have been ratified. It seems clear that this widespread demand for a Bill of Rights was due to a common fear of political and religious persecution should the national legislative power be left unrestrained as it was in England….
Misuse of government power, particularly in times of stress, has brought suffering to humanity in all ages about which we have authentic history. Some of the world’s noblest and finest men have suffered ignominy and death for no crime — unless unorthodoxy is a crime. Even enlightened Athens had its victims such as Socrates. Because of the same kind of bigotry, Jesus, the great Dissenter, was put to death on a wooden cross. The flames of inquisitions all over the world have warned that men endowed with unlimited government power, even earnest men, consecrated to a cause, are dangerous.
For my own part, I believe that our Constitution, with its absolute guarantees of individual rights, is the best hope for the aspirations of freedom which men share everywhere. I cannot agree with those who think of the Bill of Rights as an 18th Century straitjacket, unsuited for this age. It is old but not all old things are bad. The evils it guards against are not only old, they are with us now, they exist today ….
This article originally appeared in Black, “The Bill of Rights,” 35 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 865 (1960). Reprinted by permission.
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| 0.986759 | 1,072 | 3.1875 | 3 |
"Gracious affection" and "true virtue" in the experimental theologies of Jonathan Edwards and John Wesley
Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) and John Wesley (1703-1791) were exact contemporaries and the leaders of simultaneous and mutually influential religious movements: the First Great Awakening in America and the Methodist Revival in Great Britain, respectively. Doctrinally, they differed substantially. But there were close affinities between their "experimental theologies," that is, their interpretations of religious emotion ("gracious affection") and moral character ("true virtue"). This dissertation traces the historical and literary connections between Wesley and Edwards, and compares their views on Christian experience and practice. Chapter One locates the eighteenth century evangelical revivals within the intellectual context of the Anglo-American Enlightenment, and delineates the thesis and method of the dissertation. Chapter Two traces the voluntarist tradition of moral and religious psychology to which Edwards and Wesley were heir, from St. Paul, through St. Augustine and John Calvin, to the English Puritan, William Ames, and shows that they all taught that persons are accountable for their inward affections as well as their outward behavior. Chapter Three reviews the modest amount of extant comparative literature on Edwards and Wesley and establishes the need for the present study. Chapter Four demonstrates the biographical parallels and historical connections between them, showing the reciprocal influence they exerted on each other's careers and ideas. Chapter Five offers a redaction-critical analysis of Wesley's five abridgments of Edwards' revival treatises, and shows how Edwards' concept of "progressive sanctification" helped to shape Wesley's characteristic idea of "Christian perfection." Chapter Six further clarifies the differences and similarities between Edwards the Calvinist and Wesley the Arminian on doctrinal, ethical, and pastoral matters by comparing their respective criticisms of three representative Anglo-American Enlightenment thinkers, John Taylor, Lord Kames, and Francis Hutcheson. Chapter Seven summarizes and synthesizes the findings of previous chapters, and suggests several ways that eighteenth century "experimental theology" might fruitfully contribute to contemporary discussions of religious emotion and moral virtue.
Richard Bruce Steele,
""Gracious affection" and "true virtue" in the experimental theologies of Jonathan Edwards and John Wesley"
(January 1, 1990).
Dissertations (1962 - 2010) Access via Proquest Digital Dissertations.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
Normal vital signs for an adult are 12-20 respirations per minute at rest; a blood pressure of 120/80; a pulse at rest of 60-100 beats per minute; pupils that are midpoint, equal in size and reactive to light; and skin that is warm, dry and pink in fair-skinned people. The normal vital signs for children are 15-30 respirations per minute, a blood pressure that is 80 plus twice their age in years and a diastolic pressure of approximately two-thirds of their systolic pressure. Their pulse should be 70-140 beats, and what is normal for adults when checking the skin and pupils is also normal for children. Normal vital signs for newborns vary slightly. For example, they should breathe 30-50 times per minute and should have a pulse of 120-160 beats per minute.
Outward verifications of what should be going on inside the body if there is no immediate threat to life is the definition of normal vital signs. Those signs include respiration, blood pressure, pupils and pulse as well as the color, temperature and condition of the skin. There are variations in what are considered normal vital signs, but the variations are slight and fall within general ranges established and used in emergency medical services (EMS) systems internationally.
Normal vital signs change slightly when speaking in very specific terms. For example, respirations of 15-30 per minute at rest is normal for children who are 6-10 years old. Infants who are 5 months old or younger, however, breathe 25-40 times per minute.
Healthcare providers always take what is known as a set of vital signs, commonly called simply "vitals," during patient assessment and ongoing care to know what is going on inside a patient. Taking vital signs is of extreme importance in emergency medicine because emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics use them to help rapidly detect life-threatening problems that require intervention and immediate transportation to a medical facility.
Vital signs can be taken using medical equipment or manually. Skin temperature, color and condition are discovered by visual inspection and palpation. Pupils are examined with the aid of a pen light, and respirations can be counted manually or by a machine. A patient's pulse and blood pressure also can be taken manually or by a machine. If the blood pressure is taken manually, a device called a sphygmomanometer is used without a stethoscope.
The use of a stethoscope enables the capture of diastolic pressure as well as systolic pressure, which is the only reading that can be taken when not using a stethoscope. When a stethoscope is not used, it is called blood pressure by palpation, more commonly known as "BP by palp." Although the condition and reactivity of the pupils are vital signs, they are not always examined unless there is suspicion of head injury or drug use or if the patient has suffered severe trauma.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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| 0.950654 | 660 | 4.15625 | 4 |
A political party is a group of people who have organized to promote and support candidates for public office and the group's principles, also called platforms.
This section contains links to organizations self-identified as political parties in the United States of America, whether or not they have achieved such legal status in their areas of operation.
Due to the federal nature of the United States, most political parties, including both the Republican and Democratic Parties, base their operations at the state level. Sometimes candidates may seek the endorsement of several parties; New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani was the candidate of both the Republican Party and Liberal Party in New York. Some parties may form coalitions; thus the official Democratic Party organ in Minnesota is actually the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL)
It is in the best interest of a local party committee to suggest their site via the most appropriate local Regional category. If however the party has branches or affiliates across several states, the submitter may request a new category be created in this section.
State chapters of parties and special interest or demographically based party committees organized on a state level should not be suggested at this level. They should be suggested to the Regional political party category for the corresponding state. eg Regional/North_America/United_States/Texas/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Parties
Please suggest only sites of the national headquarters of a political party; sites of the state or local headquarters should be suggested to the appropriate state or local category.
Please consult the submission guidelines when writing titles and descriptions.
Mirrors, doorways and sites under construction will not be considered for listing.
@links to state political parties categories.
Smaller parties which are ideologically conservative or religious.
This category contains sites related to the Constitution Party.
Sites may include, but not limited to: news and media, state and local affiliates, opposing views, history, and associated affinity groups (for example: college, youth, women).
Please redirect state and local submissions to the appropriate state''s Society and Culture: Politics: Parties category.
This category holds links for national committees, affiliated and auxiliary organizations, and fan pages of the Democratic Party, the primary center-left political party in the United States.
Only sites pertaining to the Democratic Party, affiliated and auxiliary organizations and supporters on the national level should be submitted to this category.
State and local sites should be submitted to Regional: North America: United States: [State]: Society and Culture: Politics: Parties: Democratic.
This category includes all things related to the Green Party in the United States of America. In addition to their core principles of ecological living and social justice, they are known for articulating, acting on, networking on socially responsible issues often ignored or avoided by mainstream politicians.
Anything related to Greens in the US is welcome in this category. Candidates for office should, however, go in the appropriate election category, under Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Elections/Presidential/2000/Candidates/Other_Parties/Green_Party.
Sites dealing with individual states should not be listed at this level. Rather, they should be submitted to the /Green category under the appropriate state.
Libertarian Party advocates a free-market economy and the abundance and prosperity it brings; a dedication to civil liberties and personal freedom; and a foreign policy of non-intervention, peace, and free trade.
Submit here sites related to the Libertarian Party of United States
. Submit other sites related to libertarianism to Society: Politics: Liberalism: Libertarianism
Please pay attention to the subcategories and, if one applies, submit your site to the appropriate one.
This subcategory is intended for links to committees and auxiliaries of the Reform Party, a national political party formed in 1995.
The Reform Party was organized out of United We Stand America, an organization founded by Texas businessman H. Ross Perot to expose special interests at work in government. The Reform Party seeks to root out the influence of special interests through grassroots action to restore truth, trust, and hope to American politics.
- When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
- When writing your site''s description, please tell what your site offers in a clear and concise statement without hype or promotional language.
Thank-you for your cooperation.
This category holds links for national committees, affiliated and auxiliary organizations, and fan pages of the Republican Party, the primary center-right political party in the United States. The Party is often referred to as the GOP, or Grand Old Party, and its symbol is the elephant.
The Republican Party was founded in 1854 by members of the Free Soil Party and the Conscience Whigs-- members of the Whig Party from the North so called because of their then-radical opposition to slavery. The election of Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860 firmly established the Republican Party as a major force in American politics. Other Republican Presidents include Ulysses S Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, and Ronald Reagan.
Please submit to the most specific subcategory possible.
Please do not submit sites under construction.
This category is sort of a broad-topic classification for parties and party-like organizations which promote "socialism." Since both communists and democratic socialists use the term "socialism" to describe their ideologies, even though they are vastly different in some respects, they are both in this category.
Social democratic/democratic socialist parties and organizations are lumped into the "democratic socialist" subcat. Here you will find organizations such as the Socialist Party and the Democratic Socialists of America.
Communist or radical Marxist/vanguardist groups are placed in "Communist-Marxist." Within this category are subcats for derived ideologies of DeLeonism, Stalinism, Maoism, and Trotskyism.
Groups which defy easy categorization by being vague in their stances or by sharing elements of social democracy and communism are placed in the top level of the category.
The "Youth Groups" subcat contains various socialist/communist youth groups, some of which are affiliates of larger parties which are listed in their respective subcats.
The "State Chapters" category contains localized socialist/communist groups, as well as state/local chapters of the Communist Party and Socialist Party.
The @links are for other political affiliations often related to Democratic Socialists. "Libertarian Socialism," a.k.a. Anarchism, generally adheres to the same ideals as socialism, but includes advocating the eventual dissolution of government. "Greens" are a fast-growing eco-political movement which often has social and environmental stances on par with social democratic groups. The "New Party" link is to the relatively new "New Party" which is a progressive party with many stances similar to those of Democratic Socialist organizations.
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| 0.941219 | 1,413 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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