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Biomedical engineers at UC Davis have developed a plug-in interface for the microfluidic chips that will form the basis of the next generation of compact medical devices. They hope that the “fit to flow” interface will become as ubiquitous as the USB interface for computer peripherals.
UC Davis filed a provisional patent on the invention Nov. 1. A paper describing the devices was published online Nov. 25 by the journal Lab on a Chip.
“We think there is a huge need for an interface to bridge microfluidics to electronic devices,” said Tingrui Pan, assistant professor of biomedical engineering at UC Davis. Pan and graduate student Arnold Chen – invented the chip and co-authored the paper.
Microfluidic devices use channels as small as a few micrometers across, cut into a plastic membrane, to carry out biological or chemical tests on a miniature scale. They could be used, for example, in compact devices used for medical diagnosis, food safety or environmental monitoring.
Cell phones with increasingly sophisticated cameras could be turned into microscopes that could read such tests in the field.
But it is difficult to connect these chips to electronic devices that can read the results of a test and store, display or transmit it.
Pan thinks that the fit-to-flow connectors can be integrated with a standard peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device commonly used in consumer electronics, while an embedded micropump will provide on-demand, self-propelled microfluidic operations. With this standard connection scheme, chips that carry out different tests could be plugged into the same device — such as a cell phone, PDA or laptop — to read the results.
The work was supported by a National Science Foundation CAREER award to Pan, and a fellowship to Chen from UC Davis.
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An essential part of the population characteristics estimation methodology of NAEP is that consistent, unbiased mean and dispersion proficiency estimates are computed for populations identified by the variables in the matrix. However, statistics based on variables not included in the conditioning model are subject to asymptotic (secondary) biases. The magnitude of this bias depends on several factors:
The bias typically results in an underestimate of the effect of the variables not included in the population-structure model. For details and derivations see Beaton and Johnson (1990), Mislevy (1991), and Mislevy and Sheehan (1987). If a large amount of cognitive information is available per student, then the model depends little on the population structure and biases will be small. If the current set of variables in the model represents the variability of the new variable that was not included in the model, then biases are relatively small as well. However, this is not true for all types of analyses. In particular:
High shared variance between background variables in the model and those not in the model mitigates biases in analyses that involve only scale scores and variables not in the model, such as marginal means or regressions.
High shared variance exacerbates biases in regression coefficients of conditional effects for variables not in the model, when background variables in the model and those not in the model are analyzed jointly as in multiple regression.
The use of plausible values and the large number of background variables that are included in the population-structure models in NAEP allow a large number of secondary analyses to be carried out with little or no bias, and mitigate biases in analyses of the marginal distributions of θ in variables not in the model. Analysis of the 1988 NAEP reading data (some results of which are summarized in Mislevy 1991), which had fewer variables than most current population-structure models in NAEP, indicates that the potential bias for variables not in the model in multiple regression analyses is below 10 percent, and biases in simple regression of such variables is below 5 percent. Additional research (summarized in Mislevy 1990) indicates that most of the bias reduction that was obtained by using a large number of variables in the models can be captured instead by using the first several principal components of the matrix of all original variables in the model. This procedure was first adopted for the 1992 national main assessments by replacing the variables that define group membership by the first K principal components, where K was selected so that 90 percent of the total variance of the full set of the variables (after standardization) was captured. Mislevy (1990) shows that this puts an upper bound of 10 percent on the average bias for all analyses involving the original group membership variables.
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SEATTLE - In exploring the genetics of mitochondria - the powerhouse of the cell - researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center have stumbled upon a finding that challenges previously held beliefs about the role of mutations in cancer development.
For the first time, researchers have found that the number of new mutations are significantly lower in cancers than in normal cells.
"This is completely opposite of what we see in nuclear DNA, which has an increased overall mutation burden in cancer," said cancer geneticist Jason Bielas, Ph.D., whose findings are published in the June 7 issue of PLoS Genetics.
Mutations are changes in the genetic sequence of a cell's genome and can occur as a result of environmental exposure to viruses, radiation and certain chemicals, or due to spontaneous errors during cell division or DNA replication.
Mitochondria, which are primarily responsible for the cell's energy production, are semi-autonomous; similar to the nucleus, they have their own set of DNA, which encodes genes critical for the functioning of the cell. While the role of genomic instability has been well characterized in nuclear DNA, this is the first attempt to determine whether instability in mitochondrial DNA may play a similar role in cancer growth and metastasis.
"We were surprised to find that the frequency of new mutations in mitochondrial DNA from tumor cells is decreased compared to that of normal cells," said Bielas, an assistant member of the Public Health Sciences and Human Biology divisions at the Hutchinson Center. "By extension, this suggests, somewhat counterintuitively, that higher mitcochondrial mutation rates may actually serve as a barrier to cancer development, and drugs that focus directly on increasing mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation might swap cancer's immortality for accelerated aging and tumor-cell death."
For the study, the researchers used using an ultra-sensitive test to detect mutations in mitochondrial DNA from normal and cancerous colon tissue resected from 20 patients prior to chemotherapy.
Bielas and colleagues first set out to analyze mutation rates in mitochondrial DNA because they wanted to see if it could act as a surrogate for nuclear DNA as a cancer biomarker. "Cells contain a thousandfold more mitochondrial genetic material than nuclear DNA, so theoretically you'd need a thousand times less tissue to get the same genetic information to predict clinical outcomes such as how fast a tumor would progress or whether it would be resistant to therapy," Bielas said.
While mitochondrial DNA proved to be an unreliable stand-in for nuclear DNA as a cancer biomarker, it offers promise as a new drug target.
"If we could increase DNA damage and mutation within the mitochondrial genome, theoretically we could decrease cancer," Bielas said. "That's what we're testing now. This is a whole new hypothesis."
The way mitochondria maintain genetic stability in the face of cancer, Bielas suggests, may be because unlike normal cells, cancer cells do not need oxygen to survive. In fact, cancer cells decrease the process by which they get energy from the mitochondria and rely instead on a process called glycolysis, which is a form of energy production in the absence of oxygen.
"We believe less damage occurs to mitochondrial DNA of cancer cells because they no longer need oxygen," he said. "If we could program a cancer cell to once again need oxygen, we expect it would die - with minimal side effects."
Bielas and colleagues are now testing this theory in the laboratory, seeing whether cancer cells that are reprogrammed to utilize oxygen and/or are targeted for mitochondrial DNA damage respond better to certain therapeutic agents.
"This finding is a game-changer because it challenges previous notions about the role of mutations in cancer development," said Bielas, who is also an affiliate assistant professor of pathology at the University of Washington, where the ultra-sensitive mutation-detection technology, called Random Mutation Capture, was developed. The test is so sensitive that it can detect the mutational equivalent of one misprinted letter in a library of a thousand 1,000-page books.
"This work started with the idea that there would be a huge mutation burden in the mitochondrial DNA, but our findings were completely opposite of what we had expected. Hopefully our discovery will open up new avenues for treatment, early detection and monitoring treatment response of colon cancer and other malignancies," he said.
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the Ellison Medical Foundation and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center funded this research. Collaborators included researchers at the University of Washington, the University of North Carolina, and St. Vincent's University Hospital in Dublin, Ireland.
At Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, our interdisciplinary teams of world-renowned scientists and humanitarians work together to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer, HIV/AIDS and other diseases. Our researchers, including three Nobel laureates, bring a relentless pursuit and passion for health, knowledge and hope to their work and to the world. For more information, please visit www.fhcrc.org.
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As Christmas nears, many of you will be receiving a gift catalog from Heifer International, inviting you to help the poor by donating an animal to a family farmer in Africa, Latin America or Asia. The photos in the catalog are warm and fuzzy and the message is appealing. But there's another side to the story.
So What's Wrong With The Heifer Project? I think Heifer does some good work--they are committed to small scale, local agriculture as opposed to factory farming. But the emphasis on raising animals for food contributes to a general misunderstanding among North Americans about the causes of hunger, which are very much related to our consumption of a meat based diet.
Heifer Project International provides cows, sheep, and other livestock to rural families around the world with the aim of fighting hunger. They claim to have more than 300 projects in forty countries. With endorsements that cross the ideological spectrum, from Ronald Reagan to Jimmy Carter, Heifer is virtually a sacred cow?—an organization that everyone seems to love. But there are problems with exporting animal agriculture to the Third World.
Globalizing American farming methods is as big a mistake as cultivating a taste for lamb chops and barbeque among the world?s poor. Neither is the answer to starvation. Did you realize that an acre of prime agricultural land can produce 40,000 pounds of potatoes, or 30,000 pounds of carrots, or 50,000 pounds of tomatoes, but only 250 pounds of beef? The grain that could feed twenty people suffices for just one cow. Peasants cannot afford this kind of waste and inefficiency.
Thus in country after country, food security has suffered as people switch from rice, beans, and corn to eggs, dairy and meat to satisfy their nutritional needs.Worldwatch Institute documents the trend in Taking Stock: Animal Farming and the Environment. The authors point out that Taiwan increased its consumption of meat and eggs by 600% between 1950 and 1990. While the island nation was a grain exporter atthe beginning of this forty year span, it depended on massive imports of grain by the end of the period in order to feed its growing population of livestock. Food self-sufficiency is undermined when people increase their reliance on animal protein. The pattern has been repeated in the Middle East and Central America.
Mexico is one of the countries where Heifer works. Twenty-five years ago, livestock consumed only 6% of that nation's grain. By 1990, the figure had climbed to 50%, as increased numbers of cattle required more imported feed. Most of the meat produced in Mexico and other Latin America nations is exported for dinner tables north of the border while the little that remains at home is usually priced out of reach of the poor. [continued at top of next column...]
[continued from left column] Two-thirds of non-Caucasians on the planet are lactose intolerant and cannot digest dairy. Among blacks, the numbers are even higher. Writing in "Science in Africa," Dr. Harris Steinman points out that approximately 90-95% of Africans lack the enzyme lactase and are unable to metabolize milk sugar. The common symptoms of this genetic predisposition are nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramping. Despite this, Heifer is spending millions on initiatives like the Small Scale Dairy Project in Zimbabwe, when the last thing that a hungry child in Africaneeds is a milk cow.
Heifer seems wed to the belief that animal agriculture is the answer to the world problems, even when evidence indicates the contrary. American's over consumption of beef is damaging our health and ravaging the environment, a fact that Heifer's public information officer readily admits. But then why is Heifer spending $123,558 to fund the "St. Helena Beef Cattle Project" in Louisiana, whose stated purpose is to boost beef production among American farmers? And isn't it a mistake to encourage people in developing countries to emulate a diet that we know is unsustainable?
A United Nations Environment Programme survey counted 6,500 distinct breeds of domesticated mammal and birds in 170 countries across the planet, including cows, goats, sheep, buffalo, yaks, pigs, horses, rabbits, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and even ostriches. Unfortunately, much of this variety being lost because of programs like those funded by Heifer, which is introducing Irish goats into Kenya. In China, their "Pixian Dairy Cattle Importation and Improvement Project" is using imported cattle to provide "high quality semen and embryo transfe ...for dairy development,? supposedly to increase the quality of the breeding stock. But the effort to "improve" the gene pool with foreign imports can have unforeseen consequences. "The greatest threat to domestic animal diversity is the export of animals from developed to developing countries," says the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization, "which often leads to crossbreeding or even replacement of local breeds." Loss of diversity puts animals (and the people who depend on those animals) at heightened risk.
So that's my beef with Heifer. The roots of world hunger are systemic and usually lie in an unfair distribution of land, which is itself related to an imbalance of economic and political power. Addressing these underlying causes of malnutrition is essential. Hunger is not caused primarily by lack of food. In fact, the world currently produces enough calories to feed every person on earth an adequate diet. Unfortunately, too many of those calories are fed to cows and pigs rather than getting to the people most desperately in need.
Heifer is now branching into praiseworthy efforts at reforestation and water purification. But the charity's insistence on putting animal agriculture at the center of their mission hampers their otherwise laudable goal of ending hunger, caring for the earth."
Gary Kowalski is the author of Science and the Search for God (Lantern Books 2003), The Bible According to Noah: Theology As If Animals Mattered (Lantern Books 2001), The Souls of Animals (Stillpoint Publishing, Revised Edition 1999), Goodbye Friend: Healing Wisdom For Anyone Who Has Ever Lost A Pet (Stillpoint Publishing 1997) and other books that explore the connection between spirit and nature, available at www.kowalskibooks.com or from your local bookstore.
Return to The Heifer Project: Inhumanity in the Name of Humanity
Return to Animal Rights Articles
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Space Shuttle Endeavour
Project DescriptionEndeavour, the last addition to the orbiter fleet, is named after the first ship commanded by James Cook, the 18th century British explorer, navigator and astronomer. On Endeavour's maiden voyage in August 1768, Cook sailed to the South Pacific (to observe and record the infrequent event of the planet Venus passing between the Earth and the sun). Determining the transit of Venus enabled early astronomers to find the distance of the sun from the Earth, which then could be used as a unit of measurement in calculating the parameters of the universe. In 1769, Cook was the first person to fully chart New Zealand (which was previously visited in 1642 by the Dutchman Abel Tasman from the Dutch province of Groningen). Cook also surveyed the eastern coast of Australia , navigated the Great Barrier Reef and traveled to Hawaii.
Cook's voyage on the Endeavour also established the usefulness of sending scientists on voyages of exploration. While sailing with Cook, naturalist Joseph Banks and Carl Solander collected many new families and species of plants, and encountered numerous new species of animals.
Endeavour and her crew reportedly made the first long-distance voyage on which no crewman died from scurvy, the dietary disease caused by lack of ascorbic acids. Cook is credited with being the first captain to use diet as a cure for scurvy, when he made his crew eat cress, sauerkraut and an orange extract.
The Endeavour was small at about 368 tons, 100 feet in length and 20 feet in width. In contrast, its modern day namesake is 78 tons, 122 feet in length and 78 feet wide. The Endeavour of Captain Cook's day had a round bluff bow and a flat bottom. The ship's career ended on a reef along Rhode Island.
For the first time, a national competition involving students in elementary and secondary schools produced the name of the new orbiter; it was announced by President George Bush in 1989. The Space Shuttle orbiter Endeavour was delivered to Kennedy Space Center in May 1991, and flew its first mission, highlighted by the dramatic rescue of a stranded communications satellite, a year later in May 1992.
In the day-to-day world of Shuttle operations and processing, Space Shuttle orbiters go by a more prosaic designation. Endeavour is commonly refered to as OV-105, for Orbiter Vehicle-105. Empty Weight was 151,205 lbs at rollout and 172,000 lbs with main engines installed.
Summary provided by http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html
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Tsunamis aren't generally cited as one of the hazards of living in New Jersey, but scientists say one hit the state's coast earlier this month. Experts believe the 6-foot wall of water that hit the coastal community of Barnegat Light, seriously injuring a boy and his father, was a phenomenon called a "meteotsunami," USA Today reports. The huge wave was probably generated by a strong weather system offshore.
The only other meteotsunamis recorded on the East Coast in recent history were in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, in 2008, and in Daytona Beach, Florida, in 1992. "It takes a number of special things for this to happen, which is why it doesn't happen very often," the director of the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center tells Morning Call. There's also a chance the tsunami could have been caused by an underwater earthquake or landslide, but no such activity was detected.
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Personal (cellular) telecommunications is a rapidly evolving technology that uses radio frequency energy or radiation for mobile communication. Most Americans use cell phones. Given this large number of users, if adverse health effects are shown to be associated with cell phone use, this could potentially be a widespread public health concern. Current scientific evidence has not conclusively linked cell phone use with any adverse health problems, but more research is needed.
This content is available to use on your website.
Please visit NIEHS Syndication to get started.
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) headquartered at NIEHS is leading the largest laboratory rodent study to date on cell phone radio frequency. The NTP studies will help clarify any potential health hazards from exposure to cell phone radiation . The studies are designed to mimic human exposure and are based on the frequencies and modulations currently in use in the United States.
The NTP has worked closely with radiofrequency experts from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to design highly specialized study facilities to specify and control sources of radiation and to measure their effects on rodents. The NTP studies are designed to look at effects in all parts of the body. Final study results are expected in 2016.
In addition to the NTP studies, the NIEHS is funding researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles , to study whether exposure to cell phones in childhood can affect the nervous system.
- Report of Partial findings from the National Toxicology Program Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley® SD rats (Whole Body Exposure)
- NTP releases rodent studies on cell phone radiofrequency radiation
- Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation Studies(471KB)
- International Agency for Research on Cancer 2011 Press Release
- JAMA Study Shows Cell Phone Usage Increases Brain Glucose Metabolism
- NTP Associate Director's Statement(21KB)
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cell Phones and Cancer Risk Fact Sheet
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Consumer Update on Cell Phones
- FDA Resource on Radiation Emitting Products
- Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Q&A on Cell Phones
- World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet on Mobile Phones
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In December 2004 the Federal Communications Commission
launched an inquiry to rescind or relax its ban on 800MHz-band cellular phones aboard
in-flight aircraft. In addition to lifting the ban, the study also
investigated the feasibility of using pico-cells and other technology to boost
coverage in-flight communication via mobile devices.
In a release today, the FCC announced it has terminated the 2004 study (PDF).
Some aspects of the study, such as technical solutions to physically allow
cellular phones to function on aircraft, were deemed a success. The FCC
states that its advisory arm has conducted extensive research into the hazards
of in-flight usages, with potential solutions as well. These findings
will be published by mid-2007.
However, even if the FCC were to reverse its ban, the U.S. Federal Aviation
Administration still has a long standing policy prohibiting usage of
transmitting electronics in-flight. While the FCC's in-flight ban is
largely credited to air-to-ground interference, the FAA's ban on cell phones is
due to the hazard of air-to-air and in-cabin interference.
The FAA's mobile device guidelines at least partially influenced the FCC's
decision to abandon its exploratory research. "The Commission also
noted that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) prohibits the use of
portable electronic devices (PEDs) on airborne aircraft," the FCC stated.
"Given the lack of technical information in the record upon which we may
base a decision, we have determined at this time that this proceeding should be
There is still a loophole in the FCC and FAA bans. Aircraft-specific
services, like Connexion, may operate under the spectrums allocated by the two
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Where you sleep apparently matters – and I don’t just mean whether your bedroom is dark enough or whether your bed is sufficiently comfortable. A new study by sleep researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, reported in Science Daily, suggests that sleep patterns and habits vary by state.
The study reviewed survey responses from 157,319 adults who participated in phone interviews during the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System undertaken in 2006.
Apparently, sleepers in the south are more likely to report poor sleep and daytime tiredness, while western states are more likely to be well rested. The results are published online in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.
Sleep and Location
Apparently, the relationship between sleep and geographic region is largely unexamined. The Penn study suggests that self-reported instances of fatigue and poor sleep vary by region. According to the authors of the study, many of the states that support the worst sleep habits and patterns are the same states that report higher instances of co-occurring conditions, like Restless Legs Syndrome or obesity.
Researchers looked at a range of potential underlying causes for the discrepancies between regions. After a series of tests, the study results showed that differences in access to medical care, racial/ethnic composition, and mental health difficulties were the most likely factors.
The study may have practical applications for helping people in problem regions sleep better. The data can, for example, be used to guide the allocation of funds to public awareness of sleep problems in regions that report the greatest problems with dysfunctional sleep.
This study is the first of its kind. With regular updates on regional variation in disordered sleep, we can begin to target sleep problems with specific tools and techniques designed with local populations in mind.
It kinda gives “think globally, act locally” a whole new meaning, doesn’t it? We all sleep – it’s a global phenomenon. But some of us don’t sleep as well as others, and the reasons some of us don’t sleep as well as others may be specific to our part of the world. With a better understanding of what causes local problems, we can find better solutions for long-term changes in sleep patterns. With that kind of detailed understanding, we could literally create a healthier world.
Do you have trouble sleeping? Do you think your neighbor has trouble for the same reasons you do?
Author Bio: +Michelle Gordon is a sleep expert who researches and writes about sleep and health, and is an online publisher for the latex mattress specialist Latexmattress.org
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When I was growing up I had a buddy—let’s call him “Bob”—who was constantly asking, “What happens if we do . . . ?” Bob’s curiosity, however, only led him to wonder about foolish actions. He never pondered, for example, what would happen if we all volunteered at the senior citizens center. Instead, his thinking ran more along the lines of what would happen if we jumped off the senior citizens center.
The reaction of me and the rest of my friends was always, “Let’s find out!” But we were more prudent than Bob (or maybe just more cowardly) so we’d encourage him to try whatever reckless idea he had in mind so we could learn from his experience. We learned, for instance, that if jump off the 3-story senior citizens center, a stack of cardboard boxes will not be enough to sufficiently break your fall.
Bob’s shenanigans would daily provide for us what social scientists would call a “natural experiment.” A natural experiment is a study of the effect of an independent variable, which has not been planned or manipulated by the researchers, on a dependent variable. (The word ‘natural’ in the term natural experiment therefore refers to an event that is not planned by the researchers.)
The city of Seattle is about to pull a Bob, by foolishly raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour. The effect on the citizens of Seattle will be almost entirely harmful. But it will provide a natural experiment on the effect of raising the minimum wage laws that the rest of American can learn from. Anyone who isn’t already convinced that increasing the minimum wage has a detrimental impact on employment and harm minority workers will, in a few years, have solid proof. We will all be able to look to Seattle to see the difference between good, albeit naive, intentions and sound economic policy.
Here are some of the effects I predict the policy will have in the next three years:
Unemployment will increase for low-wage workers — It’s true that economists disagree about the effects of the minimum wage on employment and the living standards of minimum wage earners. But almost all of the disagreement is about relatively small increases—less than 20 percent. Seattle is about to increase the minimum wage by 61 percent — over three times the detrimental rate. Almost all economists agree that significant increases to the minimum wage or attempts to bring it in line with a “living wage” (e.g., $12-15 an hour) would lead to significant increases in unemployment.
Employers will discriminate against low-skill workers — Milton Friedman once described the minimum wage as a requirement that “employers must discriminate against people who have low skills.” As Anthony Davies explains, “the minimum wage prevents some of the least skilled, least educated, and least experienced workers from participating in the labor market because it discourages employers from taking a chance by hiring them. In other words, workers compete for jobs on the basis of education, skill, experience, and price. Of these factors, the only one on which the lesser-educated, lesser-skilled, and lesser-experienced worker can compete is price.”
Young African Americans will have a harder time getting jobs — Employment among African American males between the ages of 16 and 24 is disproportionately responsive to the minimum wage. A ten percent increase in the minimum wage would reduce employment by 2.5 percent for white males between the ages of 16 and 24, 1.2 percent for Hispanic males between the ages of 16 and 24, and 6.5 percent for African American males between the ages of 16 and 24. Professors Even and Macpherson estimate that in “the 21 states fully affected by the federal minimum wage increases in 2007, 2008, and 2009,” young African Americans lost more jobs as a result of minimum wage hikes than as a result of the macroeconomic consequences of the recession.
Seattle will learn why you don’t elect Socialists — Imagine someone really despised the city of Seattle and wanted to dream up the best ways to destroy the city’s economy. If they were really clever they would try to find a way to get Seattleites to elect Kshama Sawant to the city council.
Sawant, a member of the Socialist Alternative party, tends to support any policy that has been proven to ruin cities (e.g., rent-control). After she was elected, one of her first actions was to attempt to get workers at Boeing to “take-over” the Everett Boeing plant. Once they illegally seized the property they could, she said, build things everyone can use: “We can re-tool the machines to produce mass transit like buses, instead of destructive, you know, war machines.”
Like most Socialists in America, Sawant lives in a very different reality than the rest of us. Not surprisingly, she is the main instigator of the new wage increase. Perhaps once Seattle realizes Sawant led the revolution to ruin their economy they’ll be more hesitant in the future about electing clueless radicals to run their city government. If nothing else, they’ll know exactly who to blame for getting them into this mess.
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At the end of his junior year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1998, Ed Boyden was hanging out with friends in the basement of the famed Media Lab, trying to figure out what to do for the summer. "We saw this competition online and thought, hey, that's cool," recalls Boyden of the first International Underwater Vehicle Competition. "None of us knew anything about submarines at all." Eight weeks later, the initial crew had expanded to a team of about 30 and took home first prize with the autonomously navigating submarine they built.
More than 10 years later, Boyden is back at MIT's Media Lab, combining cellular and systems neuroscience with engineering, studying neural circuits and designing new technologies to control them in order to treat neurological disorders. It's a far cry from submarines, but the approach, he says, is the same: understand the theory and build something useful out of it.
Boyden majored in electrical engineering and physics as an undergraduate, and continued his graduate work at MIT studying quantum computing, but soon got frustrated with the slow movement and dearth of experimentation in the field. "I've always thought that if we could apply engineering principles to the understanding of the brain, that would be very powerful."
So he moved on to Stanford University, doing his doctoral research on
learning and memory in the cerebellum under the joint supervision of Jennifer
Raymond and Richard Tsien. Relying on behavioral and molecular techniques, Boyden
showed that several different cellular mechanisms drive different types of memory in
"He was doing three students' worth of work," says Raymond. "Every moment of his day [is] action-packed." Both his advisors recall with a laugh Boyden's habit of taking notes on all his conversations and ideas. "He does this, so far as I can tell, every waking moment," says Raymond.
Toward the end of his PhD, he and Karl Deisseroth, a young professor at
Stanford, started tinkering with a recently-discovered light-activated protein
called channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). By expressing the protein in neurons, they could
activate those neurons with the flick of a light switch.
The head of the synthetic neurobiology group and joint professor of
bioengineering at MIT since 2006, Boyden and his team use ChR2 in mouse models to
characterize the circuitry involved in epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and most
recently, post traumatic stress disorder. Recently, Boyden and Bob Desimone,
director of MIT's McGovern Institute for Brain Research, used lentiviruses to target
a specific subtype of excitatory neurons in monkeys, demonstrating that the
technique works safely in vivo.
So-called side projects are still major idea generators for his group. Boyden established a lab "venture capital fund"—around $50,000—dedicated to testing seemingly improbable ideas. The one rule: two weeks must yield enough data to decide if the project is worth pursuing. One successful project attempted to disrupt neural oscillations to treat epilepsy. A couple weeks of initial data garnered the group a multi-institutional grant to study neural control. "It's turned into a major endeavor," says Boyden.
Title: Assistant professor at the MIT Media Lab
1. E.S. Boyden et al., "Selective engagement of plasticity mechanisms for motor memory storage," Neuron, 51:823–34, 2006. (Cited in 12 papers) 2. E.S. Boyden et al., "Millisecond-timescale, genetically-targeted optical control of neural activity," Nature Neurosci, 8:1263–8, 2005. (Cited in 109 papers) 3. J.G. Bernstein et al., "Prosthetic systems for therapeutic optical activation and silencing of genetically-targeted neurons," Proc Soc Photo Opt Instrum Eng, 6854:68540H, 2008.
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JOSHUA'S LONG DAY
HEZEKIAH'S SUNDIAL AND MISSING TIME
Presented by Ralph Woodrow
Finally, it should be pointed out that the wording about the
sun stopping is in a portion of Joshua 10 that is unmistakably
poetic in nature. As the "Pulpit Commentary" says:
"The poetic form of this passage is clear to everyone who
has the smallest acquaintance with the laws of Hebrew
poetry" and that these words "belong rather to the domain of
poetry than history, and their language is that of hyperbole
rather than of exact narration of facts."" Poetic passages
such as this do not require a literal meaning for each word
or expression used.
It was not uncommon for songs or poetic sketches about
Israelite victories to be written using non-literal expressions.
After the defeat of the Egyptians at the Red Sea: "Then sang
Moses ... unto the Lord... he hath dashed in pieces the enemy...
the earth swallowed them" (Exodus 15). "When Israel went out of
Egypt ... the sea saw it and fled ... the mountains skipped like
rams" (Psalm 114). The defeat of Sisera and his armies inspired
the poetic portion of Judges 5: "Then sang Deborah... the earth
trembled... the mountains melted ... the stars in their courses
fought against Sisera." When David escaped from Saul, he "spake
unto the Lord the words of this song... The earth shook and
trembled, there went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out
of his mouth ... he did fly upon the wings of the wind... he drew
me out of many waters" (Psalm 18).
In all of these examples, the Bible records the actual
historical account of what happened. These same events are then
told poetically - stars fighting, mountains skipping, the
frightened sea fleeing, the earth trembling, etc. All understand
these expressions as figures of speech - all recognize the poetic
liberty - even though written about literal, historical battles
So it is in Joshua 10. We have a historical account of what
happened (in verses 1-11 and continuing in verses 16-43) and a
poetic account (verses 12-15). Each account - the poetic and the
historical - ends with the words: "And Joshua returned, and all
Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal" (verses 15,43). If we
did not distinguish between the historical account and the
poetic, these two verses would be in conflict, implying that
Joshua returned twice to Gilgal. This cannot be, for the night
following the day of Joshua's command, the camp was established
at Makkedah (verse 21). We know the historical account
continues in verse 16 (from what had led up to the poetic
account) because of the words: "But these five kings fled..."
What five kings? This must tie back in and continue the
historical account from verses 1-11.
Because the wording about Joshua's command to the sun is
contained within the poetic portion of Joshua 10, some have
understood this simply as a poetic way of saying that "God and
all nature fought on the side of Joshua," so that the work of two
days was accomplished in one. Rabbi Levi ben Gersom, a well-known
name in Judaism, put it this way: "The wish of Joshua aims only
at this, that one day and night might be long enough for the
overthrow of the so numerous forces of the enemy. It was the same
as if he had said: Grant, Almighty Father, that before the sun
goes down, thy people may take vengeance on this multitude of thy
foes. The miracle of the day was, that, at the prayer of a man,
God effected so great a defeat in so short a time" (Quoted in
"Lange's Commentary, Vol.4, p.100).
While such conclusions are certainly possible when dealing
with poetry, the fact that the historical portion of Joshua 10
mentions a massive hailstorm provides strong reason to believe
that the literal sun was involved, its light being stopped by
that storm. Yet, being poetic, we are not required to understand
each expression or phrase in a strictly literal sense. Bible
scholars of all persuasions recognize that when we have a
historical account and a poetic account of the same event, we
always take the historical account to explain or clarify the
poetic - not the other way around. If we apply this rule of
interpretation in Joshua 10, a good harmony and sense can be
given to this passage which has, otherwise, baffled and
embarrassed Bible teachers who have sought to uphold the
HEZEKIAH AND MISSING TIME?
Presented by Ralph Woodrow
In 1470, an Indiana newspaper carried a story about
scientists in the space program who discovered 24 hours of
"missing time." Soon other papers and religious periodicals
picked up this thrilling and sensational story. It was printed in
tract form. Millions of copies were circulated. But when
inquiries were made, the source material could not be located,
the part about the scientists could not be verified, and a number
of magazines that had carried the story printed retractions.
Others felt that any who doubted the story were yielding to
Satan! We now reproduce the tract, word for word, as it was
circulated and continues to be circulated by some.
"THE MISSING DAY"
I think one of the most interesting things that God has for
us today happened recently to our astronauts and space
scientists at Greenbelt, Maryland. They were checking the
position of the sun, moon, and planets out in space, where
they would be 100 years and 1,000 years from now. We have to
know this so we don't send a satellite up and have it bump
into something later on in its orbits. We have to lay out
the orbit in terms of the life of the satellite, and where
the planets will be so the whole thing will not bog down.
They ran the computer measurement back and forth over the,
centuries and it came to a halt. The computer stopped and
picked up a red signal, which meant there was something
wrong either with the information fed into it or with the
results as compared to the standards. They called in the
service department to check it out and they said, "It's
perfect." The IBM head of operations said, "What's wrong?"
"Well, we have found there is a day missing in space in
elapsed time. "They scratched their heads. There was no
One religious fellow on the team said, "You know, one time I
was in Sunday school and they talked about the sun standing
still." They didn't believe him, but they didn't have any
other answer so they said, "Show us."
So he got a Bible and went back to the book of Joshua where
they found the Lord saying to Joshua, "Fear them not, I have
delivered them into thy hand; there shall not a man of them
stand before thee." Joshua was concerned because he was
surrounded by the enemy and if darkness fell, they would
So Joshua asked the Lord to make the sun stand still! That's
right!" The sun stood still and the moon stayed... and
hasted not to go down about a whole day."
The space men said, "There is the missing day!" Well, they
checked the computers going back into the time it was
written and found it was close, but not close enough! The
elapsed time that was missing back in Joshua's day was 23
hours and 20 minutes... not a whole day. They read the Bible
and there it said, "about (approximately) a day." Joshua
These little words in the Bible are important. But still
they were in trouble because if you cannot account for 40
minutes you'll be in trouble 1,000 years from now. Forty
minutes had to be found because it can be multiplied many
times over in orbit.
Well, this religious fellow also remembered somewhere in the
Bible it said the sun went backwards. The space men told him
he was out of his mind. But they got out the Book and read
these words: Hezekiah on his death bed was visited by the
prophet Isaiah who told him he was not going to die.
Hezekiah did not believe him and asked for a sign as proof.
Isaiah said, "Do you want the sun to go ahead ten degrees?"
Hezekiah said, "It is a light thing for the sun to go down
ten degrees; nay, but let the shadow return backward ten
degrees." Isaiah spoke to the Lord and the Lord brought the
shadow ten degrees backward. 2 Kings 20:1-11.
Ten degrees is exactly 40 minutes, Twenty-three hours and
twenty minutes in Joshua, plus 40 minutes in 2 Kings, make
the missing 24 hours the space travellers had to log in the
log book as being the missing day in the universe! Isn't
that amazing? Our God is rubbing their noses in His truth!
There is no need to question the good intentions and
sincerity of any who promoted this story. But, as with the
Roskovitsky story (p.63), it is largely fiction. Not only does
the story fail to represent what the Bible actually says, it is
inconsistent with itself.
First, even if time was literally extended almost a whole
day for Joshua, it seems more likely this would have been about
12 hours, not 23 hours and 20 minutes. For Joshua's men to
continue running and fighting all this time, plus a regular day,
after having marched all the night before, seems very improbable.
One gets the feeling that 23 hours and 20 minutes are
introduced in the story so that when the 40 minutes at the time
of Hezekiah are mentioned, it all fits together in a perfect and
astounding manner, making the total exactly 24 hours - a missing
Having already shown, we feel, that the miracle at the time
of Joshua was not one of extended time, but the darkening of the
sun by a vast hailstorm, we now turn to the other Biblical
reference quoted in the tract about missing time. King Hezekiah
had been sick. The Prophet Isaiah told him he would not only be
healed, but fifteen years would be added to his life. Hezekiah
asked for a sign.
And Isaiah said, This sign shalt thou have of the Lord, that
the Lord will do the thing that he hath spoken: shall the
shadow go forward ten degrees, or go back ten degrees? And
Hezekiah answered, It is a light thing for the shadow to go
down ten degrees: nay, but let the shadow return backward
ten degrees. And Isaiah the prophet cried unto the Lord: and
he brought the shadow ten degrees backward, by which it had
gone down in the dial of Ahaz. (2 Kings 20:9-11).
What has been commonly assumed is that in order for the
shadow to move back on the dial, the Lord had to make the sun go
backwards. I believe this is reading more into the text than is
required. Actually all this passage says is that the shadow on
the sundial went back ten degrees. The parallel account in Isaiah
38:8 says that "the sun returned ten degrees" on the dial,
meaning, obviously, the sunlight. It was not the sun itself that
came down out of the sky and rolled around on the king's sundial!
It was a miracle of sunlight and shadow on the dial.
Just exactly how God moved the shadow back on the dial is
difficult to say. The Bible does not tell us, but I believe the
explanation given by Adam Clarke (c.1760-1832), whom no one would
accuse of being a "modernist" in any sense of the word, is as
good as any. He states that "by using dense clouds or vapors, the
rays of light in that place might be refracted from their direct
course ten, or any other number of degrees... rather than by
disturbing the course of the earth, or any other of the celestial
bodies." (Clarke, op.cit., Vol.2, p. 551).
The following simple experiment demonstrates the effect of
Place a vessel on the floor, and put a coin on the bottom,
close to that part of the vessel which is farthest off from
yourself; then move back till you find that the edge of the
vessel next to yourself fairly covers the coin, and that it
is now entirely out of sight. Stand exactly in that
position, and let a person pour water gently into the
vessel, and you will soon find the coin to reappear, and to
be entirely in sight when the vessel is full, though neither
it nor you have changed your positions in the least.
Next, Clarke asks and answers a question about refraction:
"Could not God as easily have caused the sun, or rather
earth, to turn back, as to have produced this extraordinary
and miraculous refraction?" I answer, Yes. But it is much
more consistent with the wisdom and perfections of God to
accomplish an end by simple means, than by those that are
complex; and had it been done in the other way, it would
have required a miracle to invert and a miracle to restore;
and a strong convulsion on the earth's surface to bring it
ten degrees suddenly back, and to take the same suddenly
forward. The miracle, according to my supposition, was
performed... without suspending or interrupting the laws of
the solar systems" (Ibid.)
The sun is approximately 93 million miles from the earth. If
the sun travelled around the earth every day, the circumference
of its journey would be about 584 million miles. If in 40 minutes
it went back 10 degrees (a circle being 360 degrees), this would
mean it had to move backwards sixteen MILLION miles in order to
move a shadow a tiny distance on a sundial! This seems quite out
of proportion to the actual purpose that was accomplished - a
Rube Goldberg arrangement (see drawing on page 89). Of course
time is not measured by the sun going around the earth anyway.
On the other hand, it solves nothing to say it was the earth (not
actually the sun) that stopped and went to reverse.
I am reminded of a humorous story that was told back in the
50s when cars with automatic transmissions had become
increasingly popular. Not understanding the various gear
positions, a man said: "I put it in 'L' for leap, and then in 'D'
for drag, but when I put it into 'R' for race, I really got into
trouble!" This earth is turning at the rate of over 1,000 miles
an hour (at the equator). It does not seem that God Almighty
would put the gears of nature into a drastic "R" - reverse -
causing all kinds of world-wide chaos (or miracles to prevent
that chaos) simply to show Hezekiah he would be healed of a boil.
A LOCAL SIGN
If the sun moved backward for 40 minutes, or the earth
reversed itself to give this appearance (as some suppose), such
would have been observed over a vast area of the world. This was
not the case, for certain ambassadors came from Babylon "to
inquire of the wonder that was done in the land" (2 Chron.
32:31). They had heard, apparently, the news of this wonder and
that Hezekiah "had been sick, and was recovered" (Isaiah 39:1).
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia says this wonder,
being done "in the land" over which Hezekiah ruled, was a local
miracle, not a world-wide phenomenon (ISBE, article: "Dial of
In the tract, the "religious fellow" told the scientists
that "the Bible said the sun went backwards" for ten degrees
which caused "40 minutes" of missing time. Of course this is
totally inaccurate and the Bible does not say this! Even if time
was measured by the sun moving forward, if it stopped, and
reversed its direction for 40 minutes, and then reversed to
continue on, this would be eighty minutes!
Suppose I am driving from Riverside to Palm Springs,
California. When I get to Banning I remember I forgot something
at Riverside. It is 40 miles back to Riverside, but I decide to
turn around and return. I pick up what I forgot and continue back
on the highway. When I come to Banning again, how many miles have
I gone out of the way? I went back 40 miles, so by the time I
return to where I had been - round trip - I would have gone 80
miles out of my way. It would be the same with the sun. If it
went back for 40 minutes, by the time it again reversed its
direction and got back to where it had been, the amount of time
"lost" would not be 40 minutes. It would be 80!
Where did anyone ever get the notion of 40 minutes anyway?
This is based on the idea of the sun making a circle around the
earth every 24 hours. The 1,440 minutes in 24 hours are divided
by 360 (the degrees in a circle) so that each degree equals 4
minutes. These 4 minutes are multiplied by 10 (the number of
degrees the sun went back), thus 40 minutes.
But this concept is completely erroneous. It was not until
the time of Hipparchus (d. 126 B.C.) that the circle was divided
into 360 degrees - centuries after the time of Hezekiah! (Ency.of
Americana, 1981, article" "Circle").
The sundial sign occurred about 711 B.C. It would be absurd
to suppose that Isaiah used a technical and precise scientific
term about the degrees of a 360 degree circle when talking to
Hezekiah, especially since this concept was totally unknown at
The whole thing is cleared up once we understand the design
of this "dial." According to the Bible, it was actually a series
of steps, a staircase, running east and west. As the day
progressed, the shadow on the steps indicated how much daytime
was left. The accompanying drawing, based on the one given in the
Encyclopedia Judaica (Vol.15, p.519) shows how this may have been
accomplished. In contrast to what we think of as a dial today,
with a flat surface, this "dial" could allow the shadow to go
back and forth, or up and down, as described in the Bible
(2 Kings 20:10; Isaiah 38:8).
The Septuagint version of Isaiah and Josephus say this
staircase was a part of the king's house, while a Qumran version
specifies these were the steps of the upper story of the house.
Whatever may have been the arrangement, there can be no mistake
that this dial involved steps, for the very word translated
"dial" in our text is "maalah," having the meaning of STEPS
(Strong's Concordance, 4609). It is the word translated "steps"
(1 Kings 10:19, etc.), "stairs" (2 Kings 9:13, etc.), and
"degrees"! Notice how "maalah" is used in the text:
"Shall the shadow go forward ten degrees [maalah-steps], or
go back ten degrees [maalah-steps] ...And Isaiah the prophet
cried unto the Lord: and he brought the shadow ten degrees
[maalah-steps] backward, by which it had gone down in the
dial [maalah-steps]" (2 Kings 20:9-11).
It is certain, then, that when the shadow moved back ten
degrees, it is the same as saying that the shadow moved back ten
steps. To assume that 10 steps would equal 40 minutes is, of
course, totally unfounded.
The idea given in the tract - that there were "40 minutes of
missing time" - would require us to believe that God moved the
sun backward millions of miles. Or, he had to stop, reverse,
stop, and start the earth turning again - in order to change the
shadow on the sundial! All of this would be unproportional to the
actual sign that was given. The magnitude of the miracles that
would have been required world-wide - holding oceans in place,
keeping buildings from falling over, etc. - would far outshine
the sign given to Hezekiah. We would have to ignore the Hebrew
word which clearly shows that the "dial" was a staircase and that
the "degrees" were "steps" on this staircase.
And, finally, we would be driven to the absurdity that
Isaiah, in speaking of 10 degrees, meant 10 degrees of a circle
of 360 degrees, even though that concept was not invented until
Since the scriptures imply that the cycle of the earth and
sun has never been stopped or interrupted (Jeremiah 33:20), we
favor the view that the shadow was moved on the dial for Hezekiah
without involving the motion of the solar system. If the hands on
a modern clock are moved back an hour - as when we switch from
daylight saving time to standard time in the fall of the year -
we have not changed the actual time the sun sets.
Likewise, we believe a sign was given to Hezekiah in which
the shadow moved on the dial (staircase) without changing the
actual position of the sun. It was a miracle of sunlight and
shadow, not time.
NOTHING TOO HARD
We know there is nothing too hard for the Lord (Genesis
18:14; Jeremiah 32:17). Consequently, if a Biblical passage is
capable of two different explanations, some are prone to believe
that the one that is the most miraculous is correct. This is not
necessarily true. Roman Catholics are taught that during mass a
miracle turns the elements of bread and wine into the actual body
and blood of Christ. Are Protestants "unbelievers" because they
hold an interpretation that does not require this miraculous
change? Would God be any greater if he had taken the Israelites
across the Mediterranean Sea instead of the much narrower Red
Sea? Would the deity of Christ be greater if he fed 100,000
people instead of 5,000? Would the miracle of his resurrection be
more important if he had been in the tomb 300 days instead of 3?
TO BE CONTINUED
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1A small piece of partly burnt coal or wood that has stopped giving off flames but still has combustible matter in it: a cold hearth full of cinders
More example sentences
- Two years ago, a couple claimed their child was burned by a flying cinder from a train.
- Firewalking refers to the activity of walking on hot coals, rocks or cinders without burning the soles of one's feet.
- She alone has the presence of mind to remove a burning cinder from a table full of explosives.
1.1 (cinders) Ashes.
- The wheels are exposed to a lot of corrosive elements such as the dust, salt, stones, and cinders.
- The place was a mess; all the tables were either broken or burnt to cinders.
- I too spent happy times wandering round the ‘field’ which was mostly of dirt and cinders.
2 [mass noun] Waste matter produced by smelting or refining ore; slag.
- Years ago this was the way Rowntree's disposed of its cinder waste from its incinerator - it had waiting lists of people wanting this material.
- We are going a roundabout way to the village via an abandoned rail line with a cinder trackbed.
- Eventually we find a new little bike path of dirt and cinder that follows the Little Patuxent river.
burnt to a cinder
- Completely burnt: I like my steak burnt to a cinderMore example sentences
- It looked like 15 years of hard work burnt to a cinder.
- It was all burnt to a cinder by the time I got back in later that night.
- Barbecue food has that odd combination of being burnt to a cinder on the outside and retaining a raw quality in the middle.
- Example sentences
- The waves pound the coast hard enough to send a tremor through the cindery sand.
- As the road snakes up and over the cindery shoulder of Lassen Peak, it climbs through conifer forests to lake-dotted meadows.
Words that rhyme with cinderBelinda, Cabinda, Clarinda, Dorinda, hinder, Kinder, Linda, Lucinda, Melinda, tinder
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: cin¦der
Definition of cinder in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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This month, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) released a report, The State of World’s Midwifery 2011: Delivering Health, Saving Lives. The report stems from concerns about maternal and newborn deaths and lack of adequate health care in many countries. It builds on previous calls for increased midwifery care around the globe, and provides details about how many midwives there are working in various areas around the world. It echoes past calls for increasing access to well-trained midwives as part of a global effort “to realize the right of every woman to the best possible health care during pregnancy and childbirth.”
Parts I and II of the freely available report describe the current state of midwifery around the world, while part III outlines goals for moving forward, including growing midwifery skills and increasing their numbers, enhancing midwifery education, ensuring that proper regulation is in place to keep women safe, encouraging action from professional associations, and more. It also outlines “Bold Steps” to be taken by governments, regulatory bodies, schools/training associations, professional associations, and international partners and organizations in order to “maximize the impact of investments, improve mutual accountability and strengthen midwifery services.”
The report includes country profiles for 58 nations on the midwifery workforce, education, and regulation, health indicators such as maternal and neonatal mortality, and where women give birth. According to the report, these countries account for 91% of global maternal mortality and 82% of global neonatal mortality, despite representing only 58% of the the world’s births, and have only 17% of the world’s trained midwives, physicians and nurses.
The report is available in English, French and Spanish – on the “Main Report” page, just choose “Change language.”
Also, check out our previous post linking to the UNFPA report from the Strengthening Midwifery conference.
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Medical Specialists Directory
Medical specialists are doctors that have completed advanced education and clinical training in a specific area of study. They can be addiction specialists, anesthesiologists, and dermatologists. Most medical specialists only perform very specialized diagnostics to determine the issues that are causing illness or other problems. There are internal specialists, specialists that deal with specific age ranges (like pediatricians), diagnostic or therapeutic specialists, and technique or organ-based specialists. Get more information on the types of specialists and what they do.
What does a doctor of osteopathic medicine do? Find out what a DO focuses on when she takes care of you.
Read Full Article
Slideshows & Images
More From WebMD
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| 0.936226 | 144 | 2.703125 | 3 |
WindTurbine calculates the electricity power generated by various types of wind turbines.
Enter the rotor diameter, air density, wind speed, aerodynamic efficiency and electro-mechanical efficiency of the turbine and iWindTurbine calculates the generating electricity power.
- Calculates the nominal output and annual output power
- Shows the available power of the wind
- Calculates blades swept area
- Default button to set values for a 1 MW turbine
Although the calculations done by this app were made with great care, it may contain errors or inaccuracies. Using the results of the calculations is the responsibility of the user.
Tags: windturbine apk , wind turbine calculator , wind turbine wallpaper , live windmolen wallpaper apk , wind turbine calculation , turbine calculator apk , wind turbine .apk , wind turbine output calculator , vibespectra apk
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| 0.779387 | 179 | 2.578125 | 3 |
It is useful to modify Cushing's classification of these tumors and divide them into three groups because of the different clinical syndromes and operative approaches associated with each. These are the hyperostosing meningioma-en-plaque involving the lateral aspect and often a large portion of the sphenoid wing, usually associated with a plaque of tumor on the adjacent dura and in the orbit, and at times associated with a significant intracranial mass. The second group are the globular meningiomas arising from the middle third of the ridge. The final group are the medial, or clinoidal, meningiomas.
There is usually a history of a slowly progressive, painless, unilateral exophthalmos. In some patients there may be a palpable mass in the anterior temporal region. The exophthalmos may be present for many years before there is a change in visual acuity or extraocular movements. Some patients have headache and impairment of sensation in the first or second division of the trigeminal nerve, and in others significant intracranial extension of the tumor may cause a seizure disorder or evidence of impairment of neurological function.
These tumors are slow growing, and complete surgical removal is usually not possible by the time the diagnosis is made. If there is mild proptosis, it may be appropriate to follow the patient. Often little change will occur over a period of many years. If the proptosis is increasing or visual loss is developing, surgery is indicated. Radiation therapy has been used in the patient with visual loss due to soft tissue extension into the orbital apex.
The blood supply is from meningeal branches, but many of these tumors are relatively avascular. The tumor often involves the orbital capsule and the dura around the superior orbital fissure, orbital apex, and cavernous sinus.
The position and the skin incision are essentially the same as are used for a tuberculum sellae meningioma, but with more exposure of the anterior temporal bone and lateral wall of the orbit. If the exposed bone is not involved by tumor, a frontotemporal free bone flap is turned, If the tumor is growing into the bone, the flap is turned around the area.
Using the air drill and appropriate bone instruments, the lateral sphenoid wing is removed and the orbit entered, with care taken to keep the orbital capsule intact. Gradually bone is removed to expose both frontal and temporal dura and the orbital fascia. The lateral edge of the superior orbital fissure will be encountered and is marked by a small fold of dura that extends into the orbital fascia. There often is a small arterial vessel at that point. The entire lateral wall and roof of the orbit are removed. If hyperostotic bone extends over the optic canal, this is also removed, as is bone down to the foramen rotundum. The dura is then opened and, if indicated, the intracranial tumor is resected and the dura is replaced with a graft. In many patients, the tumor will be growing into the superior orbital fissure and medial dura and it will not be possible to remove this area. The last step is to open the orbital fascia; if this is done earlier, the orbital fat will be in the way of the intracranial procedure. A localized mass of tumor may involve the orbital capsule. Sometimes this can be removed. but in some patients the lateral rectus muscle and/or orbital apex are involved with tumor, and a judgment will have to be made about the extent of removal. It is not necessary to replace the orbital roof. Pulsations of the eye gradually diminish and usually will not be a bother to the patient.
It is hard to be sure of total removal in any patient. However. removal is usually extensive. Most make a good recovery. Exophthalmos improved in some patients. There are no major neurological complications except for worsened vision in 5%. 5% of patients require reoperation later. 15% of patients require radiation therapy for worsening vision due to tumor in the orbital apex. In some patients improvement of exophthalmos occurs, and in most it is at least stabilized. A more optimistic outlook has been reported following extensive extradural resection of bone and adjacent tumor. Preoperative exophthalmos regresses completely in 55% of cases and partially in 25%. Among patients with bone involvement of the lateral or middle ridge and orbit, complete removals with full recovery could be achieved in half of cases and 25% subtotal removals with improvement; 12% have recurrence of tumor or a permanent deficit due to postoperative complications.
Middle Third Meningiomas
These tumors arise from the edge of the ridge and grow in a globular fashion, compressing the frontal and temporal lobes. The patient usually presents with headaches or one or more seizures. The approach is the same as described for tuberculum sellae and medial sphenoid wing tumors. If the attachment of the tumor can be divided, most of the blood supply will be interrupted. Most of patients has complete removal of the tumor; with good prognosis.
Medial (Clinoidal) Meningiomas
These meningiomas involve the region of the anterior clinoid. adjacent medial sphenoid wing, superior orbital fissure. and cavernous sinus. They may grow into the orbit. The tumor often encases the internal carotid and proximal middle and anterior cerebral arteries as well as the optic nerve and may compress or provoke edema in the temporal or frontal lobes.
MRI outlines the extent of the tumor and shows the relationship to the arterial structures. It is often hard to define the optic nerves and chiasm. MRA is usually needed to determine the extent of encasement of the internal carotid artery and its branches. On rare occasion. especially with recurrence of an aggressive tumor, internal carotid occlusion is considered prior to surgery. Embolization of external carotid artery branches may occasionally be indicated.
The treatment decisions are often difficult. Prior to the development of CT and MRI and microsurgical techniques it was difficult to remove these tumors completely and there was significant morbidity. With the development of microsurgical techniques. some of these tumors now can be removed extensively. It remains to be established in the long term which patients benefit more from this extensive surgery with the increased risk of morbidity. from a partial removal of tumor followed by radiation therapy. or from radiation therapy alone.
Some general guidelines for the treatment of these tumors can be outlined. For patients with mild or nonprogressive symptoms it may be appropriate to follow the patient with periodic scans and examinations to determine if the lesion is growing and to see whether the symptoms are interfering significantly with the patient's life. The indications for surgery in younger patients are worsening symptoms and/or tumor growth seen on follow-up MRI, and in older patients a large tumor with worsening symptoms. Radiation therapy is used in older patients with small- and medium-size tumors with worsening symptoms and for regrowth after subtotal or radical subtotal removal.
Great care must be taken in the approach to these lesions. because the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries may be embedded in the tumor. Usually only a subtotal removal is possible because of the growth of the tumor around these arteries and into the base of the skull.
The operative approach is similar to the frontotemporal exposure for tuberculum sellae meningiomas. with more temporal exposure and with the side being determined by the site of the tumor. A similar subfrontal approach is in use by others.
After the initial exposure, it may be necessary to open the medial aspect of the sylvian fissure. Internal decompression of the tumor is carried out. and the blood supply along the sphenoid wing, often a hypertrophied branch of the middle meningeal artery, is divided. As the dissection progresses on the lateral aspect of the tumor. it is important to look for the middle cerebral artery branches and to follow these medially to determine whether they or the internal carotid artery are involved with tumor.
When the tumor grows into the optic foramen or involves the bone around the foramen and superior orbital fissure. the dura over this area is excised and the bone is removed using an air drill with a diamond burr and then fine curettes. As the tumor grows. the arachnoid membrane remains intact. making microsurgical dissection from the internal carotid artery and optic nerve possible.
In most cases it is hard to be sure of a total removal because of involvement of important arteries and/or cranial nerves or the extension of the tumor into the cavernous sinus or orbit. In 90% of cases there is a good result. 5% develop permanent neurologic deficit. 35% of cases require radiation sooner or later. 20% of cases are radioresistant.
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Chlorinated water destroys immunity in millions of people. When chlorinated water comes in contact with pipes, tanks and utensils of different metals, the chlorine in it attacks those metals to form their chlorides. The chlorides thus formed can remain dissolved in water and get ingested by persons who consume such water and the foods and drinks prepared with such water. Chlorinated water can cause iron, aluminium, copper, antimony, lead, tin, chromium and zinc poisoning of different degrees under different conditions in millions of different people.
When chlorinated water flows through rusty old iron pipes or is stored in rusty iron tanks, drums, cans and pots, it gets contaminated with iron chlorides (ferrous chloride and ferric chloride) and may cause iron poisoning in the persons consuming such water and the foods and drinks prepared with such water. Iron poisoning can cause allergic coughs, colds and asthma in millions of people. The accumulation of a large quantity of iron in the liver, known as hepatic siderosis, can damage the liver. Excessive ingestion and absorption of iron can also damage the kidneys, heart, lungs and pancreas. There can be an excessive formation of the red blood cells leading to polycythemia and the problems related to that condition.
But what happens when we use galvanized water pipes and tanks? When chlorinated water flows through the zinc-coated pipes and is stored in zinc-coated tanks, the results are much worse than those caused by iron poisoning! Chlorine reacts with the zinc coating and forms zinc chloride. The regular consumption of water contaminated with zinc chloride produces zinc poisoning in the affected persons. Zinc poisoning can also be caused by using galvanized water-storage drums, milk cans, and trays required in the bakeries and factories producing food products.
Drinking zinc-contaminated piped water regularly can cause such severe pain in the stomach and intestines that it may seem as if holes have got punched in them. There is massive inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and many ulcers get formed in the stomach and intestines. Zinc poisoning can cause extreme pain in the kidneys and seriously damage them. The excessive ingestion of zinc also causes respiratory problems and can adversely affect the heart.
Along with the excessive ingestion of iodine from iodized salt, Vitamin D from fortified milk and milk products, and chromium derived from foods and drinks prepared in cheap stainless steel utensils, the excessive ingestion of zinc can cause drastic reduction in immunity and even produce AIDS in the persons who regularly use the zinc chloride contaminated water in their foods and drinks. The excessive ingestion of zinc helps the excesses of iodine, Vitamin D, chromium, etc, in destroying immunity to many diseases and, together, they produce AIDS in millions of people all over the world.
Why should anyone require to be infected by the so-called HIV to get AIDS, when chlorinated water can produce AIDS in a person by causing the ingestion of toxic amounts of many minerals that can destroy immunity? The white cells of the affected person can easily break down due to the effects of multiple chemical poisoning and produce the so-called HIV and many other virus-like particles from their own genes.
I know about persons who shifted from their old houses to newly constructed ones, got severe kidney disease and died within two or three years. Those things happened just due to the zinc poisoning caused by chlorinated water passing through the new galvanized iron pipes in their localities and homes! Even the best-known and costly treatments could not save them because the basic cause of the disease was not understood.
About four and a half years back, I too suffered from ulcers and kidney problems, with severe shifting pain all over in the abdomen. Like the others, I had started consuming water drawn through the new zinc-coated pipes that were laid in my neighborhood and fitted in all the old houses in it. In a few weeks, I came to realize what was the cause of the severe pain in the stomach, intestines and kidneys.
I cursed my fate for being forced to use the piped water for drinking and cooking purposes. Like the billions of other people in the world, I could not afford to use the expensive bottled water. That is the damned type of life for the majority of the world's population. We all have to suffer the massive damage caused to our health by the foolish actions of a small percentage of those who are in authority. The actions of those ignorant few determine the important issues of life and death for the millions. But, luckily, I am still alive! That is because, as a nutritionist determined to cure himself, I just had to find out all the ways and means to counter the harmful effects of the excessive amounts of zinc in the piped water which I had to use for drinking and cooking purposes.
What is so sacrosanct about the vitamins and other essential nutrients that makes many medical scientists adamantly refuse to believe that their excessive intakes over long periods of time can destroy immunity and cause AIDS in human beings? Absolutely nothing! Then why should they run away from the truth based on the reality which proves that the regular consumption of excessive amounts of even essential nutrients can destroy immunity and cause early death in human beings?
There are some crazy people in western countries who advocate the use of high doses of zinc supplements even for such ordinary problems like the common cold. The regular use of zinc supplements like zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc aspartate, zinc citrate, zinc dipicolinate, zinc gluconate and zinc orotate, is extremely dangerous and can prove fatal for those who have lowered immunity and are prone to AIDS.
First time released to the news media and AIDS organizations on
29 June 2001.
NOTE: Reducing Risk from ChlorinatedIn some western countries, the civic authorities supply water through a network of PVC pipes which are resistant to the attack from chlorine in water. I am not sure whether the civic authorities in India have the financial resources to replace all the water pipes made of galvanized iron with PVC pipes for supplying water. It is also possible to coat the inner side of iron pipes with PVC instead of zinc. That should prevent the possibility of harm due to zinc poisoning, which is otherwise caused by chlorinated water getting contaminated with zinc while passing through galvanized pipes.
By Ashok T. Jaisinghani, Nutritionist.
Many builders and housing societies in India have started replacing the iron tanks with PVC tanks for storing water in their buildings. That is a change for the better as it helps in reducing the chances of chlorinated water getting contaminated.
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The macros in this section are made available with:
(use-modules (ice-9 expect))
expect is a macro for selecting actions based on the output from
a port. The name comes from a tool of similar functionality by Don Libes.
Actions can be taken when a particular string is matched, when a timeout
occurs, or when end-of-file is seen on the port. The
is described below;
expect-strings is a front-end to
based on regexec (see the regular expression documentation).
expect-stringswill read from the current input port. The first term in each clause consists of an expression evaluating to a string pattern (regular expression). As characters are read one-by-one from the port, they are accumulated in a buffer string which is matched against each of the patterns. When a pattern matches, the remaining expression(s) in the clause are evaluated and the value of the last is returned. For example:(with-input-from-file "/etc/passwd" (lambda () (expect-strings ("^nobody" (display "Got a nobody user.\n") (display "That's no problem.\n")) ("^daemon" (display "Got a daemon user.\n")))))
The regular expression is compiled with the
REG_NEWLINEflag, so that the ^ and $ anchors will match at any newline, not just at the start and end of the string.
There are two other ways to write a clause:
The expression(s) to evaluate can be omitted, in which case the result of the regular expression match (converted to strings, as obtained from regexec with match-pick set to "") will be returned if the pattern matches.
=>can be used to indicate that the expression is a procedure which will accept the result of a successful regular expression match. E.g.,("^daemon" => write) ("^d(aemon)" => (lambda args (for-each write args))) ("^da(em)on" => (lambda (all sub) (write all) (newline) (write sub) (newline)))
The order of the substrings corresponds to the order in which the opening brackets occur.
A number of variables can be used to control the behaviour of
expect-strings). Most have default top-level bindings to the value
#f, which produces the default behaviour. They can be redefined at the top level or locally bound in a form enclosing the expect expression.
- A port to read characters from, instead of the current input port.
expectwill terminate after this number of seconds, returning
#for the value returned by expect-timeout-proc.
- A procedure called if timeout occurs. The procedure takes a single argument: the accumulated string.
- A procedure called if end-of-file is detected on the input port. The procedure takes a single argument: the accumulated string.
- A procedure to be called every time a character is read from the port. The procedure takes a single argument: the character which was read.
- Flags to be used when compiling a regular expression, which are passed to
make-regexpSee Regexp Functions. The default value is
- Flags to be used when executing a regular expression, which are passed to regexp-exec See Regexp Functions. The default value is
regexp/noteol, which prevents
$from matching the end of the string while it is still accumulating, but still allows it to match after a line break or at the end of file.
Here's an example using all of the variables:(let ((expect-port (open-input-file "/etc/passwd")) (expect-timeout 1) (expect-timeout-proc (lambda (s) (display "Times up!\n"))) (expect-eof-proc (lambda (s) (display "Reached the end of the file!\n"))) (expect-char-proc display) (expect-strings-compile-flags (logior regexp/newline regexp/icase)) (expect-strings-exec-flags 0)) (expect-strings ("^nobody" (display "Got a nobody user\n"))))
expectis used in the same way as
expect-strings, but tests are specified not as patterns, but as procedures. The procedures are called in turn after each character is read from the port, with two arguments: the value of the accumulated string and a flag to indicate whether end-of-file has been reached. The flag will usually be
#f, but if end-of-file is reached, the procedures are called an additional time with the final accumulated string and
The test is successful if the procedure returns a non-false value.
=>syntax is used, then if the test succeeds it must return a list containing the arguments to be provided to the corresponding expression.
In the following example, a string will only be matched at the beginning of the file:(let ((expect-port (open-input-file "/etc/passwd"))) (expect ((lambda (s eof?) (string=? s "fnord!")) (display "Got a nobody user!\n"))))
The control variables described for
expect-stringsalso influence the behaviour of
expect, with the exception of variables whose names begin with
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| 0.827387 | 1,150 | 3.046875 | 3 |
PASADENA, Calif., Jan. 25 (UPI) -- NASA says its Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has seen seasonal changes on sand dunes caused by warming of a winter blanket of frozen carbon dioxide.
Springtime on the Red Planet sees changes caused when seasonal coverings of dry ice thaw, going directly from solid to gas as on Earth, and the trapped gas builds up pressure and breaks out in various ways, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., said Friday.
The Mars orbiter has captured images of transient grooves formed on dunes when the carbon dioxide gas finds an escape point and rushes out, carrying out sand with it, forming dark fans or streaks on top of the ice layer, scientists with the orbiter program said.
"It's an amazingly dynamic process," Candice Hansen of the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Ariz., said. "We had this old paradigm that all the action on Mars was billions of years ago. Thanks to the ability to monitor changes with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, one of the new paradigms is that Mars has many active processes today."
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| 0.92146 | 230 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Surgery can help children with chronic ear infections
Posted November 16, 2012
Updated November 19, 2012
Daniel Smith was a happy and curious child, but after starting day care at about 4 months of age, he wasn't as happy.
"The constant respiratory illnesses, he just stayed congested," Daniel's mother Jennifer Durand-Smith said. "That was ripe for getting infected over and over again."
Daniel suffered chronic ear infections.
Fluid fails to drain out of the eustachian tube. Besides being painful, it can hinder speech development.
"It's as if their ears are muffled or underwater," Dr. John Garside of Rex Ear, Nose and Throat said.
Garside said antibiotics help most children get through the episode. But when there's a pattern of recurrent infections or infections never resolve, surgery to place a tube in the ear drum is an option.
"We opted to do them after the fourth ear infection because I didn't want him on antibiotics over and over," Durand-Smith said.
The surgery is completed with the child under sedation.
"We make a less-than-1 millimeter incision in their ear drum," Garside said. "If there's fluid behind the ear drum, we can evacuate it out with a small vacuum."
Then a tube is placed in the incision.
"The actual procedure took like 10 minutes," Durand-Smith said. "Once he didn't have fluid behind his ear drums all the time, his language development took off."
Durand-Smith says it's made all the difference for Daniel.
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| 0.980669 | 337 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
Selecting the right harp supplies can be the difference between enjoying the harp and hating it. When the correct harp supplies are always on hand, it is easier to keep the harp in good playing condition, which can make learning, practicing and performing a more enjoyable experience. Harpers, harpists and beginners should keep a good chair, learning materials, strings, cleaning supplies and tuners in their practice and performance rooms to stay comfortable while playing and to help maintain the health of their harps.
One of the most important harp supplies is the chair or stool upon which the musician sits. Chairs without arms are best, because the harpist's arms should not be obstructed by any objects while playing. Depending on the size of the chair, harp and harp player, a small footstool might be required to prop up the harp, so the musician can reach the instrument and play comfortably.
Experienced and beginning harp players can benefit from keeping sheet music and music theory books in their practice rooms. These books provide musicians with the foundational skills necessary for understanding scales and music composition theory. For beginners, digital video disks (DVDs) and books covering harp playing techniques can help them practice without the aid of a teacher or tutor. Compact discs (CDs) containing arpeggios, scales or harp music can aid with ear training and allow harpists to compare their playing to that of a professional.
A harp cannot be played well without installing the proper strings. Some harps are designed to accommodate certain types of strings, such as nylon or concert gut strings, so the harp player should find out which strings his or her instrument was designed for before fitting it with new strings. Nylon strings generally are easier to play and keep in tune, making them suitable for beginners. For a bright yet warm tone, lever gut strings are a good option. Concert gut strings are suitable for pedal harps and produce a warm, loud sound, but they require the harp player to have strong fingers and play accurately.
The most overlooked harp supplies usually are cleaning supplies. Every harp player should purchase a soft cotton cloth or duster for cleaning the harp every other day. Cleaning the harp regularly prevents dust and oil buildup on the wood and strings, extending the life of the strings and the instrument itself. Cotton buds can help musicians clean small crevices.
Tuning supplies, such as electronic tuners and tuning forks, help harp players keep their instruments in tune. An electronic tuner that has an attached microphone is especially useful in loud spaces. Pitch pipes and tuning forks are useful in quieter spaces and help players improve their pitch recognition skills. To turn the tuning pegs, a tuning key is required.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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| 0.957871 | 626 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Stargazing with Jack Horkheimer
illustrated by Rich Harrington,
text by Jack Horkheimer and Stephen James O'Meara
Image: Stargazer stands, holding an apple and a ladle.
Stargazer says, “Greetings, greetings, fellow stargazers! It's easy to find the North Star, Polaris, by using the Big Dipper, which Native Americans saw as a big bear!”
Image: There is a picture of nighttime stars. It shows how the Big Dipper constellation moves in the night sky for each season. The North Star is located in the middle.
Stargazer says, “Look north at 9 p.m. on the first day of each season…and you'll see…that the Big Dipper…is in a different position.”
Image: Stargazer is in the sky, dressed in traditional Native American clothing, shooting an arrow in a straight line through the two stars at the front of the Big Dipper, towards the North Star.
Stargazer says, “Now, take the two stars at the end of the bowl and shoot an arrow five and one half times the distance between them.”
Image: Stargazer, still wearing traditional Native American clothing, is speaking.
Stargazer says, “The tip of the arrow will glance the North Star, the end star in the handle of the Little Dipper—or Little Bear.”
Image: Stargazer looks at the Little Dipper in the sky.
Stargazer says, “Don't be disappointed if you can't see the Little Dipper right away. Its stars are much fainter than those in the Big Dipper.”
Image: Stargazer stands in an elevator with a star and a worm.
Stargazer says, “The farther north you live, the higher the North Star will be above your horizon.”
Stargazer says, “In fact, the North Star will be the same number of degrees above your horizon as your latitude is above the equator.”
Star says, “40 degrees north latitude, please.”
Image: Stargazer is standing in front of a tall glass building, wearing a New York athletic jacket and hat. The North Star appears half-way up the building.
Stargazer says, “If you live in New York, the North Star will be forty degrees above your horizon, because New York is forty degrees north latitude.”
Image: Stargazer is standing in front of a tall glass building, wearing a summer shirt and sunglasses. The North Star appears one-fourth of the way up the building.
Stargazer says, “In Miami, it will be only twenty five degrees above your horizon, because Miami's latitude is twenty five degrees.”
Image: Stargazer, along with a smiling polar bear, is standing in front of a tall glass building, wearing a parka and mittens. The North Star appears at the top of the building.
Stargazer says, “And if you live at the North Pole, it will be ninety degrees above the horizon—directly overhead! It's simple, if you keep looking up!”
- In Lesson 3, you learned that stars arranged in patterns are called what?
- How does the place where a person lives affect how the North Star appears in the sky?
- How does this relationship make the North Star a useful star in the night sky?
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| 0.924729 | 736 | 3.53125 | 4 |
This is Part 1 of a 5-part series: Sharing the Nile's Waters
Parts 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
The Nile is the world’s longest river, spanning a distance of almost 6,600 kilometers. It is formed from the White Nile, which originates in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, and the Blue Nile, which begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. The two rivers meet in Sudan and travel northwards, flowing through Egypt until finally emptying into the Mediterranean Sea.
Water use issues have long been a source of contention among the Nile Basin countries, who disagree on what constitutes an equitable distribution of the river's waters. For decades, the answer to that question has been determined by colonial-era agreements that heavily favored Egypt. A recently negotiated agreement by upstream countries could alter the historic water-sharing arrangements.
The Niles water are vital for farming, livestock and human consumption.
Entitled the Cooperative Framework Agreement, it was recently signed by Burundi, which joins other countries -- Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Rwanda – that are seeking what they consider a more equitable share of the river’s waters. Egypt, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo are still mulling over the framework’s provisions.
The agreement marks the culmination of years of negotiations among the Nile Basin countries. The process was launched by the seven upstream countries, which see old treaties favoring Egypt and Sudan as an unfair vestige of colonialism.
Egypt has long refused to re-negotiate the colonial-era treaties if it means cutting its share of water. But the former minister of water resources and irrigation, Mahmoud Abu-Zeid, sees the framework agreement as a positive beginning.
“During the last ten years, we have been working on a framework and everybody agreed to more than 95 percent of the articles,” he says. “We believe having six countries sign the framework opens the door for working on cooperative programs and projects along the Nile.”
Burundi’s signing came amidst a major political transition in Egypt following the departure of long-time president Hosni Mubarak. Abu Zeid says just like previous governments, Egypt’s interim military rulers take the issue of the Nile waters very seriously.
“When the government met for the first time, he says, “They put on their agenda as the first item the Nile water. They have indicated the Nile water issue is a priority issue, a national security issue.”
The former Egyptian minister says what worries his country most are efforts by some to scrap the “No Harm” provision of the old treaties – a provision requiring that upstream uses of the Nile waters not interfere with the current uses and rights of the downstream countries, Egypt and Sudan. He says if these principles are honored, the framework under consideration will be acceptable to all the Nile Basin countries.
The Nile River runs through many countries
So does the framework agreement address the concerns of all the Nile Basin countries? “To a large extent,” says Henriette Ndombe, former executive director of the Entebbe-based Nile Basin Initiative.
“Without Nile, Egypt is a desert. Other countries also need water. All the countries need water. This all has been taken into account in this cooperative framework agreement – except Article 14b,” she explains.
The contentious Article 14b of the framework agreement refers to water sharing, and Egypt and Sudan have rejected all efforts to drop it in the new agreement. Egypt says even with the favorable provisions in existing agreements, the Nile alone will not be able to meet the country’s water needs after 2017. The government has previously threatened military action against upstream nations if they construct projects that slow the flow of water to Egypt.
Ndombe says war is not the answer for resolving the outstanding issues.
“The seven countries don’t want to fight Egypt because of water. And there is no need for Egypt to fight other countries because of water. They cannot fight against seven countries. Better for them is cooperation. That is, join the six countries which have signed the cooperative framework agreement,” she says.
A 1959 treaty between Egypt and Sudan apportioned nearly 90 percent of this resource to the two downstream countries -- 55.5 billion cubic meters to Egypt, and 18.5 billion cubic meters to Sudan. The treaty did not include the upstream countries, including Ethiopia, which contributes 85 percent of the river’s water. Egypt has veto power based on a provision carried over from an agreement it signed with Britain in 1929.
The framework agreement includes the creation of a permanent commission that will manage the Nile waters and guarantee an equitable allocation of its resources. The deadline for signing the agreement is May of this year. Once the signing process is completed, the accord goes before the legislatures of the countries for ratification.
Former Egyptian water resources minister Mahmoud Abu-Zeid says a practical approach to addressing the concerns of upstream countries will be to develop under-utilized parts of the Nile Basin to help generate additional sources of water. Analysts warn if the controversy over use of the river is not handled carefully, it could generate conflict in the not-too-distant future.
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| 0.94806 | 1,075 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Born: August 5, 1868; Helsinki, Finland
Died: February 17, 1924; Hausjärvi-Oitti
Oskar Merikanto was undoubtedly overshadowed by his Finnish countryman and contemporary, Jean Sibelius. That said, Merikanto was an important musical figure in his sphere still, particularly for his work in opera, song, and church music. He was instrumental in bringing operatic performances to the stage in Finland, and his Pohjan neiti (Maiden of the North) was the first Finnish-language opera ever produced. In the realm of church music MerikantoRead more was active both as an educator and composer. But he will probably be best remembered for his songs. A good many of them from his numerous collections (nearly 50 in all!) and from among various lone efforts scattered throughout his output without opus, are regularly heard in recitals and on recordings. Perusing Merikanto's works list, one is struck by its enormity: for chorus alone there are well over 100 entries (some representing sizable collections), and for piano over 80, a body of work that contains, however, not one sonata or concerto! Merikanto typically wrote short works for solo instruments and voice, but his operas and incidental scores for the theater broke with this miniature-like pattern.
Oskar Merikanto was born in Helsinki, Finland, on August 5, 1868. Like Sibelius, his parents were Swedish speakers. The family name, too, Mattsson, was Swedish, which the father changed to the more Finnish-sounding Merikanto. Young Oskar divulged musical talent early on, with exceptional skills on the organ and piano.
In the period 1887-1888, Merikanto studied music at the Leipzig Conservatory. Even by this time, though, he was already active as a composer, with numerous piano works to his credit, including the Fantasia, for four hands (1885) and Two Träumerei (1887), as well as pieces for organ and songs.
Merikanto concluded his studies in Berlin in 1890-1891. In 1893 his son Aarre was born. He would also become a noted composer, his father being his first teacher and a profound influence in his life. In 1898 the elder Merikanto wrote the aforementioned opera Pohjan neiti, but it was not staged until 1908. From the early twentieth century Merikanto worked to promote opera in Finland, conducting and arranging many major performances.
Merikanto remained quite active in composition throughout his life. Perhaps his most popular sacred work, the hymn Thank you, Lord! from 1924, was among his last. But it still showed his usual mastery and inspiration. Merikanto died in Hausjärvi-Oitti on February 17, 1924. Read less
There are 21 Oskar Merikanto recordings available.
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| 0.981887 | 686 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Calves go through a transition at weaning
Calves go through a transition at weaning
by A. F. Kertz
The author is the principal in Adhil, LLC, a St. Louis-based consulting firm.
In natural settings, we know weaning can be stressful for both cow and calf. We note the bellowing and cow/calf separation distress. However, other elements of the weaning process actually were minimized in that situation. But, in many current dairy systems, weaning is not handled well, and major stress occurs.
Perhaps the best evidence of this is contained in the most recent USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) survey. For weaned calves, respiratory problems accounted for the most deaths. They had grown to nearly one-half of the causes for death as compared to about one-third in the previous 1991 survey.
Respiratory problems . . .
Before weaning, scours was the major cause of death and accounted for nearly one-half of mortalities. But it is the “living dead” with respiratory problems that are the major concern. These calves often are affected for life. Epidemiological data from a New York state study in 1995 found that these “respiratory-affected” calves had higher mortality before calving, were less likely to enter the milking herd, took longer before first calving, and had more calving problems.
Why would calves after weaning have such a high incidence of respiratory problems? It is not likely housing in most cases. Rather, making too many changes at once results in stress and the outbreak of respiratory problems.
For example, at 2 months, calves may be moved from a hutch to a group, undergo various treatments or vaccinations, be abruptly or briefly weaned, and then have a major feed change. Each of these changes is significant. Let’s look just at some of the feeding aspects.
Increasingly, we have recognized that cows need a transition period from three weeks before to three weeks after calving. Intake changes, ration changes, and rumen adaptation all are major factors in this situation.
Consider that the young calf is just developing its rumen function. As long as calf starter intake remains below 1 pound per day, there will be little significant rumen development. If forage is available during this period, rumen development will be further limited.
If whole milk or milk replacer with more than 15 percent fat is being fed, this will retard starter intake. For each pound of dry milk replacer fed near weaning, calves will eat 2 to 3 pounds less starter. This is a substitution effect, with whole milk and higher fat milk replacers retarding starter intake most.
So, if a week of 1 pound daily starter intake is needed prior to the next week reducing milk or milk replacer by 50 percent, then it may be difficult to wean calves by 6 weeks of age. But, if you wait until 8 weeks of age, then do not move calves at the same time from a hutch to a group and change their feed because now you have created several major changes at once.
Calves experience less stress and do better if they can remain in a hutch two weeks after full weaning. Also, consider keeping calves on the same starter another two weeks after they are moved into small groups and begin to get forage.
Why the need for two weeks both prior to and after weaning? Earlier Cornell and New Hampshire research showed significant rumen papillae and rumen fermentation changes during this overall time period. Again, we know these types of changes occur in cows during the transition period. Calves’ rumens still are in the developmental function stage during the two weeks prior to and after weaning. And, contrary to what many still believe, feeding forage before weaning is detrimental to rumen development. The resulting rumen fermentation pattern produces acetic, propionic, and butyric volatile fatty acids in that order. Acid production in just the opposite order is most conducive to rumen papillae development. This pattern is fostered by calf starter fermentation as long as you avoid acidosis.
Water is key . . .
There are several issues that affect calf starter intake. The most critical relate to water. Limiting water availability limits starter intake. About 4 pounds of water are consumed with each pound of starter intake. It is evident then that limiting water intake will limit starter intake.
On the other hand, calves do not like wet, moldy, or stale starter. A common situation is that there is no divider between water and starter buckets. Thus, the calf easily can move its head from one bucket into or over the other bucket. The result is that they dribble water into starter and starter into water. This reduces the intake of both!
With some foresight or modification, a partial divider or further separation of the two buckets can remedy this situation. And remember that rain, snow, or ice without covered buckets will limit starter intake as will moldy or stale starter.
If calves are not given two weeks after weaning to develop their starter intake and develop rumen function more fully, you can expect a slump in growth and health. That is why it is critical that calves not be moved abruptly then. And, when they are moved into a group, keep the size smaller . . . 8 to 12 per group or less, depending on the facility.
Keeping calves on the same starter while introducing forage will minimize disruptions on intake and rumen function. Calves should stay in this transition group for two to four weeks, not unlike cows in a transition group.
By now you may be thinking how can I do all of these things, and won’t it be costly! The first thing is to be aware of these factors, and evaluate them in your own operation. Do those things first that are most limiting and least costly.
Also, look at the costs incurred with how you do things now that you may not have recognized. What medication, treatment, and labor costs do you have? How are your calves doing two weeks before and after weaning? What is your weaning program? What performance or respiratory costs may you have for calves before and after weaning? What are the longer-term effects? Do you always have to cull some “poor doers”?
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As we just discussed in Section 27·4, a resistor is a conductor with a specified resistance. It has that same resistance no matter what the magnitude and direction(polarity) of the applied potential difference. Other conducting devices, however, might have resistances that change with the applied potential difference. shows how to distinguish such devices. A potential difference V is applied across the device being tested, .and the resulting current I through the device is measured as V is varied in both magnitude and polarity. The polarity of V is arbitrarily taken to be positive when the left terminal of the device is at a higher potential than the right terminal. The direction of the resulting current (from left to right) is arbitrarily assigned a plus sign. The reverse polarity of V (with the right terminal at a higher potential) is then negative; the current it causes is assigned a minus sign.·llb is a plot of i versus V for one device. This plot is a straight line passing through the origin, so the ratio ilV (which is the slope of the straight line) is the same for all values of V. This means that the resistance R = Vii of the device independent of the magnitude and polarity of the applied potential difference V. is a plot for another conducting device. Current can exist in this device only when the polarity of V is p positive and the applied potential difference is more than about 1.5 V. When current does exist, the relation between i and V is not linear; il depends on the value of the applied potential difference V
We distinguish between the two types of device by saying that one obeys Ohm’s law and the other does not.
Ohm’s law is an assertion that the current through a device is always directly proportional to the potential difference applied to the device.
(This assertion is correct only in certain situations; still, for historical reasons, the term “law” is used.) The device of which turns out to be a 1000 n resistor-obeys Ohm’s law. The device of which turns out to be a so-called pin junction diode-does not.
A conducting device obeys Ohm’s law when the resistance of the device is independent of the magnitude and polarity of the applied potential difference
Modern microelectronics-and therefore much of the character of our present technological civilization-depends almost totally on devices that do not obey Ohm’s law. Your calculator, for example, is full of them. It is often contended that V = iR is a statement of hm’s law. That is not true! This equation is the defining equation for resistance, and it applies to all conducting devices. whether they obey Ohm’s law or not, If we measure the potential difference V across, and the current I through, any device. even a pin junction diode, we can find its resistance at that value of V as R = I’/i. The essence of Ohm’s law, however, is that a plot of i versus V is linear; that is, R is independent of V. We can express Ohm’s law in a more general way if we focus on conducting materials rather than on conducting devices. The relevant relation is then Eq. 27-11 (f = pJ), which is the analog of V = iR.
All homogeneous materials, whether they are conductors like copper or semiconductors like pure silicon or silicon containing special impurities, obey Ohm’s law within some range of values of the electric field. If the field is too strong, however, there are departures from Ohm’s law in all cases
The following table gives the current I (in amperes) through two devices for several values of potential difference I’ (in volts). From these data, determine which device does not obey Ohm’s law
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For people with misaligned or damaged eyes, depth perception is limited. Monocular depth clues like shadows, comparative size, and motion parallax do exist, but binocular vision allows for a more accurate perception of depth. Researchers at Japan’s University of Yamanashi are working with off-the-shelf augmented reality glasses to offer improved depth perception for the binocularly challenged.
By utilizing a pair of Wrap 920AR augmented reality glasses made by Vuzix, the team was able to record the scene from the angle of both eyes. The visual data is processed by a quad-core Windows 7 machine, and the merged images are then displayed to the healthy eye. Instead of having your brain merge the two pictures into one 3D image, the computer is doing the heavy lifting.
This system works by blurring objects according to their depth. As you can see in the image on the right, the objects at a set depth to the cameras remain clear and sharp while the more distant imagery becomes increasingly defocused. In a small test with eight subjects, seven of them were able to effectively use the synthesized imagery to solve a depth-based puzzle faster than they could with the use of normal monocular vision.
Reliance on binocular depth clues is highly variable between different people. The book The Mind’s Eye by Dr. Oliver Sacks highlights his own severe difficulty interpreting visual information after most of his vision in his right eye was lost to cancer. People who are born without binocular vision generally seem to function well, but with some notable limitations. An entire chapter of the book is dedicated to a woman dubbed “Stereo Sue.” In detail, he explains how she reacted when ocular surgery corrected her vision after she grew up with misaligned eyes. It should suffice to say that her depth perception improved handily.
The technology is still in its infancy. The processed imagery has a fairly low resolution and frame rate, and it requires the glasses to be connected to a laptop. Newer tech will provide better resolution, faster frames per second, and a larger viewport. The research team expects these improvements to increase the effectiveness down the road. Mobile computing with smartphones and tablets is growing at a rapid rate, so the portability will become easier as well. This research has the potential to improve the lives of millions of people with vision problems. The line between computers and humans continues to blur as we march towards functional cybernetics. This is transhumanism at its best.
[Image credit: Vuzix]
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gcsescience.com 24 gcsescience.com
The Transformer Equation.
This equation is important!
The transformer equation
number of turns of wire to the difference in voltage
between the primary and secondary coils.
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
Where Vp is the
voltage in the primary coil.
Vs is the voltage in the secondary coil.
Np is the number of turns of wire on the primary coil.
Ns is the number of turns of wire on the secondary coil.
There are two points to remember.
Transformers only work with alternating
Using direct current will create a magnetic field in the core
but it will not be a changing magnetic field
and so no voltage will be induced in the secondary coil.
Using a step
up transformer to increase the voltage
does not give you something for nothing. As the voltage
goes up, the current goes down by the same proportion.
The power equation shows
that the overall power remains the same,
P = V x I Power = Voltage x Current.
In reality, the output power is always less than the
because the changing magnetic field in the core
creates currents (called eddy currents) which heat the core.
This heat is then lost to the environment, it is wasted energy.
Links Electromagnetism Transformer Revision Questions
gcsescience.com Physics Quiz Index Transformer Quiz gcsescience.com
Home GCSE Chemistry GCSE Physics
Copyright © 2015 gcsescience.com. All Rights Reserved.
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Pages: 1, 2
Shell functions and more make functions
Make is not an ideal tool for Java compilation. The Java compiler likes to resolve dependencies itself, which can cause make some confusion. When resolving dependencies, Java works from the source files and make works from the target. Java's structure invites the casual creation of new source files, and make is designed for new source files to be added manually.
In an ideal world, each new file would be added to the make script as part of a variable definition. This project is done in the real world, so make searches the source directories and constructs the list of targets automatically. Because of Java's idiosyncrasies and some aspects of our project, this requires four variables and a mix of shell and make functions.
In the previous version of this makefile, I generated the targets with an external shell script, exporting the list to a file as make variables, then importing the make variables into the makefile. Mitch improved my makefile so targets are generated in a much neater way.
# Search the directory containing the sources, and # generate a corresponding name for the generated # .class file. Make sure the classes in example/util/* # are compiled first. CLASSFILES_view:= $(patsubst %.java,$(class_d)/%.class, $(shell find example/util -name '*.java')) # Find the non-util, non-views sources. Uses # -path -prune instead of grep -v, from an example # on the find(1) man page. CLASSFILES_nonview:= $(patsubst %.java,$(class_d)/%.class, $(shell find example -path example/util -prune -o -path example/views -prune -o -name '*.java' -a -print)) # Find the classes generated by xmlc from the # .html files, except the ones in the mockup # directory. CLASSFILES:= $(CLASSFILES_view) $(CLASSFILES_nonview) VIEWFILES:= $(patsubst %.html,$(class_d)/%.class,$(shell find example -path example/views/mockups -prune -o -name '*.html' -a -print))
This makefile includes
shell functions as well as standard make functions. The syntax for a shell function is
$(shell command). This returns the output of the
shell function (stripping new lines).
patsubst function has the syntax
$(patsubst pattern,replacement,text). It uses the percent symbol (%) the same way pattern rules do--as a string which matches in both the pattern and the replacement text. It searches the text for whitespace-separated words that match the pattern and substitutes the replacement for them.
Makefile variables as commands, and automatic variables
# How to compile the .html and .java files. htmlcompile=$(XMLC) -d $(class_d) -class $(subst /,., $(basename $<)) $< javacompile=javac -sourcepath . -d $(class_d) $(filter %.java,$?)
These are recursively expanded variables, calculated when the variable is actually needed. The variables need to be recursively expanded because they include automatic variables that rely on prerequisite lists and will be used as command strings in rules. (Automatic variables are explained in Introduction to make.)
$? are the automatic variables.
$< expands to the name of the first prerequisite.
$? expands to a space-separated list of prerequisites that are newer than the target.
$(filter %.java,$?) is necessary because when
javacompile is used later in a rule, one prerequisite of the rule is the directory into which the Java files are compiled. The filter removes the directory, leaving only the
Note the use of make functions in the variable definition.
$(VIEWFILES): $(class_example_view_d)/%.class: example/views/%.html $(class_d) $(htmlcompile) $(CLASSFILES): $(class_example_d)/%.class: example/%.java $(class_d) $(javacompile)
The first line of these rules has three parts. These are a special type of GNU make rule called static pattern rules. There is a simple pattern rule described in Introduction to make. The syntax of a static pattern rule is:
targets: target-pattern: dependency-patterns commands
.class file in the
$(class_example_view_d) directory can be created from a corresponding
.html file in the
example/views/%.html directory, but only if the
.class file is part of the
$(VIEWFILES) list. Use static pattern rules if you have multiple ways of converting file type .A to .B and the way you choose depends on the files being converted.
The critical part of a pattern rule is the percent symbol. It refers to the same stem for both the target and the prerequisite file.
# A few things Make needs to know .SUFFIXES : .html .java .class .PHONY : clean all show_classpath # The primary target: make all all: $(VIEWFILES) $(CLASSFILES) $(class_d): mkdir $@ show_classpath: @echo Here is the CLASSPATH passed to javac: @echo $$CLASSPATH # note the $$ expansion clean: -rm -rf $(class_d)
all target relies on the pattern rules. The other rules are simple rules in the format:
target: prerequisites command
Simple rules and phony rules are both described in the article Introduction to make.
Caveats and gotchas
- The techniques described in this article are for GNU make. make programs found on other Unix systems may not offer all of these features.
- make rules require a tab at the beginning of each command. A series of spaces doesn't work.
- make works backwards from the target to the prerequisites.
- make works better in languages in which the compiler does not try to resolve dependencies itself.
This makefile demonstrates many of make's advanced features. When writing your own makefiles, start with something simple and add new features one at a time.
make can be used anywhere one file needs to be generated from another. Try experimenting with using make for configurations and update scripts, as well as for software development.
- The University of Utah's document on makefile conventions
- The University of Hawaii's makefile tutorial
- Use the keyword "makefile" when running a search on the Web.
Jennifer Vesperman is the author of Essential CVS. She writes for the O'Reilly Network, the Linux Documentation Project, and occasionally Linux.Com.
Return to the Linux DevCenter.
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| 0.805947 | 1,463 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Bridge Building Game
Free Bridge builder/Brain-teaser Game: This is another, yet more challenging version of the bridge builder game, and it has more levels to get through. The objective of the game is to build a bridge across a canyon within the allocated budget. Learning physics is made fun through this game, and it is a huge challenge getting the structure right. Once your bridge is built, strange creatures will try to cross the bridge you built, and will test it in full. The bridge building challenge increases significantly as you progress from levels 1 to 3!
Use your mouse and keys to build the bridge: Click from one point to another to lay a piece of the bridge. Press ESC to deselect a piece. You can click on an existing piece to remove it or you can click on a section anchor point and press DELETE to remove the section. Press T to see how your bridge holds up and if it can support its own weight. Press ESC to return to the construction phase when your testing is done and something needs to be fixed.
You should only connect pieces from end to end only. Do not connect a supporting piece to the middle of some other piece (it is a weak link if you need to connect in the middle). Break the piece into two parts, and only then connect the supporting piece to the junction. Use metal pieces only where the strength of wooden pieces would not be sufficient. Have fun!
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en
| 0.93994 | 290 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Athough habitat destruction within its small range has not been as extensive or rapid as was once feared, apparently partly as a result of forest protection by local inhabitants, this species nevertheless has a small, decreasing range, within which its forest habitat is likely to be declining in area, extent and quality and population is likely to be declining. It is therefore classified as Vulnerable.
Turdus olivaceus (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into T. helleri on the basis of its highly distinct plumage pattern, and reportedly different voice (following Collar and Stuart 1985), T. ludoviciae on the basis of its extremely distinct plumage pattern following Collar et al. (1994) and T. olivaceus (with species limits accordingly revised).
23 cm. Medium-sized thrush of montane woodland. Brownish-grey with contrasting black head and breast. Bright yellow bill. Female has streaked and mottled white throat and streaked breast. Juvenile has similar blotching and spotting as in other young thrushes. Similar spp. Head of Olive Thrush T. olivaceus brownish-grey. Voice Song similar to T. olivaceus, alarm chatter harsher.
Ash, J. S.; Miskell, J. E. 1998. Birds of Somalia. Pica Press, Robertsbridge, U.K.
Collar, N. J.; Stuart, S. N. 1985. Threatened birds of Africa and related islands: the ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book. International Council for Bird Preservation, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Cambridge, U.K.
Dowsett, R. J.; Forbes-Watson, A. D. 1993. Checklist of birds of the Afrotropical and Malagasy regions. Tauraco Press, Liège, Belgium.
Urban, E. K.; Fry, C. H.; Keith, S. 1997. The birds of Africa vol. V. Academic Press, London.
Further web sources of information
Explore HBW Alive for further information on this species
Text account compilers
Ekstrom, J., Mahood, S., Shutes, S., Starkey, M., Symes, A.
Ash, J., Miskell, J.
IUCN Red List evaluators
Butchart, S., Taylor, J.
BirdLife International (2016) Species factsheet: Turdus ludoviciae. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/06/2016. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2016) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/06/2016.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
Additional resources for this species
|Current IUCN Red List category||Vulnerable|
|Species name author||(Phillips, 1895)|
|Population size||6000-15000 mature individuals|
|Distribution size (breeding/resident)||12,100 km2|
|Links to further information|
|- Additional Information on this species|
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en
| 0.786997 | 683 | 3.140625 | 3 |
John Keble, born 1792, ordained Priest in 1816, tutor at Oxford from 1818 to 1823, published in 1827 a book of poems called The Christian Year, containing poems for the Sundays and Feast Days of the Church Year. The book sold many copies, and was highly effective in spreading Keble's devotional and theological views. His style was more popular then than now, but some of his poems are still in use as hymns, such the three beginning:
New every morning is the love
Sun of my soul, thou Saviour dear,
Blest are the pure in heart,
He was Professor of Poetry at Oxford from 1831 to 1841, and from 1836 until his death thirty years later he was priest of a small parish in the village of Hursley near Winchester.
On 14 July 1833, he preached the Assize Sermon at Oxford. (This sermon marks the opening of a term of the civil and criminal courts, and is officially addressed to the judges and officers of the court, exhorting them to deal justly.) His sermon was called "National Apostasy," and denounced the Nation for turning away from God, and for regarding the Church as a mere institution of society, rather than as the prophetic voice of God, commissioned by Him to warn and instruct the people.
The sermon was a nationwide sensation, and is considered to be the beginning of the religious revival known as the Tractarian Movement (so called because of a series of 90 Tracts, or pamphlets addressed to the public, which largely influenced the course of the movement) or as the Oxford Movement (not to be confused with the Oxford Group -- led by Frank Buchman and also called Moral Re-Armament, or MRA -- which came a century later and was quite different).
The Tractarians emphasized the importance of the ministry and of the sacraments as God-given ordinances. Their insistence, for example, that it was the normal practice for all Christians to receive the sacrament of Holy Communion every Sunday has influenced many Christians who would never call themselves Anglicans, let alone Tractarians. Keble translated the works of Irenaeus of Lyons (second century) and produced an edition of the works of Richard Hooker, a distinguished Anglican theologian who died in 1600. He also wrote more books of poems, and numerous hymn lyrics. Three years after his death, his friends and admirers established Keble College at Oxford.
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en
| 0.981599 | 508 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Did you ever wonder why some people have such insight into the behavior and feelings of others? Certainly, some of the great advertising execs, copywriters, and other pros seem to have it, particularly for certain groups or markets. But are these insights always accurate? It could be these individuals are projecting their own values and feelings onto other people to produce this apparent window into their emotions. Researchers have found that if you know a little about someone, and find that person similar to yourself in some way, your brain behaves very differently if you are asked about the emotional responses of that person:
Scientists from Harvard University and the University of Aberdeen in Scotland say the reason is that nerve cells, which fire during self-evaluation, also swing into action when people are asked to predict how another person might feel – if, that is, they believe the person would act similarly to them. If, however, they are convinced their peers are not of a same mind, so to speak, those neurons remain inactive…
Cells in the targeted brain regions fired when researchers asked subjects about their own views; they would also activate if such questions were followed by queries about the character with whom the volunteer most identified. There was not, however, any activity when subjects were queried about the dissimilar characters. The results, “certainly suggest that for people we perceive to be similar to us,” [Harvard’s Adrianna] Jenkins says, “we are sort of automatically bestowing upon them the rich complement of [our own] characteristics.” [From Scientific American – Politically Correct: Why Great (and Not So Great) Minds Think Alike by Nikhil Swaminathan.]
This could partly explain the affinity of voters for politicians who seem similar to themselves. A few months ago I heard an NPR interview with a black woman torn between voting for a female (Hillary Clinton) or a black (Barack Obama). My first reaction was that both were rather poor criteria – why not pick the best leader, the most experienced, the most inspiring, etc.? Perhaps, though, her dilemma was partly based on a seemingly shared emotional understanding of both candidates based on the characteristics she shared with each.
It might also explain the racial divide on the guilt of O. J. Simpson. Blacks were far more likely to consider OJ innocent than whites, despite an apparent mountain of forensic evidence suggesting his involvement; this research suggests that the blacks who had sympathy for OJ might have been projecting their own positive beliefs onto OJ. I.e., “I’d never stab two people, and I doubt if OJ would either.”
While the way our mind works may help us “understand” someone else particularly well, is that understanding real and accurate? The research shows that the smallest shared characteristic lets us create a rich understanding of the other person; unfortunately, that understanding may be entirely off the mark. Ultimately, the neuromarketing insight here is that we should use caution in our own predictions of the feelings of others, as well as in the predictions made by others.
In particular, marketers who rely on the guidance and opinions of individuals with similar characteristics to the target market should realize this similarity is a two-edged sword. While there’s no doubt that having a shared experience or background with members of the target market can yield important insights, that similarity may also lead to overconfidence in predicting their emotions and behavior.
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| 0.976036 | 706 | 2.75 | 3 |
As we reflect on another President’s Day, one can only imagine the pride someone would feel watching his/her son or daughter recite the oath of office. Parents want their children to have the best and be the best. Helping children work toward success begins with helping them build on their dreams.
For many children, dreams begin at an early age. Other children do not begin to dream of their future until they are teenagers. Regardless of the child’s age, it’s important to encourage children to dream and to take steps to reach his/her dreams.
Encourage children to discuss their dreams for the future. Ask open-ended questions that will draw them to talk about the future. Ask them what they love to do and why. Their dreams may sound impossible, but discouraging children will only damper their ambition.
Encourage young people to discover their talents. Suggest that college-bound teenagers go to “college campus” weekends to meet college staff and gain an idea of what college will be like.
Be a part of your children’s education. Let them know education is important by attending and participating in different activities at their school.
Encourage children to dream. Build their self-esteem. Let them know it is possible to achieve their dreams if they work hard enough!
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| 0.956576 | 269 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Issue Date: August 5, 2013
Water Contamination Rises In Texas After Natural Gas Drilling
Determining whether shale gas production leads to tainted groundwater is tough, in part because predrilling water quality measurements are usually lacking. But thanks to tests done in the 1990s by the Texas Water Development Board, some predrilling data are available for aquifers atop the Barnett Shale in northern Texas. Researchers comparing samples from Barnett water wells with those predrilling data report that wells near natural gas production sites have elevated levels of arsenic, selenium, and strontium (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, DOI: 10.1021/es4011724). Brian E. Fontenot of the University of Texas, Arlington, and coworkers sampled 91 water wells in the current drilling area and analyzed them with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography methods. The average arsenic, selenium, and strontium concentrations in wells within 5 km of gas production sites significantly exceed predrilling values from the area, with some wells exceeding U.S. drinking-water standards for the toxic substances. Barium concentrations, meanwhile, fell. It’s unclear whether gas production activities caused these trends, the researchers say, but the trends were less remarkable or absent in reference water wells far from gas production sites. Some wells also had methanol and ethanol, which could have come from natural sources or drilling fluids, but the researchers lack predrilling data for those substances for comparison.
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society
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| 0.897769 | 330 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Yin is sitting in his usual demeanor, calmly watching the waves of the sea. Yang is pretty excited like a child, “ What is it Yang, you seem pretty pumped up” questions Yin. “Yin I learned a lot today. Everything in the world of computers depend upon a simple logic called the Boolean Logic: True or False or rather a 1 or 0.” Yin ponders for a minute and nodding his head says “ Umm I understand….Its like the real world where everything depends on only two things truth or untruth. Yang goes on… “ There are seven simple gates I learned about, using them we can build any digital component you can imagine
” Like seven gates to heaven …. Sounds interesting… please go on“ says Yin
There are three primary gates, NOT, AND and OR gates. The NOT gate is called the inverter meaning if the input is 1 the output is 0 and vice versa. The AND gate peforms a logical “and “ operation on two inputs meaning if input A is 1 and input B is 1 the output Q is 1. But if input A is 1 and B is 0 or A is 0 and B is one or A is 0 and B is 0 resluts in a output 0. Where as the OR gate is like the logical “or” operation meaning if A is 1 or B is 1 (or both are 1) then the output Q is 1.
These are the three and its easy to know the other two gates called the NOR and the NAND gates. “Wait a minute says Yin “ . “I think I got it, does it mean t negates the output of OR gate and AND gates respectively “. “Exactly says Yang”. “There are two more called the XOR and XNOR gates. The output of XOR is 1 only if A or B is 1 and not both. XNOR gives a 1 only if both A and B are same meaning they should be either both a 0 or both a 1. “
“ Now with these basic gates adders, multipliers can be created and all the mathematical operations can be performed “. “But the most important thing you can do with these gates is make it hold on to its value meaning we can create memory out of these. A circuit which does this is generally referred as a “flip flop”. “Fascinating, Its like how we cling on to our past forgetting the now, may be there are millions of flip flops in our head says Yin ”.
“Yin it’s even more fascinating when you find out that the physical implementation of these gates is on a submicroscopic transistor etched onto silicon chips. And there are millions and millions of them on a single chip.”
"Yang I am reminded of a Zen story when you talked about the flip flop, the circuit which holds on to its value." says Yin and starts narrating the story as Yang listens attentively.
There were two monks, one old and the other young, crossing a river to reach their monastery on the other side of the bank. As they were wading through the neck deep water, the monks hear cries for help. They notice a young girl struggling against the current in the river. The Younger monk comes to her rescue and lifts her in his arms and takes her safely to the bank. The monks then retire in their monastery. Its night and the younger monk notices the older one being perturbed. He asks him the reason. The old monk tells him that he should not have done that. The younger monk asks him what. The old monk tells him being a monk he should not have carried her in his arms, for this the younger monk replies " I left her at the bank and you are still carrying her ". The old monk realizes his folly and apologizes to the younger one.
"Did you get the story Yang " quizzes Yin. "Yeah , that machines can have memory but we as humans should live in the "Now" and not carry our past". "Exactly says Yin".
Yang is in a hurry to leave. "Sorry Yin I can't wait to learn more, tomorrow I would tell you how computers work ". Yin looks at Yang and smiles "you are like the waves of the ocean excited to reach the shore, But remember you like the waves you too would calm down soon." Yang does not trouble his head to comprehend what Yin said and leaves in a hurry as Yin settles down calmly to watch the waves of the sea.
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| 0.970568 | 950 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Internet is now an integral part of contemporary life, and linguists are
increasingly studying its influence on language. In this student-friendly
guidebook, leading language authority Professor David Crystal follows on
from his landmark bestseller "Language and the Internet" and presents the
area as a new field: Internet linguistics.
In his engaging trademark style, Crystal addresses the online linguistic
issues that affect us on a daily basis, incorporating real-life examples drawn
from his own studies and personal involvement with Internet companies. He
provides new linguistic analyses of Twitter, Internet security, and online
advertising, explores the evolving multilingual character of the Internet, and
offers illuminating observations about a wide range of online behaviour, from
spam to exclamation marks.
Including many activities and suggestions for further research, this is the
essential introduction to a critical new field for students of all levels of
English language, linguistics and new media.
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en
| 0.878459 | 196 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What are some incidents that suggest or foreshadow coming danger to Sighet Jews in Night?
3 Answers | Add Yours
The Jews of Sighet chose to ignore signs that could have been viewed as warnings of approaching troubles because they didn't want to have to face the possible danger.
The first specific event that could have been seen as a signal was the deportation of foreign Jews from Sighet. If the native Hungarian Jews had identified more closely with the foreigners in their community, such as Moishe the Beadle, the forced transportation of those individuals away from Sighet would have raised concern. However, even Moishe's return and the stories he told about his experiences were not perceived as causes for alarm.
people not only refused to believe his tales, they refused to listen. Some even insinuated that he only wanted their pity, that he was imagining things.
The Jews of Sighet went on, refusing to acknowledge the possibility that Hitler might be able to carry out his threats. They felt protected by distance and by the strength of the nations fighting against the German forces. Even when Hungary was initially invaded, the Jews of Sighet convinced themselves that "The Germans will not come this far. They will stay in Budapest."
There are quite a number of events that would have served as warnings to the Jews of Sighet of the impeding danger.
It started with the expulsion of the foreign Jews from Sighet. This instance should have raised questions among the Jewish community given the atrocious events being committed against them and the war. The Jews being deported were later condemned to death after crossing into Polish territory. Moishe the Beadle, a friend and teacher to Eliezer, managed to escape and upon his return to Sighet sought to inform all the Jews of the mass murder of his companions, but none took heed. "I am alone. But I wanted to come back to warn you. Only no one is listening to me…"
When the Fascist party seized power and a new government was formed, the Jews were not worried about it. “It meant nothing more to us than a change of ministry.”
When news about the growing tension and antisemitic acts in Budapest reached Sighet, the people got concerned but were still optimistic that the Germans would not reach that far. The German army finally reached Sighet, robbed the Jews, and condemned them to misery and death.
The Germans were already in our town, the Fascists were already in power, the verdict was already out—and the Jews of Sighet were still smiling.
Another foreshadowing is through Madame Schachter's visions. In the cart on the way to the concentration camp, Madame Schachter screams that there is fire outside the window. Everyone rushes to look outside the window, only to see blackness. They start beating up Madame Schachter and then she goes back to being in despair. She yet again starts screaming about fire, and after several times, the others stop bothering.
Later when Elie and his father arrive at the concentration camp with numerous other Jews, they are put in line. They see fire, swallowing up children, babies, women, men... Fortunately they are saved before they reach the front of the line.
Madame Scachter's visions foreshadow the cruelty that the Jews would be experiencing in concentration camps.
We’ve answered 328,190 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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| 0.985798 | 707 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Dawn of the World, by C. Hart Merriam, , at sacred-texts.com
Outline of Creation Myth of the Northern Mewuk as related at Wal'le in the upper foothills immediately south of the Mokelumne River
Oo-soo'-ma-te the Grizzly Bear-woman
Hoi-ah'-ko the First People
Pe-ta'-lit-te the Little Lizard-man
Suk'-ka-de the Black Lizard-man
Yu'-kah-loo the Meadowlark-man
Followed by a corresponding myth of the Pā'-we-nan tribe of Midoo stock from Poo-soo'-ne, at the junction of the American River with the Sacramento.
OO-SOO'-MA-TE the Grizzly Bear and Hoi-ah'-ko the First People made the first Mewuk [Indian people]. When the Mewuk were made they had no hands to take hold of things. Then Pe-tā'-lit-te the Little Lizard and Suk'-ka-de the Black Lizard gave them hands with five fingers.
When the first Mewuk [Indian] died, Suk'-ka-de the Black Lizard was sorry and set to work to bring him back to life. But Yu'-kah-loo the Meadowlark came and drove him away, saying, "Mewuk ut'-tud-dah, Mewuk tuk'-tuk-ko"--meaning, People no good, people smell.
NOTE--The Pā'-we-nan, who lived on the Sacramento and Feather Rivers from the junction of American River northward nearly to the Yuba, hold a belief which, while in some respects strikingly similar, is in other respects widely different. They say:
In the beginning Hi'-kaht the great chief said that when a person died, he should come to life on the fourth day thereafter, and should live again.
Then Hool the Meadowlark-man said No; he
did not want Nis'-se-nan' [people] to live again after they were dead. He said Nis'-se-nan' were no good and by and by would smell; they had better stay dead.
Yawm the Coyote-man agreed with Hool the Meadowlark-man--he did not want people to live again; he wanted them to stay dead.
Yawm the Coyote-man had a daughter of whom he was very fond.
Hi'-kaht the great chief, after hearing Yawm say that he wanted people to stay dead after they died, went out into the brush and took a branch of a plant called Sak-ki-ak and laid it in the trail. In the night the plant turned into Koi'-maw the rattlesnake. The next morning Yawm's daughter came along the trail and Koi'-maw bit her and she died.
Yawm the Coyote-man found the dead body of his daughter and felt badly. He picked her up and said, "In four days you will come to life again."
But Hi'-kaht replied, "No, she will not come to life again. You said that when people died you wanted them to stay dead. So your daughter will stay dead and will not live again."
This is the reason why everybody stays dead after they die and nobody lives again.
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en
| 0.972058 | 716 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Date: February 28, 2006
Creator: Schnepf, Randy
Description: Since the late 1970s, U.S. policy makers at both the federal and state levels have enacted a variety of incentives, regulations, and programs to encourage the production and use of agriculture-based renewable energy. Motivations cited for these legislative initiatives include energy security concerns, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and raising domestic demand for U.S.-produced farm products. This report provides background information on farm-based energy production and how this fits into the national energy-use picture. It briefly reviews the primary agriculture-based renewable energy types and issues of concern associated with their production, particularly their economic and energy efficiencies and long-run supply. Finally, this report examines the major legislation related to farm-based energy production and use.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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en
| 0.919886 | 178 | 3.125 | 3 |
Etemenanki: name of the large temple tower in Babylon, also known as the Tower of Babel. Its Sumerian name E-temen-an-ki means "House of the foundation of heaven on earth".
The story of the Tower of Babel, found in the Biblical book of Genesis, is one of the most famous and beloved legends of mankind.
The whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Šin'âr, and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, "Come, let us make bricks and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. And they said, "Come, let us build us a city and a tower whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth."
And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower which the children of men built. And the Lord said, "Behold, the people are one and they have all one language, and this they begin to do; and now nothing will be withheld from them which they have imagined to do. Come, let Us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech." So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth; and they left off building the city.
Therefore is the name of it called Bâbel (that is "Confusion") because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth; and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.note[Genesis 11.1-9; tr. King James 21st Century.]
Let's start our discussion of the Etemenanki with some remarks about this Biblical story. The Hebrew word Bâbel, Confusion, is often used for Babylon (Akkadian Bab-ili), but this is not sufficient to prove the identification of the tower with a monument in this big city. (Imagine a legend about the unity of mankind, which is situated by scholars in Union, Connecticut.) Fortunately, the story contains a second geographical clue: the tower was erected on "a plain in the land of Šin'âr". This country is known from other books of the Bible (Isaiah 11.11 and Zechariah 5.11) and is translated as "Babylonia" in the Septuagint. So there is nothing that keeps us from identifying the Biblical building with a monument in ancient Babylon. This must be the building known as E-temen-an-ki, the 'House of the foundation of heaven on earth', a giant mountain of bricks and tiles with, on top, a temple for the god Marduk. He had a second temple in the neighborhood, the Esagila.
The ancient Babylonians called these brick mountains a ziqqurratu or ziggurat, which can be translated as "rising building" (Akkadian zaqâru, "to rise high"). This type of temple tower is the oriental equivalent of the Egyptian pyramid and just as old, although there are two differences: the ziggurat was not a tomb, and ziggurats were built well into the Seleucid age, whereas the building of pyramids came to an end after c.1640 BCE. Ziggurats played a role in the cults of many cities in ancient Mesopotamia. Archaeologists have discovered nineteen of these buildings in sixteen cities; the existence of another ten is known from literary sources.
The Etemenanki was among the largest of these, and the most important. (The largest was the shrine of Anu at Uruk, built in the third or second century BCE.) According to the Babylonian creation epic Enûma êliš the god Marduk defended the other gods against the diabolical monster Tiamat. After he had killed it, he brought order to the cosmos, built the Esagila, which was the center of the new world, and created mankind. The Etemenanki was next to the Esagila, and this means that the temple tower was erected at the center of the world, as the axis of the universe. Here, a straight line connected earth and heaven. This aspect of Babylonian cosmology is echoed in the Biblical story, where the builders say "let us build a tower whose top may reach unto heaven".
The best description of the monumental tower can be found in a cuneiform tablet from Uruk, written in 229 BCE. It is a copy of an older text and is now in the Louvre in Paris. It states that the tower was made up of seven terraces and it gives the height of the seven stocks - 91 meters all in all. The ground floor measured 91 x 91 meters, and this is confirmed by archaeological excavations conducted by Robert Koldewey after 1913 (91,48 x 91,66 m). Large stairs were discovered at the south side of the building, where a triple gate connected the Etemenanki with the Esagila. A larger gate in the east connected the Etemenanki with the sacred procession road. Seen from the triple gate, the Etemenanki must have resembled a true "stairway to heaven", because the gates on the higher terraces seemed to be standing on top of each other.
Using the archaeological data and the tablet at the Louvre, several reconstructions have been proposed. (The picture shows the most recent one, by Hansjörg Schmid.) However, there is one caveat: it is possible that the Louvre tablet describes not the real temple tower, but an idealized sanctuary - a blueprint for a Etemenanki that still has to be build, comparable to the description of the temple of Jerusalem in the Biblical book of Ezekhiel.
On the highest terrace was a temple, dedicated to the Babylonian supreme god Marduk. The Louvre tablet again offers information. There were several cult rooms: Marduk shared his room with his wife Sarpanitum, a second room offered accommodation to the scribe-god Nabû and his wife Tashmetu, and there were rooms for the water god Ea, the god of light Nusku, the god of heaven Anu, and finally Enlil, Marduk's predecessor as chief of the Mesopotamian pantheon. A seventh room was called "house of the bed" and contained a bed and a throne. A second bed was on the inner court of the temple on the highest platform of the Etemenanki. Finally, there must have been stairs to the roof. It is possible that the famous Babylonian astronomers, the Chaldaeans, did their observations at the topmost level of the building.
This is the point where another text becomes useful: the Histories by the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus (fifth century BCE). Although he probably never visited Babylon, his description of the Etemenanki tells us something about the temple ritual. (Herodotus correctly calls the supreme god of Babylon Bêl ("lord"), because his real name was not pronounced.)
The temple of Bêl, the Babylonian Zeus [...] was still in existence in my time. It has a solid central tower, one stadium square, with a second erected on top of it and then a third, and so on up to eight. All eight towers can be climbed by a spiral way running round the outside, and about half way up there are seats for those who make the ascent to rest on. On the summit of the topmost tower stands a great temple with a fine large couch in it, richly covered, and a golden table beside it. The shrine contains no image, and no one spends the night there except (if we may believe that Chaldaeans who are the priests of Bêl) one Babylonian woman, all alone, whoever it may be that the god has chosen. The Chaldaeans also say -though I do not believe them- that the god enters the temple in person and takes his rest upon the bed.note[Herodotus, Histories 1.181-2; tr. Aubrey de Sélincourt]
This account contains minor errors (the dimensions of the tower, the number of levels, the shape of the stairs) and belongs to a description of Babylon that contains grave errors. It needs to be stressed, because there are still scholars maintaining that Herodotus visited Babylon, that the Greek researcher does not claim that he has seen the Etemenanki: he merely writes that it "was still in existence" in his time. Yet, this is the only text we have that describes the ritual performed in the temple: a holy marriage, in which the god sleeps with a woman. Unfortunately, there is not a single scrap of Babylonian evidence that can be used to corroborate Herodotus' story.
Probably, we must simply ignore it. He goes on to make a comparison with a similar Egyptian ritual, and this betrays him: on several occasions, Herodotus offers comparisons between Babylonia and Egypt, and in those cases, he is always wrong and may be repeating a story told by Egyptian priests. The story about the woman and the god belongs to this category.
The Etemenanki is mentioned for the first time in the Annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib, who claims that he destroyed the temple tower of his Babylonian enemies in 689 BCE. Although he certainly sacked Babylon, it is impossible that his looting soldiers destroyed the Etemenanki. The wholesale destruction of large-scale structures is the prerogative of the modern age; ancient armies were incapable of destroying a large building.
The fact that Sennacherib could send an army against the Etemenanki, proves that it was older, and it would be remarkable if it was not so by at least 1000 years. During the reign of king Hammurabi (1792-1750), Babylonia was the leading power of Mesopotamia. In his age, there were ziggurats in lesser towns like Qatara, Aššur, Sippar, Kish, Borsippa, Nippur, Uruk, Larsa, Ur, and Eridu. It would be very strange if the capital of the world would be the only city without a ziggurat. It may be noted that the creation epic Enûma êliš with its reference to the building of the Esagila (and the implication of the existence of the Etemenanki), had already been written.
After Sennacherib, Esarhaddon was king of Assyria (680-669). He allowed the Babylonians to rebuilt their city. Another construction phase may have been after the war between the Assyrian king Aššurbanipal and his brother Šamaš-šum-ukin, the viceroy of Babylon (667-648). When Babylonia became independent under Nabopolassar (625-605), there was renewed building activity, and finally, king Nebuchadnezzar (605-562) is recorded as one of the builders. He finished the temple at the top, which was covered with a roof made of cedars from the Lebanon. The two last king have boasted that the tower "reached unto heaven" (cf. the Weidner Chronicle).
The building history suggests that the Babylonians were occupied with the construction of the tower for over a century. It is possible that the ambitious design of a tower of 92 x 92 x 92 meters was too grandiose, so that they needed as much time for their project as the medieval builders of the European cathedrals. For a long time, the tower must have looked unfinished, and this may explain how the Biblical story came into being. It is certainly possible that the sanctuary was never finished at all.
The Persian king Xerxes (r.486-465) has often been blamed for the destruction of the Etemenanki. During his reign, there were indeed two revolts (led by Bêl-šimânni and Šamaš-eriba, both in 484), and Herodotus states that Xerxes took away a large statue of a man from the Esagila. Some six centuries later, the historian Arrian of Nicomedia, the author of an important book on Alexander the Great, expanded this last piece of information to a remark about the destruction of the Etemenanki. After all, Arrian had to explain why Alexander started to rebuild the monument that was by then known as the "tomb of Belus". But his story can not be true. The continuous cult at the Esagila and Etemenanki is mentioned in cuneiform sources form the fifth and fourth centuries, and is confirmed by Herodotus (whatever his merits), who states that "the temple of Bêl [...] was still in existence in my time".
The truth must be that by the time of Alexander, the ziggurat had fallen into disrepair. Buildings made of brick easily fall apart and need permanent care in the hot climate of the Near East. There is one badly damaged source, quoted here, that suggests that the Persian king Artaxerxes IV Arses (338-336) had already decided to restore the Esagila and the Etemenanki. Behaving like a Babylonian king was supposed to do, Alexander ordered 10,000 soldiers to remove the remains of the old building. Over a period of two months (April and May 323), tiles and bricks were brought to the eastern part of the city. This time, the tower was not destroyed by an army looking for loot: it was a systematic attempt to clear the building ground.
Although the site was now cleared, the tower was never rebuilt. On 11 June, Alexander died. Civil war broke out between his generals, the Diadochi. During the next years, Babylon saw several armies, and it lasted until 309 until peace conditions were restored by Seleucus Nicator. However, he founded another capital for the new Seleucid empire, Seleucia. Babylon was never restored to its old status, and that meant the end of the attempts to rebuilt the Etemenanki - although one scribe in Uruk was still hoping for its reconstruction and wrote the Louvre tablet. The Esagila remained intact well into the first century BCE and probably even later.
Interesting detail: the Ruin of Esagila Chronicle mentions that the Seleucid crown prince Antiochus sacrificed on the remains of the Etemenanki, stumbled and fell, and angrily ordered his elephant drivers to destroy the last remains.
Arabian authors were responsible for keeping the memory of the Etemenanki alive, sometimes comparing the greatness of the ancient city with the humble town Bâbil of their own age. However, they thought that the ancient royal palace, which was the largest ruin on the site, was the tower of Babel. The inhabitants of Bâbil told the same to the first Western visitors, in the sixteenth century.
In the nineteenth century, the real Etemenanki was rediscovered by the native Arabian population. People of the nearby village wanted to create a palm garden and discovered ancient bricks when they lowered the groundwater level. German engineers understood the significance and in 1913, Robert Koldewey started the excavation of the Etemenanki. Today, only four channels can be seen; the rest of the site is overgrown with weed. A satellite photo can be found here.
- A.R. George, "E-sangil and E-temen-anki, the Archetypal Cult-centre?" in: J. Renger, Babylon: Focus mesopotamischer Geschichte, Wiege früher Gelehrsamkeit, Mythos in der Moderne (1999 Saarbrücken)
- A.R. George, "The Tower of Babel: Archaeology, History and Cuneiform Texts" Archiv für Orientforschung 51 (2005/2006) 75-95
- Caroline Janssen, Bâbil, the City of Witchcraft and Wine. The Name and Fame of Babylon in Medieval Arabic Geographical Texts (1995 Ghent)
- Hansjörg Schmid, Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon (1995 Mainz)
- Wilfried Seipel, Der Turmbau zu Babel. Band I: Der babylonische Turm in der historischen Überlieferung, der Archäologie und der Kunst (2003 Graz)
- Bert van der Spek, "'Is dit niet het grote Babylon, dat ik gebouwd heb?" in: Phoenix 36 (1990) 51-63.
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Childhood obesity is a perennial hot topic in pediatric medicine. Doctors and scientists at Children’s National Medical Center are busy combating childhood obesity on as many fronts as possible as quickly as possible, to help stem the tide of obesity and related diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
The Washington Post Health section this week profiled several families struggling with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and Children’s National experts offered their insights about how families can successfully help their children be healthier.
In "Parenting an Overweight Child can be Difficult," doctors from the Children’s National Obesity Institute talk about what they’ve learned from their patients and families about the difficulties of implementing healthier habits. Both psychologist Eleanor Mackey, PhD, and pediatrician Nazrat Mirza, MD, agree that making changes must be a family affair. One child can’t eat a special diet, the entire family needs to eat healthier, according to Dr. Mackey. And Dr. Mirza points out that the best way for a parent to encourage their child to get active is for that parent to get active too.
In "Obesity Problems Fuel Rapid Surge of Type 2 Diabetes Among Children," Fran Cogen, MD, director of the Diabetes Program and HealthCentral.com blogger, tells families struggling with type 2 diabetes to “Stamp out Guilt” and focus on making changes now for a healthier future.
Importantly, the stories above focused on the help and support available for families already struggling with obesity and its related side effects. At the same time, investigators in both the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation and the Obesity Institute--which is co-directed by Sheikh Zayed Institute investigator Evan Nadler, MD--are looking ahead through innovative research that aims to understand the genetic causes of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
This combination of research, clinical care, and community outreach is key to helping today’s families get healthier as quickly as possible, while working to uncover new ways that doctors in the future might stop childhood obesity in its tracks.
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They note that, as the stability of the family has steadily deteriorated, parents’ financial situation and their children’s future prospects have eroded.
Sadly, as Brad Wilcox, director of the National Marriage Project, has repeatedly underscored, the incidence and impact of family dissolution has taken its greatest toll among the most vulnerable Americans: those who have the fewest resources and the lowest levels of educational attainment.
While the vast majority of births to college-educated women still take place within marriage, among those with a high-school education or less, the concept of marriage and childbearing have become disconnected. For high school dropouts, 83 percent of first births are outside marriage, and, among those with only a high school degree or some college, the rate is 58 percent.
Those single mothers are far more likely to live in poverty and undergo more life stress than married peers, but the demise of the intact family also creates lasting disadvantages for their children, who are nearly 80 percent more likely to live in poverty and less likely to succeed academically and to be burdened with substantial obstacles to upward mobility.
Wilcox recently analyzed the association between educational level and family structure with three markers of success/failure of young adults: college graduation, income in early adulthood, and non-marital parenting. He found that young men and women who came from intact, married homes are at least 44 percent more likely to earn a college degree and 40 percent less likely to parent a child outside marriage. On average, they earned nearly $4,000 more per year than peers who did not live in intact families.
In sum, he found that “young adults, especially those from less-educated homes, are more likely to successfully navigate the transition to adulthood when they come from an intact, married family.”
Concerns about equality of opportunity and the prospects for upward mobility among the next generation should motivate a concerted effort in the cultural and policy arenas to promote marriage and intact, healthy families.
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Effect of Bharatnatyam Dancing on Body Composion of Bengalee Female Children
1Human Performance Analytics and Facilitation Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Obesity, defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, is on the rise including in the pediatric population in developed as well as less developed countries. As children are now fast adopting computer based activity both habitual and recreational with minimal level of physical effort, the prevalence of childhood obesity is a major concern. Indian dancing has been practised as a popular recreational activity for a long period of time. Bharatnatyam dancing is a traditional form of Indian classical dance which involves different body postures with continuous rhythmic body movements and therefore it may have some impact on body composition. A study has been undertaken in this backdrop, to assess the effect of Indian classical. Bharatanatyam dancing on body composition variables of girl children. Female individuals (12-18 year), receiving Bharatanatyam dancing training for at least a period of five years and practicing daily for an hour for 6 days in a week, constituted the Bharatanatyam dancing group (DG). Children of similar age and socioeconomic background with no regular physical activity including any form of dancing were randomly selected for constituting control group. It has been observed that training in Bharatnatyam dancing has significant (P < 0.05) favourable impact on the body composition parameters measured anthropometrically compared to the age and sex matched counterparts. It could therefore be concluded that Bharatnatyam dancing has specific beneficial impact on maintaining favourable body composition variables in children and thereby reducing the chance of obesity in adulthood.
At a glance: Figures
Keywords: childhood obesity, anthropometry, physical exercise, recreational activity, rhythmic movement
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2014 2 (1),
Received February 03, 2014; Revised February 08, 2014; Accepted February 12, 2014Copyright © 2013 Science and Education Publishing. All Rights Reserved.
Cite this article:
- Mukherjee, Shankarashis, et al. "Effect of Bharatnatyam Dancing on Body Composion of Bengalee Female Children." American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2.1 (2014): 56-59.
- Mukherjee, S. , Banerjee, N. , Chatterjee, S. , Chatterjee, S. , Chatterjee, A. , Santra, T. , & Saha, B. (2014). Effect of Bharatnatyam Dancing on Body Composion of Bengalee Female Children. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2(1), 56-59.
- Mukherjee, Shankarashis, Neepa Banerjee, Surjani Chatterjee, Sandipan Chatterjee, Ayan Chatterjee, Tanaya Santra, and Bijan Saha. "Effect of Bharatnatyam Dancing on Body Composion of Bengalee Female Children." American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2, no. 1 (2014): 56-59.
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Overweight, defined as having excess body weight for a particular body height from fat, muscle, bone, water or a combination of these factors , have become a global problem in the last decade . The scale of the obesity problem has a number of serious direct and indirect consequences for individuals and public health systems. The direct economic costs are medical costs for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment services for the obesity problem, while indirect costs relate to loss of income from decreased productivity, restricted activity, absenteeism, and bed days and lead to income loss by premature death. Together with rise in obesity in adults, the proportion of obesity in children have increased from 5% to 18% during 1980 to 2010 . Children and adolescents who are obese are at greater risk for bone and joint problems, sleep apnoea, and social and psychological problems such as stigmatization and poor self-esteem ([4, 5, 6]). The greater concern is that the risks of overweight during childhood will persist into adolescence and adulthood . The worldwide epidemic of excess weight is due to imbalance between physical activity and dietary energy intake, ective of the age of individuals. Sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, and consequent overweight and obesity markedly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases . Physical activity plays an important role in the preventing one from becoming overweight and obese in childhood, reducing thereby the risk of suffering from obesity in adulthood . Dance, a form of physical activity and a mode of exercise , performed by small groups of all ages , is a sequence of non verbal rhythmic body movements of creative nature and scope for expression. Bharatnatyam, an Indian classical dance, is a recreational activity since age old times.
It is a unique synchronization of music, rhythm and expression, where the dancer expresses the full gamut of human’s experience through aesthetics. It includes some special movements like sitting, bending, standing, twisting etc and some complex movements like jumps and taut hand gestures. Some special types of exercise or initial basic steps, referred to as ‘adavu’, are required to be learnt before performing the dance. In this backdrop, a study was undertaken to see the effect of regular Bharatnatyam dancing on body composition in children.
Initially institutions imparting training on Bharatnatyam dancing were approached and required permission was obtained. The names of initially interested volunteers were enlisted. The inclusion criteria was that the children (12-18 year) should have a minimum training of 5 years in Bharatnatyam and practice it regularly for at least an hour for 6 days in a week. Bharatnatyam dancing training for less than 5 years and being trained in other forms of exercise were considered as exclusion criteria for the study. Children of comparable age and socio-economic background, but not receiving training in any form of dance and also not exercising regularly constituted the Control Group (CG). Information about age (year), period for which individuals are receiving training in Bharatnatyam dancing, daily practicing time, nature and duration of daily activity, food habits, preliminary socio-economic condition and past incidence of major illness of self and parents were recorded in pre-designed schedule. Basic physical data like body height (cm) using Anthropometric rod with an accuracy of 0.1cm, body weight (kg) using a pre calibrated weighing scale with an accuracy of 0.1kg, with individuals in light clothing and without shoes, were measured and BMI was calculated. Waist circumference (WC), to the nearest of 0.5 cm, at the narrowest part of the iliac crest, and Hip circumference (HC), to the nearest of 0.5 cm, at the greatest circumference of the buttocks, with subjects in minimal inspiration were measured using a flexible measuring tape and waist hip ratio (WHR) was calculated. Body fat was estimated from skinfold measurement, using skin- fold calliper, obtained at three sites- tricep, subscapula and suprailiac. Obtained data were tabulated and used for further statistical analysis.
The dancing group individuals and control group individuals do not differ significantly (P > 0.05) in respect of age.
In Figure 1a the mean Body Weight of individuals of DG (42.1kg) and CG (52.2 kg) are presented and there is significant difference (P < 0.01) between DG and CG individuals in respect of Body Weight. In Figure 1b the BMI (AM ± SD) of both DG (22.0) and CG (17.9) individuals are presented and there is significant difference (P < 0.01) between DG and CG individuals in respect of BMI. The Absolute Body Fat data of DG and CG individuals are presented in Figure 1c in AM ± SD form and significant difference (P < 0.01) between DG (9.2 kg) and CG (14.2kg) individuals in respect of Absolute Body Fat in kg is observed.
The comparison between DG individuals and CG individuals is presented in respect of Waist Circumference (WC) in Figure 2a. It is observed that the WC is significantly (P < 0.01) lower in DG individuals (63.0cm) compared to their CG counterparts (70.5 cm).
In Figure 2b the Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) status is presented for DG and CG individuals; the calculated values are respectively 0.76 and 0.78. It is observed that for the WHR, the DG individuals have significantly lower value (P < 0.05) compared to their CG counterparts.
The mean body height of the DG individuals was 153.5 cm and that of CG was 154.4 cm. As per WHO guideline on height for age for girls, the height for 14year and 15 year old girls are about 156cm and 160 cm respectively . Body mass index (BMI, expressed in kg.m- 2), calculated as the ratio of subject’s body weight (in kg) to the squared stature (m), and is now considered as one of the most commonly used indicator of obesity . Children are defined as obese when BMI equals to or exceeds the age-gender-specific 95th percentile. Those with BMI equal to or exceeding the 85th but are below 95th percentiles are defined overweight and are at risk for obesity related co-morbidities . In present study, the mean BMI of DG individuals is 17.9 which is significantly lower (P < 0.01), compared to their CG counterparts with mean BMI of 22.0; the trend of result of the present study are in agreement with the findings of Wyon . The mean BMI of DG individuals is also found to be around the lower limit of the normal range of BMI values for girls aged between 5-19 years, in terms of WHO guideline; as per the latter, the BMI for 14 and 15 year old girls should be within 20 to 23.9. The favorable impact of Bharatnatyam dancing is again affirmed with assessment of the absolute body fat. The DG individuals have significantly lower (P < 0.01) absolute body fat, compared to their CG counterparts.
Waist Circumference (WC) and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) are important indicators for defining central obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. The mean WC for DG children is 63.0 cm which is significantly lower (P < 0.01) compared to their CG counterparts having mean value of 70.5 cm. Present finding that DG individuals have lower value of WC is in agreement with the works of ; the mean WC of DG individuals are much lower than the cut off limit for Asians. A similar trend is observed for the WHR.
Earlier studies have found that dancing exercise plays an important role in the prevention of becoming overweight reducing the risk of obesity in adulthood . Favorable impact of practicing Bharatnatyam dancing on body composition was observed previously in adult population , present study further affirmed that it has equally effective for female children.
On the basis of the study it could be concluded that Bharatnatyam dancing, if practiced regularly for at least an hour for 6 days in a week, has beneficial impact on maintaining favorable body composition variables, adjudged anthropometrically in children and thereby preventing the progression of onset of obesity and lower risk of suffering from specific diseases.
The authors are thankful to all the volunteers participating in the study for their cooperation and the concerned institutional authorities for their kind consent.
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Cylindrical coordinates are obtained by using
polar coordinates in a plane, and then
adding a z-axis perpendicular to the plane passing through the pole.
This gives three coordinates (r,theta,z) for any point.
Compiled by Robert L. Ward.
To transform from rectangular Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) to
cylindrical ones and back, use the following formulas:
x = r cos(theta),
y = r sin(theta),
z = z,
r = ±sqrt(x2+y2),
theta = arctan(y/x),
z = z.
The sign of r is determined by which of the values of the arctangent
function is chosen:
| Sign of x
|| Sign of y
|| Quadrant of theta
|| Sign of r |
The quadrant of theta can always be chosen to make r positive, if it
is so desired.
The most common use of cylindrical coordinates is to give the equation
of a surface of revolution. If the z-axis is taken as the axis of
revolution, then the equation will not involve theta at all.
As another kind of example, a helix has the following equations:
r = R,
z = a theta.
Sometimes a change from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates makes
computing difficult multiple integrals simpler.
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1753 - 5 December 1784
Phillis Wheatley was born in West Africa in 1753. In 1761, she was kidnapped and brought to Boston, Massachusetts, on board the slave ship Phillis (for which she was later named) and purchased by John Wheatley as a personal servant for his wife. The Wheatley family taught Phillis to read and write; she quickly mastered English, Greek and Latin. In 1770, she published her first poem, "An Elegiac Poem, on the Death of the Celebrated Divine George Whitefield." In 1773, John Wheatley's son escorted Phillis to London where her first book of poetry, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was published. In 1776, she published a poem dedicated to General George Washington, whom she met at his headquarters in Cambridge. Phillis was freed following the death of Mr. and Mrs. Wheatley, and in 1778 she married John Peters, a free black man with whom she had three children. After Peters abandoned her, Phillis and her one remaining child died in poverty on 5 December 1784.
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| 0.98591 | 229 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Am Fam Physician. 2007 Apr 1;75(7):1058.
Background: Calcium supplementation during childhood has been advocated to enhance peak bone mass and reduce the impact of age-related bone loss later in life. Childhood calcium supplementation also has been suggested for potential reduction of childhood fracture risk. Several studies have reported increases in bone mass and other positive outcomes with supplementation, but the long-term effects of calcium supplements are unclear. Winzenberg and colleagues reviewed all available evidence to establish the potential benefits of calcium supplementation in children and to determine whether any subgroups might benefit more than others.
The Study: The reviewers studied electronic databases and information on leading conferences to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of calcium supplementation that included a placebo group and provided treatment for at least three months. Other criteria for studies were selection of healthy children with no significant medical conditions or treatments affecting bone metabolism; follow-up for at least six months; and use of objective measures of bone density such as volumetric bone mineral density, bone mineral content, or ultrasound measurements of bone. Subgroup analyses included age, sex, baseline calcium intake, pubertal stage, ethnicity, physical activity, type of calcium supplement, and duration of treatment.
Results: The meta-analysis incorporated 19 RCTs with 2,859 participants three to 18 years of age. Calcium supplements of 300 to 1,200 mg per day were reported. All eligible studies used tablets or pills as the source of calcium; none used dairy foods. Studies used different body sites and techniques to measure changes in bone mineral density. Overall, a modest increase (1.7 percentage points) was found in the upper limb and in total body bone mineral content, but no effect was found at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. The effect on the upper limb persisted after supplementation ended but was unlikely to be clinically significant. Although girls seemed to benefit more than boys from supplementation, the difference was not statistically significant. None of the subgroup analyses showed any significant findings.
Conclusion: The authors conclude that calcium supplementation had little effect on bone mineral density in healthy children and that the observed slight increase in the upper limb should be interpreted with caution because of design factors in the studies and meta-analysis. They suggest more studies of supplementation with vitamin D are needed and that measures to increase fruit and vegetable intake may be more appropriate nutritional interventions.
Winzenberg T, et al. Effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in healthy children: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. October 14, 2006;333:775–8.
Copyright © 2007 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact [email protected] for copyright questions and/or permission requests.
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| 0.928079 | 648 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Recent Inventions (Feb, 1936)
• IN surveying the product of inventive genius, as it appears in the patents issued each week, it is interesting to notice the variety. Of the total, a great proportion are merely based upon previous practice, and are minor improvements, valuable, doubtless, from an economic standpoint, but of interest only to a technician. Others, which may be grasped at a glance are pictured here.
Quiet Radio Reception.
• THE patent illustrated above, in one of its numerous features, contains 110 less than 127 claims, dealing with different advances of the art. One of the features is in-dividual-ear reproduction. The listener, even though hard of hearing, has the sound directed exclusively to his ears, so that others in the room may not be disturbed.
Automatic Fish Sorter is Scientific.
Fish are handled by machinery at canneries. This machine, invented by two university students, selects those on which the Bureau of Fisheries has placed shiny metal tags, before releasing them, to determine their migratory habits.
Radiation Applied to Liquids.
• SIMILAR to inventions for converting sunlight heat into power, that below is for use in “irradiating” liquids, like fruit juices and oils, to increase the vitamins in them.
Child’s Toy is Simple Patent.
• FOR instance, above is presented an idea which is expressed in a single patent claim. It applies old methods to a new result, adding perhaps some instruction to entertainment.
• LIKE the slides in school yards and parks, but smaller, is this simple attachment to an ordinary chair, which affords baby a chance to amuse himself safely for an indefinite period, and acquire exercise at the same time.
• THE inventor of the articles at the right is a resident of Nuremberg, Germany. A single tin soldier, or even a platoon of them coupled together, will execute the “shoulder arms” at a touch of the button, as shown.
Doubling Capacity of Busses.
• WITH school conveyances in mind, the inventor of the vehicle below secures almost subway congestion, while giving each pupil a seat. Perhaps a few more could hang from the roof.
Humidity Control Meter.
• IN a thermometer, the bulb is practically constant, the mercury varies. Here the bulb expands with damp and shrinks with dry air, moving the column of mercury up and down correspondingly. It may be used to give a direct scale reading of the humidity; or as an automatic device to control a humidifier, through sealing the wires of an electric circuit into the tube.
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| 0.940449 | 544 | 2.515625 | 3 |
I've made a short video called 'The three Charlottes' to introduce three important women in the life of George III: his wife, his eldest daughter and his granddaughter, all named Charlotte. I wrote this speech to give at Casterbridge Speakers - my local Toastmasters International club where I go to improve my public speaking skills. To save you from having to look at me giving the speech, I have put together some pictures to illustrate it.
The three Charlottes
The first Charlotte is Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, who had to bear the agony of watching her husband go mad. (1)
from Memoirs of her most excellent majesty
Sophia-Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain
by John Watkins (1819)
The second Charlotte is Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda, George III’s eldest daughter, known as the Princess Royal. Princess Royal was placed in a very bad situation when her husband, the ruler of Württemberg, made peace with Napoleon, making her an enemy of her homeland.
|Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda|
from A Biographical Memoir of Frederick,
Duke of York and Albany
by John Watkins (1827)
Princess Charlotte of Wales
The third Charlotte is Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, George III’s granddaughter, whose sad, premature death left her husband and the entire country in mourning.
|Princess Charlotte |
from The Ladies' Monthly Museum
In memoriam (1817)
Read about Princess Charlotte’s marriage and death here.
(1) It is thought that George III may have been suffering from porphyria which gave the appearance of madness or he may actually have been insane. Either way, he was mentally incapacitated and became incapable of ruling.
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| 0.952577 | 370 | 2.515625 | 3 |
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
- The process of creating a duplicate copy of digital media for the purposes of examining it
- A common acronym for electronic discovery
- Digital media seized for investigation is usually referred to as an "exhibit"
- Within the field "hashing" refers to the use of hash functions (e.g. CRC, SHA1 or MD5) to verify that an "image" is identical to the source media
- A duplicate copy of some digital media created as part of the forensic process
- Synonym of "acquisition"
- live analysis
- Analysis of a piece of digital media from within itself; often used to acquire data from RAM where this would be lost upon shutting down the device
- unallocated space
- Clusters of a media partition not in use for storing any active files. They may contain pieces of files that were deleted from the file partition but not removed from the physical disk
- A term used to refer to the hashing of both source media and acquired image to verify the accuracy of the copy
- write blocker
- The common named used for a forensic disk controller, hardware used to access digital media in a read only fashion
|This content is originally from Glossary of digital forensics terms on Wikipedia. However all of the content there at the time of copying was created by User:ErrantX|
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| 0.938854 | 286 | 3.046875 | 3 |
WASHINGTON — It has been a controversial question in the home real estate market for years: Is there extra green when you buy green? Do houses with lots of energy-saving and sustainability features sell for more than houses without them? If so, by how much?
Some studies have shown that consumers' willingness to pay more for Energy Star and other green-rated homes tends to diminish during tough economic times. Others have found that green-certified houses sell for at least a modest premium over similar but less-efficient homes.
A new study involving an unusually large sample of homes sold in California between 2007 and early 2012 has documented that, holding all other variables constant, a green certification label on a house adds an average 9% to its selling value. Researchers also found something they dubbed the Prius effect: Buyers in areas where consumer sentiment in support of environmental conservation is relatively high — as measured by the percentage of hybrid auto registrations in local ZIP Codes — are more willing to pay premiums for green-certified houses than buyers in areas where hybrid registrations were lower.
The study found no significant correlations between local utility rates and consumers' willingness to pay premium prices for green-labeled homes. But it did find that in warmer parts of California, especially in the Central Valley compared with neighborhoods closer to the coast, buyers are willing to pay more for the capitalized cost savings on energy that come with a green-rated property.
The research was conducted by professors Matthew E. Kahn of UCLA and Nils Kok of Maastricht University in the Netherlands, who was a visiting scholar at UC Berkeley. Out of the 1.6-million-home-transaction sample, Kahn and Kok identified 4,321 dwellings that sold with Energy Star, LEED or GreenPoint Rated labels. They then ran statistical analyses to determine how much green labeling contributed to the selling price — eliminating all other factors contained in the real estate records, such as locational effects, school districts, crime rates, time period of sale, swimming pools and views.
Energy Star is a rating system jointly sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency that is widely used in new home construction. It rewards designs that sharply reduce operational costs in heating, cooling and water use, and improve indoor air quality.
The LEED certification was created by the private nonprofit U.S. Green Building Council and focuses on "sustainable building and development practices."
The GreenPoint Rated designation was created by a nonprofit group called Build It Green, is similar to LEED and can be used on newly constructed as well as existing homes.
The 9% average price premium from green-rated homes is roughly in line with studies conducted in Europe, where energy-efficiency labeling on houses is far more commonplace. Homes rated "A" under the European Union's system commanded a 10% average premium in one study, while dwellings with poor ratings sold for substantial discounts.
Labeling in the United States is a politically sensitive real estate issue. The National Assn. of Realtors has lobbied Congress and federal agencies to thwart adoption of any form of mandatory labeling of existing houses, arguing that an abrupt move to adopt such a system could have severely negative effects. A loss of value at resale because of labeling would be disastrous, the Realtors have argued, particularly coming out of a housing downturn in which owners across the country have lost trillions of dollars of equity since 2006.
The National Assn. of Home Builders, on the other hand, has enthusiastically embraced labeling as a selling advantage for newly constructed homes. New homes today are far more likely to be rated energy-efficient and environmentally friendly than those up for resale. But there can be an environmental downside to new homes as well: Many are in subdivisions on the periphery of metropolitan areas, and require higher fuel expenditures — and create more air pollution — because homeowners have longer commutes to work.
Kahn and Kok make no secret about where they stand on labeling: Disclosures about the green characteristics of homes make a lot of sense for buyers and sellers.
Distributed by Washington Post Writers Group
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| 0.957889 | 836 | 2.625 | 3 |
Students learn about three ways to define a term in technical writing, search the Web for scientific text, then copy and paste sections into a Word document. Finally, they use the highlighter feature of Word to highlight examples of definitions within the text.
Definitions, technical writing, interdisciplinary
Improve students' reading comprehension skills with this cross-disciplinary lesson.
Begin the lesson -- which can be taught either in the English or science classroom -- by discussing what the word "definition" means and where definitions can be found. Share that, in addition to a dictionary or glossary, definitions often can be located within the body of the text itself. Explain to students that when they're learning a new concept in science or other fields, they need to know how to identify definitions as they read an article or textbook.
Tell the class that today's assignment is to identify four ways that definitions can appear in scientific articles.
On a classroom projector or TV monitor, display The Sun-Earth Connection Web site. Read the first paragraph out loud (or have students read it silently), then explain to students that one definition is in the first paragraph of the text and ask them to find it. Students should say that corona is defined as "the sun's hot, churning atmosphere." Ask them how they know that's a definition. They should respond that the phrase "called the" helped students recognize that a definition went before and a term went after that phrase.
Next, with the class watching, copy the whole first paragraph, open a Word document, and paste the paragraph into that document. Drag your mouse over the phrase "the sun's hot, churning atmosphere, called the corona," and then select the Highligher tool from your Formatting toolbar. (The Highlighter tool has an "abc" on it and is near the font color tool. Click View>Toolbars>Formatting if you don't see the toolbar.) Click any color to highlight the phrase as an example of a definition.
Ask students to repeat the above steps as they locate five examples of definitions within the text on each of the Web sites below:
Note: The above sites were selected from physics, biology, chemistry, and astronomy Web sites, on the assumption that the lesson would be taught in an English classroom. If you're a science teacher, feel free to use Web sites appropriate for your content area. Also, the sites were selected for students in freshman or non-college prep courses. Feel free to locate more advanced topics if appropriate.
Have students complete the following steps with each article above:
When students have complete all five examples, for neatness sake, have them go to Edit>Select All, and then change the font to 10 or 12 point Times New Roman. Also remind students to type their names, the date, and any other class information at the top of the document.
When students are finished, ask for volunteers to share a few examples with the class. As they're sharing, have students identify what in the sentence structure itself indicated a definition. For example, in the second paragraph of the Sun-Earth Connection article, parentheses after the acronym SOHO contained the definition of what SOHO meant.
Ask students to go back to their Word documents, scroll to the bottom, and type:
We can locate definitions in text by the following clues: " Parentheses after a concept
Then have students add additional bullets for other clues they have found. Some examples might be:
Have students print their worksheets and turn them in when finished.
Students will be evaluated on their ability to identify types of definitions based upon highlighted texts and bulleted list.
Lesson Plan Source
LANGUAGE ARTS: English
GRADES K - 12
NL-ENG.K-12.2 Reading for Understanding
NL-ENG.K-12.3 Evaluation Strategies
NL-ENG.K-12.4 Communication Skills
NL-ENG.K-12.7 Evaluating Data
NL-ENG.K-12.8 Developing Research Skills
GRADES 9 - 12
NS.9-12.1 Science as Inquiry
NS.9-12.2 Physical Science
NS.9-12.3 Life Science
NS.9-12.4 Earth and Space Science
NS.9-12.5 Science and Technology
NS.9-12.6 Science in Personal and Social Perspectives
NS.9-12.7 History and Nature of Science
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| 0.90404 | 920 | 4.0625 | 4 |
"Rosetta Tone"-A Technical Quality Fingerprint for Audio Recordings
In the process of (repeated) re-recording of historical sound recordings the alteration of the original sound by various filtering procedures has become common practice. Therefore, historically minded re-recording engineers and archivists have been discussing for some time a so-called "Rosetta Tone", a standardized fingerprint to accompany the original analog recording to detect such alterations and to correct them back to the original sound quality. Such a tone would also facititate detection of sound alterations introduced by damage and deterioration of the sound carrier. The paper proposes such a "Rosetta Tone" in form of a digitally generated sequence of test signals designed to facilitate analysis of any signal transformation that may have occured during the processes of copying of audio recordings that are accompanied by this identification tag of their original sound quality.
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This paper costs $33 for non-members, $5 for AES members and is free for E-Library subscribers.
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| 0.942677 | 252 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The World Health Organization has announced the launch of a mass polio vaccination campaign across Africa.
The WHO says 15 countries are taking part in a drive to immunize 72 million children against the crippling disease. It says that beginning this week, vaccinators will be going door-to-door in the "highest risk" polio areas to give children under five years old two drops of oral polio vaccine.
The WHO and African governments have launched similar drives over the past two years following a series of outbreaks in west Africa and the Horn of Africa. It says the biggest current outbreaks are in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, which have 25 cases and 28 cases, respectively. Both of those countries are taking part in this week's campaign.
Other countries taking part include Ivory Coast, Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Chad, Sudan. Nigeria began immunizing children last week.
Polio was once widespread and paralyzed thousands of children each year. Today, after years of immunization campaigns, the disease remains endemic in just four countries - Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
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| 0.953125 | 233 | 2.71875 | 3 |
When I left the US in 1988 to travel in Australia, I had no idea that I would
end up working with a group of captive dolphins in Perth, the capital city of
Western Australia. Although I had been contemplating my return to University
and several years of study for my Ph.D., and had been on the lookout for a
suitable research project, I had always intended my work to be on the social
behavior of wild dolphin populations. But while I was working as a field
assistant on just such a venture up the coast from Perth at Monkey Mia, I heard
about the Atlantis Marine Park project. The Park had closed down, leaving 9
bottlenose dolphins without a home--or, at least, without a captive home. The
enterprising marine park veterinarian and research scientist, Dr. Nick Gales,
had proposed that releasing the dolphins back into the wild would be the best
option for the animals' future and would be possible given sufficient time and
funding. The owners of Atlantis Marine Park (Tokyu Corporation of Japan)
accepted his proposal and agreed to fully fund the project provided that the
release would end their financial commitment to the dolphins. The State
Government wildlife department gave its stamp of approval, and the project was
ready to begin.
Atlantis Marine Park was constructed in 1981 in Two Rocks, a small fishing
community 60 km north of Perth. The owners had hoped Perth's rapid expansion
would be accompanied by an equal growth in tourism. During the six months
prior to the Park's opening, 7 bottlenose dolphins were captured from the local
coastal population. They were trained and maintained as performance animals
for the next 10 years. Unfortunately, the hopes for Atlantis proved ahead of
their time, and the park was gradually losing money. The birth of 3 female
calves in 1988, coupled with changes in regulations for holding marine mammals,
meant that Atlantis would have to construct a larger dolphin enclosure. The
owners decided to cut their losses, and Atlantis closed down in August 1990.
At that time it was home to 9 dolphins: 6 wild born adults (3 males and 3
females) and 3 captive born juvenile females.
Dolphins had occasionally been released from marine parks, but few of these
releases had been properly conducted and documented. They had often involved
simply returning an animal to the ocean without sufficient preparation and
follow-up work. More recent release projects have involved more preparation
and follow-up effort, however, the best example being the "Welcome Home
Project" run by Drs. Randy Wells and Ken Norris in 1988-90. They had captured
2 young male bottlenose dolphins from a much- studied population in Tampa Bay,
Florida. After 2 years in captivity, the dolphins were successfully released
into their native community, where they quickly reintegrated into the wild
population and are still sighted today.
Nonetheless, the Atlantis project would be unique and important for several
reasons relevant to the possibility of future cetacean reintroductions. Not
only were we planning to release long-term captives, but also dolphins born in
captivity. We hoped that by carefully planning and documenting the
rehabilitation and release process, the project would provide baseline data and
guidelines for future releases by determining what techniques and protocol were
useful, and which aspects were unnecessary or flawed. Ultimately, we hoped to
be able to suggest ways of easing the animals back into the wild, and to
provide information about the chances of success, thus spelling out some of the
implications of the transition, not only for long-term captives no longer
required, but also for endangered species that could conceivably be bred in
captivity and released into declining populations.
The rehabilitation process to prepare the dolphins for return to the sea began
in earnest in March 1991, 6 months after the closure of Atlantis. We carefully
considered the change in lifestyle the dolphins would be undertaking and the
problems they might encounter. At sea the dolphins would have to contend with
occasional food shortages, inclement weather, hostile dolphins and disease.
They would have to navigate and move through their environment avoiding
predators inappropriate prey, humans and fishing gear. With these thoughts in
mind, coupled with advice from a host of experts, we planned a rehabilitation
program to help the dolphins recover and enhance (or, for the captive born,
develop) these natural survival skills.
Rehabilitation began in the Marine Park pools. After the closure of Atlantis
the dolphins were no longer participating in shows and most performance
behaviors were dropped from the training regimen. The trainers focused instead
on husbandry and handling behaviors which involved moving the dolphins into
different positions, asking them to present various body parts and allowing a
trainer to stroke or handle them. These behaviors are useful in assessing the
dolphins' health without causing stress and could be useful at sea for
monitoring condition. Chlorine was removed from the water to accustom the
dolphins to untreated water. Although the dolphins had no problem with this
change, algae began to take over the pool, making it difficult even to see the
dolphins. The practice was therefore discontinued.
All dolphins were freeze-branded (on both sides of their dorsal fin) with a
number 2 cm high. While dolphins are individually recognizable, it takes time
and experience to notice differences reliably, e.g. darker color, a nick out of
the dorsal fin, or a mark near the blowhole. The freeze brands would make the
dolphins instantly recognizable by local fishermen and members of the public.
Foraging skills were tested and developed by feeding the dolphins live fish
that had been caught locally, thus ensuring they would be fish species that the
dolphins would encounter at sea. From the very beginning the dolphins were able
to capture live prey, and their skills improved over time. Nonetheless there
was a lot of variability between individuals and between trials. Among the
adults the more dominant animals tended to be the most aggressive and efficient
at fish capture. One male in particular was known to be highly food motivated,
and he had the highest capture rate (he could even capture fish while he still
had several previously caught fish in his mouth!). Although the juveniles were
all able to catch fish, they did not show the same capacity as the adults.
They seemed to treat the exercise as a game and would often all chase the same
fish, competing more with each other than actually showing any ability to
forage. It was a long time before we were sure that all of the dolphins could
catch and eat live prey.
One of the more difficult changes was limiting human interaction with the
dolphins so that they would spend more time interacting with each other and
less focusing on events above water. At this time I began a study of the
social behavior of the group. I was interested in the social relationships
between individuals, how these were expressed, and whether changes would occur
through the process of rehabilitation and release. The research involved
endless hours of standing at the pool-side, recording details of interactions
between individuals, group composition and general activity. I focused my
studies on the 3 males and a colleague looked at associations among the females
and juveniles. We had to be careful not to interact with the dolphins and
encourage more human interaction at a time when it was supposed to be reduced.
This was not easy, as the dolphins were always aware of our presence. We would
often have to wait 10 to 20 minutes for them to realize that we were not there
to play, pet or feed them and then settle down and go back to their own
activities. The juveniles were particularly keen for attention and would spend
quite a bit of time peering up at us, occasionally trying out a new activity to
test our response. A favorite of their antics was to perform a behavior in
unison. Although the juveniles were never formally trained, they copied the
performance behaviors displayed by the adults during feeding sessions. Quite
often, while we were trying to record observations of natural behavior, the
juveniles would all stop, watch us for several minutes then in perfect unison
embark upon a series of tail slaps or pec waves. We did our best to ignore
them, and the dolphins would eventually return to playing and swimming among
themselves, with just occasional bouts of observing the observers.
This part of the project gave me a fascinating glimpse into the personal lives
of the dolphin group. Like any social species, the dolphins all had "friends"
and, if not enemies, those with whom they rarely interacted. Each had a "best
friend" with whom they spent most of their time and with whom they engaged in
friendly actions like rubbing and side by side swimming. Changes occurred in
these relationships, accompanied by bouts of aggression and tension in the
group. The relationships we noted were similar to those reported in wild
dolphins populations: adult females had strong bonds with their offspring and
adult males formed bonds with each other and did not tend to interact so often
with the females. Spending so much time observing the dolphins also brought
home their unique "personalities", evident in the way they interact with others
and with the trainers. For example, one juvenile (Nakita) enjoyed playing with
rings and balls. Whenever any toys were present in the pool she was guaranteed
to be in charge of them, often playing with several rings at a time. She would
even approach the dominant male to take a favorite toy away from him. Of
course we all had our favorites and, although the juveniles were the most
amusing, I had a soft spot for Rajah, one of the adult males. He was a
relatively quiet dolphin, often alone and a bit persecuted by the other males.
But he was very friendly with people and would drift by the side of the pool
for as long as you were willing to stroke him.
An additional aspect of the release was an examination of the behavioral
ecology of the local coastal population. Although bottlenose dolphin
populations have been studied around the world, there had been no previous
research around Perth. It was important to have information on the behavior,
ranging patterns, and foraging strategies of local wild dolphins in order to
determine whether or not the Atlantis dolphins were integrating properly. A
survey project began in March 1991 and continued through June 1993, using
photographic surveys to collect information on dolphin group size, structure
and composition, general activity, range and association patterns.
The next stage involved moving the dolphins to a large sea pen in the Two Rocks
marina. This was to serve as a "halfway house" where the dolphins could
experience a vast increase in living space and could acclimatize to features of
life at sea: fresh sea water, fish and vegetation species and limestone reef.
Two new behaviors were introduced; response to an underwater recall signal and
following or bow riding with the research boat. While these behaviors are not
necessary for life in the wild, we hoped they would aid us in finding and
monitoring the dolphins after release. We also hoped to reduce the stress of
release by leading the dolphins out on excursions, venturing further and
further from home base, allowing them to gradually become accustomed to the
The dolphins were moved to the sea pen in October 1991 and adapted quickly to
their surroundings. All seemed eager to follow and interact with the boats.
The close relationships identified at Atlantis persisted between the females
and their offspring and between 2 males. The live fish trials were discontinued
in the sea pen because the size of the pen and lack of clarity of the water
made it impossible to determine who was catching fish. A local fishing company
donated a 1 ton school of yellowtail that were released into the sea pen in the
hopes that the dolphins would naturally forage from the school. Unfortunately,
the dolphins by and large ignored the fish school, although they would catch
and eat fish that were tossed near them. The school, however, did decrease
over time, and coincidentally the local cormorant population simultaneously
boomed! It is possible that the yellowtail were too small -- all were less
than 6 inches in length -- to be worth the effort of chasing, considering that
the dolphins were still receiving their normal daily allotment of fish. An
addition to the group came in November 1992 when an adult female (Mila) gave
birth to a male calf.
The final preparation involved fitting the adults with radio transmitters so
that we would be able to locate the dolphins at sea. The transmitters chosen
were about the size of a matchbox with a flexible antenna that would extend the
length of the dorsal fin. The whole package weighed 101 g. We carefully
observed the dolphins for several days to ensure there were no physical
problems with the attachment site or with inhibition of normal activity.
Transmitters were not attached to the juveniles as we did not want to add any
stress to the young, growing animals. We also hoped that the juveniles would
remain with the females a least in the early stages of the release. Dolphin
group structure in the wild is fluid, meaning that group size and composition
changes regularly. However, some individuals are often seen together
regularly, e.g. females and their offspring, and pairs of males who form long
term bonds. While we did not expect the Atlantis dolphins to remain together
permanently at sea, we hoped that some of the associations noted in captivity
We finally decided the dolphins were ready for release, and the gates to the
enclosure were removed on 14 January 1992 (mid summer in Australia). After
this time the dolphins had free access to the marina and the ocean beyond.
Initially, however, they displayed little or no interest and had to be coaxed
through the gates. Feeding sessions took the form of brief boat excursions
leading the dolphins out of the sea pen and around the marina until they left
the boat and returned to the pen.
The very next day Rajah accompanied the boat out of the marina where he left us
behind, heading out to sea. We gathered our tracking gear and set off in
pursuit for a very exhilarating 3 hours. During that time Rajah was seen
interacting with 2 different groups of wild dolphins. While the first was only
a brief encounter, Rajah changed direction and joined the second group
(consisting of 1 adult, 2 juveniles and a female and calf). Rajah remained
close to the 2 juveniles, occasionally synchronously surfacing with them and
engaging in friendly tactile interactions. Interestingly enough Rajah was
always the first to surface after a dive, sometimes coming up for several
breaths before the rest of the group, an indication that his fitness level may
not have been quite up to that of wild dolphins accustomed to regularly
travelling long distances.
After an hour Rajah again changed direction and left the group. Due to
worsening weather conditions we had to leave him shortly afterward. We didn't
see Rajah again for 10 days after this promising start, but received reports of
his whereabouts and heard his radio signal twice. He traveled 75 km south
where he remained in a large bay for several days before traveling 150 km
north, where he was sighted at a beach. The following day (10 days after
leaving the sea pen) he was found outside the Two Rocks Marina interacting with
several children on the rock wall. He approached our boat so eagerly that we
though he might jump aboard, and then followed us into the sea pen. Upon
closer examination it was obvious that Rajah had lost a great deal of weight
during his 10 days at large- 18 kg, or 10.8% of his pre-release weight. He
also had several scratches on his belly and tongue, indicating that he had not
been foraging properly and perhaps had been trying to eat such inappropriate
prey as spiny fish or lobster. Rajah was reinstated in the sea pen in order
that he regain condition.
In the meantime the remainder of the dolphins had left together on 16 January
with the exception of one of the juveniles (Echo) who was found alone in the
marina. She was subsequently captured and reunited with the group at sea. We
followed the dolphins for 9 hours that day, during which time they traveled 18
km north, milled near a reef then turned back to the south. Initially the
dolphins' behavior was rather erratic and none would approach the boats.
However, after several hours at sea they appeared much calmer, slowed down to a
slow and steady travel pace and occasionally approached us, though not in
response to the underwater signal.
The first inkling of trouble came the next day. The dolphins were located
readily enough, some 45 km south where they spent most of the afternoon milling
near a beach. Due to rough weather we could not stay at sea, but monitored as
best we could from land. Reports were received of the dolphins interacting
with people on the beach, and of the new born calf being helped into deeper
water on several occasions after nearly beaching himself. One final check on
the group at the end of the day revealed that a split had occurred; one of the
juveniles and the two males were no longer present.
The next few weeks involved many hours of boat time and worry as the group
disintegrated further and individuals proved more and more difficult to locate.
Unfortunately, once the juveniles left the adults, we could not find them save
for happening on them at sea or by reports from the public. Thus two of the
juveniles went missing within the first week and were not re-located. One
other juvenile (Echo) also left the group but was regularly sighted visiting
beaches. We finally caught up with her after 8 days at sea. She was obviously
losing weight and not making much effort to forage, but spending most of each
day at beaches and rock jetties interacting with people. We recaptured her and
returned her to the sea pen where she was reunited with Rajah. She had lost 10
kg or 8.5% of her body weight in those 8 days at sea.
After this time we were only able to locate the two adult males and Mila with
her new born calf. The two males stayed together for at least 8 days (a record
for the group) and traveled as far as 75 km south of Two Rocks before going
their separate ways. One of the males was re-sighted when he joined up with
Mila and her new born calf for three days, before moving off on his own. He
has not been sighted since that time (18 days post-release).
The other male ventured south, and was found over 350 km away on his 17th day
at sea. He was sighted in this area for a further two weeks, often by divers
and people at beaches. Although no one on the research team actually saw him,
we heard his radio signal several times and received video footage of his last
two encounters which showed that his appearance was fine and indicated good
health. However, he has not been seen or heard from since 16 February 1992
(one month after leaving the sea pen).
That left us with just Mila and her new born calf to worry about. They were
regularly sighted 25 to 35 km south of Two Rocks after the group disintegrated
and it became obvious that both were losing weight. The decision was made to
feed Mila from our boat, but after four weeks at sea her calf went missing and
can be presumed dead. At about the same time Mila's radio tag failed, making
it very difficult for us to find her. However, she began approaching and
following fishing boats, presumably begging for fish, and we were able to track
her down with the help of local fishermen. When we found Mila again her
condition had improved slightly, but she was still underweight and her choice
of foraging methods -- following boats and accepting fish handouts -- was
considered inappropriate, potentially dangerous, and evidence that she was not
integrating properly into the wild. Mila was never seen interacting with wild
dolphins, although on several occasions groups were nearby. We decided to
recapture her and return her to the sea pen with Rajah and Echo. This was
accomplished on 28 February. After 44 days at sea Mila showed a weight loss of
23 kg (15% of her pre release weight) despite receiving substantial fish
handouts during the last two weeks.
After 28 February 1992, none of the Atlantis dolphins were encountered at sea
again. We continued boat surveys for a further 16 months and used the radio
tracking equipment for the first two months of this. Several aerial surveys
were conducted covering up to 700 km in either direction of the release
site-but no signals were heard. We continued to receive reports from the
public and examined them as far as possible. Unfortunately many turned out to
be inconclusive or inaccurate. Although public reports can be a useful aid,
they are often unreliable. We only accepted as conclusive those reports
corroborated by a research team member, photographs or video footage. However,
in May 1992 we received some promising reports of a dolphin, sighted 981 km
north of Perth, bearing a striking resemblance to one of the released adults.
A similar report was received in September from a further 200 km up the coast,
however, neither of these sightings could be corroborated as we would have
The three animals returned to captivity were restored to peak condition by the
end of May 1992. A new home had to be found for them as we considered that
they could not be successfully or humanely released. Not only did we lack
sufficient resources for tracking at sea, but their difficulties in the first
trial proved they were not well adjusted for life in the wild. Fortunately a
local aquarium, UnderWater World, decided they would like to expand and to
include the dolphins among their exhibits. A new sea pen was constructed in
Hillary's Marina and the dolphins moved to this new location, where they
remain. The dolphins participate in several educational shows daily and have
recently been involved in a swim-with-people program. The females have each
given birth to a calf and all have remained healthy in their new home. A wild
dolphin regularly visits the enclosure, often spending hours swimming and
drifting near the net.
It is difficult to assess the success or otherwise of our project. I would
like to be optimistic and to think that the other five released dolphins are
healthy and have integrated completely into the wild population. More
realistically, it is likely that at least some of them had problems foraging
and integrating into wild groups. In either case, we can be sure of the
lessons that we learned, and of their applicability to future marine mammal
releases. First, we learned that not all animals are suitable candidates for
release into the wild. Length of time in captivity, captive conditions,
medical history and a dolphin's behavioral tendencies all affect the likelihood
of successful release. To even try to release some candidates will mean
placing them under severe stress and discomfort, or risking mortality.
Second, we found that it is crucial to ensure that natural survival skills have
been honed sufficiently. Long-term practice of foraging skills in a natural
location is essential. In our release, at least three dolphins had indicated
in captivity that they had a capacity for pursuing and catching fish, yet
failed to do so adequately in the wild. We shall never know whether the
problem was with locating, recognizing or catching prey. Supplementary feeding
is often used to help animals through the early stages of a release but this
might not be appropriate for dolphins, as we found with Mila. Feeding her from
our boat seemed to encourage her to view boats as a food resource and to
approach and beg indiscriminately, a behavior which placed her at risk.
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, any release must have available
sufficient technology to track animals after release in order to ensure their
well being. Only with proper tracking technology is it possible to undertake
even minimal health and behavior assessments and to step in if needed. In this
study, funding limitations and the state of tracking technology prevented us
from reliably locating the dolphins for any length of time. Technology has
since improved and satellite tags (which are ideal for long term tracking) can
be attached to dolphins.
Working on this project gave me some invaluable experiences. I had the
opportunity to work closely with a species I find fascinating in circumstances
where interaction was not only allowed, but inevitable. The project gave me
the opportunity to develop and clarify my ideas about captivity, reintroduction
and aspects of animal ethics. I found that my views on and appreciation of
reintroduction, captive conditions and captive research changed. Like so many
others, I do not like to see animals confined in captivity, even though I
appreciate the contribution of captive animals to our knowledge about dolphin
health, physiology and husbandry. My experience with the Atlantis dolphins
taught me that there is much to be learned from studying behavior in captivity.
Having dolphins maintained in a small area with the same group members allows a
much closer examination of specific behaviors and social interactions. A
colleague and I were able to identify strong associations between individuals
and postulate some theories which might be tested in the case of wild dolphin
social patterns. We were also able to identify changes in associations and
aggressive interactions that might have been involved in health problems
experienced by the dolphins. Thus monitoring behavior in captivity not only
teaches us about dolphins' social lives, but also about how best to monitor
health and improve captive care. I left the project with a much more positive
attitude towards captive research.
My involvement in this project also changed my attitude and perception of
releasing captive animals into the wild. Initially I strongly favored release,
believing that to return animals to their natural habitat after years of
confinement was an admirable goal as it seemed to guarantee improvement in
living situation and welfare. But as the release developed and I was faced
with the difficulties encountered by the dolphins and their obvious decline in
welfare, my attitude changed. Was release really in the dolphins' best
interests? We talk about animal welfare and animal well being and (although
there are a variety of definitions), mean that animals should be dealt with
humanely, that they must not be made to suffer or die unnecessarily and, that
any causes of suffering must be minimized. But the entire release process is
bound to be full of intense stresses and potential risk of mortality, higher
than the risks incurred in captivity.
I believe that we take on responsibilities for animals brought into captivity
so that, as long as they are in our care, we are responsible for maintaining
their health to the best of our abilities. In the case of release this
responsibility remains until the animal can demonstrate an ability to survive
independent of human care. This means ensuring that projects maximize the
chances of survival post release, minimize the risks and stresses encountered,
and ensure through post release monitoring that the animal is truly capable of
independence (even if this means introducing moderate stressors along the way
to help condition the animal for its new environment).
There is much public pressure at the moment for the release of cetaceans from
captivity, most notably in the case of killer whales such as Keiko of "Free
Willy" fame. While the intuitive appeal of an animal's living in the wild has
been used to encourage support for such releases, I believe that the results of
our study show just how circumspect we must be. It is not the case that an
animal's welfare is automatically increased, especially not in the early period
post-release. Unless there is virtual certainty of success (including adequate
funding and technology, selection of appropriate candidates and a careful plan
for rehabilitation and post-release monitoring) it might be best that the
animal remains in captivity.
Kelly Waples is a recent graduate of Texas A&M University where
completed her Ph.D. studying the reintroduction of bottlenose dolphins
from Atlantis Marine Park, Western Australia. She is originally from
California where she studied at University of California, Santa Cruz and
developed her enthusiasm for marine sciences and the study of dolphin
behavior. She has worked on a variety of projects involving marine
mammals at Monterey Bay, California, Vancouver Island, Canada, Kaikoura,
New Zealand and Monkey Mia, Australia. She spent 3 years in Australia
conducting her Ph.D. research. She currently lives in England.
The Rehabilitation and Release of Bottlenose Dolphins from Atlantis Marine
Park, Western Australia. N. Gales and K. Waples. 1993. Aquatic Mammals.
Vol. 19: 49-59.
Ethical Issues in the Release of Animals From Captivity. 1997. K. Waples and
C. Stagoll. Bioscience. Vol. 47: 115-121.
The Private Lives of Dolphins- Studying Behavior at Brookfield Zoo's Seven Seas
Panorama. A. Samuels. 1988. Bison, Brookfield Zoo. Vol 3(1) 23-29.
Return to the Wild...An option for Managing Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins. R.
Brill. 1995. Soundings: Magazine of the International Animal Trainers
Association Vol. 20(3) 5-6, 19-20.
Reintroduction into the Wild as an Option for Managing Navy Marine Mammals. R.
Brill and W. A. Friedl. 1993. Technical Report 1549 for NRaD, Naval Command,
Control and Ocean Surveillance Center RDT&E Division, an Diego, CA
Reintroducing "Dolphins Into the Wild- Current Developments. J. Dineley.
1994. International Zoo News. Vol. 41(3) 13-16
Dolphin Chronicles C. Howard. 1995. Bantam Books, New York, NY.
Behind the Dolphin Smile. R. O'Barry. 1988. Alonquin Books, Chapel Hill,
Into the Blue. V. McKenna. 1992 Harper Collins Publishers, San Francisco,
The Dolphins Swim Free. 1994. M. Rogers. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, NSW,
viewer discussion .
the debate .
inside seaworld .
other captive orcas .
ted griffin .
navy dolphins .
man & marine mammals .
press reaction .
tapes & transcripts
web site copyright 1995-2014
WGBH educational foundation
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By Anne Gaffney
Onondaga Country Public Library
The theme of this year's Children's Book Fest is "Read, Reuse, Recycle," and the lead agency for the event is United Way Success by 6 Initiative. The activities are 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Oct. 23 from at Hughes Elementary School, 345 Jamesville Ave.
Learn about ecology and literacy. Meet children's authors, hear stories and do crafts. The Onondaga County Public Library is participating in the Children's Book Fest and is also a source for materials on ecology and green living.
Find these items and more in your local public library by going to the library catalog at: www.onlib.org.
"Compost Stew: An A-Z Recipe for the Earth," by Mary McKenna Siddals. The recipe for "compost stew" is presented with bright pictures and a rhyming tone for young readers.
"The Earth Book," by Todd Parr, reminds children that the little things they do will make a difference for our earth. Big issues are explained in a simpler way with cause and effect out comes.
"Giving Thanks: A Native American Good Morning Message," by Jake Swamp. The beautifully illustrated book is a Mohawk prayer, giving thanks for the natural world around us.
"The Lorax," by Dr. Seuss. This book contains Dr. Seuss' word play, and zany illustrations, and is a cautionary tale of depleting the Earth. The book was first published in 1971.
"Green Living No Action Too Small," by Lucia Raatma. A juvenile non-fiction book that explains some of the problems in our environment and small things children can do to help make improvements in our world. Even planting a tree or turning off a light can help.
"Recycle this Book: 100 Top Children's Authors Tell You How to Go Green," edited by Dan Gutman. These children's authors give kids ideas for helping to save the planet. Jane Yolen suggests eating "Cold Pizza for Breakfast," in her promotion of eating leftovers, while Syracuse author Bruce Coville suggests, "watching one less hour of TV per day."
"Curious George Goes Green," (DVD by PBS Kids), George is ready to help the environment by recycling and gardening with a little help from his friends.
Anne Gaffney is a floating librarian at Central Library and in the Syracuse city branches of the Onondaga County Public Library system.
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The symbol of 'a woman riding a beast' is now widespead, and particularly in the European Union. For example, it is seen:
The EU Europa series banknotes (commenced 2013) show Europa's face as a watermark and as a hologram.
Europa carried away by a bull
(German Maritime Museum)
Image courtesy Hannes Grobe.
EU commemorative coin showing
Europa and the bull
Image courtesy European Central Bank
EU flag: the 12 stars probably have
deep Roman Catholic significance
EUROPE: MANY TONGUES ONE VOICE
The EU Parliament building, Strasbourg
Image courtesy Lukas Riebling.
Pergamon Altar, Pergamon Museum, Berlin
Image courtesy Raimond Spekking.
Ishtar Gate, Pergamon Museum, Berlin
Image courtesy Rictor Norton.
Creative Commons License
The following video highlights many of the points discussed on this page.
End Times - Summary
End Time Signs
The True End Time Church
Electronic ID - Human Implants
Middle East War
Israel - its Purpose
Equality Law & End Times
Roman Catholicism - Babylon?
Climate Change - IPCC
Climate Change - Hoax
Prophecy Coming True
God Judging Nations
Second Coming of Christ
End Times - Indepth Study
End Times - The Millennium
Apologetics - Summary
Abortion: Facts & Ethics
Truth - What is it?
Truth - The Source
Laws of Life
Paths of Life
Pluralism - Ways to God
Entry to Heaven
After Death - What?
Israel's Legal Borders
Israel Goods Boycott
The Palestinian Problem
Reality - Verify the Bible
Morality & Ethics
Age of the Earth
Biblical Dating of Earth
Young Earth Creationism
God's Amazing Design
Atheism is Illogical
Evolution - the Truth
It's God's Weather
A Hurting World - Suffering
Religion Is Bad News
Steps You Should Take
Gifts For You
Promises For You
Adam: real or symbolic?
The Persecuted Church
Authority in Christ
Browse the Bible
How did Europe gets its name? Is there some prophetic significance in the name or its origin?
Let's consider a little Greek mythology. The favoured story goes that Europa, a Phoenician woman of high lineage, was seduced by the god Zeus and carried away to Crete. Zeus did this by disguising himself as a beautiful white bull and coaxing Europa to climb onto his back. Once there, he carried her off into the sea and on to Crete, where he raped her. Europa then became the first queen of Crete. The Romans adopted the myth but substituted their god Jupiter for Zeus.
It is claimed that Europa later stood for mainland Greece (recall Crete is an island off the SE corner of Greece) and then to lands north of Greece. Certainly, 'Europa seated on a bull' has been a motif in European art since Greco-Roman times, and in the eighth century Europa gained ecclesiastical usage under Charlemagne. Today, Europe is called Europa in the German language and in most other Germanic languages (except English). The actual term 'Europe' is generally derived from the Greek 'eurys' (broad) and 'ops' (face), which is an allusion to 'the broad face of the earth'. The strong Greek connection could be very significant in that Greece could be the country of origin of the final world dictator (see below).
Why is the Europa symbol (a woman on a beast) so widespread? Is it merely symbolising Europe or is there prophetic significance? Consider:
"... and I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast, full of blasphemous names, having seven heads and ten horns."
This prophecy refers to the end time world system, and a common interpretation is that the woman symbolises an 'ecclesiastical Babylon' and the beast symbolises a 'political and commercial Babylon'. Revelation 17 describes the woman as 'Babylon the Great' whilst Rev 18 describes the fall of a commercial Babylon. In simplistic terms, a corrupt apostate church rides (and therefore by implication, controls) a corrupt and brutal political and commercial system. If Europa (Europe) really is a fulfillment of this prophecy then there must be other signs.
Do we see an 'ecclesiastical Babylon' in Europe? The European Union (EU) flag comprises 12 golden stars on a blue background. Officially it is claimed that the circle of 12 stars represents 'solidarity and harmony between the peoples of Europe', the number 12 denoting 'perfection, completeness and unity' (in the Bible, 12 denotes 'governmental perfection').
An alternative explanation is that the flag was inspired by the halo of 12 stars around Catholic pictures of the Madonna and is an interpretation of Revelation 12.1. The Catholic church claims that the woman in Revelation represents the Virgin Mary or 'Mother of God', whereas Rev 12.1 actually refers to the woman 'Israel' and the 12 tribes of Israel. The EU flag could therefore have strong Roman Catholic significance and the 'ecclesiastical Babylon' could be be Vatican centred. The Bible supports this idea. For example, Rev 17.9 says that the woman sits on 'seven mountains' (ancient Rome was built on seven hills) and is clothed in purple and scarlet (Cardinals dress in scarlet or red and Bishops dress in purple).
In what sense is the woman riding the beast? It interesting that the Vatican is recognised at the UN as a sovereign state and the Pope has full rights as head of state to address the UN General Assembly. The Vatican can therefore influence debate at the highest level. Also, the Vatican has diplomatic relations with many nations and affects the laws of these nations.
Revelation 17.5 describes the woman as 'mother of harlots'. In the spiritual sense a harlot is one who commits spiritual fornication i.e. a church which leaves fundamental biblical teaching and compromises with the world. The Vatican has done this through interfaith meetings, where 'God' but not Jesus Christ is centre stage.
Chrislam is a prime example of such apostasy, where Christianity and Islam are merged.
Today, Christians, Muslims and Jews plan to build a place where they can all worship (initially at least, in separate rooms). They want a building to combine a church, a synagogue and a mosque under one roof. It is called 'House of One'. Where? In Berlin! Moreover, the Vatican actively supports Chrislam.
Babylon originated as the city of Babel and quickly degenerated into idolatry. Babel is well known for its (unfinished) tower, Nimrod's monument to the greatness of man rather than God. Today, the EU Parliament building in Strasbourg is modelled on this biblical structure, with a clear 'unfinished' appearance. An EU poster, known as 'the construction site poster', showed a painting of the partly constructed tower of Babel, with a crane in the background. It showed inverted stars above the tower (an inverted star is a witchcraft symbol) and the logo was 'EUROPE: MANY TONGUES ONE VOICE'. This glorification of man and unification against God is precisely why God destroyed man's efforts in Gen 11. A repeat performance is prophesied at the end of the age.
Berlin's Pergamon Museum exhibits ancient treasures such as the Pergamon Altar and Babylon's Ishtar Gate. The museum's objective is to exhibit major cultures such as those of Egypt, Mesopotamia (Babylon), Greece and Rome (note that these are the precise kingdoms seen by Daniel in his vision of the great statue - Dan 2). The Pergamon Altar (built 2nd century BC) was dedicated to Zeus and the freeze under the altar represents the struggle of gods and giants. It was destroyed during the first century AD, but was excavated by German archaeologists in the late 1800's and reconstructed in Berlin.
In 1913 German archaeologists found the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way in well preserved condition and began bringing the material back to Berlin. They were finally set up in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.
The fact that these archaeological treasures are now restored (and idolised) in Europe is significant. In Roman times Pergamum (Pergamon), located in Western Turkey, was the centre of the imperial religion, and Christ saw it as the seat of the power of evil i.e. "Satan's throne" (Rev 2.13). This is because the God-given power of the State had been harnessed to the blasphemous worship of man (the emperor), and those not loyal to the State were executed (Rev 2.13). So a building central to Satan's throne now stands virtually complete in Berlin! This monument came from a city where man not God was worshipped.
Also in the Pergamon Museum is the reconstructed Ishtar Gate. This was the gateway to go to the Temple of Ishtar in Babylon. When the Jews went into captivity they passed through this gate. It had pictures of 337 demons, the Babylonian snake-gods. Since 337 in Hebrew numerology means 'Hell on Earth', the Jews called this gate the 'Gateway to Hell'.
Why are these biblically Satanic monuments now residing in Europe? Is it significant that the Lisbon Treaty (formerly the EU Constitution) omits reference to God or Christianity (see also Reject the Lisbon Treaty)? Is Europe preparing the seat of the final world dictator in Rev 13 - a man who will demand to be worshipped as God? An alternative and plausible view is that these Satanic artifacts will be reclaimed by Turkey to be resited at Pergamum, the biblical location of Satan's throne (Rev 2.12,13).
Do we see a 'political and commercial Babylon' in Europe? Today, the EU is very much a political system, although it lacks democracy. The EU Commission is an unelected body of people (one for each member country) appointed by national governments for 5 years. The Commission President has very significant power. It meets in secret and enjoys a substantial degree of independence in exercising its powers. It has the right to propose legislation, and it does not take instructions from any national EU government!
"We need to build a United States of Europe with the Commission as government" [Viviane Reding, EU Commission, Jan 2014]
This would give the EU Commission supremacy over national governments.
The EU Council (which is also unelected by EU citizens and meets in secret) is the EU's main decision-making body i.e. it makes EU policy. The 2009 Lisbon Treaty created a permanent President of the EU Council, the stated objective being 'to give the EU strategic leadership on the world stage'.
The EU Parliament (officially based in Strasbourg) is elected collectively by EU citizens but unlike national parliaments it does not have powers to initiate new laws; it can only accept, reject or put forward amendments to laws proposed by the Commission. According to the 2009 Lisbon Treaty, the maximum number of members (MEPs) or seats in the European Parliament is 751, although the actual number fluctuates. With such a large number of MEPs, the Parliament claims to be the second largest democratic electorate in the world (after India). But if the Parliament cannot initiate laws, isn't this a phoney democracy? Moreover, some claim that seat number 666 is vacant!
Essentially then, the unelected Commission proposes new laws, and the Parliament and Council adopt them. The laws come down to member states as directives and they are helpless to amend or reject them. Directives must be incorporated into Member State law. To many, a political system which behaves in this way is a dictatorship! Read more at inconvenient EU truths.
EU law is enforced by the European Police Office (Europol) - the EU criminal intelligence agency. Europol is nationally invasive, spanning all 28 member states. For example, under EU law (Corpus Juris) an EU citizen can be arrested and imprisoned without anyone having to produce evidence against them, whilst EU protocol on the privileges and immunities of Europol employees gives them immunity from prosecution. In the UK, Europol now has unfettered access to political affiliation, routine, places frequented, DNA, tax obligations, voiceprints, and sexual preference of individuals for purposes of collecting criminal information. The EU is also developing its own army (initially 60,000 strong), independent of NATO.
Given what is essentially an EU political dictatorship with several powerful Presidents, an increasingly invasive EU police force, and a fledgling EU army, we might ask if these are the seeds of the end time dictatorship prophesied in Rev 13?
What about the commercial aspects? Babylon was a city of glory and splendour, and was the chief commercial city of the Tigris-Euphrates region. The end time Babylon has similar commercial ambitions. The EUís common trade policy operates at two levels. Firstly, within the World Trade Organisation (WTO), it is actively involved in setting the rules for the multilateral system of global trade (as such it is one of the key players in the WTO).
Secondly, the EU negotiates its own bilateral trade agreements with countries or regional groups of countries. For example, the EU and America are each other's main trading partners, and they exchange about 1.7 billion euros in trade each day! They are the largest players in global trade and together account for 57% of world GDP. Also, the EU is India's largest trading partner and China is the EU's second largest trading partner after the US. The enlarged EU of 28 member states is now China's largest export market. Clearly, the EU is rivalling America in terms of trade and may well be the leader of the commercial Babylon seen in Rev 18.
So is the European Union part of the end time scenario prophesied in the Bible? Is it even the leader of this end time World Government? Is it the 'revived Roman Empire' seen by many in Bible prophecy? Let's summarise some facts:
Bible prophecy describes just four world empires that dominate Israel before Christ returns. These are symbolised by parts of a great statue in Nebuchadnezzar's dream (Dan 2.31-35). The legs and feet of the statue symbolise the historic Roman Empire, but also an end-time Revived Roman Empire. From the foregoing discussion, there are strong indications that the EU is at least the forerunner of this final world empire or government.
As the Revived Roman Empire is being set up, God sets up another, everlasting kingdom that will replace it! In fact, this kingdom will utterly crush the final world empire:
"In the days of those kings (days of the final world government) the God of heaven will set up a kingdom ... (that will) crush and put an end to all these kingdoms ..." (Dan 2.44)
On this prophetic interpretation, the EU and any subsequent form it might take, will be utterly destroyed at the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.
A New World Order or World Government is rapidly emerging. It is possible that the leader of this end time system, the coming 'man of lawlessness' (2 Thes 2.3), could arise from a region spanned by the historic Roman Empire, specifically SE Europe or the northern Middle East (Greece - Turkey - Syria - Iraq) - see world government. And the above study suggests that, if not in the Middle East, then Europe, even Germany, could be the seat of his power! The essential key is the Babylon-Nimrod connection (Nimrod was the first anti-God leader). You can investigate this further by looking at the total end time scenario; see The Last Years of this Age.
Whatever your viewpoint on the EU, the Bible says there are Steps You Must Take. It warns that you must give your life to Christ and not to the coming World Government!
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Designing A Hummingbird Garden: 15 Ways to Keep Them Coming
Hummingbirds prefer openings in the forest and forest edge, and so are readily drawn to suburban and rural gardens that offer a mix of tall trees, shrubs, and patches of meadow and lawn. They are less likely to frequent cities, perhaps because they find fewer flowering plants for food and trees for nesting. Yet even in the largest cities, hummingbirds occupy parks and sometimes visit window boxes or rooftop gardens planted with bright flowers, especially during migration.
Once hummingbirds discover your property, the same individuals are likely to return each year at about the same time; they are remarkable creatures of habit. The number of hummingbirds that frequent your yard is closely linked to the abundance of food, water, nesting sites, and perches. Following are 15 practical Steps you can take to create an ideal hummingbird garden.
Draw a sketch of your yard, indicating the location of the house and outbuildings such as garages and tool sheds. Include trees, shrubs, existing flower beds, and other features likely to benefit hummingbirds. Work with these existing features, enhancing them with additional plantings.
Using your landscape sketch, find a good spot to be the focus of your hummingbird garden. A site near a window or patio door will give you a front seat on the action. Hummingbird gardens need not be large—even a flower box or trellis will do. Gardens planted exclusively with hummingbird plants will attract more birds, but even a few choice plants added to existing gardens will feed some hummers.
Think vertically when planning your hummingbird garden. Use trellises, trees, garden sheds, or other structures to support climbing vines; add window boxes, wooden tubs, or ceramic pots to create a terraced effect and provide growing places for a variety of plants.
Select native plants for your garden. Learn which plants hummingbirds feed on in natural areas near your home. Native hummingbird plants and local hummingbird species have a long association in which plants serve as a reliable source of nectar at the same time each year. Keep in mind that cultivated varieties of impatiens and rhododendrons may look promising, but have little value to hummingbirds; these are selected for flower size, color, and shape, but are not good nectar producers. Do not plant exotic flowering plants, such as Japanese and tartarian honeysuckles, which are attractive to hummingbirds but invade neighboring fields and woodlands, crowding out more beneficial native shrubs and wildflowers.
Choose red, tubular flowers, as these are quick clues to a flower's value as a hummingbird food supply. Hummingbirds are also attracted to orange and pink flowers, but they find yellow and white blooms less attractive. Red, non-tubular flowers such as roses and geraniums may lure hummingbirds with their blooms, but they offer little nectar, so the birds quickly reject them. Flowers that rely on sweet scents to attract insect pollinators usually do not provide a nectar source for hummingbirds.
Plant patches of the same species (three or more plants) to provide larger quantities of nectar.
Select plants that bloom at different times of the year to provide nectar throughout the hummingbird season.
Prune your plants to prevent excessive woody growth and instead favor production of flowers.
Learn about local hummingbird habits and which species are likely to occur near your home. Study the migration dates, nesting season, and seasonal presence. This knowledge will help you select plants that will bloom during the time that hummingbirds are likely to visit your yard.
Include some fuzzy plants. Hummingbirds usually line their nest with soft plant fibers. Two favorites are cinnamon fern, which has a fuzzy stem, and pussy willow. Leave some thistle and dandelion, other favorite nest-building materials, in your yard.
Provide water baths. Like most birds, hummingbirds frequently bathe in shallow water—even in the drops that collect on leaves. Hummingbirds may sit and fluff and preen or flit through the droplets generated by garden misters, drip fountain devices, and small waterfalls; these are available at many garden shops.
If your garden does not include trees or shrubs and there are none nearby, position perches within 10 to 20 feet of the garden. As a substitute for a live perch, use a dead branch with small twigs (keep in mind the tiny size of hummingbird toes).
Large trees are often used for perches, as springboards for courtship displays, and for nesting. The trunks of large trees also provide hummingbirds a source of lichens—a camouflaging decoration that some species attach to the outsides of their nests with spider silk. If space permits, plant a large tree such as a maple or oak. If you have a smaller yard, plant smaller trees that can provide nest sites and serve as food sources.
Be persistent. Hummingbirds may appear minutes after you set out inviting plants, but sometimes it takes several weeks before they chance on your garden. Even with luscious red flowers as bait, pure chance may keep your feeder a secret until the first migrant discovers it. Once hummingbirds do start visiting your garden, they are likely to continue throughout the season and will usually return the following year. If visits drop off for a week or two in midsummer, the reason may be that an especially attractive nearby flower patch may have temporarily diverted your hummingbirds.
Avoid insecticides. Hummingbirds can ingest poisons when they eat insects; systemic herbicides can also be found in flower nectar.
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Lake Bonney in Antarctica is perennially covered in ice. It is exposed to severe environmental stresses, including minimal nutrients, low temperatures, extreme shade, and, during the winter, 24-hour darkness. But, for the single-celled organisms that live there, the lake is home. To study them, Dr. Rachel Morgan-Kiss from the University of Miami, Ohio, and her team went to Antarctica to sample the ice-covered lake. The article describing her method will be published April 20, in the JoVE (the Journal of Visualized Experiments).
Click "source" to read more.
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Advances in Clinical Phonetics focuses on important developments in phonetic description. Recent years have seen increasing developments in phonetic description, in both instrumental and impressionistic approaches. Not restricted to the phonetics of normal speech, clinical phoneticians and speech scientists working with disordered speech, have been at the forefront of recent work. Some instrumental developments (such as electropalatography), and some transcription developments (such as extIPA symbols), have been spearheaded by clinical phoneticians. The present collection describes and explores these developments. Part one consists of major accounts of advances in clinical phonetics, while the second part shows the workings of these advances in six specific case studies.
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August Birthstone: Peridot. August Birthstone Color is Yellow Green
What is the birthstone for August?
Late summer, with its blazing heat and abundant greenery, is a time for cooling activities, light, summery clothing, and a laid-back lifestyle. An August party is no time to bring out the serious diamonds or elegant pearls—it’s a time to throw on a breezy sundress, a pair of wedges, and a pair of earrings in August’s birthstone color, olive green. August’s birthstone, the peridot, is one of the few gemstones that naturally occurs in olive green, and is in fact only ever found in that shade. That works out well for those with August birthdays or those who simply love the stone, because olive green is one of those colors that makes everyone look tanned and gorgeous.
Although birthstones for many of the months are often disputed, the birthstone for August is almost always listed as peridot. Peridot is a type of olivine known for the presence of iron—a mineral that gives a hue ranging from yellow-green to a deep green with hints of brown. Olivine is found in lava rock deposits, but true gem-quality peridot is rare and found only in select lava deposits and some meteorites. Although it is mined all over the world, most mines tend to be small and produce only a small quantity of the gem every year. Besides for the world-famous peridot deposit in Pakistan, the peridot is found in Myanmar, which is known for its silky texture and light inclusions that provide extra gold sparkle. Peridot from Arizona, with its deep brown-green hue, is especially valued in Native American jewelry.
Long before it was designated the official birthstone of August...
Peridot was used in ancient Egypt for jewelry used by priests. Peridot jewelry dating back to the second century BC has been found, and those stones have been traced to a deposit on a small island in the Red Sea. The ancient Romans treasured the peridot for its color—a deep green with flecks of gold—that did not change no matter the lighting. Unlike emeralds, which could look black in low light, peridots hold onto their green and gold vibrancy even in candlelight, giving them the nickname “emeralds of the evening.” In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, August-born people seeking peridot sometimes turned to ancient Egyptian artifacts to find the rare and valuable stones. Besides for being named the birthstone of August during the era, peridot was also valued during medieval times for use in churches and on church items like chalices. Even today, peridot deposits remain few and far between, preserving the mysterious aura of this spectacular stone.
The 1990’s saw an unprecendented surge in popularity for the August birthstone after an incredibly rich deposit of the stone was found in a high mountain pass in Pakistan. The craggy mountain peak could only be mined for a few months a year, during which time peridots of never-before-seen quality and size were carried down the mountain and entered the gemstone market. These stones were named the “Kashmir peridots” and have produced some of the finest gemstones of up to 100 carats, all gleaming with the peridot’s unique golden green.
If you enter the phrase, “what is the birthstone for August,” you may receive a confusing answer. Is it peridot, chrysolite, or olivine? The simple answer is that all three of these terms refer to the same stone, although the current favored term for gem-quality specimens is peridot, which is derived from the Greek word meaning to “give richness.”
Although peridot ranks only a 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, but nonetheless can be used very effectively in August birthstone jewelry. Peridots are usually cut in accordance with their natural crystal structure in faceted or table cuts, in either round or oval shapes. Especially large peridots are often cut into unique designs designed specifically for that crystal, because peridots are infamous for being difficult to cut and polish. Coarser inclusions must be carefully polished by a master gem cutter to avoid cracking the stone, but once the stone is cut and polished, it is extremely durable and wears well in a jewelry setting.
To say that green is a popular gemstone color is an understatement. Emeralds are more popular than ever, turquoise is having its moment in spotlight, and now peridots are becoming better known both by jewelry designers and consumers. The recent influx of raw peridot crystals onto the market has lowered the price and made peridot affordable and accessible for everyone without diminishing its unique beauty. Those looking for a birthstone for August can find many varieties of jewelry set with peridot, from earrings to rings to necklaces. Those looking for large, well-cut peridots are rare and expensive, but smaller stones of good quality are found easily. Even if you were not born in August, the peridot makes a gorgeous addition to a late-summer tan and wardrobe.
For more specific questions ask our experts
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Conversation with Jane Goodall
2010 marks 50 years since Dr. Jane Goodall first set foot on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, in what is now Tanzania's Gombe National Park. The chimpanzee behavioral research Dr. Goodall pioneered there has produced a wealth of scientific discovery, and her work has evolved into a global mission to "empower people to make a difference for all living things." The 76-year-old world-renowned primatologist and UN Messenger of Peace also has an inspring new book out, Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink and her own organizations, the Jane Goodall Institute and Roots & Shoots, which aims to empower and educate youth.
I had the opportunity to talk to the legendary naturalist , who was in a reflective mood, sharing openly her wisdom and insights. Whether talking about the significance of her life's work, the state of human evolution, her attitude towards aging or her definition of God, she was passionate and profound. Her hope for the future? "That basically we come to our senses! That we really truly do start regaining wisdom... and join our hearts to our heads."
INTERVIEW WITH MARIANNE SCHNALL (2/11/10)
Marianne Schnall: This year marks the 50th anniversary of your arrival in Gombe, Tanzania, and all that has resulted from your groundbreaking research on chimpanzees, which is now one of the longest running studies of a wild animal species. How do you feel about this anniversary?
Jane Goodall: Well, it's very extraordinary to me to think that half a century has passed, that we're still studying the same community, that we're still learning new things, that students who've have been through Gombe have now gotten university positions all over the world, and that it's impacted probably thousands of people by now, not just the foreign visitors coming in, but Tanzanians as well.
MS: How do you think your vision and mission has expanded since then?
JG: Well, enormously. It was just concerned with learning about the behavior of one group of chimps, then realizing that chimps across Africa were becoming extinct, then travelling around Africa and talking about conservation. And then realizing how many problems in Africa are due and left over from colonialism and the continued exploitation of Africa's resources. So travelling in Europe and Asia and North America and realizing how many young people have lost hope, and so starting the program for young people, Roots & Shoots, which now in 120 countries. And that involves young people from preschool right through university. So I don't know how many active groups there are, but it's pretty amazing.
MS: If you had to look back and pick important milestones over the past 50 years, which milestones or defining moments come to mind? For example, the discovery that chimpanzees use tools.
JG: Well, using and making tools was the first - well, actually even before that the first day that a group of chimps let me come close was pretty amazing. Then the tool-using and tool-making, definitely. And hunting and eating meat happened very soon after. And then the day that David Greybeard took the nut from my hand and then didn't want the nut, then very gently squeezed my fingers like chimp reassurance, which was a clear communication between me and him - it was a very extraordinary moment. And then the conference at which I realized that chimps were becoming extinct in 1986 in Chicago and realizing the extent of suffering of captive chimps and that took me on the road - I call it my Damascus moment. I went in as a scientist and came out as an advocate.
MS: Which brings me to your important new book, Hope for Animals and Their World. If you had to distill it, what message are you most hoping to convey?
JG: That people should never give up - that there is always hope. That, OK, the natural world is in a real crisis situation, but there are all around the planet extraordinary people who are absolutely determined that certain animal species or plants or ecosystems shall be helped to restore themselves. And the success stories which are in that book. And it's very inspiring to young biologists and botanists who want to set out on this kind of career and are always told it's useless because it's too late. So this book is very important in that respect. If we all give up hope and do nothing, well then indeed there is no hope. It will be helped by all of us, every one of us taking action of some sort.
MS: Sometimes people honestly just fail to see how these issues are connected to their lives. Why is this all so important, biodiversity, conservation, saving endangered species - how is it connected to their lives?
JG: Well, it's connected in that we learn more and more how everything in this life is interconnected. And things which go on in let's say the Congo Basin- it may seem incredibly unimportant in the Midwestern United States, but then when you realize that the loss of the tropical forests in the Congo Basin is having an enormous effect on climate change, and climate change in turn is effecting weather patterns all over the world, then you start to realize that life is interconnected. Then, on the other hand, maybe there may be some small ecosystem and there may be an endangered species, it may be an insect and so what if it disappears, you know? But maybe that insect is the main prey of a certain kind of bird, and if the insect goes, the bird goes, and maybe that bird was important for dispersing seeds of various plants and so those plants will start becoming extinct - and one thing leads to another. And none of the biologists know where it's going to stop. So the answer to it really is that we know we are all interconnected and we don't yet know the effects of removing a strand from the web of life.
MS: I am living in the country but I grew up in New York City, and I only realize now living in the country how disconnected I was from nature. Do you think that's part of the problem, that we've lost that sense of connection. What do we miss out on, and what can we do about that?
JG: Well, it's been shown several times that contact with nature is actually important for psychological development and so children who are in a concrete jungle with, as you say, little opportunity to learn about the natural world, or equally children everywhere who are glued to their computer screens and computer games - I mean, you know this is becoming really frightening. What can we do about it? That's why Roots & Shoots to me is the most important program that we have. Because one of its aspects is very definitely that if you can't get the child into nature, then bring nature to the child.
MS: Tell us more about Roots & Shoots and its work to educate and empower youth. What does it aim to do?
JG: What it aims to do, first of all - its main message is that that everyone of us makes an impact on the world every day. And so it's helping individuals to understand that though they may feel their small actions don't make a difference - which if it was just them, they would be right probably. But it's not just them and cumulatively our small decisions, choices, actions, make a very big difference. So that's one thing. The other is that it's youth driven, so it's young people sitting around either on their own or at their high school or university, or sitting with the teacher if they're children in Kindergarten or first grade, or with parents, or with older children - it's doesn't matter - thinking about the problems around them, talking about them, and then between them choosing three projects that they feel would make things better: one for people, one for animals, and one for the environment. So, in almost any group of kids, you get those passionate about animals, you get some who want to really, really do community service for people and you have some who want to recycle or clean streams or something like that. So every child can become involved in a project which they helped to choose and about which they feel passionate.
And it's working - I mean, it's changing lives. I can't begin to tell you how many lives it's changing. I think this is why it's growing so fast.
MS: I think it should be bundled into the curriculum at every school.
JG: It should. And that's what we're trying to - you know, Roots & Shoots, people don't always understand, but it can be part of a curriculum, or aspects of it, to be part of general learning. And from those children, who are exposed to this philosophy, you can get very passionate ones who then want to become leaders. You know, we have youth leadership programs - we're seeing young people emerge who speak out and speak and I listen to them - and we brought a hundred of them together from 28 countries. And it was amazing to hear them discussing all these different world problems. They were 18 through 24. And it was so inspiring! And so everywhere I go, 300 days a year, all over the world, there are young people wanting to tell Dr. Jane what they've done to make the world better. Shining eyes, showing me projects, telling me about their dreams - that is my greatest reason for hope.
MS: You have vibrant web sites both for the Jane Goodall Institute and for Roots & Shoots, and I was thinking about how language is what distinguished humanity from all other animals. Do you see the Internet as an extension of the positive use of language to raise awareness and get people involved?
JG: Yes, absolutely. I mean of course, sadly it can be used for bad purposes, but as long as it's used for good purposes, it's fantastic! I mean, we're counting on it to swell our membership because my big battle is not just for hearts and minds, which is the most important, but also for the dollars to help to keep our programs going.
MS: And what I love about the Internet is that it is global. The more that we see ourselves as being part of one human family here on one home, planet Earth ... I think that's so important.
JG: It's very important. I mean, start off with your own community, start off with stuff you can do, so that you actually see. Okay, you want to protect a piece of rainforest far away, you raise money and then you feel, "Oh, nice, I've protected that bit of rainforest so maybe a jaguar will be saved." And you've raised money. But if you're protecting a piece of land near your school from developing, you've learned the difficult part of conservation because maybe the developer is your best friend's father - and you start to realize that saving things isn't always easy, and choices must be made and compromises have to be reached. That's when you learn the reality. And then if young children begin to learn that - not too young, but like 12 or 13, then when they grow up and come into the big, hard world, they already know that you don't give up if it doesn't work the first time - you find another way. That's what's really, really important about it.
MS: You were talking about reaching people's minds and hearts. Do you feel there is a growing disconnect between human beings today and their hearts? In terms of how we treat animals, the environment and each other, and how we don't think about future generations, just of our own instant gratification?
JG: Yes, we don't think about our future. We do think of it, it's just - I say we've lost wisdom. We're thinking not as the indigenous people did about how our actions affect the future of their people, but we're thinking about, as you say, instant gratification for me, or the next shareholder's meeting, or the next political campaign - that sort of thing. And so just as you say, the disconnect between the head and the heart - this very, very clever brain, if it's disconnected from the human heart to speak of love and compassion, then we get this individual with complete lack of caring, lack of foresight, just cunning.
MS: You talked about how kids these day can spend all day in front of the computer - you used the word "mindless activities" in your introduction, and it seems like part of the problem is that we're so over-stimulated and almost on autopilot, that often we don't have the time or the mindfulness to even realize what we are doing.
JG: We don't! We don't. I think when people say to me, "Jane, I really want to help, what can I do?" If people could just spend time a bit of time each day thinking about the consequences of their choices. Like what do you eat? Well, that may seem simple, I ate this or that today - but where did it come from, how many miles did it travel, did it harm did the environment, how much pesticide was used, was it child slave labor? If it was intensive farming, how did that affect the animals? How did it affect the environment, and how did it affect your health? The same with what you wear, how you travel, how you connect with people - if people would just start thinking about the consequences of all these small actions. But as you say, it becomes mindless, people don't think.
MS: I have been thinking that there seems to be a growing awareness about the interconnection of all the issues that are impacting our world, whether it's poverty, war, the environment - and how we can't address one area without looking at how it's all connected.
JG: Well, I think there is a growing awareness among the people who think - that means an awful lot of people aren't aware. But you know the other thing is, they did a survey in the UK the other day about climate change. And they found there was a huge awareness among all kinds of people about climate change, but almost never has that led to change in behavior. There's another disconnect. Again, it's because people don't believe that their actions really and truly are going to make a difference. But kids get it. They know. And they get all excited about the difference they're making. And I always say to them, look at the difference you've made here in your one little group, and your little area, your one little community. Now imagine that's happening in 120 countries, with I think about 1,500 groups, with a group averaging about 30. That's a lot of young people.
MS: That is very hopeful.
JG: It's very hopeful. And suddenly - you know the little saying, "Think globally, act locally" - no, act locally first, see that you make a difference - then you dare to think globally. There are so many little trite sayings that people trot out and they don't actually think about them and how it might actually work. There's another one which irritates me every time I hear it - it's "We haven't inherited this world from our parents, we've borrowed it from our children." When you borrow, you pay back, right? Or you should do that. We have been stealing and stealing and stealing from our children. And now it's about time we started to get together and involve our hearts and pay back.
MS: What is the relationship between political activism and working towards change with these issues? In addition to personal activism.
JG: Well, I think it's important. We teach our Roots & Shoots children at least a little bit about how to write letters and how to advocate and how to peacefully protest and that sort of thing. I think people should get involved whenever they can - as long as they're not violent. As long as they listen to the opponent, they listen to the other side, and they don't just shout and yell. And you hear, sadly, some animal rights groups who don't listen at all to the people they are going to shout down. And they don't get anywhere and they give us an awfully bad name.
I mean, I do lots of lobbying on the hill but it's not really lobbying, it's just going and talking.
MS: How do we balance the needs of human beings and animals? Human beings tend to think only about our own needs and assume that everything on this planet is just here to serve us.
JG: They do. Well, it's very hard, I mean, first of all that's the importance about educating people who animals really are and that they are not just automatons and they deserve an inning as much as we do. And secondly there are too many people on the planet and everyone's afraid to talk about family planning, but that's interfering with people's right to choice to have a huge family. Well, I don't think anybody has the right to a huge family. There's already more people on the planet than our natural resources can even support, and if everybody were to have a high standard of living, we need three or four or five new planets to provide the resources. And this cannot be, so something has to change.
And I get also upset when so many people say there all sorts of problems in Africa and India where they have these big families. They don't realize that 10 children in rural Tanzania will use less natural resources in a year than one middle class American child. People don't think like that, you see.
MS: Do you see hypocrisy in how we sometimes treat domesticated animals such as our pets over wild animals? An example would be someone who pampers their pet hamster in one room, yet kills rodents in another part of their house using traps and poison.
JG: Yes, that's very true. And you get the white coated scientist who has a dog at home who's part of the family who understands ever word I say - but then he goes and puts on his white coat and does unspeakable things to dogs in the name of science. There's a real schizophrenia. Yes, we are very peculiar [laughs].
MS: What do you think is the relevance of Darwin's theories today?
JG: Well, relevant - I think that his theory, I don't know, as far as I'm concerned his theory is always good - not in every detail, but generally. We've evolved and I've held the various fossils in my hand. It's fascinating to see the evolution.
MS: Do you see the human race as still evolving?
JG: Well, I think we've sort of embarked on - we started off with physical evolution and got our form. And then we moved into cultural behavior means you can parse behavior much more quickly. And the chimps have just begun that, but they haven't gone very far. And then we somehow developed language, which meant cultural evolution could race so we could change our behavior really quickly instead of over hundreds and hundreds of years. And then comes moral evolution, which we're not frightfully far along I think with people. And maybe we end up with a spiritual evolution, which is this connectedness with the rest of the life forms on the planet.
MS: Wouldn't that be wonderful.
JG: That's the human destiny that people would write about, to move in that direction.
MS: I run a women's web site called Feminist.com. And a lot of people think of you as a woman trailblazer in your field and I know you have also done a lot of work regarding women in developing countries. What do you think about the status of women and girls in the world today?
JG: Generally, I suppose if you just added up the number of abused women it would probably far outweigh the privileged women. I hate to say that. But certainly across the developing world, many countries and many parts of many countries have not come very far in treating women with dignity. In a large part of the world, women are second class citizens. And then in our own so called civilized countries, the amount of domestic violence that is uncovered all the time is shocking. So I think women are still getting a hard time, I'm afraid.
MS: How do you think your work may have changed perceptions of the role of women in the field of science?
JG: Judging from the number of young women who've wanted to follow in my footsteps [laughs] I should think it has changed it a lot! I mean, I know that. Women come up and say ... like in China, a young woman came up and burst into tears because she'd been studying pandas and thought that school girls didn't do that sort of thing and then read my book, and so there she was. And so this has happened to me all over the world, certainly all around America, young women have said, "You really helped me break out of the mold, you really helped me realize it could be done." And kids write and say, "You taught me that because you did it, I can do it." Those are the letters I love the most.
MS: Many women fear getting older and you seem more active and vibrant than ever. What are your feelings about aging?
JG: Well, it's an unfortunate thing that happens. I mean, yes, you can have millions of face lifts and all these different things that women have done to their bodies - whatever they're called, bum tucks and boob enhancements [laughs] - but personally, well: A) I haven't the money for that, and B) I haven't got the time for it and C) I mean, there are more important things to me than how you look. I think the most important thing is to keep active, and to hope that your mind stays active. I mean some people can't help minds going, but that's a disease. But if you're lucky and your mind is working ... And I have to say that I attribute vast amounts of my energy to the fact that I stopped eating meat. I really, really believe that it helped me.
MS: In what way?
JG: Because the moment I stopped eating meat I felt lighter. I did this book Harvest for Hope and I learned so much about food. And one thing I learned is that we have the guts not of a carnivore, but of an herbivore. Herbivore guts are very long because they have to get the last bit of nutrition out of leaves and things. The carnivore guts are very short, because they want to get rid of the meat quickly before it starts putrefying and doing bad things inside them. And so we have this meat going round and round inside us. And I don't think that can be terribly good. And I think that meat has created lots of problems. In addition, the animals to be kept alive are fed all these hormones and antibiotics and we are imbibing them as well. So anyway, all I know is that when I stopped eating meat, I just felt lighter and had more energy. My body wasn't wasting time trying to cope with the toxins that the animals were trying to get rid of when you eat them.
MS: Well, that's good to hear because I have been considering going vegan.
JG: Well, I can't go vegan because travelling like I do, I really, really don't think I could. You know, it's really difficult. And I stay with people - we had a vegan staying us one time, and it's very difficult. Three hundred days on the road - you go to North Korea - it's jolly hard to be vegetarian much less a vegan [laughs]. But I do my best. And if people would think about intensive farming - if they would think of the damage to the environment of growing all this corn or raising all these cattle. If they would think about the torture of the animals on the intensive farms. And then if they would realize about the antibiotics getting out into the environment, the bacteria building up resistance and the superbugs that we are breeding, more people would become vegetarians.
But if you can let people know about Harvest for Hope , because it's not just talking about all these things and genetically modified food. It's written in a way that, to my amazement, people would come up to me and say, "I really enjoyed that book, it's such fun." So you can enjoy bits of it and that's how you get a message over, isn't it? So I would love it if you can tell people about that book.
MS: What do you think about zoos? I know you talk a lot about good zoos and how zoos can help with endangered species.
JG: Well, not only that, but the way I look at the zoos, there are some - obviously the old fashioned zoo is an abhorrent thing. You know, the small cages and single or paired animals and nothing to do - those are just the most dismal, awful, awful prisons. But if you get a good zoo, and there are a lot of zoos that are getting better and better and they have to raise money, of course, but they are. And again, being a realist, the ideal way for an aging chimp to live is out in Africa in a protected area like Gombe. That's the ideal. But sadly in so much of Africa, there's no protection, there are hunters, there are loggers, and the chimps are living in fear, their mothers are shot, babies are taken, and they are driven out of their habitat and they bump into the neighboring communities who just want them there to have a sort of war. And then you look at the other end of the spectrum, the medical research, the five-foot by five-foot cage and the bad zoo and the awful life of an entertainment chimp.
And then when you come to a really good zoo, where the chimps are in a group where the keepers understand them and love them, where their environments are enriched. And you think, well, if I'm a chimp, and you give them that range of habitats to choose to live - there would be two where they chose to live. One would be the Gombe type, and the other would be the good zoo type. We have this idealized view of freedom. And even for people it doesn't always work. That they're going to get freedom and suddenly their lives will be wonderful. And same with the chimps - you know, life in the wild, they may be free but they're not free from fear, pain.
MS: What is the most important point you would like to raise awareness about right now? Where is the most important area for change?
JG: You know, it's so difficult. People ask that and you think well, okay - you come back to - I think a really, really important thing is thinking about the size of our families - that for some people that is very, very important. Because all of the other problems really come down to the basic fact that there are so many human beings on the planet, it means that there is competition between people and the environment. And so the numbers of people on the planet is something that we really should be thinking about, but also, people should plan their cities better. You wouldn't get urban sprawl - you could have areas left for wild animals and you could have the human population living in such a way that you've got these big corridors and spaces where the animals could move from A to B. It is happening. You can put roads just as well over above a piece of wild habitat as by chopping down the trees and building it across. Yeah, it will cost a bit more. And what do we want for the future? If you think how we waste money - if we could just stop building up armies and things like that, we would have all the money we need for wildlife and poverty.
MS: You are such a tireless advocate. What do you think is the source of all your phenomenal energy and passion? What drives you?
JG: I don't know. I really don't know. I people are always asking me that. Is it that I have grandchildren and I'm so upset about what we've done to their future? Is it that I love the wilderness and I'm so upset to see it disappearing? Is it because I've lived long enough to understand the horrors of things like nuclear war and chemical spills? I don't know. But there is something almost every day that makes me quite passionate, so I'm trying to create change. There is not much you can do singly, but if we can involve young people, especially at that age I mentioned, 18 through 24, going out in the world as the next politicians, the next lawyers, the next doctors, the next teachers, the next parents - then perhaps we get a critical mass of youth that has a different kind of values.
MS: Based on your research, what does it mean to be human? What distinguishes us?
JG: Well, I suppose it's because we've developed this language which has enabled us to talk about things that aren't present. We are in a position to understand our relation to the rest of the planet. We can ask questions like, why am I here? And do I matter? And I think that's what's makes us different, that we can question the reason for existence. We can question why we're on the planet, our role.
MS: Speaking of which, in your opinion, why are we here? What do you think is the meaning of our life and existence?
JG: Well, I think we're here - you know, we each have this one life gifted to us. And I feel - and I'm not going to say this in general, but I feel that my life is a gift that I want to try to use as wisely as I can, and I want to make use of each of these amazing days that come my way to try and make a bit of difference. To think things through, perhaps get new ideas, to talk to people, to write, to do my bit. And you know, you get certain gifts, and I had a gift of speaking, lecturing, which makes people listen. It's a gift - it's an amazing gift. And I have the gift for writing. So I must use those gifts, and I try to.
MS: We were talking a little earlier about this spiritual evolution that humanity is hopefully moving towards. How would you describe your own spiritual beliefs? What is your definition of God?
JG: Well, God - I think it is different for everybody wherever you were brought up in different parts of the world, unless you are born to an atheist family, which Richard Dawkins would like us all to be since he's so passionate about it [laughs]. But in every religion there is a being, a deity, usually with different names, God, Allah and Taos and these types of names. My mother always used to say, well, if you had been born a little girl growing up in Egypt, you would go to church or go to worship Allah, but surely if those people are worshipping a God, it must be the same God - that's what she always said. The same God with different names.
And exactly what is God - I wouldn't even like to begin to define God - I have absolutely no idea. But what I feel, and what touches me, is a great spiritual power, which I don't even want to name. If I had to, I would say God, because I don't know any other. And you feel it, I felt it very especially out in the forest, out in nature. Being part of the whole, the amazing, extraordinary universe. To be looking up at the stars, that tiny speck is capable with its mind of trying to comprehend the whole. And it's extraordinary that we should be able to do that.
MS: People think of you as the voice of the animal world. What does the animal world, what do chimpanzees, what would they say if they could speak? What is the voice of the natural world?
JG: The voice of the natural world would be, "Could you please give us space and leave us alone to get along with our own lives and our own ways, because we actually know much better how to do it then when you start interfering. " You know, give nature space - it is resilient. Unfortunately we've messed it up so much we have to go in and manage very often. We have to, otherwise they would all disappear. Which I don't think they want to be managed - they might want to be helped from time to time.
MS: Many people think of you as a living legend. What do you think is your legacy and what would you like to be remembered most for?
JG: Well, partly for helping people understand the true nature of animals and to better understand their relationship to the rest of the natural world. And I think my job has become nowadays bringing hope to people. Because I think that's my job.
MS: What's your wish for the children of the future, or just in general for the future?
JG: Well, without the children there's no future. That basically we come to our senses! That we really, truly do start regaining wisdom. If we just regain wisdom, and join our hearts to our heads, then I think in the future we would not be making the decisions that some of these big multinationals are making. We wouldn't decide to throw pesticides over huge areas of the land knowing it's actually going to harm not only the pests, but the biodiversity and eventually us. We wouldn't be building nuclear plants not knowing what to do with the nuclear wastes. If we stopped doing all these things, if we just thought about the future. All these decision affect the future. So my hope for the future is that we learn wisdom again.
For more information visit the Jane Goodall Institute and Roots & Shoots.
Photo of Jane Goodall (c) Michael Neugebauer
Note: This interview originally appeared at The Huffington Post
Jane Goodall, PhD, DBE In June 1960, Jane Goodall began her landmark study of chimpanzees in what is now Tanzania under the mentorship of famed anthropologist and paleontologist Dr. Louis Leakey. Her work at Gombe Stream would become the foundation of future primatological research and redefine the relationship between humans and animals.
In 1977, Dr. Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which continues the Gombe research and is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. Today, the Institute is widely recognized for establishing innovative, community-centered conservation and development programs in Africa, and Jane Goodall’s Roots & Shoots, JGI’s global environmental and humanitarian youth network, which has almost 150,000 members in 110 countries.
Dr. Goodall travels an average 300 days per year, speaking about the threats facing chimpanzees, other environmental crises, and her reasons for hope that humankind will solve the problems it has imposed on our planet. She continually urges her audiences to recognize their personal responsibility and ability to effect change. “Every individual counts,” she says. “Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference.”
Dr. Goodall’s scores of honors include the Medal of Tanzania, the National Geographic Society’s Hubbard Medal, Japan’s prestigious Kyoto Prize, Spain’s Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, and the Gandhi/King Award for Nonviolence. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Dr. Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace, and she was reappointed in June 2007 by Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. In 2004, in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace, Dr. Goodall was invested as a Dame of the British Empire, the female equivalent of knighthood. In 2006, Dr. Goodall received the French Legion of Honor, presented by Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin, as well as the UNESCO Gold Medal Award.
Dr. Goodall’s list of publications includes Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species are Being Rescued from the Brink, Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating, two overviews of her work at Gombe — In the Shadow of Man and Through a Window — as well as two autobiographies in letters, the best-selling autobiography Reason for Hope and many children’s books. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior is the definitive scientific work on chimpanzees and is the culmination of Dr. Goodall’s scientific career.
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Other interviews by Marianne Schnall
* * *
©Marianne Schnall. No portion of this interview may be reprinted without permission of Marianne Schnall .
Marianne Schnall is a widely published writer and interviewer. She is also the founder and Executive Director of Feminist.com and cofounder of EcoMall.com, a website promoting environmentally-friendly living. Marianne has worked for many media outlets and publications. Her interviews with well-known individuals appear at Feminist.com as well as in publications such as O, The Oprah Magazine, Glamour, In Style, The Huffington Post, the Women's Media Center, and many others.
Marianne's new book based on her
interviews, Daring to Be Ourselves: Influential Women
Share Insights on Courage, Happiness and Finding Your Own Voice came out in November 2010. Through her writings, interviews, and websites, Marianne strives to raise awareness and inspire activism around important issues and causes. For more information, visit www.marianneschnall.com and www.daringtobeourselves.com.
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Headquarters, Washington, DC
December 19, 1994
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
UARS instruments have found chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)--human-made products used in electronics and refrigeration systems--in the stratosphere. The satellite's global data set also has traced worldwide buildup of stratospheric fluorine gases corresponding to the breakdown of CFCs, according to NASA scientists.
For many years, scientists have warned that the widespread use of chlorofluorocarbons in refrigeration, spray cans and foam packaging was responsible for stratospheric ozone loss. The stratospheric ozone layer protects people, animals and plants from too much ultraviolet sunlight. The Antarctic ozone hole is a dramatic example of stratospheric ozone loss, which most scientists believe is a new phenomenon caused by the release of chlorine from human-made chlorofluorocarbons.
In the past few years, some debate has occurred over the origin of ozone-destroying chlorine. Sea spray and volcanic gases have been put forth as possible sources for chlorine reaching the stratosphere. The UARS data have ended that debate.
"These new results confirm our theories about CFCs," said Dr. Mark Schoeberl, UARS Project Scientist. "The detection of stratospheric fluorine gases, which are not natural, eliminates the possibility that chlorine from volcanic eruptions or some other natural source is responsible for the ozone hole." In addition to CFCs, UARS has detected hydrogen fluoride, a product of the chemical breakdown of CFCs, in the stratosphere.
"Hydrogen fluoride has no natural source, it is not produced by volcanic eruptions or salt spray," said Dr. Anne Douglass, UARS Deputy Project Scientist. "Furthermore, scientists can calculate how much chlorine in the stratosphere is man-made using the hydrogen fluoride data." This calculation shows that almost all of the chlorine in the stratosphere comes from human-made chlorofluorocarbons.
The UARS measurements of chlorofluorocarbons were made with the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer, operated by Dr. Aiden Roche of Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory. The hydrogen fluoride measurements were made with the Halogen Occultation Experiment, operated by Dr. James Russell of NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA.
Each year since 1979, the ozone layer thins dramatically over Antarctica. This sudden change in the ozone was first noticed by researchers in Antarctica and soon confirmed by NASA satellites. The unpredicted Antarctic ozone loss gave scientists a challenging puzzle. Aircraft observations in 1987 showed convincingly that the high concentrations of chlorine monoxide over Antarctica were destroying ozone in the lower stratosphere. Most scientists were convinced that a series of chemical reactions involving chlorine monoxide and ozone led to the formation of the ozone hole.
Two questions, however, remained: why was the change in the ozone layer taking place over Antarctica, and what was the source of the chlorine monoxide? Meteorologists long have known that the Antarctic stratosphere can be one of the coldest places on the planet. Air is so cold that wispy clouds can form even in the super-dry stratospheric air. These clouds, called polar stratospheric clouds, form in the dead of winter. Scientists believe that chemical reactions on the surface of the cloud crystals release chlorine from "reservoir" gases, which do not react with ozone. The chlorine reacts quickly with ozone to form chlorine monoxide. This reaction begins the catalytic cycle in which one chlorine atom can ultimately destroy many ozone molecules, leading to the polar ozone hole.
UARS has measured the winter build up of chlorine monoxide within the south and north polar regions every year since its launch. UARS has found that chlorine monoxide appears suddenly in the stratosphere after the formation of the polar stratospheric clouds. Infrared and microwave sensors on board UARS are able to track stratospheric clouds and the chemical changes they cause.
UARS measurements have confirmed that the chlorine monoxide can build up to extreme levels in the polar regions after polar stratospheric clouds appear. UARS data also have shown that the meteorology of the polar stratosphere prevents the chlorine monoxide from dispersing, thus increasing the ozone loss.
"We are getting daily polar maps of ozone-destroying chemicals," said Douglass. "These measurements are adding tremendously to our knowledge of the stratosphere."
The UARS data set also has provided a clearer picture of the overall chemistry of the stratosphere. UARS instruments have tracked the levels of chlorine "source" gases (CFCs), intermediate products (chlorine monoxide) and reservoir gases (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride and chlorine nitrate).
Under international treaties controlling the use of ozone-depleting chemicals, the amounts of CFCs in the atmosphere no longer are increasing. However, CFCs survive in the atmosphere for many years before being destroyed by ultraviolet light, and the ozone hole is expected to persist at current levels through this decade. (Their stability was one of their biggest assets when they were developed for industrial use in the 1930s.) Unless other conditions change, scientists expect the ozone hole to weaken and disappear in the 21st century.
UARS was the first satellite launched as part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a comprehensive study of how the Earth's global environment changes, and how human activities contribute to that change. Mission to Planet Earth includes satellites, Space Shuttle instruments, aircraft research and ground teams. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, manages UARS for NASA's Office of Mission to Planet Earth, Washington, DC.
Note to Editors: Photographs, satellite imagery and a video, "Beyond the Clouds," describing the UARS mission, are available from NASA's Broadcast and Imaging Branch by faxing your request to 202/358-4333.
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Windmill Point Light (Ontario)
"Wexford, Ontario, Canada"
"This light was originally a working windmill. It was converted to a lighthouse in 1873, 35 years after the bloody 'Battle of the Windmill' which was fought during the 1838 Patriot War. It sits high on a bluff overlooking the St. Lawrence River."
Lighthouses: A Photographic Journey
Copyright © 1995-2006 David S. Carter, Donald W. Carter, & Diana K. Carter. All rights reserved. Reproduction by any means, physical or electronic, in part or in full, without the express permission of the authors, is strictly prohibited.
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After the Gulf Coast received direct hits from three major hurricanes within two months, the government was hit with the daunting task of rebuilding cities and restoring livelihoods. But where does the money come from?
Storm after storm
On Aug. 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the central Gulf Coast near New Orleans with 175 mile per hour winds and torrential rains. Storm surges breached the Lake Pontchartrain levee, flooding a major American city.
More than a million people were displaced, creating an economic and humanitarian crisis not seen since the Great Depression. Five million people were without power. The city’s infrastructure, public safety and essential services were in a state of disarray. Business districts and neighborhoods were devastated and uninhabitable. To date, there have been 1,277 fatalities; more are expected.
On Sept. 24, Hurricane Rita delivered a second punch, damaging drilling rigs, flooding refineries and disrupting vital oil and gas facilities in south Texas and Louisiana. To replenish supplies, President Bush released crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and eased environmental standards to expedite production.
Then on Oct. 24, Hurricane Wilma slashed through south Florida, with hurricane-force winds resulting in flooding from Naples to Miami.
Hurricane Katrina’s 90,000 square mile swath through Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama made it the most costly natural disaster in U.S. history. The estimated cost to assist people with emergency needs, relocate displaced persons, clean up damage, rebuild a major city and coastal areas, and bring businesses and jobs back to the region: $200 billion.
Damage estimates from Hurricane Rita are $8 billion and up to $9 billion for Hurricane Wilma.
These costs are beyond the capability of the state and local governments of the region, whose tax base and economies have been ravaged by the storms. Private insurance will absorb some of the burden, but much of the damage and rebuilding challenge is beyond the role and scope of insurance coverage. Responding to these needs is a test of our national character. Philanthropy and volunteerism have been impressive amid a bureaucratic emergency response fraught with problems. President Bush and congressional leaders assured the region that the federal government will do “whatever it takes” to complete the task.
Where can the money come from?
The problem is this: Our federal government was deep in hock before Katrina, Rita or Wilma wreaked havoc along these coastal areas. The White House Office of Management and Budget projected a $333 billion deficit for fiscal 2005, $341 billion for fiscal 2006. Bring on a war in Iraq, homeland security pressures following 9-11, an incipient Medicare prescription drug program, and a federal treasury undermined by tax cuts, and it’s no wonder that citizens question how our federal government can continue to spend beyond its means.
How should our federal government respond to this challenge? How can we be both compassionate and fiscally responsible? We examine five ways to pay for this reconstruction:
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Lovelock's world mark recalled
On July 15, 1933, Jack Lovelock broke the world mile record at Princeton University with a time of 4 minutes 7.6 seconds. Past Times this week marks the 80th anniversary of that achievement.
Jack Lovelock led a remarkably full life before his death, just a few days shy of his 40th birthday, on December 28, 1949.
He is remembered in New Zealand and abroad largely for his athletic achievements, especially his dramatic finish in the 1500 metres at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, which won New Zealand its first athletics gold medal.
Lovelock also achieved academically, forged a successful medical career, and was a husband and father of two.
A cartoon from the New York Sun newspaper, showing Lovelock just after he had broken the world mile record, described him as the "modern Mercury" and listed his time and those of the other five fastest mile runners.
Lovelock's run at Princeton University beat the existing record for the mile, set by Jules Ladoumegue, by almost two seconds. Time Magazine dubbed it the "greatest mile of all time".
The race occurred during the sixth annual Oxford-Cambridge v Princeton-Cornell track meet.
There was considerable media interest in the mile match-up between Lovelock (Oxford) and Bill Bonthron (Princeton), with speculation that a new world record might be set. Bonthron had impressed while winning that year's intercollegiate 800m and 1500m events. Before the Princeton-Cornell meet, Lovelock and team-mate Forbes Horan (Cambridge) competed against the Yale- Harvard team in the mile.
Lovelock won in a time of 4 minutes 12.6 seconds, an intercollegiate record.
On the day of the event, there were up to 6000 spectators at Palmer Stadium, Princeton. Rain held off and by the start of the programme at 4.30pm the conditions were good for running.
The mile was a tactical race. Bonthron took the initial lead, then gave way to John Hazen (Cornell). To Lovelock's delight, they set a fast pace. With half a mile to go, Bonthron retook the lead. As they came to the top corner, Horan overtook Bonthron, keen that he and Lovelock reach the three-quarter mile in the time they had set themselves. Horan soon dropped back, leaving the race to Bonthron and Lovelock.
With 300m to go, Bonthron pulled away. Lovelock was prepared and shortened and quickened his stride, closing the gap before the final bend. As they came into the home straight, he drew level and then passed Bonthron, who was unable to muster his usual blistering kick. Lovelock breasted the tape seven strides ahead.
Lovelock's time of 4 minutes 7.6 seconds broke the world record by 1.4sec. It was the first time a New Zealander had set a recognised world record. As the top miler in the world, Lovelock was inundated with invitations to social engagements and races in Europe and the United States. In 1933, Lovelock ran 33 major races and won most of them. That year, he was voted second in the Sportsman of the Year poll in the US.
CONFUSION CLEARED UP
The Timaru Herald caught up with Lovelock's achievement and was quick to clarify some confusion over early reports of the race.
July 18, 1933
The cable message, as received in Timaru, concerning Lovelock's great run, contained one obvious error which, in the view of some sceptics, cast doubt on the whole performance. This was the statement that the last quarter was run in the manifestly impossible time of 48.9sec or 48 9-10. It is extremely unlikely that Lovelock could run a single quarter in better than 52, let alone the final section of a mile in under 49. Inquiry reveals that the correct figures were 58.9, still a magnificent achievement. The message was received in this form in Christchurch, from whence press telegrams for southern stations are retransmitted.
It is agreed among experts that Lovelock's mile ranks as the greatest achievement by a New Zealander in any branch of sport, and, although comparison is extremely difficult, it seems to equal the world's best over any distance in the realm of track athletics.
The only other sporting feat by a New Zealander to rival that of Lovelock was that of Bob Fitzsimmons, a middleweight, in winning the heavyweight boxing championship of the world. Strangely enough, Fitzsimmons was a Timaruvian, though born in Cornwall. Of "Fitz", however, it could be said only that he was better than the best of his day. Of Lovelock, it appears to be true that he is the best miler of any day.
An arresting feature is the extraordinary improvement made by the South Canterbury runner since he left New Zealand less than a couple of years ago. In this country, he was classed as a 4.28 man. A year ago, he astonished his countrymen by establishing a new British mile record of 4.12, as a result of which he was added to the Dominion team for the Olympic Games, the major part of his expenses to Los Angeles being subscribed by pupils and old boys of the Timaru High School, at which Lovelock first showed slight promise of his present greatness.
Lovelock's progress undoubtedly is due largely to the advantage of competition with another great Oxonian miler, J E Cornes, who is in the 4.12 to 4.13 class, as well as to coaching by experts in distance running, who are plentiful in England.
Prior to coming to the Timaru High School, Lovelock attended the Temuka School. At Timaru he was senior 440, 880 and mile champion, and held the school mile record.
In Dunedin he won the university mile championship, and was inter-varsity champion.
Even in Timaru, Lovelock's running was impressive, and New Zealand championship honours were predicted for him, but no-one at that time envisaged him as a world record-holder of the future.
There need be no hesitation in accepting his time, as this would be taken on an electrically operated timing apparatus.
In addition to his mile record, Lovelock has bettered the existing official figures for three-quarters of a mile, having registered 3.2 1-5 in London about a year ago. This, however, was in a handicap event in which he finished fourth, and as a result cannot be recognised. It is a basic principle of record-breaking, that a runner must not only start from scratch but must win the race.
Jean Ladoumegue previously had recorded 3.0 1-5, but it was not passed by the International Federation, probably because the Frenchman's amateur status was in doubt.
REFERENCE AT ROTARY CLUB
The success achieved by J E Lovelock, a former pupil of the Timaru Boys High School, was referred to at yesterday's meeting of the Timaru Rotary Club, by Rotarian G D Virtue, who congratulated Rotarian W Thomas, rector of the school, and the school itself, on Lovelock's latest record.
Acknowledging the congratulations on behalf of the school, Rotarian Thomas said that Lovelock had been with them five years. He had excelled in track running, and still held some of the school long-distance records. Lovelock, who now held the world's record for one mile, was of the type that would never get a swelled head through his success on the other side of the world.
"When one thinks of a little champ like him, it is certainly out of the ordinary," he said.
On behalf of the Timaru Boys' High School and the Old Boys' Association, the following cable was last night sent to Lovelock, care of the British Ambassador, Washington: "Congratulations on wonderful achievement. School and Old Boys delighted." Signed W Thomas (rector), A N Leslie (president, Old Boys' Association).
The best mile by a New Zealander prior to Lovelock's entry in the champion class was Randolph Rose's 4.13 3-5 in his historic encounter with the American Lloyd Hahn.
- The Timaru Herald
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On a blustery afternoon, just down the road from a Mission Valley lot that’s already advertising Christmas trees, costumed sign bearers point the way to a recently opened Halloween store. Every October “they just pop up,” says one of the store’s temporary hires, explaining the magical birth of the seasonal one-stop shops.
What pops up with them is a rash of health concerns. Last year it was toxic black henna tattoos and lead warnings on Halloween makeup sold in Target stores (printed only because California requires a warning for detectable amounts of lead, for which the Centers for Disease Control say no safe blood level has been identified).
But there’s more to the story than annual news fodder. It isn’t just one night, one goblin glob-fest before it’s all washed down the drain and into the waterways. Ghosts with names like carbon black and terephthalate haunt us all year long. Makeup from China, meant to be smeared on children, calls attention to the stuff that makes the green so gooey and the goo so green. But the same chemicals leach into human bodies on a daily basis from ordinary shampoo, deodorant, mouthwash, creams, and cosmetics. With few exceptions, the chemicals in personal-care products are unregulated.
“Most people think there are some requirements for safety testing of products, but that is not the case,” says Stacy Malkan, San Francisco–based cofounder of the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, a national coalition of nonprofit health and environmental groups that work to overhaul the industry (as Europe has already done). Dr. Sharon Jacob, a San Diego dermatologist and UCSD clinical professor who has treated chemical reactions, shares the groups’ concerns.
The Food and Drug Administration admits it is toothless. “Except for color additives, FDA does not have the authority to approve cosmetic products or ingredients,” states the agency’s website. Halloween makeup products, the website says, “are considered cosmetics and are therefore subject to the same regulations as other cosmetics, including the same restrictions on color additives.”
Toxic color additives, however, abound. Like PPD (p-phenylenediamine) in black henna, also used in hair dye, lipstick, and colorant shampoo. “There is no way for a consumer to know at what concentration a chemical is in a product without sending it to a lab and spending a few hundred bucks,” Malkan says.
Last year, Dr. Jacob was in the news calling for black henna, used by some tattoo artists to extend the life of tattoos, to be made illegal. Yet, according to the Food and Drug Administration’s webpage on henna dyes, it already is. Even ordinary henna is illegal when applied to skin: “Henna, a coloring made from a plant, is approved only for use as a hair dye, not for direct application to the skin, as in the body-decorating process known as mehndi.” Yet San Diego’s henna parlors freely advertise their FDA-outlawed services, even broadcasting them to reporters last year when black henna panic erupted.
In the wake of many complaints and a lawsuit after consumers were injured by black henna tattoos, the administration issued an import alert and warned that the tattoos may cause serious allergic reactions. While the offending ingredient, PPD, is allowed only in low concentrations, Malkan points out that consumers are bombarded by chemicals. Small amounts from many sources add up. The FDA, however, doesn’t consider cumulative exposure.
“There’s no way to know what by-products are there or combined toxicities, and many chemicals have not been studied at all,” Malkan says. Aside from ingredient lists and some boilerplate warnings on labels, it’s buyer beware. She describes her recent foray into a Halloween store as “quite frightening.” There were “lots of questionable products,” she says, “including hair sprays with warnings to not use around the eyes, ears, and mouth and to not inhale, as if that were possible.” In Hot Hair Neon Pink, made by Fun Unlimited, “we found many dyes that have government bans or warnings,” Malkan says.
“Some of the stuff is marked nontoxic, but it is definitely not.”
In May, Dr. Jacob signed a letter along with Malkan and other advocacy groups requesting Johnson & Johnson to remove hazardous chemicals from their products “and switch to safer alternatives.” Lab tests, commissioned by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, had found the suspected human carcinogens formaldehyde and 1,4-dioxane in Johnson’s Baby Shampoo and other products.
Among the letter’s requests: “Phase all phthalates out of your products.”
Phthalates are known for their assault on hormones, which regulate cellular functions but are known by most people for their role in shaping the reproductive system. Under the influence of phthalates, amphibians have been shown to turn hermaphrodite; a warning, researchers say, for two-legged creatures.
It didn’t take long to find phthalates and other ghoulish ingredients in a local big-box store selling Halloween makeup. In Grossmont Center’s Walmart, the aisles are getting their bones picked. Parents, tots, and tweens rummage through the wares, trying on hats, wielding plastic swords, and discussing costumes. Row upon row of no-brand makeup hangs from the hooks. Long ingredient lists suggest the components of rockets, not creams for lips, skin, and scalp. No-brand Neon Glitter Makeup from Taiwan has phthalates in its lipstick and roll-on face makeup, listed in the top 4 of 12 ingredients. Food and Drug Administration rules state that the amount of each chemical in a product is shown by “descending order of predominance.” In humans, phthalates are linked to birth defects and infertility, according to the Centers for Disease Control.
“I haven’t heard of [phthalates] in lip gloss,” Malkan says. “Very interesting.” Malkan’s group has written extensively about phthalates in cosmetics. “Phthalates shouldn’t be in products at any concentration,” she says.
Also lurking in Walmart lipstick and roll-on makeup is D&C Red No. 7, a Food and Drug–restricted color — not for use near the eyes. It tangles with several other dyes. Ingredients with worse profiles, according to the Cosmetic Safety Database, a consumer tool launched by the Environmental Working Group, are found in products in Mission Valley’s Halloween store, as well as Walmart: parabens, BHT, and EDTA, for example. Even mineral oil, a liquid mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, can be toxic due to contamination by known or suspected carcinogens. Mineral oil is an ingredient in lipstick and base makeup sold in Walmart.
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Definitions for Physical effects
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Physical effects
Physical effects is a sub-category of special effects in which mechanical or physical effects are recorded. Physical effects are usually planned in preproduction and created in production. Physical effects may be divided into at least four categories: ⁕Explosions ⁕Special mechanical rigs ⁕Support systems: wires supporting actors ⁕Stunts Special effects also cover another sub-category of visual effects.
The numerical value of Physical effects in Chaldean Numerology is: 7
The numerical value of Physical effects in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4
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"Physical effects." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 26 Jun 2016. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/Physical effects>.
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In 1796, Napoleon invaded Italy and defeated the papal army. The French troops took Pope VI prisoner and he died in captivity seven months later.
The risks to a politician in antagonizing such a powerful entity as the Vatican are enormous while the tangible benefits are little. Unlike other colonized countries, the Vatican does not have much natural resources or workers to exploit. However, being a major religion in Europe, the support it holds in the European population is mighty. Even today when the political power of Christian leaders has waned compared to hundreds of years ago, very few(or zero) Western leaders dare to offend the Church. It does not look like a smart move by Napoleon to antagonize the all-powerful Catholic Church unless there are huge advantages to be gained.
What advantages did Napoleon gain by attacking and antagonizing the Catholic Church?
This question assumes that Napoleon was a shrewd politician who made calculated moves and not a hot-tempered person who makes decisions on his whims (I don't like you, so I attack).
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The subject of this book is limited to the abstract form or "logic" of science (as applied particularly to scientific sociology). The chief aim is to compress, to simplify, and to organize into an easily understood and reasonably well-documented scheme some principal answers to questions such as: What makes a discipline "scientific" in the first place? What are theories, empirical generalizations, hypotheses, and observations; and how are they related to each other? What is meant by "the scientific method?" What roles do induction and deduction play in science? What are the places of measurement, sampling techniques, descriptive statistics, statistical inference, scale construction, tests of significance, "grand" theories, and "middle-range" theories? What parts are played by our ideas concerning logic, causality, and chance? What is the significance of the rule of parsimony? How do verbal and mathematical languages compare in expressing scientific statements? The intended use of this book goes beyond these abstract questions. The discussion presented here may serve a practical role in the sociology and history of science by providing a framework for reducing the enormous variety of scientific researches--both within a given field and across all fields--to a limited number of interrelated formal elements. Such a framework, it is hoped, may prove useful in assessing empirical relationships between the formal aspects of scientific work and its substantive social, economic, political, and historical aspects. Wallace identifies four ways of generating and testing the truth of empirical statements--"authoritarian," "mystical," "logico-rational," and "scientific," and considers each in depth. As he concludes, "In science (as in æeveryday life') things must be believed to be seen, as well as seen to be believed; and questions must already be answered a little, if they are to be asked at all." This is a work of synthesis that merits close attention. It provides an area for viewing theory as something more than a review of the history of any single social science discipline. Walter L. Wallace is Professor of Sociology Emeritus at Princeton University. He is also the author of Sociological Theory: An Introduction, and Principles of Scientific Sociology, available from AldineTransaction.
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Wolves are actually essential to ecosystems in this respect, as they pick off sick
members of a species and leave the healthier animals to flourish. Read more to ...
Gray wolves prey primarily on ungulates – large, hoofed ... Some wolves eat
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Wolves primarily eat meat. Their favorite prey is large ungulates (hoofed
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The wolf-moose project has been collecting information on carcass utilization for
... Typical remains of a moose after wolves have finished eating it (above).
Wolves are carnivores and mainly eat large mammals, the exact species varying
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The wolf in North America, is a predator of primarily large ungulates, that is,
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What do wolves eat? The North American Gray Wolf diet largely depends on the
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Mar 17, 2008 ... One man alone with ten wolves feeding on an elk. What a ... Wolves eating elk ...
Do u know what maybe u can find a wolf call on Amazon.com..
Nov 3, 2013 ... To support the theory that wolves and domesticated dogs require plant matter,
many people claim that wolves eat the partially digested ...
However, wolves are also very opportunistic. Wolves live mainly on deer, moose,
elk or bison, but they also eat beavers,rabbits and even mice. However they do ...
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Lately have you been feeling down and upset? Are you also noticing your vision getting worse? Well, according to a new study the two maybe linked. In the study which was performed by the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, people suffering from depression are more likely to have self-reported vision loss.
Researchers analyzed data from more than 10,000 adults aged 20 and older who took part in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2005 and 2008.
The rate of depression was about 11 percent among people with self-reported vision loss and about 5 percent among those who did not report vision loss, according to the study, which was published online in the journal JAMA Ophthalmology.
Researchers concluded that there was a significant association between self-reported vision loss and depression. (This was after accounting for a number of factors — including age, sex and general health) The study did not, however, show that one causes the other.
Depression is a very serious illness and should not be taken lightly. Loss of vision and the need for glasses are very common as well. If you or someone you know seems upset on a regular basis see a doctor as soon as possible and for all your reading glasses needs visit Optx2020.com. A great smile and a great pair of stylish glasses are a great combination!
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In this installment from Bay Nature’s Ask the Naturalist series, we address the thorny issue of whether to use herbicides on invasive plants.
Question: I have a few (fairly young) invasive trees growing in my garden. I would like to kill them by drilling holes in their trunks and injecting Roundup. Will this method work and is there any danger of contaminating the surrounding soil?— Jocelyn Gibson, Oakland
Provided by Lech Naumovich, botanist and Executive Director of the Golden Hour Restoration Institute
An herbicide is a very powerful, albeit controversial tool. Certain invasions are nearly impossible to treat without herbicide, but I always make sure I’ve considered all other non-chemical modes of treatment first. When applied correctly by a professional, industry-driven research demonstrates that many common herbicides have minimum long lasting effects in natural systems. Notably, there are also certain herbicides that are extremely toxic to both people and our natural environment.
Herbicide by-products (when the active compound breaks down) are less frequently studied and many opponents believe by-products can be more toxic than the EPA-approved active ingredient. It would be against my better judgement to predict herbicide movement and biochemical pathways in living systems. What we do know is that many herbicides have surfactants (in addition to the active ingredient and byproducts) that have well known, widespread impacts on biological systems. All this is to say that herbicides are powerful tools to be wielded with extreme care.
Herbicide selection, timing and the target plant are the key variables to consider. I see about 90% of errors occur at this planning stage, wherein the wrong herbicide is selected, or timing is poorly planned. In my experience, applying herbicide at the incorrect time in the plant’s life cycle is the most common error amateur applicators make. I recommend you contact a professional who can identify your weed problem, is well-learned on various treatment techniques, and knows how to effectively apply the herbicide if that is the recommended course of action. In fact, you may not even require the use of herbicide for proper control of a target species. I would contact the California Invasive Plant Council for leads on local professionals.
Please be safe and extremely mindful with herbicides as their misuse is known to cause grave environmental impacts including damaging aquatic systems and impacting adjacent plants with poorly targeted application. Hiring a knowledgeable professional may end up saving you money, reducing environmental impact, and making your treatment more successful.
- The Weed Workers Handbook for specific treatments on Bay Area weeds (PDF)
- UC Davis’ Integrated Pest Management Program’s guidelines for how to manage common California weeds.
- Biological Effects of Surfactants by S.A. Ostroumov, published by CRC Press.
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| 0.923149 | 690 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Turmeric Ayurvedic Use :
Besides flavoring food, to purify the blood and skin conditions remedy is probably the most common use of Turmeric in Ayurveda.
- The main organs that turmeric treats are the skin, heart, liver and lungs.
- Turmeric is used for epilepsy and bleeding disorders, skin diseases, to purify the body-mind, and to help the lungs expel Kapha.
- Activities of Turmeric include: Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-allergic, antioxidant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, appetizer, astringent, cardiovascular, carminative, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, stimulant, and vulnerary.
- Therapeutic uses of Turmeric: Anemia, cancer, diabetes, digestion, food poisoning, gallstones, indigestion, IBS, parasites, poor circulation, staph infections, and wounds.
- Turmeric helps to regulate the female reproductive system and purifies the uterus and breast milk, and in men it purifies and builds semen, which is counterintuitive for a pungent bitter.
- Turmeric reduces fevers, diarrhea, urinary disorders, insanity, poisoning, cough, and lactation problems in general.
- Turmeric is used to treat external ulcers that respond to nothing else. Turmeric decreases Kapha and so is used to remove mucus in the throat, watery discharges like leucorrhea, and any pus in the eyes, ears, or in wounds, etc.
- In Ayurvedic cooking, turmeric is everywhere, this multifaceted wonder spice helps
- Detoxify the liver
- Balance cholesterol levels
- Fight allergies
- Stimulate digestion
- Boost immunity
- Enhance the complexion
It is also an antioxidant Ayurveda recognizes turmeric as a heating spice, contributing bitter, pungent and astringent tastes.
Everyday take a dose of 1 tsp of turmeric juice mixed with honey.
Boil 1 cup of milk with 1 tsp of turmeric powder. Drink warm.
Mix 1 tsp of turmeric with 1 tsp of aloe gel and apply to burnt area.
Mix 1 tbsp of crushed, raw turmeric in 1/3 cup of water. Boil and sieve. 2–3 drops of this mixture may be used in each eye up to 3 times per day.
Apply a paste of turmeric on the skin before bed, and wash off after a few minutes. In the morning, remove any remaining yellow tinge with a paste of chickpea flour (besan) and oil.
Mix 1 tsp of turmeric with ½ tsp of salt. Add mustard oil to make a paste. Rub the teeth and gums with this paste twice daily.
½–1 tsp of turmeric should be taken 3 times a day.
Take ½ tsp of turmeric powder or juice in water, 3 times per day.
Mix 1 tsp of turmeric and 2 tsp of ginger with water to make a paste. Spread over a cloth, place on the affected area and bandage.
Add 1 tsp of turmeric to 1 cup of warm milk and drink before bed.
In cooking, turmeric acts as a yellow coloring agent. It is an important herb in Hindu rituals. It is also a ingredient in cosmetics as it is beneficial for the skin. Burning turmeric can repel insects. Inhaling the smoke can assist in coughs, asthma and congested nasal passages.
Ears, Eyes, Nose and Mouth
Turmeric dust, with alum 1:20, is blown into the ear to treat chronic otorrhea.
Mix a pinch of Turmeric with organic ghee and apply it to the mucus lining of nose to stop the sniffles. It also stops nosebleeds, helps to clear the sinuses, restore a more acute sense of smell, and helps to purify the mind and brain.
Turmeric helps to maintain the shape and integrity of our eyes.
A Turmeric/water decoction, 1:20, is used to treat conjunctivitis and eye disease in general. Soak a cloth in the decoction and then cover the eye with it. This helps to relieve the pain as well.
Turmeric for Stomach and Intestines
Turmeric treats the whole Gastro - Intestinal system.
In general turmeric is used for
- Weak stomachs
- Poor digestion
- To normalize metabolism
- To help digest protein
- To increase the bio-availability of food and the ability of the stomach to withstand digestive acids.
Turmeric is a great carminative, able to calm an upset digestive system by getting rid of gas and distention. Carminatives also tend to increase absorption and nurture the intestinal flora.
Taking Turmeric will work fine to balance an upset digestion. Just take a small spoonful of Turmeric and stir it in a cup of yogurt right after lunch.
Remedy for ‘piles’ is to directly apply a mixture of mustard oil, turmeric, and onion juice. To stop rectal bleeding take a 2 or 3 tablespoons of Turmeric every half hour until the bleeding stops, usually in an hour.
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Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
Balsam is an oily, resinous, and odorous substance, which flows spontaneously or by incision from certain plants, and which the Church mixes with olive oil for use as chrism. Balsams are very widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, being particularly abundant in the pine family, but the name is generally restricted in the present day to resins which in addition to a volatile oil contain benzoic and cinnamic acid. Among the true balsams are the Balm of Gilead, or Mecca, which is cultivated in Arabia, Egypt, Syria, etc., and is extremely costly; the copaiva balsam, and those of Peru and Tolu — all three found chiefly in South America. The term balsam, however, is also applied to many pharmaceutical preparations and resinous substances which possess a balsamic odour.
The practice of the Church of using balsam, as mentioned above, is very ancient, going back possibly to Apostolic times. (See CHRISM.) The scarcity and high price of other perfumes has obliged the Latin Church to be content with balm alone in the mixture of holy chrism; but in the East, where the climate is more favourable than ours to the growth of these plants, the Church uses no less than thirty-six species of precious perfumes, according to the Euchologion, in the oil, which makes it an ointment of exquisite fragrance. The Latin Church does not insist on the quantity or the quality of the balsam to be used; any substance commonly known as a balsam may be utilized, and such a quantity as will give its odour to the oil is sufficient. This mingling of the balsam with the oil is intended to convey, by outward sign, the good odour of Christ, of whom it is written (Cantic., i, 3): "We will run after thee to the odour of thy ointments." It typifies also the odour of good works, the thought which ought to inspire those who worthily receive the sacraments; and it symbolizes an innocent life and the gifts of the Holy Spirit.
The balsam is blessed by the bishop at the Mass which he solemnly celebrates on Holy Thursday and is poured into the oil after he has administered Holy Communion to the faithful. The cruet of balsam is brought by a subdeacon to the assistant priest, who in turn places it on a table in the sanctuary before the bishop. The latter blesses the balsam, reciting over it the three prayers found in the Roman Pontifical: he calls it the fragrant tear of dry bark — the oozing of a favoured branch that gives us the priestly unction. Later he mixes the balsam with a little oil on a paten and pours it into the chrism with a suitable invocation: "May this mixture of liquors be to those who shall be anointed with it, a propitiation and a salutary protection for ever and ever. Amen."
In the early ages the pope, without using any form, as appears from the Roman Ordines, poured the balsam into the oil, while still in the sacristy before Mass (Ordo Romanus, X, n. 3; P.L., LXXVIII, 1010.), but the blessing took place after the Communion of the pope, and before that of the clergy and the faithful (Duchesne, Christian Worship, 2d Eng. ed., 305, 306, 467). According to the Gregorian Sacramentary (Muratori, ed., P.L., LXXVIII, 330), however, the pope mixes the balsam and oil during the Mass. In the Church of Soissons in France, at one time, the "Veni Creator" was sung before the mingling of the balsam and oil.
MÖHLER in Kirchenlex.
APA citation. (1907). Balsam. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02226a.htm
MLA citation. "Balsam." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02226a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
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| 0.940163 | 1,091 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Tepco Probes Cause of Latest Radioactive Water Leak at Fukushima
Tokyo Electric Power Co. (9501) is investigating the cause of another leak of radioactive water at its wrecked Fukushima nuclear power plant, a reminder of the challenges remaining at the site of the world’s worst atomic accident since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.
The company, known as Tepco, is probing the origin and cause, spokeswoman Kaoru Suzuki said today by telephone. Tepco revealed the leak in a statement on its website this weekend.
Highly radioactive water was detected inside the No. 3 reactor building at the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear plant, Tepco said in yesterday’s statement. The contaminated water likely hasn’t escaped outside the building, Tepco’s Suzuki said.
The latest leak threatens to undermine efforts by the company to distance itself from the March 2011 disaster as it attempts to chart a path toward growth. Tokyo-based Tepco last week released a turnaround plan calling for investments in upstream energy projects and overseas electricity businesses.
Beta radiation levels of 24 million becquerels per liter were detected in the water from the first floor of the reactor building, the company said. The utility in December detected beta radiation levels of 57 million becquerels per liter in water beneath the same unit, Suzuki said.
The latest leak may have come from the containment vessel for water used to cool melted fuel at the reactor, broadcaster NHK reported earlier today.
The leaked water measured at about 20 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit) in temperature compared with the surrounding air’s 7 degrees Celsius, the statement said.
Ending radioactive water leaks along with groundwater and ocean contamination at the Fukushima plant may take more than five years, according to a report released by a government advisory body in December.
To contact the reporter on this story: Masumi Suga in Tokyo at [email protected]
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Jason Rogers at [email protected]
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| 0.928364 | 423 | 2.859375 | 3 |
( Originally Published Early 1900's )
HURDLE RACING has been in vogue since the early days of amateur athletics, and perhaps in no branch of athletic sports is proficiency more difficult to attain.
Hurdle races at various distances, such as 300 yards and 440 yards, are at times included in the competitions at athletic meetings; but from the first, the favourite distance has been 120 yards, with ten flights of hurdles, 3ft. 6in. high, placed ten yards apart, thus leaving fifteen yards from the starting-line to the first hurdle, and the same distance between the tenth and the winning-post. Sprint hurdle races must always be run on a straight course. In this country they are invariably run on grass, which must be perfectly level; but in America it is customary to use the cinder track, which is undoubtedly faster. Hence the American records are slightly better than our own.
The Hurdle-The modern hurdle consists of an obstacle specially made with perfectly level top bars ; the result is that flights of uniform regulation height are secured, and no competitor is benefited or impeded by any irregularities in the top bar, as was so often the case in the old style of hurdle. They are fixed on short pedestals of about a foot in length, and are much superior to the old hurdles in that they can be easily moved and the necessity of driving into the ground is obviated.
It was early discovered that in the race of 120 yards with ten flights, each 10 yards apart, three was the requisite number of strides on the flat between the hurdles ; and no one can hope to attain even mediocrity as a hurdle racer unless he can accomplish what is generally known as the " three stride " method. This consists in taking three complete strides on the flat, the fourth stride carrying the runner over the hurdle.
To accomplish this the runner must be careful to approach the first hurdle at the highest speed attainable, and in rising from the left foot (jumpers usually preferring to spring from the left) the right knee is raised upward and forward above the hurdle, and the leg (from knee to foot), brought inwards across the line of the body with the foot on as nearly as possible the same level as the knee, traverses the bar in an almost horizontal position, and is then brought to the ground as rapidly as possible. In the meanwhile, the left leg, with the knee pointing outward, is brought up rapidly as the body passes over the bar and is carried forward to the ground, thus constituting the first of the three strides.
The practised hurdler manages to gather up his legs in clearing the hurdle in such a way that only an inch or two intervenes between his body and the top bar.
Hints to Beginners-A beginner must remember that the hurdle must be cleared in a stride (i.e., he must rise from one foot and alight on the other), and that he must in no case jump it ; he will soon discover that jumping the hurdle will necessitate his taking five strides instead of three. Godfrey Shaw, of the London Athletic Club, probably the finest hurdler this country has produced, clears as much as fifteen feet in his stride over the hurdle, thus leaving the same distance to be accounted for in the three strides before rising at the next, and goes over the ten hurdles without so much as touching one. It will be seen, therefore, that the three strides, which appear almost insuperable to the novice, average only five feet each, or much less than he would be taking if running 100 yards on the flat.
Should the beginner find (as he no doubt will) that the regulation hurdles are too high, he should commence by practising over three or four obstacles of about 2ft. 6in. in height, but always ten yards apart.
When he can accomplish the three stridesover these, he should gradually increase the height and number of the obstacles.
There are several qualities necessary for the making of a crack hurdler. He must have speed and jumping power (hence it is that good hurdlers are frequently good long jumpers); he must he ve, too, dash and determination, and not be afraid of falling or barking his shins. That there are comparatively few hurdlers may be attributed to various causes. Among other reasons this branch of sport is not supported or encouraged by athletic clubs as it should be, by facilities being given for proper practice, or by including hurdle competitions in their pro-grammes. Again, few good sprinters will take to hurdling, as there is little doubt that the mechanical and artificial action necessary in hurdling interferes with speed on the flat.
With regard to training for hurdle races, constant practice is the thing most needed ; rigid dieting is comparatively unimportant.
In hurdle handicaps, where men have been known to give as much start as twenty-five yards, the runner most heavily weighted starts so many yards behind the scratch, and is usually described as "owing so much." Thus the limit, or longest start competitor, is usually placed on the scratch; though it sometimes happens that, on account of the length of the course being limited, the longest start man is placed as much as five yards in front of scratch, and has then only ten yards to run before reaching the first hurdle.
Finally, the beginner must remember that in hurdle racing constant practice will probably effect greater improvement than in any other branch of athletic sports. Frequently men who as novices are very slow, and who have the greatest difficulty in mastering the three strides, develop eventually into first-rate hurdle racers.
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| 0.98145 | 1,155 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The finding seems to confirm that Alzheimer's disease is not a single disorder, said Professor Shirley E. Poduslo, director of the Alzheimer's DNA Bank at Tech Health Sciences Center.
"Generally, everyone lumps Alzheimer's disease together as one disease, but we know that different patients have different symptoms, and what I'm suggesting is that Alzheimer's is probably a group of conditions, rather than one disorder," Poduslo said.
The Tech researchers found a family with several members who had memory problems, and one who had symptoms of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Upon the death of that patient, an autopsy revealed that the individual had only one characteristic sign of the memory-destroying disorder.
Alzheimer's is typically identified at autopsy by two characteristic signs plaques or deposits in the brain of beta-amyloid peptide, and tangles of neuronal filaments.
"What we found at autopsy is that the patient in this family had only plaques and no tangles in the brain," Poduslo said. "So what we did, because this was a different form of Alzheimer's than what everybody is used to looking at, is we went back and looked at markers on different chromosomes, and that's when we found markers on chromosome 3."
Heretofore, three genes were linked with Alzheimer's disease, but those genes were linked to early-onset Alzheimer's, where symptoms start at age 40 or 50, she said.
"Our study looks at late-onset disease, where symptoms (memory loss) start after the age of 65," she added. "The discovery of this new site is significant because it's an area that we now can study to identify the gene which causes this milder form of Alzheimer's disease."
The study is another step toward discovering the genetic cause of Alzheimer's disease, and may lead to development of new treatments.
In a written statement, Poduslo says, "We plan to continue screening families, looking for linkage with these markers."
Michael Gaffney can be contacted at 766-8796 or [email protected]
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| 0.965145 | 436 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Melbourne (07 May, 2014) A new study reveals that children who spend two hours or more in front of a screen (TV, computer, videogames etc.) have over 2.5 fold increase in their odds of having high blood pressure (BP). These odds are increased further by overweight and obesity. The study also showed that children with a low level of fitness had 3.4 times higher odds of high BP than those with a high level of fitness.
High BP in youth is associated with early markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and BP levels track from childhood to adulthood. Although sedentary behaviours, physical inactivity and decreased fitness can predict high BP in adults, their relationship in children is not well established. Presented at the World Heart Federation's World Congress of Cardiology on Wednesday 7 May, this new study measured the relationship between physical inactivity, sedentary behaviours and fitness on blood pressure in eight to 10 year-old children at high risk of obesity.
Data were taken from a sample of 630 children aged 8 and 10 years, all of who had at least one obese parent. Five consecutive blood pressure readings were taken and physical activity was assessed for one week with an accelerometer, a device which measures movement. Children also filled out validated questionnaires, recording physical inactivity from TV viewing, computer use, video game playing, studying and reading. Fitness was assessed using a standard incremental exercise test on an exercise bike. Height, weight and sexual maturation were measured along with socio-economic background and children who had parents with a history of high BP were recorded to adjust the results.
"More than two hours per day of screen time was associated with a 2.7 fold increase in the odds of elevated diastolic blood pressure. This association was more pronounced among overweight and obese youth. The study also emphasised that being physically active protects children from the risk of CVD. Physical activity prolongs lives regardless of inherited factors and protects against a vast number of health problems including cardiovascular disease." said Dr. Gilles Paradis, Chair of the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada, lead author of the study.
This study adds to the evidence suggesting that if children are encouraged to be more physically active, it may be possible to reduce the number of CVD-related deaths. Physical inactivity is strongly linked to CVD and is in fact the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide, attributable to approximately 3.2 million deaths a year. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity per day for children and 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity for adults per week.
"Hypertension has earned its reputation as the silent killer and combating its early onset in children is absolutely vital. More needs to be done to combat sedentary behaviours developing at a young age, reducing this risk of mortality in future generations," commented Srinath Reddy, President of the World Heart Federation and of the Public Health Foundation of India.
|Contact: Alissa Gutteridge|
World Heart Federation
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| 0.960837 | 624 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Cigarette Taxation Helps to Reduce Drinking Rates
In the USA tobacco use and heavy drinking are among major causes of preventable diseases. Cigarette taxation is considered one of most important policy tools to reduce smoking among Americans.
Most of all, drinking and smoking occur together. There was made a research on the field which analyzed the effects of cigarette taxation and it found out that cigarettes price increase is linked with modest to moderate reductions in alcohol usage among vulnerable groups of population.
The results of the research will be published in January 2014 in Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research.
Sherry McKee, the author of the research and associate professor of psychiatry at Yale University School of Medicine, said that together heavy drinking and smoking occur in terrifyingly high rates.
Tobacco use can intensify the effects of alcohol and even increase the risk for problematic and heavy drinking. Smokers drink more ofren and more heavily than non-smokers, and are more likely than non-smokers to become alcohol dependent.
Сo-occurrence of drinking and smoking has a particular clinical importance because of evidence that health effects increase with combined against singular abuse of alcohol and tobacco.
Christopher W. Kahler, professor and chair of the department of behavioral and social sciences at Brown School of Public Health, said that drinking and smoking are strongly connected for a number of reasons including corresponding pharmacologic effects, shared genetic associations, shared neuronal pathways, learned associations, common environmental factors. It is possible to fight these habits with pharmacotherapy, behavioral treatments and policy.
Cigarette taxes are considered most efficient tool to fight smoking. Increases in cigarette taxes reduces the number of people who want to start smoking and increases the number of people who want to quit. In other woeds, by increasing the price of cigarettes, taxes are thought to help smokers reduce tobacco use or even quit smoking, and prevent non-smokers from starting to smoke cigarettes.
McKee with her colleagues analyzed data received through interviews with 21,473 alcohol users as part the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a survey made by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
The researchers estimated how increases in cigarette taxes between Waves I (2001-2002) and II (2004-2005) were connected to reductions in frequency and quantity of alcohol use. The results of the study suggest that increases in cigarette taxes were connected to reductions in alcohol usage over time among men.
- Taxes on cigarettes don’t discourage consumption
- Tax hike didn’t cut smoking
- Cigarette duty in the Cayman Islands doubled
- One Billion People on the Globe are Tobacco Users
- The Impact of Obesity, Alcohol and Smoking
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| 0.947298 | 547 | 3 | 3 |
The Words of Mormon plays an important role in helping the reader understand the flow of the Book of Mormon. The books of 1 Nephi, 2 Nephi, Jacob, Enos, Jarom, and Omni are all writings from the small plates of Nephi. The books of Mosiah, Alma, Helaman, 3 Nephi, and 4 Nephi are abridgments from the large plates of Nephi. The Words of Mormon explains the connection between the small plates and the large plates.
Some Important Gospel Principles to Look For
All scripture testifies of Christ and is given for our profit and learning. We will be judged by the principles taught in the scriptures (see Words of Mormon 1:2–11).
Book of Mormon Student Manual: Religion 121 and 122, pp. 51–52.
Suggestions for Teaching
Words of Mormon 1. All scripture testifies of Christ and is given for our profit and learning. Boldly preaching the word brings greater righteousness. (5 minutes)
Have students write on a blank piece of paper three ways they have been blessed through reading and studying the scriptures (they should not include their names). Collect their answers and read some to the class. Discuss with students how they think their life would be different if they did not have the scriptures. Read Omni 1:17 and look for how not having scripture affected the people of Zarahemla.
Invite students to read Words of Mormon 1:2, 4, 7, 15–18 and find the benefits the scriptures can bring to our lives. List responses on the board if desired. Encourage students to maintain the habit of daily scripture study.
Words of Mormon 1:3–10. The small plates of Nephi and the large plates of Nephi make up the greater portion of the Book of Mormon. (5 minutes)
Hold up a clear glass of water and ask:
What is this?
Would it be correct to call it H2O?
What does H2O stand for? (Two parts hydrogen, one part oxygen.)
If you take away either of the two elements (hydrogen or oxygen), is it still water?
Invite students to read item 1 in A Brief Explanation about the Book of Mormon at the beginning of the Book of Mormon. Have them identify the two elements that make up the plates of Nephi. Invite a few students to share a favorite account or story from the Book of Mormon. Ask whether these stories came from the large or the small plates. Ask: What are some of the doctrines, teachings, and stories of the Book of Mormon that would be lost if only the large plates had been included? only the small plates?
The Words of Mormon explains why the small plates were inserted in the Book of Mormon. Have students silently read Words of Mormon 1:3–10 looking for and underlining the word plates every time it appears. Read the verses again as a class, identifying which are the large plates and which are the small plates. (Note: In these verses, the phrase plates of Nephi refers to the large plates, and the phrase these plates refers to the small plates. In verse 10, the phrase the other plates refers to the large plates.)
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| 0.933509 | 659 | 3.484375 | 3 |
New NAU App for Tracking Garter Snakes
NAU has launched a new app to track garter snakes (http://www2.nau.edu/idealab-d/gartersnake/user/login). Noelle Fletcher, an NAU graduate student in
Environmental Sciences, came up with the idea for a garter snake app to involve
the public in gathering information about the Northern Mexican and
Narrow-headed Garter Snakes, two declining species of snakes. Both of these snakes have been proposed for
listing as “Threatened with Critical Habitat” by the US Fish and Wildlife
Service. Joe Caruso, web designer for
NAU’s IDEA Lab, developed the app with Fletcher, and the Watershed Research and
Education Program funded the project.
“The goal with this app is to
get information from people working or recreating on the Verde River who might
see these snakes during the course of their time there,” explains Fletcher. The
app has been designed to work on most smartphones, tablets, and computers. It has an identification section with snake
photos to help volunteers with garter snake identification.
App users can upload their
snake photos and input data about the snakes they have seen. This includes the specific species as well as
information about the sighting, such as size, latitude and longitude,
elevation, time of day, the weather conditions, and whether the snake was on
land or in water. “To make sure all of
our information is correct, I'll be examining the information coming through
and providing correct IDs if necessary,” says Fletcher. There is also a tab for users to keep track of
their own sightings.
The goal of the app is to collect population and behavior information about the
snakes. “We're hoping
the app will help us and interested state and federal management agencies
identify new locations for both species,” notes Erika Nowak, NAU associate research professor in biological sciences
and herpetologist at the Colorado Plateau Research Station. “We're also working with
nonprofit conservation partners in the Verde Valley to promote use of the app.”
You can read more about garter snakes at http://dyerlytle.com/ravendreaming/hunter-laughing-waters-narrow-headed-garter-snake/.
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| 0.924361 | 511 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The ocean covers 71% of the surface of the earth and affects every aspect of human life from the food we eat to the air we breathe. Over half of the surface of the earth is covered by water more than 1000 m deep - it is often said we know more about the surface of the moon than we do about the deep ocean floor.
We began to learn about life in the deep ocean in the 19th century. Around this time Edward Forbes at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland suggested that the seabed below 600 m was lifeless. This idea stimulated others - could it really be true that no life existed over huge areas of the planet?
Around this time others were exploring the deep-sea, often in search of new sea passages or to survey the route for submarine cables. These deep-sea pioneers sometimes found animals caught on the sounding lines they used to measure water depth. In Norway Michael Sars and his son G.O. Sars found almost 100 species living below 600 m - including a live stalked sea lily that was only was only known from fossils.
In the UK, Charles Wyville Thomson became fascinated by the question of whether life could exist in the chilly waters of the deep-sea and whether the deep-sea was a refuge for species thought to be extinct. He visited Michael Sars in Norway and saw the animals dredged from deep in the fjords. On his return to Britain, Wyville Thomson and W.B. Carpenter organised an expedition with the Royal Society of London and using ships from the British Royal Navy (H.M.S. Lightning and H.M.S. Porcupine) set out in the summers of 1868-1870. These early cruises dredged down to over 4000 m - a fantastic achievement at the time.
Now convinced that life was present at the greatest ocean depths, Wyville Thomson organised the world-famous Challenger expedition using the H.M.S Challenger to circumnavigate the world between 1872 and 1876. As well as finding animal life at over 5000 m depth, this expedition examined the temperatures and salinities of the ocean and laid the foundations for the science of oceanography.
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Learn to set up a test Kafka broker on a Windows machine, create a Kafka producer, and create a Kafka consumer using the .NET framework.
Latest Data & I/O Articles - Page 2
This month, learn to put information into your programs and then print it.
Sooner or later you'll need to find out about, and deal with, the various storage devices ("drives") available in your system.
Yahoo Query Language (YQL) is an extraordinarily useful tool. Tap into its potential.
Learn about something called "Google Protocol Buffers," and watch for later posts on other IoT subjects.
Use Entity Framework 5 or higher to incorporate raw SQL into your database.
Latest Developer VideosMore...
Latest CodeGuru Developer Columns
It's essential to know the differences in these libraries and use them correctly. This brief tutorial will guide you.
Learn the logic behind making Boolean choices.
Learn how to create a Visual Basic UDP (User Datagram Protocol) program.
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are where you have to be. It's not a matter of if as much as a matter of which.
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The Soudan Mine, which opened in 1884, is located at the western edge of the Vermilion range, about two miles northeast of Tower. It was the first iron mine in the state, and its first ore shipment in the summer of 1884 marked the beginning of the state's mining industry.
Ojibwe living in northeastern Minnesota had long been aware of the presence of iron ore in the region. They told blacksmith N.A. Posey about it in 1863, when Posey was living among them to teach them his trade at the request of the US government. The Ojibwe gave samples of the region's iron ore to Posey. He shared the samples with area surveyor and civil engineer George Stuntz. In 1875, Stuntz made a test blast near what would become the Soudan Mine and told Duluth businessman George C. Stone about the promising ore that turned up.
During the 1870s, George C. Stone worked to persuade millionaire Pennsylvania investor Charlemagne Tower Sr. to develop the Vermilion range, including the Soudan site. The Vermilion range is one of three ranges that make up the Iron Range in northeastern Minnesota. Tower, who had made much of his money in the coal mining industry, decided to invest in the region only after sending in his own experts, such as geologist Albert Chester, to investigate.
With help from Stone, Tower bought up key pieces of land in northeastern Minnesota and purchased an inactive railroad project, the Duluth and Iron Range Railway. Eventually, this railway would run from Two Harbors on Lake Superior directly to the Soudan Mine. It would provide a way to get the area's ore from the mine through the swampy forest lands of the Vermilion range to a shipping port.
Construction on the Duluth and Iron Range Railway line began in the summer of 1883. Cornish miners recruited from Michigan traveled overland to Minnesota the next winter and began digging at the Soudan site. The ore they mined was stockpiled for shipping until the railroad line was finished. The mine's first superintendent, Elisha Morcom, named the mine after the tropical Sudan region of Africa. He meant it as a joke, because of the cold winters in northern Minnesota, but the name stuck.
The Duluth and Iron Range Railway arrived at the Soudan Mine on July 30, 1884, and carried the first shipment of almost 3,000 tons back to Two Harbors the next day. A few days later, the ore was loaded onto the steamers Ironton and Hecla and shipped across the Great Lakes to Cleveland. In Cleveland, George H. and Samuel P. Ely sold it for Tower's firm, the Minnesota Iron Company.
Later, once it was clear that the Soudan Mine would make money, the Minnesota Iron Company was bought by a group of New York investors and merged with the Oliver Iron Mining Company, which eventually became part of U.S. Steel.
Iron ore on the Vermilion range is unusually hard and high-quality. Soudan miners first dug it out using the open-pit technique, since the ore was close to the surface. As the ore was removed to a depth of more than twenty feet, operations shifted underground for safety reasons. By the 1890s, operations were entirely underground. During this period, miners were able to excavate with minimal bracing and little fear of mine collapse, since the ore was hard and ran through the surrounding rock in nearly vertical columns. Miners followed the seams of ore downward, excavating on many levels at once, until the depth of the mine reached nearly 2,500 feet.
Never as big as the Mesabi range to the southwest, the Vermilion range and its mines were steady producers of iron ore over many decades. The Soudan Mine peaked in 1892 at 568,471 tons of iron ore shipped. However, it reliably produced tens of thousands of tons of ore every year from its opening in 1884 until its closing on December 15, 1962, with more than fifteen million tons shipped over the life of the mine.
The last shaft of the mine to be worked was number eight. It was preserved and turned into Soudan Underground Mine State Park in 1965. The deepest excavated area of the mine is now used by the University of Minnesota for a high-energy physics lab, since it is uniquely protected by its depth from cosmic radiation.
75 Years of Iron Ore. [Two Harbors, MN: Lake County Historical Society, 1960].
Blegen, Theodore C. Minnesota: A History of the State. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975.
Eliseuson, Michael. Tower Soudan: The State Park Down Under. St. Paul: Minnesota Parks Foundation, 1976.
Morcom, Elisha J. "The Discovery and Development of the Iron Ore Industry." Paper presented at a meeting of the St. Louis County Historical Society, Duluth, MN, October 28, 1926.
"Oliver Iron Mining Company Number." Special Issue, US Steel News 2, no. 6 (June 1937).
"Soudan Mine, First Iron Ore Shipper in Minnesota, Honored on 40th Anniversary." Skilling's Mining Review 13, no. 31 (December 13, 1924): 1, 3, 9–11.
Van Barneveld, Charles Edwin. Iron Mining in Minnesota. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota, 1912.
Walker, David A. Iron Frontier: The Discovery and Early Development of Minnesota's Three Ranges. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1979.
In 1892, the Soudan Mine peaks at 568,471 tons of iron ore shipped but it continues to produce tens of thousands of tons of ore every year until its closing on December 15, 1962.
The Ojibwe tell blacksmith N.A. Posey about the region's rich iron ore resources.
Surveyor and civil engineer George Stuntz finds ore in a test blast in the Soudan Mine area.
Construction starts on the Duluth and Iron Range Railway, which eventually carries iron ore from the Soudan Mine to Two Harbors to be shipped.
The Soudan Mine opens and makes its first iron ore shipment.
The mine peaks at 568,471 tons of iron ore shipped.
The Soudan Mine closes on December 15, having produced millions of tons of iron ore.
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Ways of lfie in rural and urban India
Living conditions remain abysmally poor in India, with a big difference between urban and rural areas. Nearly three-quarters of urban households lived in pucca houses, compared to only about a quarter in rural areas. The difference between urban and rural households with an electricity connection is about the same.
Again, only about one-sixth of the rural households had access to tap water while the corresponding proportion in cities is about three-fourth. Groundwater alone meets the drinking needs of nearly 80 per cent of India's rural population.
Sanitary facilities are still very limited in the villages where nearly 90 per cent have no latrines, while in the urban areas, only about 31 per cent have to do without them. In cities, electricity meets the lighting needs of nearly three-fourths of the households. In rural areas, it is kerosene that meets this need.
Biomass sources such as firewood and dung cakes remain the principal cooking fuels in rural India. In urban areas, too, they remain the principal cooking fuel for more than 40 per cent of the households. Commercial fuels such as coal, kerosene and light petroleum gas are the principal fuels for just over half of the urban households.
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There are basically three aspects to wiring:
1. What wire to use.
2. How to connect things up.
3. How to route the wiring.
The wire to use (or more correctly the size of wire to use) depends upon the current it is to carry (which varies with gauge) and the length the wire needs to be.
How you should connect things and how to route the wires varies according to what equipment is in your railway (or might get added in the future).
Firstly lets make two categories of model railway (from the wiring perspective):
1. Layouts which contain (or might in the future contain) electronics such as integrated circuits or latching elements such as flip-flops. All DCC layouts fall into this category. Layouts running BC3 and plan for 'higher layer control' are also here.
2. Layouts which contain none of these. Most classic layouts fall into this category. Layouts running BC3 and will never have any higher levels of control are here.
The second category is the simplest and can be dealt with first. There is also a plentiful supply of advice in books that show how to build model railways.
Track wiring is the most obvious and here you have a lot of choice. Most advice suggests using 7/0.2 wire (seven strands of wire that are each 0.2mm diameter). This is ample for all but the largest of scales (larger than 'G') and should suffice for even monster layouts.
Smaller scales (OO/HO and smaller) could escape with thinner wire - I use standard ribbon cable (7/0.127) for my N gauge layout, and thats with old locos that are poorly maintained (some draw around 500mA). Even fairly long runs (9m) work fine. Modern locos draw a lot less current and so thinner wire is acceptable.
If you want to run multi-heading with old cranky locos, then perhaps you should choose the 7/0.2 wire instead.
If you drive solenoid motors directly from your control panel, then be aware that long cable runs cause a voltage drop. When calculating such a drop, assume that the motor is drawing 5A. Having said that I have successfully driven solenoid motors using 9m of standard ribbon cable from a standard CDU. If you want to drive several motors from a single stud, switch or relay, then either give each one a separate wire, or use the thicker (7/0.2) wire.
The only considerations when routing your wiring is tidiness, and being able to follow the wires later. If your wiring isn't self-documenting (wouldn't that be nice) then grouping associated wire into bundles might help, and within each bundle make each wire a different colour.
Further advice on classic railway wiring can be found in railway modelling books.
These layouts are somewhat different to the classic case. The main difference is that they contain elements that might be susceptible to poor power feeds, noise pickup or the like. Consider the following circuit diagram:
The biggest source of problems is probably the earth, ground or return wire(s).
In this simple circuit we have a CDU driving a solenoid point motor, and a power supply feeding some kind of logic (perhaps an RPC stack). As is not uncommon, everything is grounded to a master ground (which might or might not be separate from the track common return). Some kind of input (labelled sensor) feeds into the logic circuit. Assume that the input device has its own power supply for the moment.
The ground wire has some resistance. Lets assume its a 7/0.2 wire and its 2.5m long (quite a short piece for lots of railways. Its end-to-end resistance is 0.2 ohms.
Now we activate the solenoid motor. For a few milliseconds around 5A flows (its a slow-rise pulse because of the inductance, and then the capacitor is discharging, but 5A is a good estimate). Along just this ground wire 1 volt is dropped (5A * 0.2ohm). Now for the solenoid motor it is of no concern, but it has the side effect of raising the ground level on the logic block by 1V.
That 1V rise in ground could easily make the logic erroneously detect a 'low' level from the sensor, or perhaps make the logic do something crazy. Either way it doesn't make for a reliable railway. If the ground wire were 10m long then ground on the logic would rise 5V!
The solution is simple: separate the ground lines:
Now any voltage drop on the point motor circuit is isolated to just that circuit, and will obviously not cause a problem (unless we get pickup of radiated signals).
There may be a reason (though probably not in this example) for both ground lines being at the same voltage. That's OK, but you must tie a single point of each ground to a single star-connected common ground:
The connection to common ground could be anywhere on each ground wire, but each one should connect just once (otherwise current will try to flow through the common ground connections and make new voltage drops).
In general you need to separate things of different current consumption characteristics. A sample separation might be:
1. Track feeds.
2. Solenoid motors.
3. High current slow action point motors (Hoffman, Conrad etc)
4. Lights (scenic lighting, signals etc).
5. Logic, sensors and other low-power devices including Tortoise motors.
All of items 1..4 have the scope for affecting the logic circuits. Items 1..3 could affect the lighting, though that is unlikely to cause problems, but having lights flicker or dim when turnouts operate is probably not a good idea.
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This document explains basic concepts behind application development with Oracle Database. It provides instructions for using the basic features of topics through Structured Query Language (SQL), and the Oracle server-based procedural extension to the SQL database language, Procedural Language/Structured Query Language (PL/SQL).
This preface contains:
This document is intended for anyone who wants to learn about Oracle Database application development, and is primarily an introduction to application development for developers who are new to Oracle Database.
This document assumes that you have a general understanding of relational database concepts and an understanding of the operating system environment that you will use to develop applications with Oracle Database.
For information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at
Oracle customers that have purchased support have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. For information, visit
http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit
http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs if you are hearing impaired.
As you become comfortable with the concepts and tasks in this document, Oracle recommends that you consult other Oracle Database development documents, especially:
For more information, see:
This document uses these text conventions:
|boldface||Boldface type indicates graphical user interface elements associated with an action, or terms defined in text or the glossary.|
|italic||Italic type indicates book titles, emphasis, or placeholder variables for which you supply particular values.|
||Monospace type indicates commands within a paragraph, URLs, code in examples, text that appears on the screen, or text that you enter.|
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June 5, 2014
For Those Genetically Predisposed To Obesity, Limiting Saturated Fats Might Be Necessary
April Flowers for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online
Many advertisements today talk about what kind of fats are in their products. Dietary fats come in three main varieties: unsaturated, saturated and trans. Your body can't operate correctly without dietary fat, but how much of which kind is right? The Mayo Clinic reports that one main concern with dietary fats is the high caloric content, and the role they might play in conditions such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.A new study from the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (USDA HNRCA) at Tufts University reveals that limiting saturated fat could help people whose genetic makeup increases their chance of being obese.
The study, published in a recent issue of the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, identified 63 gene variants related to obesity. The research team analyzed the gene variants to calculate a genetic risk score for obesity for over 2,800 men and women in the US. The study subjects were participating in two large studies on heart disease prevention. They found that individuals with a higher genetic risk score for obesity and who consumed more of their calories as saturated fats, were more likely to have a higher Body Mass Index (BMI) than those who didn't. The researchers accounted for confounding factors such as age, sex, and physical activity levels in their findings.
"We already know there are certain genes that interact with dietary fat and affect BMI," said José M. Ordovás, Ph.D., director of the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory at the USDA HNRCA and a professor at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University. "In the current study, we analyzed dozens of variants of those genes and other genes frequently associated with obesity risk and saw that, while total fat intake was related to higher BMI, people who were genetically predisposed to obesity and ate the most saturated fat had the highest BMIs."
People whose genetic variants predispose them to obesity might be more sensitive to saturated fats, according to the research team. Saturated fats are found in food such as fatty cuts of beef and pork, butter, cheese and other high-fat dairy products.
"Little is known about the mechanisms that might explain the role of saturated fat intake in obesity," said Ordovás, who is also a member of the Genetics and Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics graduate program faculty at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts University. "Some clinical models suggest that saturated fat might interfere with activity in the part of the brain that lets us know we're full, in addition to a few studies in people that suggest a diet high in saturated fat interferes with satiety. More research is needed to know whether those findings would also apply to gene function."
Clinicians could use genetic risk scores to personalize dietary recommendations for patients with a predisposition for obesity. "If further research can clarify a relationship between obesity related genes and saturated fat, people with higher scores would have even more incentive to follow advice to limit their saturated fat intake as part of an obesity prevention strategy," Ordovás said.
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Apple’s plans to build a giant solar farm in Maiden, North Carolina, to power its new data center are well underway. The new building will require a 20 megawatt array of solar panels to create enough power, and that’s going to take up over 171 acres of land, or 107 NFL football fields. This aerial footage gives you a sense of just how huge the facility will be.
Some people will go to great lengths to catch a glimpse of Apple’s work in progress, and that includes flying a helicopter above its solar farm to see just how big it is. This video, shot by Five 9s Digital, shows the progress Apple has already made on the facility:
The new facility will become the world’s largest solar array dedicated to data center operations, according to Data Center Knowledge, surpassing the 14 megawatt array that supports the McGraw-Hill data center in East Windsor, New Jersey. However, some believe solar power for data centers isn’t such a great idea.
James Hamilton of Amazon Web Services says that he wonders whether solar farms are really a mix between a “bad idea and pure marketing.” He believes the environmental impact and the economics of these giant facilities may not justify their purpose.
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Archeological evidence in the form of stone axes and broken pottery points to the existence of early habitation in the Gambia River region around 2000 BC In 470 BC , Carthaginian sailors visited the River Gambia. Hannon the Carthaginian referred to The Gambia in his writings, making The Gambia known to the outside world. In AD 300, West African trading networks expanded as early empires established trading networks for peoples living in the Gambia River area. Later kingdoms of the Foni, Kombo, Sine-Salom and Fulladou in The Gambia became trading partners of West Africa's great empires. Islam reached the Ghana Empire in the early 8th century, following the Arab conquest of North Africa.
Around AD 750, at Wassu, a large concentration of stone pillars was placed on the north bank of the River Gambia, the largest of which weigh about ten tons and stand about eight and a half feet above the ground. The stones likely mark the burial sites of kings and chiefs similar to burial grounds of royalty in the Ghana Empire. In the 11th century, Islamic leaders (Karamos) were buried like this, making some of the circles holy places.
Eastern Gambia was part of the great West African empires that flourished for a millennium beginning with Ghana after AD 300. The relative political stability guaranteed by the empires permitted trade and movement of peoples throughout the region. Powerful kingdoms organized as families and clans of Wolof, Mandingo, and Fulbe (Fulani) peoples formed larger social and political units. Small groups of Mandingos had settled in The Gambia by the 12th or 13th century, and a Mali-based Mandingo empire was dominant in the 13th and 14th centuries.
Portuguese sailors discovered the Gambia River in 1455; its navigability made it uniquely important for European traders seeking to penetrate the interior. In 1587, English merchants began to trade in the area. The Royal African Company acquired a charter in 1678 and established a fort on James Island, a small island in the river estuary. In 1765, the forts and settlements in The Gambia were placed under the control of the crown, and for the next 18 years The Gambia formed part of the British colony of Senegambia, with headquarters at Saint-Louis. In 1783, the greater part of Senegambia was handed back to France; the Gambia section ceased to be a British colony and was returned to the Royal African Company.
In 1816, Capt. Alexander Grant entered into a treaty with the chief of Kombo for the cession of Banjul Island. He renamed it St. Mary's Island and established on it a settlement that he called Bathurst (now Banjul). In 1821, the British settlements in The Gambia were placed under the administration of the government of Sierra Leone. This arrangement continued until 1888, except for the period 1843–66, when The Gambia had its own colonial administration. In 1888, The Gambia again became a separate colony. Its boundaries were defined following an agreement with France in 1889.
After 1888, The Gambia was administered by a governor assisted by an Executive Council and a Legislative Council. In 1902, St. Mary's Island was established as a crown colony, while the rest of the territory became a protectorate. In 1960, universal adult suffrage was introduced in the protectorate, and a 34-member House of Representatives replaced the Legislative Council. The office of prime minister was created in 1962, and the Executive Council was reconstituted to include the governor as chairman, the prime minister, and eight other ministers. Dr. (later Sir) Dawda Kairaba Jawara, the leader of the Progressive People's Party (PPP), became the first prime minister. The Gambia attained full internal self-government on 4 October 1963, with Jawara as prime minister. An independence constitution, which came into force in February 1965, established The Gambia as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth.
On 23 April 1970, after a referendum, The Gambia became a republic with Jawara as the first president. He and the ruling PPP remained in power into the 1980s, weathering an attempted left-wing coup and paramilitary rebellion in July 1981, which was quashed by Senegalese troops under a mutual defense pact signed in 1965; an estimated 500–800 people died in the uprising, and there was much property damage. In February 1982, the Confederation of Senegambia was formally constituted. Jawara was reelected to a new term as president that May, receiving 72.4% of the vote. He was reelected in March 1987, defeating two opponents with 59.2% of the vote, and again in April, 1992. He gained 59% of the vote to 22% for Sheriff Mustapha Dibba, his nearest of four rivals. His PPP was also returned to legislative power but with a reduced majority. It fell from 31 to 25 of the elected seats, in the 36-seat House of Representatives.
In March 1992 Jawara accused Libya of arming a force led by Samba Samyang, the leader of the 1981 coup attempt. Libya denied involvement. He also made similar accusations against Libya and Burkina Faso in 1988. In May 1992 Jawara announced an amnesty for most members of the Movement for Justice in Africa (MOJA) which had been linked to the failed 1981 coup. And in April 1993, two of MOJA's leaders returned from exile to organize as a political party.
Jawara was expected to retire in midterm, but on 22 July 1994 he was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Lt. Yahya Jammeh, who had studied in the United States and held an honorary post in the Alabama National Guard. President Jawara took shelter in an American warship which, at the time, had been on a courtesy call. The junta of junior officers and a few civilians suspended the constitution, banned all political activity, detained its superior officers, and placed ministers of the former government under house arrest. The European Union and the United States suspended aid and pressed for a quick return to civilian rule. In 1995, Vice-President Sana Sebally attempted another coup, ostensibly to return civilian rule, but it failed. Isolated from the West, Jammeh sought diplomatic ties with other marginalized nations. In 1994, he established relations with Libya and, in 1995, he did so with Taiwan (incurring China's wrath and a break in relations). Economic accords were signed with Cuba and Iran as well.
On 26 September 1996, presidential elections were held in which Jammeh won 55.76% of the vote. Ousainou Darboe took 35.8% and Amath Bah won 5.8%. Three former contenders, the PPP, The Gambia People's Party and the National Convention Party, blamed for The Gambia's problems, were proscribed from competition. Two days later, Jammeh dissolved the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council, which he had formed upon taking power in 1994, and called for legislative elections in January 1997. The Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction won 32 of 45 contested seats (4 of the body's 49 are appointive). The elections were considered to have been relatively fair, although opposition candidates were harassed and there was almost no media exposure of any but the ruling party.
In 1998, tourism, the most important source of foreign currency, had risen to near pre-coup levels as Jammeh suppressed grumbling in the army, reestablished stability, and allowed some democratic reforms to move ahead. In February 1998, Jammeh made his first official visit to France. He signed a technical, cultural and scientific accord in Paris designed to reinforce Franco-Gambian cooperation. In 1999, Jammeh raised The Gambia's international profile by mediating between Casamance rebels and the Senegalese government. The ADB, OPEC, and the Islamic Bank approved a round of loans and credits for building and equipping schools and hospitals, and the IMF agreed to a second annual loan worth $11.8 million under the ESAF.
However, in March 2000 the government was reeling from accusations of embezzlement of some $2–$3 million of Nigerian oil aid, the siphoning off of millions of dollars of a Taiwanese loan, and money laundering in connection with the privately held peanut processing and marketing company, Gambian Groundnut Corporation (GGC). The government stepped up security measures and controls over the private media, which it justified on the grounds of an alleged coup attempt on 15 January 2000. The coup may have been stage-managed as a pretext for increased security measures. In mid-April, student protests ended with the deaths of 14 people. Local elections, scheduled for November 2000 were repeatedly postponed.
The 18 October 2001 presidential elections were conducted amidst charges of fraud, and thousands of Diola—members of Jammeh's ethnic group living across the border in Senegal— reportedly helped re-elect Jammeh who took 52.96% of the vote. Ousainou Darboe of the United Democratic Party (UDP), who had formed a coalition with the People's Progressive Party (PPP) and with The Gambia People's Party (GPP) of Hassan Musa Camara, came in second. Despite his allegations of voting and identity card fraud, Darboe conceded defeat. The EU, the Commonwealth, the UK, the UN, and Transparency International observers said they were relatively satisfied with the conduct of the election.
In 1999, the HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate was estimated to be below 2%, one of the lowest rates in sub-Saharan Africa. The 2002 UN Human Development Report ranked The Gambia 160th out of 173 countries on the basis of real GDP per capita, adult literacy, and life expectancy.
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Written by: Kevin Cann
Ever found it hard to cut those sweets out of your diet? In my practice this typically tends to be one of the biggest hurdles in achieving optimal wellness. We have all seen our population’s obesity rate rise continuously as well as the prevalence of disease. Eating healthier is not always as easy as having willpower and studies have shown this.
One such study was conducted at the Scripps Research Institute in March of 2010. This study ultimately proved that the same mechanisms that are responsible for drug addiction are also responsible for us craving certain types of foods. A group of rats were fed a high calorie, high-fat diet that would mimic our meals available at fast-food restaurants. These rats would go through electric shock treatment to their feet as well as extreme cold temperatures just to get the high calorie, high-fat foods (Kenny and Johnson, 2010). This is a typical sign of addictive behavior. What causes this to happen?
We are wired to eat foods that taste good and also make us feel good. The two systems responsible for that in our bodies are the homeostatic system and the hedonic system. Our homeostatic system is the system that uses leptin as a major player in weight control. Leptin signals the brain on how much body fat to store. This is a survival mechanism in our bodies. The problem with this mechanism is it can be changed. This is where leptin resistance comes into play.
The more adipose tissue we have the more leptin gets released. This leads to our leptin receptors becoming desensitized and more leptin being needed for the same response. The need for the increased amount of leptin changes our homeostatic system to carry more excess adipose tissue. This is classic leptin resistance. If this problem is not addressed we will continue to get more and more obese. This is one reason why losing weight can be extremely difficult for some and yo-yo diets are ineffective.
The hedonic system is the system in our body that allows us to enjoy certain things. One of these things that can actually elicit a response in our hedonic system are certain foods, especially ones that are sweet and/or salty. Major companies understand this and hire scientists to develop foods that will elicit a response from our rewards system. The hedonic and homeostatic systems can work together against us in the attempt to lose weight. The homeostatic system wants to maintain a higher body fat and the hedonic system are constantly craving foods that are bad for us. This is why taking out foods completely and being strict for a time frame is extremely important. If these foods with high rewards are added back in before we have reset our homeostatic system then it can derail the progress we have made up to that point.
It doesn’t stop there. When we eat certain foods there is a release of dopamine. Dopamine is also released when we do certain drugs and drink alcohol. It is a big player in addictive behavior. When released, dopamine makes us feel good. However, there lies a problem. The more dopamine that gets released the more the receptors will desensitize, much like in the situation with leptin. This causes a need for more dopamine to be released to get the same good feeling as before. This ultimately leads to increased overeating.
Another chemical that is released when we eat certain foods are opioids. The opioid agonists are responsible for making us want more of the foods that taste good to us. Opioid antagonists are what are given to help curb addiction in drug addicts. The problem with that medication is it takes the “good” feeling out of everything.
Certain foods will also elicit a response from cannabinoid receptors. This is the same response that occurs when someone smokes pot and gets the “munchies.” It stimulates our response for cravings. The combination of these three leads to severe addiction to food. One study actually showed that oral administration of an antagonist opioid and a cannabinoid receptor inverse agent led to decreased eating in obese mice (Chen, 2003). This proves that there is some response in these neurotransmitters.
Understanding that you may have a carb addiction is the first step in the direction of remedying the problem. If you are just starting out on the paleo diet and are thinking that one cookie will not hurt you, it definitely can. Would you give a recovering alcoholic “just one” drink? I would hope not. Changing this addiction can be different for everyone. One thing I like to recommend is to create a list of why you’re doing the paleo diet. It may read like this:
- Help with symptoms
- Lose weight
- Feel better
- Set an example for my kids
Every time the cravings come up, take a breath and recite your list out loud. It tends to help people stay focused on their long term goals. It also helps to switch negative thinking to positive thinking and it is great because you can take this practice everywhere with you and use it without anyone noticing.
Deep breathing exercises may be another means of suppressing the addiction. Studies have linked chronic opioid use with sleep apnea. A study done in 2006 tested two groups of 60 patients on breathing patterns during sleep. One group was given opioids and the other was not. The opioid group had a 50% larger apnea-hypopnea index (Walker, 2006). More research would be needed to draw a definite conclusion from this study, but it does raise a few ideas. For one, taking “bad” foods out of our diets will decrease the chance of us getting sleep apnea. The other is much more theoretical.
Breathing has been used as a means of stress management for thousands of years. Studies have shown it to be effective in lowering tension by decreasing heart rate as well as reducing arousal (Lee, 1999). Practicing breathing techniques used during meditation and other relaxation practices, yoga breathing, and chest breathing which is most commonly used in the reduction of stress, can all help relax our minds of the arousal that comes when we think of certain foods. It may also be able to help alleviate some threat of developing sleep apnea. The previous study mentioned showed a correlation between respiration and opioid use, so maybe breathing exercises can help alleviate some of the addiction.
Meditation is another means that has been successful in treating addiction. In a study performed on recovering alcoholics, meditation was used in an 8 week program that used class study days and at home meditation. On class days 94.5% of participants remained alcohol free. 47% remained abstinent through the whole program and 47% reported one heavy drinking day or more. In a survey the anxiety, depression, and stress of the participants decreased as well (Zgierska, 2008). 47% is a pretty strong success rate and this could be worth a serious try if you are suffering from carb addiction.
The first step of this whole process is understanding that you are addicted to foods. Foods have a strong neurological tie to us and food companies understand this. They hire scientists to make recipes that elicit the greatest response from our neurotransmitters. This along with the easy access to these foods makes addiction a real problem. Once that problem is identified and the foods are removed it will be a tough journey. Finding a method whether it is making lists, breathing techniques, or meditation is important. Also, having the support of family and friends can be key to one’s success.
Kevin is owner of Genetic Potential Nutrition. He is a holistic nutritionist, wellness coach, and strength coach. He works with people fighting illness, to competitive athletes. Check out his site at www.geneticpotentialnutrition.
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White House requires school athletics for disabled
Says changes are necessary to level the playing field
In a sweeping move that will affect all American schools, the Obama administration has told districts they must offer students with disabilities the same sports opportunities as other children.
Schools now must include disabled students in existing athletic programs or provide them with equal alternatives. The directive is a huge victory for disability-rights advocates and it immediately drew praise from many in the education sector. But others fear that the new requirements will blow up school district budgets at a time when few have money to spare.
The federal government argues the new rule is necessary to level the playing field for all U.S. children.
“Sports can provide invaluable lessons in discipline, selflessness, passion and courage, and this guidance will help schools ensure that students with disabilities have an equal opportunity to benefit from the life lessons they can learn on the playing field or on the court,” Education Secretary Arne Duncan said in a statement.
The move comes just after the 40th anniversary of Title IX, the landmark law that required schools and colleges to offer equal athletic opportunities to women. Unlike Title IX, however, the Education Department’s latest “guidance” to school districts isn’t technically a new law. Rather, it’s a new interpretation of the existing Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prevents discrimination against disabled students.
While the new guidance does not require disabled students be allowed entry into any sports program they choose, it does require schools to make adjustments to how they run their athletic teams. For example, school track teams must use a “visual cue” alongside a starter pistol so children with hearing impairments can run and not be at a disadvantage.
The guidance likely will lead to more schools offering wheelchair basketball or similar programs to disabled students.
“It’s going to open up a whole new door of opportunity to our nation’s school children with disabilities,” said Bev Vaughn, executive director of the nonprofit American Association of Adapted Sports Programs.
The National Education Association, the nation’s largest teachers union, also applauded the move.
“All students have the human and civil right to a quality public education with equal access that develops their potential, independence and character,” the labor group said in a statement.
The guidance has its roots in a 2010 study by the Government Accountability Office that found students with disabilities participate in sports at much lower rates. Supporters of the Education Department’s new policy acknowledge that fixing that gap will be difficult.
“Is it easy? No,” said Brad Hedrick, director of disability services at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a Hall of Famer in the National Wheelchair Basketball Association. “But it is feasible and possible that a meaningful and viable programming can be created.”
The Education Department has given no firm timetable for when districts must comply with the guidance. It’s also unclear whether federal funding will be provided to states and schools, or whether they’ll be required to fund additional programs or modify existing ones on their own dime.
Critics believe that the idea, while noble, may amount to yet another unfunded federal mandate.
“This is a worthy area for discussion and policymaking, but the [government] needs to tread lightly here because of the potentially complicated and expensive ways this guidance could be interpreted,” said Michael J. Petrilli, executive vice president of the Thomas B. Fordham Institute, a conservative think tank.
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With over 100,000 acres of Red Maple-Black Gum swamp, marsh and bog lands, handsome stands of Bald Cypress and Atlantic White Cedar, and 3,100-acre Lake Drummond, the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge holds natural secrets that can take a lifetime of exploration to uncover. The Great Dismal Swamp was hacked away at for some 200 years, and the draining, lumbering, and development schemes perpetrated here have left their marks. This is a marvelous refuge, but a lot of the "great" has long since been removed from the swamp. Still, this sanctuary is full of creatures great and small, and some 40 miles of dirt roads pass through its habitats; although generally not open to motorized vehicles, they are perfect for foot and bicycle travel, and usually give visitors a multitude of wildlife-viewing opportunities.
Nearly 80 species of reptiles and amphibians, including snakes, lizards, turtles, salamanders, frogs, and toads, have been observed here -- an extraordinary diversity. Various turtles, such as the Spotted and the Yellow-bellied, are conspicuous in the roadside canals and ponds, sunning themselves on logs and cypress stumps. Other amphibians and reptiles are easily recognized by their voices -- the "clink" of the Green Treefrog and the "plink plink" of the Carpenter Frog. Three poisonous snake species, the Timber Rattlesnake, Copperhead, and Cottonmouth, live here.
Two hundred and ten species of birds have been recorded in the refuge. Breeding wood-warblers, among the most colorful avian residents from spring to fall, include Prothonotary, Yellow-throated, Kentucky, Hooded, and the extremely local Swainson’s Warblers.
Mammal-watchers will have to work a lot harder to build a long sightings list, but their efforts may lead to glimpses of Black Bears, White-tailed Deer, beavers, gray squirrels, Red and Gray Foxes, Eastern Cottontails, Marsh Rabbits, muskrats, Minks, Northern River Otters, and Bobcats. Great Purple Hairstreak and Palamedes Swallowtail are two of the many beautiful butterflies here.
The road at the Washington Ditch entrance leads to Lake Drummond, one of only two natural lakes in the state. It also accesses the 3/4-mile Boardwalk Trail, which hints at some of the swamp’s natural treasures.
Have you been to this park? How many stars would you give it?
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In response to an alert raised due to epidemic exanthematous rashes in children in a kindergarten, an outbreak investigation was carried out in a municipality in the north of Portugal in late spring 2008. The intention was to establish an aetiological diagnosis and take corrective measures if necessary. The warden at the kindergarten was interviewed, and a self-administered questionnaire was given to parents and staff. Blood samples from seven children with facial erythema were collected for serological investigation. Seventeen cases of erythema infectiosum, due to infection with parvovirus B19, were identified and classified as “confirmed”. No cases occurred among the eight adult staff members. An overall attack rate of 38% was observed among the 45 children (born in 2002 and 2003). All cases were mild and without fever. This parvovirus B19 outbreak made it possible to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0) at between 6 and 8 (or above). Staff members, parents and local clinicians were informed that the infection could pose a risk when caught by people with special clinical conditions. All children had received one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and 60% had received two doses. The seven children with serologically confirmed parvovirus B19 infection were immune to measles and rubella. All seven were negative for measles- or rubella-specific IgM.
The Portuguese vaccination programme includes two routine doses of the combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR), at the recommended ages of 15 months and five or six years . Coverage with the first and second dose of MMR vaccine has reached high and sustained levels in the north of Portugal for years ; this also applies to the municipality where this outbreak occurred.
Epidemic exanthematous rashes can have different aetiological causes, and differential diagnosis may be needed in the context of measles elimination programmes in Europe . Previous outbreaks caused by parvovirus B19 have been studied in Portugal . Measles and rubella are statutory reportable diseases in Portugal, and guidelines to study cases of measles were issued in the context of a catch-up vaccination programme in 1998/9 . The Health Ministry has recently issued warnings to all services and health professionals about the possibility of importation of measles due to the international epidemiological situation, and emphasised the need to sustain high vaccination coverage . This is the setting for the alert and response described here.
In the morning of 16 April 2008, the local health authority (LHA) was contacted by telephone by a nurse working in the school health programme team. She reported that several children in a kindergarten presented spots on the face. The kindergarten warden suspected that the nearby plane trees were causing an allergic reaction to several young children.
In the afternoon of 16 April, two members of the LHA visited the kindergarten premises and spoke with the warden. The team examined six children with the spots. The appearance was strikingly similar to pictures published in the literature describing cases of erythema infectiosum, with the typical "slapped face appearance". All children were in a good physical condition, none had fever or other symptoms, and only one presented a rash in the abdominal region.
It was decided to conduct an outbreak investigation with the main objectives of:
- Testing the hypothesis that it was not a measles or rubella outbreak;
- Establishing an aetiological diagnosis;
- Providing information to the kindergarten community and clinicians on appropriate measures;
- Collecting data on MMR vaccination and taking corrective action if necessary.
Collection of clinical information
The warden was asked to provide a list with names and birth dates of all members of the kindergarten community (staff and children). Staff members and parents were asked to fill a questionnaire which was collected in the last week of June, a few days before the kindergarten would close for the summer holidays. Just before the holidays, a phone call was made to confirm that no further cases had occurred.
A case was defined as "probable" if erythema on face, extremities or trunk, was observed in members of the kindergarten community between 5 April and 19 June 2008. A case was classified as "confirmed" if in addition to the "probable" case definition it was laboratory-confirmed or had an epidemiological link with a confirmed case.
Written vaccination data from all children and adults were checked by a nurse.
A nurse visited the kindergarten on 9 May 2008, to collect blood samples from seven of the children who had presented facial erythema and whose disease onset had been 11 to 34 days before. Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for specific IgG and IgM antibodies levels against measles, parvovirus B19 and rubella were done by two local general practitioners (GPs), who had been treating the children and previously asked informed consent from the parents.
The 45 children attending the kindergarten (29 boys and 16 girls) were born between January 2002 and December 2003. There were two groups of children, 20 in class room 1 (13 boys and seven girls) and 25 in class room 2 (16 boys and nine girls). The eight adult staff members were all women, born between September 1954 and August 1972.
None of the staff members had ever been vaccinated against measles but, following the Portuguese guidelines for their age group, only one was young enough (born in 1972) to have received one dose of that vaccine. All children had received one dose of MMR vaccine at between 15 and 20 complete months of age (mean age at vaccination = 15.9 months). Twenty-seven children (60%) had received a second dose between 60 and 73 complete months of age (mean age at vaccination = 63.9 months). Among the children that had received only one dose, nine had not yet completed six years of age, and the remaining nine had not yet completed the age of seven years.
In total, 17 cases were observed among the 45 children and none among the eight staff members. The date of onset of the first known case was on 5 April 2008 and the date of onset of the last case on 19 June 2008. The peak of the outbreak was in the third week, when five cases occurred (Figure 1). The attack rate (AR) among the children was 38% (17/45), 35% among the group in class room 1 and 40% among the group in class room 2 (Figure 1; difference not statistically significant: p=0.73). The AR was higher among females (41.7%) than among males (24.1%) but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.29). Five additional cases were reported among the household contacts of the 17 kindergarten cases: four siblings and one parent. None of the staff members became ill.
Figure 1. Epidemic curve of the outbreak of erithema infectiosum in a kindergarten; disease onset by week and class room, Portugal, April-June 2008 (n=17)
The days of onset of the 10 cases from class room 2 are graphically represented in Figure 2. If the case-to-case interval is six to 11 days , then it is very likely that the first case on 5 April was the primary case, infected outside the kindergarten, while the following six cases were secondary cases, probably infected by the first case. Cases 8 to 10 were a third generation, infected by one or more of the secondary cases (Figure 2). Thus, provided that all children were susceptible before this outbreak and taking into account the definition of the basic reproduction number (R0) , the estimated value of R0 in this outbreak was 6. However, if 25% or more of infections were asymptomatic , the R0 for this outbreak is likely to have had a value of up to 8 or more.
Figure 2. Erithema infectiosum outbreak in class room 2 by date of disease onset, Portugal, April-June 2008 (n=10), with the theoretical case-to-case interval of 6-11 days as proposed by Heegaard and Brown, 2002
Blood samples had been collected from seven of the 17 cases that had occurred before the nurse visited the kindergarten on 9 May. The specific IgM antibody tests for measles and rubella were negative for all seven children tested. Measles IgG concentrations varied from 538 to 6,361 mIU/ml, and all children were classified as "immune". Rubella IgG concentrations varied from 42 to 340 IU/ml and all children were classified as "immune". Regarding parvovirus B19-specific antibodies, all seven children were “reactive” for IgG, but only four were also "reactive" for IgM (Table).
Table. Laboratory results of the serological study of kindergarten children with clinical manifestations typical of erythema infectiosum, Portugal, April-June 2008 (n=7)
The seventeen erythema episodes were classified as "confirmed cases" of erythema infectiosum. All other members of the kindergarten were classified as "non-cases", while there were no situations compatible with the definition of "probable case".
The 17 cases presented facial erythema, lasting between two and five days (in 16 children) and 10 days in one child. Eight patients had only facial erythema while the remaining nine also had the rash on the trunk and/or extremities. Itching was reported by two children and none of the cases were febrile. All cases were very mild and no clinical complications were observed.
Control and prevention measures
The premises were inspected and the procedures were verified; they complied with the Portuguese legal requirements.
The kindergarten staff was informed about the benign nature of erithema infectiosum and the possible risk for pregnant women and those with anaemia and immunodeficiencies. It was recommended to exclude children form the kindergarten if they developed fever. Strict handwashing procedures after contact with patients were recommended. The same information was issued by letter to all parents.
The medical coordinator of the local National Health Service (NHS) unit was informed about the outbreak, the data to be collected and the measures to be taken. An email explaining the situation and the clinical conditions under which parvovirus B19 infection poses a particular risk was sent to all GPs working at the local NHS unit.
Discussion and conclusion
It was confirmed that the described outbreak was due to infection by parvovirus B19. All seventeen cases unequivocally met the case definition criteria. The three cases that were not reactive for parvovirus-specific IgM (see Table) had very typical clinical symptoms, and the blood samples had been collected 15, 25 and 26 days, respectively, after the onset of symptoms. We are not sure about the reasons for these negative laboratory results, but we think that low sensitivity of the laboratory method cannot be excluded because the levels of parvovirus B19-specific IgM were generally very low, even in the reactive samples. Although it is arguable whether effective preventive measures can be taken [4,8], the usual recommendations were issued.
Several parvovirus outbreaks had been detected and studied in a neighbouring municipality in 2004 . Should there be a connection between these outbreaks and the one described in this paper, it would be consistent with the reported periodicity of between three and seven years for parvovirus B 19 epidemics in a given community . In 2004, the children described here had not been exposed to the infection because they were attending any kindergarten and didn't have much contact with other children. Moreover, seroprevalence data in 2001-02 showed that the infection was rare in young age groups . We therefore believe that our estimated range for R0 is likely to be valid. Should there be immune children, then the reported R0 values would be an underestimate.
No cases were observed among staff members, probably because they were all immune. Recent Portuguese seroprevalence data have shown a high proportion of immune individuals in the age groups of the staff members of the described kindergarten. Furthermore, we believe that their professional activity is associated with increased exposure to parvovirus, compared with the general population.
The virus seems to have entered the kindergarten with the first case and spread first into class room 2 and then into class room 1 (Figure 1). For class room 2, we can identify a likely transmission chain (Figure 2). However, this is more difficult for class room 1, where one or more cases seem to be missing in the period from 20 May to 18 June 2008. This may have been the result of a recall bias by parents and staff or of an unidentified transmission chain outside the kindergarten.
We did not recommend vaccination against measles for adult staff members because previous studies have shown that Portuguese women in those age groups are not only immune to measles but have measles-specific IgG levels well above protective levels .
We were able to prove that the outbreak was not measles or rubella. Furthermore, all children had received one dose of MMR vaccine and the levels of measles- and rubella-specific IgG among the seven studied children were well above the protection thresholds. Those children who had not received the second MMR dose were still within the age range recommended for that vaccination. Such high coverage values are consistent with what has been observed in the north of Portugal and in the annual internal evaluations in our municipality (unpublished data).
After the described outbreak investigation, a report on imported cases of measles in Portugal was published . Two importation episodes (in 2005 and in 2008) were identified and reported. The measles cases imported in 2005, affecting migrant Romanian communities, were studied by community physicians (see Acknowledgements) in two neighbouring municipalities, including the one where the present parvovirus outbreak was observed. These experiences have been helpful in the current parvovirus investigations. Once again, our local public health unit was able to quickly respond to an alert due to an eruptive epidemic disease, and would have detected a measles (or rubella) outbreak, if that had been the aetiology of the cases.
We acknowledge the parents and staff members of the kindergarten, namely the warden Alexandrina Pereira who was very helpful in this investigation. We are grateful to the nurse Paula Borges who collected the seven blood samples and checked the vaccination records from all kindergarten children. We are also grateful for the valuable cooperation of Graça Cardoso and Deolinda Carneiro, GPs from the local NHS unit, and Eduardo Gouveia and Fátima Basto, community physicians from our public health unit. The community physicians Ana Correia, Alice Pinto and Elisabete Machado, kindly informed us on the investigation of imported measles cases in 2005.
- Ministry of Health, Portugal. Direcção-Geral da Saúde. [National vaccination programme 2006 (Technical orientations 10). [In Portuguese]. Circular Normativa N 8/DT (December 21, 2005).
- Gonçalves G, Frutuoso MA, Ferreira MC, Freitas MG. A strategy to increase and assess vaccine coverage in the north of Portugal. Euro Surveill. 2005;10(5):pii=539. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=539
- Ronveaux O, Bosman A, Reintjes R, Conyn-Van Spaendonck MA. Descriptive epidemiology of exanthems in the Rotterdam region January 1997 to June 1998. Euro Surveill. 1998;3(12):pii=113. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=113
- Gonçalves G, Correia AM, Palminha P, Rebelo de Andrade H, Alves A. Outbreaks caused by parvovirus B19 in three Portuguese schools. Euro Surveill. 2005;10(6):pii=549. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=549
- Ministry of Health, Portugal. Direcção-Geral da saúde. Estratégia Complementar de Luta Contra o Sarampo. [Complementary strategy to fight measles]. [In Portuguese]. Circular Normativa N 6/DT (September 24, 1998).
- Ministry of Health, Portugal. Direcção-Geral da saúde. Vacinação Complementar Contra o Sarampo. [Catch-up vaccination against measles]. [In portuguese]. Circular Normativa N 10/DSCS/DPCD (June 5, 2008).
- Heegaard ED, Brown KE. Human Parvovirus B19. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(3):485-505.
- Last JM, editor. A Dictionary of Epidemiology. 2nd edition. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988.
- Heymann DL, editor. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 18th edition. Washington DC: APHA; 2004.
- Palminha P, Pité M, Lopo S. Parvovírus B19 In PORTUGAL, Ministério da Saúde, Direcção-Geral da Saúde ed lit. Avaliação do programa nacional de vacinação e melhoria do seu custo-efectividade: 2º inquérito serológico nacional Portugal Continental 2001-2002. [Assessment of the national vaccination program in order to improve cost-effectiveness: 2nd national serologic survey, Portugal 2001-2002]. [In Portuguese]. Lisboa: DGS; 2004. p. 91-99.
- Gonçalves G. Passive Immunity Against Measles [PhD dissertation]. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: University of London. 1996.
- Gíria M, Rebelo-de-Andrade H, Fernandes T, Pedro S, Freitas G. Report on the measles situation in Portugal. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(42):pii=19010. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19010
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- preceded by ten others in a series; 11th
- designating any of the eleven equal parts of something
Origin of eleventhMiddle English elleventhe ; from Old English endlyfta: see eleven and amp; -th
- the one following the tenth
- any of the eleven equal parts of something;
at the eleventh hour
Origin of eleventhsee Matt. 20:1-16
- The ordinal number matching the number 11 in a series.
- One of 11 equal parts.
11th, 11th; (in names of monarchs and popes) XI
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Functions of an Intermediary
Deciding whether to use an intermediary in the distribution channel depends on many factors, but essentially it involves determining whether the needs of the consumer can successfully be met by the available resources and skills of the producer. The three basic functions performed by an intermediary in the distribution channel are:
- Transactional: This function involves adding value to the distribution channel by bringing in the intermediary's resources to establish market linkages and customer contacts. The intermediary either directly undertakes the marketing and sales function or helps to establish buyer-seller relationships by serving as a link between the manufacturer and the retailer.
- Logistical: This function involves the physical distribution of goods. It involves sorting and storing supplies at locations within the reach of the end customer. It also breaks up the bulk production of the manufacturer into smaller portions and may include the transportation of smaller shipments to intermediaries or retailers further down the channel of distribution.
- Facilitating: Although often confused with logistics, the facilitating functions of intermediaries supplement the entire marketing flow of the product and are separate from logistics. The facilitating functions include financially supporting the marketing chain by investing in storage capabilities. They may include facilitating sales by helping the consumer buy even when he or she does not have cash (through financing plans, purchase agreements, etc.).
Advantages of Using an Intermediary
The advantages of using intermediaries stem from the core economics of supply-chain management: market coverage, customer contacts, lower costs, systematic cash flow, etc. The intermediary adds value to the marketing of the product by bringing in specialization, marketing knowledge, capacity to segment the market, and selling skills that allow the marketer to implement marketing strategies effectively.
Intermediaries providing logistic support increase convenience to both the producer and the consumer by offering effective delivery and pre- and post-purchase customer service as well as facilitating manufacturer services, making them indispensable to most mid- and small-scale producers.
Disadvantages of Using an Intermediary
Manufacturers quite often see intermediaries as parasites rather than assets. The disadvantages of using an intermediary stem from psychological apprehensions, market antecedents which have created such apprehensions, and lack of managerial skills or resources that are sufficient to balance and manage the intermediary. Fears, which may come true if the producer fails to manage the intermediary, might include:
- fear of losing control
- fear of losing customer contact
- fear of losing customer ownership
- fear of opportunistic behavior
- fear of inadequate communication
- fear that the objectives of the intermediary will conflict with those of the producer
- fear that the intermediary will extract rather than add to value
- fear of poor market management
If an Intermediary is Needed, It's Better to Use an Intermediary
Working with an intermediary is essentially a management issue. Effective intermediaries add great value to marketing, and it is necessary to create constructive and positive relationships with intermediaries through leadership and strategy. In addition, proper products, pricing, and promotion can allow the producer to remain in control of supply and demand. Customer contact and ownership can be built and retained through various marketing strategies, including promotions and market research, that help to identify the consumer. If closer examination of a distribution channel reveals that the use of an intermediary is necessary, it is better to use an intermediary than to inhibit marketing. The old principles of specialization and division of labor still matter in the marketplace. If the marketer lacks adequate resources, it is better to use a suitable intermediary and leave specialized tasks to specialists.
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ELA: KINDERGARTEN - GRADE 12
LITERACY: GRADES 6 - 12
Craft and Structure
RL.9-10.4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language evokes a sense of time and place; how it sets a formal or informal tone).
“Figurative” and “connotative” are two words that almost never come up in conversation - but they stand for two concepts that almost always come up in conversation. Both terms describe words that “stand in” for an image, an idea, or some related concept that is larger than the mere dictionary definition of the word. The figurative and connotative meanings of words, because they imply something larger than themselves, create the feel, meaning, and tone of a text. This is the reason that some words can also evoke a sense of time or place; using words that have obsolete connotations indicates that a text or a piece of dialogue “comes from” some time other than here and now.
Teach With Shmoop
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Teaching Guides Using this Standard
- 1984 Teacher Pass
- A Rose For Emily Teacher Pass
- A View from the Bridge Teacher Pass
- Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Teacher Pass
- Animal Farm Teacher Pass
- Antigone Teacher Pass
- Beowulf Teacher Pass
- Fahrenheit 451 Teacher Pass
- Fences Teacher Pass
- Frankenstein Teacher Pass
- Hamlet Teacher Pass
- Heart of Darkness Teacher Pass
- Julius Caesar Teacher Pass
- Macbeth Teacher Pass
- Moby Dick Teacher Pass
- Narrative of Frederick Douglass Teacher Pass
- Oedipus the King Teacher Pass
- Of Mice and Men Teacher Pass
- Othello Teacher Pass
- Romeo and Juliet Teacher Pass
- The Aeneid Teacher Pass
- The As I Lay Dying Teacher Pass
- The Bluest Eye Teacher Pass
- The Canterbury Tales General Prologue Teacher Pass
- The Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath's Prologue Teacher Pass
- The Cask of Amontillado Teacher Pass
- The Catcher in the Rye Teacher Pass
- The Crucible Teacher Pass
- The Iliad Teacher Pass
- The Odyssey Teacher Pass
- The Old Man and the Sea Teacher Pass
- Their Eyes Were Watching God Teacher Pass
- Things Fall Apart Teacher Pass
- To Kill a Mockingbird Teacher Pass
Sample Activities for Use in Class
“Personification” is a kind of figurative language in which a non-human animal or object is given human qualities.
On a sheet of paper, have each student construct five to ten sentences that use personification. If students are unsure where to begin, you may wish to give them a form or a list of non-human objects and a list of verbs, having the students pick one of each and put them together into sentences. Students should leave two or three empty lines beneath each sentence. Some examples include:
The plates danced on the shelves as the earthquake hit.
The thunder roared its anger across the sky.
I used to have $5.00 in my jeans pocket, but it escaped when I did the laundry last weekend.
Once students have created their sentences, have them switch papers with another student. On their new paper, have each student write, in the space underneath each personification sentence, the thing being personified and what human actions, qualities, or emotions it is said to have.
An “idiom” is an expression that uses words to paint a picture, and not for their literal dictionary meanings. For instance, “it’s raining cats and dogs” is an idiom that means “it’s raining very hard” – and not “Animals are falling from the sky.” All languages have idioms, but not all languages share the same idioms. An idiom in one language may seem very natural to the speakers of that language, but may make no sense at all when it is translated into another language.
For this activity, use an overhead projector, blackboard, or some other means to project each of the following idioms so that the entire class can see it, one at a time. Read or have a student read each idiom, and then have students discuss what they think each one means. You can also have students write down what they think each one means, then “check” the answers with students to see how many guessed correctly.
Sample Idioms in Non-English Languages (translated):
1. I don’t have a camel in that caravan. (Arabic)
Meaning: That issue doesn’t concern me. (Compare “I don’t have a dog in this fight.”)
2. Stop ironing my head! (Armenian)
Meaning: Stop bothering me! Used when someone’s constant asking or begging for something is becoming a bother.
3. The turtle is shrouded. (Cheyenne)
Meaning: It’s foggy out. (Think of the turtle as the earth, covered in a “shroud” of fog.)
4. to walk around hot porridge (Czech)
Meaning: to avoid getting to the point. (Compare: to beat around the bush.)
5. to make something out of wood and paint it red (Estonian)
Meaning: to make something very clear
6. I have other cats to whip! (French)
Meaning: I have other things to do. (Compare: I have other fish to fry.)
7. to have one’s eyes lined with ham (Italian)
Meaning: to be unable to see what is directly in sight. (Compare: can’t see the forest for the trees)
8. Even monkeys fall from trees. (Japanese)
Meaning: Even experts get it wrong sometimes.
9. to hang noodles on one’s ears (Russian)
Meaning: to tell lies or talk nonsense.
10. to put up a beer tent (Turkish)
Meaning: to get married. (Compare: to tie the knot)
Quiz 1 QuestionsHere's an example of a quiz that could be used to test this standard.
Quiz 2 QuestionsHere's an example of a quiz that could be used to test this standard.
Questions 1-10 are based on the following excerpt:
"Ladies," said he, turning to his family, "Miss Temple, teachers, and children, you all see this girl?"
Of course they did; for I felt their eyes directed like burning-glasses against my scorched skin.
"You see she is yet young; you observe she possesses the ordinary form of childhood; God has graciously given her the shape that He has given to all of us; no signal deformity points her out as a marked character. Who would think that the Evil One had already found a servant and agent in her? Yet such, I grieve to say, is the case."
A pause--in which I began to steady the palsy of my nerves, and to feel that the Rubicon was passed; and that the trial, no longer to be shirked, must be firmly sustained.
"My dear children," pursued the black marble clergyman, with pathos, "this is a sad, a melancholy occasion; for it becomes my duty to warn you, that this girl, who might be one of God's own lambs, is a little castaway: not a member of the true flock, but evidently an interloper and an alien. You must be on your guard against her; you must shun her example; if necessary, avoid her company, exclude her from your sports, and shut her out from your converse. Teachers, you must watch her: keep your eyes on her movements, weigh well her words, scrutinise her actions, punish her body to save her soul: if, indeed, such salvation be possible, for (my tongue falters while I tell it) this girl, this child, the native of a Christian land, worse than many a little heathen who says its prayers to Brahma and kneels before Juggernaut--this girl is--a liar!"
Now came a pause of ten minutes, during which I, by this time in perfect possession of my wits, observed all the female Brocklehursts produce their pocket-handkerchiefs and apply them to their optics, while the elderly lady swayed herself to and fro, and the two younger ones whispered, "How shocking!" Mr. Brocklehurst resumed.
"This I learned from her benefactress; from the pious and charitable lady who adopted her in her orphan state, reared her as her own daughter, and whose kindness, whose generosity the unhappy girl repaid by an ingratitude so bad, so dreadful, that at last her excellent patroness was obliged to separate her from her own young ones, fearful lest her vicious example should contaminate their purity: she has sent her here to be healed, even as the Jews of old sent their diseased to the troubled pool of Bethesda; and, teachers, superintendent, I beg of you not to allow the waters to stagnate round her."
- Jane Eyre, Chapter 7
- A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed: Oh, How Hollywood
- Kubla Khan
- Ode on a Grecian Urn
- CAHSEE ELA 3.1 Fluency
- CAHSEE ELA 3.3 Fluency
- CAHSEE ELA 3.4 Fluency
- CAHSEE ELA 3.5 Fluency
- CAHSEE ELA 6.1 Literary Genres
- CAHSEE ELA 6.2 Literary Genres
- CAHSEE ELA 6.3 Literary Genres
- CAHSEE ELA 7.2 Characteristics
- CAHSEE ELA 8.2 Literary Devices
- CAHSEE ELA 9.2 Ambiguities
- CAHSEE ELA 9.3 Ambiguities
- CAHSEE ELA 9.4 Ambiguities
- CAHSEE ELA 9.5 Ambiguities
- The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
- Words, Words, Words
- Teaching A Rose for Emily: Write an Epitaph
- A Separate Peace: Blitzball for All
- A Separate Peace: Lost in Translation? (Mapping a Community)
- A Separate Peace: Real History in Made-Up Devon
- Teaching A View from the Bridge: Fill in the Symbol
- Teaching 1984: It's Not Over Until the Fat Lady Sings
- A Christmas Carol: From Victorian England to Modern America
- A Modest Proposal: Read Along Together
- The Color Purple: Celie in Poetry Form
- Teaching The Crucible: Dear Abby: Character Advice Columns
- Teaching The Crucible: Closing Time
- The Diary of a Young Girl: National School-A-Graphic
- The Diary of a Young Girl: Anne Frank's History in Action
- The Giver: Remember the Time
- Teaching The Odyssey: Taking a Jeopardy Odyssey
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Research is Teaching: Mentors Inspire Lives of Discovery
University Laboratories Where New Ideas Are Born Also Create New Generations of Scientists
Feb. 21, 2012
UT Dallas freshman Max Grunewald entered the NanoExplorers Program as a high school student. He is interested in renewable energy.
It was pretty brazen of then-16-year-old Ray Baughman, drenched and wearing his Sunday best, to trek around the University of Pittsburgh one rainy summer day in 1958 making cold calls on various professors by knocking on doors.
But Baughman had an earnest request.
He was looking for a summer job in an honest-to-goodness laboratory. Maybe—if he was very lucky—he’d even get a chance to do some hands-on research.
Growing up on a turkey farm in western Pennsylvania, Baughman had a notion early on that he wanted to be a scientist. He figured, where better to look for work than at a research university?
Dr. George A. Jeffrey, the professor of chemistry and physics who answered Baughman’s knock on the door that day, might have turned away a high school kid. Jeffrey might have said Baughman was too young, too inexperienced or simply too much trouble to train—that there wasn’t enough time to devote to the task of helping him in the first place.
This story appears in the Winter 2012 edition of UT Dallas Magazine. The full edition is available online.
Fifty-three years later, Dr. Ray Baughman—the Robert A. Welch Distinguished Chair in Chemistry, director of the Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Engineering, and one of the most cited scientific authors in the world—attributes his formidable success to the day Jeffrey allowed a skinny, rain-soaked kid from a tiny rural town into his lab.
“That experience crystallized my early desire to become a scientist,” Baughman said. “And it was the kind of serendipitous event that made me aware of the importance of mentorship and academic research.” Meeting Jeffrey changed the course of Baughman’s life.
Dr. Ray Baughman
Research laboratories in academic settings are critical to efforts to better understand the world around us and beyond. These environments offer the building blocks and training grounds necessary to develop young scientists. Sometimes, such environments grow within a university setting over long periods of time as a result of the serendipitous accumulation of people and resources. But serendipity—while it makes for great stories and in Dr. Baughman’s case, a great scientist—isn’t enough. UT Dallas works to foster an environment that actively supports students and faculty forming research partnerships. By pairing excellent faculty with promising students, mentorships not unlike the one that shaped Baughman’s career can flourish.
Take Max Grunewald. An outstanding student at St. Mark’s School of Texas, Grunewald’s opportunity to study in a UT Dallas lab came home to him with his dad.
Doctoral student Prakash Sista and senior Sussana Elkassih work with
Dr. Mihaela Stefan (far right), assistant professor of chemistry, researching semiconducting polymers.
“My dad sat next to Dr. Baughman at a banquet, and they began talking about their jobs,” Grunewald said. “Dr. Baughman told my dad about his research. [My dad] told him about me, and Dr. Baughman said we should look into some of the programs for younger students.”
The George A. Jeffrey NanoExplorers Program—named for Baughman’s mentor—introduces high school students to nanotechnology and encourages them to pursue careers in science and engineering.
Grunewald, like all students accepted to the program, worked in a lab with UT Dallas faculty where he was encouraged to learn how the lab operated and to form his own research interests
“Before I even started, I knew I wanted to study alternative energy and ways we can transition to renewable energy,” Grunewald said.
He came to the program the summer between his junior and senior years in high school. There, he listened to a presentation given by UT Dallas faculty members outlining their research.
“I heard a speech on super capacitors and hybrid energy storage devices,” he said. “I knew right then and there I wanted to work in that lab.”
Dr. John Ferraris
That lab belongs to Dr. John Ferraris, a 36-year veteran faculty member at UT Dallas and head of the chemistry department. Grunewald treated his experience with Ferraris in NanoExplorers like a full-time job. He spent hours learning lab etiquette and procedures in preparation for college, which was still a year away.
“Our research here is very much at the interface of chemistry, biology, physics and engineering,” Ferraris said. “We encourage collaboration between departments and among our students. There are so many areas that chemistry touches. We don’t want to be closed off.”
The opportunity to reach out to fellow NanoExplorers, UT Dallas students and faculty played a major role in convincing Grunewald to attend UT Dallas. He was accepted into the 2011 Eugene McDermott Scholars Program, the University’s premier scholarship opportunity aimed at very high-achieving students in all areas of study.
“I already knew that UT Dallas allows you to be more directly involved in work and research,” Grunewald said. “Undergraduates are exposed to interconnectedness in all different fields,
and it made perfect sense for me to come here.”
Now a freshman, Grunewald is weighing his options carefully. His diverse research interests include economic policy, Chinese studies and, of course, renewable energy.
Investing in Research
The infrastructure necessary for experiences like Grunewald’s is expensive. And creating a robust university research engine that can power scientific breakthroughs requires a fairly specific set of parts, say those with experience in the field.
Francisco Garcia (front) has earned two Undergraduate Research Scholar Awards while working with Dr. Marco Atzori, associate professor in the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
“Universities are centers for learning—learning for faculty as well as students,” said Dr. Robert Berdahl, interim president of the University of Oregon, past president of the Association of American Universities, former chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley, and former president of The University of Texas. In evaluating the quality of a university, “the quality of teaching, how well the findings of research are transmitted to students, is an important component of a successful university, but first and foremost, it is the quality of research that defines the measure of success of a research university.”
This does not mean that all institutions of higher education need to be research universities, he said. “But the unique role of universities is to push back the frontiers of knowledge and to train others to join in the process of discovering new knowledge or gaining a greater understanding of the known world. The faculty must itself be actively engaged in this learning process.” A faculty engaged in research creates an entire culture of learning for the university, Berhdal believes. “It defines the culture, which is one of open inquiry, curiosity-driven inquiry, challenging inherited knowledge in an effort to understand more or differently about the human and natural world.” Without this culture, and without the effort to advance understanding, “what we teach stagnates.”
Dr. Bruce Gnade
As research environments throughout the world become more competitive, Berdahl said, universities are judged by the quality of research being done, which begins with teaching.
“We live in a knowledge-based environment, where the level of economic development is based on innovation,” Berdahl added. “Paradigmatic breakthroughs, like the discovery of the structure of DNA or any other such revolution of understanding, require public investment.”
Recruiting and cultivating top faculty and students at UT Dallas often begins with grants for top-tier research projects. In only one year, from 2009 to 2010, UT Dallas received 572 new grant awards—more than double the number of the previous year. Funding awarded also increased by more than $20 million.
“Funding allows us to improve our infrastructure and equipment,” said Dr. Bruce Gnade, vice president for research. “It also enables us to recruit new students.”
Gnade points out that supporting these students with fellowships and research stipends is crucial in providing the best training and programs available.
One such student, Francisco Garcia, applied for the most basic funding opportunity available through UT Dallas: an Undergraduate Research Scholar Award sponsored by Gnade’s office. Garcia was among 46 students in 2010 to receive $500 to cover costs related to his scientific interests. His latest research earned him a second Undergraduate Research Scholar Award in 2011.
Garcia’s path to UT Dallas began more than two decades ago with his family’s arduous journey from Mexico to a new life in the United States. These days, Garcia immerses himself in science every day. He revels in the high-tech surroundings of the UT Dallas campus and in the laboratories he frequents as he delves into the mysteries of neuroscience.
“My family and I came here as immigrants when I was very young, and when I first started college, I worked in restaurants and construction to pay for school,” Garcia said. “The whole time though, I always had a passion for studying the brain.” His passion and clear aptitude for neurobiology paired perfectly with exceptional research opportunities and scholarships available to underclassmen at UT Dallas.
Garcia’s project was guided by Dr. Marco Atzori, associate professor in the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
“I’m especially interested in studying disorders such as autism, brain cancer and others, and that’s why I really appreciated this opportunity,” Garcia said. “I’m thankful for the opportunities given to me by Dr. Atzori to join his lab and be part of his research team.”
Dr. Marco Atzori
The research scholar award provides funding for a single semester for each student researcher. The program is paid for in part by support from corporate sponsors that have included Raytheon and Ericsson. The number of undergraduate projects sponsored under the annual program has more than doubled since its beginning in 2007. This fall, 70 students received funding for 69 undergraduate research projects.
“Without a doubt, [part of] what attracts students to UT Dallas is the research opportunity here—specifically in the sciences,” Atzori said. “The mentorships available here, particularly for undergraduate students, are unparalleled.”
Sussana Elkassih, a senior who is double majoring in biochemistry and chemistry, began her lab work at UT Dallas much earlier than peers at other universities.
“I have friends at schools all over the state and country,” she said. “And when I tell them that I’m already in a research lab, they are so surprised. I know almost all of the faculty very well and I have an undergraduate mentor.”
Elkassih works under the wing of one of UT Dallas’ National Science Foundation Career Grant recipients—Dr. Mihaela Stefan, assistant professor of chemistry. Stefan is researching new semiconducting polymers—plastic electronics—with adjustable energy levels. The use of semiconducting polymers in solar cells is considered a promising avenue of research aimed at making solar cells less expensive and more efficient. Elkassih’s weekly schedule includes 12 hours of lab work and meetings with Stefan and fellow students in a sort of round table where they present their work. It can be intimidating, Elkassih said, but it increases her awareness of her peers’ work and, by requiring her to explain her ideas, helps her think more deeply about her own research.
“Dr. Stefan really cares about her students and spends as much time with us as she can, making sure we work on publishing papers and helping us find fellowships,” Elkassih said. “It’s been an amazing experience.”
Stefan expects her undergraduates to publish at least once before graduation and to have several published papers by the time they finish. Elkassih recently met that expectation by publishing a paper in the Polymer of Science Journal on a complex aspect of solar cell polymers.
“I want to help create a new generation of scientists who are able to think across disciplines—the scientists of the future,” Stefan said. “I think the most important thing is that I never compromise teaching for research—they both have to go hand in hand.”
The Next Generation
At the graduate level, UT Dallas attracts students from around the world on the strength of faculty and, as in undergraduate programs, access to laboratories and mentorships. Although many plan for careers in industry and with private companies, others will ultimately pursue careers in academia and will bring new students into the research endeavor.
One of these doctoral students, Prakash Sista, came 8,800 miles from his home in Mumbai, India, to work in the field of polymer chemistry. During his three years at UT Dallas, he has learned how to make organic polymers and investigate how electric charges move inside them.
In 2011, Sista was asked to present a poster detailing his research at the Excellence in Graduate Polymer Research Symposium organized by the division of Polymer Chemistry at the 241st National Meeting and Exposition of the American Chemical Society. Only a handful of students are invited to present posters in this symposium.
Among the perks of attending the conference, Sista said, was the opportunity to meet with his peers at dozens of other academic institutions. “I shared the work we are doing right here
at UT Dallas,” Sista said. “Meeting so many other scientists and sharing ideas and research was a wonderful opportunity. Who knows? Maybe someday we will get to work together. I definitely plan to teach and research in an academic center.”
Beyond peer collaborations, UT Dallas students also follow the lead of their mentors and share their love for the sciences with pre-collegiate students.
Angeline Burrell, a doctoral candidate in the William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences, makes time each year to inspire younger students through her portrayal of a comic book character developed to explain UTD’s research in space sciences. It’s a lighter complement to her high-level studies in atmospheric modeling and ionosphere physics, and it serves to increase awareness of research efforts at the University.
Working in conjunction with NASA, Dr. Mary Urquhart, director of the Department of Science/Mathematics Education, and Dr. Marc Hairston, a research scientist at the University, designed two graphic novels featuring the character “CINDI.” Burrell’s role is to dress up as CINDI and appear at public events to talk to young students about the University’s research in a way they can understand.
“I think it’s important to encourage young people, especially girls who tend to be underrepresented in the field, to pursue science,” Burrell said. “We try to find many ways to reach out to the community and hopefully garner lots of interest in our research.”
Another way faculty assist pre-collegiate students is through the UTeach Dallas program housed in the School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. The UTeach program aims to educate the next generation of highly qualified science and math teachers in an effort to provide excellent teachers to primary and secondary schools. UTeach students major in the discipline they intend to teach, and learn pedagogy experientially, through early exposure to professional teachers and work in classrooms with young students.
“Through professional development, we are fostering relationships among students in the UTeach program,” Urquhart said. “They will go on to establish best practices in their own classrooms and districts and share the information with others. It’s a unique way to disseminate best practices among teachers—who will then go on to inspire younger students to embrace research.”
Discovery and Impact
Research efforts are alive in every corner of the University from brain sciences and engineering to the humanities, business, and emerging media. Increasing enrollment and successful recruitment of research-active faculty (30 in the last year) also point to the growth and wisdom of prioritizing excellence in research.
“The lifeblood of a great research university is the innovative work done by faculty members, researchers and graduate students from many disciplines across the campus,” Gnade said. “We are all working toward enhancing and expanding the research environment beyond the UT Dallas campus.”
UT Dallas faculty routinely collaborate with major organizations worldwide, such as the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland, and establish research partnerships with NASA and major global companies.
This outreach and contribution to research communities worldwide builds relationships that enrich and strengthen the experiences offered to students and faculty at UT Dallas. Undergraduates moving on to other institutions often find they are received more readily because of the University’s reputation as a cultivator of young talent.
Dr. Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres, professor and dean of undergraduate education, said the kind of undergraduate research opportunities offered at the University can be a defining experience in a student’s academic career.
“It allows them the opportunity to explore new ideas and concepts while learning how to test them,” she said. “We have students who after participating in undergraduate research decide to pursue advanced degrees in a discipline. Undergraduate research at UT Dallas provides opportunities that only graduate students have at many other universities.”
Many of these promising undergraduate researchers also are rewarded with fellowships and nationally and internationally competitive scholarships. The Green Fellowship program for undergrads nearly doubled last year to 17 students who dedicated a full semester to doing individual research in labs at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas.
And since 2005, five UT Dallas students have received nationally competitive Barry M. Goldwater Scholarships. Designed to foster and encourage outstanding students to pursue careers in the fields of mathematics, the natural sciences and engineering, the Goldwater is the premier undergraduate honor of its type. It’s also a good harbinger of future success: More than 75 recent Goldwater scholars have gone on to win Rhodes Scholarships for postgraduate study.
Austin Swafford, a 2010 UT Dallas graduate and McDermott Scholar, was a recipient of a 2008 Goldwater Scholarship. Swafford leveraged his research experience at UT Dallas and is now continuing his studies at Cambridge University as a member of the National Institutes of Health Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program where he is developing highly sensitive diagnostic procedures and therapeutic strategies to fight diabetes.
Dr. Walter Voit
Dr. Walter Voit, another UT Dallas grad, completed his graduate work at Georgia Tech and was recruited back to the University as an assistant professor in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science.
“I began research starting my junior year in Dr. Hal Sudborough’s lab. I did work, attended his weekly lab meetings and felt at home in that research environment,” Voit said. “It was a lot of work and involved lots of problem solving, and it really prepared me for graduate school.
“All of my experiences in the lab—delegating responsibilities, building protocols and writing—have helped me create a sustainable environment for research,” Voit said.
Voit said the entirety of his experience, first as a student researcher, then as a graduate student, prepared him for his eventual career as a professor. Like George Jeffrey, Ray Baughman and Sudborough before him, Voit is teaching through research. Since returning to UTD, two of his own undergraduate students from Georgia Tech have begun working on their doctoral degrees in his lab. At UT Dallas, research is teaching.
Media Contact: Katherine Morales, 972-883-4321, [email protected]
or the Office of Media Relations, 972-883-2155, [email protected]
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.utdallas.edu/news/2012/2/21-15931_Research-is-Teaching-Mentors-Inspire-Lives-of-Disc_article-wide.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959868 | 4,304 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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