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RICHLAND, Wash. -- A new collaboration between the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the Air Force's 59th Medical Wing hopes to improve on drug tests for illicit drug use and abuse. Not only are the researchers looking for a better indicator of current or past use, but they'd like to be able to identify people prone to abusing drugs in the first place. Funded by the Department of Defense, the $850,000 two-year study will lay the foundation for future work to determine who might be susceptible to hydrocodone. Initially, the collaboration will map out drug breakdown products, proteins and other compounds that healthy bodies make in response to the prescription painkiller hydrocodone. "We want to enhance the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of drug addiction. Our military deserves the best care we can give them," said Lt. Col. (Dr.) Vikhyat Bebarta, a research physician in the 59th Medical Wing at Lackland Air Force Base near San Antonio, Texas. Bebarta will be co-leading the study with biochemist Josh Adkins of PNNL. The results will likely extend beyond the military. "Any tools for drug addiction that come out of this study could also be used by the general public," said Adkins. Just as some genes confer a susceptibility to alcoholism, the team hopes to find some indicator of susceptibility to dependence on painkillers such as hydrocodone. Instead of a gene, though, the researchers hope to find a difference in how a susceptible person responds to the drug, compared to a nonsusceptible one. If such an indicator exists in blood, urine or saliva, not only would it improve our understanding of the biological response to hydrocodone, but tests that reveal the indicator could be developed. The painkiller hydrocodone is one of the most abused drugs in the U.S. Its use, abuse and addictive potential pose special concern for the armed forces, whose members suffer trauma more often than the average civilian. Hydrocodone is an opioid closely related to the opiate morphine. Both military and civilian doctors are prescribing hydrocodone more often, making it more accessible for people to misuse and abuse. The rising prescription rate and greater availability has likely contributed to an increase in number of patients in treatment. Admission for drug abuse treatment programs for hydrocodone and related opiates more than quadrupled between 1997 and 2007, according to a 2007 report from the National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. (This does not include the opiate heroin, which remained stable over that time.) Knowing if a military member is misusing or abusing hydrocodone is essential to national security and to the safety of military personnel. In 2005, the Department of Defense found that 7.3% of active duty personnel across all branches of the military had used analgesics including hydrocodone without a medical need in the previous year. Doctors have several tests to determine who is using hydrocodone or other illicit drugs, but they are inadequate. The simplest -- a screening questionnaire -- is not definitive. And current blood or urine tests for hydrocodone only determine whether the drug been used in the last few hours or days. In addition, several drugs cross react in the blood test, making them unreliable. More important, there is no current screening test for recent or past hydrocodone use. Psychotherapeutics rank right behind marijuana as the most commonly abused drugs among the military and civilians, and hydrocodone and other pain relievers are the most popular of the psychotherapeutics. To determine if someone had been using hydrocodone in the recent past, the researchers will take snapshots of changes that can be detected in blood or urine. "We already know how it works in the brain, so we will focus on the body. Hydrocodone has a physiological response on the whole body to fight pain," said Bebarta. The first part of the study seeks to determine the baseline for what hydrocodone does to normal healthy subjects. The researchers will look for changes to a variety of body systems after healthy volunteers take the drug. The systems they're looking at include the pain response, inflammation, and stress -- all known to be involved in hydrocodone's effect. "Partnering with the 59th Medical Wing takes advantage of the strengths in each group," said PNNL biologist Karin Rodland, chief scientist for biomedical research and co-investigator on the team. Because the Air Force researchers have extensive expertise in toxicology and drug metabolism at Wilford Hall Medical Center in San Antonio, they will perform the part of the study that looks at how hydrocodone gets metabolized. Backed by PNNL's expertise in the field of proteomics, the PNNL team will check for changes in about 2000 different protein levels using state-of-the-art instruments in EMSL, DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory on the PNNL campus. The baseline studies will take two to three years to complete. Armed with a baseline, the researchers will be able to conduct other experiments with hydrocodone-dependent patients to look for indicators that identify those who are most likely to abuse it. Eventually, the team's goal is for a clear understanding of a dependent patient's complete physiological response to opioids. They are hopeful they will find a susceptibility marker and discover new ways to personalize opioid pain medicine. "That would require a systems biology level of understanding of a person's response to opiate," said Rodland, "but we hope we get the chance to try." \|Contact: Mary Beckman\| DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	<urn:uuid:2fc9218c-691a-4b1b-90bc-2b54002ac2cf>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Looking-for-secrets-to-drug-addiction-in-our-blood-15454-1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.9347	1,173	2.609375	3
Openssl provides an easy way for signing data using the RSA algorithm. RSA signing provides a robust way to ensure the integrity and authenticity of data. Rather than signing the whole data, we will create a one-way hash of the data using a hash algorithm (e.g SHA256), sign the hash (generates the actual signature), then send the data along with the the signature. The receiving end will compute the hash on the data (using the same hash algorithm), then verify the signature using the public key (see Signing messages with RSA) The following are the detailed steps for signing and verifying a data using the RSA algorithm. openssl genrsa -out private.pem 1024 This creates a key file called private.pem. This file actually have both the private and public keys, so you should extract the public one from this file: openssl rsa -in private.pem -out public.pem -outform PEM -pubout You'll now have public.pem containing just your public key, you can freely share this with 3rd parties. echo 'data to sign' > data.txt openssl dgst -sha256 < data.txt > hash openssl rsautl -sign -inkey private.pem -keyform PEM -in hash > signature The file 'signature' and the actual data 'data.txt' can now be communicated to the receiving end. The hash algorithm (in our case SHA256) as well as the public key must also be known to the receiving end. openssl rsautl -verify -inkey public.pem -keyform PEM -pubin -in signature > verified diff -s verified hash If the result of the above command 'verified' matches the hash generated in Step 3.1 (in which case you the result of the diff command would be 'Files verified and hash are identical') then the signature is considered authentic and the integrity/authenticity of the data is proven.	<urn:uuid:d820307c-bedd-4c1c-8a7b-1f0d57dc2023>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.codealias.info/technotes/openssl_rsa_sign_and_verify_howto	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.830401	423	3	3
Objectivism (Ayn Rand) \|Part of a series on\| Objectivism is a philosophical system developed by Russian American writer Ayn Rand (1905–1982). Rand first expressed Objectivism in her fiction, most notably The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957), and later in nonfiction essays and books. Leonard Peikoff, a professional philosopher and Rand's designated intellectual heir, later gave it a more formal structure. Peikoff characterizes Objectivism as a "closed system" that is not subject to change. Objectivism's central tenets are that reality exists independently of consciousness, that human beings have direct contact with reality through sense perception, that one can attain objective knowledge from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive logic, that the proper moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness (rational self-interest), that the only social system consistent with this morality is one that displays full respect for individual rights embodied in laissez-faire capitalism, and that the role of art in human life is to transform humans' metaphysical ideas by selective reproduction of reality into a physical form—a work of art—that one can comprehend and to which one can respond emotionally. Academic philosophers have mostly ignored or rejected Rand's philosophy. Nonetheless, Objectivism has been a significant influence among libertarians and American conservatives. The Objectivist movement, which Rand founded, attempts to spread her ideas to the public and in academic settings. - 1 Philosophy - 2 Development by other authors - 3 Intellectual impact - 4 See also - 5 References - 6 External links Rand originally expressed her philosophical ideas in her novels, most notably, The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. She further elaborated on them in her periodicals The Objectivist Newsletter, The Objectivist, and The Ayn Rand Letter, and in non-fiction books such as Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology and The Virtue of Selfishness. The name "Objectivism" derives from the idea that human knowledge and values are objective: they exist and are determined by the nature of reality, to be discovered by one's mind, and are not created by the thoughts one has. Rand stated that she chose the name because her preferred term for a philosophy based on the primacy of existence—"existentialism"—had already been taken. Rand characterized Objectivism as "a philosophy for living on earth", grounded in reality, and aimed at defining human nature and the nature of the world in which we live. My philosophy, in essence, is the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute.— Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged Metaphysics: objective reality Rand's philosophy begins with three axioms: existence, consciousness, and identity. Rand defined an axiom as "a statement that identifies the base of knowledge and of any further statement pertaining to that knowledge, a statement necessarily contained in all others whether any particular speaker chooses to identify it or not. An axiom is a proposition that defeats its opponents by the fact that they have to accept it and use it in the process of any attempt to deny it." As Objectivist philosopher Leonard Peikoff argued, Rand's argument for axioms "is not a proof that the axioms of existence, consciousness, and identity are true. It is proof that they are axioms, that they are at the base of knowledge and thus inescapable." Rand held that existence is the perceptually self-evident fact at the base of all other knowledge, i.e., that "existence exists." She further held that to be is to be something, that "existence is identity." That is, to be is to be "an entity of a specific nature made of specific attributes." That which has no nature or attributes does not and cannot exist. The axiom of existence is grasped in differentiating something from nothing, while the law of identity is grasped in differentiating one thing from another, i.e., one's first awareness of the law of non-contradiction, another crucial base for the rest of knowledge. As Rand wrote, "A leaf ... cannot be all red and green at the same time, it cannot freeze and burn at the same time... A is A." Objectivism rejects belief in anything alleged to transcend existence. Rand argues that consciousness is "the faculty of perceiving that which exists." As she puts it, "to be conscious is to be conscious of something", that is consciousness itself cannot be distinguished or grasped except in relation to an independent reality. "It cannot be aware only of itself—there is no 'itself' until it is aware of something." Thus, Objectivism holds that the mind does not create reality, but rather, it is a means of discovering reality. Expressed differently, existence has "primacy" over consciousness, which must conform to it. Any other approach Rand termed "the primacy of consciousness", including any variant of metaphysical subjectivism or theism. Objectivist philosophy derives its explanations of action and causation from the axiom of identity, calling causation "the law of identity applied to action." According to Rand, it is entities that act, and every action is the action of an entity. The way entities act is caused by the specific nature (or "identity") of those entities; if they were different they would act differently. As with the other axioms, an implicit understanding of causation is derived from one's primary observations of causal connections among entities even before it is verbally identified, and serves as the basis of further knowledge. According to Rand, attaining knowledge beyond what is given in perception requires both volition (or the exercise of free will) and adherence to a specific method of validation through observation, concept-formation, and the application of inductive and deductive reasoning. For example, a belief in dragons, however sincere, does not mean reality contains any dragons. A process of proof identifying the basis in reality of a claimed item of knowledge is necessary to establish its truth. Objectivist epistemology begins with the principle that "consciousness is identification". This is understood to be a direct consequence of the metaphysical principle that "existence is identity." Rand defined "reason" as "the faculty that identifies and integrates the material provided by man's senses." Says Rand, "The fundamental concept of method, the one on which all the others depend, is logic. The distinguishing characteristic of logic (the art of non-contradictory identification) indicates the nature of the actions (actions of consciousness required to achieve a correct identification) and their goal (knowledge)—while omitting the length, complexity or specific steps of the process of logical inference, as well as the nature of the particular cognitive problem involved in any given instance of using logic." According to Rand, consciousness possesses a specific and finite identity, just like everything else that exists; therefore, it must operate by a specific method of validation. An item of knowledge cannot be "disqualified" by being arrived at by a specific process in a particular form. Thus, for Rand, the fact that consciousness must itself possess identity implies the rejection of both universal skepticism based on the "limits" of consciousness, as well as any claim to revelation, emotion or faith based belief. Objectivist epistemology maintains that all knowledge is ultimately based on perception. "Percepts, not sensations, are the given, the self-evident." Rand considered the validity of the senses to be axiomatic, and claimed that purported arguments to the contrary all commit the fallacy of the "stolen concept" by presupposing the validity of concepts that, in turn, presuppose the validity of the senses. She held that perception, being physiologically determined, is incapable of error. For example, optical illusions are errors in the conceptual identification of what is seen, not errors in sight itself. The validity of sense perception, therefore, is not susceptible to proof (because it is presupposed by all proof as proof is only a matter of adducing sensory evidence) nor should its validity be denied (since the conceptual tools one would have to use to do this are derived from sensory data). Perceptual error, therefore, is not possible. Rand consequently rejected epistemological skepticism, as she holds that the skeptics' claim to knowledge "distorted" by the form or the means of perception is impossible. The Objectivist theory of perception distinguishes between the form and object. The form in which an organism perceives is determined by the physiology of its sensory systems. Whatever form the organism perceives it in, what it perceives—the object of perception—is reality. Rand consequently rejected the Kantian dichotomy between "things as we perceive them" and "things as they are in themselves." Says Rand, "The attack on man's consciousness and particularly on his conceptual faculty has rested on the unchallenged premise that any knowledge acquired by a process of consciousness is necessarily subjective and cannot correspond to the facts of reality, since it is "processed knowledge...[but] all knowledge is processed knowledge—whether on the sensory, perceptual or conceptual level. An "unprocessed" knowledge would be a knowledge acquired without means of cognition." The aspect of epistemology given the most elaboration by Rand is the theory of concept-formation, which she presented in Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. She argued that concepts are formed by a process of measurement omission. Peikoff described her view as follows: To form a concept, one mentally isolates a group of concretes (of distinct perceptual units), on the basis of observed similarities which distinguish them from all other known concretes (similarity is 'the relationship between two or more existents which possess the same characteristic(s), but in different measure or degree'); then, by a process of omitting the particular measurements of these concretes, one integrates them into a single new mental unit: the concept, which subsumes all concretes of this kind (a potentially unlimited number). The integration is completed and retained by the selection of a perceptual symbol (a word) to designate it. "A concept is a mental integration of two or more units possessing the same distinguishing characteristic(s), with their particular measurements omitted." According to Rand, "[T]he term 'measurements omitted' does not mean, in this context, that measurements are regarded as non-existent; it means that measurements exist, but are not specified. That measurements must exist is an essential part of the process. The principle is: the relevant measurements must exist in some quantity, but may exist in any quantity." Rand argued that concepts are hierarchically organized. Concepts such as 'dog,' which bring together "concretes" available in perception, can be differentiated (into the concepts of 'dachshund,' 'poodle,' etc.) or integrated (along with 'cat,' etc., into the concept of 'animal'). Abstract concepts such as 'animal' can be further integrated, via "abstraction from abstractions", into such concepts as 'living thing.' Concepts are formed in the context of knowledge available. A young child differentiates dogs from cats and chickens, but need not explicitly differentiate them from deep-sea tube worms, or from other types of animals not yet known to him, to form a concept 'dog.' Because of its view of concepts as "open-ended" classifications that go well beyond the characteristics included in their past or current definitions, Objectivist epistemology rejects the analytic-synthetic distinction as a false dichotomy and denies the possibility of a priori knowledge. Rand rejected "feeling" as sources of knowledge. Rand acknowledged the importance of emotion for human beings, but she maintained that emotions are a consequence of the conscious or subconscious ideas that a person already accepts, not a means of achieving awareness of reality. "Emotions are not tools of cognition." Rand also rejected all forms of faith or mysticism, terms that she used synonymously. She defined faith as "the acceptance of allegations without evidence or proof, either apart from or against the evidence of one's senses and reason... Mysticism is the claim to some non-sensory, non-rational, non-definable, non-identifiable means of knowledge, such as 'instinct,' 'intuition,' 'revelation,' or any form of 'just knowing.'" Reliance on revelation is like reliance on a Ouija board; it bypasses the need to show how it connects its results to reality. Faith, for Rand, is not a "short-cut" to knowledge, but a "short-circuit" destroying it. Objectivism acknowledges the facts that human beings have limited knowledge, are vulnerable to error, and do not instantly understand all of the implications of their knowledge. According to Peikoff, one can be certain of a proposition if all of the available evidence supports it, i.e., it can be logically integrated with the rest of one's knowledge; one is then certain within the context of the evidence. Rand rejected the traditional rationalist/empiricist dichotomy, arguing that it embodies a false alternative: conceptually-based knowledge independent of perception (rationalism) versus perceptually-based knowledge independent of concepts (empiricism). Rand argued that neither is possible because the senses provide the material of knowledge while conceptual processing is also needed to establish knowable propositions. Criticisms on epistemology The philosopher John Hospers, who was influenced by Rand and shared her moral and political views, disagreed with her over issues of epistemology. Some philosophers, such as Tibor Machan, have argued that the Objectivist epistemology is incomplete. Psychology professor Robert L. Campbell says the relationship between Objectivist epistemology and cognitive science remains unclear because Rand made claims about human cognition and its development which belong to psychology, yet Rand also argued that philosophy is logically prior to psychology and in no way dependent on it. Philosophers Randall Dipert and Roderick Long have argued that Objectivist epistemology conflates the perceptual process by which judgments are formed with the way in which they are to be justified, thereby leaving it unclear how sensory data can validate propositionally structured judgments. Objectivism includes an extensive treatment of ethical concerns. Rand wrote on morality in her works The Virtue of Selfishness, We the Living, and Atlas Shrugged. Rand defines morality as "a code of values to guide man's choices and actions—the choices and actions that determine the purpose and the course of his life." Rand maintained that the first question is not what should the code of values be, the first question is "Does man need values at all—and why?" According to Rand, "it is only the concept of 'Life' that makes the concept of 'Value' possible," and, "the fact that a living entity is, determines what it ought to do." Rand writes: "there is only one fundamental alternative in the universe: existence or non-existence—and it pertains to a single class of entities: to living organisms. The existence of inanimate matter is unconditional, the existence of life is not: it depends on a specific course of action... It is only a living organism that faces a constant alternative: the issue of life or death..." Rand argued that the primary focus of man's free will is in the choice: 'to think or not to think'. "Thinking is not an automatic function. In any hour and issue of his life, man is free to think or to evade that effort. Thinking requires a state of full, focused awareness. The act of focusing one's consciousness is volitional. Man can focus his mind to a full, active, purposefully directed awareness of reality—or he can unfocus it and let himself drift in a semiconscious daze, merely reacting to any chance stimulus of the immediate moment, at the mercy of his undirected sensory-perceptual mechanism and of any random, associational connections it might happen to make." According to Rand, therefore, possessing free will, human beings must choose their values: one does not automatically hold one's own life as his ultimate value. Whether in fact a person's actions promote and fulfill his own life or not is a question of fact, as it is with all other organisms, but whether a person will act to promote his well-being is up to him, not hard-wired into his physiology. "Man has the power to act as his own destroyer—and that is the way he has acted through most of his history." Says Rand, "Man's mind is his basic tool of survival. Life is given to him, survival is not. His body is given to him, its sustenance is not. His mind is given to him, its content is not. To remain alive he must act and before he can act he must know the nature and purpose of his action. He cannot obtain his food without knowledge of food and of the way to obtain it. He cannot dig a ditch—or build a cyclotron—without a knowledge of his aim and the means to achieve it. To remain alive, he must think." In her novels, The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, she also emphasizes the central importance of productive work, romantic love and art to human happiness, and dramatizes the ethical character of their pursuit. The primary virtue in Objectivist ethics is rationality, as Rand meant it "the recognition and acceptance of reason as one's only source of knowledge, one's only judge of values and one's only guide to action." The purpose of a moral code, Rand held, is to provide the principles by reference to which man can achieve the values his survival requires. Rand summarizes: If [man] chooses to live, a rational ethics will tell him what principles of action are required to implement his choice. If he does not choose to live, nature will take its course. Reality confronts a man with a great many "must's", but all of them are conditional: the formula of realistic necessity is: "you must, if –" and the if stands for man's choice: "if you want to achieve a certain goal". Rand's explanation of values presents the view that an individual's primary moral obligation is to achieve his own well-being—it is for his life and his self-interest that an individual ought to adhere to a moral code. Ethical egoism is a corollary of setting man's life as the moral standard. Rand believed that rational egoism is the logical consequence of humans following evidence wherever it leads them. The only alternative would be that they live without orientation to reality. A corollary to Rand's endorsement of self-interest is her rejection of the ethical doctrine of altruism—which she defined in the sense of Auguste Comte's altruism (he coined the term), as a moral obligation to live for the sake of others. Rand also rejected subjectivism. A "whim-worshiper" or "hedonist," according to Rand, is not motivated by a desire to live his own human life, but by a wish to live on a sub-human level. Instead of using "that which promotes my (human) life" as his standard of value, he mistakes "that which I (mindlessly happen to) value" for a standard of value, in contradiction of the fact that, existentially, he is a human and therefore rational organism. The "I value" in whim-worship or hedonism can be replaced with "we value," "he values," "they value," or "God values," and still it would remain dissociated from reality. Rand repudiated the equation of rational selfishness with hedonistic or whim-worshiping "selfishness-without-a-self." She held that the former is good, and the latter evil, and that there is a fundamental difference between them. For Rand, all of the principal virtues are applications of the role of reason as man's basic tool of survival: rationality, honesty, justice, independence, integrity, productiveness, and pride—each of which she explains in some detail in "The Objectivist Ethics." The essence of Objectivist ethics is summarized by the oath her Atlas Shrugged character John Galt adhered to: "I swear—by my life and my love of it—that I will never live for the sake of another man, nor ask another man to live for mine." Criticisms on ethics Many philosophers have criticized Objectivist ethics. Philosopher Robert Nozick argues that Rand's foundational argument in ethics is unsound because it does not explain why someone could not rationally prefer dying and having no values. He argues that her attempt to defend the morality of selfishness is, therefore, an instance of begging the question. Nozick also argues that Rand's solution to David Hume's famous is-ought problem is unsatisfactory. In response, philosophers Douglas B. Rasmussen and Douglas Den Uyl have argued that Nozick misstated Rand's case. Charles King criticized Rand's example of an indestructible robot to demonstrate the value of life as incorrect and confusing. In response, Paul St. F. Blair defended Rand's ethical conclusions, while maintaining that his arguments might not have been approved by Rand. Politics: individual rights and capitalism Rand's defense of individual liberty integrates elements from her entire philosophy. Since reason is the means of human knowledge, it is therefore each person's most fundamental means of survival and is necessary to the achievement of values. The use or threat of force neutralizes the practical effect of an individual's reason, whether the force originates from the state or from a criminal. According to Rand, "man's mind will not function at the point of a gun." Therefore, the only type of organized human behavior consistent with the operation of reason is that of voluntary cooperation. Persuasion is the method of reason. By its nature, the overtly irrational cannot rely on the use of persuasion and must ultimately resort to force to prevail. Thus, Rand saw reason and freedom as correlates, just as she saw mysticism and force as corollaries. Based on this understanding of the role of reason, Objectivists hold that the initiation of physical force against the will of another is immoral, as are indirect initiations of force through threats, fraud, or breach of contract. The use of defensive or retaliatory force, on the other hand, is appropriate. Objectivism holds that because the opportunity to use reason without the initiation of force is necessary to achieve moral values, each individual has an inalienable moral right to act as his own judgment directs and to keep the product of his effort. Peikoff, explaining the basis of rights, stated, "In content, as the founding fathers recognized, there is one fundamental right, which has several major derivatives. The fundamental right is the right to life. Its major derivatives are the right to liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness." "A 'right' is a moral principle defining and sanctioning a man's freedom of action in a social context." These rights are specifically understood to be rights to action, not to specific results or objects, and the obligations created by rights are negative in nature: each individual must refrain from violating the rights of others. Objectivists reject alternative notions of rights, such as positive rights, collective rights, or animal rights. Objectivism holds that the only social system which fully recognizes individual rights is capitalism, specifically what Rand described as "full, pure, uncontrolled, unregulated laissez-faire capitalism." Objectivism regards capitalism as the social system which is most beneficial to the poor, but that this isn't its primary justification. Rather, it is the only moral social system. Objectivism maintains that only societies seeking to establish freedom (or free nations) have a right to self-determination. Objectivism views government as "the means of placing the retaliatory use of physical force under objective control—i.e., under objectively defined laws;" thus, government is both legitimate and critically important in order to protect individual rights. Rand opposed anarchism because she saw putting police and courts on the market as an inherent miscarriage of justice. Objectivism holds that the proper functions of a government are "the police, to protect men from criminals—the armed services, to protect men from foreign invaders—the law courts, to settle disputes among men according to objectively defined laws," the executive, and legislatures. Furthermore, in protecting individual rights, the government is acting as an agent of its citizens and "has no rights except the rights delegated to it by the citizens" and it must act in an impartial manner according to specific, objectively defined laws. Prominent Objectivists Peikoff and Yaron Brook have since expressed support for other government functions. Rand argued that limited intellectual property monopolies being granted to certain inventors and artists on a first-to-file basis are moral because she viewed all property as fundamentally intellectual. Furthermore, the value of a commercial product comes in part from the necessary work of its inventors. However, Rand viewed limits on patents and copyrights as important and held that if they were granted in perpetuity, it would necessarily lead to de facto collectivism. Rand opposed racism and any legal application of racism. She considered affirmative action to be an example of legal racism. Rand advocated the right to legal abortion. Rand believed capital punishment is morally justified as retribution against a murderer, but dangerous due to the risk of mistakenly executing innocent people and opening the door to state murder. She therefore said she opposed capital punishment "on epistemological, not moral, grounds." She opposed involuntary military conscription, but also thought those who avoided being drafted should be held criminally liable. She opposed any form of censorship, including legal restrictions on pornography, opinion or worship, famously quipping; "In the transition to statism, every infringement of human rights has begun with a given right's least attractive practitioners". Objectivists have also opposed a number of government activities commonly supported by both liberals and conservatives, including antitrust laws, the minimum wage, public education, and existing child labor laws. Objectivists have argued against faith-based initiatives, displaying religious symbols in government facilities, and the teaching of "intelligent design" in public schools. Maintaining that it should be phased out gradually, Rand opposed taxation as she considered it theft and an endorsement of force over reason. Criticisms on politics Some critics, including economists and political philosophers such as, Murray Rothbard, David D. Friedman, Roy Childs, Norman P. Barry, and Chandran Kukathas, have argued that Objectivist ethics are consistent with anarcho-capitalism instead of minarchism. Aesthetics: metaphysical value-judgments The Objectivist theory of art flows from its epistemology, by way of "psycho-epistemology" (Rand's term for an individual's characteristic mode of functioning in acquiring knowledge). Art, according to Objectivism, serves a human cognitive need: it allows human beings to grasp concepts as though they were percepts. Objectivism defines "art" as a "selective re-creation of reality according to an artist's metaphysical value-judgments"—that is, according to what the artist believes to be ultimately true and important about the nature of reality and humanity. In this respect Objectivism regards art as a way of presenting abstractions concretely, in perceptual form. The human need for art, on this view, stems from the need for cognitive economy. A concept is already a sort of mental shorthand standing for a large number of concretes, allowing a human being to think indirectly or implicitly of many more such concretes than can be held explicitly in mind. But a human being cannot hold indefinitely many concepts explicitly in mind either—and yet, on the Objectivist view, needs a comprehensive conceptual framework to provide guidance in life. Art offers a way out of this dilemma by providing a perceptual, easily grasped means of communicating and thinking about a wide range of abstractions, including one's metaphysical value-judgments. Objectivism regards art as an effective way to communicate a moral or ethical ideal. Objectivism does not, however, regard art as propagandistic: even though art involves moral values and ideals, its purpose is not to educate, only to show or project. Moreover, art need not be, and usually is not, the outcome of a full-blown, explicit philosophy. Usually it stems from an artist's sense of life (which is preconceptual and largely emotional). Rand held that Romanticism was the highest school of literary art, noting that Romanticism was "based on the recognition of the principle that man possesses the faculty of volition," absent which, Rand believed, literature is robbed of dramatic power, adding: What the Romanticists brought to art was the primacy of values... Values are the source of emotions: a great deal of emotional intensity was projected in the work of the Romanticists and in the reactions of their audiences, as well as a great deal of color, imagination, originality, excitement, and all the other consequences of a value-oriented view of life. The term "romanticism," however, is often affiliated with emotionalism, to which Objectivism is completely opposed. Historically, many romantic artists were philosophically subjectivist. Most Objectivists who are also artists subscribe to what they call romantic realism, which is how Rand labeled her own work. Several authors have developed and applied Rand's ideas in their own work. Rand described Peikoff's The Ominous Parallels (1982), as "the first book by an Objectivist philosopher other than myself." In 1991, Peikoff published Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand, a comprehensive exposition of Rand's philosophy. Chris Matthew Sciabarra discusses Rand's ideas and theorizes about their intellectual origins in Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical (1995). Surveys such as On Ayn Rand by Allan Gotthelf (1999), Ayn Rand by Tibor R. Machan (2000), and Objectivism in One Lesson by Andrew Bernstein (2009) provide briefer introductions to Rand's ideas. Some scholars have focused on applying Objectivism in more specific areas. Machan has developed Rand's contextual conception of human knowledge (while also drawing on the insights of J. L. Austin and Gilbert Harman) in works such as Objectivity (2004), and David Kelley has explicated Rand's epistemological ideas in works such as The Evidence of the Senses (1986) and A Theory of Abstraction (2001). In the field of ethics, Kelley has argued in works such as Unrugged Individualism (1996) and The Contested Legacy of Ayn Rand (2000) that Objectivists should pay more attention to the virtue of benevolence and place less emphasis on issues of moral sanction. Kelley's views have been controversial, and critics Peikoff and Peter Schwartz have argued that he contradicts important principles of Objectivism. Kelley has used the term "Open Objectivism" for a version of Objectivism that involves "a commitment to reasoned, non-dogmatic discussion and debate," "the recognition that Objectivism is open to expansion, refinement, and revision," and "a policy of benevolence toward others, including fellow-travelers and critics." An author who focuses on Rand's ethics, Tara Smith, stays closer to Rand's original ideas in such works as Moral Rights and Political Freedom (1995), Viable Values (2000), and Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics (2006). In collaboration with Peikoff, David Harriman has developed a theory of scientific induction based upon Rand's theory of concepts in The Logical Leap: Induction in Physics (2010). The political aspects of Rand's philosophy are discussed by Bernstein in The Capitalist Manifesto (2005). In Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics (1996), George Reisman attempts to integrate Objectivist methodology and insights with both Classical and Austrian economics. In psychology, Professor Edwin A. Locke and Ellen Kenner have explored Rand's ideas in The Selfish Path to Romance: How to Love with Passion & Reason. Other writers have explored the application of Objectivism to fields ranging from art, as in What Art Is by Louis Torres and Michelle Marder Kamhi (2000), to teleology, as in The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts by Harry Binswanger (1990). Academic philosophers have generally dismissed Objectivism since Rand first presented it. Objectivism has been called "fiercely anti-academic" because of Rand's criticism of contemporary intellectuals. David Sidorsky, a professor of moral and political philosophy at Columbia University, says Rand's work is "outside the mainstream" and is more of an ideological movement than a well-grounded philosophy. British philosopher Ted Honderich notes that he deliberately excluded an article on Rand from The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Rand is, however, mentioned in the article on popular philosophy by Anthony Quinton. Rand is the subject of entries in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Routledge Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Political Thinkers, and The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. A listing of Rand also appears in the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, featuring the assessment "The influence of Rand's ideas was strongest among college students in the USA but attracted little attention from academic philosophers. Her outspoken defense of capitalism in works like Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (1967), and her characterization of her position as a defence of the 'virtue of selfishness' in her essay collection of the same title published in 1964, also brought notoriety, but kept her out of the intellectual mainstream." In recent decades Rand's works are more likely to be encountered in the classroom. The Ayn Rand Society, dedicated to fostering the scholarly study of Objectivism, is affiliated with the American Philosophical Association's Eastern Division. Aristotle scholar and Objectivist Allan Gotthelf, chairman of the Society, and his colleagues have argued for more academic study of Objectivism, viewing the philosophy as a unique and intellectually interesting defense of classical liberalism that is worth debating. In 1999 a refereed Journal of Ayn Rand Studies began. In 2006 the University of Pittsburgh held a conference focusing on Objectivism. Programs and fellowships for the study of Objectivism have been supported at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Texas at Austin and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. According to one Rand biographer, most people first read Rand's works in their "formative years." Rand's former protégé Nathaniel Branden referred to Rand's "especially powerful appeal to the young," while Onkar Ghate of the Ayn Rand Institute said Rand "appeals to the idealism of youth." This appeal has alarmed a number of critics of the philosophy. Many of these young people later abandon their positive view of Rand and are often said to have "outgrown" her ideas. Supporters of Rand's work recognize the phenomenon, but attribute it to the loss of youthful idealism and inability to resist social pressures for intellectual conformity. In contrast, Jennifer Burns says some critics "dismiss Rand as a shallow thinker appealing only to adolescents," although she thinks the critics "miss her significance" as a "gateway drug" to right-wing politics. - Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism - Libertarianism and Objectivism - Objectivism and homosexuality - Objectivism's rejection of the primitive - Objectivist periodicals - Philosophical fiction - Quinton 2005 - Badhwar & Long 2012 - McLemee, Scott (September 1999). "The Heirs Of Ayn Rand: Has Objectivism Gone Subjective?". Lingua Franca 9 (6): 45–55. - Peikoff, Leonard (May 18, 1989). "Fact and Value". The Intellectual Activist 5 (1). - Sciabarra 2013, p. 1; Badhwar & Long 2012; Gotthelf 2000, p. 1; Machan 2000, p. 9; Gladstein 1999, p. 2; Heyl 1995, p. 223; Den Uyl & Rasmussen 1984, p. 36 - Burns 2009, p. 4; Gladstein 2009, pp. 107–108, 124 - Sciabarra 1995, pp. 1–2 - Rubin, Harriet (September 15, 2007). "Ayn Rand's Literature of Capitalism". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2007. - Rand 1967, p. 23 - Peikoff 1991, p. 36 - "About the Author" in Rand 1992, pp. 1170–1171 - Peikoff 1991, pp. 4–11 - Rand 1992, p. 1040. - Peikoff 1991, p. 11 - Rand 1992, p. 1016. - Peikoff 1991, pp. 31–33 - Peikoff 1991, p. 5 - Gotthelf 2000 - Rand 1990 - Rand 1982, pp. 24–28 - Rand 1992, p. 1037 - Peikoff 1991, p. 14 - Peikoff 1991, pp. 116–121 - Rand 1961, p. 124 - Rand 1964, p. 22 - Rand 1990, p. 36 - Rand 1990, p. 5 - Branden, Nathaniel (January 1963). "The Stolen Concept". The Objectivist Newsletter 2 (1): 2, 4. - Rand 1990, p. 3 - Kelley 1986 - Kelley 1986; Peikoff 1991, pp. 44–48 - Rand 1990, p. 81 - Peikoff, Leonard. "The Analytic-Synthetic Dichotomy." in Rand 1990, pp. 97–98. The quotes within this passage are of Rand's material elsewhere in the same book. - Rand 1990, p. 12; for more on Rand's theory of concepts see also Kelley, David "A Theory of Abstraction" and "The Psychology of Abstraction", Cognition and Brain Theory vol. vii, no. 3 and 4 (Summer/Fall 1984), and Rasmussen, Douglas B., "Quine and Aristotelian Essentialism," The New Scholasticism 58 (Summer, 1984) - Rand 1990, pp. 15–28 - Peikoff, Leonard. "The Analytic-Synthetic Dichotomy," in Rand 1990, p. 94 - Peikoff, Leonard. "The Analytic-Synthetic Dichotomy". in Rand 1990, pp. 116–118 - Rand 1961, p. 64 - Rand 1982, pp. 62–63 - Rand 1961, p. 223; Peikoff 1991, pp. 182–185 - Lecture by Leonard Peikoff, cited in Sciabarra 1995. - Peikoff 1991, pp. 171–181 - Branden 1987, p. 323 - For example, Machan 2000, pp. 134–151 - Rand 1990, p. 289 - Campbell, R. L. (Fall 1999). "Ayn Rand and the Cognitive Revolution in Psychology". Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 1 (1): 107–134. - Dipert, Randall R. (Spring 1987). "Review Essay: David Kelley's Evidence of the Senses: A Realist Theory of Perception" (PDF). Reason Papers (12): 57–70. - Long, Roderick T. (2000). Reason and Value: Rand versus Aristotle. Objectivist Studies Monographs. Poughkeepsie, New York: The Objectivist Center. ISBN 1-57724-045-6. OCLC 49875339. - Rand 1964, p. 13. - Rand 1964, p. 18; for more on Rand's metaethics see Binswanger 1990, pp. 58–66, Smith 2000 and Gotthelf & Lennox 2010 - Rand 1964, p. 22; for more on Rand's theory of volition, see Binswanger, Harry (December 1991). "Volition as Cognitive Self-Regulation". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 154–178. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90019-P.; Branden, Nathaniel (1969). "Man: A Being of Volitional Consciousness". The Psychology of Self-Esteem. Los Angeles: Nash Publishing. ISBN 0-8402-1109-0.; and Peikoff 1991, pp. 55–72. - Rand 1992, p. 1013 - Rand 1992, p. 1012 - Rand 1964, p. 25; Smith 2006, p. 7 - Peikoff, Leonard (February 27, 1989). "Why Should One Act on Principle?". The Intellectual Activist 4 (20). - Rand 1982, pp. 118–119 - Smith 2006, pp. 23–24 - Peikoff 1991, p. 230 - Rand 1964, p. 18 - See also Smith 2006 - Rand 1992, p. 731 - O'Neil, Patrick M. (Spring 1983). "Ayn Rand and the Is-Ought Problem" (PDF). Journal of Libertarian Studies 7 (1): 81–99. - Den Uyl, Douglas; Rasmussen, Douglas (April 1978). "Nozick On the Randian Argument". The Personalist 59: 184–205. Reprinted along with Nozick's article in Reading Nozick, J. Paul, ed., 1981, Rowman & Littlefield. - King, J. Charles. "Life and the Theory of Value: The Randian Argument Reconsidered" in Den Uyl & Rasmussen 1984. - St. F. Blair, Paul (Spring 1985). "The Randian Argument Reconsidered: A Reply to Charles King" (PDF). Reason Papers (10). Retrieved September 14, 2011. - Peikoff 1991, p. 354; Sciabarra 1995, p. 274 - Bernstein 2009, pp. 25–31 - Rand 1967, p. 141 - Peikoff 1991, pp. 310–313 - Rand 1982, p. 66 - Rand 1964, p. 36; Peikoff 1991, p. 310; Smith 1997, pp. 143–147 - Smith 1997, pp. 150–155 - Peikoff 1991, pp. 319 - Rand 1964, pp. 129–130 - Rand 1964, p. 126; Peikoff 1991, p. 320 - Peikoff 1991, pp. 351–352. The Objectivist understanding of rights is explored at length in Smith 1997. - Rand 1964, p. 110 - Peikoff 1991, p. 355 - Smith 1997, pp. 165–182; Touchstone 2006, p. 108 - Peikoff 1991, pp. 356–358; Rand 1964, pp. 120 - Rand 1967, p. 19 - Rand 1964, p. 37 - Peikoff 1991, pp. 392–395; Sciabarra 1995, p. 284 - Rand 1964, p. 103 - Peikoff 1991, p. 364 - Rand 1964, pp. 125–128 - Rand 1964, p. 112 - Rand 1964, p. 131 - Rand 1964, p. 129 - Rand 1964, p. 128; Peikoff 1991, pp. 364–365 - "What role should certain specific governments play in Objectivist government? « Podcast « Peikoff". - "Interview with Yaron Brook on economic issues in today’s world (Part 1). « Featured Podcast « Peikoff". - Rand 1964, pp. 173–184; cf. Wortham, Anne (1981). The Other Side of Racism. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0318-3. - Rand, Ayn (1989). "Of Living Death". The Voice of Reason. Edited by Leonard Peikoff. New York: New American Library. ISBN 0-453-00634-5. - Rand 2005, pp. 45–46 - Rand 1967, pp. 226–228 - Rand 1982, pp. 173–184 - "Free Speech". Ayn Rand Lexicon. - Greenspan, Alan. "Antitrust" in Rand 1967, pp. 63–71 - Branden, Nathaniel. "Common Fallacies about Capitalism" in Rand 1967, pp. 89–92 - Hessen, Robert. "The Effects of the Industrial Revolution on Women and Children" in Rand 1967, pp. 110–113 - Epstein, Alex (February 4, 2003). "Faith-Based Initiatives Are an Assault on Secular Government". Ayn Rand Institute. Retrieved June 19, 2009. - Binswanger, Harry (March 3, 2005). "The Ten Commandments vs. America". Ayn Rand Institute. Retrieved June 19, 2009. - Lockitch, Keith (December 11, 2005). "'Intelligent Design' Is about Religion versus Reason". Orange County Register. - Peikoff 1991, pp. 368 - Ayn Rand Answers: The Best of Her Q & A - Childs, Roy (1969). "Objectivism and The State: An Open Letter to Ayn Rand" - Barry 1987, pp. 128–129 - Kukathas 1998 - Burns 2009, pp. 250–251 - Rothbard, Murray N. (1974). "Anatomy of the State: What the State Is Not". Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays. - Peikoff 1991, p. 417 - Peikoff 1991, p. 422 - Peikoff 1991, p. 426 - "What is Romanticism?" in Rand 1971 - Torres & Kamhi 2000, pp. 31–32; Holzer 2005, pp. 115–125 - Rand 1982, p. vii - Peikoff, Leonard (May 18, 1989). "Fact and Value". The Intellectual Activist 5 (1).; Schwartz, Peter (May 18, 1989). "On Moral Sanctions". The Intellectual Activist 5 (1). - Kelley, David (October 17, 2008). "A Note to Our Members About Open Objectivism". Atlas Society. - Khawaja, Irfan (December 2000). "Comments on Tara Smith's Viable Values". Retrieved 2009-05-29.; Hsieh, Diana (Spring 2007). "Egoism Explained: A Review of Tara Smith's Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist". The Objective Standard 2 (1). - Harriman, David, The Logical Leap, 2010, New American Library. - Locke, Edwin, and Kenner, Ellen, Platform, 2011 - Harvey, Benjamin (May 15, 2005). "Ayn Rand at 100: An 'ism' struts its stuff". Rutland Herald. Retrieved July 20, 2007. - Honderich, Ted. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. x, 740. - Salmieri & Gotthelf 2005 - Hicks 2005 - Stevens 1998 - Mautner, Thomas. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. Penguin Books, 2000, p. 469. - Sciabarra 1995, p. 386n.7 - Uyl, Douglas J. Den (1998). "On Rand as Philosopher" (PDF). Reason Papers 23: 70–71. Retrieved August 8, 2011. - Sharlet, Jeff (April 9, 1999). "Ayn Rand has finally caught the attention of scholars: New books and research projects involve philosophy, political theory, literary criticism, and feminism". The Chronicle of Higher Education 45 (31): 17–18. - "Concepts and Objectivity: Knowledge, Science, and Values" (PDF). Retrieved July 20, 2007. - Gladstein 2009, pp. 116–117; Burns 2009, p. 297 - Heller, Anne C. (2009). Ayn Rand and the World She Made. New York: Doubleday. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-385-51399-9. - Branden, Nathaniel (Fall 1984). "The Benefits and Hazards of the Philosophy of Ayn Rand: A Personal Statement". Journal of Humanistic Psychology 24 (4): 29–64. - Ghate, Onkar (February 2, 2008). "The Appeal of Ayn Rand". Capitalism Magazine. Retrieved April 22, 2014. - Gladstein 1999, p. 111 - Doherty, Brian (2007). Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. New York: Public Affairs. p. 544. ISBN 1-58648-350-1. - Burns 2009, p. 4 - Badhwar, Neera; Long, Roderick T. (July 5, 2012). Zalta, Edward N. (ed), ed. "Ayn Rand". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved December 30, 2014. - Barry, Norman P. (1987). On Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-00243-2. OCLC 14134854. - Bernstein, Andrew (2009). Objectivism in One Lesson: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Ayn Rand. Lanham, Maryland: Hamilton Books. ISBN 0-7618-4359-0. - Binswanger, Harry (1990). The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts. Los Angeles, California: Ayn Rand Institute Press. ISBN 0-9625336-0-2. - Branden, Barbara (1987). The Passion of Ayn Rand. New York, New YOrk: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-24388-X. - Burns, Jennifer (2009). Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532487-7. OCLC 313665028. - Den Uyl, Douglas; Rasmussen, Douglas B., eds. (1984). The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01407-3. - Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (1999). The New Ayn Rand Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30321-5. OCLC 40359365. - Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). Ayn Rand. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series. New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-4513-1. OCLC 319595162. - Gotthelf, Allan (2000). On Ayn Rand. Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 978-0-534-57625-7. - Gotthelf, Allan & Lennox, James G., eds. (2010). Metaethics, Egoism, and Virtue: Studies in Ayn Rand's Normative Theory. Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-4400-3. OCLC 617508678. - Heyl, Jenny A. (1995). "Ayn Rand (1905–1982)". In Waithe, Mary Ellen (ed). Contemporary Women Philosophers: 1900–today. A History of Women Philosophers series. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 207–224. ISBN 0-7923-2808-6. OCLC 30029022. - Hicks, Stephen R. C. (July 7, 2005). "Ayn Rand (1905-1982)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved March 15, 2011. - Holzer, Erika (2005). Ayn Rand: My Fiction Writing Teacher. Indio, California: Madison Press. ISBN 0-615-13041-0. OCLC 70662150. - Kelley, David (1986). The Evidence of the Senses: A Realist Theory of Perception. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1268-2. - Kelley, David (2001). A Theory of Abstraction. The Objectivist Center. ISBN 1-57724-062-6. - Kukathas, Chandran (1998). "Rand, Ayn (1905–82)". In Craig, Edward (ed). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8. New York: Routledge. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-415-07310-3. OCLC 318280731. - Machan, Tibor R. (2000). Ayn Rand. Masterworks in the Western Tradition. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 0-8204-4144-9. OCLC 41096316. - Peikoff, Leonard (1991). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-452-01101-9. - Quinton, Anthony (2005). "Popular philosophy". In Honderich, Ted. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 739–741. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. - Rand, Ayn (1992) . Atlas Shrugged (35th anniversary ed.). New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94892-9. - Rand, Ayn (1961). For the New Intellectual. New York: Random House. - Rand, Ayn (1964). The Virtue of Selfishness (paperback ed.). New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-16393-1. - Rand, Ayn (1967) . Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (paperback 2nd ed.). New York: Signet. - Rand, Ayn (1982). Peikoff, Leonard, ed. Philosophy: Who Needs It (paperback ed.). New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-13249-1. - Rand, Ayn (1990). Binswanger, Harry & Peikoff, Leonard, eds. Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (second ed.). New York: Meridian. ISBN 0-452-01030-6. OCLC 20353709. - Rand, Ayn (1971). The Romantic Manifesto (paperback ed.). New York: Signet. OCLC 733753672. - Rand, Ayn (2005). Mayhew, Robert, ed. Ayn Rand Answers, the Best of Her Q&A. New York: New American Library. ISBN 0-451-21665-2. OCLC 59148253. - Rand, Ayn; Peikoff, Leonard (1982). The Ominous Parallels: The End of Freedom in America. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2850-X. - Salmieri, Gregory & Gotthelf, Allan (2005). "Ayn Rand". In Shook, John (ed). The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. London: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 1-84371-037-4. - Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (1995). Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01440-7. OCLC 31133644. - Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (2013). Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-06227-3. OCLC 853618653. - Smith, Tara (2000). Viable Values: A Study of Life as the Root and Reward of Morality. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9760-6. OCLC 42397381. - Smith, Tara (2006). Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86050-4. OCLC 60971741. - Smith, Tara (1997). Moral Rights and Political Freedom. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8026-6. OCLC 31710378. - Stevens, Jacqueline (1998). "Ayn Rand". In Benewick, Robert & Green, Philip (eds). The Routledge Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Political Thinkers (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 263–264. ISBN 0-415-15881-8. - Torres, Louis & Kamhi, Michelle Marder (2000). What Art Is: The Esthetic Theory of Ayn Rand. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-8126-9372-8. OCLC 43787446. - Touchstone, Kathleen (2006). Then Athena Said: Unilateral Transfers and the Transformation of Objectivist Ethics. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-3519-9. OCLC 70783649. - Ayn Rand Institute: The Center for the Advancement of Objectivism - The Atlas Society: The Center for Objectivism - Objectivism at DMOZ - Capitalism.org – an Objectivist website and publishers of Capitalism on-line magazine - The Objectivism Reference Center	<urn:uuid:61510ec9-db94-4e7b-bd0c-d846507a1a28>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.892204	12,022	3.5	4
Tim Ridgway reports on Brighton and Hove’s hidden waterways and the flooding threat they pose. When Steve and Michelle Langley bought a home in High Street, Portslade, more than a decade ago, they had no idea of the potential trouble lurking below. But last month the couple had to spring into action when water began flooding into their basement. For two weeks they had to pump up to 900 gallons of water an hour out of the underground den into a sewer. The couple were initially bemused as to why their home, which is partly up an incline and more than a mile inland, was flooding. The reason, they have since learned, is rising groundwater. It is a strange phenomenon and one that not many people in Sussex are aware of. But, in the winter and spring months after a period of prolonged rainfall, water levels in underground streams travelling down from the South Downs rise. About once a decade they breach the surface and become visible in the streets and sometimes in people’s homes. It is a surprise which can cost householders hundreds, if not thousands of pounds. Michelle said: “It was quite a shock. “It was one evening at about 11pm when there was nothing on television so Steve said he would listen to music in the den. “He came back up and said water had covered the floor. “The initial reaction was to get everything out of the basement. “The next morning we set up a pump and we worked out it was pumping out about 900 gallons an hour. “The mad thing was the water was absolutely clear. Steve even drank some. “We were paying Southern Water for water to come out of the tap and here was perfectly good water we were pumping back into the sewer. “The story in the village is that it is a river that used to feed the brewery, which is now the Carbone factory.” A few weeks on, the basement is now back to being a den. But, to keep an eye on the water levels, Steve has dug a metre hole in the basement. With heavy rains, hail and snow in recent weeks, the couple fear it is rising again. For local experts, it is the return of the seasonal natural phenomenon known as the “bournes”, the Anglo-Saxon word for a stream flowing from a spring. They form after heavy rainfall passes through chalk and is released slowly from the aquifer, an underground layer where water is held. Dr James Rhodes, 73, of Larkfield Way, Hollingbury, has been studying the water table in Patcham since he was in school. Central to it all is the Wellesbourne, a “hidden river” which runs from the village along the route of the A23 down to Pool Valley, the site of the city’s coach station on Brighton seafront. Dr Rhodes said the course of the river was not always the same but changed over time, partly due to property being built and infrastructure. He said: “The channels do flow most of the time but they are under ground. “At certain points of the year, mainly spring time, you can see it oozing out of the ground. “1875 was perhaps the worst one. The building of Patcham pumping station was supposed to be the end of it but I think that was wishful thinking.” Dr Rhodes added there was further flooding in 1925, 1960 and 2000. He said: “People do not remember the one in 1960. Water was up to the level of the platform in a bus – about a foot high – and there are pictures of the shops in London Road being flooded.” In 2000, the A23, one of the major roads in Brighton, was shut for days after it became impassable. So, after the wettest year on record, should residents of Patcham be looking to put sand bags out in preparation for a repeat of history? Selma Montford, of Claremont Road, Brighton, said: “To be honest the drainage has been improved recently so we do not get the flooding that we used to get from the Wellesbourne. “When we first moved to the area in the 1960s the shops and some of the houses in Preston Road had flood boards which slotted across gates and doorways so that when it flooded the water did not get in.” So what about other rivers? There was another “Springbourne” which flows from Falmer and follows roughly the path of Lewes Road. It meets the Wellesbourne at The Level and then joins it on its course in the sewer to Pool Valley. Tim Carder, who wrote the original Encyclopaedia of Brighton, said: “The deeper the valley, the more likely the presence of a winterbourne stream. “After all, the valleys have been formed by the action of running water over many centuries in the distant past. “I don’t know of any documentation of these other streams. “I have seen that the Westbourne streets in the west Hove area were named after a stream in the area but know nothing more.” According to the Encyclopaedia of Brighton: “The Wellesbourne, corrupted to 'Whalesbone', may have given its name to the hundred through which it flowed. “Although often referred to as an ‘underground river’, it is only so in the sense that spring water from Patcham may be carried under the London Road by sewer; there is no stream flowing within the chalk or Coombe deposits of the valley. “After very heavy rain the water-table rises and reaches the surface in basements along the valley and occasionally at Preston Park and the Valley Gardens, giving the impression of an invisible stream. “The bourne often flooded the Valley Gardens in the winter and skating was occasionally possible on the frozen Steine. “The swampy nature of the central valley probably prevented development upon it, but once the Steine had become a fashionable promenade with the arrival of visitors from the mid-eighteenth century, such conditions were unacceptable. “In 1792-3 the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Marlborough, at their own expense, laid a wooden sewer under the western edge of the Steine to carry the bourne to the sea. “Following inundations in the winter of 1827-8, another drain was laid all the way from Preston Circus to the Albion Hotel. “Particularly strong flows of the Wellesbourne occurred in 1795, 1806, 1811, 1827-8, 1852, and finally in 1876 when both Lewes Road and London Road were impassable. “But since the construction of the Patcham Waterworks in 1889, and the consequent siphoning of water from its sources, the bourne has never flowed again.” See the latest news headlines from The Argus: - Kitten killer walks free from court - Call out to honour Sussex's forgotten war heroes - Europeans fret over post-Brexit future - Caulfield backs underdog for PM - Three cheers for county vineyard	<urn:uuid:d4baae93-6d37-4f45-9048-a4d90fb6711a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10220492.Brighton_and_Hove_s_hidden_rivers_cause_flooding_phenomenon/?ref=rss	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966369	1,533	2.5625	3
Technology tethers free radicals 17 August 2011 The science world is abuzz with news of a new platform technology developed by physicists at the University of Sydney - technology that can be used in areas as diverse as disease detection through to biofuel production. Details of the breakthrough technology are published today in the international journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The paper, 'Free radical functionalization of surfaces to prevent adverse responses to biomedical devices' says the technology uses a layer of carbon and nitrogen, rich in free radicals that anchor proteins to a surface. It is this easy and strong adherence of the biomolecules, while still preserving their function, that has the science community talking. Professor David McKenzie of the School of Physics says: "Free radicals are often thought of as 'bad guys' who, if allowed to run free in the body, are understood to be involved in degenerative diseases, biological aging and cancer. In our technology we're putting these radicals to good use. "The new technology will be of benefit to implantable medical devices such as stents. The breakthrough allows the surface to cloak itself in the patient's own protein, reducing the chance of medical complications such as inflammation and rejection. "It is also possible to coat the surface with proteins or peptides, selected for their influence on cells, prior to implantation into the body. We have shown that our human elastic protein tropoelastin can be functionally coated on a diverse range of surfaces, from teflon to stainless steel, improving how they interact with human tissue." The protein retains its 'native' structure and will not trigger adverse reactions such as blood clots or the foreign body response. "When proteins land on surfaces currently used in implants they unfold and distort, losing their biological function," explains lead author Professor Marcela Bilek, also from the School of Physics. "When our surface is immersed in a fluid containing protein, the protein is bound by reacting with free radicals that are trapped in the surface's under-layer. The radicals do not harm the protein but tether them gently to the surface." The new surfaces can be integrated into any material using a patented technology that prevents detachment even under extreme deformation, including during the stent expansion process when inserted in an artery. The breakthrough technology can also be used for the early detection of diseases. "Antibodies can be anchored on the new surface in an array of spots. Diseased cells attach themselves to the antibodies in characteristic patterns that enable the disease to be detected long before the symptoms emerge. This will allow early intervention and higher cure rates," says Professor Bilek. "We have recently demonstrated diagnostic arrays which can detect diseased cells at levels lower than previously possible." As well the platform technology will have an impact on biotechnology. "Ethanol is a valuable fuel that could be produced from waste cellulose (cardboard and agricultural waste) with special enzymes. These enzymes will be tethered to the new surface and continue to function, enabling new industrial production methods based on continuous flow rather than batch operation," says Professor McKenzie. Read the paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences at: www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/08/11/1103277108.abstract Contact: Katynna Gill Phone: 02 9351 6997	<urn:uuid:5994f19f-6a82-4349-8c0f-f4e4b485d41a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://sydney.edu.au/news/science/397.html?newsstoryid=7542	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.940219	688	3.125	3
May is Asthma Awareness Month State Health Department Stresses Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease CHICAGO – An estimated 25 million Americans – including seven million children – suffer from asthma, a chronic respiratory disease for which attacks can range from mild to life-threatening. The prevalence has been increasing over the last two decades, and the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) is encouraging effective management to reduce environmental triggers of the disease during Asthma Awareness Month in May. “Asthma attacks account for nearly two million emergency room visits nationwide each year,” said IDPH Acting Director Dr. LaMar Hasbrouck. “It is extremely important that we continue to raise awareness about common triggers so that the disease can be effectively controlled and environmental factors, to the greatest extent possible, can be reduced.” The annual economic cost of asthma, including direct medical costs from hospital stays and indirect costs such as lost school and work days, amounts to more than $56 billion annually, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). African-Americans and Latinos are also disproportionately impacted by the disease. Approximately three million Latinos are affected by asthma, with the highest rate being among Puerto Ricans – 113 percent higher than non-Hispanic whites, and 50 percent higher than non-Hispanic blacks, according to the CDC. About 14 percent of Illinoisans suffer from asthma, and over the last 20 years, Illinois has had one of the nation’s highest asthma mortality rates. Asthma is triggered by indoor and outdoor allergens, irritants including secondhand smoke, dust mites, mold, gas-cooking stoves, wood smoke, cockroaches and other pests, and many household cleaning supplies. In 1999 the Illinois Asthma Program was established to develop strategic goals and long-range planning in the effort to reduce asthma in Illinois. In 2009, the 3rd Illinois Asthma Strategic Plan was released with long-range goals and solutions to reduce the burden of asthma for people with asthma and their caretakers. In August 2010, the Legislature passed Public Act 96-1460 making it simpler for students to carry and self-administer rescue inhalers at school. Students now need only a note from a parent or guardian, and a copy of their prescription, to keep their inhalers with them. Previously, they were also required to get written permission from a physician, a logistical hurdle that prevented many children from having ready access to their medication. The Illinois Asthma Partnership consists of state and federal agencies, local asthma coalitions, national non-profits, hospitals, universities, and individuals from a diverse background of professions to address statewide goals. Statewide goals include implementing interventions to identify triggers and increase asthma awareness in the workplace and in schools, and promoting the use of asthma action plans and the adoption of asthma friendly policies and practices. Steps toward preventing and/or reducing the occurrence of asthma attacks include: - Talk to a doctor – Learn what triggers asthma attacks, identify triggers in the home and medications to take. - Develop an “Asthma Action Plan” – Identify triggers, keep track of the severity of symptoms and keep medical resources handy. - Asthma-proof your home – Manage and eliminate triggers (mold, dust mites, secondhand smoke, keep food sealed and kitchen area free of clutter to minimize pests, maintain low humidity in the home.) - Quit smoking - When a person inhales tobacco smoke, irritating substances settle in the moist lining of the airways. These substances can cause an attack in a person who has asthma. Call 866-Quit Yes for free tobacco cessation information.	<urn:uuid:b62d814f-cbaa-4a75-bde7-ebcfc2bd3ac9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.idph.state.il.us/public/press12/5.2.12_Asthma_Awareness_Month.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951556	751	2.75	3
Individual differences \| Methods \| Statistics \| Clinical \| Educational \| Industrial \| Professional items \| World psychology \| Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline) A relationship between handedness and sexual orientation has been suggested but not verified by a number of researchers, who report that heterosexual individuals are somewhat more likely to be right-handed than homosexual individuals. The relationship between handedness and sexual orientation has been reported within both sexes and may reflect the biological etiology of homosexuality; recent work by Ray Blanchard has linked the relationship to the fraternal birth order effect, which suggests that a man with several older brothers is more likely to be homosexual. Mustanski et al., 2002 study Edit Mustanski et al. examined sexual orientation and hand preference in a sample of 382 men (205 heterosexual; 177 homosexual) and 354 women (149 heterosexual; 205 homosexual). Although homosexual women were found to be significantly more left-handed than heterosexual women (18% vs 10%), no significant differences were found between heterosexual and homosexual men with respect to hand preference. Lippa, 2003 study Edit Lippa examined sexual orientation and handedness in a sample of 812 men (351 heterosexual; 461 homosexual) and 1189 women (707 heterosexual; 472 homosexual). Homosexual men were 100% more likely to be left-handed than heterosexual men, but no significant differences were found between heterosexual and homosexual women in terms of handedness. When combining men and women into one large sample, homosexual individuals were 100% more likely to be left-handed than heterosexual individuals. Blanchard et al., 2006 study Edit Blanchard et al. argued that the fraternal birth order effect (the probability that a boy will be homosexual increases with the number of older brothers who have the same biological mother) appears to be limited to right-handed men. Moreover, the same study indicates that left-handed men without older brothers are more likely to be homosexual than non-right-handed men who have older brothers. As Blanchard et al. said in their report, "the odds of homosexuality is higher for men who have a non-right hand preference or who have older brothers, relative to men with neither of these features, but the odds for men with both features are similar to the odds for men with neither". Blanchard, 2008 Archives of Sexual Behavior study Edit A subsequent study by Blanchard found that both right-handed homosexual men and left-handed heterosexual men had a statistically significant number of older male siblings, but that there was no significant observable effect for right-handed heterosexual men or for left-handed homosexual men. Blanchard, 2008 Laterality study Edit Blanchard discussed ways in which the fraternal birth order effect and handedness could be explained in terms of the maternal immune hypothesis. In this, the mother is assumed to grow more immune to male antigens with each pregnancy, and thus produce a greater number of "anti-male" antibodies. He suggests two possibilities; that non-right-handed fetuses are less sensitive to the antibodies, or that the mothers of left-handed fetuses do not, for some reason, produce them. See also Edit - Biology and sexual orientation - Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis - Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation - ↑ Mustanski, B. S., Bailey, J. M., & Kaspar, S. (2002). Dermatoglyphics, handedness, sex, and sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 113–122. Template:Pmid - ↑ Lippa, R. A. (2003). Handedness, sexual orientation, and gender-related personality traits in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32 103–114. Template:Pmid - ↑ Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 405–414. Template:Pmid - ↑ Blanchard, R. 2008. Sex Ratio of Older Siblings in Heterosexual and Homosexual, Right-Handed and Non-Right-Handed Men, Archives of Sexual Behavior. Template:Pmid - ↑ Blanchard, R. 2008. Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men, Laterality. 13(1), 51-70 Template:Pmid \|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).\|	<urn:uuid:ad670c85-6f7a-4b1b-967b-269b2a320234>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Handedness_and_sexual_orientation	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.882903	990	2.65625	3
Tagging question that concerns "make" with [makefile] is the same thing as marking [c] question with [c-file] tag. A makefile is just a file that contains program for one of the make tools. How should the questions be tagged? Mark your questions with the at least one of the following tags: - [make] if you use usual Linux make; the answers with GNU make-specific solutions will contain proper remarks - [gnumake] along with [make] if you don't want to restrict yourself to POSIX make standard. - [qmake] if you need to change the project file only - [cmake], [nmake] etc if you use the relevant tool. Whether [makefile] tag persists is irrelevant, but I'd advice to drop it, because novices see lots of [makefile] tags and think that it's the way they should mark questions. While it leads to confusion only. What's the difference between "make" and "makefile"? Mostly used for build systems, there exists a program called "make". The purpose of this program is to maintain dependency information between files (e.g. source and object files of your project) and to update (e.g. recompile) only those files that actually need it. You can check how it works by creating a file hello.c with a simple program and typing $ make hello You'll see how make invokes C compiler and builds executable for your program. If you invoke the same command again, it will report that hello is up to day, and it will be recompiled only if you update Note that you do not need a makefile for that! Because for simple rules make can do well without any makefile! But of course, if the rules go more complex, you'll need one. A "makefile" is a file that contains a program written in special language for it to be executed by the "make" interpreter. It contains project-specific rules and dependency relations. The "make" program matches them against the file system and determines the sequence of commands that need to be executed to bring the target supplied up to date. There are different make systems and standard, each of which has a different language: GNU make, POSIX make specifications, Microsoft's nmake; and meta-make high-level systems that generate makefiles just like C compiler generates assembly: qmake for Qt and general-purpose CMake. As the programs share the same domain, the programs that drive their befavior are called "makefiles". But the languages, in which these makefiles are written, are different! So you should always specify the actual "make" program you use in your questions and tags. Not only this is correct, but also it avoids confusion, when people answer the question that later occurs to be restricted to the other make program.	<urn:uuid:f5c0e989-30a1-4d1b-ad49-655bc5f9072a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/24030/why-do-they-specify-makefile-tag-instead-of-make/26567	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.931493	606	2.546875	3
Philosopher Bios. Dead Philosophers in Heaven null. Fallacy List - StumbleUpon. Squashed Philosophers Abridged Editions - Home Page. Philosophy. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. In more casual speech, by extension, "philosophy" can refer to "the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group". The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom". The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. Areas of inquiry Philosophy is divided into many sub-fields. These include epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. Some of the major areas of study are considered individually below. Epistemology. Educational Resources. The Art of Complex Problem Solving.	<urn:uuid:4a421d38-386d-4b08-88ee-20651b85c70f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.pearltrees.com/ardalan/philosophy/id3439709	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.904364	246	3.03125	3
On July 17, 1812, war descended upon Mackinac Island as a combined force of British, Canadian, and Native American soldiers captured Fort Mackinac from a small, unsuspecting American garrison. The fall of Mackinac, one of the first engagements of the War of 1812, set off over two years of combat between the United State and Great Britain for control of Michigan and the Great Lakes. Both sides knew that Mackinac held the key to the Great Lakes fur trade and the allegiance of Native American tribes across the region. This struggle reached a climax in the summer of 1814, when the United States dispatched seven warships and nearly 1,000 men on a two-month expedition to recapture the island. British and American troops actually met in battle on Mackinac Island on August 4, resulting in American defeat. Only the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, restored peace to Mackinac. American soldiers took possession of Fort Mackinac from the British garrison on July 18, 1815, three years and one day after the post had been captured. Today, Mackinac State Historic Parks is commemorating the bicentennial of the War of 1812. Special 1812 demonstrations and tours take place every day at Fort Mackinac. New exhibits in the East Blockhouse present the compelling story of the American attempts to recapture the fort in 1814.	<urn:uuid:40c87e88-c7c3-48ed-a193-6f0ef86cbaf2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.mackinacparks.com/war-of-1812/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.943035	285	4.28125	4
tinnitus is often found occurring simultaneously in several cases of tinnitus. The causes of headache accompanied with tinnitus can have many contributory of tinnitus with headache: Any physical injury – whether significant or not – contains the possibility of a hemorrhage or hematoma. Such situations can display symptoms of headache along with tinnitus. Identifying such a condition requires a CT scan. Sinus infection or lesions can lead to headaches with tinnitus. Sinus related conditions leading to inflammation of the mucus membrane can also manifest typical ringing sounds in the ear or the head. These sinus conditions can bring on a generalized headache and sounds in the ear, sometimes followed by fever as well. A condition called Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis is particularly related to the presence of headaches and ear problems. Other forms of infection in the body can also initiate Hypertension and its related health problems are also associated with tinnitus as well as headaches. Presence of any abnormal growth that cause obstruction or otherwise interferes in the normal functioning of the body can display symptoms of headaches and tinnitus. The presence of a tumor – whether benign or malignant, can cause Brain tumors are especially associated with headaches and tinnitus ringing sounds in the ear or the head regions. Headaches in this case are usually known to be more severe and intense in the early mornings. Tinnitus and headaches sometimes precede or follow a stroke. The intensity of headaches and the sounds of tinnitus can vary widely for Any rupture or pressure on carotid or vertebral arteries can cause symptoms such as headaches with tinnitus to appear. This condition may also display other discomforts and can at times lead to the occurrence of a stroke. Certain drugs and medications are known to cause headaches with Low immunity levels in the body can induce signs of ill health in the form of headaches and tinnitus. Anxiety about tinnitus sounds can cause headaches. In a lot of the above mentioned cases, headaches with tinnitus with other symptoms. The onset of sudden and severe headache is cause for concern and consultation with a physician is essential for a professional diagnosis before taking any treatment. Any sign of ill health requires a holistic and multi disciplinary treatment in order to regain and retain good health.	<urn:uuid:9eab3dbb-812a-474f-977f-fe8ab74e88ee>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.tinnitusatoz.com/headache-with-tinnitus.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.893305	539	2.78125	3
Heidelberg, a city of 41,000 inhabitants, is situated in the Grand Duchy of Baden, on the left bank of the Neckar. From the obscurity of a legendary origin the city emerges into the light of history in 1214, when the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II bestowed on Duke Louis I of Wittelsbach the dignity of Count Palatine of the Rhine on account of his faithful services; from that time, the fortunes of the Palatinate and its capital, Heidelberg, were bound up with those of its thirty counts and electors, until, by the Imperial Delegates Enactment of 1803 at Ratisbon, it passed from the ranks of German states and was partitioned among the neighboring states. The fame of Heidelberg is due to its university, which was founded in 1386 by the warlike Rupert I of Wittelsbach when he was over seventy years of age, on the model of the University of Paris . The same prince erected the Heiliggeistkirche, formerly the university church, which contains the graves of the Palatine Counts of Witttelsbach. After Pope Urban VI had issued the Bull of authorization (23 October, 1385), the founder granted the university a succession of privileges, exemptions, and prerogatives. It was to consist of four faculties, theology, law, medicine and art, each to have its separate organization. At first, the rector was elected every quarter, after 1393 semi-annually, and after 1522, annually, like the deans of the faculties. Teachers and students were provided with safe-conducts, were exempt from taxes and tolls in the electorate, and were granted all the privileges that obtained at the University of Paris. The Bishop of Worms, in whose diocese Heidelberg was situated, was judge in ordinary of the clerics. The regulations were publicly read and posted up in the Heiliggeistkirche every year. On 18 October, 1386, the feast of St. Luke the Evangelist, the university was solemnly opened with Divine service, and the next day lectures on logic, exegesis, and natural philosophy were begun. Dr. Marsilius from Inghen, near Arnheim, Guelderland, former representative of Nominalism in Paris, was chosen first rector. In accordance with the terms of the papal Bull of authorization, the provost of the cathedral of Worms acted as chancellor of the university, and until the end of the eighteenth century exercised in the name of the Church the right of superintending and sanctioning the conferring of academic degrees, either in person or through a vice-chancellor. Soon after the opening of the university the faculties of theology and law were reinforced by bachelors and licentiates from Prague and Paris. But as most of the students came from the Rhenish provinces, the custom followed by other universities of classifying them according to nationality was not imitated here. The faculty of medicine was not organized until 1390. the faculty of arts , the alma totius Universitatis mater , was here as everywhere else, the first in point of numbers. St. Catherine was the patron saint, and her feast day (25 November) was observed with great solemnity. In the first year of its existence the university had in its roll 525 teachers and students. The foundations of the celebrated library of Heidelberg were laid by means of donations from the bishops, chancellors, and early professors. Louis III willed his large and valuable collection to the university. Later, when Otto Henry had added the gift of his books and manuscripts, the entire collection received the name of Bibliotheca Palatina and was considered the most valuable in Germany. At the instance of Elector Rupert III, later German king (1400-1410), Pope Boniface IX, in 1399, relinquished twelve important livings and several patronages to the university. Rupert's eldest son, Louis III, changed the Heilggeistkirche into a collegiate church and united its twenty-four prebends to the university, a measure sanctioned by Pope Martin V. Nominalism had been prevalent from the time of Marsilius until after 1406, when Jerome of Prague, the friend of John Hus, introduced realism, on which account he was expelled by the faculty which, six years later, also condemned the teachings of John Wycliffe . Several distinguished professors took part in the Council of Constance and acted as counsellors for Louis III who, as representative of the emperor and chief magistrate of the realm, attended this council and had Hus executed as a heretic. In 1432 the university, pursuant to papal and imperial requests, sent to the Council of Basle two delegates who faithfully supported the legitimate pope. The transition from scholastic to humanistic culture was effected by the learned chancellor and bishop, Johann von Dalberg. Humanism was represented at Heidelberg by Rudolph Agricola, founder of the older German Humanistic School, the younger humanist Conrad Celtes, the pedagogue Jakob Wimpheling and that "marvel in three languages", Johann Reuchlin. The learned Æneas Silvius Piccolomini was chancellor of the university in his capacity of provost of Worms and, as Pope Pius II, always favored it with his friendship and good-will. In 1482 Sixtus IV, through a papal dispensation, permitted laymen and even married men to be appointed professors in ordinary of medicine, and in 1553 Pope Julius III sanctioned the allotment of ecclesiastical benefices to secular professors. In April, 1518, the Augustinian monks of Heidelberg held a convention in their monastery in which Dr. Martin Luther from Wittenberg participated. In a public debate he maintained forty theological and philosophical theses which maintained in part the uselessness of moral effort and the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The university as a body looked quite unfavourably upon the reform movement which Luther and his followers had inaugurated. Pope Adrian VI, in a Brief, dated 1 December, 1523, warned individual members of the university who were inclined towards the new teachings, to oppose the Reformation in speech and writing and to guide back to the path of truth all who had gone astray - an admonition which the university accepted in a spirit of gratitude. But when in consequence of the attitude of certain professors, the Reformed teachings began to take a firmer hold at Heidelberg, Elector Louis V in 1523 ordered an inquiry. Matters did not then reach a crisis, though in spite of the Elector's exertions, the university became more and more unsettled, its revenues were considerably reduced, and the professors exceeded the students in numbers. In 1545 some of the citizens and university members declared themselves in favor of Luther's teaching; Elector Frederick II remained a Catholic, but his consort Dorothea, a Danish princess, and their household received Communion under both kinds on Christmas Day of that year. The last two Catholic electors, Louis V and Frederick II, with the support of learned advisers, had made repeated attempts at timely reforms in the university. The only outcome was a revision of the constitutions of the faculty of arts undertaken by the professor of Greek, Jakob Mikyllus, and approved by the university in 1551. To terminate the brawls between the occupants of the different students' halls, the three halls were, in accordance with the elector's desire, united in 1546 with the college of arts and by this means with the university proper, and were thus consolidated under their own statutes and administration. Frederick II also founded the Sapientia College in 1556, to accommodate sixty to eighty poor but talented students from the Palatinate. With the consent of Pope Julius III it was established in 1560 in the abandoned Augustinian monastery. Under Frederick III in 1561, it was transferred to the Protestant Consistory and turned into a theological seminary ; as such it continued until 1803 when its revenues were given over to a more advanced institute at Heidelberg. In 1560 the grammar school which had declined under Otto Henry was revived as a preparatory college. The university recognized the pope's authority for the last time, when, on the invitation of Julius III, it resolved to send two professors as delegates to the Council of Trent, an intention which was not after all carried into effect. Under Otto Henry (1556-59), who immediately after his accession established Lutheranism as the State religion, the last two Catholic professors resigned their chairs. Reforms affecting economic management and administration, faculty organization, number, subjects, and order of courses, and the appointment of professors, were carried out by Otto Henry with the assistance of Mikyllus and Philip Melanchthon , in 1556 and during the following years when the elector's brother, the Palatine Count George John, was rector. The latter chose a pro-rector from among the professors, and subsequently it became customary to associate a pro-rector with the rector magnificentissimus. Through these innovations, the university was transformed into a school of the Evangelical-Lutheran and later of the Calvinistic stamp. At that time, the rigid Calvinists of the theological faculty gave the Reformers their most important doctrinal formulary in the Heidelberg Catechism. As under Louis VI (1576-83) all the Calvinist professors were dismissed from the university, so under his successor, John Casimir (1583-92), the Lutherans were sent away and the Reformed readmitted. In 1588 some further regulations for the faculties, discipline, and economy were proposed and were carried out by Frederick IV. The university gained an international reputation, but its prosperity was destroyed by the Thirty Years War . In September, 1622, the city and castle of Heidelberg were taken by Tilly and the university practically abolished. It was reorganized in 1629 as a Catholic institution and some of the chairs were filled by Jesuits ; but the tempestuous conditions then prevalent made the fostering of science impossible and the work was entirely suspended from 1631 to 1652. After the occupation of Heidelberg the Bibliotheca Palatina was presented to the pope by Duke Maximillian of Bavaria and sent in wagons to Rome, a fortunate arrangement for this collection which otherwise would have been burned to ashes, with the other libraries of the city, in May, 1693. In 1815 and 1816 a number of these manuscript were returned to Heidelberg. After the Peace of Westphalia, Elector Charles Louis restored the university as a Protestant institution and reorganized its economic management. On 1 November, 1652, it was reopened and a number of distinguished scholars were invited there, among others, Samuel Pufendorf, professor of natural and international law. The philosopher Spinoza also received a call to Heidelberg but declined it, fearing that on account of the religious conflicts philosophical teaching would be restricted within narrow limits. In the Palatine-Orléans war Heidelberg was burned by the troops of Louis XIV. At that time the elector's castle also went up in flames. The foundation of this residence had been laid by the Palatine Count Rudolph I (1294-1319), who built for himself a castle on the Jettenbühl above the city, which is the oldest part of the entire structure. When Rupert III became King of the Romans (1400-10) he erected a stately building the interior of which was especially rich in design. Opposite, near the picturesque group of fountains, stood Louis's building. Both were fortified by Louis V, and the south wing was completed by his brother, Frederick II. The actual edifice dates from Otto Henry, Frederick IV and Frederick V. Otto Henry's building is in the classic Early Renaissance style adorned with numerous plastic escutcheons, ornaments, and statues. Of the later ruins, Frederick's building is best preserved. It was erected in 1601-07 by the architect Johannes Schoch, and, like Otto Henry's, is remarkable for its numerous ornamental figures. In addition to these there is the English building, with its exquisite, fairy-like gardens and fountains, built in Italian later Renaissance style by order of Frederick V and his wife Elizabeth, who was a granddaughter of Queen Mary Stuart. The castle was partly blown up and partly burned by the French in May, 1693. During these terrible times the professors and students sought safety in flight, and in 1694 established the university temporarily at Frankfort and then at Weinheim. In 1700 it was moved back to Heidelberg. Three years later, under the Catholic Elector John William of the House of Palatine Neuburg, the first Jesuits were appointed as teachers. A Catholic faculty of theology was established side by side with that of the Reformers and invested with equal prerogatives. The first Jesuit rector served during the year 1709. John William in 1712 began the new university buildings which were completed in 1735 in the reign of Charles Philip, who, in 1720 transferred the electoral residence, which had been maintained at Heidelberg for six hundred years, to Mannheim, where he built a new palace. Through the efforts of the Jesuits a preparatory seminary was established, the Seminarium ad Carolum Borromæum, whose pupils were also registered in the university. After the suppression of the Jesuit Order, most of the schools they had conducted passed into the hands of the French Congregation of Lazarists (1773). They deteriorated from that time forward. The university itself continued to lose in brilliance and prestige until the reign of the last elector, Charles Theodore, of the House of Sulzbach, who established new chairs for all the faculties, founded scientific institutes such as the Electoral Academy of Science, and transferred the school of political economy from Kaiserslautern to Heidelberg, where it was combined with the university as the faculty of political economy. He also founded an observatory in the neighboring city of Mannheim, where the celebrated Jesuit Christian Meyer laboured as director. In connexion with the commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the university, a revised statute book which several of the professors had been commissioned to prepare, was approved by the elector, and the financial affairs of the university, its receipts and expenditures, were put in order. At that period the number of students varied from three to four hundred; in the jubilee year 133 matriculated. In consequence of the disturbances caused by the French Revolution and particularly through the Peace of Lunéeville, the university lost all its property on the left bank of the Rhine, so that its complete dissolution was expected. At this juncture, the elector and (after 1806) Grand Duke Charles Frederick of Baden, to whom had been allotted the part of the Palatinate situated on the right bank of the Rhine, issued on 13 May, 1803, an edict of organization for the Baden dependencies and determined the rights and constitution of Heidelberg, now the State university. He divided it into five faculties and placed himself at its head as rector, as did also his successors. From a local college of Baden the present Ruperto-Carola became a renowned German university. In 1807 the Catholic faculty of theology was removed to Freiburg. Heidelberg then had 432 students on its register. During this decade Romanticism found expression here through Clemens Brentano, Achim von Arnim, Ludwig Tieck, Joseph Görres, and Joseph von Eichendorff, and there went forth a revival of the German Middle Ages in speech, poetry, and art. The German Students Association exerted great influence, which was at first patriotic and later political in the sense of Radicalism. After Romanticism had died out, Heidelberg became a centre of Liberalism and of the movement in favour of national unity. The historians Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, Georg Gervinus, and Ludwig Haüsser were the guides of the nation in political history. The modern scientific schools of medicine and natural science, particularly astronomy, were models in point of construction and equipment. The law faculty was for a time the first in Germany. Its most distinguished representatives were the professors of Roman law, Thibaut, and von Vangerow; K. F. A. Mittermaier in the departments of civil law, penal law, and criminal law ; and in commercial law L. Goldschmidt. The division of political economy was represented for a long time by Karl Heinrich Rau, champion of the Liberal-individualist movement, which was greatly influenced by the English, and by Karl Knies, leader of the historic movement. Distinguished among the professors of medicine are the anatomists Henle, Arnold, and Gegenbaur, and the surgeons, von Chelius and Czerny, the latter the founder and head of the Institute for the Investigation of Cancer. Robert Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff share the glory of the discovery of the spectrum analysis. Hermann von Helmholtz, inventor of the opthalmoscope Erwin Rohde, the classical scholar and philologian; and Kuno Fischer, historian of modern philosophy, should be especially mentioned. In the summer of 1909 the family of the Mannheim machine builder, Heinrich Lanz gave one million marks ($250,000) for the foundation of an academy of science in connexion with Heidelberg University. At present the number of professors in Heidelberg is about 150; students, 2200. The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes. Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. 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The Knights of Middle-earth This month, fans around the world will flock to the cinema to watch the first of three installments of Peter Jackson’s adaptation of The Hobbit — the “prequel” to the award-winning Lord of the Rings trilogy that was also released in three parts between 2001 and 2003. Based on J.R.R. Tolkien’s classic novels, the films depart from the original storyline in significant details, but go to great lengths to respect the author’s vision of Middle-earth — a world of great natural beauty and intense moral drama, set in the distant past. Many will argue that translating such a story from book into film, no matter how impressive the result, is a mistake. A movie presents the audience with the filmmakers’ visualization, not the author’s or the reader’s. Conversely, reading or listening to a story engages the imagination at a deeper level than watching it on screen. Yet if a film had to be made, we should be grateful that efforts have been made to remain faithful to the spirit and texture of Tolkien’s stories. THE CATHOLIC TOLKIEN The spirit of Tolkien’s hugely successful fantasy novels is deeply Christian. Born in 1892, the author was a devout Catholic who grew up under the influence of Blessed John Henry Newman’s Oratory in Birmingham, England. All through his busy life as an Oxford professor and popular writer, he tried to attend Mass every day. His eldest son even became a Catholic priest. The stories that Tolkien wrote were more than entertainment; they were written to express a profound Christian wisdom. In a letter Tolkien drafted to the manager of the Newman Bookshop in 1954, but never sent because it sounded too self-important (Letter 153 in the published collection), he admitted that his aim in writing the stories was “the elucidation of truth, and the encouragement of good morals in this real world, by the ancient device of exemplifying them in unfamiliar embodiments, that may tend to ‘bring them home.’” In another letter to a Jesuit friend in 1953, he explained that while he had consciously “absorbed” the religious element “into the story and the symbolism” (because he had no intention of making religious propaganda), The Lord of the Rings remains “a fundamentally religious and Catholic work.” Tolkien’s Christian wisdom can pop out at readers in unexpected ways, but most often it simply sinks in at a deep level without distracting our attention from the story. I noticed an example as I read The Lord of the Rings to my youngest daughter recently. The story concerns the attempt to destroy a magical “Ring of Power” that threatens the freedom of all the peoples of Middle-earth. As the little hobbits Frodo and Sam struggle up Mount Doom in the final stage of their quest to reach the volcanic furnace in which the Ring can be unmade, Frodo comes to the end of his strength — drained by the ever-growing weight of the Ring he bears around his neck and the constant temptation to claim its power for his own. His faithful servant Sam, who knows he is not permitted to bear the Ring, invites Frodo to climb onto his back. “I can’t carry it for you, but I can carry you and it as well. So up you get!” Staggering to his feet, he finds to his amazement “the burden light.” Tolkien writes, “[Sam] had feared that he would have barely strength to lift his master alone, and beyond that he had expected to share in the dreadful dragging weight of the accursed Ring. But it was not so. Whether because Frodo was so worn by his long pains, wound of knife, and venomous sting, and sorrow, fear, and homeless wandering, or because some gift of final strength was given to him, Sam lifted Frodo with no more difficulty than if he were carrying a hobbit-child pig-a-back in some romp on the lawns or hayfields of the Shire. He took a deep breath and started off.” Does this not remind you, as if in a faint echo, of a certain well-known passage in the Gospels? I am thinking of the one where Jesus says, “Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light” (Mt 11:28-30). The echo may be faint, yet the whole journey of the two Hobbits across Mordor — including descriptions of the Ring and Frodo’s many falls under its weight — recalls the Way to Calvary, where Jesus bore the weight of the world’s sin. Those who are familiar with the Gospels can hardly fail to recognize a similarity. If the Ring is analogous to the Cross (because it represents sin), and Frodo as Ringbearer is analogous to Christ, then when Sam hauls the burden up onto his shoulders he finds exactly what Christ has promised: It feels light because Christ himself is still bearing the major part of the weight. The link to the Christian story is even reinforced by the calendar date. The Ring is destroyed on March 25, which in our world is the Solemnity of the Annunciation, the day Christ was conceived in the womb of Mary to bear our sins away. NOBILITY OF SOUL There are plenty of other parallels with Christianity in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, but as the author insisted, the important point lies deeper than this. The story is meant to be enjoyed for its own sake, not merely decoded. A story is a way of exploring the way the world works. No author can avoid bringing his own understanding of free will and fate or providence, not to mention some conception of good and evil, to his writing. Tolkien’s understanding was shaped by his faith, which is the truth revealed by God about the way the world really works — and not only this world, but every possible world. An important part of Catholic wisdom is the ethical tradition that rests on the natural laws of our nature, made in the image of God. This tradition could be called “nobility of soul” or “spiritual chivalry.” We see both in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings a learning process that Tolkien called “the ennoblement (or sanctification) of the humble,” which he believed was an important theme of his writing as a whole. In both novels, the hobbit heroes (Bilbo in the one, Frodo and Sam and their friends in the other) are lifted from the narrow, comfortable world of the Shire into a much vaster landscape to play key roles in battles that decide the fate of Middle-earth. This was a process that Tolkien observed among the soldiers he fought beside in the Battle of the Somme, in the First World War. Through suffering and trial, the hobbits are fashioned into heroes, empowered to save their little world of the Shire from the spiritual evil that has corrupted it while they were away. Gandalf the wizard tells them, “That is what you have been trained for.” Although the film versions of The Lord of the Rings unfortunately omit this last stage, it is still clear that the hobbits have attained greater maturity and courage through their adventures. After all, Tolkien wove the idea of “nobility of soul” very deeply into his mythology. This concept is represented partly in the Elves. The human beings and hobbits who are closest to the Elves by influence or nature are the noblest: Frodo (named “Elf-friend”) among the hobbits, Aragorn and Imrahil and Faramir among the men. The “elvish” tendency in man is always towards physical beauty, artistic ability and respect for creation. It is associated with a love for God’s creation that seeks to improve, protect, celebrate and adorn. The “chivalry” that reveals this nobility is shown in behavior towards others, such as kindness and mercy, the refusal to mistreat even prisoners of war, and the showing of honor to the bodies of the dead. We see this, for instance, when Aragorn, heir to the throne of Gondor and leader of the fellowship of the Ring, insists on a proper funeral for Boromir before they continue with their quest. The knights of Middle-earth defend the weak from their oppressors and remain faithful to friends and liege-lord. Such behavior outwardly signifies the presence of heroic virtue within the soul, especially the cardinal virtues of prudence, fortitude, temperance and justice. It is with these virtues that we are equipped to defend the truly important things, the little things, the domestic world of the free family, and the love that binds people together in fellowship. Aragorn exemplifies all of these virtues in the highest degree, but we see them develop in the hobbits, too, as they learn to submit to discipline and overcome their fear to achieve great deeds without hope of reward — just because it is the right thing to do. This is Tolkien’s challenge to us: to become, in our own way, the knights of Middle-earth. STRATFORD CALDECOTT is a director of Second Spring Oxford (secondspring.co.uk). His study of Tolkien called The Power of the Ring is being republished in an expanded and definitive edition by Crossroad Publishers.	<urn:uuid:685590f5-9ffd-4013-adfd-0ad9c8f37bcf>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2012_12_knight_middle_earth.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96731	2,026	2.640625	3
A refinery that shared a property line with local residents located and corrected a whining sound that threatened the peace of the community. The beaches and vast expanse of the southern California coast serve as a drawing card both for recreation and residency. Yet while the sound of the ocean can prove refreshing and soothing, excessive noise from businesses, traffic, construction and industrial operations can disrupt and impact the quality of a community. Such is the case today with a heavily populated, coastal California town that constantly strives to reduce noise and its impact within its urban environment. The city has a noise ordinance that establishes exterior noise standards by land use. The ordinance regulates a variety of noise generators, with a focus on commercial and heavy industrial operations. One of the operations that is a source of problems is a major “in-town” refinery. However, the refinery constantly works to reduce its disturbances. In a recent case, they pinpointed and removed a noisy valve. When founded over 90 years ago, the refinery was distant from heavily populated areas. Today, however, the refinery complex is tightly surrounded by areas consisting of industrial, commercially-zoned, recreational and residential properties. Land use to the north of the refinery is primarily residential mixed with some commercial and light industrial zoning. Heavy industrial operations with a small parcel of commercial and multiple-family residences dominate the west side of the refinery, while to the east is a golf course along with light commercial and heavy industrial zones. The noise problem was most prevalent, however, at the southern length of the refinery, which borders single-family residences, separated from refining processes only by the width of a four-lane avenue. The oil refinery is configured to produce large volumes of high-value, cleaner-burning gasoline and diesel fuels designed to meet the air quality standards of the California market. It has a capacity of over 300,000 barrels per day, but operates around the clock so the processing units contribute ambient noise to the surrounding neighborhoods. This noise is particularly troubling to residents who live on that southern border. THE REFINING PROCESS IN A NUTSHELL To understand the source of the noise, it is helpful to review the refining process itself. This particular refinery receives crude oil both from a marine terminal and by conventional pipeline. The oil is heated and processed in the crude unit for primary distillation and separation into various components. It is processed first in the crude distillation tower where the oil is fractionated into the following streams: - Liquid and non-liquid petroleum gas products, such as fuel gas, propane and butane. - Light liquid products (naphtha), which are further upgraded in the naphtha hydrotreater and platformer for subsequent blending into gasoline. - Middle distillates (kerosene and diesel), which are produced from the middle of the distillation tower. The kerosene goes to either jet fuel blending, the distillate hydrotreater for ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) production or No. 6 fuel blending. The diesel goes to the distillate hydrotreater for ULSD production. - The material remaining in the bottom of the crude distillation tower (the material is called atmospheric tower bottoms or ATB) is sent to the vacuum tower for further separation. The vacuum tower operates at less than atmospheric pressure and fractionates the ATB further. Vacuum gas-oil (VGO) recovered from the vacuum tower is then routed to the ISOMAX unit to be upgraded primarily into naphtha, kerosene and ultra-low sulphur diesel. The residual vacuum tower bottoms (VTB) stream is routed to the visbreaker. THE OFFENDING UNIT The ISOMAX unit (a unit that runs a patented and licensed hydrocracking process) uses high heat and pressure to upgrade the VGO through catalytic hydrogenation. This process removes contaminants and produces naphtha for gasoline blending and platformer feed, ULSD and jet fuel. The ISOMAX fractionation bottoms (frac bottoms) are sold as a valuable lubricant feedstock. - Next >>	<urn:uuid:b4b6807b-6eb6-43ed-89ec-eaa8fcedae0c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://valvemagazine.com/index.php/products/4408-garlock-expands-line-of-low-load-gaskets	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939738	845	2.734375	3
Dogs accompanied the armies of antiquity. If you ever get to Thessalonica, look at the top panel of the Arch of Galerius. On the left is a dog looking up at the horse and rider above it. Perhaps no more than a camp follower, but perhaps a dog that guarded the camp of his master once the army stopped for the night. In an Attic Black Figure vase from 540 to 520 BC, a dog stands amidst the warriors departing. Saying goodbye? Just as likely going with them. (Louvre F19) Then as now, dogs can be taught to take risks. Above is the side of a vase made about 500 BC showing a dog running beside, almost under, the horses pulling a racing chariot. (Tampa 86.35) What did they do if they went to war? Military functions of dogs have their origins in the uses dogs have had since the beginning of domestication. Aeneas, known as the Tactician, writing in the fourth century BC, describes using dogs for a range of purposes. On nights when a city is under siege, he recommends tethering them outside the wall (άριστον δ'εν τοιαυταις νυξιν έξω του τειχεος κυνας προσδεδέσθαι νυκτερευοντας) so they can detect spies approaching and deserters trying to flee, and so that their barking will wake any guards who have fallen asleep. (Aeneas 22.14) The guard dog below in a mosaic from Herculaneum that is tied to a hoop high on the wall has generally been assumed to be guarding a house, on the belief that the Vesuvians and Herculaneans were only interested in themselves, but the military symbols might argue that the dog was outside the city or perhaps guarding a camp. Polyaenus, describing a siege in 385 BC, tells how dogs stopped traitors from aiding the enemy: “While Agesipolis was besieging Mantineia, the Lacedaemonians were joined by their allies, who were sympathetic towards the Mantineians, but were obliged to help the Lacedaemonians because they were at that time the leading power in Greece. Agesipolis was informed that the allies were secretly supplying the defenders with whatever they might need. To prevent this happening in future, he let loose a number of dogs around the camp, and particularly around the part which faced towards the city. This stopped the communications with the defenders; because no one ventured to cross between the camp and the city, for fear of being discovered by the barking of the dogs.” (Polyaenus, Stratagema, 2.25) Dogs could accompany human guards on their rounds outside a city wall, as Aeneas says they did before the Battle of Naxos in 376 BC. (Aeneas 22.20; see also Vegetius, IV.26) During defensive maneuvers inside, Aeneas advises keeping the dogs chained up (δεσμειν) lest they attack and harass the troops. (Aeneas 38.2-3) Dogs might have to be silenced for certain maneuvers. Aeneas says that for making secret sorties against an enemy encamped outside the walls, the dogs would have to be kept from barking and the cocks from crowing. He says they are to be rendered temporarily mute by cauterizing some part of their mouths (επικυσαντα τι του σωματος). (Aeneas 23.1-2) Hopefully the guard dogs would be brought inside and locked up to minimize the need for this. Something of the reverse of this situation was a usage Darius made of dogs to deceive the Scythians. Darius left his camp, but tied up the dogs so that their barking and baying convinced the Scythians he was still in the camp. (Sextus Julius Frontinus, Strategemata, 1.5.25) The numbers of dogs used for guard work were not small. Plutarch, in his Life of Aratos (24.1), says that, in 243 BC, the Achaeans guarded Acrocorinthos with 400 soldiers and 50 dogs and as many handlers (πεντηκοντα κυσι και κυνηγοις ισοις). Dogs on the column of Marcus Aurelius probably reflect guard dogs that were brought by the Roman Army in the Danubian campaign. The dogs are shown in the drawing, by Pietro Bellori from a publication of 1704, coming ashore from ships during the invasion. Soldiers might be accompanied by dogs in battle. Aelian in his Miscellaneous History (XIV.46) states regarding a battle from the eighth century BC: “The Magnesians, who border the Mæander, warred against the Ephesians and every member of the cavalry brought a dog and a slave. When the enemy came near, the dogs fell upon them first, then the slaves with bows and arrows, and finally the masters.” This sort of coordinated use of dogs to attack an enemy in a group suggests some level of training, and specifically of attack training. A painted chest in the tomb of Tutankhamun shows two dogs in battle below the pharoah's chariot, evidencing the use of dogs in battle before 1300 BC. In the section of the chest shown above the dogs bite the heads of their victims. They look more like hunting dogs than war dogs, and it is possible that the artist has put the greyhound-like animals in an environment where they would never have been. The second dog looks out from the painting directly at the viewer, allowing us to meet his gaze for eternity. Perhaps the pharoah's own dogs were immortalized by an artist anxious to please his benefactor. In a passage in his History of Animals (VII.38), Aelian describes dogs soldiering with their masters (συνεστρατεύοντο), mentioning one that fought with his master at Marathon and was portrayed on the Painted Colonnade in Athens with his master. The poet Valerius Flaccus describes the Caspians streaming forth, their pack of dogs dashing no less swiftly at the trumpet’s blare, joining their masters in battle. (Argonautica VI.107-113) Pliny describes the king of the Garamantes as being escorted back from exile by 200 dogs that did battle for him. (Natural History, VIII, 61) Herodotus says that Xerxes brought Indian hounds for his invasion of Greece (VII.187) Strabo refers to the Celts using dogs bred for the chase in war as well. (IV.5.2) This likely means they were used in battle. The Alexander Sarcophagus in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum shows a dog under a horse at full gallop, the dog oblivious to the danger of running between the horse's legs as it breaks to the right. Pliny says the Colophonii and the Castabalenses had faithful cohorts of dogs that fought in the front rank and never refused battle. (Natural History, VIII, 61) Polyaenus writes that when Alyattes, king of Lydia, fought the Cimmerians in the sixth century B.C., he brought fierce dogs that fell upon the barbarians and injured many of them (Stratagema 7.2; see also 7.9, using dogs on the front line defensively). The great frieze of the Temple of Zeus at Pergamum shows a battle against the giants in which dogs aided the gods. The Molossian in the section shown below might be mistaken for a lion were one not to look closely at the animal’s tail. Pliny describes a dog that would not leave his master’s side after he died in battle, driving away birds and beasts of prey. Another starved to death in mourning, and yet another threw himself on his master’s funeral pyre. Though not in a war, Pliny tells of a dog that, when thrown food, took it to the mouth of his dead master, and when his master’s body was thrown into the Tiber, the dog jumped in the rushing water and tried to keep him afloat, something a great crowd watched. (Natural History, VIII.61) Dogs were used as messengers in antiquity, and were used for this as recently as World War I, electronics having now relieved them of this function. Aeneas says that messenger dogs were used in Epirus, ancient home of the Molossian. He describes how this was done: “In Epeiros, dogs were widely used as follows. A dog would be taken away from home on leash and a collar with a letter sewn inside put around its neck (περιεθηκαν περι τον αυχενα ιμαντα, εν ώ επιστολη ενερραπτο); then it would be released, at night or during the day, and would inevitably return to its owner. The Thessalians did this too.” (Aeneas 31.31-2) Polyaenus describes Philip of Macedon using hunting dogs (θηρευτικας κύνας) to pursue barbarians fleeing into the Balkan mountains, finding most of them. (Stratagema, iv.2.16) This is a very early instance of using dogs to track humans rather than game. Ionnes Zonaras, a Byzantine chronicler, describes using dogs from Italy to track men and cattle in 231 BC (κύνας εκ της Ιταλίας μετεπεμψατο ευρινας, και δι’ εκείνων την στίβον και των ανθρωπων και των βοσκηματων ευρων πολλα απετέμετο), something bloodhounds were doing on England's border with Scotland in the time of King James. (VIII.18) E.S. Foster, in referring to the passage by Polyaenus, describes the dogs as bloodhounds, but hunting dogs is the most that can be made of the Greek. In neither of these instances is it certain that the dogs were following a specific track. Both passages seem more like area searches, as when modern police dogs look for a suspect who has fled a crime scene, going on the attack once they have found someone hiding. Forster says that the only function ancient war dogs did not perform was Red Cross work.This is less true now. Although Forster was writing decades after Otto Kalischer discovered that dogs could be trained to recognize specific chemicals, he was writing well before this was put to practical use to create bomb, narcotics, and arson dogs. Still, much of what they do for us now they were doing for us then, and often paying the ultimate price for this service. Sources: J.M.C. Toynbee (1973). Animals in Roman Life and Art. Cornell U. Press. Ithaca; D. Whitehead (translator and commentator) (1990). Aeneias the Tactician. Oxford U. Press, Oxford; M. Lemish (1996). War Dogs: Canines in Combat. Brassey’s London; S. Menache (1998). Dogs and Human Beings: A Story of Friendship. Society & Animals 6(1). E.S. Forster (1941). Dogs in Ancient Warfare, Greece & Rome, 10(3), 114-7; G.B.A. Fletcher (1941). Word on Dogs in Ancient Warfare, Greece & Rome 11(31), 34; Aeneas Tacticus (Loeb Classical Library 1923); Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae: Ioannis Zonarae, Annales (Bonnae Impensis ed. Weberi 1844). For a description of Kalischer's work and the evolution of scent detection, see Police and Military Dogs (Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, forthcoming October 2011). Thanks to Richard Hawkins, Brian Duggan, L.E. Papet, and John Grubbs for many helpful suggestions.	<urn:uuid:28b7bdf6-471e-4cd3-a484-58bdbaa829c7>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://doglawreporter.blogspot.com/2011/06/war-dogs-in-ancient-military-strategy.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962785	2,749	3.734375	4
Government officials in the UK are considering banning people under the age of 18 from tanning salons in an effort to protect their health. Authorities are concerned that the sunbeds may be particularly harmful to youth as their skin and eyes are still developing, reports The Press Association. According to Health Minister Edwina Hart, more and more children and adolescents have been visiting tanning salons since the 1980s. “This is worrying because young skin is particularly vulnerable and a compounding issue is that the young are also highly influenced by media images that constantly portray tan as healthy and desirable,” she told the news source. Hart added that there have been several incidents in the past 18 months in which children had been harmed while visiting unsupervised tanning salons and using the coin-operated tanning beds. The new laws would require tanning salons to be supervised at all times. Additionally, the salons would have to provide their adult visitors with health information and protective eyewear. If passed, the new laws would go into effect in October 2011. According to the American Optometric Association, UV radiation can have a major impact on one’s vision. The organization recommends that all sunglasses screen out 99 to 100 percent of both UV-A and UV-B radiation. All 39DollarGlasses.com sunglasses screen out both UV-A and UV-B rays for full protection from the sun.	<urn:uuid:ecf8bbc5-37a5-41f7-bf64-6d373295c791>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.39dollarglasses.com/blog/tag/eye-care/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.970716	293	2.546875	3
Wind generation now meets a significant percentage of electrical demand globally and last year the world added a record 44.8 gigawatts (GW) of wind power, bringing the total to more than 282.5 GW, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). In its annual report for 2012, the IEA said that the global wind power capacity now operating in 100 countries can provide more than 3% of the world’s electricity demand. Governments and industries support wind power, the report said, because it increases domestic energy supplies, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and replaces coal-fired and nuclear generation. The report said record increases in capacity last year were reported in Australia, Austria, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It also said that more wind capacity was added last year than in 2011 in 13 countries: Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Korea, México, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. In terms of economic impact, the report said wind energy development creates employment and economic activity. “A study in Australia estimated that a 50-MW wind farm could contribute up to 2.6% to the gross regional product,” it said, adding “a Canadian study estimated that 1 GW of new wind energy creates 10,500 person-years of employment.” Meanwhile, a different IEA report provides a clear step-by-step methodology for academics, system operators and policy makers on how to evaluate impacts and benefits of getting wind power onto the grid. The report was issued recently as an IEA Wind Recommended Practices document to provide research institutes, consultants, and system operators with the best available information on how to perform a wind integration study. Ivan Pineda, a Research Officer in EWEA’s Policy Analysis division, described the document as being extremely important in the context of wind power being blamed in some places for causing more problems than benefits. “This report compiles scientifically how the way we integrate wind power in the grid has a big impact in its economic performance, not only for system operators but also for other grid users,” Pineda said. “By learning from past experiences and studies on the integration of wind and applying state-of-the-art methods, wind power integration can be facilitated and better assessed.”	<urn:uuid:3d67571f-fda4-4220-bb15-d4fcec452cc9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.ewea.org/blog/2013/10/wind-power-provide-18-global-electricity-demand-2050/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939531	496	2.75	3
Rakhmanto, Sugeng (2007) A STUDY ON THE INDUCTIVE THINKING AS TEACHING MODEL USED BY THE ENGLISH TEACHER IN READING SUBJECT AT SLTPN BANDAR 1 PACITAN. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Download (87kB) \| Preview The information era cannot be separated from the language. The language is the soul of information. The function of language in the society is as a means of communication, which is used by human beings to communicate each other, and most of the activities during our life depending on oral and written communication. Language allows people to say, think to each other and express their communicative needs. Language is also the element of society, allowing people to live work and play together. The ideal instruction of English as a foreign language is to enable the student to listen, to speak, to read and to write by using English although in the basic level. In this research one of the English skills is reading. The inductive thinking model is classified into three separate strategies that are concept Formation, interpretation of data and Application of Principles. Inductive Thinking model fit well with database activities as it offers strategies that help students to organize, synthesize, and evaluate information. It means, students can use branch of logic as thinking skill in their creativity. So, it is obvious that the purpose of the study is to know the use of inductive thinking as teaching model by the English teacher in reading subject at SLTPN Bandar 1 Pacitan. In order to know the use of inductive thinking as teaching model by the English teacher in reading subject, the researcher does the classroom observation as an instrument. He also makes interview to support the data. The research subject of this study is a teacher who teaches English subject to the first year students at SLTPN Bandar 1 Pacitan. The design used is descriptive. In addition, the researcher does the observation from the beginning of the class until it is over. The result of data analysis shows that activities of Inductive thinking for the teacher have already fit to the criteria of Inductive thinking activities. The Activities in classroom that is provided by the teacher including the designed a creative/fun method for evaluating the students' understanding of the material learned in order to applied the material reading subject through Inductive thinking model effectively. The weaknesses of the application for the students is suggested media for teacher and students cooperative that is solved by giving information to teacher from this research. \|Item Type:\|\|Thesis (Other)\| \|Subjects:\|\|L Education > L Education (General)\| \|Divisions:\|\|Faculty of Teacher Training and Education > Department of English\| \|Depositing User:\|\|Rayi Tegar Pamungkas\| \|Date Deposited:\|\|27 Jun 2012 02:38\| \|Last Modified:\|\|27 Jun 2012 02:38\| Actions (login required)	<urn:uuid:32b0337c-2fe6-4075-aaf0-75b1bb1052f0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://eprints.umm.ac.id/9730/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.934739	601	2.703125	3
The Trouble with Riches “Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the kingdom of God” (v. 24).- Matthew 19:23–24 Seeing the difficulty with which the rich young ruler faced the choice Jesus gave him, our Lord’s observation that it is very difficult for rich people to enter God’s kingdom (Matt. 19:23) comes as no surprise. Christ underscores just how hard it is for the wealthy to be saved with a proverb that says it is easier for a camel to pass through a needle’s eye than it is for the rich to find salvation (v. 24). Our Savior’s proverb is similar to other Near Eastern sayings that vividly depict a near-impossible task. Other writings refer to “elephants,” but Jesus speaks of a “camel,” which, as the largest animal used in His culture, is naturally chosen for the illustration. Christ is also talking about the eye of a sewing needle, the tiniest opening known in ancient Palestine, and not, as some assert, a small gate through which a camel can indeed pass, albeit with great difficulty. Jesus often uses hyperbole (see also 23:24), and only a reference to a large animal having to pass through a sewing needle conveys the impossibility of salvation without God’s grace, which is one lesson of this proverb (19:25–26). Note that our Redeemer is not condemning wealth in itself, nor is it inherently sinful to be wealthy. Rich people like Joseph of Arimathea (27:57–61) have always been among the godly faithful. Scripture does not demonize rich people, nor does it endorse a class warfare that suggests poor people are always exploited by the rich or work harder than those with means. Money itself is indifferent; it can serve the kingdom or Satan. The problem is not wealth itself, but rather the love of money (Luke 12:13–21; 1 Tim. 6:6–10). John Calvin writes, “Riches do not, in their own nature, hinder us from following God; but, in consequence of the depravity of the human mind, it is scarcely possible for those who have so great abundance to avoid being intoxicated by them.” Rich people at times can be tempted to seek security in their wealth, and poor people, because they have nothing else to trust in, may be more receptive to the Gospel than the wealthy. Materialism is therefore a danger of which we must be constantly aware, for if we love money, we will trust in money and not recognize the spiritual poverty we all have before the Father. John Calvin writes that Jesus’ proverb “is highly useful to all; to the rich, that, being warned of their danger, they may be on their guard; to the poor, that, satisfied with their lot, they may not so eagerly desire what would bring more damage than gain.” Even if we do not hold vast riches, our culture tempts us to believe that the pursuit of wealth (otherwise known as “upward mobility”)is the be-all and end-all of life. May we never believe this soul-damning lie. Passages for Further Study 1 Kings 3:1–15 1 Timothy 6:17–19 For permissions, please see our Copyright Policy.	<urn:uuid:9699082d-5757-4eb2-ab66-6e58dda5a32a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/trouble-riches/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.961812	724	2.703125	3
Follow our step-by-step guide to cutting, cubing and shredding meat properly to make your recipe a success. 1. Most cuts of meat are thinly bias-sliced before stir-frying. This ensures maximum tenderness. 2. To bias-slice meat with ease, partially freeze meat or partially thaw frozen meat. 3. Allow about 45 to 60 minutes to partially freeze a 1-inch-thick piece of meat. 4. For other thicknesses of meat, adjust the freezing time proportionately. You want the meat to be firm, but not too hard to cut. 5. Hold a cleaver or chef's knife at a 45-degree angle to the meat and thinly slice it across the grain. If necessary, make bite-size pieces by cutting the slices crosswise. 1. Place the whole chicken breast on a cutting board, skin side up. Starting on one side of the breast, use your hands to pull the skin away from the meat. Discard the skin. Use a thin sharp knife (boning knife) to cut the meat away from one side of the breastbone, as shown. Carefully cut as close to the bone as possible.	<urn:uuid:1b0e9a0f-a766-42c2-8e77-27ec0c416ef5>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bhg.com/recipes/how-to/handling-meat/meat-cutting-techniques/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.909712	249	2.53125	3
\|Name: _________________________\|\|Period: ___________________\| This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Toward the end of her life, according to Alvarez, Sylvia Plath developed a problem with ___________. 2. When was the publication date of The Journals of Sylvia Plath? 3. What literary genre emphasizes the intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about details of the poet's personal life, such as in poems about mental illness, sexuality, and despondence? (a) Realistic poetry. (b) Confessional poetry. (c) Sinful poetry. (d) Truthful poetry. 4. The woman who had found the flat for the Hughes described in in Part One: Chapter VII recalled how Sylvia eschewed her suggestion to buy _____________. (a) A bicycle. (b) Used appliances or furniture. (c) A car. (d) A phonograph. 5. Anne Stevenson began a lecture describing how her and Sylvia's background as well as ideology were similar, and they had both married _________. Short Answer Questions 1. A. Alvarez noted that toward the end of her life, Sylvia's once reserved persona was replaced with an aggressive one, most apparent when she was doing what activity? 2. In her youth, Sylvia was known for her American neatness and what color hair? 3. Where did A. Alvarez publish the first "official" bad review of Bitter Fame? 4. When was Janet Malcolm born? 5. Where did Anne Stevenson move after college and marrying? Short Essay Questions 1. Which biography of Sylvia Plath did Malcolm find to be the best? What criticism did the book meet? 2. Aurelia Plath's intentions in having her daughter's letters published is implied to be in retaliation for what? 3. What was the first official bad review of Bitter Fame? Who wrote it? 4. Describe the house Sylvia rented in London. What were her impressions of the residence? 5. What portrait of Sylvia Plath did Anne Stevenson paint in her biography of Sylvia? Why did critics refute that image? 6. What was Anne Stevenson's response at a meeting of the University Women's Club in London where she was being taken to task for her portrayal of Sylvia in her book? 7. How did Sylvia's demeanor and image change from her youth to her death? 8. What struggle did Ted face after the death of Sylvia Plath? 9. What lecture did Malcolm read of Anne Stevenson's defense of her biography in Part Two: Chapter I? 10. What two friends of Sylvia perpetuated the negative image of Ted Hughes? How? This section contains 975 words (approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page)	<urn:uuid:b6f92623-864d-4583-b42a-dbd9f1356e50>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/the-silent-woman/test3.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95236	602	2.8125	3
A consequence of Service Oriented Architectures is the burning need to provide services at scale. The architecture that has evolved to satisfy these requirements is a little known technique called the Cell Architecture. A Cell Architecture is based on the idea that massive scale requires parallelization and parallelization requires components be isolated from each other. These islands of isolation are called cells. A cell is a self-contained installation that can satisfy all the operations for a shard. A shard is a subset of a much larger dataset, typically a range of users, for example. Cell Architectures have several advantages: - Cells provide a unit of parallelization that can be adjusted to any size as the user base grows. - Cell are added in an incremental fashion as more capacity is required. - Cells isolate failures. One cell failure does not impact other cells. - Cells provide isolation as the storage and application horsepower to process requests is independent of other cells. - Cells enable nice capabilities like the ability to test upgrades, implement rolling upgrades, and test different versions of software. - Cells can fail, be upgraded, and distributed across datacenters independent of other cells. A number of startups make use of Cell Architectures: - Tumblr: Users are mapped into cells and many cells exist per data center. Each cell has an HBase cluster, service cluster, and Redis caching cluster. Users are homed to a cell and all cells consume all posts via firehose updates. Background tasks consume from the firehose to populate tables and process requests. Each cell stores a single copy of all posts. - Flickr: Uses a federated approach where all a user’s data is stored on a shard which is a cluster of different services. - Facebook: The Messages service has as the basic building block of their system a cluster of machines and services called a cell. A cell consists of ZooKeeper controllers, an application server cluster, and a metadata store. - Salesforce: Salesforce is architected in terms of pods. Pods are self-contained sets of functionality consisting of 50 nodes, Oracle RAC servers, and Java application servers. Each pod supports many thousands of customers. If a pod fails only the users on that pod are impacted. The key to the cell is you are creating a scalable and robust MTBF friendly service. A service than can be used as a bedrock component in a system of other services coordinated by a programmable orchestration layer. It works just as well in a data center as in a cloud. If you are looking for a higher level organization pattern, the Cell Architecture is a solid choice.	<urn:uuid:0305d9d1-9fef-4cef-b26e-fc399c78f5bf>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://highscalability.com/blog/2012/5/9/cell-architectures.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939668	538	2.96875	3
Integrating Teaching and Research in Mathematics By Jennifer Fisher Wilson Panama Geers mathematical research was inspired by an ant colony. Watching ants traveling one after another from their nest to a food source, she wondered about their behavior: How do ants know how to travel in a straight line when they have minimal vision and no auditory "Ants dont have a mathematical notion of a line, and yet theyre able to organize in this way," Geer says. "The geometry of that intrigued me." She set out to learn how the discrete parts (individual ants) of a complex system (the ant colony) are able to collectively describe a straight line, a circle or a curve. Kristopher Tapps inspiration came when he picked up a textbook on differential geometry in graduate school. "I loved the material. It made a lot of sense to me," Geer and Tapp have demonstrated a talent for both innovative research and creative teaching, which they are now developing at Bryn Mawr on three-year Keck Postdoctoral Research/Teaching Fellowships. The fellowships enable newly minted Ph.D.s to gain experience in teaching while pursuing Geer received her Ph.D. from New Yorks Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the spring of 2002. A double major in math and studio arts (sculpture) at Wesleyan University, she taught high-school math at the Hotchkiss School in Connecticut for two years before pursuing a graduate degree. A contributing factor in deciding to attend graduate school, Geer says, came from struggling to answer students questions about how one uses math in the real world. She realized that wanted to learn more about the novel applications for mathematics. Along these lines, Geer has developed a course titled "Emergence" that focuses on nontraditional ways to better understand how the natural world works through mathematics. The interdisciplinary seminar explores interactions within various complex systems such ant colonies, immune systems, earthquakes, traffic jams, or the inner workings of cities or economies by studying them from the "bottom up," she says. This approach is based on the assumption that the behavior of a complex system emerges from the interactions of its individual parts. "Emergence is a different way of approaching things," Geer says. It differs from the traditional geometric modeling approach, for example, in which scientists work from the top down, first designing a mathematical model of a physical object or system and then developing an image based on the model, she explains. This traditional approach assumes the image is simply a representation that supports the exact geometric model needed for analysis, Geer points Geer is particularly interested in geometric shapes that emerge as a consequence of interactions in natural systems for example, the way lines are generated by the foraging behavior of ant colonies through the movement of individual ants. She has used ant behavior and other natural-systems approaches to simulate the immune response and formation of memory T-cells in the human body. Geer believes that her course on emergence, to be taught next spring, will appeal to a wide range of Bryn Mawr students not just math and computer science majors, but also students working in philosophy, architecture, biology, economics and other fields. "Its a great way to study how different ideas interconnect," Kristopher Tapp says his Keck fellowship at Bryn Mawr "feels like Im coming home." He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1999 and worked as a visiting professor at Haverford College for a year before moving on to the State University of New York at Stony Brook on a fellowship. Tapp says he is excited to be back in the Philadelphia area, particularly at a liberal arts college. "Liberal arts colleges are exciting places because the students are strong and the emphasis is on teaching," Tapp says. Tapp is known for his creativity and versatility as a teacher. While at SUNY, he gave presentations on "discovery learning" in undergraduate mathematics, developed a course on mathematical thinking, and helped organize a creative-teaching seminar. As a graduate student, Tapp taught a one-year mathematics course for home-schooled children in Philadelphia, in addition to various college courses on algebra, calculus Tapp is enjoying the opportunity to teach at Bryn Mawr. His advanced-level course on multivariable calculus, which concentrates on three-dimensional figures, is one of his favorite to teach because it connects closely with his research on visual geometry, Tapp says. Tapp was hooked on math when he traveled abroad in his senior year at Grinnell College to participate in the Semester in Mathematics Program at the Technical University of Budapest. He studied with eminent scholar-teachers at Eötvös University and the Mathematical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The experience inspired Tapp to pursue a doctoral degree at the University of Pennsylvania, but he struggled initially and almost quit. "A lot of students had a lot more background in math than I did, and I wondered whether I should do something else," he says. Tapps doubts vanished when he was exposed to differential geometry, which became the focus of his graduate studies. Tapps research centers on curved spaces, such as the universe, which is believed to be a three-dimensional curved space. He is especially interested in positively curved spaces that are multidimensional, but Tapp says that our ability to study higher-dimensional spaces is rooted in our visual intuitions about the three-dimensional Now that Tapp is back in the Philadelphia area, hes enjoying the opportunity to collaborate again with his graduate-school colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania. Collaboration in mathematics can be difficult because the field is so diverse and complex, Tapp explains. Even within subspecialties of mathematics, it can be challenging for mathematician to truly understand anothers work, he says. "Although some fields become so super-specialized that cross-communication becomes difficult, I still believe in finding every way we can to build bridges," Tapp says. Tapp and Geer are seeking ways to build bridges between mathematical specialties by making the courses they teach more accessible to a wider range of students, and by involving undergraduates in their multidisciplinary research projects. About the Author Jennifer Fisher Wilson is a contributing editor for The Scientist. She writes frequently about science and medicine for various publications, including Lancet Neurology, Science and UCLA Magazine.	<urn:uuid:a58d65af-d8a5-48fe-8af8-dedb2fa05d23>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.brynmawr.edu/sandt/2003_january/teaching.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.938511	1,481	2.890625	3
his approach to the masterclasses: I used the 'scaffolding' method to teach the students how to transform the image they had seen into a strong, I stressed two key elements: Tension - don't give too much away too soon Show, don't tell - don't list a series of chronological events. Use description, metaphor and simile to bring the scene to life. As Stephen King says: "Description starts in the head of the writer and ends up in the head of the reader." I then broke down the lesson into bite-sized pieces, giving the pupils enough guidance to feel supported and clear about the aims, but also stepping back so that they could explore their own take on the experience. We spent about ten minutes on each paragraph with me giving them teaching prompts as they wrote. How did Perseus feel as he approached the doors to the banqueting hall? What was he carrying? Describe them in detail? Why was he there? Give the reader a brief clue to the plot as a kind of flashback but don't tell them too much. They won't be able to take it all in at once. What sentence structures will you use? Can you include a subordinate clause e.g. Heart pounding, he edged towards the great doors. Describe Perseus' entrance. What sound did the doors make? How did the guests react? What about the palace guards? What was the expression on Perseus face? What did the sword and Medusa's head feel like in his hand? This is dialogue. How did Perseus address the crowd? What do you have to remember about writing dialogue? What punctuation will you need? Describe how the guards confronted Perseus. What did Perseus do? What did it look like, sound like, as the guards were turned to stone? How did the other guests react? What happened to the furniture? Describe how Perseus finally discovered the King. How did the King move? How did Perseus pursue him? Use flashback to fill in the details of the plot. Choose a good last line to keep the reader's interest. These are some of the skills taught during the workshop: - a strong opening - figurative writing - good description (metaphor, simile, striking choice - strong verbs - internal monologue - show, don't tell - good vocabulary choices - a strong ending	<urn:uuid:337fdb7b-4684-44ae-acca-baa995ae585d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/articulate/projects/ag/ag_masterclass.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959944	533	2.75	3
This article was published in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2, (MUP), 1967 Samuel Augustus Perry (1787-1854), soldier and surveyor, was born on 14 March 1787, and baptized on 12 September 1791 at Holborn, London, son of Jabez Perry, goldbeater, and his wife Ann. He was appointed an ensign in the Royal Staff Corps in June 1809 and promoted lieutenant in 1811. He then served in the Peninsular war under Sir George Murray and was present at Badajoz, Nivelle and Nive. When the bridge over the Tagus at Alcantara was broken, he distinguished himself by filling the gap with a 'flying bridge' to carry the guns. On 12 April 1817 at St Paul's Church, Hammersmith, London, he married Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of James Johnson of Baker Street. In October 1819 he went on half-pay, and in that year was appointed professor of topographical drawing at the Royal Military College, a position he occupied until 1823. In 1824 he went to Dominica as private secretary and colonial aide-de-camp to the governor, Major-General William Nicolay. Because of ill health he was compelled in 1827 to return to England where he lived on half-pay at Ampfield, Hampshire. When (Sir) Thomas Mitchell was appointed surveyor-general in New South Wales in 1828 he considered none of his juniors competent to succeed him as deputy surveyor general. Murray, now secretary of state, appointed Perry at a salary of £500 with allowances, and he reached Sydney in the Sovereign with his wife and six children in August 1829. Mitchell did not welcome the new arrival. In March 1831 Governor (Sir) Ralph Darling reported to Murray: 'The jealousy of [Mitchell's] disposition prevents his permitting the Employment of any Person whom he supposes likely to deprive him of any part of the service. Thus, the Deputy Surveyor General was kept a perfect Cypher in Sydney for nearly 18 months after his arrival, not being permitted, even during Major Mitchell's absence, to see any but the Commonest Letters the others being selected for the Surveyor General by his Confidential Clerk'. However, when Darling suggested that Perry might take charge of the Road Department, Mitchell said that he could not be spared. After Governor (Sir) Richard Bourke's arrival Under-Secretary Hay, having noted Mitchell's complaints about his staff, asked Mitchell for a confidential report on members of the survey department. In his reply on 22 September 1832 Mitchell complained that Perry was idle and insinuated that he might be happy to see the department's business going wrong. 'I am almost inclined to say', he added, 'abolish the situation and let me have the credit for doing all the duty; or, appoint a person who can and will assist me'. In April 1833 the Colonial Office ordered the removal of Perry and any other members of the department 'designated as objectionable' by Mitchell. However, Mitchell knew that he must have a deputy to lead the department during his long absences; Perry remained his deputy for twenty more years. During Mitchell's absences in the interior and in England between 1835 and 1841 the department was busy with surveys of towns, village and allotments. Among the squatters who took up runs beyond the Nineteen Counties in this period was Perry's son, Thomas Augustus, who established Llangollen (Llangothlin) and Bendemeer in New England. In 1839 Perry reported favourably on the Clarence River district and in 1842 made a detailed survey of it. In 1844-45, during the depression, Perry had eighteen months leave in England. In 1846 he accompanied Colonel George Barney on the investigation which resulted in the proposal that Port Curtis should be the centre of a new colony of North Australia. During Mitchell's visit to England in 1847-48 Perry again conducted the department. When Mitchell returned he criticized Perry so harshly that Perry complained to Governor Sir Charles FitzRoy, who recommended to the Colonial Office that Mitchell be removed. The Colonial Office was aware of the unfairness of Mitchell's insulting attitude towards Perry 'who has had to perform [Mitchell's] proper duties for him whilst he has been spending whole years in Europe bringing out lucrative books of his own, or else indulging his taste in exploring expeditions in the Colony'. However, Mitchell was not removed, and in August 1852 Perry was given leave on the ground of ill health. In April 1853 his leave was extended but in July he felt compelled to ask permission to retire, and his retirement became effective in October. He and his wife spent their remaining years at Kiama, where Mrs Perry died, probably late in 1853, and Perry on 15 January 1854. It is believed that they were survived by nine children. Perry was a loyal and capable administrator and a skilful surveyor. It was his misfortune to serve under so objectionable a superior as Mitchell, and greatly to his credit that he seems never to have resorted to Mitchell's tactics in self-defence. Bernard T. Dowd, 'Perry, Samuel Augustus (1787–1854)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/perry-samuel-augustus-2546/text3465, published first in hardcopy 1967, accessed online 27 June 2016. This article was first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2, (MUP), 1967	<urn:uuid:dce3fb1a-9670-499d-9a5a-3fb2ceb5ddfb>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/perry-samuel-augustus-2546	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.982546	1,160	2.671875	3
Pelican Island at 110 Years by AMNH on On March 14, 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt issued an executive order setting aside Pelican Island, Florida, as the very first national wildlife refuge. Today, it remains an essential breeding ground for migratory waterfowl—and one of 561 wildlife refuges overseen by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Daniel M. Ashe, director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, recently discussed what Pelican Island is like today. How has Pelican Island changed over the past century? Because of large-vessel traffic along the Intercoastal Waterway, Pelican Island itself has eroded over the decades from 5 acres [in the early 20th century] to 3.2 acres today. But prior to its centennial 10 years ago, we started stabilizing the island‘s shoreline with oyster shells, and as a result it has seen modest growth. And in another sense it is bigger than ever. The refuge now includes much of the adjacent barrier island, some 5,000 acres, and it is directly connected to the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge, the most productive sea turtle nesting beach in North America. Can the public visit Pelican Island? The public cannot actually go on the island but you can kayak around it, and you can see it from an overlook we built [10 years ago], the Centennial Trail Boardwalk. It is a wonderful place to visit. Just go to the website, and contact the refuge office in Vero Beach for information on renting kayaks and to get maps of the boardwalk and other trails. There are handicapped-accessible trails. You are also using oyster replenishment, which has helped stabilize Pelican Island, in other places, including Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge in North Carolina? Yes. The Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge is threatened by sea level rise. We are trying to restore the hydrology, regenerate the oysters, provide a stable system for a more orderly transition so the wildlife can survive. Alligator River has millions of migratory birds. The only wild population of the endangered red wolf in the world lives there, also the threatened red-cockaded woodpecker. We know that place is going to change, and we have to look 50, 100 years in the future. We have to make a long-term commitment. When Theodore Roosevelt set aside Pelican Island, he was responding to massive poaching that threatened many bird species. What is the most critical issue facing the National Wildlife Refuge System today? I’d say it is the loss and degradation of habitat. Climate change is one of the things driving loss of habitat, but so are people, more and more people occupying more of the available space on the planet. By and large, the wildlife refuges are well protected, but we need to renew this commitment to habitat protection. The refuges used to be surrounded by lands largely in their natural state. They could have been cattle ranches, hunting preserves, but now they are surrounded by suburban development and intensive agriculture. So we have to work not just to protect the refuges but the surrounding habitat. We are competing against forces that are enormous but there’s this great Roosevelt quote: “Do what you can, with what you have, where you are.” So Theodore Roosevelt’s legacy will endure? I think it will. The American people have a passion for wildlife and will continue to have a passion for wildlife, so there’s reason to be optimistic. If we see it as an obligation and are committed to managing these resources, we will succeed.	<urn:uuid:c4ffc6f0-3011-402e-87a2-e84da6696236>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/q-as/pelican-island-at-110-years/(tag)/5119	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.947434	756	3.09375	3
(JTA) — Emory University introduced a genetic screening initiative for hereditary diseases in the Ashkenazi Jewish community. J Screen, which was launched by the School of Medicine’s Department of Human Genetics at the prominent Atlanta university, is a multi-state initiative that will provide screening through a saliva test taken at home. The program also will offer private counseling to Jewish couples and individuals to determine their risk for passing on genetic diseases to their children. The services are available in Georgia, Florida, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and Washington, D.C. J Screen is a collaboration of clinical geneticists, the business community and nonprofits. Geneticists have identified genetic markers for 19 genetic diseases that are more common in the Jewish community. JScreen also offers an expanded panel for couples of mixed descent and interfaith couples, which screens for a total of 80 diseases.	<urn:uuid:28b35955-d141-4db8-929c-ca3e0a36c66f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.jta.org/2013/10/02/news-opinion/united-states/genetic-screening-offered-for-jewish-ashkenazi-community	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949732	181	2.59375	3
U.S. Can Help End Child Labor by Amending 1930 Tariff Act: View The scourge of child labor has proven difficult to eradicate. The International Labor Organization estimates that 215 million children are still being exploited for work, much of it hazardous. In recent years, the fair-trade movement has presented itself as an answer, offering, at a premium, goods and commodities certified to have been produced without exploitation. It is thus all the more appalling that a fair- trade program in Burkina Faso has been shown, in an investigation published in Bloomberg Markets Magazine, to have used child laborers to produce cotton that wound up in most of the cotton-underwear lines sold by Victoria’s Secret. The scandal is a reminder that fair-trade stamps are only meaningful to the extent the unregulated organizations that grant them abide by their promise to enforce their own standards. The largest of these, Fairtrade International, which certified the Burkina Faso cotton, is investigating its mistake. Yet Fairtrade should have been on the alert to begin with. Burkina Faso cotton is included in the U.S. Labor Department’s list of goods produced by children. And the abuses within Victoria’s Secret (LTD)’s program were evidently not hard to uncover. Rampant use of children’s work was described in an unpublicized 2008 study of the cotton growers in the project. The survey was commissioned by Victoria’s Secret’s in-country partner. In recent weeks, Bloomberg reporter Cam Simpson discovered that little, if anything, had improved since then. Victoria’s Secret has serious accounting to do, as well. In an initial response to Bloomberg, the retailer’s parent, Limited Brands Inc., said it took the allegations seriously and is investigating them. The company said it held its suppliers responsible for meeting its sourcing standards, which prohibit the use of child labor. That won’t suffice. Victoria’s Secret would be wise to draw inspiration from the example of Gap Inc., which was hit in 2007 by the disclosure that some of its clothes had been embroidered by child workers in India. Gap immediately stopped the items from being sold. It paid the children back wages, and guaranteed them support payments, education expenses and a job, once they were old enough. An even better approach to abuses such as these is to prevent them. As the world’s biggest importer, the U.S. can significantly affect the use of underage workers overseas. The departments of State and Labor have initiatives to combat the practice globally, including programs that since 1995 have rescued or spared 1.4 million children from exploitative labor. Many effective nonprofit groups also are in the fight. It’s impossible, however, for any government or organization to detect every case. The parties in the best position to know how products are produced are the importers. The issue, then, is how to motivate them to care. On Dec. 7, U.S. Representative Christopher Smith introduced an amendment to a bill reauthorizing the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act, which encourages companies to each year voluntarily disclose publicly and report to the State Department measures they have taken to address forced labor in their supply chains. It would be a better idea if the reporting were mandatory for major importers, as it is in a California law enacted last year that puts the onus on companies to know who makes the goods from which they profit. To provide real bite, Congress should amend the Tariff Act of 1930. The law forbids the importation of goods that are made using forced labor, unless U.S. consumer demand can’t be met by similar items produced at home. The loophole renders the ban almost useless, since courts have ruled that U.S. Customs cannot block any product unless the U.S. makes enough of it to meet 100 percent of domestic needs. The exclusion was intended to allow the importation of goods such as rubber, tea and coffee, which at the time were often grown on forced-labor plantations. The 1930 provision is unsuited to a globalized 21st-century economy that gives importers a wide choice of suppliers. As the dominant force in this new era, the U.S. has an obligation to set the example. To contact the Bloomberg View editorial board: [email protected].	<urn:uuid:9c02c84d-3aec-4124-8016-49b6c837bbce>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2012-01-03/u-s-can-help-end-child-labor-worldwide-by-amending-1930-tariff-act-view.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00120-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971193	902	2.71875	3
The 1902 Education Act Kevin Manton regrets the political decision to remove direct democratic control over education a hundred years ago. By now the annual autumnal scramble to get children into desirable secondary schools is, one hopes, over for most families. The cause of this headache is that despite the increasingly unitary and centralised control over the school curriculum, management and control of schools is fragmented, giving us a variety of school types with differing levels of social prestige. The roots of this plurality lie in an education act that has its centenary this winter. The 1902 Education Act was a deeply reactionary piece of legislation that consciously set out to dismantle the popular schooling system developed by the school boards that had been created by the 1870 education act. The purpose of this dismemberment was to buttress the control of education by religious groups and by the grammar schools which were withering under pressure from school board initiatives.	<urn:uuid:838728d3-23a2-4ba0-afe0-ef2431a8a519>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.historytoday.com/kevin-manton/1902-education-act	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976255	181	2.8125	3
Canoeing is an activity developed thousands of years ago by Native Americans. Historically, trees that had fallen were hollowed out and used to float down a river, lake or stream for transportation, fishing, or gathering food. Today canoeing is a great way to explore a body of water and has been established as an Olympic sport. Canoes typically differ from kayaks in the sense that they are completely open and often take two people using one sided paddles. On a glassy lake canoeing is a calm activity where as canoeing down Class III rapids can be quite challenging. Kayaking, similar to canoeing, is considered to be a form of paddling. Kayaking is often done on white water rapids and has been established as an Olympic sport. Kayaking involves a person sitting in the kayak facing forward with their legs extended. Most kayaks feature ‘closed decks' that seal the kayaker in the boat for added security. Kayaking, unlike canoeing, uses a ‘double bladed' paddle. Sea kayaking and ocean kayaking are popular while more leisurely derivatives of the sport and can be fantastic ways for exploring the open water.	<urn:uuid:18ebd68d-544b-4519-9c26-fea6b49a5253>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.otdestinations.com/canoeing-kayaking-travel-guide.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96845	240	3.1875	3
Collaborative Platforms Aid Emergency Decision-Making - Created: Saturday, 01 March 2014 Real-time data from NASA satellites enables public agencies to better prepare for natural and manmade disasters. NASA runs and partners in many missions dedicated to monitoring the Earth, and the tools used in these missions continuously return data on everything from shifts in temperature, to cloud formation, to pollution levels over highways. The data are of great scientific value, but they also provide information that can play a critical role in decision-making during times of crisis. Real-time developments in weather, wind, ocean currents, and numerous other conditions can have a significant impact on the way disasters unfold. One of the main obstacles standing in the way of eminently practical data is the fact that the data from different missions are collected, formatted, and stored in different ways. Combining data sets in a way that makes them useful for decisionmakers has proven to be a difficult task. And while the need for a collaborative platform is widely recognized, very few have successfully made it work. Dave Jones, founder and CEO of StormCenter Communications, which consults with decision-makers to prepare for emergencies, said “When I talk to public authorities, they say, ‘If I had a nickel for every time someone told me they had a common operating platform, I’d be rich.’ But one thing we’ve seen over the years is that no one has been able to give end users the ability to ingest NASA data sets and merge them with their own.” To make its real-time data more accessible for authorities, NASA issued a Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) solicitation in 2008 looking for solutions to support preparation for disasters such as wildfires, earthquakes, landslides, and coastal hazards. At the time the solicitation was issued, Baltimore-based StormCenter had been working on its own real-time collaboration technologies, and it decided to write a proposal. During the 4-year partnership, NASA has provided real-time environmental data and StormCenter has provided the technology to incorporate that data in a single platform and enable authorities to work together using that platform during emergencies. Scientists can improve models and provide better forecasts, but just as important is having the ability to distribute and communicate NASA’s satellite observations and findings to the public. During Hurricane Irene in 2011, StormCenter used its collaboration tools in Maryland’s State Emergency Operations Center to brief Governor O’Malley on many occasions. The company has also worked with the Gulf of Mexico Alliance to develop its capabilities for emergency management and decision-making. The primary tool StormCenter offers is the Envirocast Vision Collaboration Module (EVCM), which serves as the platform for merging NASA data with anything else public authorities need. EVCM uses a Google Earth interface, which has a small learning curve due to its familiarity, allowing end users to navigate the system efficiently even on short notice. The system allows people to participate from anywhere; for example, a high-ranking official can receive briefings and lead the geospatial collaboration session while traveling by plane, which gives them total situational awareness as soon as the wheels hit the ground. Increased awareness has the potential to avoid significant costs and damages, bolster response efficiency and effectiveness, and ultimately save lives. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has included StormCenter in its preparations to launch the GOES R-Series of satellites to ensure that the data its spacecraft collect can easily be incorporated with EVCM’s collaboration technology. The National Weather Service (NWS) awarded StormCenter a contract to launch EVCM at its operational proving ground in Kansas City, with plans to possibly roll out the technology throughout the entire NWS. Visit http://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2012/ps_5.html for the full story.	<urn:uuid:8e18765c-6316-42e2-a710-b6f4b0227b8c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/23-ntb/features/feature-articles/19216-collaborative-platforms-aid-emergency-decision-making	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953226	794	2.890625	3
\|PerpendulaPearls and other precious materials hanging down from the crown on the side of the head seen primarily hanging by the ears. Often confused very elaborate, oblong decoration embroidered in red and gold on the back and front of the imperial Byzantine mantle. For other high officials it varied in color. Protects fabric from excessive wear. was like the late Roman tunica manicata, the sleeves in one with the garment, or pieced on with a straight seam. The neckline was high and slit down a little distance to admit the head. The length of the tunic varied from a little below the knees to the instep. Diptych TogaThis is the official costume for consuls as late as the sixth century. The toga was made of richly brocaded, stiff material so that its draping was very stiff and formal quite unlike the real toga, yet holds similar status. A semi-circular cape that is embroidered or brocaded and fastened across the chest by a wide ornamental band. This is sewn to one edge and is hooked or pinned by a jeweled morse to the other. A liturgical vestment of the later Catholic Church and as a choir vestment of some Anglican churches. shaped kerchief for the head. Comes in various lengths from shoulder to floor garment worn by men and women, it originate about 1130 in the East and was brought to Europe at the end of the First Crusade. As worn by the upper classes at the end of the twelfth century it consisted of a snug-fitting torso, often wide embroidered sleeves, a low skirt pulled into elegant pleats across the hip, and snug lacing up the back under each arm. It was one of the first garments to depend on fit as well as square piece of fabric tied around the body as a wrap and related to the himation. long tunic with the sleeve cut in one piece with the garment. The length varied from the calf to the loose, lightweight garment originally worn by the Crusader over his armor as a protection against the sun. It soon became and over-tunic worn over the cote, sometimes unseamed, sometimes sleeveless, sometimes with wide open sleeves like a dalmatic. It could be belted or unbelted, and the length varied from knee to the ankle. worn around the woman's waist that a house-hold items, such as scissors or keys, were attached. first mitres were only low caps, with the points at the sides instead of front and back. By the end of the tenth century the low mitre was customary and worn, as the mitre is now, by a bishop as part of his CrownA crown with a decorative and pointed upper edgedecorations were commonly leaf or scallop patterns. for tunic. Usually female garment, long sleeve fit at waist and full bottom at the floor. undergarment with long sleeves that showed beneath the sleeves and some lower necklines of the outer garment for women. Men also wore it underneath their tunics and could be seen at the collar or sleeves of	<urn:uuid:7ea140a4-1f9a-4914-98c3-505bec61f4d3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cwu.edu/~robinsos/ppages/resources/Costume_History/romanesque.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.934673	711	3.28125	3
Managing variables associated with the substrates you use is critical to quality. Find out how to work with some popular, but picky, materials. Printers can control many variables in the printing process; however, the customer often predetermines which substrate fits the purpose. Therefore, the more you know about all types of substrates and hot markets for certain types of substrates, the more prepared you will be to print on whatever comes your way. This article discusses printing on plastic, metal, wood, and glass and offers valuable insight from printers about production considerations, growing markets for certain substrates, and disasters to avoid. You can use a wide variety of plastics for graphics and industrial applications. Thermoset and thermoplastic substrates are commonly classified by their physical properties with several minor classifications. These two plastic types perform very differently during the printing process. Thermoset plastics undergo chemical and physical changes when manufactured. They cure, set, or harden to the final shape and, once the chemical cross-linking occurs, cannot be remolded. Ink systems for thermoset plastics rely on mechanical adhesion to the surface whereby the ink adheres to surface fissures in the plastic. Common thermoset plastics include aminos (melamines and ureas), casein, epoxies, phenolics, polyesters (alkyds), silicones, and urethanes. Thermoplastics can be reshaped again and again. Their shape is not fixed, as is the case with thermosets; however, repeated exposure to the high temperatures associated with reforming eventually will cause material degradation. The following represents the most popular thermoplastics and applications: ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) ABS can be injection molded, extruded, calendered, blow molded, and vacuum formed. ABS is used in outdoor point-of-sale signs, home appliances, plastic trash cans, and other rough-wear items. Because it has good high-impact strength, as well as heat and chemical resistance, it fits many rugged applications. Acrylic General-purpose displays, point-of-sale and countertop signage, backlit signs and graphics, aircraft canopies, and windshields are made from acrylic. Care must be taken with solvents coming in contact with the edges of the acrylic material to avoid cracked or crazed edges. Acrylics can be heated and bent into various shapes for use in displays and brochure holders. Polycarbonate This materials is useful for vandal-proof sheeting for signage, aircraft interior panels, safety helmets, visors, and backlit sign faces. Polyethylene High- and low-density blow-molded containers—including high-density polyethylene (HDPE) packaging material, which allows safe handling of hazardous materials—and P.E.T. (polyethylene terephthalate) offer good barrier properties against oxygen and carbon dioxide. Polyethylene’s low surface energy necessitates pretreament or ink modification to facilitate ink adhesion. Did you enjoy this article? Click here to subscribe to the magazine.	<urn:uuid:5dd7b889-9c35-4849-ae9b-c5111b98fce0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.screenweb.com/content/printing-specialty-substrates?page=0%2C0	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.91905	648	3.28125	3
Eating foods that are healthy along with regular exercise and other health habits are the building blocks of excellent health. A healthy diet means consuming foods that are filled with the right amount of quality carbohydrates, proteins and healthy fats. If you adhere to this type of diet, tons of benefits will be achieved. Healthy foods are those that do not contribute much to weight gain and obesity. But apart from eating the right kinds of food, you should also focus on the quantity. Eating more than what your body is capable of burning contributes to weight gain since the excess calories are converted to fatty tissues. With too much fatty tissue, you are at a higher risk of developing medical issues, like respiratory diseases, diabetes, hypertension, cancer and others. So, eating healthy will not only maintain your weight, but also improve your quality of life. Get More Nutrients Healthy foods like fruits and vegetables can aid in a variety of bodily functions. These food items are naturally rich in vitamins and minerals like Vitamin A, C, D, E, K and B vitamins along with potassium and folic acid . For instance, potassium, that can be found in tomatoes, spinach, beans and other foods, can aid in maintaining a healthy heart. Also, fruits and vegetables are fiber rich food that can promote proper digestion and that feeling of fullness making your consume less calories. Moreover, healthy foods rich in Vitamin C can help in faster wound healing and recovery from colds. Prevention of Illnesses Obesity and heart diseases are not the only outcomes of poor eating habits. In fact, excess or lack of the vital nutrients in the body could also lead to various health problems. For example, calcium insufficiency can put you at risk of having weaker bones, which could eventually lead to osteoporosis. Taking in foods from a broad range of sources can help you prevent such health problems. Healthy foods support your body’s daily activities like cell metabolism, repair and more. A healthy immune system is also the result of eating the right foods. Furthermore, carbohydrates and fats act as fuel in your body and at the same time boost your immune system. Proteins are responsible for muscle building while vitamins and minerals help your body achieve a variety of functions including cell protection, wound healing, nerve signals transmission and other essential body functions. Obviously, without a healthy diet, the human body will fail in meeting its daily functions. And to better understand the significance of healthy living, visit Quality Health. Amazing promo offers and discounts are also available at Coupon Raven. So, feel free to visit and get the best deals that will help you boost your health into a higher level.	<urn:uuid:d369afe4-e17e-4817-89ab-4dde6f33d280>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.examiner.com/article/importance-of-eating-healthy-food?cid=rss	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957526	541	3.28125	3
Art and Life This year, as lines form outside thousands of art museums across the globe, one cannot help but be struck by our continuing appreciation of an activity that began some 30,000 years ago. Last year in Europe, over a million people attended "Matisse Picasso," a side-by-side exhibition of the 20th century artists Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso. As New York's Museum of Modern Art in Queens prepared to show the exhibit, museum officials anticipated as many as 4,000 visitors a day. Matisse, Picasso, and the Paleolithic people who painted the walls of caves in Lascaux and Chauvet are all part of the same artistic lineage, yet it seems a little far fetched to attribute Matisse's "The Red Studio" to the same impulse that instigated our ancestors' illustrations of horses and buffalo. Kirk Varnedoe, co-curator of "Matisse Picasso," and a faculty member of the Institute of Advanced Study, discusses "The Red Studio": "The picture's celebration is of intimate pleasures, the kind of things of everyday possession. The objects that he had made; the small vase of flowers with the tendril vine that wraps around his own sculpture." More than just an attack on turn-of-the-century artistic conventions, the painting's massive, enveloping red field conceals "a scene which is actually very intimate and has to do with private middle class life." Paintings, of course, tell us about more than just the artistic context from which they emerge. They inform us about the lives of the artists who created them; about their lifestyles and their values, and, thus, also a bit about those of the people in the artist's society and time period. And while there may be a limit to how much can be gleaned about a particular culture by looking at self-portraits and still lifes, the practice of using art as a form of historical interpretation can be enlightening. If the passing ages erode the mythical stature of a painter like Matisse, "The Red Studio" may, like cave paintings of pre-historic buffalo hunts, continue to inform our descendents about middle class life in early twentieth century Europe. Paintings aren't the only art form that may provide insight into the past. Classical historian Dr. Glen Bowersock of the Institute for Advanced Study feels mosaics constitute an important and sometimes underutilized form of historical documentation. A collection of 6th century mosaics from Madaba, Jordan, for instance, date from the time of the Christian Empire. In addition to depictions of day to day rural life, the mosaics employ images of Greek gods. "It used to be thought that the Christians would not tolerate pagan images or pagan myths or pagan stories or paganism," says Bowersock. "One of the things these mosaics have taught us is that this is simply not true. These images continued. The Christians seem to have formed a perfectly comfortable relationship with the pagan tradition, with the pagan myths, the pagan images that they inherited." Still, there is a difference between a decorative mosaic or a cave painting and a multi-million dollar work of art. Though we may surround ourselves with elaborately designed ornaments and accessories -- the wallpaper in our bedrooms, the patterned carpet beneath our feet, the fabric that makes up our clothing, the furniture that we sit on -- most of this stuff will never make it into a museum. The creations of Matisse and Picasso constitute a different kind of art than the artistry evident in the craftwork of a carpenter or a graphic designer. Moreover, our celebration of these people who, like Picasso or Matisse, consider themselves to be artists signifies the modern cultural significance of intentional artistic creation. The deliberate act of creation in the context of artistic tradition and our admiration of the results is a custom that, most likely, sets our society apart from that of the cave-dweller. "It isn't up to the painter to define the symbols. Otherwise it would be better if he wrote them out in so many words!" Picasso said. "The public who look at the picture must interpret the symbols as they understand them." This sort of interplay between an artwork and its audience implies that, once that act of creation has been completed, art takes on a life of its own. Its meaning will shift according to the people who interpret it. In this way, art has the ability to transcend the circumstances of its conception. On January 27, the U.N. Security Council covered up a tapestry reproduction of Picasso's mural painting "Guernica." In anticipation of Colin Powell's presentation on Iraqi possession of banned weapons, the tapestry, which has hung outside the Security Council entrance since 1985, was concealed with a baby-blue curtain and a U.N. logo. The 1937 painting depicts an incident from the Spanish Civil War in which the German air force was allowed to bomb a small Basque village in northern Spain. U.N. press secretary Fred Eckhard claimed the tapestry's portrayal of dying villagers and farm animals would not be an appropriate "background for the cameras." As the world commenced the debate on whether or not to enforce Security Council resolutions with the use of military force in Iraq, Picasso's black and white rendering of the objectively hideous nature of warfare proved too powerful be ignored. Whether those who decided to hide the painting from the cameras did so on behalf of the U.S. government, the public image of the Security Council, or the Iraqi people who would be affected by a military campaign is of less consequence than the fact that that action couldn't change that "Guernica" was, in fact, hanging on the wall behind that blue curtain. Debate about the censoring of the image took place in the media. War protestors made signs employing images from the mural. I'm writing about "Guernica" right now. The controversy, seemingly over the mere existence of "Guernica," reveals the power of art to speak about something less tangible than its subject, war, or its artist, Picasso, his life or the context of his work. It says something about the urgency and irrepressible nature of human expression. And if that doesn't deserve to be enshrined and admired and wondered at by our society and those of the future, I don't know what does. -- John Uhl \|© 2003 Educational Broadcasting Corporation. All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:4aa76e50-e430-4ebc-914f-682f3a1104cf>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.thirteen.org/bigideas/printable/ideas_art.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959023	1,329	2.921875	3
A Guide to the Johann Traugott Wandke Family Papers, 1853-1972 In 1855, Johann Traugott Wandke (1808-1870) emigrated with his wife Christiane (1808-1900) and his two daughters, Karoline (1837-1910) and Christine, from Prussia to La Grange, Texas. A skilled craftsman and organ-maker, Wandke built seven organs in various Lutheran churches in Texas. In 1860, Wandke and his wife moved to Round Top to live with Karoline and her husband, Zöllestin Pochmann (1835-1862). The surname Wandke changed to Wantke, after the family’s emigration to America. Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. "Round Top, TX,"http://0-www.tshaonline.org.sapl.sat.lib.tx.us/handbook/online/articles/hnr48 (accessed October 26, 2010). The Johann Traugott Wandke Family Papers, 1853-1972, are comprised of eight journals and notebooks written in German, legal and financial records, correspondence, and accompanying translations. In one journal, Wandke describes his 1855 journey from Bremen, Germany, to Galveston, and then to La Grange. One of Wandke’s notebooks contains written music with an alphabetical list of hymns, while another is a manual for building organs that includes calculations and specifications. A third notebook contains magical cures, charms, and incantations. In addition to Wandke’s journals and notebooks, the collection includes Zöllestin Pochmann’s travel journal from 1853 to 1856, and Wandke’s and Pochmann’s deeds for land in Fayette County, Texas, dated March 19, 1863, and October 30, 1860, respectively. The collection also contains genealogical items. The surname Wandke was originally Wantke. This collection is open for research use. Johann Traugott Wandke Family Papers, 1853-1972, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin. Basic processing and cataloging of this collection was supported with funds from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) for the Briscoe Center’s "History Revealed: Bringing Collections to Light" project, 2009-2011. Detailed Description of the Papers	<urn:uuid:ea9e88a4-4665-4960-801e-84ed676e0631>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/02002/02002-P.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.887353	518	2.640625	3
Dysautonomia, Cerebellar Signs and Multisystem Atrophy The Many Faces of Dysautonomia Dysautonomia, which means autonomic dysfunction, is a broad term that describes any disease or malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. The signs and symptoms of autonomic dysfunction are numerous and vary widely from person to person. It is seen in multisystem atrophy, which is a variation of Parkinson's disease. It is also seen in other neurological diseases such as, Chiari malformations, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, as well as Ehler's-Danlos syndrome, because they all affect the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system, which is also known as the vegetative nervous system, controls and regulates automatic functions of all the internal organs and circulatory systems of the body such as heart beat, blood pressure, respiration, temperature, sweating etc. Among other things, dysautonomia in multisystem atrophy is associated with orthostatic hypotension in which blood pressure falls too low when the patient stands upright. In contrast to multisystem atrophy, Ehlers-Danlos (EDS) is often associated with a condition called postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), which causes heart rate to increase when the patient stands or sits upright. The difference in the dysautonomia signs and symptoms seen in multisystem atrophy and Ehlers-Danlos may be due to Chiari 1 malformations, normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)and benign intracranial hypertension (BIH). The dysautonomia, Parkinsonism and cerebellar signs seen in multisystem atrophy and other conditions may be due to an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the basal cisterns of the brain. As the volume of CSF increases it starts to rise in the cranial vault and affect the cisterns located at higher levels which can then impact the brain structures at those levels and in some cases causing dysautonomia. The drawing of an MRI above by Anne Olsen, which was taken from a neurology lecture shows a normal brain. The cisterns are the blue areas surrounding the brainstem and cerebellum. The lateral ventricle is the gray area in the middle of the brain. The third and fourth ventricles are black and are labeled Roman numerals III and IV. The third ventricle sits below the lateral ventricles. The fourth ventricle is the triangular shaped black area between the rear of the brainstem and the front side of the cerebellum. CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain where it is filtered from blood. What remains after filtration is essentially water, with some sugar and other elements. The cisterns in the drawing are blue and are expansions in the subarachnoid space, which is the pathway for CSF. A cistern is a well. The basal cisterns are wells filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surround and protect the brainstem and base of the brain from the hard walls of the cranial vault. The CSF that fills the wells comes from and is produced in the ventricles. After CSF leaves the ventricles it enters the basal cisterns. The cisterns are expansions in the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is a tunnel for flow that travels through the protective coat of the brain. The subarachnoid space surrounds the entire brain and passes into all of its cracks and creases called fissure and sulci, as well as every space. Similar to the ventricles, excess CSF volume is sometimes seen in the subarachnoid spaces, such as the cisterns and sella turcica. The sella turcica is a protective vault located in the subfloor of the middle fossa of the cranial vault behind the eyes. The sella turcica contains the pituitary gland, which is the master gland that regulates hormones in the body. Looking at the picture above the suprasellar cistern (A) sits above the sella turcica/pituitary. Multisystem Atrophy and Other Related Syndromes Excess CSF volume in the cisterns is also associated with Dandy-Walker Syndrome and multisystem atrophy. Dandy-Walker is seen in children and can start in utero (during pregnancy). It is often due to poorly developed CSF pathways that causes the CSF to become trapped in the lowest (fourth) ventricle (see IV) or in the lowest cistern. (See cisterna magna). The cause is often unknown. Dandy-Walker syndrome affects females far more frequently than males. The brain scan below is from a patient with multisystem atrophy. The image is used with permission from the Department of Radiology at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Multisystem atrophy (MSA) is a variant of Parkinson’s disease seen in adults that is associated with atrophy of the structures of the brainstem and cerebellum in the posterior fossa causing dysautonomia and cerebellum signs. The cerebellum controls posture, walking (gait), coordination and balance. It affects males far more frequently than females. In the scan below the cerebellum is the lower rear portion of the cranial vault and appears pushed upwards and is smaller in size than usual. The gray area below it is filled with CSF. The rest of the brainstem in front of the cerebellum has three parts. The top is the midbrain. The middle is the pons and the lower portion is the medulla. The pons is the round protruding belly-like structure of the brainstem. In the image below it is flatter than usual. The midbrain above and the medulla below are also slightly smaller in size than normal and all three structures are surrounded by excess CSF volume in the cisterns. Compare the abnormal MRI to the drawing above to see the structural differences mentioned. Because of the stuctures it affects, multisystem atrophy used to be called olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Shy-Drager is another formerly used term to describe multisystem atrophy associated with dysautonomia. Regardless of the name, multisystem atrophy is associated with atrophy of the brainstem and cerebellum and an increase in the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the basal cisterns. The increase in CSF volume in the cisterns may be a cause of cerebellar dysfunction and dysautonomia. The cause of the excess CSF volume in the cisterns of adults with multisystem atrophy is currently attributed to degeneration and a decrease in the size of the different parts of the brainstem, which is called atrophy. The different parts of the brainstem it affects are the olives (located in the medulla), the pons and the cerebellum of the brainstem. Ventricle Versus Cistern Causes of Parkinson's An increase in CSF volume in the ventricles in children is called hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus causes the ventricles and head to enlarge. One of the primary causes of hydrocephalus in children is stenosis (narrow) of the cerebral aqueduct which connects the third and fourth ventricle. Hydrocephalus also causes an increase in pressure inside the cranial vault called intracranial pressure. In contrast to hydrocephalus in children, normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is seen in aging adults. NPH causes the ventricles to enlarge the same as hydrocephalus in children. The difference is that intracranial pressure remains normal or only slightly elevated. NPH has been associated with Alzheimer’s, primary Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease. It may also play a role in multiple sclerosis. As I discuss in my book, the difference in intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus in children compared to NPH in adults is probably due to the different degrees of compliance of the skull, which is its ability to expand. A child’s skull is much more compliant due to the open state of its special joints called sutures. The sutures of the cranial vault, however, eventually close with age, which decreases compliance. Consequently, since the skull can't expand in adults, CSF pressure remains low or normal. Consequently, because the skull can't expand the brain gets compressed. Primary Parkinson’s disease is associated with degeneration and dysfunction (malfunction) of the nigrostriatal pathways. The nigrostriatal pathways include the substantia nigra and basal ganglia. For reasons that are unknown, primary Parkinson’s affects the substantia nigra of the nigrostriatal pathways. The cause of the degeneration is unknown. One possible cause is the location of the substantia nigra in the midbrain. The midbrain is situated at the top of the brainstem. It connects to the hypothalamus of the brain above and to the pons of the brainstem below. The midbrain is surrounded by the suprasellar (A) and quadrigeminal (B) cisterns in the drawing above. Its location makes it susceptible to compression from blocked CSF outflow and an increase in CSF volume in the cisterns that surround it. Therefore, an increase in volume of CSF in the suprasellar and quadrigeminal cisterns could compress the midbrain and affect the substantia nigra. The midbrain also contains the cerebral aqueduct which connects the third and fourth ventricles as mentioned above. In addition to its impact on the midbrain, the suprasellar cistern also sits above and dips down into a portion of the sella turcica. The sella turcica houses the pituitary gland. It looks like a small sack hanging down from the bottom of the brain. An increase in CSF volume in the suprasellar cistern can thus affect the pituitary gland as well. Severe compression of the midbrain causes a characteristic appearance on brain scans called a hummingbird sign because the pons looks like the breast of the bird and the midbrain looks like the head and beak. The hummingbird sign is associated with multisystem atrophy. In contrast to classic primary Parkinon's, which affects the substantia nigra primarily, olivoponcerebellar atrophy and Shy-Drager types of multisystem atrophy are associated with dysfunction of the cerebellum and the autonomic nervous system causing dysautonomia. In this regard, the midbrain is connected to the the hypothalamus of the brain above it. Among other things, the hypothalamus produces releasing factors that stimulate the pituitary gland, which regulates the hormones of the endocrine system. It can also cause dysautonomia as it plays an important role in the autonomic nervous system, daily cycles, sleep, voluntary urination, sweating and temperature regulation among other things. Interestingly, many MS patients have heat intolerance. The hypothalamus is surrounded by the ambient cistern. Currently neurologists prefer to breakdown multisystem atrophy into three categories depending on the predominant signs and symptoms. Patients with more Parkinsonism type signs and symptoms are labeled MSA-P category. Patients with predominantly cerebellar signs are referred to as MSA-C and those with predominantly autonomic signs or dysautonomia MSA-A. CSF Volume - The Cause The point to be made here is that an increase in CSF volume in any of the the cisterns can compress the different parts of the brainstem and cause dysautonomia, Parkinsonism and cerebellar signs and symptoms just the same as an increase CSF volume in the ventricles. The cause of the increase in CSF volume may be due to poor flow between the brain and spinal cord. In this regard, the upper cervical spine is a critical choke point for blood and CSF flow between the cranial vault and spinal canal. Inherited design problems and acquired misalignments due to injuries and aging of the upper cervical spine can affect the normal ebb and flow of blood and CSF between the cranial vault and spinal canal. Below the upper cervical spine, degeneration of the lower spine called spondylosis, and stenosis of the spinal canal can, likewise, affect the flow of CSF and its volume in the ventricles and basal cisterns of the brain. Abnormal curvatures of the spine, called scoliosis and kyphosis can also affect blood and CSF flow in the spinal canal and cranial vault. In either case, stenosis affects the contents of the spinal canal, which includes the spinal cord and its blood and CSF circulatory systems. Moreover, the spinal canal is connected to the cranial vault and brain by the foramen magnum. Therefore, blood and CSF flow in the spinal canal can affect blood and CSF flow in the cranial vault. Blockage of CSF flow between the brain and cord can cause CSF volume to increase in the cisterns. The increase in CSF volume in the cisterns may be the cause of dysautonomia, cerebellar and Parkinsonism signs and symptoms seen in multisystem atrophy, as well as many other neurodegenerative conditions. From Dysautonomia, Multisystem Atrophy and Parkinson's To Parkinson's To Home Page	<urn:uuid:5165ffb9-223e-402d-a3fc-d15dc7de14f6>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.upright-health.com/dysautonomia-multisystem-atrophy.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.918278	2,860	2.96875	3
The disembodied robot arms look like they’re conducting an orchestra as they glide back and forth over the stove top, waving their articulated fingers. But the robot isn’t making music, it’s making dinner. Mounted above a small counter, stove and sink, the two arms are part of a robotic kitchen, developed by UK-based Moley Robotics, that prepares meals from digital recipes. Users select the meal they want from an online database, enter the number of people that are eating and then set out pre-prepped ingredients. They tell the robot when to start, and, sure enough, it makes shrimp risotto, say, or eggplant parmigiana. The unit has an attached fridge and cabinet, which the robot can access, and a built-in dishwasher, so it can clean up after itself. Computer scientist Mark Oleynik dreamed up Moley’s robotic kitchen in 2014, when he was sick of eating out and wanted good food at home. He'd worked in public health. Before Moley, he founded a company called Medstarnet, which helped hospitals get medical devices. Ultimately, Oleynik's goal is to make eating fresh, healthy food effortless. He decided handing over the work of getting food on the table to a robot was a way to do that. Oleynik worked with the London-based Shadow Robot Company, which also makes robotic hands for NASA's Robonaut program, to develop the cooking robot. The hands are made of 20 motors, 24 joints and 129 sensors. According to Rich Walker, Shadow Robot's managing director, they replicate the fine movements of human hands. They’re deft enough that they can deal with a whisk or a blender, although they’re not yet programmed for chopping. Moley Robotics worked with Shadow Robot and a team from Stanford to develop an algorithm for the robot to follow, so it knows when to add ingredients and how to incorporate them. The robot has learned 50 recipes by mimicking human chefs who, for the sake Moley's recipe database, wore motion sensors on their hands as they cooked. Tim Anderson, the 2011 winner of the BBC’s MasterChef competition and owner of Japanese soul food restaurant Nanban in London, came up with the first batch of recipes—crab bisque, for example, and cod with pesto sauce, all with nutritional information included. Moley is recruiting other chefs to add recipes. Eventually, users may be able to upload videos of themselves preparing family recipes. The robot could then learn the recipes from these videos and take over in the making of Grandma's marinara. In addition to the touch screen on the unit, Moley Robotics is developing an app, so that owners of the kitchen can select a meal from the iTunes-like recipe library, even when they are away from home. The robot will start making dinner just as they're leaving work. Oleynik and his team are still building the app and working out the kinks, like how to teach the robot to chop, but they suspect the robotic kitchens could be available in 2018 for about $35,000. A pretty penny, though Oleynik argues the cost is on par with an average kitchen remodel.	<urn:uuid:2f41b309-6c66-41e2-bb94-72f4f17b677d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/robot-make-me-dinner-180957535/?no-ist	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958904	670	2.703125	3
BOSTON, April 24 (UPI) -- U.S. researchers say informing fast-food consumers how long it will take to burn off the calories of fries is more effective than revealing the calories. Meena Shah of Texas Christian University and graduate student Ashlei James said retail food establishments part of a chain with 20 or more locations nationwide must disclose the calorie content of each menu item. However, the majority of studies indicate providing information on calorie content does not lead to fewer calories ordered or consumed. "We need a more effective strategy to encourage people to order and consume fewer calories from restaurant menus," Shah said in a statement. "Brisk walking is something nearly everyone can relate to, which is why we displayed on the menu the minutes of brisk walking needed to burn food calories." Shah, James and colleagues conducted a study of 300 men and women ages 18-30. "The group was randomly assigned to a menu without calorie labels, a menu with calorie labels or a menu with labels for the minutes of brisk walking needed to burn the food calories," James said. "All menus contained the same food and beverage options, which included burgers, chicken sandwiches/tenders, salad, fries, desserts, soda and water." The results indicated the menu displaying the minutes of brisk walking needed to burn food calories led to fewer calories ordered and consumed compared with the menu without calorie labels. "For example, a female would have to walk briskly for approximately 2 hours to burn the calories in a quarter-pound double cheeseburger," Shah said. The findings were presented at the Experimental Biology meeting in Boston.	<urn:uuid:71bf067d-a959-43f2-898e-0c684428983f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2013/04/24/Menu-labeling-of-how-long-it-takes-to-burn-off-calories-works/UPI-34651366836453/?spt=hs&or=hn	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.926941	330	2.671875	3
UNESCO Literacy Prizes 2011 reward innovation and peace-building Literacy programmes promoting peace and social cohesion in Burundi, Mexico, the United States of America, and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the winners of the 2011 UNESCO International Literacy prizes. Honourable mentions go to programmes in Pakistan and the Philippines. The theme of the 2011 UNESCO International Literacy Prizes 2011 is literacy and peace, with special consideration to gender equality. The UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize is supported by the Republic of Korea and the UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy is supported by China. Both prizes consist of two awards. Every year, the prizes recognize excellence and innovation in literacy throughout the world. The selection is made on the recommendation of an international jury. The prizes will be awarded at an official ceremony on 8 September 2011 during International Literacy Day celebrations in New Delhi, India. Each prize is worth US $20,000, a medal and a diploma.	<urn:uuid:dc184b4d-6e4f-4b18-94bd-fd4f6b84f52f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/education-building-blocks/literacy/single-view/news/unesco_literacy_prizes_2011_reward_innovation_and_peace_building/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.892777	199	2.53125	3
Sure, they are fun pets and a good educational tool for your kids, as well as a great source of fresh eggs. But what do chickens have to do with the environment? There are a number of ways that having hens in your backyard can be environmentally beneficial. Poultry Pest Patrol Forget those nasty pesticides! Chickens are omnivores by nature and thoroughly enjoy chasing down plant-destroying insects like grasshoppers, grubs, beetles, and larvae. Betsey Miller and her colleagues at Oregon State University recently conducted a study with red ranger chickens to test the insect-finding power of poultry. They placed hundreds of insect pest decoys in leaf litter, placing some litter in the chicken pen and some outside. A day later, they examined both piles and recovered any remaining decoys. The results: all the decoys remained the control pile, but there were no decoys to be found in the chickens’ pile. The birds had gobbled them up! This study illustrates the chickens’ persistence in ridding an area of potential pests in a very short time. Poultry pest patrols can be applied to flower and vegetable gardens. In addition, business enterprises are also reaping this benefit of keeping chickens: Earth First Farms, run by Tom and Denise Rosenfeld, is a local organic orchard that uses chickens as natural “insecticide.” Many eco-minded individuals tout a zero-waste trash stream as an important part of their green living plan: no materials leave the home as trash to be added to a landfill. Many people recycle waste, repurpose materials, and compost their vegetable matter. Chickens can be included in this schema as well, helping to reduce the amount of organic waste. An adult chicken eats around 9 pounds of food per month. For the sake of argument, let’s say that 75 percent of that is layer ration (which I recommend for a healthy, balanced diet). That means each bird can biorecycle more than 2 pounds per month in vegetable matter and table waste. A flock of four birds, if fed a diet of 75 percent layer ration and 25 percent food waste, can eat more than 100 pounds per year in waste. If you take layer ration out of the equation completely, four birds can power through more than 400 pounds of food waste in a year. (As an aside, only fruit and vegetable matter should be fed to the chickens on a regular basis; too much pasta, dairy, bread, etc., can lead to obesity and health problems.) The idea of chickens as biorecyclers was so appealing to officials in the villages of Pince in northwest France and Mouscron in Belgium that they are offering chickens to residents. Says the mayor of Pince, “To begin with it was a joke, but then we realized it was a very good idea. It will also reinforce community links: just as people look after their neighbors’ cats and dogs while they’re away, they’ll also look after the chickens.” All the natural waste byproduct, better known as poop, comes out the back end of the bird to the tune of 1 cubic foot of manure every six months. While chicken manure can be messy, stinky, and just all-around not desirable, this “black gold,” as some call it, is very high in nitrogen. However, it contains ammonia, which makes it “hot” compost: it needs time to break down into a usable format. When mixed with organic “brown” material such as grass clippings and leaves, the waste eventually decomposes into nitrites (which are toxic to plants) and finally into nitrates (which can be used as fertilizer). This chemical process can take anywhere from six to nine months. The mature compost can be added to the surface of a flower bed or worked into the soil. So a flock of chickens can turn all that vegetable matter from your kitchen into highly effective, free fertilizer. Hens and Humus While chicken manure contributes to your compost bin, the birds can enrich your garden in other ways—with their feet. Chickens are ground birds, with strong, sturdy feet that are meant for digging and scratching in search of food. Turn your birds loose in the garden or on a raised bed and they will till the soil with their feet in search of grubs, worms, bugs, tender shoots, and other tasty tidbits. All this activity will turn leaf litter and dead biomatter into the soil while providing an easy aeration solution. If your soil is in need of a boost, put your chicken to work. When the birds have worked over a garden plot or raised bed, it will be tilled and ready to plant! Envision an agribusiness egg farm with stack upon stack, row after row, of hens in cramped cages. You’ve no doubt questioned the system and its humanity and sustainability. Chicken houses produce tons of manure per year, and the hens who live in these barns may be force molted to keep up egg production by withdrawing food and water. These barns are considered concentrated animal-feeding operations, and the U.S. EPA cites them as being “a significant source of water pollution.” In addition, the air around these farms “can be odorous,” and the nitrogen can leak into bodies of water, causing algal bloom and destroying the natural habitat. Backyard chickens provide a better alternative to the excessive environmental impact of factory farming. Compared to a factory farm, backyard hens produce a fraction of the manure in a much smaller footprint. You can handle their waste properly, returning it to the environment in an eco-conscious manner. If the coop is kept well, there will be little to no odor. In addition, the birds will also be happier and healthier. Their eggs, too, will contain better nutrition due to the birds’ ability to forage and eat a varied diet. Chickens, like most critters, are at their happiest when doing what comes naturally to them—eating veggies and bugs, digging in the dirt, pooping, and living a happy, carefree existence on the open range. So consider adding these delightful birds to your garden as part of an eco-conscious living plan. You’ll be thanked with hours of entertainment and the best eggs you’ll ever eat! Join us on World Environment Day, Saturday, June 4, 2016 and come learn more about keeping backyard chickens! ©2015 Chicago Botanic Garden and my.chicagobotanic.org	<urn:uuid:ab64cbde-6704-40e7-b514-e1ae667e0c1a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://my.chicagobotanic.org/tag/backyard-chickens/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949236	1,360	3.140625	3
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Handwritten text right or difficult to help with it is the keyboard. With autism face an essential skill for worth of Trinuc, LLC employees have the opportunity to earn extra money and at the same time perform a valuable service to Trinuc, LLC through the Employee Referral Bonus Program. By referring qualified people, you can earn a cash bonus if your referral is hired. This program provides us with better candidates for employment in technical and administrative positions. Technical positions eligible for our referral program include Programmers, Software Developers (Systems Software), Software Engineers (Systems Software), Computer Systems Analyst, Business Analyst, Database Administrators and CIS Managers. All Trinuc, LLC employees, other than those working in key managerial roles, are eligible to participate in the program. In order for the bonus to be paid, the applicant must indicate the name of the referring employee on the employee application when it is submitted. Bonus to be paid for a full time position is $1,000.00. Trinuc has mult IT openings to work in Palatine, IL & various unanticipated locations throughout U.S. using 1 or more following skills: PL/SQL, Oracle, MicroStrategy, AB Initio, AutoSys, Java, SQL Server, SAP, BusinessObjects, Teradata, .NET, J2EE. S/W Developers, Sys S/W to research to design, dev & test s/w; (Job ID #SD01) Reqs Masters + 3 yrs relev exp or Bach + 5 yrs prog exp. Req’d exp must include 3 yrs using 1 or more listed skills. (Job ID #SD02) Reqs Masters + 12 mos relev exp. Req’d exp must include 12 mos using 1 or more listed skills. (Job ID #SD03) Reqs Masters. DBAs to coordinate changes to comp d/b; (Job ID #DBA01) Reqs Masters + 3 yrs relev exp. or Bach + 5 yrs prog exp. Reqd exp must include 3 yrs using 1 or more listed skills. (Job ID #DBA02) Reqs Masters. Foreign educ equiv of req’d deg acceptable for all positions. For all positions we also accept equally suitable comb of educ, training &/or exp qualifying app to perform duties. All positions req travel/relocation to various unanticipated work locations throughout U.S. Send resume & specify job ID#: Trinuc, LLC, 1540 E. Dundee Rd, Ste 110, Palatine, IL 60067	<urn:uuid:4332b8e9-4042-48c0-84ee-5f9631295597>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.trinuc.com/help-with-handwriting/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00016-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.935607	1,845	2.796875	3
May 26, 2007, on this blog: Giving the moon the finger Exodus definitively establishes the motif and the trajectory. Liberation starts here. But it does not end here. The Exodus story provides refrains that echo all through scripture: “You were once slaves in Egypt,” “the Lord brought you out of slavery in Egypt.” This refrain is the basis for much that follows in the law and the prophets. You were once slaves in Egypt, so we’re going to practice liberation every Sabbath year and every Jubilee. You were once slaves in Egypt, so breaking every yoke is what religion is all about. And further along this trajectory, You were once slaves in Egypt but I brought you out, so you’re going to love your neighbor and even love your enemies. The Exodus is, to borrow an image from Buddhism, a finger pointing at the moon. Measuring the length and the limits of that finger misses the, well, point. Woolman and Wilberforce understood this. Martin Luther King Jr. understood this. Bob Marley understood this. So if you’ve an interest in this subject — what the Bible says about slavery — you need to do more than study the finger. You need to look where it’s pointing.	<urn:uuid:c4495955-6d0b-47af-a5ef-8dfc29d189e7>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.patheos.com/blogs/slacktivist/2013/05/26/6-years-ago-giving-the-moon-the-finger/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953449	268	3.15625	3
A weekly column by Father George Rutler. For quite a while, the Richard III Society was easily passed off as one of those eccentricities like the Flat Earth Society. It sought to salvage the reputation of the Plantagenet king who was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. As a propagandist of Richard's Tudor successors, Shakespeare gave us the undying image of the dying king, physically malformed and morally corrupt, lamenting “Now is the winter of our discontent,” and finally crying out: “A horse, a horse! My kingdom for a horse!” Much objective good can be said of him, in fact, as he was an enlightened reformer of laws and a brave fighter. Through the efforts of his fan club — the “Richardians” — archeologists have exhumed in Leicester what are “beyond a reasonable doubt” the king’s bones. In addition to other evidence that corroborates his identity, such as his spinal deformity and wounds, his mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been traced from his sister, Anne of York, all the way to a young Canadian carpenter now living in London. This is another instance of how physical science vindicates ancient truth. The king’s character certainly remains a disputed matter, but the oral tradition of his appearance and place of burial has now been confirmed. Forensic scientists will even be able to reconstruct the appearance of his face. The same was recently done with Robert the Bruce, and the result was, to say the least, a disappointment to those with romantic notions of the man. In a similar way, genetic science can now trace the development of human life and even film it in the womb. Those who until recently spoke of a “blob of tissue” have been defeated by the evidence of this irrefutable fact. And the prophet Jeremiah is vindicated: “Before I formed you in the womb I knew you” (Jeremiah 1:4). The prophet was specifically looking forward to the Messiah, whose divine nature can only be revealed by the higher science of the saints. Unlike Richardians, who are glad to have found the bones of their king, Christians know that their King has left no bones. That is why we have forty days of Lent, not to search for Him, but to search for ourselves. “What is man, that thou art mindful of him? And the son of man, that thou visitest him?” (Psalm 8:4). The Psalmist answers his own question: “Thou hast made him a little lower than the angels and crowned him with glory and honor” (Psalm 8:5). The Letter to the Hebrews quotes this and declares, not by any archeological discovery or forensic evidence, but by the eyewitness of the apostles themselves: “We see Jesus, who for a little while was made lower than the angels, crowned with glory and honor because of the suffering of death, so that by the grace of God He might taste death for everyone” (Hebrews 2:9).	<urn:uuid:04064f70-d48e-4d88-acfb-cec15438949c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.sunlituplands.org/2013/02/from-pastor-science-and-truth.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971395	642	2.65625	3
Frequently asked questions about the treatment of mental illness in children Research shows that half of all lifetime cases of mental illness begin by age 14! Scientists are discovering that changes in the body leading to mental illness may start much earlier, before any symptoms appear. Through greater understanding of when and how fast specific areas of children’s brains develop, we are learning more about the early stages of a wide range of mental illnesses that appear later in life. Helping young children and their parents manage difficulties early in life may prevent the development of disorders. Once mental illness develops, it becomes a regular part of your child’s behavior and more difficult to treat. Even though we know how to treat (though not yet cure) many disorders, many children with mental illnesses are not getting treatment. This fact sheet addresses common questions about diagnosis and treatment options for children with mental illnesses. Disorders affecting children may include anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. Click here to download the full report provided by Post this story on your own time line: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health National Institute of Mental Health NIH Publication No. 09-4702 Revised 2009 Keep up with the news. Follow us:	<urn:uuid:60fd4b51-ec76-4622-b8cc-7cd63e0e458e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.addrc.org/nimh-treatment-of-children/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930931	277	3.625	4
crust is a multipurpose word which has no true definition. it has been used to describe any kind of flaky skin caused by a multitude of conditions eg leprosy or excema. it is also used in moments of anger or just in casual speech. very prominent in the city of london school for boys. "look at that crust on mr maynard's elbows, look at his crusty hands" "lets crust around for a while" (lets mess around) "this work is such a pile of crust" "what the crust are you on about?" "arghh man what the crust is this?"	<urn:uuid:5ef316eb-760c-450b-8115-c161bb05fbed>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.urbandictionary.com/author.php?author=Qwertyz	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956136	134	2.6875	3
It has never been easy to be patient, but it's probably harder now than at any time in history. In a world where messages and information can be sent across the world instantly, everything is available with only a few clicks of the mouse. Fortunately, patience is a virtue that can be cultivated and nurtured over time. You will be pleasantly surprised by how relaxation and peace of mind can impact the quality of your life. Why Are You Impatient? 1Try to figure out why you are in such a hurry. For example: waiting for an important meeting to start! We tend to lose our patience when we're multitasking or when we're on a tight schedule, expecting the day to pass within only a few short minutes of busyness and chaos. - If you're stretching yourself too thin, you should reconsider your to-do list before you attempt to change your natural reaction to an overwhelming situation. - Try to spread out your tasks so that you're doing only one thing at a time, without leaving yourself twiddling your thumbs in eagerness of something to busy yourself with. - Delegate responsibilities to others if you can; this in itself may be a test of your patience, but you have to learn to share the load. 2Pinpoint the triggers that often influence you to lose your patience. For example: when you are not doing anything! Impatience creeps in insidiously, and if you feel anxious, worried, or unhappy, you may not even realize that the underlying cause of these feelings is impatience. To reduce the frequency of impatience, it helps to be aware of it. - Which events, people, phrases, or circumstances always seem to influence you lose your cool? Sit down and make a list of all the things which cause you anxiety, tension, or frustration. At the core of most triggers is a reality that we have a hard time accepting. What are those realities for you? 3Look for patterns. Being aware of your impatience also gives you a chance to learn from it and perhaps uncover a relationship or circumstance that is simply not healthy or constructive, and that you may have the power to change. Figure that out, and you can then think logically about the problem issue and decide whether or not your impatience is warranted or helpful. It usually isn't, but when it is you can then figure out ways to fix the root problem rather than simply feeling stressed about it. Writing it Down 1Keep a journal. For one to two weeks, whenever you get that rushed feeling and the sense of impatience, write down whatever it is that feeling is associated with (Example: July 1 - astronomy class). Make sure that you take notes consistently and consecutively each time the feeling occurs. - You will notice that you are more aware of (and subsequently more prepared for) the feeling of impatience. You will also be able to observe the sense of impatience objectively and which events give rise to it. - You may come to the conclusion that circumstances surrounding the feeling are not causing you angst — the feeling itself is. In these ways, you will be able to better control impatience when it besets you. 1Overcome bouts of impatience. In the long run, developing patience requires a change in your attitude about life, but you can immediately make progress by learning to relax whenever you feel impatient. Take a few deep breaths and just try to clear your mind. Concentrate on breathing and you'll be able to get your bearings. 2Let go if you can't do anything about the impatience trigger. If there isn't anything that you can do to resolve whatever has triggered your impatience, just let it go. Easier said than done, yes, but it's possible, and it's the only healthy thing to do. - Initially, you will probably find it difficult to let go if the matter is important to you — waiting to hear back after a job interview, for instance — but you should be able to alleviate impatience that's caused by issues of less consequence (i.e. waiting in line at the grocery store). - If you make a concerted effort to be more patient in relatively inconsequential, short-term situations, you'll gradually develop the strength to remain patient in even the most trying and enduring situations. Seeing the Big Picture 1Remind yourself that things take time. People who are impatient are people who insist on getting things done now and don't like to waste time. However, some things just can't be rushed. - Think about your happiest memories. Chances are, they were instances when your patience paid off, like when you worked steadily toward a goal that wasn't immediately gratifying, or took a little extra time to spend leisurely with a loved one. Would you have those memories if you had been impatient? Probably not. - Almost anything really good in life takes time and dedication, and if you're impatient, you're more likely to give up on relationships, goals, and other things that are important to you. Good things may not always come to those who wait, but most good things that do come don't happen right away. 2Remember what matters. Not focusing on what matters most in this life fuels impatience. Move the world toward peace by being kind, generous in forgiveness of others, being grateful for what is, and taking full advantage of what matters most. When other less important things fuel our impatience, taking time to remember any one of these items reduces our tendency to want something different right now. 3Always remember that you will eventually get what you want. (This requires maturity and patience to understand and accept!) If you work hard at something, this may be the truth, but most of the time you have to be patient to get what you want. - For others, this may come as easy, but the only thing that matters is that you know how to occupy yourself, even in the dead of times. - Just remember, patience is a mental skill that you will never forget, so cherish patience as a major step for you in life. Impatience is something not to be proud of, but something that you should attempt to train yourself out of, before it is something that overthrows your life. 4Always have a positive outlook in life. Having a positive mental environment is very important in your ability to exercise a sense of patience. Remember that life is not a race, but a journey to be savored each step of the way. 1Expect the unexpected. Yes, you have plans, but things don't always work out as planned. Accept the twist and turns in life gracefully. Keep your expectations realistic. This applies not only to circumstances, but also the behavior of those around you. - If you find yourself blowing up at your child or your spouse from accidentally spilling a drink, you're not in touch with the fact that people aren't perfect. Even if the occasion is not an isolated incident but is instead caused by their repeated neglect and carelessness, losing your patience isn't going to make it any better. That's something to be addressed with self-control and discussion if possible. 2Give yourself a break. The meaning of this is twofold. - First, take a few minutes to do absolutely nothing. Just sit quietly and think. Don't watch television; don't even read. Do nothing. It may be hard at first, and you may even feel impatient after a minute or two, but by taking some time out you can essentially slow your world down, and that's important to develop the attitude necessary to develop patience. - Second, stop holding yourself and the world around you to unattainable standards. Sure, we'd all be more patient if babies didn't cry, dishes didn't break, computers didn't crash, and people didn't make mistakes - but that's never going to happen. Expecting the world to run smoothly is like beating your head against the wall. Give yourself a break! and for children go outside and play it helps you to not stress on it! How can I be patient for a package?wikiHow ContributorDon't look at the clock. Take a hot bath and take as long as possible (washing your hair). Take a little nap or sleep. Use a favorite scent in your room to calm you. Find other things to do than to sit around waiting. How can I think objectively and see the big picture when I'm in the middle of a stressful situation?wikiHow ContributorClose your eyes, take a deep breath, count to 10, listen to music when available, and try to think clearly. Focus on self-control. How can I be patient if I am waiting to get a new puppy next year?wikiHow ContributorPrepare for the day that you get the puppy. Choose a name, decide whether you want a boy or girl, and read up on how to take care of your dog. - Instead of becoming annoyed by a distraction (such as a crying baby on a long flight), try just being a passive observer. If you make it daily practice to observe things and events without judging or forming an opinion, being able to acknowledge something without allowing it to annoy you will become easier with time. - Boredom can make it difficult to be patient. If you're waiting in the doctor's office and the only thing you can concentrate on is the ticking clock, good luck trying to be patient. If, however, you can read a book or do a crossword puzzle, time will fly by (or at least creep less slowly). If you have nothing to do while you're waiting, just try to appreciate the fact that you have nothing to do. In a fast-paced world, opportunities to do nothing are rare and should be cherished because they give you a chance to forget about trivial things. - Being patient with others is a form of respect for them. Nobody is perfect, and if you want to be a good parent, boss, spouse, or friend, it's important to recognize this and to be patient with people. "Don't sweat the small stuff" is a good motto. You and everyone around you will be more relaxed and able to get along much better. - Developing patience is not easy, and you've got to be motivated to become more patient. You can do it, however, and you should. Patience can reduce your stress levels and improve your health and longevity, and patience can actually make you happier. Whenever you find yourself growing impatient, think about the positive effects of patience, and remember that impatience only makes things worse. - Remember, for every minute you are angry you lose 60 seconds of happiness. - Patience is the key to success. - Once you are able to change your attitude so that you are a patient person, you will find that patience can help you endure any tribulation, no matter how long-lasting or difficult. More importantly, perhaps, patience can help you achieve your goals. - Be present and focused on the task at hand. You may think you have many things to do today, but you have only one thing to do, what is in front of you. A sense of completion after finishing that task will reduce anxiety and promote a sense of accomplishment. - One way to release stress is to write about it. Studies have shown that people who write about their emotions tend to become more calm and learn to accept the emotions that they are experiencing. so, the next time you feel angry, just write about it and try to meditate over why you would be so angry. - Be patient. Never annoy someone when they are not going fast. It takes time. - A quote from James Clavell's novel, Shogun: “Karma is the beginning of knowledge. Next is patience. Patience is very important. The strong are the patient ones. Patience means holding back your inclination to the seven emotions: Hate, adoration, joy, anxiety, anger, grief, fear. If you don’t give way to the seven, you’re patient, then you’ll soon understand all manner of things and be in harmony with eternity.” - Many people find that meditation and yoga helps develop patience. - Be patient with others who display little patience. If you seemed to feel bothered too much by them, make an excuse to locate yourself somewhere else and take a break from their anxiety-inducing behavior. - Patience should be no excuse for procrastination. While patience can help you be okay with doing nothing, it's important to understand that idleness breeds impatience and stress. In other languages: Italiano: Essere Paziente, Español: ser más paciente, Deutsch: Geduldig werden, Português: Ser Paciente, Nederlands: Geduldig zijn, Français: être patient, Русский: быть терпеливым, 中文: 保持耐心, Bahasa Indonesia: Bersabar, Čeština: Jak mít trpělivost, العربية: الاتسام بالصبر, हिन्दी: धैर्यवान बनें, ไทย: ฝึกความอดทน Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 2,061,397 times.	<urn:uuid:315b1deb-b6c6-4df7-be28-a54f0afd373f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.wikihow.com/Be-Patient	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.950285	2,843	2.515625	3
An oral vaccine for cholera has proven to be highly effective and could change the way future outbreaks are controlled. The medical aid group Doctors Without Borders – also known as MSF -- says the vaccine was used during a 2012 outbreak in Guinea. Listen to De Capua report on oral cholera vaccine The study of the oral cholera vaccine known as Shanchol was conducted by Epicentre, the research arm of Doctors Without Borders. Rebecca Grais, director of epidemiology, said, “I think what’s interesting and what this study adds and that hasn’t been shown up until now is the possibility to include oral cholera vaccine into the arsenal of the epidemic response to cholera. This is the first time that the vaccine was used in sub-Saharan Africa in response to an epidemic.” The findings are published in the New England Journal of Medicine and Grais said they dispel a number of myths about cholera control. There was a fear that use of the vaccine would pull resources away from treatment – would be too logistically complicated – and potentially not necessarily have an impact. And what we’ve seen through this study is that it’s effective in terms of protecting individuals in response to an epidemic, but it’s also feasible and did not pull away resources.” The vaccine is administered in two doses spaced 14-days apart. It had an 86-percent protection rate in Guinea. More than 316,000 doses were administered over a six week period. Grais said one advantage of an oral vaccine is that it can be administered by non-medical personnel, as opposed to an injection. “Second of all, what we’re hoping to do in South Sudan – and what we did do in Guinea – is use the vaccine as part of the response to help bring down the case load, reduce the number of cases. And try and bring a halt to the spread of the epidemic in that environment. And so it does add a new component in terms of response to outbreaks,” she said. In South Sudan, there’s concern about cholera spreading further among those in crowded camps for the displaced. Shanchol was not used in the major outbreaks in Haiti in 2011 or Zimbabwe in 2008-2009. There were thousands of deaths in those outbreaks. Grais said, “The course of those two epidemics may have been very different had the vaccine been used.” But why wasn’t it used in Haiti and Zimbabwe? “Like any type of intervention in medicine or in public health, which is until it’s been used, the discussion is extremely difficult to have. Until there’s proof this added intervention is positive with respect to controlling the epidemic it makes the debate very, very difficult because there’s nothing with which to center around or to discuss,” she said. The World Health Organization is now stockpiling Shanchol – one of two oral cholera vaccines it’s pre-qualified for use. The study says Shanchol is better to use in developing countries because it’s cheaper and easier to manufacture, transport and store. Cholera is a water-borne disease causing severe diarrhea. It’s usually found in countries with poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water. The disease is usually treated with oral rehydration therapy. The MSF vaccination project manager in Guinea said, ‘It is possible to vaccinate hundreds of thousands of people in a remote area with a highly mobile population and in a relatively short period of time.” The group is a major buyer of oral cholera vaccines.	<urn:uuid:4d9282f5-0f5c-4d3f-a539-3cdc7c5de727>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.voanews.com/content/cholera-vaccine-msf-29may14/1925297.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959907	766	3.6875	4
GAINESVILLE — Using boomboxes to amplify predator bird sounds in the wild, University of Florida researchers have found that smaller birds listen to vocal cues to avoid areas populated by predators. In her study, doctoral student Fangyuan Hua set up above-ground boomboxes mounted in camouflaged boxes on half-acre plots at the Ordway-Swisher Biological Station near Melrose. Powered by car batteries, these boomboxes were programmed for four months to broadcast predator sounds according to a schedule that simulated when and how predators would normally call. “Such broadcasting was to create the perception for forest birds that there was increased abundance of predators in the forest,” Hua said. “We were very interested in knowing whether forest birds that are prey to these predators would use such cues and respond by altering their decision about where to breed.” The study looked at three types of predators and compared how their cues affected forest birds. It turned out that forest birds recognized vocal cues of the Eastern screech-owl, blue jay or Cooper’s hawk as indications of different threats: While different predator cues altered bird community make-up, their effects were distinctive. Researchers determined that while some bird species clearly avoided plots with feared predators, other species seemed to alter their behavior to make themselves less conspicuous. The study was published in the June issue of the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. It was co-authored by Kathryn Sieving, a professor in UF’s Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation and a co-chair of Hua’s dissertation committee. Robert Fletcher, an associate professor in the department of wildlife ecology and conservation, also co-chaired the dissertation panel. Robert Dorazio, a statistician with the U.S. Geological Survey’s Southeast Ecological Science Center in Gainesville, also helped write the paper. “Results from this study are exciting because they support growing understanding that animals are using acoustic cues to make important survival decisions,” Sieving said. “Species actually listen to each other and predators’ calls to detect whether a predator is lurking nearby.” While the findings apply to fear-based behaviors of birds, the study also reflects important trends in the science of human-environment interactions, she said. This reflects an emerging field called “soundscape ecology,” which is focused on understanding how animals rely on natural sounds, Sieving said. “So, we are learning that we can’t just protect natural habitat for wildlife, we have to protect natural soundscapes, too, which is difficult for us noisy humans with all of our planes and trucks and oil rigs and fracking machines,” she said. Hua is now a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University. Writer: Brad Buck, 352-392-2411, ext. 2411, [email protected] Sources: Kathryn Sieving, 352-846-0569, [email protected] Fangyuan Hua, 609-258-2448, [email protected]	<urn:uuid:33df8c49-f697-4a0e-8d7c-6af038006de5>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://news.ifas.ufl.edu/2013/10/uf-study-boomboxes-amplify-predatory-bird-sounds-and-are-used-as-cues/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.943539	650	3.390625	3
The Code is an ancient matrix system built up of monuments all across the globe. These monuments include megalithic stone works, pyramids, circular works, effigies, and ancient earth mound. Each structure is a point in a remarkable global matrix which explains a global positioning system involving the mathematical precisions of the Earth. In order to “read” this matrix one must first change the current Prime Meridian back to the pyramid fields at Giza. For longitude the ancient builders referenced their original Prime Meridian that ran from pole to pole marked by The Great Pyramid at Giza. Today it can be found at 31 degrees, 08 minutes, and 00.8 seconds to the east of our modern Greenwich Prime Meridian. For latitude, ancient monuments were referenced to the same equator that we use today. Once we do this, properly, the monuments of the global matrix system become as the individual pages of an encyclopedia, beautifully preserved through numbers and maps. Batteries not included or required. The access key is curiosity.	<urn:uuid:1f621e4c-d689-460f-ae80-af9bc2abdb4b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.wakingtimes.com/2012/02/25/carl-munck-the-code-video/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.901745	208	3.46875	3
While searching in the internet a bit, i found this. n>&m means redirect FD n to the same places as FD m. Eg, 2>&1 means send STDERR to the same place that STDOUT is going to. STDIN is FD 0, while STDOUT is FD 1, and STDERR is FD 2 File descriptor 5 is sometimes used because it is the lowest numbered file descriptor that was never really used for anything else (FD 4 was /dev/tty on some very old unixes and FD 3 has had various, non-standard, system specific, uses in another Unix). Although since neither 3 or 4 have been used in over 2 decades it is probably just coincidence (or tradition) that you have noticed FD 5 popping up. As to the reason it is used. By using a file descriptor the script-writer avoids the need to actually write to a file, which could save him time and make the script cleaner (no possibility of accidently leaving around files). Furthermore it lets you do all the cool things with redirecting streams to different locations and so on.	<urn:uuid:0343844b-9f57-4dbd-a127-f3a15cbcc46a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://askubuntu.com/questions/175952/what-does-15-mean	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.940734	227	3.5	4
Last month I talked about oral care for kids and how to get kids excited about brushing! The overall response I got from moms was that we all make this a priority. Then it occurred to me it is not just the kids that need to care for their teeth. What about Mom’s Teeth? Does Mom need to get regular check ups? Is it important to think about her own dental care? YES! Colgate teaches us that oral care for Adults is very important! In fact, they teach us that women specifically need to pay careful attention to their teeth. There is a strong connection between Women’s oral health and overall health. Infections and gum disease can increase the risk of heart disease, strokes, diabetes and respiratory problems! Even if you live a very healthy lifestyle but neglect to care for your teeth and gums you could put your health in danger! It is a scarey thought to think that forgetting to do a simple thing like flossing and brushing can impact your health like this. But the good news is that if you take proper care of your teeth you have a far less chance of having gum disease and infection affect your health in a negative way! This is wonderful news! So, Mama…Take care of your teeth! Your health may depend on it! FYI- When you are on the Colgate site check out the money saving colgate coupons under Special Offers.	<urn:uuid:01b0219c-df86-41dd-8331-af9f1c8c3848>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://livingonloveandcents.com/2011/06/19/what-about-moms-teeth-buildingsmiles/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966759	291	2.5625	3
Then and Now: The Evolution of Cell Phone and Tablet Charging The Search for the Perfect Power Source Since the first cell phone was developed many decades ago, people in the industry have been searching for the perfect source to power these mobile devices. Many sources have been used and improved on over the years. This has brought about a modern battery that supersedes previous power sources for mobile devices. Over the years, devices and batteries have seen some difficulties that needed to be improved on. Initial mobile power sources, such as nickel cadmium batteries, were unable to hold a full charge and were filled with toxic chemicals. Other power sources replaced the first cell phone battery, but these replacements had their own disadvantages. Although able to hold a full charge, these other batteries were bulky and heavy, which prevented smaller and more lightweight devices. These batteries could also be very expensive, making it harder to provide a cost-effective cell phone. Improvements and Innovations Over the years, the search for the perfect power source has continued. Scientists have worked to create cost-effective and lightweight batteries that last longer and recharge faster. In addition to these superior batteries, cell phones are no longer limited to being charged by a cord plugged into an electrical outlet. Innovations in charging are currently being made and now no cords are needed with wireless charging. These innovations have pushed the mobile device industry closer to the perfect power source, but the search will never end as more eco-friendly and powerful sources are developed.	<urn:uuid:0aaa2f6f-109b-40a4-abbf-02b46ecc8fca>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://www.cablewholesale.com/support/infographics/2013-12_mobile-charging-then-and-now.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975187	302	3.109375	3
Other Names for this Disease - Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform nevus and Limb Defects - Ichthyosis, CHILD syndrome See Disclaimer regarding information on this site. Some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the National Institutes of Health. Several cases in which milder signs and symptoms have been reported in the medical literature. The condition is caused by mutations in the NSDHL gene, a gene that provides instructions for the production of an enzyme involved in the making of cholesterol. CHILD syndrome is inherited in an X-linked dominant fashion and is almost exclusively found in females.CHILD syndrome, also known as congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects, is a genetic condition that is typically characterized by large patches of skin that are red and inflamed (erythroderma) and covered with flaky scales (ichthyosis) and limb underdevelopment or absence. The development of organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys may also be affected. Last updated: 1/28/2010 - Congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects. Genetics Home Reference. July 2008; http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=congenitalhemidysplasiawithichthyosiformerythrodermaandlimbdefects. Accessed 1/28/2010. - Bittar M, Happle R, Grzeschik KH, Leveleki L, Hertl M, Bornholdt D, Konig A. Arch Dermatol. March 2006; http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/142/3/348. Accessed 1/27/2010. - Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on CHILD syndrome. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine. - DermNetNZ provides information on ichthyosis in general. DermNetNZ is an online resource about skin diseases developed by the New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated. - The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is a federation of more than 130 nonprofit voluntary health organizations serving people with rare disorders. Click on the link to view information on this topic. - Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free. - The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition. - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. - Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge. - PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss CHILD syndrome. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.	<urn:uuid:8ca8ecdb-5e81-4a25-a435-9cae947543e8>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/gard/6039/child-syndrome/resources/1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.894795	725	2.859375	3
What's the "Green Challenge"? Click here. Transportation is one of the biggest culprits in human production of carbon dioxide—the source of about one-fifth of global-warming emissions worldwide. In the United States, two-thirds of the oil consumed goes toward powering vehicles, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. Passenger cars alone are responsible for 25 percent of the greenhouse gases we produce. In the future, advanced technologies—fuel cells, hybrid vehicles, biofuels—will help to substantially reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and in turn decrease our carbon emissions. There's plenty you can do in the short term as well, and we don't expect you to rush out and buy a Toyota Prius, either (though if you do, you get major extra credit). According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, today's passenger cars average just 24 miles per gallon, the lowest level since 1980. In the early 20th century, by comparison, Ford's Model T got 28.5 miles per gallon. For each gallon of gas your car burns, it releases about 19 pounds of carbon dioxide. So, if you could tweak your ride to eke out just three extra miles per gallon, you'd save about 1,000 pounds of CO2 emissions a year, based on an average mileage of 12,000 a year. Then there's air travel: It costs 100 gallons of fuel per passenger to go coast to coast. We won't debate that some flights are necessary, and we're not against vacations. But does that describe all your air travel? Some suggestions for reducing the miles you log in the car and on the plane: • Keep your tires properly inflated by checking them regularly when you fill up at the gas station. Environmental Defense notes that 32 million U.S. vehicles ride on at least two under-inflated tires, wasting 500 million gallons of gas each year. • Drive 65 miles per hour instead of 75. This increases fuel efficiency by 15 percent, thereby reducing emissions. And speeding tickets. • It seems almost too obvious to point out, but idling cars get zero miles per gallon. According to the Department of Energy, no more than 30 seconds of idling is needed to warm up a car, even on cold winter days. • Cutting your driving by a few miles each day stops tons of CO2 from entering the air each year. Could you walk or bike to do that nearby errand? Could you carpool or commute by mass transit—even just one day a week? • On relatively short trips—Boston to New York, for example—could you take the train instead of flying? • OK, so it's a long way and you have to fly. Consider buying carbon offset credits from a company such as TerraPass or Native Energy. You calculate your annual carbon emissions for flying and then buy a credit to help offset the pollution. The money funds renewable energy projects like wind farms. (Read this Slate piece for more details and analysis.) You can buy offsets for your car's emissions, too. Though some critics contend that you can't buy your way green, we say buying carbon offsets is better than doing nothing. (Click here to launch this week's action quiz.)	<urn:uuid:502b3000-de71-42eb-868e-81fd7c18ff6d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.slate.com/articles/life/slate_green_challenge/2007/04/travel_light.single.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.946301	661	3.390625	3
Technology, when used properly, has the potential to increase student achievement and engage students in learning. But the overwhelming number of technology devices and solutions sometimes leads to technology use that does not enhance teaching and learning. At the AFI SILVER Screen Education SchoolDocs conference in Silver Spring, Md. in late June, a panel of education experts discussed the challenges facing 21st century educators who may become overburdened by technology’s potential in the classroom, and shared their own best practices and solutions on how to implement technology for effective use. The challenge lies in keeping up with the times—young people don’t passively observe when it comes to technology, and they shouldn’t be forced to be passive listeners or observers when it comes to learning, the panelists said. Children today deal with multiple technology devices that they use to communicate, play games, complete schoolwork, and research everyday information, said Lalita Krishna, president of In Sync Video and Breakout Media in Canada. Breakout Media promotes global activism among teenagers through a series of short video clips, a website and games, and opportunities for volunteerism. Krishna said that students are encouraged to submit their own videos detailing what they are doing about a global problem or concern, and the video series is supplemented with relevant games. Students use collaboration and brainstorming skills to link a local problem to a larger global problem, and then identify community actions that are helping to fix the problem locally. Greg Walsh, an adjunct eLearning instructor at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County and a doctoral student at the University of Maryland, College Park’s College of Information Studies, studies life-relevant learning environments and the design of children’s technologies. Walsh uses the concept of “embodied interaction in learning,” or physical movement in the learning process, to boost student engagement.	<urn:uuid:b4680461-9a12-4807-9ff1-c0344670794d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.eschoolnews.com/2011/07/19/panel-evolving-technology-has-great-classroom-potential/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.931821	380	3.640625	4
After Congress finally approved the funds–minus the Wilmot Proviso–to purchase the western territories. Polk chose State Department clerk Nicholas Trist to deliver an offer of three million dollars as a downpayment for California and New Mexico to the Mexican government. Trist had no authority to sign a treaty but was merely meant to make the offer. When Trist arrived on May 6, the army commanded by Winfield Scott was closing in on Mexico City, but Scott refused to allow the clerk to talk with the Mexican government, feeling that such negotiations were his alone. After a long exchange of bitter letters back and forth, the two men resolved their differences after Trist fell ill and the General sent him a jar of marmalade! They worked well together from that point on. Scott, though, realized that Trist was his ticket to the Whig nomination–and in order to win the nomination, he would have to become a bigger hero than Taylor. Polk received no word of Scott and Trist's joint secret actions until September 14. Scott had brought the army right up to the gates of Mexico City and then sent Trist in to negotiate. Polk angrily ordered Scott to lift the truce and attack and he recalled Trist. On that same day, though, Scott took Mexico City. Over the coming weeks, Polk repeatedly recalled Trist and later recalled Scott as well. In his third message to Congress, on December 7, 1847, Polk outlined his plan to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico to prevent it from falling into European hands. Congress balked, and a House resolution condemned the president and the war. On February 19, a special messenger arrived with the treaty that Trist had signed with Mexico. For fifteen million dollars, the U.S. received almost all of the land originally demanded. Although he disliked Trist, the treaty was acceptable and Polk announced his support. On March 10, Congress ratified the peace treaty. Polk's goal of "Manifest Destiny" had been achieved. He had expanded the U.S. all the way to the Pacific Ocean. He would always be remembered as the most expansionist president in American history. Beyond that, however, he enforced the Monroe Doctrine throughout his tenure. When, in 1848, it appeared that the Yucatan Peninsula might become a British colony, Polk iterated the Doctrine and helped make it a cornerstone of American diplomacy. As the war ate up most of President Polk's time, he and his congressional supporters continued work on many of the domestic proposals Polk favored. His reform of the postal service passed with relatively little debate. And, after years of legislative wrangling, Congress finally granted the sub-treasury for which Martin Van Buren had advocated so many years before. As for his promises to lower tariffs, Polk supported a tariff plan written by his secretary of the treasury, Robert J. Walker. Polk, as a Democrat, had long opposed any tariffs, whereas the Whigs favored the protection the tariffs offered. Walker drew up a new set of tariffs with "protection incident but not the object," and with Polk's backing helped secure Western support by pointing out that the lower tariffs would allow farmers to sell grain overseas. The passage of the Walker tariff was instrumental in the opening of free trade with England and in causing the English to open its markets to U.S. grain.	<urn:uuid:f1b6935c-4dd6-4579-a830-0b5c7ca29d73>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/polk/section10.rhtml	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984567	682	3.5625	4
- 1 Might be a problem - 1.1 Wallet Vulnerable To Theft - 1.2 Tracing a coin's history - 1.3 Sybil attack - 1.4 Packet sniffing - 1.5 Denial of Service (DoS) attacks - 1.6 Forcing clock drift against a target node - 1.7 Illegal content in the block chain - 1.8 Security Vulnerabilities and bugs - 1.9 Energy Consumption - 2 Probably not a problem - 3 Definitely not a problem - 4 See Also Might be a problem Wallet Vulnerable To Theft The wallet is stored unencrypted, by default, and thus becomes a valuable target for theft. Recent releases of the Bitcoin client now supports encryption to protect the wallet data, though the user must opt-in. New wallets vulnerable with old passwords via backups An old copy of a wallet with its old password is often easily retrievable via an existing backup facility (particularly Apple Time-Machine): draining that old wallet, with its old password, drains the current wallet with the current password -- this is contrary to most non-technical users expectation of what 'change the password on your wallet' should mean following password compromise. An initial solution is to mandate (either in code or as expressed policy) that changing a wallet's password causes (or asks the user to cause) the creation of a new wallet with new addresses, and the sending of existing sums to them. Backed-up copies of the original wallet with the original password would then be empty, should they be compromised. On the downside, the password-changing process would potentially take much longer, cost a transaction fee or more, and - intially at least - the new wallet is no longer backed up. On the upside, non-technical users won't find their wallets drained from security compromises they believed they had closed, nor be required to locate existing backups of a wallet in order to destroy them. Tracing a coin's history Tracing a coin's history can be used to connect identities to addresses. More info. An attacker can attempt to fill the network with clients controlled by him, you would then be very likely to connect only to attacker nodes. Although Bitcoin never uses a count of nodes for anything completely isolating a node from the honest network can be helpful in the execution of other attacks. This state can be exploited in (at least) the following ways: - The attacker can refuse to relay blocks and transactions from everyone, disconnecting you from the network. - The attacker can relay only blocks that he creates, putting you on a separate network. You're then open to double-spending attacks. - If you rely on transactions with 0 confirmations, the attacker can just filter out certain transactions to execute a double-spending attack. - Low-latency encryption/anonymization of Bitcoin's transmissions (With Tor, JAP, etc.) can be defeated relatively easy with a timing attack if you're connected to several of the attacker's nodes and the attacker is watching your transmissions at your ISP. Bitcoin makes these attacks more difficult by only making an outbound connection to one IP address per /16 (x.y.0.0). Incoming connections are unlimited and unregulated, but this is generally only a problem in the anonymity case, where you're probably already unable to accept incoming connections. Looking for suspiciously low network hash-rates may help prevent the second one. Someone who can see all of your Internet traffic can easily see when you send a transaction that you didn't receive (which suggests you originated it). Bitcoin-QT has good Tor integration which closes this attack vector if used. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks Sending lots of data to a node may make it so busy it cannot process normal Bitcoin transactions. Bitcoin has some denial-of-service prevention built-in, but is likely still vulnerable to more sophisticated denial-of-service attacks. These are the current Bitcoin Satoshi client protections to deter DoS attacks, as of version 0.7.0: - Does not forward orphan transactions/blocks - Does not forward double-spend transactions - Does not forward the same block, transaction or alert twice to the same peer. - Continuous rate-limit of free transactions to mitigate 'penny-flooding' - Keeps a DoS score of each connected peer and disconnects from a peer that send messages that fail to comply with the rules. - Bans IP addresses that misbehave for a time lapse (24 hours default) - Limits the number of stored orphan transactions (10000 by default) - Uses a signature cache to prevent attacks that try to continuously trigger the re-verification of stored orphan transactions (protects from https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=136422.0 attack) - Limits the number of stored signatures in the signature cache (50000 signatures by default) - Tries to catch all possible errors in transactions before the signature verifications take place, to avoid DoS attacks on CPU usage. - Penalizes peers that send lots of duplicate/expired/invalid-signature/whatever alerts, so they eventually get banned. - In orphan/signature caches, when removing an item, evicts a random entry. - Data structures are specially chosen to avoid loops in which the number of iterations can be controlled by an attacker that result in exponential complexity. - Ignores big orphan transactions, to avoid a send-big-orphans memory exhaustion attack. - In RPC: Only sends a HTTP 403 response if it's not using SSL to prevent a DoS during the SSL handshake. - In RPC: Sleeps some time if authorization fails to deter brute-forcing short passwords. - In GUI: Limits URI length to prevent a DoS against the QR-Code dialog - Considers non-standard signature scripts with size greater than 500 bytes. - Considers non-standard signature scripts that contain operations that are not PUSHs. - Does not forward nor process non-standard transactions These are protocol rules built to prevent DoS: - Restricts the block size to 1 megabyte. - Restricts the maximum number of signature checks a transaction input may request - Limits the size of each script (up to 10000 bytes) - Limits the size of each value pushed while evaluating a a script (up to 520 bytes) - Limits the number of expensive operations in a script (up to 201 operations). All but pushs are considered expensive. Also each key argument of signature checking in multi-signature checking (OP_CHECKMULTISIG) is considered an additional operation. - Limits the number of key arguments OP_CHECKMULTISIG can use (up to 20 keys) - Limits the number of the stack elements that can be stored simultaneously (up to 1000 elements, in standard and alt stacks together) - Limits the number of signature checks a block may request (up to 20000 checks) These are the Satoshi client protections added in version 0.8.0: - Transactions greater than 100 Kbytes are considered non-standard (protects from variations of the https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=140078.0 attack). - Only the UXTO (Unspent Transaction Output Set) is stored in memory, the remaining data is stored on disk. - When processing a transaction, before fetching transaction inputs from disk to memory, the client checks that all the inputs are unspent (protects from the Continuous Hard Disk Seek/Read Activity (https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=144122.0) DoS attack) Satoshi client does not directly limit peer bandwidth nor CPU usage. Forcing clock drift against a target node See Timejacking for a description of this attack. It can be fixed by changing how nodes calculate the current time. Illegal content in the block chain It is illegal in some countries to possess/distribute certain kinds of data. Since arbitrary data can be included in Bitcoin transactions, and full Bitcoin nodes must normally have a copy of all unspent transactions, this could cause legal problems. However, Local node policy generally doesn't permit arbitrary data (transactions attempting to embed data re non-standard), but steganographic embedding can still be used though this generally limits storage to small amounts. Various ideas have been proposed to further limit datastorage in the UTXO set but are not currently being seriously considered for deployment. Security Vulnerabilities and bugs It's possible but unlikely that a newly discovered bug or security vulnerability in the standard client could lead to a block chain split, or the need for every node to upgrade in a short time period. For example, a single malformed message tailored to exploit a specific vulnerability, when spread from node to node, could cause the whole network to shutdown in a few hours. Bugs that break user anonymity, on the contrary, have been found, since the pseudo-anonymity property of Bitcoin has been analyzed less. Starting from version 0.7.0, Bitcoin client can be considered a mature project. The security critical sections of the source code are updated less and less frequently and those parts have been reviewed by many computer security experts. Also Bitcoin Satoshi client has passed the test of being on-line for more than 3 years, without a single vulnerability being exploited in the wild. See Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures for a detailed list of vulnerabilities detected and fixed. Energy consumption for mining has a high correlation with bitcoin value (exchange rate). Because variable costs of mining are dominated by electricity price, the economic equilibrium for the mining rate is reached when global electricity costs for mining approximate the value of mining reward plus transaction fees. So the higher the value of one bitcoin, the higher the value of mining rewards and transaction fees, the higher the energy consumption of the bitcoin network in the long run. - more efficient mining gear does not reduce energy use of the bitcoin network. It will only raise the network difficulty - cheaper energy linearly increases mining energy use of the bitcoin network - the same conclusions apply to all proof of work based currencies. Probably not a problem Breaking the cryptography Bitcoin can easily scale beyond the level of traffic VISA sees globally today. See the discussion on the scalability page for more information. If there is even a "trickle" of a connection between two sides of a segmented network, things should still work perfectly. When block chains are combined, all of the non-generation transactions in the shorter chain are re-added to the transaction pool -- they'll start over at 0/unconfirmed, but they'll still be valid. No mature transactions will be lost unless the segmentation persists for longer than ~120 blocks. Then generations will start to mature, and any transactions based on those generations will become invalid when recombined with the longer chain. More info. Attacking all users The IP addresses of most users are totally public. You can use Tor to hide this, but the network won't work if everyone does this. Bitcoin requires that some country is still free. Nodes that generate blocks can choose not to include a transaction in their blocks. When this happens, the transaction remains "active" and can be included in a later block. Two things discourage this: - Nodes only hash a fixed-size header, so there is no speed advantage to dropping transactions. - Satoshi has communicated that he will write code to stop this kind of thing if it becomes a problem. Attacker has a lot of computing power An attacker that controls more than 50% of the network's computing power can, for the time that he is in control, exclude and modify the ordering of transactions. This allows him to: - Reverse transactions that he sends while he's in control. This has the potential to double-spend transactions that previously had already been seen in the block chain. - Prevent some or all transactions from gaining any confirmations - Prevent some or all other miners from mining any valid blocks The attacker can't: - Reverse other people's transactions - Prevent transactions from being sent at all (they'll show as 0/unconfirmed) - Change the number of coins generated per block - Create coins out of thin air - Send coins that never belonged to him With less than 50%, the same kind of attacks are possible, but with less than 100% rate of success. For example, someone with only 40% of the network computing power can overcome a 6-deep confirmed transaction with a 50% success rate. It's much more difficult to change historical blocks, and it becomes exponentially more difficult the further back you go. As above, changing historical blocks only allows you to exclude and change the ordering of transactions. It's impossible to change blocks created before the last checkpoint. Since this attack doesn't permit all that much power over the network, it is expected that no one will attempt it. A profit-seeking person will always gain more by just following the rules, and even someone trying to destroy the system will probably find other attacks more attractive. However, if this attack is successfully executed, it will be difficult or impossible to "untangle" the mess created -- any changes the attacker makes might become permanent. - Main article: Flood attack It is easy to send transactions to yourself repeatedly. If these transactions fill blocks to the maximum size (1MB), other transactions would be delayed until the next block. This is made expensive by the fees that would be required after the 50KB of free transactions per block are exhausted. An attacker will eventually eliminate free transactions, but Bitcoin fees will always be low because raising fees above 0.01 BTC per KB would require spending transaction fees. An attacker will eventually run out of money. Even if an attacker wants to waste money, transactions are further prioritized by the time since the coins were last spent, so attacks spending the same coins repeatedly are less effective. The Finney attack Named for Hal Finney, who first described this variation of a double-spend attack involving accepting 0-confirmation transactions. Accepting 0-confirmation large-value transactions is problematic; accepting them for low-value transactions (after waiting several seconds to detect an ordinary double-spend attempt) is probably safe. Rival/malicious client code Any rival client must follow Bitcoin's rules or else all current Bitcoin clients will ignore it. You'd have to actually get people to use your client. A better client that pretends to follow the same rules, but with an exception known only to the author (possibly by making it closed source), might conceivably be able to gain widespread adoption. At that point, its author could use his exception and go largely unnoticed. Definitely not a problem Bitcoin has 2.1 quadrillion raw units, making up 8 decimals of BTC precision, so the entire network could potentially operate on much less than the full quantity of Bitcoins. If deflation gets to the point where transactions of more than 10 BTC are unheard of, clients can just switch to another unit so that, for example, it shows 10 mBTC rather than 0.01 BTC. The maximum number of raw units might not be enough if the entire world starts using BTC, but it would not be too difficult to increase precision in that case. The transaction format and version number would be scheduled to change at some particular block number after a year or two, and everyone would have to update by then. Generating tons of addresses Generating an address doesn't touch the network at all. You'd only be wasting your CPU resources and disk space. Also, a collision is highly unlikely. Keys are 256 bit in length and are hashed in a 160 bit address.(2^160th power) Divide it by the world population and you have about 215,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 addresses per capita.(2.15 x 10^38) Everyone calculates at the same rate If everyone began with identical blocks and started their nonce at 1 and incremented, the fastest machine would always win. However, each block contains a new, random public key known only to you in the list of transactions. The 256-bit "Merkle tree" hash of this is part of the block header. So everyone begins with slightly different blocks and everyone truly has a random chance of winning (modified by CPU power). Generate "valid" blocks with a lower difficulty than normal Using unmodified Bitcoin code, an attacker could segment himself from the main network and generate a long block chain with a lower difficulty than the real network. These blocks would be totally valid for his network. However, it would be impossible to combine the two networks (and the "false" chain would be destroyed in the process). "Block chain length" is calculated from the combined difficulty of all the blocks, not just the number of blocks in the chain. The one that represents the most computation will win.	<urn:uuid:267a183f-a040-44b0-82cd-662b798120e2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Attacks	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.925272	3,548	2.515625	3
Not far from Jonesboro lie the ruins of Moyry Castle built in the 17th Century to guard the gap of the north. It is a familiar landmark from the Belfast/Dublin railway. The castle was built by Mountjoy in 1601 to secure the vital 'gap of the north'. It was built on a natural rocky hillock by Lord Mountjoy to secure the ancient route from Ulster. The castle is a three storey tower with rounded corners and gun loops. Overlooking the pass and close by is the railway line to Dublin, built in 1852, also, using the ancient natural route from Ulster.	<urn:uuid:dbb9b13a-c3c9-4eae-b87e-5986f61ba34f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.newryandmournedc.gov.uk/leisure/Attractions/Monuments/Moyry_Castle.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964305	124	2.734375	3
Mahashivaratri: The Story of an Eternal FestivalRemote antiquity informs us, and intelligence confirms, that god is a verb, never a noun...In Egyptian, the hieroglyphic, hieretic, and demotic ideogram... was a simple device of a cloth on a pole; in other words a flag.... it is not the flag that represents the god, but its fluttering in the breeze. - Astrological Origins, Cyril Fagan [An article written in the seventies by Dadaji for the now defunct Values magazine, this piece explores one of the most important festivals in the calendar of the sadhus, the great night of Shiva. ] Every week throughout the year, one day is sacred to the Lord Shiva, but once a year a day is set aside as Mahashivaratri - the Great Festival of Shiva. It is a moveable festival, kept on the fourteenth day of the dark fortnight of the lunar month of Phalguna. This year (1972) it falls on Feb. 13. Once celebrated on a vast scale throughout India, it now only sees peak performance at two places, separated by a considerable distance as well as a border. The best celebration to be witnessed is at the Pashupatinath (Lord of Animal Life) Temple at Kathmandu, Nepal. The other is celebrated on the Teleti, the sacred area at the base of Mount Girnar in Saurashtra. Because politics have tended to separate Nepal and India, this has encouraged Girnar to develop more and more. The great cluster of seven peaks which suddenly push themselves up from the extensive flat area below makes them a unique sight from a distance. The journey to their peaks displays an even more wonderful sight. Two Europeans who wrote much about India during the days of British rule, described Girnar as "Not only the most wonderful sight in India, but in the whole world." Girnar is missing from all tourist propaganda issued by the Central Government or the State Government of Gujarat. A few days before Mahashivaratri, a vast number of sadhus make their way to the secret spot and crowd the many ashrams on the Teleti for the great midnight scene. It is here that one can see a large number of naked saints, the very epitomes of the Nivritti Marga or Path of Renunciation which they have chosen. The Naga sect come here in vast numbers and this is one time and place where practically all sects meet in concord. Nudity is here held in highest regard. Even sadhus who wear langotis or small loin cloths, drop the curtain on this occasion; let the microcosm be as the macrocosm. In those happy blissful carefree days of ancient India, long before the Vedic Aryans came to disturb the verdant scene, the Lord Shiva reigned supreme with his consort, not only throughout the whole great sub-continent of Jambudvipa, but in many distant places of the world. It was here on this soil of India that men and women developed what was probably the earliest true religion, culture and way of life. We know from unquestionable proof that this Shiva-Shakti culture was flourishing more than five thousand years ago (7000 BC) and can rightfully conjecture that it must have had a history which began much earlier. Traces of this very ancient cult can be found in every religion which has appeared on the earth. Even today, in this ultra-modern age and miraculously escaping Christian suppression or destruction, there are still a vast number of the Phallic-Pashupati cults still existing in Europe. There is considerable opinion that the indigenous people of India prior to the Aryan immigration were a dark-skinned people. If this is so it is certainly strange that their God and Goddess were both described in countless texts as white-skinned. The Dakshinamurti Upanishad, probably itself a text rewritten from older oral traditions, describes Shiva as "The Lord sitting cross legged whose hair is matted and adorned with the shining crescent moon, whose body is white as milk and who has three eyes." Here we have a description similar to the figures of the Mohenjadaro and Harappa seals. This is also the prototype of the yogi and the contemplative, but although a relative symbol and form, it was also, to these early Indian Pagans, the living manifestation of the real Shiva as Absolute whom Indus Valley inscriptions describe as "The Supreme Being who exists by itself." These concepts still exist today. To make relative comparisons, for clarity, Shiva assumes different values according to the disciple. Shiva is not a name but a quality and means Auspicious or the Auspicious One. To a few, Shiva is Paramatman, Brahman, the Absolute, but many more prefer to see Shiva as a personal God given to compassion for his worshippers, and the dispenser of both spiritual and material blessings. Related to the Absolute concept is Shiva as Yoganath, the Lord of Yoga, wherein he becomes teacher, path and goal. As such he is the Adi Guru or Highest Guru of sannyasins who have renounced the world to attain the Absolute. In the vast pantheon of Indian gods, great and small, Shiva possesses a mixture of the weird and wonderful and even brings a strange equipoise and harmony to fantastic patterns and symbols. Modern artists now dress Shiva in leopard skins and coloured clothes to make the Absolute respectable. Most go so far as to hang a sacred Brahmin thread on a God who flourished in India thousands of years before a single Brahmin entered! Let us thank Shiva that Shiva can stand all this and more. The texts which describe Shiva cannot be modernised or overwashed with Christian respectability so easily. Let us examine one of them. Among the many priceless gems in the Bhagavatam, there are many cases where the non-Vedic or Tantric deities have been changed into the name of the Vaishnava God Vishnu. In many stories this was too easy, but some texts are so detailed in their relationship with Shiva that a change was not possible. One such story tells of the Sage Kasyapa who married Diti, one of Daksha's daughters, and therefore the sister of Sati, the wife of Shiva. It would appear that Kasyapa gave too much attention to his strict disciplines and performance of sacrifices. Diti would be neglected no longer and went to her husband and demanded he perform the ancient ritual which gave women children. Kasyapa saw the justice of the demand and promised to give her satisfaction in the love duel, but that moment was not suitable and she must wait a little for complete darkness. This was in accord with the ancient traditional beliefs that Shiva roamed the earth at the three sacred periods of sunrise, noon and sunset. It would be inauspicious if the Lord spied two people copulating at the time when they should be engaged in the rituals of worship. Kasyapa explains in a wonderful passage, which throws much light on both Shiva and his qualities, as well as aspects of life which did not meet with his approval. "This is the sunset hour, when the Lord Shiva, riding on Nandi, the sacred bull, moves about the world with his retinue. He, the Lord Shankara, sees all with his three eyes. There is none like him in the whole universe and He has no equal. Those who wish to break through the veil of ignorance emulate His divine qualities. He who is the goal of the righteous, is seen in that wild appearance which He has seen fit to adopt, to teach the path of Self realization. "Miserable creatures adorn the body with rich dresses and costume although it is only fit to be food for dogs. Thus adorned and embellished with flowers and cosmetics, they mistake the body to be the real Self. Seeing Shiva completely naked, smeared with ashes, wearing a necklace of skulls and having matter hair thick with dust, they laugh at Reality -- Supreme Shiva -- not understanding that His purpose is to teach them the useless nature of the body and treat it indifferently. Shiva spurns the wealth and power which pitiful human beings expect as a reward for religious devotion and piety. He alone is the cause of the universe and Maya (delusion) is His slave. He is the Absolute, Perfect Being and His ways are inscrutable." The pre-Aryan people had the intelligence to realise that if you projected the Absolute as a male figure, it could be represented as a female figure also. People must have found creation more easily understood in terms of cosmic copulation, a male and female principle bringing things into being, as a yang-yin of Chinese thought. This was easily understood for it was the natural process of their own lives. They did not think of the plausibility of cosmic weavers and tailors and so God and Goddess were both naked. They could not suspect that anything created by the Divine was dirty or improper, but rather saw the most fitting symbols of the God and Goddess in terms of penis and womb (lingam and yoni; the yoni is the womb and not the external female sexual organ). They saw the whole universe as a great womb in which worlds were born and came to being. When we muse on the vast world of philosophies, ideas and dreams, sacred as well as insane, social, political and scientific, we see the struggle of men to think and not build up ghosts which only vanish in the dust. One day, perhaps, mankind will find that the oldest was really the ultimate and in his search for immortality he must return to where he started. Now we can see that a Divine Guru, not only teaches us in terms of a doctrine of practical instructions, but by the way he lives. Thus millions of Indians have seen the manifest form of Shiva as their guide on the path. One of the early traditions and one of the world's most ancient, is Shiva in the form of Dakshinamurti - the South-Facing Guru. In this form, seated on a low platform, with one leg hanging down in front, he communicated the Sanatana Dharma or Eternal Wisdom to the four Kumaras who appeared early in creation. The Guru spoke no words but taught them by the transmission of mind-to-mind, thus giving us an early example of what was to become a popular concept in Zen. Its purpose was to show that man can realise the Absolute when the human mind is in complete equipoise with the Cosmic Mind. There is a Hindu scripture called The Thousand Names of Shiva. Dakshinamurti is one of them. Actually none of them are really names in the sense that we generally use the word. They are all rather qualities or descriptions. They are spread throughout India as names of temples or sacred places. One of the oldest Upanishads refers to Shiva as Kalagni-Rudra (Rudra the Lord of Fire and Time). Rudra has many meanings and could by Ruddy or the Howler. Shiva as Rudra managed to work his way into the most sacred of the Aryan Vedas, the Rig-Veda, though the references are not too flattering. But that is of no matter. Enemies will often, if not always, describe us more accurately than will our friends. When Daksha crossed swords with Shiva, his son-in-law, we get a much franker description of Shiva than might come from a respectable devotee. This description is not only one which could also be applied to the greater saints of India but might have real meaning to the dropout of today. Here we quote briefly. The full story must come later. Standing in the centre of the vast assembly of gods and men, Daksha pointed his bony, ghee-soaked finger at Shiva, his son-in-law, and uttered this terrible denunciation: "Loo-ook at Him. A disgrace to this assembly and one who brings discredit to the Gods. Is he not the laziest and most nonproductive one who refuses to work or undertake duties? By him the righteous path of Veda is tarnished. He has married my daughter in the presence of Agni, Brahmins and relatives, yet is devoid of the respect he should show as my son-in-law. He does not think of himself as my son and when he sees me he does not salute me or inquire about my welfare. Instead, he remains silent and closes his eyes like a monkey. "Loo-ook at him! He has no modesty or sense of shame and comes here, just as he walks about, completely naked and smeared with the ashes he has taken from cremation grounds. His associates are lunatics, drunkards and madmen. His very retinue are really ghosts, devils and spirits. Lord indeed! he is only the lord of lazy servants who deny proper service and responsibility to their masters. His decorations are evil creatures and the necklace of human bones pollutes this place. His matted hair is dusted with impurities from the cremation ground where he likes to reside. Shiva! No, not Shiva -- Auspicious -- but Inauspicious! I weep to think that I was tricked into giving my daughter Sati to him in marriage. From henceforth, we will get no share in sacrifices performed by me." Shiva did not rate high in Daksha's popularity list, but Daksha should be seen and understood as the symbol of the Vedic Brahmin ritualist who wanted to present the Aryan purity and its religion, in spite of the great merger which was taking place to bring about the fusion of Vedic and Tantric cultures into one all-embracing way of life. While Daksha denounced, Shiva remained silent. Let us return to the Teleti of Girnar, the Lord of Mountains. Sadhus throng the ashrams and roads. Some have erected little hits of sticks and leaves by the roadsides. The climax takes place at midnight when the sadhus take their bath and assemble to offer praise to the Lord Shiva. It is the end of winter and still cool but they endure all in the ecstasy of naked submission to the Absolute as Shiva. The great concord of saints is not without its spectacles. Some of the sadhus have taken vows never for a period of so many years to lie or sit on the ground, even to sleep. They stand with their arms resting on a flat piece of wood fixed on a pole, and this becomes their only support to rest or sleep. By the side of the road, a tall sadhu leans against a tree eating fruit. He is completely naked and his only possession, a trisula or three-pointed spear, as high as himself, rests against one shoulder. Further along the road is another naked sadhu putting on a spectacular show. He stands with his legs apart, sufficient to permit huge stones or rocks which have been tied to his penis, to swing free. The weight of the rocks must be enormous and the sadhu has no competitors. Nothing to do with true spiritual life, but helpful in encouraging donations. Some of these types stand on the points of nails fixed in small blocks of wood. The performance starts with a challenge that he will stand on these uncomfortable supports and remain completely immobile until ten rupees have been donated. Usually he has an accomplice standing by and if things go on too long he gives a signal and his friend terminates the painful performance by promptly donating the remainder of the money. Mahashivaratri is the cake and the showmanship is the icing sugar which makes the festival more palatable. Midnight on Mahashivaratri is no less bewitching than midnight festivals in other lands. As the sadhus go to take their bath and manoeuvre their way into the pool, from the vast concord of naked bodies we hear the great mantra of the Lord: "Hara Hara Mahadeva Shiva-Shambhu Kashi Vishvanatha Ganga!" (Hara is the Great God, Shiva called Shambhu, Lord of the World, residing at Kashi on the Ganges!) Banares, now called Varanasi - the original name corrupted to Banares - also has its great celebrations of this festival. Within the boundary of Varanasi is an area called Kashi which for millennia has been regarded as the seat and city of Shiva-Kashinath. Today it is the one great city of the world where you will see the most religion and the least spirituality. But in spite of this defect, it draws like a magnet and has a peculiar and mystic fascination of its own. It is, perhaps, the most concentrated and visible aspect of modern Hinduism that can be seen today. It has more sacred bathing ghats than any other city and they stretch unending along the bank of the Ganges. Kashi has the long-standing tradition that if you die there, irrespective of what evil might have been done, you will go directly to heaven. Hundreds, in old age, still go there for this purpose. Great numbers of old Brahmins go to Kashi and become initiated as Dandi Swamis - the Swamis who carry the staff. There they wear the ochre robe and pass their days in prayer and gossip, to await that great moment when they will be carried to the burning ground and wake up in heaven. Only a Brahmin can be initiated as a Dandi Swami, and this is the only qualification. They are not sannyasins, but take to a stage in life called vanaprastha, something akin to a hermit, but one still observing prayer and ritual. In the past, it was India's answer to the old age pension. Most beg their food from the house of a Brahmin. Some institutions have also been set up to give meals and people donate money to the sect to purchase the wood for their ultimate disposal. Women vanaprasthas are now very rare and generally cared for by families, but the life is actually open to women just as much as men, though they do not take initiation. The Dandi Swamis acknowledge Shiva as the Supreme Lord, but as individuals their concepts are very relative. The vanaprastha stage of life is not sectarian and can be assumed by any man or woman of any caste and they can continue the worship of deities of their own choice. A lovely story is told which demonstrates the traditions of Kashi and the eternal Ganges. Parvati, the Consort of Shiva, was playing the role of a woman more than a Goddess and rebuking Shiva for his readiness to grant boons and blessings too easily. She added her final feminine thrust to say that if Shiva was in dire trouble, nobody would try to help him. Shiva took up the challenge and said they would arrange a text. He would lie on the ground and pretend he was dead. The Goddess would then pose as a distraught window. She would then tell anyone who passed that the God of Kashi had granted her a special boon and if any stranger who was pure in heart touched the body, her husband would come to life again and she would be rescued from widowhood. Many came by but most hurried on because Hindus had been taught that it was inauspicious to touch a dead body and in this way they would lose their chance to go to heaven. As the hours passed, the test brought no success. Suddenly a man came along looking the very picture of dejection and misery. He stopped to listen to Parvati's plea but sadly turned away and said: "Good lady, your devotion to your husband should be honoured, but I am unworthy to fulfil the task. I have wanted the world too much and it has only brought me misery. My life has been too evil for me to be able to serve you in this way." Hanging his head, he turned to move on. Then, suddenly, he turned back. "Wait, good lady, there is a way." The man rushed down to the Ganges and plunged in the water. Hurrying back, he laid his wet hands on Shiva's head. Shiva stirred and sat up, but before he could speak, the man rushed down to the river and immersed himself a second time. Shiva laughed, but the Goddess put her questions. "Why, good man, did you first refuse but touched my husband after bathing in the river?" The man laughed and replied: "Should it not be known by all that any person who bathes in the Ganges at Kashi washes off all taint of evil and becomes pure?" "But," asked the Goddess, "why the second bath, if you had been made pure?" "Did I not touch your husband's corpse and is that not a new impurity?" This time, Parvati laughed with Shiva and the man suddenly realised who they were and threw himself at their feet. Shiva said: "For this day's work, in which your faith and sincerity excelled all other men, I will grant you a boon. Ask for whatever you wish." "Be careful," said the Goddess. The man looked at the face of Shiva. "What boon can I ask, when I am weary of the world, but the boon of your grace which will grant me strength and confidence to tread your path to liberation? Grant me this." Shiva held up his hand, making the mudra of granting boons, and said: "So shall it be and when you have cast off the last body you will shine as an immortal among the stars." Later, Parvati said to Shiva: "I never seem to be able to get the better of you." Shiva turned to her and whispered: "You should take a bath in the Ganges." Mankind has gone a long way, up and down, down and up and now mostly down. Ancient values, tempered in the forge of time, are being rejected for new untried ideas. Happiness in worldly life is still the only real criterion by which mankind can measure its life. Progress is not always found with the latest innovations, concepts or ideas, and mankind may soon have to learn that ancient Pagan ways of life and values have still the most to offer. There is still some gem of real wonder in that old Pagan life where men learned not only how to live but also how to die. Those who can see Shiva and Shakti as undifferentiated union have no need to think of "Gay Liberation" or "Women's Liberation" or any concepts to establish sex equality. What Nature made, Nature will preserve. India has taught us the balance of life and the true pulsating rhythm by which all things are accomplished. It is the most earnest and serious way of life the world has ever known, yet does not have real meaning until we can lampoon it and learn to laugh with it. This way of life, thronged with cheats and hypocrites, contained the greatest man who ever lived. The path which is overcovered with the most rubbish and superstitions, carries on its crest the highest wisdom of the Absolute. When you enter the stream, think of the goal on the other shore and do not waste words or tears lamenting on the water which is going past. A word of warning, human creatures! If you love your world and its frustrations, its empty promises, tears and anguish, its war, shattering noise and disasters, its passions, pathos, pillories and pilfering, its weary ways of unending toil and trouble, its devil dance which leads you to the grave, then BEWARE and turn your eyes away from the Lord of Yoga; flee from this Shiva and His Shakti, lest your delusions are destroyed and you are led to liberation. Artwork is © Jan Bailey, 1996-2006. Translations are © Mike Magee 1996-2006. Questions or comments to [email protected] Page	<urn:uuid:c253d782-ba23-4d3e-a940-3c17f62958ee>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.shivashakti.com/mahashiv.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973164	4,964	2.609375	3
Blue light can selectively eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of the skin and soft tissues, while preserving the outermost layer of skin, according to a proof-of-principle study led by Michael R. Hamblin of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Harvard Medical School, Boston. The research is published online ahead of print in the journal Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy "Blue light is a potential non-toxic, non-antibiotic approach for treating skin and soft tissue infections, especially those caused by antibiotic resistant pathogens," says Hamblin. In the study, animal models were infected with P. aeruginosa. All of the animals in the group treated with blue light survived, while in the control, 82 percent (9 out of 11) of the animals died. Skin and soft tissue infections are the second most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice, and represent the most common infection presentation--more than 3 percent--in patients visiting emergency departments, says Hamblin. The prevalence of skin and soft tissue infections among hospitalized patients is 10 percent, with approximately 14.2 million ambulatory care visits every year and an annual associated medical cost of almost $24 billion (equivalent to $76 for every American), says Hamblin. Treatment of skin and soft tissue infections has been significantly complicated by the explosion of antibiotic resistance, which may bring an end to what medical scientists refer to as the antibiotic era, says Hamblin. "Microbes replicate very rapidly, and a mutation that helps a microbe survive in the presence of an antibiotic drug will quickly predominate throughout the microbial population. Recently, a dangerous new enzyme, NDM-1, that makes some bacteria resistant to almost all antibiotics available has been found in the United States. Many physicians are concerned that several infections soon may be untreatable." Besides harming public health, antibiotic resistance boosts health care costs. "Treating resistant skin and soft tissue infections often requires the use of more expensive, or more toxic drugs, and can result in longer hospital stays for infected patients," says Hamblin. A copy of the manuscript can be found online at http://bit. (T. Dai, A. Gupta, Y.-Y. Huang, R. Yin, C.K. Murray, M.S. Vrahas, M. Sherwood, G.P. Tegos, and M.R. Hamblin, 2013. Blue light rescues mice from potentially fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infection: efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action. Antim. Agents Chemother. Published ahead of print 21 December 2012 ,doi:10.1128/AAC.01652-12) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy is a publication of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). The ASM is the largest single life science society, composed of over 39,000 scientists and health professionals. Its mission is to advance the microbiological sciences as a vehicle for understanding life processes and to apply and communicate this knowledge for the improvement of health and environmental and economic well-being worldwide.	<urn:uuid:7f989108-e44d-4346-adfa-55ae558abaa9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-01/asfm-sst012813.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.927268	643	3.40625	3
The Science Cheerleaders (current and former NFL and NBA cheerleaders who are pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering and math), performed for more than 100,000 people at the USA Science and Engineering Festival in Washington, D.C. (April 2012). Following their science-themed routines, the Science Cheerleaders led science activities, signed personalized trading cards, and participated in media interviews. Look for them on the Today Show (date TK). Learn more about the dozens of Science Cheerleaders who participated in the USA Science and Engineering Festival, here. They also led a Big Cheer for Science! Thousands of students performed the same one-minute cheer at the same time on 4/27. Then, they measured how much they were able to shake their classrooms using an earthquake sensor provided by the USGS free of charge to participating schools. Now, each of those schools is linked up an important USGS long-term earthquake monitoring program! These women aim to playfully challenge stereotypes, inspire young women to consider science and technology careers, and get people from all walks of life involved in formal and informal research projects demonstrating that science is for all! For more information on the Science Cheerleaders, visit http://www.sciencecheerleader.com/faq For more information on our sister site, featuring hundreds of curated “citizen science” projects, visit http://www.scistarter.com	<urn:uuid:23217117-7c7f-4675-b8e1-424721d9856f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.sciencecheerleader.com/2012/07/video-science-cheerleaders-at-the-usa-science-and-engineering-festival/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.934488	294	2.78125	3
Our America: The Legacy of a King January 24, 2014 Curator E. Carmen Ramos discusses the legacy of Martin Luther King on contemporary Latino artists in our exhibition Our America: The Latino Presence in American Art now showing at the American Art Museum. On Monday I reminded my kids that Martin Luther King Jr. Day is one of the most meaningful national holidays that we observe in the United States. Dr. King led a movement that urged our country to live up to one of its most fundamental ideals—that all people are created equal. Often referred to as a day of service, MLK Day should also be a time of reflection on the impact of the civil rights movement for all Americans. The civil rights era is resonant in many works featured in Our America: The Latino Presence in American Art, which remains on view until March 2, 2014. Several artists in the exhibition came of age during the 1960s and 1970s when the movement thrived and had ripple effects in communities across the United States. Not only did activists and organizers like César Chávez, Dolores Huerta, and Antonia Pantoja build on Dr. King's legacy and demand Latino equal rights in the arenas of labor and education, some Latino artists created works and organizations that challenged traditional racial hierarchies that undergirded American society. Many artists found ways to marry their art and activism. Artists Ester Hernandez, Xavier Viramontes, Amado Peña, and members of the Royal Chicano Art Force, created posters used in marches and beyond that supported the activities of the United Farmworkers (UFW). A young Emanuel Martinez built the altar where César Chávez broke the twenty-five-day fast he undertook to protest unfair employment practices and unsuitable work conditions for migrant laborers. Rupert Garcia and Malaquias Montoya also created posters in support of the UFW during their student years. Garcia and Montoya continued their activism through the Third World Liberation Front (TWLF), a student group that demanded ethnic studies across college campuses in California. Their works on view in Our America come from a later period in their careers, but still convey their on-going commitment to international human rights and domestic immigration reform. Montoya, in fact, created the screen-print Me Hechan de Monjado in 1983 as debates around the U.S. Immigration Reform and Control Act intensified. For Latino artists of Caribbean descent, the demand for racial equality and later Black pride was especially relevant to aspects of Latino history and culture. Artists Marcos Dimas and Jorge Soto Sánchez became cultural leaders of a Puerto Rican civil rights movement that pioneered in the exploration of African diasporic dimensions of Puerto Rican culture. Their works suggest that Afro-Puerto Rican subjects were both worthy of representation and investigation. Dimas' Pariah recasts a dejected member of society in his respectful portrait of a black person. Soto Sánchez created many works informed by his respect for Santeria, an Afro-Caribbean faith. His hand-colored screen-print includes figures that sprout heads from joints and other parts of the body and evoke ritualized spirit possession central to the practice of Santeria in which a deity "mounts" or "rides" a devotee. These are just a handful works that reveal the links between the civil rights movement and Latino artists working since the 1960s. Visit Our America and to see more connections in works by Juan Sánchez, Oscar Castillo, Frank Romero, Freddy Rodriguez and Franco Mondini-Ruiz and others. The comments to this entry are closed.	<urn:uuid:08e0ed36-fe3e-4a53-9da5-8107b036cf27>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://eyelevel.si.edu/2014/01/our-america-the-legacy-of-a-king.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953736	748	3.375	3
Nano Days Activities Exploring Materials and Tools--Ferrofluid and SPM See how size affects behavior by comparing iron filings (macroscale magnetism) with ferrofluid (nanoscale magnetism). Feel magnetic fields in a simple model of a scanning probe microscope (SPM), which allows scientists to "see" objects smaller than one-billionth of a meter! Exploring Materials--Liquid Crystals Why to liquid crystals change color when you touch them? Learn about the connections between color, temperature, and structure. Exploring Measurement--Ruler and Human Body What does "nano" mean, anyway? Can you cut a ruler down into nano-sized pieces? How many nanometers is your hand? Come find out! Exploring Forces and Materials--Gravity and Nano Fabric Forces have different levels of impact on the nanoscale. Is gravity stronger than surface tension? You'll have to test it! Then find out how this can keep stains out of fabric! Exploring Properties--Surface Area See how surface area and size affect behavior in this fizzy experiment. Exploring Structures and Measurement--Buckyballs and Molecules How small is a nanometer? Can a nano-sized particle pass through the surface of a balloon? Learn how different structures produce different properties out of the same material, and build a model of a buckyball--a tiny carbon structure.	<urn:uuid:532f840b-24ea-4aad-80a7-c9f84b3b798c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.scienceworksmuseum.org/Page.asp?NavID=313	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.84577	299	4.25	4
5-1/2 x 8-1/2 Published in the centenary year of Ben Bowen's death, this is the first extended, dispassionate account of the life and work of the Treorci-born poet. When Bowen died aged twenty-four in 1903, the Welsh literary establishment predicted his immortality. Yet, just a generation later, he had become little more than a footnote in the history of nineteenth-century poetry. In this study, Robin Chapman reveals Bowen?s short-lived fame and subsequent obscurity as a product both of Bowen's precocious sense of himself as a great poet and of a Wales that fed that assumption. He traces Bowen's escape from a miner's life in the Rhondda, his stay in South Africa during the Boer War, his talent for controversy and his growing awareness of his impending death. Through a consideration of the life and work of this compelling character, Robin Chapman also enhances our understanding of Welsh culture in late-Victorian and early-Edwardian Wales.	<urn:uuid:94da99c1-4aa0-4406-bdb1-b046d4fc28f0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/B/bo5533087.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973898	206	2.625	3
The Second World War was the deadliest conflict in world history; it pitted Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan, an alliance known as the Axis Powers, against America and its allies. The United States mobilized its entire military and civilian infrastructure, dedicating its full economic, industrial, and scientific capacity to fight the war. This is a war that was worldwide in scope, yet it was fought and won by men and women from ordinary places like Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton. In the Lehigh Valley as elsewhere, nothing would ever be quite the same again. WWII transformed American culture by creating the necessity of women to work in factories and industrial jobs formerly held by men. Those men, who marched off to war from cities, villages, and farms in the Lehigh Valley and elsewhere, faced the horrors of battle in faraway places like Europe, Africa, the South Pacific, and even India. In this exhibit you will encounter real people from the Lehigh Valley who lived through this world-changing era. The exhibit tells their story—a story of supreme sacrifice. It honors the dead and the living – civilian and military – the people who saved America and the world in our darkest hour. The Lehigh Valley Heritage Museum is committed to enshrining the memory of the "Greatest Generation," for we must never forget their sacrifices.	<urn:uuid:d14a1bd5-8ab3-43d3-a8a8-bab1a8b7809e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.lchs.museum/ww2/index.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966975	274	3.546875	4
The real reason behind Initiative 522 isn't genetically modified foods Letters to the Editor I-522 is not about whether food should be genetically engineered, but rather whether it should be identified as such. Forty-nine countries, including Japan, South Korea, China, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Russia, European Union states and other key U.S. trading partners have laws mandating disclosure of genetic engineering (also known as GMOs, Genetically Modified Organisms) on food labels. Some foreign markets are refusing to buy agricultural products from the United States because our genetically engineered products are not labeled. Resulting trade losses are estimated at billion... For access to this article please sign in or subscribe.	<urn:uuid:bd4c9298-09fa-446d-a649-34adb1bcbded>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cheneyfreepress.com/story/2013/10/10/opinion/the-real-reason-behind-initiative-522-isnt-genetically-modified-foods/12690.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.943363	143	2.515625	3
These tiny predators use their camouflage, small body size, and the cover of darkness to conceal themselves from their prey and predators, and therefore are rarely seen by humans. They are strictly nocturnal, and so hunt only at night, returning to unoccupied springhare, aardvark or porcupine burrows, or abandoned termite mounds during the day (hence its other name 'anthill tiger') (2). The territory of the male is much larger than those of females, and overlaps with up to four female's ranges (8). Their territory is marked with scent, by urine spraying and scent rubbing (2). Female territories also frequently overlap with those of other females, but they always hunt solitary (8). In a night, they can travel up to 16 km searching for food. The black-footed cat is an opportunistic hunter, feeding on 54 different prey species (9). This includes small mammals, mainly gerbils, mice and shrews; birds, insects and reptiles (9). They are even capable of killing and consuming prey up to twice their own weight, such as Cape hares and black bustards, and they will also occasionally scavenge (9). Mating season is in between July and March, and kittens are typically born in November after a two month gestation period (7). A litter of one or two young are reared in burrows or termite mounds (2) (4). These secretive hunters can live for up to 13 years in captivity (4) (7). No one has provided updates yet.	<urn:uuid:382e30cc-16ba-4f19-ad2a-d020a83b45a7>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.eol.org/data_objects/2606812	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967718	319	3.421875	3
Arizona — Friday’s blue moon will be the last time people get the chance to see the lunar event for three years, but even people living under cloudy skies or who can’t get outside will have a chance to view it. A word of warning, the New York Daily News writes — don’t expect to see any color change with the moon. Despite the name blue moon, the lunar event actually marks the second time there will be a full moon in the month of August. Full moons occur every 29 days, so when the calendar matches up correctly nocturnal observers get the chance to see a “blue moon.” The modern definition of blue moon only dates back a few decades. It originally meant the third full moon of a season with four full moons, but in 1946, an amateur astronomer named James Pruett misinterpreted the phrase in the Maine Farmers’ Almanac to mean the second full moon of the month. He popularized his mistake when he wrote an article for Sky & Telescope magazine titled “Once in a Blue Moon.” From there the incorrect definition became the common usage, Space.com reported. The Slooh Space Camera broadcast of the blue moon will honor another lunar legend, astronaut Neil Armstrong. His funeral is coincidentally the same day, TIME reported. It’s apparently the kind of coincidence that happens once in a blue moon.	<urn:uuid:4d9ca8cc-0248-490f-996f-7cc18fd0fd40>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://atjehnews.com/techno/1055/2012/08/31/fridays-blue-moon-can-be-viewed-live-online	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.89283	288	3.078125	3
Runners can permanently reduce impact forces through biofeedback. Irene Davis of Harvard University is one of the world’s leading pioneers of gait retraining for runners. Gait retraining consists of systematically encouraging specific changes in the strides of runners that correct characteristics associated with elevated injury risk. One such characteristic is an esoteric variable called peak tibial acceleration, which is basically a measurement of how hard the runner lands on the ground with each step. In a study coauthored with Harrison Crowell of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and published in Clinical Biomechanics, Davis used a form of biofeedback to successfully encourage runners to reduce their peak tibial acceleration by half. All of the ten runners included in the study exhibited higher-than-normal peak tibial acceleration initially. In other words, they were stompers. Davis affixed an accelerometer to the lower leg of each runner to measure tibial acceleration as he or she ran on a treadmill. The information collected by the accelerometer was transmitted to a screen positioned in front of the runners, allowing them to see a simple graphical representation of their impact force. They were instructed to change their stride so that this measurement was reduced by half, bringing it down to within the normal range. All of the runners were able to do this. Importantly, they were not told how to change their strides to reduce impact. They were given the freedom to manage it in whatever way was most comfortable. Over time Davis gradually withdrew the “crutch” of biofeedback until the runners were maintaining their new, lower-impact strides own their own, by feel. Then they were sent out into the world with instructions to continue running in this modified way. After one month they returned to the lab so that Davis could determine whether they had maintained reduced impact. They had. It is not known why there is such extreme variation in impact forces between individual runners, but there is, and those who, for whatever reason, land especially hard tend to be highly injury prone. Another running biomechanics expert who works with accelerometers, Stephen McGregor at Eastern Michigan University, told me of a case study involving a member of the Eastern Michigan cross country team. This runner was extremely gifted but constantly injured. When McGregor strapped an accelerometer to him, he found out why. The runner’s vertical accelerations (another way of measuring impact force) were off the charts—the highest of any runner McGregor tested. Neither the runner himself nor his coach had had any idea that he landed much harder than all his teammates. When I learned of this case I got to thinking. “I am highly injury prone. Perhaps I’m a stomper,” I thought. And when I learned about Davis’s work, I got to thinking even more. Perhaps there was something I could do about it. In a phone interview, Davis told me she believed there was a do-it-yourself version of her biofeedback-based method of reducing impact forces that might work just as well: simply listen to the sound of your footstrikes and try to run a lot quieter. I did this for about three weeks. While I found it easy initially to make my footstrikes quieter, I was also quickly able to associate the softer sound of my shoe making contact with pavement (or a treadmill belt, which works even better) with particular kinesthetic sensations that then became my primary cues that I was successfully maintaining my softer stride. Specifically, I felt that I was squatting into my stride a bit more than usual, which produced a noticeable increase in tension in my lower quadriceps and a more active use of my glutes to propel forward motion. More generally and abstractly, I felt as though I was now scooting versus bounding (not that I felt I bounded before, but in contrast to my modified scooting stride that’s how my old stride now feels when I revert to it). Circumstances also gave me an immediate way to test the likely effect of this change on my injury risk. At the time I made the change I was dealing with a half-healed Achilles tendon injury that restricted both how far and how fast I could run. If I pushed either my distance or speed limit too far, the affected area would either become painful during the run, feel sore the next day or both. Over that 3-weel stretch I didn’t made any attempt to run faster or farther than I was doing before, but since changing my stride I didn’t felt any pain in my Achilles during running and the level of all-day soreness steadily diminished. It wasn’t all good news. I’m pretty sure my new stride was less efficient. It felt a little harder to run at my accustomed paces. This was only to be expected. Research by Stephen McGregor and other running biomechanics experts strongly suggests that runners automatically and unconsciously develop the stride that is most efficient for them, and that any conscious attempt to modify it will reduce efficiency, at least in the short term. This is the reason it’s important that, in her gait retraining methodology, Davis uses biofeedback to allow runners to find their own way to modify a certain stride characteristic instead of telling them to make isolated and overt changes such as landing on the balls of their feet instead of the heels. While even the biofeedback method is likely to reduce efficiency in most cases, forcing runners to consciously emulate a certain ideal form would certainly reduce efficiency even more. Overall, though, I think my quads and glutes just needed a little more time to adapt to working more than they had to with my previous stride and my neuromuscular system needed time to practice and refine it. In due time it will probably be just as efficient as my old stride, and I may even have a chance to become fitter than in the past because I won’t break down as often. And I should say that, while I use the phrases “new stride” and “old stride”, it’s not like the change I’ve made is great enough to really justify them. The change feels drastic on the inside but an outside observer would probably have a hard time distinguishing the two. As in the case of that Eastern Michigan harrier, the invisibility of the stride characteristics that predispose some runners to injury also makes it impossible to determine prospectively who’s in need of gait retraining. The only sure indication is retrospective: you get injured a lot. How about you, are you a stomper? About The Author: Matt Fitzgerald is the author of Iron War: Dave Scott, Mark Allen & The Greatest Race Ever Run (VeloPress 2011) and a Coach and Training Intelligence Specialist for PEAR Sports. Find out more at mattfizgerald.org.	<urn:uuid:e037f9cd-917e-4248-9284-3cddcc484933>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://running.competitor.com/2012/11/injury-prevention/are-you-a-stomper_15295	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976864	1,422	3.109375	3
Family: Cottidae, Sculpins view all from this family Description The sailfin sculpin (Nautichthys oculofasciatus, lit. "eye-banded sailor fish") is a species of scorpaeniform marine fish in the sea raven family Hemitripteridae, native to the eastern Pacific Ocean from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska to San Miguel Island off southern California. Named for its elongated, sail-like first dorsal fin, the sailfin sculpin is a popular subject of public aquaria; it is of no interest to commercial fishery. Of the typical cottoid body plan, the sailfin sculpin is noted for its conspicuous first dorsal fin dominated by the first four spines, of approximately equal length. The overall body colour is variable, from yellow-brown to yellow-gray; darker bands on the body and red flecks and diagonal streaks may be present on the fins. A distinct, dark band runs through the eye. Maximum recorded length for the species is 20 cm. Highly modified ctenoid scales give the skin a velvety texture. According to FishBase, a variant of sailfin sculpin occurs in Knight Inlet, British Columbia: the 'sail' of the first dorsal fin is described as appearing "frail" and "more like a mast," and is dominated by the II, III, and I spines rather than the first four spines. Dimensions Up to 8" (20 cm). Habitat Ocean or bay shallows. Range California, Northwest, Western Canada, Alaska.	<urn:uuid:756404d5-4011-4aaa-b501-2e0fd29d0bc6>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?shapeID=1000&curGroupID=3&lgfromWhere=&viewType=&curPageNum=33	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.919962	333	3.03125	3
Though scholars have long turned their attention to the so-called “storm gods” of the ancient Near East, much of this research has focused on single deities (especially Baal at Ugarit), or has appeared in unpublished doctoral dissertations and often inaccessible scholarly publications. Moreover, few works have recognized the potential methodological pitfalls inherent in comparing one ancient Near Eastern “storm god” with another without attention to the culture in which they appear. Thus, a scholarly desideratum for some time has been a work that approaches the topic of weather gods macrocosmically; a study that establishes a “deity geography” by revealing “the changing configurations of cults” and providing “a deeper understanding of the deities themselves.”1 It is in the light of this state of affairs that this hefty tome, a revision of the author’s doctoral dissertation at the University of Würzburg (2000), sets a new course. It is nearly comprehensive in scope,2 rich in textual and bibliographic citations, and thorough in its treatment of the historical and literary contexts of ancient Near Eastern weather (i.e., “storm”) gods Ishkur, Adad (Hadda), Baal, and Teshub. Moreover, the book also contains in-depth studies on deities associated with the weather gods (e.g., Shala, Shullat and Hanish, etc.). It is an unparalleled study whose value is increased even more by its judicious use of primary texts, all of which appear in both transliterated and translated forms. Schwemer organizes the materials by region and chronologically. After first establishing the parameters of his research and noting a number of methodological and typological problems posed by previous research on Near Eastern “storm” gods (Chapter One), Schwemer offers a thorough survey of the evidence for weather gods in the various god lists (Chapter Two). This provides him with a forum for discussing the various names of the weather gods, their epithets, proposed etymologies, cuneiform forms, and their relation to other deities as found in the lists. In Chapter Three, Schwemer then examines the earliest evidence for weather god cults in Syria, specifically at Ebla (e.g., the temple of Hadda) and at Halab (i.e., Aleppo). Here Schwemer investigates a number of texts that reference the transfer of goods (e.g., textiles and metals) and offerings delivered to Hadda’s temple, the divine family to which Hadda belongs, and the deities and epithets with whom he is most closely associated. Also treated here are the appearance of Hadda in Eblaic literary texts, and a number of observations on onomastica that contain the theophoric element “Hadda.” Having provided this background, Schwemer offers a number of observations on the Semitic origins and spread of the cult of Hadda in Syria and cautiously suggests their possible connections to earlier (i.e., Neolithic) bull cults in the region. (Schwemer is careful here not to posit a direct and continued descendent relationship). Schwemer then turns his attention to the god Ishkur, attested as early as the Early Dynastic Period (at Tell Fara and Abu Salabikh), but more prominently in records dating during and after the Ur III Period (Chapter Four). Schwemer here focuses on the evidence for the spread of the god’s cult as seen by increasing references to Ishkur cults at Karkar, Girsu, Umma, Nippur, Ur, and Uruk. Other topics discussed include Ishkur’s integration into the Sumerian pantheon (and the concomitant problem of his integration given the association of other deities with storms); Ishkur’s role in mythological texts and liturgical hymns; the god Adda’s (or Adad’s) status in the Babylonian pantheon; and a discussion of the god M/Wer, a storm god with whom Adda appears to have assimilated sometime in the Old Babylonian Period. The integration of the Addu cult into northern Mesopotamia and Babylon is the subject of Chapter Five, a topic that Schwemer discusses in the light of the general impact of Amorite culture in the region in the early second millennium bce. In particular, Schwemer investigates the records from Mari for their references to Addu (Haddu) the god of Yamhad (as attested also by earlier textual references to the god’s cult at Halab mentioned above). Also covered in this section is the god’s association with divination, especially his role as a god overseeing extispicy, and a discussion of the god’s connection to mythologies involving battles against chaos. This section also contains lengthy analyses of the status of Adad in the religions of Assyria, Mari, Babylon, and Susa up to the Middle Babylonian period. Here Schwemer pays special attention to the great variety of local cults to Adad represented in the textual records. Also treated are references to Adad in the cultic, mantic, historical, and mythic texts of these earlier periods. Schwemer devotes Chapter Six to the “syncretism” of Haddu (Addu, Adad), Teshub, and Baal in upper Mesopotamia and Syria. His use of the quotation marks in the chapter’s title signals his methodological reticence to apply such a term in this period to a process that has been in motion from the earliest times. Naturally, this chapter offers a number of discussions on the role of Teshub in the Hurrian pantheon, the spread of his cult under Mitanni and Hittite rule, Baal in Syro-Palestine of the late Bronze Age (e.g., at Ugarit and Emar), and Adad in Middle Assyrian sources. The seventh and final chapter of this tome focuses on the status and role of Adad in the pantheons of later Mesopotamian history (i.e., from the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Periods onwards). Thus, Schwemer discusses the evidence for Adad cults in Assyria proper (e.g., Kurba’il, Kilizi, Assur, Kalhu, Dur-Sarrukin, Nineveh, Zamahu, Zabban) and in the peripheral areas under Assyrian control. Schwemer also covers the status of Adad as recorded in this period in Babylonia (e.g, Babylon, Borsippa, Sippar, Uruk, Larsa, Nippur), Elam, and Persia. The appearance of Adad in the omen, magic, and mythological texts of this period is also detailed. Following these in-depth studies, the book concludes with a number of invaluable indices: Sumerian and Akkadian epithets of Ishkur-Adad; abbreviations and sigla; cuneiform texts (listed both by catalog number and name); hieroglyphic Luwian; linear alphabetic texts; biblical and rabbinic references; Egyptian texts; Greek and Latin authors; Cypriote-Minoan texts; foreign words by language; the names of gods and demons, personal names (again by language); toponyms; and even a general index. Valuable also are the copies of select cuneiform texts at book’s end. An exhaustive bibliography concludes the tome. In short, this book offers a masterful treatment of the subject of ancient Near Eastern weather gods that documents well the spread and impact of Semitic (i.e., Amorite) religious culture in ancient Mesopotamia from the early third to the late first millennia bce. It is an excellent model and resource for future comparative research and will doubtless be unsurpassed for many years to come. To borrow the words of Mark S. Smith, Untold Stories: The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century (Peabody, MA.: Hendrickson, 2001), p. 220. The reader will note, however, and notice in the book’s subtitle, that the author does not treat the god Baal as represented in the Hebrew Bible except by way of brief reference in footnotes. It is not clear to me why the author has chosen to leave this data out of his otherwise comprehensive treatment. Nevertheless, this gap does not detract from the book’s value, especially since it constitutes a wealth of data for the comparative scholar of the Hebrew Bible.	<urn:uuid:db80c0fd-5b03-44aa-8d21-5b6a82c62cb9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/jhs/article/view/5962/5015	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928137	1,816	2.53125	3
UNOFFICAL HISTORY OF OXFAM Here’s some sordid history of Oxfam wants hidden away, re-written to suit their current persona as all round good guys. Going back to its beginnings the main man behind the formation of Oxfam was Theodore Richard Milford, technically Cannon Theodore Richard Milford. This Quaker dominated rabble of upper-class landed Englishmen weren’t initially just interested in humanitarian aid; they also thought the Allies should cease hostilities with Germany and sue for peace. Complete ‘put up the white flag’ madness. At the time, 1942, the Luftwaffe was raining bombs down on their houses, aid ships torpedoed by U-Boats, their countrymen dying in their hundreds every-day, but these trifling facts didn’t deter the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief. Many of the original members, drivers like Professor Gilbert Murray were scared from seeing action in World War One and believed strongly in the League of Nations cure-all diplomacy. The first charitable act undertaken by Oxfam in the middle of WW2 was partitioning MP’s to break an Allied blockade of Axis dominated Greece much to the chagrin of the British Government, Churchill in particular. Their concerns that the aid would fall into enemy hands was in-part realised. Oxfam likes to paint their relief of Greece as a personal success but they don’t tell you is the Greeks were starving because the occupying Axis troops were plundering their resources. They leave out the bit that Hitler and Mussolini ran the very same dictatorships Oxfam wanted their Government to negotiate with, for all intents and purposes surrender to. And in another David Irvingesque re-write of historic record concerning the Greek Famine of WW2 it was the Red Cross that brokered a deal so food could be delivered, undertook the logistics – not Oxfam, they proselytised and raised funds only. No one running the Allied war campaign took a bunch of idle rich peaceniks like Oxfam seriously. Ironically Oxfam’s first true on-the-ground undertaking was to supply aid to a defeated and devastated Germany, campaigning for post-war Britain’s to reduce their rations and donate those reductions to Germans. That’s right you read it right: Oxfam’s first shipment of humanitarian aid went to Germany. The atlases at Oxford and Cambridge in 1946 can’t have had Africa on them. As you would expect, these manoeuvrings by Oxfam just after WW2 went down like a cup of cold sick amongst their countrymen. Many of Oxfam’s original leadership also had links to the ultra-pacifist group The Peace Pledge Union who like the majority of Oxfam’s members were Conscientious Objectors during WW2. The PPU were against the bombing of Germany cities and in favour of repatriating captured Axis prisoners. In short: nutters some of which actually went to Germany to work in a twisted belief they could broker a peace by integrating into Nazi Germany. Both Oxfam and The Peace Pledge Union were despised by the majority of Brits as unpatriotic freeloaders, de-facto collaborators - which in reality, given the times, they were. If Oxfam had of had their way, you and I would be conversing in German. Footnote: The Song below rather appropriately translates as ‘House of Lies’	<urn:uuid:7500df6d-ded8-4538-80fa-d738e517aeb5>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://canterburyatheists.blogspot.com/2013/02/if-oxfam-had-of-had-their-way-you-and-i.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969058	724	2.59375	3
An example of something loud is music that can be heard three houses down the street. - striking with force on the organs of hearing; strongly audible: said of sound - making a sound or sounds of great intensity: a loud bell - clamorous; emphatic; insistent: loud denials - Informal too vivid; flashy: a loud Hawaiian shirt - Informal unrefined; vulgar - Dial. strong or offensive, as in smell Origin of loudMiddle English ; from Old English hlud, akin to German laut ; from Indo-European base an unverified form ?leu-, to hear, listen from source Classical Latin cluere, to be spoken of, esteemed - Characterized by high volume and intensity. Used of sound: a loud whistle. - Producing sound of high volume and intensity: a loud construction work site. - Clamorous and insistent: loud denials. - a. Having strikingly bright colors: a loud necktie. See garish.b. Having a very strong or overpowering odor. Origin of loudMiddle English, from Old English hl&umacron;d; see kleu- in Indo-European roots. (comparative louder, superlative loudest) - (of a sound) Of great intensity. - Turn that music down; it's too loud. - (of a person, thing, event, etc.) Noisy. - a loud party that went on all night - (of a person, event, etc.) Not subtle or reserved, brash. - (of clothing, decorations, etc.) Having unpleasantly and tastelessly contrasting colours or patterns; gaudy. - a loud style of dress; loud colors (comparative more loud, superlative most loud) From Middle English loud, lud, from Old English hlÅ«d (“loud, noisy, sounding, sonorous"), from Proto-Germanic hlÅ«Ã¾az (“heard"), from Proto-Indo-European á¸±lewtos (“heard, famous"), from Proto-Indo-European *á¸±lew- (“to hear"). Akin to Scots loud, lowd (“loud"), West Frisian lÃ»d (“loud"), Dutch luid (“loud"), Low German lud (“loud"), German laut (“loud"), Irish clÃº (“repute"), Welsh clywed (“heard"), clod (“praise"), Latin inclutus (“famous"), Tocharian A/B klots/klautso 'ear', klyostÃ¤r 'heard', Ancient Greek ÎºÎ»Ï…Ï„ÏŒÏ‚ (klÃºtÃ³s, “famous"), Albanian quaj (“to name, call"), shquar (“famous, notorious"), Old Armenian Õ¬Õ¸Ö‚ (lu, “the act of hearing"), Old Church Slavonic ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð° (slava, “glory"), ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ (slovo, “word"), Sanskrit à¤¶à¥à¤°à¤µ (Å›rÃ¡va, “glory"). More at listen. - A surname.	<urn:uuid:84cd59c1-145b-48a6-aefd-36a2c6906971>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.yourdictionary.com/loud	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.786688	771	3.546875	4
Page created on JCR-UK: 2003 The Covenant of Circumcision by Rabbi Dr Bernard Susser BA, LLB, MPhil People carry out many rituals in different societies whose meaning is lost in the mists of antiquity - a handshake, for example, or a salute. The operation which we call circumcision dates back to prehistoric times and together with the trepanning of the skull is the earliest operation known to man. Circumcision (Hebrew, Milah), as it is performed by Jews - the Jewish method differs somewhat from the surgical operation - is done in obedience to a divine command to Abraham and his physical and/or spiritual descendants after him: This is My covenant which you shall keep, between Me and you and thy descendants after thee, every male among you shall be circumcised. And ye shall be circumcised on the flesh of your foreskin, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between Me and you. And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every male throughout your generations (Genesis 17:10-12). The very fact that there was no need to tell Abraham what was entailed by circumcision, except to restrict the operation to males and to the male reproductive organ, indicates that the procedure was known to Abraham. In the above passage, God first describes Milah as a covenant (Hebrew, Brith), as though to say that the mere performance of the act is the Jew's fulfilment of his part of the covenant. God goes on to call it 'the sign of the covenant', ie a symbol to represent the Brith. To this day Jews amongst themselves, speaking colloquially, refer to the Brith rather than the Milah. Not performing the act is tantamount to breaking the covenant, as it says explicitly: Biblical Hebrew uses the term 'uncircumcised' in relation to ears (Jeremiah 6:10) and lips (Exodus 6:12), the heart (Leviticus 26:41), and the first three-year growth of fruit (Leviticus 19:23). The term seems to imply something over which people have no mastery, an 'uncircumcised of flesh' is someone who does not have control of his body. By circumcision the Jew's body receives the stamp of submission to the Divine will. 'It is on the body in the first instance', declares the foremost nineteenth-century German Jewish commentator, Samson Raphael Hirsch, 'not on the mind, that God founded his Covenant first of all'. God's covenant with the Jew has no schizophrenic dimension. Body and soul are judged together. The soul cannot be left free to 'soar upward to lofty thoughts and noble conceptions whilst the body wallows in the mire of sensuality'. This sign of the covenant was expressly designed for the male Jew. In the English and Romance languages the derivation of the word 'male' and 'masculine' is derived from the Latin 'mas', a root meaning heavy or the strong one, whereas the Hebrew word for male is zachar, which has the same root letters as 'to remember'. In the Jewish tradition the male Jew has the obligation of remembering and reminding, of transmitting the tradition. The male Jew needs, because of the nature of all males, ever to be reminded by the sign of the covenant of the Abrahamic tradition. The Jewess, on the other hand, IS the tradition. That is why Scripture follows the covenant of circumcision command to Abraham with a revelation to him that Sarai is in reality Sarah, the mother of the nation. He may never have realized it, he might have regarded her as his princess. It took a Divine revelation (Genesis 17:15) to make him aware that Sarah was the very embodiment of the covenant, and that Sarah's issue and the issue of every Jewess to the end of time would be Jewish, whereas Abraham's issue and the issue of Jewish males by a Gentile woman would not be Jews. Isaac the son of Abraham and Sarah was a Jew, his half-brother Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar, was not. To be a Jew it is not sufficient to have an 'Abraham' for a father unless one has a 'Sarah' for a mother. A Jewish woman is her husband's crown, say the Rabbis, he is distinguished through her, but she does not require him to receive the wreath of fame. 'Voltaire spoke with scorn of a God who could care whether or not people cut off their children's foreskins; thus summing up in one entertaining image the whole sceptical reaction to religious form. Spinoza, an equally severe sceptic, was not as funny as Voltaire; in fact there was little fun in him; but he was the profounder of the two', writes Herman Wouk in his This is my God. "So great importance do I attach to this sign, I am persuaded that it is sufficient by itself to maintain the separate existence of the nation forever" (Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670) 3:53). The obligation to ensure that the sign of the covenant is implanted upon the eight-day-old baby is placed upon the father. Seemingly, God considered that it would be too great a strain on maternal love to demand of the mother that she directly involve herself in what is an operation on her new-born son. In times of emergency, however, Jewish mothers have not hesitated to carry out the commandment, even at the cost of their lives. The Bible seems to indicate that Queen Jezebel placed a ban on Brith Milah (I Kings 19:14), a ban which was vigorously opposed by the prophet Elijah. It is for this reason that when the baby is brought into the room before the ceremony, he is placed on 'Elijah's chair', (many German communities kept a specially designed elaborate chair for this purpose). But the first definite prohibition of circumcision was enacted under Antiochus Epiphanes (I Maccabees 1:48). There we read that many mothers who had their sons circumcised suffered martyrdom. It is recorded: The heroic spirit of ancient mothers inspired one Jewish woman who gave birth to a baby boy in the Janowska concentration camp. She confronted a German officer and demanded a knife. Fervently reciting the appropriate blessing she circumcised her child. Then she raised her eyes heavenward and declared, 'Master of the Universe, You have given me a healthy child. I am returning to you a Kosher Jew' (Y. Eliach, Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust (OUP, New York, 1982)). In happier times, after the Brith Jewish mothers whilst recovering from childbirth would embroider a wrapper which would later be used to bind the Scroll of the Torah. The wrapper, called in Hebrew a mappah, often translated as a wimpel, is a band about 4 to 6 inches wide and of sufficient length to be wound around the entire height of the Scroll. Sometimes the swaddling cloth used at the circumcision was cut into four parts and then sewn together. When the boy first visited the synagogue, usually when he became four years old (and hence, I believe, the four parts of the mappah, though other symbolisms are possible), he would bring the mappah with him and present it to the congregation in a little ceremony which ended with the child being permitted to touch and kiss the Torah and its ornaments. The mappah bore Hebrew text giving the child's Jewish name (giving a name at the circumcision ceremony was an ancient Jewish custom -see Luke 1:59) and his date of birth. It ended with the stereotyped wish expressed in the circumcision ceremony that the child would grow up to study Torah, enter into marriage, and perform good deeds. The text was usually embroidered but also sometimes stencilled. Pictures were often painted of birds or animals, or the signs of the zodiac, or next to the good wish of study, somebody holding aloft the Scroll of the Torah (hagbaha); of marriage, a bride and groom beneath the marriage canopy (huppah); of good deeds, bestowing charity. It was customary to use 'his' mappah to bind the Scroll on the Sabbath of his Bar Mitzvah, ie when he was first called to the Torah on attaining the age of thirteen. The mappah finally made an appearance in the personal life of the boy at his wedding. It was customary to stretch the mappah between the poles carrying the marriage canopy. In this way the ceremonies of the life-cycle were maintained. Long before State Registration of Births a record was made by a doting mother which found its way into the holy vestments of the synagogue, to accompany her baby through his life. The mappot which survive are today found often only in museums, relics of a bye-gone age. The covenant of circumcision, Brith Milah, however, continues. The Jew keeps his obligation, and the Master of the Universe keeps His. This website is owned by JewishGen and the Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain. All material found herein is owned by or licensed to us. You may view, download, and print material from this site only for your own personal use. You may not post material from this site on another website without our consent. You may not transmit or distribute material from this website to others. You may not use this website or information found at this site for any commercial purpose. Copyright © 2002 - 2016 JCR-UK. All Rights Reserved	<urn:uuid:d929acbd-d8b4-4a5f-a764-d18857390074>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/susser/covenantofcircumcision.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966917	2,006	3.46875	3
\|Antiques Digest\|\|Browse Auctions\|\|Appraisal\|\|Home\| Re-Backing Of Old CanvasAuthor: Dr. Arthur Ediwin Bye One of the oldest methods of preparing founda. lions for paintings. couiinp ; down to us from Byzantine times, and in fact it is older than that, was to glue canvas or linen to a wood panel, and cover it with gesso, that is. chalk mixed with size, thus forming a fine, smooth white surface of great durability. Most religious pictures of the 1liddle Ages are painted on such foundations. The reason for this treatment was that panels were apt to crack or twist, moreover they are subject to decay from fungus or worms, but the canvas layer between the wood and the painting tended to hold the cracks, or at least to protect the picture itself. It has always been a moot question with painters whether wood or canvas gave the most permanent or desirable surface on which to paint. On the one hand, there were the dangers above mentioned; on the other, canvas not only decayed but was fragile and easily torn. But with the, introduction of old painting in the fifteenth century and the tendency later on to produce enormous pictures in the Baroque period, the use of wood was gradually abandoned. The Dutch and Flemish, however, especially with their small sized pictures, clung longer to the us(. of wood. They had better kinds, oak for example, than the Italians who used for the most part softer woods like poplar. The Northerners planed their panels down vcrv thin. so thev would not warp so easily, and these sixteenth and seventeenth century pictures have lasted surprisingly well. Nevertheless, wood has been in disrepute among artists of modern times until very recently. Now they have been using many of the new process materials of compressed pulp, like Vehisote, Masonite, Hardboard and several others with trade names. These materials have all the advantages of wood panels. Thev are thin, one-eighth to one-half inch thick, have two surfaces, one smooth and the other rough in imitation of the grain of canvas. They do not crack, warp or twist, they do not burn easily and when painted and waxed on both sides, that is made impervious to moisture, they are absolutely durable. They are then an ideal material to use as linings or re-backings of paintings which have been damaged.. Every restorer knows that old canvases with heavy layers of hard paint, which have been badly torn, as so many have been by accidents, cannot be permanently repaired by lining them on canvas. The restorer can patch up the tears or holes and iron them down to make the picture look as good as new, for a short time only, but he will tell you, if he is honest, that in a year or so the old tear or the patch will show up and the lining will not hold it down. Many owners of old masters are hesitant about this method, they wonder if their "Canvases" may still be called by that name after they have been applied to wood, but the answer is, thev are indeed still canvases and their pictures are restored in a durable way, by a method as old as the art of painting itself.	<urn:uuid:10f62dda-57c1-4b24-9143-59414ad61d54>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.oldandsold.com/articles01/article496.shtml	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976408	685	2.546875	3
Smallest bounding area for an object or group of objects with no concave angles. In GIS a convex hull (also convex polygon or convex envelope) takes the outermost nodes of a vector shape (points, lines or polygons) and creates a polygon with the smallest area that encompasses all features and has no concave angles. In a convex polygon a straight line drawn between any two points inside the polygon is completely contained within the polygon. Visually, a convex hull is often explained by imagining the shape that a rubber band would take around a group of objects. Creating a convex hull is standard component of the geometry toolset of GIS applications. This is in contrast to a concave-hull, which does allow concave angles in the envelope. Some graphic examples are presented at http://ubicomp.algoritmi.uminho.pt/local/concavehull.html	<urn:uuid:30f7ec24-6b59-4816-9019-671eb6e275d4>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://gis.stackexchange.com/tags/convex-hull/info	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.924582	198	3.8125	4
Living Fossils Refute Evolution The evolutionist magazine New Scientist described evolutionist contradictions in the face of living fossils: Of course it is hard for this fact to be explained in evolutionist terms, because adherents are looking for an explanation within the theory of evolution. Yet the living fossils reveal that living things did not descend from one another in stages, nor have they evolved in any way. The fossil record provides no examples of intermediate forms. Countless living things have remained unchanged for millions of years, and their current anatomical structures are exactly the same as they were millions of years ago. The fossil record is almost complete with both animal and plant specimens demonstrating this. It definitively and scientifically refutes evolution. The evolutionist Niles Eldredge admits that no explanation exists with regard to living fossils, which constitute one of the countless secrets that evolution has been unable to unravel: Pierre-Paul Grassé, one of France's best-known zoologists, former editor of the 28-volume Traité de Zoologie (Treatise of Zoology) and former president of the French Academy of Sciences, ends the chapter "Evolution and Natural Selection" in his book Evolution of Living Organisms with these words: Living fossils and the stasis in the fossil record could not be explained in Darwin's time, much less afterwards. Scientists attempting to adapt Darwin's theory of evolution by means of changes of form to modern scientific findings have also admitted as much, no matter how reluctantly. Facts revealed by the scientific data and the fossil record totally conflict with the present-day theory of evolution, just as Darwin himself admitted 150 years ago: With these words, Darwin states unhesitatingly that his claim does not square with the facts—for which reason he has ignored them. That is the same situation for those who support the theory of evolution today; despite the truth revealed by the fossil record they blindly continue in Darwin's wake and turn their backs on the facts. However, this deception is a short-lived one. The facts are now far more evident, and far more identifiable. The number of people who have seen the truth and preferred it is rising, and the number of people who unquestioningly believe in fairy tales is on the decrease. The facts cannot be concealed and ignored, as widely as they were in Darwin's day. Genetics, microbiology, paleontology, geology and all other branches of science constantly reveal a truth that Darwin and his supporters never wanted, and that they perhaps never expected—the fact of Creation. That is because God is the Real and what you call on apart from Him is false. God is the All-High, the Most Great. Don't you see that God sends down water from the sky and then in the morning the earth is covered in green? God is All-Subtle, All-Aware. Everything in the heavens and everything in the Earth belongs to Him. God is the Rich Beyond Need, the Praiseworthy. Don't you see that God has made everything on the Earth subservient to you and the ships running upon the sea by His command? He holds back the heaven, preventing it from falling to the Earth—except by His permission. God is All-Compassionate to humanity, Most Merciful. It is He Who gave you life and then will cause you to die and then will give you life again. Man is truly ungrateful. (Qur'an, 22:62-66)	<urn:uuid:4c45f32d-a738-4932-9d49-6e4180ad352a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.harunyahya.com/en/books/3807/How-Fossils-Overturned-Evolution/chapter/4669/Living-fossils-refute-evolution	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958548	709	2.78125	3
Microbiologists, working for Holiday Which? magazine, dropped bread rolls buttered side down on to the sand and then transported them in sterile bags to a laboratory where they were tested for food poisoning bugs. These tests identified what researchers described as "stomach-churning doses of E. coli bacteria" clinging to the samples taken from Blackpool, Lancashire, and Weston-super-Mare in Somerset. Three of eight samples taken from the beach around Blackpool's north and south piers contained high levels of E. coli and another two showed levels of the bacteria. Two of the four samples from the beach at Weston-super-Mare also revealed high E. coli levels. Roger Lakin of Holiday Which? said: "The doses we found would be a significant health risk if found in food. The most likely source of the bacteria is sea water polluted with sewage." Ten beaches were tested, including Bournemouth and Newquay, where lower levels of E. coli suggested that improvements could be made to minimise contamination risks. The Environment Agency, which is responsible for testing bathing water standards, accepted that there had been problems with sea water quality around Blackpool. A spokeswoman said North West Water was investing pounds 100m to improve water quality in the area. Dr Steven Gee, a specialist in communicable diseases, said holidaymakers were at more risk of catching E. coli from eating a "dodgy burger" than from sitting on the sand.	<urn:uuid:5d3d542b-7a09-4fd9-9125-c009dbf2934b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ecoli-bacteria-found-on-holiday-beaches-1172995.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96707	304	2.65625	3
Today, August 12, is World Elephant Day! World Elephant Day focuses on raising awareness to help elephants. African and Asian elephants face many threats including poaching, habitat loss, human-elephant conflict, mistreatment in captivity, and more. According to the World Elephant Day site: World Elephant Day asks you to experience elephants in non-exploitive and sustainable environments where elephants can thrive under care and protection. On World Elephant Day, August 12, express your concern, share your knowledge and support solutions for the better care of captive and wild elephants alike. What can you do to help elephants? - Learn about elephants and the important role they play in the ecosystem. (See our article, African elephant, to read more.) - Participate in eco-tourism whose operators treat elephants with respect. Boosting Africa’s economy through eco-tourism helps placate local residents who view elephants as pests. - Never buy, sell, or wear ivory. - Write to your politicians to speak out against poaching. (Americans can write a letter to the Secretary of State on the Wildlife Conservation Society website.) - Encourage the ethical treatment of elephants in captivity. Boycott circuses, whose unethical treatment includes chaining elephants up by their feet and trunks, as well as beating them frequently. Urge zoos to create environments similar to African elephants’ native habitat. See the World Elephant Day’s page, How to Help Elephants, for more ideas. Anne-Marie Verbruggen places a contact lens in the left eye of Win Thida, a 44-year-old Asian elephant at the Artis Zoo in Amsterdam. Photo by Artis Zoo. Did you know that contact lenses are not just for people? At the Artis Zoo in Amsterdam, Netherlands, veterinarian Anne-Marie Verbruggen fitted an Asian elephant with a special contact lens. The 44-year-old elephant, named Win Thida, suffered from a scratched cornea after fighting with another elephant. The contact lens will protect the eye while it heals. This was the first time Verbruggen fitted an elephant with a contact lens, however, she has had experience giving horses contact lenses. With the elephant, the challenge was with the massive size and weight of the animal. According to Verbruggen, “Elephants can’t lie down for long before their immense weight impairs their breathing, so I used a ladder to get close enough. It wasn’t ideal, but it worked. She seemed happier straight away.” For more information, see Spiegel Online. Photo by Toledo Zoo. The Toledo Zoo in Ohio announced the birth of a healthy male African elephant calf. The newborn elephant, weighing over 200 pounds, stood within minutes of being born and began nursing a few hours later. The baby’s mother Renee has so far displayed “excellent maternal behavior,” but zoo staff will continue to monitor the pair ensuring they are both healthy and bonded. Adult African elephants can weigh up to 6000 kg (6.6 tons) and measure up to 3.3 m (10 ft.) at the shoulder, making it the world’s largest land mammal. In their native habitat of sub-Saharan Africa, African elephants play a vital role in maintaining ecological harmony. They ingest plants and fruits, walk for miles, and excrete the seeds in fertile dung piles. In this way, new plants can grow in different areas and can cross fertilize. In fact, 90 different tree species rely on the elephant for propagation. African elephants also dig holes to expose underground springs. This allows smaller animals to access water in drier times. To learn more about the Toledo Zoo’s baby elephant, see Toledo Blade. Learn more about African elephants at Animal Fact Guide. The Oklahoma City Zoo team performs a wellness checkup on the new baby Asian elephant. The Oklahoma City Zoo is home to its very first baby elephant! On April 15, 2011, 16-year-old Asha, an Asian elephant, gave birth to a 304-lb female calf. AP Photo/Anupam Nath Officials in India recently made the decision to move all elephants currently living in Indian zoos and circuses to protected wildlife parks. The decision came after complaints from animal activists about the elephants’ confined living conditions, as well as increasing evidence about the shortened lifespan of elephants living in captivity. In the wildlife parks, the elephants would have a larger space to roam. For more info, see: AP. Elephant Reflections, a beautiful book released by the University of California Press this past May, features gorgeous photography that transcends conventional nature photography. Providing a window into the intimate lives of elephants, the photos would be at home in an art gallery. Captured by Karl Ammann, the photographs are categorized into themes such as “Colors,” “Textures,” and “Portraits.” The images beg to be scoured over, luring the reader to examine every detail. The photos are accompanied by an eloquently-written text by Dale Peterson. Peterson’s text informs the reader about many of the captivating behaviors and societal norms of elephants. For example, elephants are thought to use infrasound for long-distance communication. The sounds are too low for humans to hear, but elephants can sense the vibrations from miles away using their large ears and the soles of their feet. Children will be drawn to the large format photos, while parents and teachers will find the text enhances their appreciation of the images. Purchase Elephant Reflections at Amazon.com. You can also learn about elephants here at Animal Fact Guide. Check out our article: African Elephant.	<urn:uuid:d328b6f6-ef68-4aa5-b534-1567098717aa>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.animalfactguide.com/tag/elephants/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.92849	1,192	3.328125	3
Not In My Backyard: The Urband Deer Challenge By Jim Crum The first sighting of a deer out the window of a home causes most people to stare in wonder at the detail provided by such a close-up view. Over time, sightings become routine and the wonder changes to intolerance for deer. This change in attitude can be in response to deer damage to ornamental plants, concern for disease, or concern about vehicle collisions with deer. This shift in human response to abundance of deer does not occur overnight and is not caused by a single action, individual, organization, or government agency. It is an accumulation of daily actions over an extended period, involving many factors that invite deer into the backyard. These factors often are not linked, but when combined, they have a synergistic effect on local deer populations. From 1975 to 1991 in West Virginia , forest landholding of 1 to 10 acres, essentially large-lot homesites, increased more than 70 percent. This contributed to a reduction in the number of deer available to traditional hunting. Another factor affecting deer abundance and distribution is the prohibition which restricts shooting a firearm within 500 feet of a dwelling. This removes a minimum of 18 acres from traditional firearms deer hunting for each house, reducing the effectiveness of hunting to control the deer population. A third factor is the homeowner who alters nature's system of checks and balances by feeding deer. This worsens the situation by creating an artificial deer abundance through both behavior modification and fawn production. Interactions between deer and humans ultimately determine the public tolerance level toward deer. “Cultural carrying capacity” is a term often used to describe this maximum number of deer that can coexist with humans. This number is not a function of nature but of human perceptions, values, and preferences. Looking at West Virginia , it is not surprising that contacts between humans and deer have increased. Human population density in West Virginia has risen from the early 1900s to a relative stable density of 75 people per square mile. During the same time deer numbers have increased from an estimated low of 1,000 animals in 1910 to a population that supports a sustained harvest of 200,000 deer annually, or 10 deer harvested per square mile of land. West Virginia residents living both inside and outside of incorporated cities and towns have several options in preventing and solving deer-related problems. One management option is to allow nature to take its course. This option does not reduce conflicts with humans and increases the risk of starvation and disease to deer. Another option is to trap and transfer deer to other locations. This option is expensive and there are usually no release sites capable of absorbing large numbers of relocated deer. The option of using fencing and repellents is practical to address site-specific problems but has limited application and is designed to supplement, not replace, deer population management. The use of fertility control agents in urban environments is appealing. However, an effective, safe, low-cost fertility control agent for use on free-ranging deer herds is currently not available. The removal of deer by hired sharpshooters for deer population regulation is exceedingly controversial and expensive. Lastly, the use of regulated public deer hunting is applicable to urban environments but is often under used. Of all the options mentioned above, public hunting is the most efficient and least expensive technique for removing deer. Hunting is frequently ruled out as a deer management option, however, due to perceived incompatibility between hunting and urban environments. In most urban environments hunting is compatible if hunting is customized to avert conflicts, such as restricting the weapon type. In fact, archery hunting has been found to be one of the more compatible types of hunting within urban environments. Shooting a bow is quiet. Bowhunters usually hunt alone, often from a single location, and remain relatively stationary. Archers have been found to be inconspicuous to urban residents and bowhunting is safe for both the hunter and non-hunter. From a bowhunter perspective, urban deer population control is as much a service as a hunting opportunity because of the urban environment. To encourage more bowhunters to participate in providing this deer population control service, special deer seasons and bag limits have been established in West Virginia and many other states to facilitate the use of hunting as a deer management tool in urban areas. In West Virginia a special archery deer hunting season is available starting one week prior to the traditional archery season and extending through December 31. To implement the hunt, incorporated cities, towns and homeowner associations must submit a written request to the DNR Director by March 1 of the hunt year. During this special season hunters may take two deer which do not count toward the regular archery season bag limit. Local municipal governments and homeowner associations can customize their hunts with regulations specific for the area, as long as they are within the special archery deer hunting season framework. Hunting zones, hunter proficiency requirements, hunting methods and minimum distances from homes or other dwellings are some examples of customized rules. No injuries have occurred during the eight years urban archery hunts have been held in West Virginia . Ohio DNR established urban deer zones in 1994. These zones include several of the larger metropolitan areas throughout Ohio . Some cities within these zones, in cooperation with the Ohio DNR, allow archery hunting only. In other areas, however, hunters are not limited to archery equipment. The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries established a special urban deer season in 2002, which has been expanded this year to include January, February and March. Bowhunting as a tool for urban deer population control is not a quick fix for deer problems. Local governments and homeowner associations should implement hunts before severe deer problems arise. Successful deer population control through bowhunting has a higher probability of preventing deer problems before they arise versus fixing the problem after they arise. The number of hunters needed and percentage of huntable land can be optimized the earlier urban deer management is addressed. Jim Crum is a wildlife biologist stationed in Elkins.	<urn:uuid:21ceb03e-b831-45aa-adbd-b882d66e769f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.wvdnr.gov/Wildlife/Magazine/Archive/03Fall/Not_In_My_Backyard.shtm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95259	1,209	3.40625	3
Triclosan, a chlorinated polyphenolic compound found in a range of consumer products, has been touted as "antibacterial" and somehow linked, by extension, to providing safety and reducing infection in hospitals and homes. Thus, it's found its way over the last twenty years into soaps and cleansers, and more recently toothpaste (scary). Scientist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor reviewed relevant research on this chemical and the products that contain it, and came to the inevitable conclusion: it doesn't really work at reducing infection rates in hospitals, nor is it any better than regular soap at reducing bacterial levels on hands. And, of course, they tracked and documented cross-resistance amongst bacteria exposed to Triclosan and those who've never tasted the stuff: these ubiquitous antibacterial preparations are contributing to bacterial adaptation and resistance. Our environment is awash in these types of substances already, and bacterial resistance is increasing. Antibiotics, which can be lifesavers in emergency situations, are one thing (overused, granted). But no one should be purchasing these Triclosan-containing products which are ineffective and dangerous to the environmental balance.	<urn:uuid:7bba03f3-179e-4856-b76f-92329eb857fd>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://aradicle.blogspot.com/2008/05/bacterial-resistance-update.html?showComment=1238817120000	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95842	240	2.90625	3
Close your eyes and think of Father Christmas. What do you see? A jolly, fat man, with rosy red cheeks, a fluffy white beard and a red suit? Well close your eyes again and try and imagine him with a green suit rather than red... Difficult maybe, but that is how the British Father Christmas should be dressed. In the 1930s a certain American soft drinks company decided Santa should be dressed in red as part of a marketing campaign and that has stuck. An American soft drinks company decided Santa should be dressed in red It's often thought that Father Christmas and Santa Claus are one and the same person. This may be so now, but it's thought he was once two (or more) different people. We've all heard of St Nicholas who was the Bishop of Myra in Turkey in the 3rd Century. He travelled in his red robes giving gifts to the poor, in particular children. Apparently he was very shy and wanting to give money to a family secretly he dropped coins down the chimney, where they landed in a stocking. St Nicholas 'arrived' in Britain along with the Normans and his story was quickly absorbed into the legend of our 'Father Christmas' who had been around for much longer. There are many stories and legends about pagan winter festivals which include a 'Father Christmas' type figure, all of which have become part of the modern version. It's likely he represented the coming of spring and wore a long green hooded cloak and a wreath of holly, ivy or mistletoe and had the ability to make people happier during the long winter months. In the fifth and sixth centuries he became King Winter, King Frost or Father Time. Someone would dress up as King Winter and was welcomed into homes, where he would sit near the fire and be given something to eat and drink. By being kind to King Winter, people thought they would receive something good in return such as a mild winter. When the Vikings invaded Britain, their traditions came with them. At the end of December the Norse God Odin took on the character of Jul. He visited earth and sporting a white beard and wearing a long blue hooded cloak rode through the world on his eight legged horse giving gifts to the good and punishments to the bad. Father Christmas, like Odin, appears to travel as if by magic and be in lots of places in a short space of time. So, several become one. All the legends and stories merge together, and we have that wonderful, magical character we welcome into our homes every Christmas!	<urn:uuid:fba3f33d-5029-4106-996d-0d3733d24e76>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8394000/8394067.stm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.983372	526	2.78125	3
Wiki Wisdom: Lessons for Educators Instructional-technology coach Kristin Hokanson is hooked on wikis. Hokanson counts at least 40 wikis, or collaborative Web sites, that she either designed or participates in. She uses them to post PowerPoint presentations, provide how-to videos and tutorials for educators, and share other resources with colleagues. “I use wikis for just about everything,” says Hokanson, whose 3,500-student Upper Merion Area School District, in Upper Merion, Pa., is pushing teachers and schools to use technology more effectively. To be sure, wikis have already caught on among some teachers, who have developed creative ways of using them in their classrooms. But recently, an increasing number of administrators have also been turning to wikis to help them do their jobs. “There’s been an enormous uptick of wiki use in the K-12 area in the last three years,” says Adam Frey, a co-founder of San Francisco-based Wikispaces, a for-profit company that provides free wikis to teachers. “A lot of people have found the wiki and really understand it and apply it.” “Wiki” is an abbreviated version of the full name, wiki-wiki, which translates as “quick” in Hawaiian. Wikis have been around since the mid-1990s, Frey says, and were originally used by software engineers to collaborate on writing software and for other technical tasks. A wiki is a Web site that allows those with access the power to edit or add content, track who made changes, and allow revisions to previous versions if needed. Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia that was launched in 2001, is one of the largest and best-known wikis. Though wikis were created by software engineers, wiki technologies these days are easy to use even for non-techies, Frey says. “We realized that technology is less about cramming every single feature into a product, and more about making sure the features a product has are valuable to people,” says Frey. Michael Horton, a science coordinator for California’s Riverside County Office of Education, which includes 23 school districts, says wikis have become valuable tools for sharing best practices and discussing strategies for teaching science. One of the most popular pages on the wiki Horton designed highlights free material—such as DVDs, posters, and bookmarks—that science teachers can get for their classrooms. Horton says those who access his wiki can add more free items they discover on their own. Horton also embeds audio podcasts in his wiki that highlight science misconceptions and how to correct them when talking to students. Horton emphasizes that educators do not have to be technology experts to use wikis. The technology, he says, is fairly simple to use. “It’s about communicating with science teachers,” he says. “I was training some teachers talking about professional learning communities, and a person said, ‘I wish there was a blog where we could discuss that.’ Thirty seconds later, I had created a place on my wiki to do that.” Still, there are problem areas that educators need to be aware of when using wikis, says Jennifer C. Dorman, a facilitator of instructional-staff development at the secondary level for the 20,000-student Central Bucks, Pa., school district. Experts recommend several steps to follow when using wikis, including: 1. Make use of the feature that alerts a wiki manager that changes have been made to the wiki. Check regularly to see what changes have been made and by whom. 2. Determine whether your wiki should be accessible to the public or be limited to a defined group. 3. Be aware of copyright and licensing issues when posting other people’s work. 4. Emphasize “digital professionalism” to the community that can add content to, edit, or otherwise revise your wiki to remind users that it is a document many other people will see. Talk about and make clear what is, and is not, acceptable on the wiki. 5. Especially when using wikis with students, take steps to prevent users from posting personal information that would reveal their identities. For instance, although the creators of wikis generally limit the number of people who view them, many educators prefer to have public wikis so teachers across the country can contribute or take advantage of the collaboration. But when a number of people can make changes to a wiki, those who created the space need to be aware that inappropriate comments and material can be posted or unfair editing can take place. In fact, a new tracking device recently found that corporations and politicians, among others, were editing Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, to manipulate content to make themselves or their businesses look better. Wiki technology can notify the manager of the wiki each time a change is made, and that change can be erased quickly if it’s not appropriate. Dorman cites an incident in which a teacher once removed important parts of a wiki that Dorman runs. She was alerted, and a few minutes later restored a previous version of her wiki. Although her wikis are available for the public to read, to combat such problems she allows only teachers she knows to edit the content. Educators should also be aware of copyright and licensing issues when posting other people’s work on a wiki, Dorman warns. And emphasizing “digital professionalism” among those who contribute to a wiki is vital, she says, to prevent contributors from posting inappropriate comments. Teachers who use wikis with students deal with similar issues. Students of Spanish teacher William Bishop at Haleyville High School in Haleyville, Ala., have used wikis to create and edit reports on Dia De Los Muertos, the Mexican holiday translated as the Day of the Dead, and the Galapagos Islands, as well as profiles of 21 Spanish-speaking countries. “The main thing is to have a strong acceptable-use policy,” Bishop says. “Make sure that’s in effect and you talk to students about it.” Also, while wikis track every editing change made to them and keep a history of what those changes are, some students have tried to game the system by making small alterations (such as adding a period) to make it seem as if they’ve been working hard on a project. Wikis do have the ability, however, to allow a teacher to sift through the changes to see the quality of what a particular student contributed, Frey of Wikispaces says. “Wikis … allow you to get 100 percent participation,” says Vicki Davis, a computer sciences teacher and information-technology director at Westwood Schools, a private school in Camilla, Ga. “Your team may have created the greatest wiki in the world, but if your user ID hasn’t contributed, then you get a zero. It eliminates the bottom-feeders of projects—the student who kicks back and lets all the other kids do the work.” Security is an issue, too. Teachers can build wikis that only a small group, such as a class, can see. But many teachers prefer to have wikis open for public viewing. Davis, who uses public wikis, says she often posts student-made videos and photographs on her wiki. But she does not allow her students to list personal information, and they must use pseudonyms. Also, she requires that younger students put an Avatar, or electronic picture or representation, over their faces in video or photos. Older students are allowed to use their own faces, however. “We try to protect the privacy of the student,” Davis says. Davis has won awards for her wikis, including “The Flat Classroom Project,” which began when her class was studying Thomas L. Friedman’s best-seller The World Is Flat, which addresses the impact of globalization. That wiki linked Davis’ Georgia students with students in Bangladesh to collect and present information on globalization and outsourcing, virtual communication, and how the Internet has changed the world. Davis’ wiki was even mentioned in an update to Friedman’s book. Vol. 01, Issue Fall 2007, Pages 16,18 Get more stories and free e-newsletters!	<urn:uuid:dd6fb668-54fc-454e-b77d-2ec95de85dad>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2007/09/12/02wiki.h01.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.945333	1,736	3.5625	4
Discrimination Types Basises \| Civil Rights Division \| NRCS The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. The ADEA's protections apply to both employees and job applicants. Under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because of his/her age with respect to any term, condition, or privilege of employment, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training. For additional information on Age Discrimination go to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) webpage. Title VII prohibits employment discrimination because of color as a basis separately listed in the statute. The statute does not define color. The courts and the Commission read color to have its commonly understood meaning pigmentation, complexion, or skin shade or tone. Thus, color discrimination occurs when a person is discriminated against based on the lightness, darkness, or other color characteristic of the person. Even though race and color clearly overlap, they are not synonymous. Thus, color discrimination can occur between persons of different races or ethnicities, or between persons of the same race or ethnicity. EXAMPLE 1 COLOR-BASED HARASSMENT James, a light-complexioned African American, has worked as a waiter at a restaurant for over a year. His manager, a brown-complexioned African American, has frequently made offensive comments and jokes about James skin color, causing him to lose sleep and dread coming in to work. James requests that the conduct stop only intensified the abuse. James has been subjected to harassment in the form of a hostile work environment, based on his color. EXAMPLE 2 COLOR-BASED EMPLOYMENT DECISIONS Melanie, a brown-complexioned Latina, works as a sales clerk for a major department store. She applies for a promotion to be the Counter Manager for a major line of beauty products, but the employer denies her the promotion because the vendor prefers a light skinned representative to manage its product line at this particular location. The employer has unlawfully discriminated on the basis of color. Throughout the remainder of this Manual Section, the term race, rather than color, generally is used. This is done for stylistic reasons, as well as to reflect that many more race claims are made each year than color claims. However, the same analysis apply to both race and color. For additional information on Color Discrimination go to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) webpage. National Origin Discrimination National origin discrimination means treating someone less favorably because he or she comes from a particular place, because of his or her ethnicity or accent, or because it is believed that he or she has a particular ethnic background. National origin discrimination also means treating someone less favorably at work because of marriage or other association with someone of a particular nationality. For additional information on National Origin Discrimination go to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) webpage. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of l964 prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals because of their religion in hiring, firing, and other terms and conditions of employment. Title VII further states: Employers may not treat employees or applicants more or less favorably because of their religious beliefs or practices - except to the extent a religious accommodation is warranted. For example, an employer may not refuse to hire individuals of a certain religion, may not impose stricter promotion requirements for persons of a certain religion, and may not impose more or different work requirements on an employee because of that employee's religious beliefs or practices. Employees cannot be forced to participate -- or not participate -- in a religious activity as a condition of employment. Employers must reasonably accommodate employees' sincerely held religious practices unless doing so would impose an undue hardship on the employer. A reasonable religious accommodation is any adjustment to the work environment that will allow the employee to practice his religion. An employer might accommodate an employee's religious beliefs or practices by allowing: flexible scheduling, voluntary substitutions or swaps, job reassignments and lateral transfers, modification of grooming requirements and other workplace practices, policies and/or procedures. An employer is not required to accommodate an employee's religious beliefs and practices if doing so would impose an undue hardship on the employers' legitimate business interests. An employer can show undue hardship if accommodating an employee's religious practices requires more than ordinary administrative costs, diminishes efficiency in other jobs, infringes on other employees' job rights or benefits, impairs workplace safety, causes co-workers to carry the accommodated employee's share of potentially hazardous or burdensome work, or if the proposed accommodation conflicts with another law or regulation. Employers must permit employees to engage in religious expression, unless the religious expression would impose an undue hardship on the employer. Generally, an employer may not place more restrictions on religious expression than on other forms of expression that have a comparable effect on workplace efficiency. Employers must take steps to prevent religious harassment of their employees. An employer can reduce the chance that employees will engage unlawful religious harassment by implementing an anti-harassment policy and having an effective procedure for reporting, investigating and correcting harassing conduct. For additional information on Religious Discrimination go to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) webpage. An employer may not fire, demote, harass or otherwise "retaliate" against an individual for filing a charge of discrimination, participating in a discrimination proceeding, or otherwise opposing discrimination. The same laws that prohibit discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, and disability, as well as wage differences between men and women performing substantially equal work, also prohibit retaliation against individuals who oppose unlawful discrimination or participate in an employment discrimination proceeding. Participation in an employment discrimination proceeding - Participation means taking part in an employment discrimination proceeding. Participation is protected activity even if the proceeding involved claims that ultimately were found to be invalid. For additional information on Reprisal/Retaliation go to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) webpage. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, protects qualified employees and applicants with disabilities in the Executive Branch of the Federal government from employment discrimination based on disability. In 1992, the substantive employment standards of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. Section 12111, et seq., were made applicable to the Federal Government through the Rehabilitation Act. The amended law requires Federal employers to provide reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities so that employees with disabilities can enjoy the benefits and privileges of employment equal to those enjoyed by similarly situated employees without disabilities. It requires Federal agencies to provide reasonable accommodation for known physical or mental limitations of qualified employees and applicants, unless to do so would cause undue hardship. The law also ensures equal access to Federal programs, activities, and facilities to people with disabilities. Who is an individual with a disability? An individual with a disability: has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the person's major life activities; has a record of such an impairment; or is regarded as having such impairment. What is a major life activity? A major life activity is a function that the average person in the general population can perform with little or no difficulty. Major life activities include activities such as caring for oneself, seeing, hearing, walking, breathing, speaking, learning, sitting, standing, lifting, reaching, and working. Who is a qualified individual with a disability? A qualified individual with a disability has the skills, experience, education, and other requirements of the job the individual holds or desires, and can perform the essential functions of the position with or without reasonable accommodation. What happens if the disability is not obvious? When the disability and/or the need for accommodation is not obvious, the employer may ask the individual for reasonable documentation about his/her disability and functional limitations. An employer should respond expeditiously to a request for reasonable accommodation. What is an undue hardship? An agency is not required to make an accommodation if it can demonstrate that providing the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on its everyday operations. An undue hardship is an action that requires "significant difficulty or expense" in relation to: overall size of the agency's program with respect to the number of employees, number and type of facilities and size of budget; type of operation, including the composition and structure of the agency's workforce; and nature and cost of the accommodation. For additional information on Disability Discrimination go to the NRCS Civil Rights or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) webpages. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects individuals against employment discrimination on the basis of sex. It is unlawful to discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of his/her sex in regard to hiring, termination, promotion, compensation, job training, or any other term, condition, or privilege of employment. Title VII also prohibits employment decisions based on stereotypes and assumptions about abilities, traits, or the performance of individuals on the basis of sex. Title VII prohibits both intentional discrimination and neutral job policies that disproportionately exclude individuals on the basis of sex and that are not job related. Title VII's prohibitions against sex-based discrimination also cover: This includes practices ranging from direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions that create a hostile environment for persons of either gender, including same sex harassment. Pregnancy Based Discrimination Title VII was amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth and related medical conditions. For additional information on Sex Discrimination go to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) webpage. Title VII prohibits employer actions that discriminate, by motivation or impact, against persons because of race. Title VII does not contain a definition of race, nor has the Commission adopted one. For the collection of federal data on race and ethnicity, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has provided the following five racial categories: American Indian or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; and White; and one ethnicity category, Hispanic or Latino. OMB has made clear that these categories are social-political constructs . . . and should not be interpreted as being genetic, biological, or anthropological in nature. Title VII prohibition of race discrimination generally encompasses: Ancestry: Employment discrimination because of racial or ethnic ancestry. Discrimination against a person because of his or her ancestry can violate Title VII prohibition against race discrimination. Note that there can be considerable overlap between race and national origin, but they are not identical. For example, discrimination against a Chinese American might be targeted at her Asian ancestry and not her Chinese national origin. In that case, she would have a claim of discrimination based on race, not national origin. Physical Characteristics: Employment discrimination based on a person physical characteristics associated with race, such as a person color, hair, facial features, height and weight. Race-linked Illness: Discrimination based on race-linked illnesses. For example, sickle cell anemia is a genetically-transmitted disease that affects primarily persons of African descent. Other diseases, while not linked directly to race or ethnicity, may nevertheless have a disproportionate impact. For example, Native Hawaiians have a disproportionately high incidence of diabetes. If the employer applies facially neutral standards to exclude treatment for conditions or risks that disproportionately affect employees on the basis of race or ethnicity, the employer must show that the standards are based on generally accepted medical criteria. Culture: Employment discrimination because of cultural characteristics related to race or ethnicity. Title VII prohibits employment discrimination against a person because of cultural characteristics often linked to race or ethnicity, such as a person name, cultural dress and grooming practices, or accent or manner of speech. For example, an employment decision based on a person having a so-called black accent, or sounding White, violates Title VII if the accent or manner of speech does not materially interfere with the ability to perform job duties. Perception: Employment discrimination against an individual based on a belief that the individual is a member of a particular racial group, regardless of how the individual identifies himself. Discrimination against an individual based on a perception of his or her race violates Title VII even if that perception is wrong. Association: Employment discrimination against an individual because of his/her association with someone of a particular race. For example, it is unlawful to discriminate against a White person because he or she is married to an African American or has a multiracial child, or because he or she maintains friendships or otherwise associates with persons of a certain race. Subgroup or race Plus: Title VII prohibits discrimination against a subgroup of persons in a racial group because they have certain attributes in addition to their race. Thus, for example, it would violate Title VII for an employer to reject Black women with preschool age children, while not rejecting other women with preschool age children. Reverse Race Discrimination: Title VII prohibits race discrimination against all persons, including Caucasians. A plaintiff may prove a claim of discrimination through direct or circumstantial evidence. Some courts, however, take the position that if a White person relies on circumstantial evidence to establish a reverse discrimination claim, he or she must meet a heightened standard of proof. The Commission, in contrast, applies the same standard of proof to all race discrimination claims, regardless of the victim race or the type of evidence used. In either case, the ultimate burden of persuasion remains always on the plaintiff. For additional information on Race Discrimination go to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) webpage.	<urn:uuid:aa02bda7-abd9-409c-b3a3-4def8bc7bef0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/about/civilrights/?cid=nrcs143_022446	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.940914	2,767	3.546875	4
Solve for R. A loan of 20,000 is to be repaid in 13 equal annual payments each payable at year-end. Interest is at a 4% annual effective rate. Because the borrower is having financial difficulties, the lender agrees that the borrower may skip the 5th and 6th payments. Immediately after the 6th payment would have been paid, the loan is renegotiated to yield a 5% annual effective rate for the remaining 7 years. Calculate the new level annual payment for the remaining 7 years. (Answer: 2,783.65) So my thought was that for the first 4 years he's paying (20000/13)*[(1.04)^4 - 1 / .04] = 6533.02 The last 7 years he's paying x[(1.05)^7 - 1 / .05] So x[(1.05)^7 - 1 / .05] + 6533.02 = 20000 But I'm not getting the right answer ... am I setting it up correctly?	<urn:uuid:1e714fba-1465-4922-a118-d84eb4abd0c9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://mathhelpforum.com/business-math/103299-solved-loan-payments.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96527	218	2.5625	3
New York (UPI) Sep 15, 2005 Radios the size of bacteria employing nano-magnets could help microchips wirelessly communicate with one another, experts told UPI's Nano World. "Wireless connections between microchips could offer possible benefits in terms of reduced system complexity and easier and less costly manufacturing requirements," said researcher Fred Mancoff, a magnetoelectronics-device scientist at chipmaker Freescale Semiconductor in Chandler, Ariz. "One known problem that is out there is the speed bottleneck due to wired interconnects in semiconductor electronics. These devices that we are studying could be a valid solution for nano-sized transmitters and receivers for wireless communication between chips in a computer or even within a chip itself," said researcher Shehzu Kaka, a physicist formerly at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colo., and now at Seagate Technology in Scotts Valley, Calif. "Chipmakers like Intel are pursuing wireless optical communications between chips, and our technology could be an inexpensive and perhaps more effective alternative." Two research teams, one led by NIST, the other at Freescale, experimented with magnets each 50 to 80 nanometers wide. Applying electrical current to such magnets causes their poles to rotate. These oscillations then can be employed for radio signals. The scientists wanted to synchronize the nano-magnet oscillations, making sure they all swung together in step. When the oscillations are synchronized, their combined output can be much greater than the sum of their parts. Both research teams independently found when the magnets sit about 200 nanometers to 500 nanometers apart, they synchronize naturally, much as two pendulums will come into synchrony if they both are attached to the same support. The result: The synchronized magnets generate a single signal with twice the intensity of an unsynchronized pair of magnets. The scientists report their findings in the Sept. 15 issue of the journal Nature. "These devices are fully compatible with standard semiconductor manufacturing technology," Mancoff said. In principle, this synchronization and the resulting amplification in output power should work not just with two nano-magnets, but also with series of them. Arrays of 10 nano-magnets could produce and receive microwatt signals, enough to serve in transmitters and receivers in cell phones, radar and microchips. "Larger arrays, and higher powers are the clear next step for applications," said researcher Matthew Pufall, a NIST physicist. However, "from a basic research point of view, we need to understand the nature of the interaction between oscillators." "A more practical issue involves the engineering of such a device into a working chip, which will be anything but trivial. But then, the researchers are from Freescale and NIST. They definitely have the resources and the know-how," said physicist Raj Mohanty of Boston University. Charles Choi covers research and technology for UPI All rights reserved. © 2005 United Press International. Sections of the information displayed on this page (dispatches, photographs, logos) are protected by intellectual property rights owned by United Press International. As a consequence, you may not copy, reproduce, modify, transmit, publish, display or in any way commercially exploit any of the content of this section without the prior written consent of United Press International. Subscribe To SpaceDaily Express Public Attitudes Toward Nano New York (UPI) Sep 14, 2005 When it comes to nanotechnology, the U.S. public apparently looks forward most to advanced medical applications that save lives and improved consumer goods that enhance quality of life, experts told UPI's Nano World. \|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2016 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement All images and articles appearing on Space Media Network have been edited or digitally altered in some way. Any requests to remove copyright material will be acted upon in a timely and appropriate manner. Any attempt to extort money from Space Media Network will be ignored and reported to Australian Law Enforcement Agencies as a potential case of financial fraud involving the use of a telephonic carriage device or postal service.\|	<urn:uuid:da21eb6e-4266-46c3-a437-93daa8e2d4f4>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nanotech-05zzzx.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.925898	988	3.359375	3
The Zone of the autochthonous sedimentary rocks, ranging in age from the Upper Cretaceous to the Pleistocene (70 Ma to recent), covers the area between the Keryneia Terrane and Troodos Terrane (Mesaoria) as well as the southern part of the island. It consists of bentonitic clays, volcaniclastics, melange, marls, chalks, cherts, limestones, calcarenites, evaporites and clastic sediments. The geological history of Cyprus from the Upper Cretaceous (70 Ma) is characterised by marine sedimentation in a sea which becomes gradually more shallow. Sedimentation begins with the deposition of the Kannaviou Formation (bentonitic clays, volcaniclastics), followed by the deposition of the Moni and Kathikas Formations. Overlying the Mamonia Complex rocks, there is an allochthonous sedimentary formation, known as Kathikas Formation, which is directly related to the emplacement of the Mamonia Complex (melange). Carbonate sedimentation begins in the Palaeocene (65 Ma) with the deposition of the Lefkara Formation, which includes pelagic marls and chalks with characteristic white colour, with or without cherts. The classic development of the Formation is represented by four members: Lower Marls, Chalks with layers of chert, massive Chalks and Upper Marls. The Lefkara Formation is followed by the Pachna Formation (Miocene, 23-7 Ma), which consists mainly of yellowish marls and chalks. The colour of the rocks, the presence of calcarenitic layers and the occasional development of conglomerates are characteristics that differentiate the Pachna from the Lefkara Formation. Sedimentation in the Pachna Formation began and terminated in shallow-water environments with the development of reefal limestones (Terra Member at the base and Koronia Member at the top of the Formation). The deposition of the evaporites of the Kalavasos Formation followed in the Upper Miocene (Messinian, 7 Ma) as a result of the isolation of the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean and the evaporation of Mediterranean sea water. The Formation is composed of gypsum and gypsiferous marls that cover extensive areas. Gypsum occurs in four types: sugary (crystalline), laminated (‘marble’), selenite (transparent with large twin crystals) and alabastre (massive semitrasparent). With the re-connection of the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, a new cycle of sedimentation began (Pliocene, 5 Ma). The Nicosia Formation was deposited first and contains siltstones (grey and yellow) and layers of calcarenites, marls and calcarenites interlayered with sandy marls. Finally, the Fanglomerate is a Pleistocene formation and includes clastic deposits (gravels, sand and silt). The clastic sediments are the most important aquifers of the island. These are mostly developed in broad valleys and river deltas. Such aquifers are those of western and eastern Mesaoria, Akrotiri and Pafos. Aquifers are also developed in porous rocks such as calcarenites, in limestones and gypsum that are characterised by karst, and in fractured rocks such as chalks, limestones, etc. The sedimentary rocks are the main sources of the industrial minerals of the island. The main industrial minerals include gypsum (used in the cement production), brick clays, umber, ochre and terra verte (natural pigments), marls and chalks (cement production), bentonitic clays (various industrial uses), building stone, celestite and magnesite.	<urn:uuid:8732bd50-7227-41f5-aa94-afbd4a5fa287>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/gsd/gsd.nsf/dmlSediments_en/dmlSediments_en?OpenDocument	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.921334	810	3.34375	3
Equipment used in a laboratory setting to protect workers from harmful gases and chemicals and specimens from contamination. Biological Safety Cabinets (98 suppliers) Breathing and Ventilation Air Systems (248 suppliers) Breathing air systems and ventilation air systems provide reliable and safe air supply sources to workers in hazardous industrial environments. Learn more about Breathing and Ventilation Air Systems Clean Benches (100 suppliers) Cleanroom Supplies and Accessories (215 suppliers) Cleanroom supplies and accessories include garments, flooring, lighting, ducting and other items used in cleanroom settings. Learn more about Cleanroom Supplies and Accessories Cleanrooms (204 suppliers) Ear Protection (450 suppliers) Eyewear (733 suppliers) Face Shields (325 suppliers) Fume Hoods (272 suppliers) Gloveboxes and Isolators (107 suppliers) Gloveboxes and isolators are used to contain hazardous substances or materials that must not come in contact with the outside environment. Search by Specification \| Learn more about Gloveboxes and Isolators Hot Cells (9 suppliers) Hot cells are shielded radiation containment chambers that allow operators to safely handle and manipulate radioactive isotopes. They are used in both the nuclear energy industry and in nuclear medicine. Learn more about Hot Cells Industrial Floor Mats (507 suppliers) Industrial floor mats include rubber mats and matting, modular floor mat systems, and other matting for traction, impact protection, worker ergonomics and comfort. They can include functional features such as ESD protection. Search by Specification \| Learn more about Industrial Floor Mats Laser Protective Eyewear (47 suppliers) Respirators and Dust Masks (468 suppliers) Safety Clothing (703 suppliers) Safety clothing (also personal protective equipment, or PPE) refers to attire functioning to keep the wearer's occupational risks to a minimum. PPE is considered the last line of defense in worker safety, yet remains a crucial part of worker safety. Search by Specification \| Learn more about Safety Clothing Safety Gloves (1,166 suppliers) Safety gloves are personal protective equipment worn over the hands to protect users from adverse processes or environments. They come in a variety of designs to support their breadth of utility. Search by Specification \| Learn more about Safety Gloves Shower and Eye Washing Stations (176 suppliers) Shower and eye washing stations are used for hand washing and emergency eye and body washing in laboratory, industrial or factory environments. Search by Specification \| Learn more about Shower and Eye Washing Stations TLD and Film Badges (16 suppliers) Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and film badges offer delayed-read measurements of cumulative exposure to ionizing radiation. They are commonly worn by personnel. Learn more about TLD and Film Badges	<urn:uuid:c573f2a3-5849-4a8e-bd0c-0cd719e05ecb>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.globalspec.com/productfinder/labware_scientific_instruments/laboratory_safety_equipment	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.889779	595	3.125	3
Thermophotovoltaics and Carbon Nanotube Based Supercapacitors John G. Kassakian, Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems, MIT Friday, October 26, 2007, 3:30pm MP3 (22 MB) This seminar is part of the Jones Seminars on Science, Technology, and Society series Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems are similar to solarphotovoltaics except that the incident radiation is created by burning a fuel (e.g., propane) to heat an emitter to a temperature in the vicinity of 1300K. Wavelength selective mirrors and emitter structures are used to match the spectrum of the incident radiation to the bandgap of the photodiodes. Supercapacitors are energy storage devices exploiting the electrical double-layer to achieve capacitances on the order of 100s of Farads. They are more accurately referred to as "double-layer capacitors" (DLCs). The use of carbon nanotube (CNT) based electrodes shows promise of achieving energy densities comparable to electrochemical batteries, with much greater power densities. This talk describes the fabrication of nanostructured tungsten emitters and dielectric stack selective mirrors for use in advanced TPV systems, and the potential performance of nanotube based supercapacitors. The experimental performance of these photonic crystal TPV devices and the current state of our work to produce DLC electrodes using carbon nanotubes will be presented. About the Speaker John Kassakian is Director of the MIT Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems. He received his undergraduate and graduate degrees from MIT, and prior to joining the MIT faculty, served a tour of duty in the US Navy. He is the Founding President of the IEEE Power Electronics Society, and is the recipient of the IEEE Centennial Medal, the IEEE William E. Newell Award, the IEEE Power Electronics Society's Distinguished Service Award, and the IEEE Millennium Medal. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He has published extensively in the areas of power electronics, education and automotive electrical systems, and is a co-author of the textbook Principles of Power Electronics.	<urn:uuid:7828c1ed-86c6-48cc-9553-10cd7496e75b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.engineering.dartmouth.edu/events/thermophotovoltaics-and-carbon-nanotube-based-supercapacitors/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.91525	462	2.625	3
Confucius (kənfyōˈshəs) [key], Chinese K'ung Ch'iu or K'ung Fu-tzu, Pinyin Kong Fuzi, c.551–479? B.C., Chinese sage. Positive evidence concerning the life of Confucius is scanty; modern scholars base their accounts largely on the Analects, a collection of sayings and short dialogues apparently collected by his disciples, and discard most of the later legends. Confucius was born in the feudal state of Lu, in modern Shandong prov. Distressed by the constant warfare between the Chinese states and by the venality and tyranny of the rulers, he urged a system of morality and statecraft that would preserve peace and provide people with stable and just government. He gathered about him a number of disciples, some occupying high positions, although Confucius himself was at most granted an insignificant sinecure, possibly because of his extremely outspoken manner toward his superiors. From about his 55th to his 65th year he journeyed to several neighboring states, but he was never able to induce any ruler to grant him high office so that he might introduce his reforms. Later tradition depicts Confucius as a man who made special study of ancient books, in an effort to restore an older social order. It is said that he was a minister of state and the author, editor, or compiler of the Wu Ching [five classics] (see Chinese literature). His supposed doctrines are embodied in Confucianism. For bibliography, see Confucianism. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:52a90b7e-8a61-4ca1-adbc-5b0f35f29c80>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/confucius.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975727	351	3.5625	4
Differential focus is a term used to describe how an image has been designed by the photographer. The photographer intentionally keeps specific aspects of the image in sharp focus whilst allowing other parts to fall out of focus. This is usually done to give separation between the subject and the background, so the subject literally pop out of the image at the viewer. However on occasion you may wish to have the main subject somewhat out of focus and have a secondary subject sharp. A good example of this is in wedding photography when photographing the bride and groom with the wedding car. The front of the wedding car will be in sharp focus whilst the newly weds will be further back in soft focus. This creates atmosphere in the image and is much more artistic and powerful than simply having everything in sharp focus, which will create a flat appearance with litter impact. Using differential focus is another tool in the photographer’s arsenal to create the illusion of a 3-D image in a 2-D print. Other tools include placing your subject in an environment with a foreground and a background. Using lines either real or implied also gives cues to the viewer about the 3-D environment. Differential focus actually replicates the way we view the real world. You can easily test this by looking at an object that is very close to you and then become mentally aware of the surrounding areas, which will be out-of-focus. You can also test how much depth-of-field you have Hold both of your hands around 12 inches, 30cm, away from your face with your forefingers extended. Focus on your forefingers. Now slowly move one of your hands further away until you become aware that it has started becoming less sharp. The distance between your fingers is effectively your depth-of-field for viewing objects that are close to you. How to we create differential focus? Differential focus is created by controlling the depth-of-field, which is the area considered acceptably sharp. Depth of field is controlled by three components; lens aperture, lens focal length and distance between you and the subject. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field for formulae for calculating precise depth-of-field in specific circumstances. However from a practical point of view all you need to know is you can reduce the depth-of-field by: - moving closer to your subject - using a longer focal length lens - using a wider aperture Using a combination of these will significantly reduce the depth-of-field. A great example of this is a bridal portrait taken with a 70-200 lens at f/2.8. If you’re around 2 metres from your subject with the lens at 200mm and set to f2.8, you’ll have a depth-of-field of approximately 2cm! This is when focus becomes critical. Focus must be on her eyes and the camera parallel with her face to render the eyes and lips in focus. This then creates a natural soft focus effect on her skin removing and softening any blemishes. The background will then be rendered completely out-of-focus – the quality of this is referred to as bokeh. The effect of these depth-of-field controlling factors is the film size or size of digital sensor. The larger the size of the medium capturing the image the less depth-of-field is realized for any given combination of the variable factors. In other words all things being equal the larger the film/sensor the shallower the depth of field; and conversely the smaller the film/sensor the deeper the depth-of-field becomes. Therefore it is difficult to use differential focus with cameras that have very small sensors such as point and shoot pocket cameras and mobile phone cameras. So it is ironic that their images often appear unsharp everywhere! Perhaps this is caused by craming so many pixels in a tiny area, which increases the digital noise to such a level that it is unable to render anything sharp.	<urn:uuid:f58c3447-250c-425e-9bde-d22d69bf3a24>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.patb-photography.co.uk/3255/differential-focus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956205	827	3.359375	3
A stroke is a sudden stop of blood supply to part of the brain. Some people have strokes without ever knowing it. These so-called silent strokes either have no easy-to-recognize symptoms, or you don’t remember them. But they do cause permanent damage in your brain. If you've had more than one silent stroke, you may have thinking and memory problems. They can also lead to more severe strokes. If you have a silent stroke, you probably won’t know it, unless you happen to have a brain scan and the damage shows up. You may have slight memory problems or a little difficulty getting around. A doctor may be able to see signs of silent strokes without testing.	<urn:uuid:eeaaa3ff-33da-432e-ab98-580a52150761>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.webmd.com/stroke/silent-stroke-you-need-to-know	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968659	146	3.046875	3
Several dozen inlets have existed along North Carolina's Atlantic coastline since European settlers first arrived in the sixteenth century. A few important inlets have remained nearly permanent travel corridors between North Carolina's coastal towns and the open sea, while others, created in the Outer Banks during hurricanes and other severe storms, stayed open for very short periods of time. Throughout the years, hurricanes have also closed a number of the state's inlets, some of which have been reopened at great public expense. Ocracoke Inlet, just south of Ocracoke Island, is the only inlet that has been open throughout North Carolina's more than 400 years of recorded history. In 1585 the first colonists sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh entered the inlet en route to Roanoke Island. Early settlers and traders, bound for the ports on the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers, found Ocracoke the only deepwater inlet that connected the Atlantic Ocean with the Pamlico Sound. In the early 1700s, the other Outer Banks inlets-Currituck, Roanoke, and old Hatteras-became progressively less reliable, and by the late eighteenth century all three had closed. This left Ocracoke Inlet as the main port of entry for northeastern North Carolina, including the Albemarle Sound, the Pamlico Sound, and all of their estuaries. Northern Carolina planters continued to be dependent on Ocracoke Inlet both for shipping products abroad and for importing commodities that were not produced there. With the advent of steam power, Ocracoke Inlet was used also by the new passenger-carrying steamships, especially on the route between New York City and New Bern. In a 12-month period in 1836 and 1837, more than 1,400 vessels passed through Ocracoke Inlet. Meanwhile, Portsmouth continued to grow. In 1840 a post office was established there, and in 1846 the federal government opened a marine hospital to take care of sick seamen. In 1850 the official population of the town was 505. The decline of Ocracoke Inlet began on 7 Sept. 1846, when a powerful hurricane opened two new inlets through the Outer Banks, Oregon Inlet and a new Hatteras Inlet. Within 15 years, when the Civil War spread to coastal North Carolina, Hatteras Inlet had replaced Ocracoke as the most important inlet along the Outer Banks. In late 1861, after the Confederate forts at Hatteras Inlet had been captured by Union forces, several stone-filled vessels were towed south to Ocracoke Inlet and sunk to block the channel. Ocracoke Inlet never regained its prominence, and Portsmouth, the town dependent on its survival, gradually withered away. Ocracoke Inlet remains navigable by small craft and still appears on North Carolina maps and charts. It is identified primarily as the boundary line between Hyde and Carteret Counties and between the Cape Hatteras National Seashore and the Cape Lookout National Seashore. Hatteras Inlet, which separates Hatteras from Ocracoke, has remained open continuously since its creation in the hurricane of 1846. (The first Hatteras Inlet, open during the colonial period, is reported to have shoaled up and closed prior to the Revolution after a British warship was stranded in the channel.) Prior to that, Ocracoke was a peninsula attached to Hatteras Island, and a solid line of beach extended from above Cape Hatteras to Ocracoke Inlet. The modern Hatteras Inlet is wide and shallow, and consequently able to accommodate only relatively small vessels, but it is used extensively by a large commercial fishing fleet operating out of Hatteras Village and other Pamlico Sound ports. A fleet of state-run ferry boats also cross the inlet between Hatteras and the north end of Ocracoke Island. The ferries are free, and during the summer tourist season the traffic is so heavy that they depart both sides of the inlet every few minutes. Oregon Inlet, very changeable and less important to commerce than Hatteras and Ocracoke Inlets, served enough shallow-draft vessels to earn attention from the government. In the 1870s the Army Corps of Engineers, yielding to public demands, made the first of many studies of improvements. Use of Oregon Inlet declined with the share of maritime trade borne by small vessels but began to grow again in the 1930s, when roads and bridges revived tourism in Dare County. Acquisition of land on both sides of the inlet for Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 1953 stopped private-sector development in the vicinity. Growth on Hatteras Island led to the construction of the Herbert Bonner Bridge in 1964. This project caused or coincided with the onset of wild changes in depth and a rapid narrowing of the Oregon Inlet from more than 7,700 feet to less than 2,500. Maintaining the channel has since become difficult, and the inlet has nearly closed from hurricanes and other factors several times. Even before the bridge was built, the instability of Oregon Inlet and the violence of its currents led the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission to declare it the most dangerous place in the state for boating. Beaufort Inlet is a deepwater channel that traverses the Outer Banks west of Cape Lookout, connecting Bogue Sound with the Atlantic Ocean. Originally known as Topsail Inlet or Core Sound Inlet, it has served North Carolina as a port of entry since the early days of settlement. Efforts to maintain the natural depth of Beaufort Inlet (15 to 20 feet), or to increase it by stabilizing the channel and reducing its width, were begun by the Army Corps of Engineers in the 1880s with the construction of jetties at Shackleford Point on the north side and Fort Macon Point on the south side. In modern times, with Beaufort Inlet serving as the entranceway to the State Port at Morehead City, the depth of the main channel is maintained at 30 feet. Bogue Inlet, the southern limit of the Outer Banks, may have been visited by Europeans as early as 1524 when Giovanni da Verrazano, a Florentine explorer employed by the French, sent a small party ashore near the modern boundary between Carteret and Onslow Counties. The inlet remained largely ignored until the beginning of the eighteenth century, when Queen Anne's War transformed the ongoing rivalry between Spain and England into formal belligerency. During much of the nineteenth century, Bogue Inlet continued to be the site of considerable maritime traffic. Lumber, turpentine, tar, and pickled beef and pork came down the White Oak River and departed through the inlet for other parts of the United States, while fertilizer and manufactured goods arrived through the passage. After the Civil War, a series of events conspired to reduce Bogue Inlet's significance. Some shippers found that transporting goods through Bogue Sound to Morehead City made more sense than moving them across the open ocean. As if to retaliate for being neglected, the inlet began to fill with silt, eventually providing only about a fathom of water at low tide. Onslow County became connected to Wilmington, a deepwater port, by rail in the 1890s, and the Inland Waterway, as of 1931, provided a vastly superior route than Bogue Inlet did to Swansboro-by then just a quiet fishing village, no longer the busy port it had once been. Several other inlets have been significant in North Carolina history and have remained important features of the state's coastline. Beginning in the 1720s and throughout the colonial period, New River Inlet, located at the mouth of the New River in Onslow County, served as a significant artery of trade, and in 1758 it was designated as an inspection point for export commodities. Maritime trade through New River Inlet continued during most of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, accompanied by sporadic efforts by both the state and federal governments to improve its channels of navigation. This trade declined markedly in the 1890s, however, with the completion of a railroad link between Wilmington and Jacksonville. Maritime use of New Topsail Inlet, located along the coast of Pender County at the lower end of Topsail Beach, began in the second quarter of the eighteenth century, and for nearly 200 years thereafter the inlet served as a significant artery of coastal trade. In close proximity to ongoing residential and recreational development, the inlet by the late twentieth century was being used primarily by pleasure craft and sport fishing boats. Lockwoods Folly Inlet, situated between Holden Beach and Long Beach in south-central Brunswick County, provides an outlet to the Atlantic Ocean for the Lockwoods Folly River. The inlet was improved by the federal government as early as the 1890s, but its use as an artery of commerce had diminished considerably by the 1930s. Carolina Beach Inlet is a man-made inlet located just north of Carolina Beach. Early plans for an artificial inlet in that area were formulated by 1938 but were not carried into effect for another 14 years. Other North Carolina inlets existing in 2006 were Swash Inlet, Drum Inlet, Bear Inlet, Brown's Inlet, Rich Inlet, Mason Inlet, Masonboro Inlet, Corncake Inlet, and Tubbs Inlet. Gary S. Dunbar, Historical Geography of the North Carolina Outer Banks (1958). Robert L. Gray, "Opening an Inlet to the Carolina Sound," Literary Digest 7 (March 1925). Jay Langfelder and others, A Historical Review of Some of North Carolina's Coastal Inlets (1974). David Stick, The Outer Banks of North Carolina, 1584-1958 (1958). Of the inlets and havens of this country, LearnNC: http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-colonial/1976 Past, Present and Future Inlets of the Outer Banks Barrier Islands, North Carolina, A White Paper, ECU: http://www.ecu.edu/icsp/ICSP/Reports_files/PastPresentAndFutureInletsDec2008.pdf North Carolina Beach, Inlet & Waterway Association: http://www.ncbiwa.org/ N.C. Beach and Inlet Management Plan, NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources: http://dcm2.enr.state.nc.us/bimp.htm Oregon Inlet, the Outerbanks Website: http://www.outerbanks.com/oregoninlet/ 1846 hurricane cuts NC inlets: http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-hc-history-1846,0,2340494.story "Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations: The northern Outer Banks. By Dirk Frankenberg and Blair Tormey. LearnNC: http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/cede_nobx/cover Search results for 'inlet' in the North Carolina Digital Collections, NC Department of Cultural Resources. Langfelder, Jay; French, Tom; McDonald, Richard; Ledbetter, Richard; The Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, North Carolina State University. A Historical Review of Some of North Carolina's Coastal Inlets (Report No. 74-1). Charleston, S.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Coastal Services Center. January 1974. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CZIC-gb459-4-h57-1974/pdf/CZIC-gb459-4-h57-1974.pdf (accessed May 14, 2014). Dollar, Jim. "Oregon Inlet Sunset 06." November 14, 2010. Available from: Flickr Commons, http://www.flickr.com/photos/jimdollar/5176093505/ (accessed December 4, 2012). 1 January 2006 \| Angley, Wilson; Dough, Wynne; Farnham, Thomas J.; Stick, David	<urn:uuid:3d2f5964-e01d-41aa-a0cb-800c3f016991>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://ncpedia.org/comment/4190	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951902	2,530	3.828125	4
“But what do we mean by the American Revolution? Do we mean the American war? The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people…” —John Adams, Feb. 13, 1818 “All eyes are opened, or opening to the rights of man. The general spread of the light of science has already laid open to every view the palpable truth, that the mass of mankind has not been born ,with saddles on their backs, nor a favored few booted and spurred, ready to ride them legitimately, by the grace of god. These are grounds of hope for others. For ourselves, let the annual return of [the 4th of July] forever refresh our recollections of these rights, and an undiminished devotion to them. ...” —Thomas Jefferson, June 24, 1826 “The 4th of July is the first great fact in your nation’s history—the very ring-bolt in the chain of your yet undeveloped destiny… to the chain of your nation’s destiny; so, indeed, I regard it. The principles contained in that instrument are saving principles. Stand by those principles, be true to them on all occasions, in all places, against all foes, and at whatever cost.” —Frederick Douglass, “What To the Slave is the Fourth of July?”, July 5, 1852 It was not the mere matter of the separation of the colonies from the mother land; but something in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. (Great applause.) It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men, and that all should have an equal chance. (Cheers.) This is the sentiment embodied in that Declaration of Independence. —Abraham Lincoln, "Speech at Independence Hall," February 22, 1861 A complete listing of our lessons on the causes, the course and the consequences of the American Revolution and Independence Fully one-third of Patriot soldiers at the Battle of Bunker Hill were African Americans. Census data also reveal that there were slaves and free Blacks living in the North in 1790 and after. What do we know about African-American communities in the North in the years after the American Revolution? About one-third of Patriot soldiers at the Battle of Bunker Hill were African Americans. Census data also reveal that there were slaves and free Blacks living in the North in 1790 and later years. What were the experiences of African-American individuals in the North in the years between the American Revolution and the Civil War? Was the American Revolution inevitable? This lesson is designed to help students understand the transition to armed resistance and the contradiction in the Americans’ rhetoric about slavery through the examination of a series of documents. While it is designed to be conducted over a several-day period, teachers with time constraints can choose to utilize only one of the documents to illustrate the patriots’ responses to the actions of the British. In his greatest speech, Frederick Douglass asks what place a slave has in the celebration of American Independence? His complex answer comes in three parts: an initital praise for the Founders and their principles, a vehement denunication of the hypocracy of present day Americans, and a concluding statement of his reasons for optimism. By exploring historical accounts of events surrounding the Boston Tea Party, students learn about the sources and methods that historians use to reconstruct what happened in the past. This lesson looks at the changes in 17th century British colonial policies and the American resistance through the topic of tea, clothing, and other British goods. Students analyze and interpret key historical artifacts as well as visual and textual sources that shed light on how commodities such as tea became important symbols of personal and political identity during the years leading up to the formal Declaration of Independence in 1776. Drawing on the resources of the Library of Congress's Printed Ephemera Collection, this lesson helps students experience the news as the colonists heard it: by means of broadsides, notices written on disposable, single sheets of paper that addressed virtually every aspect of the American Revolution. In this lesson, student groups create a short, simple play based on their study of broadsides written just before the American Revolution. By analyzing the attitudes and political positions are revealed in the broadsides, students learn about the sequence of events that led to the Revolution. In 1776 Tom Paine, an obscure immigrant, published a small pamphlet that ignited independence in America by shifting the political landscape of the patriot movement from reform within the British imperial system to independence from it. This lesson looks at Paine and at some of the ideas presented in Common Sense, such as national unity, natural rights, the illegitimacy of the monarchy and of hereditary aristocracy, and the necessity for independence and the revolutionary struggle. This lesson explores tea party protests other than the Boston Tea Party, and includes activities to help students analyze the reasons behind the tea protests as well as their consequences for the American Revolution. This lesson helps students "hear" some of the diverse colonial voices that, in the course of time and under the pressure of novel ideas and events, contributed to the American Revolution. Students analyze a variety of primary documents illustrating the diversity of religious, political, social, and economic motives behind competing perspectives on questions of independence and rebellion. Help your students see the development of the Declaration as both an historical process and a writing process through the use of role play and creative writing. This lesson plan looks at the major ideas in the Declaration of Independence, their origins, the Americans’ key grievances against the King and Parliament, their assertion of sovereignty, and the Declaration’s process of revision. Upon completion of the lesson, students will be familiar with the document’s origins, and the influences that produced Jefferson’s “expression of the American mind.” Ben Franklin, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and of the Constitution was also a philanthropist, a community leader, patriot, and Founding Father. This lesson plan exemplifies all our new country fought for in the Revolutionary War: individualism, democracy, community, patriotism, scientific inquiry and invention, and the rights of “We the People.” Students examine primary sources in order to compare the intellectual achievements of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. The lesson serves as an introduction to the complementary EDSITEment lesson, Jefferson vs. Franklin: Revolutionary Philosophers. Explore the philosophical contributions that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson made to the movement for American independence. The lesson introduces students to some of the important precursor documents, such as Franklin's Albany Plan of 1754 and Jefferson's Draft of the Virginia Constitution, that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Compare the leader who emerges through Washington’s own writings with the symbolic figure of patriotic memory. Curriculum Unit overview. What combination of experience, strategy, and personal characteristics enabled Washington to succeed as a military leader? In this unit, students will read the Continental Congress's resolutions granting powers to General Washington; analyze some of Washington's wartime orders, dispatches, and correspondence in terms of his mission and the characteristics of a good general Lesson 1: What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader? What Are the Qualities of a Good Military Leader? Lesson 2: What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader? Powers and Problems Lesson 3: What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader? Leadership in Victory and Defeat Lesson 4: What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader? Leadership in Victory: One Last Measure of the Man The traditional religions of Great Britain’s North American colonies had difficulty maintaining their holds over the growing population. This did not, however, result in a wholesale decline in religiosity among Americans. In fact, the most significant religious development of 18th century America took place along the frontier, in the form of the Great Awakening. This curriculum unit will, through the use of primary documents, introduce students to the First Great Awakening, as well as to the ways in which religious-based arguments were used both in support of and against the American Revolution. Lesson 1: The First Great Awakening Lesson 2: Religion and the Argument for American Independence Lesson 3: Religion and the Fight for American Independence The American War for Independence Curriculum Unit overview. The decision of Britain's North American colonies to rebel against the Mother Country was an extremely risky one. In this unit, consisting of three lesson plans, students will learn about the diplomatic and military aspects of the American War for Independence. An interdisciplinary lesson focusing on Paul Revere's Midnight Ride. While many students know this historical event, this lesson allows them to explore the true story of Paul Revere and his journey through primary source readings as well as to compare artist Grant Wood's and poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's interpretations of it. After an overview of the events surrounding Paul Revere's famous ride, this lesson challenges students to think about the reasons for that fame. Using both primary and secondhand accounts, students compare the account of Revere's ride in Longfellow's famous poem with actual historical events, in order to answer the question: why does Revere's ride occupy such a prominent place in the American consciousness? Native American groups had to choose the loyalist or patriot cause—or somehow maintain a neutral stance during the Revolutionary War. Students will analyze maps, treaties, congressional records, first-hand accounts, and correspondence to determine the different roles assumed by Native Americans in the American Revolution and understand why the various groups formed the alliances they did.	<urn:uuid:6e4a3f6d-414b-4c16-bfb4-b64ce6b9ad74>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.neh.gov/print/5636	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949511	1,998	3.40625	3
Wolves, when you get down to it, are a lot like us. They are powerful, aggressive, territorial, and predatory. They are smart, curious, cooperative, loyal, and adaptable. They exert a profound influence on the ecosystems they inhabit. Nevertheless, we have problems with wolves, no doubt about it. Maybe we can't wrap our minds around both the big bad wolf and the close relative with the adoring gaze that follows us around the house. Or maybe it's because gray wolves are the planet's most widespread large land mammals after humans and their livestock and—in the Northern Hemisphere—have long been our most direct competitors for meat. Whatever the reasons, humans are at war with wolves. It is an ancient dispute over territory and food between their clans and ours, and its battleground spreads across the northern Rocky Mountain states and right up to the door of my remote cabin near Montana's Glacier National Park. A young female named Diane marked the place by peeing on the front-porch mat. There is a den not too far away atop a timbered knoll sheltered by overhanging boughs. Dug between tree roots, the opening gapes like a maw and extends underground for 18 feet—a manor by wolf standards. The ground around it is worn bare by generations of pawed feet. Paths lead to an open hillside overlooking a mile-long meadow fringed by autumn-colored aspen and willow, hushed except for the occasional call of a raven. The snowy peaks of the Continental Divide rise in the distance, and a wild river flows close by. Wolf tracks intersect with the prints of elk, deer, moose, and grizzly bears. Though the pups reared here are running with the adults now, the pack isn't far away, according to the radio signals of the alpha female. Many had thought the war was over. Relentlessly shot, trapped, and poisoned, even in nature reserves, gray wolves were gone from the West by the 1930s. In 1974, when Canis lupus was declared endangered in the lower 48 states, the gray wolf population was confined to a corner of northern Minnesota and Michigan's Isle Royale National Park out in Lake Superior. Then, during the mid-1980s, a handful trotted down the Continental Divide from Canada. Two settled in the hidden meadow in Glacier and in 1986 reared five pups. Footsore biologists trying to keep track of the newcomers dubbed them the Magic pack for the way they seemed to vanish and reappear like wisps of ground fog. The pack grew and soon split into two, then three, keeping mostly within the park. Some animals broke away and dispersed to neighboring national forests. Then all at once, a pair was denning on private ranchland 90 miles southwest of Glacier and less than 30 miles from the Idaho border. People began to report wolves in both Idaho and northern Wyoming. Still, there was no proof those wolves were anything but passing wanderers. Not yet. In 1995 and 1996, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service captured wolves in Canada and released them into 2.2-million-acre Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho's wilderness areas. The unprecedented federal action triggered such an eruption of hope, fear, resentment, lawsuits, and headline news that most people assume the whole return of the wolf to the West began that way. It didn't, but those reintroductions worked like a rocket booster. Populations grew, and the war escalated. During 2008, wildlife agents confirmed 569 cattle and sheep deaths from wolves throughout the West. That amounted to less than one percent of livestock deaths in the region, but the damage is never distributed equally. The same year 264 wolves were killed for attacking livestock in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. That's a big number, but it was taken from a wolf population now grown to around 1,600, roaming the region in more than 200 packs. Today there are two new packs in northeastern Washington and, some whisper, a small enclave in Colorado as well. The West is getting wilder by the hour. Wildlife enthusiasts and tourists couldn't be happier. In Yellowstone alone, tens of thousands come to watch wolves each year, adding an estimated $35 million to the area's economy. Scientists are documenting ecological changes tied to this top predator's return that may hold the potential to repair out-of-balance wildlands, making them more stable and biologically diverse. On the other hand, some folks say they no longer feel as safe taking their families into the woods. Sportsmen complain too—bitterly. To many out West, where interior decorating tends to involve antlers and come fall, "Howdy" is replaced by "Get your elk yet?" wolves are depicted as four-legged killing machines—land piranhas—ravaging game populations. Guys mutter about taking matters into their own hands and to hell with the Feds. Bumper stickers show a crossed-out wolf and the slogan "Smoke a Pack a Day." In May 2009, the wildlife service declared the species recovered in the northern Rocky Mountains and handed over responsibility for them to Montana and Idaho. Both instantly labeled them game animals and set quotas for the first legal wolf hunts in either state's memory—75 in Montana, 220 in Idaho. "It's amazing—from a single, endangered pack to a huntable surplus across a whole region," says Jim Williams, the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks wildlife program manager for northwest Montana. "This is the most striking Endangered Species Act success story I can think of." Maybe. In November 2009, Idaho extended its season to last until the quota is met, or until March 31, whichever is sooner. The change could open the door to hunters traveling by snowmobile and to the killing of pregnant females. After an earlier federal decision to delist Western wolves in 2008, Wyoming essentially defined the animals as varmints, or pests, allowing virtually unlimited shooting and trapping year-round. A resulting lawsuit forced the wildlife service to temporarily put wolves back on the endangered list. (Since then, the service has refused to take them off in Wyoming until that state comes up with a different plan.) Meanwhile, a coalition of 14 environmental and animal protection organizations led by Earthjustice is suing the federal government to relist all wolves until the Western states develop a regional conservation strategy that includes core protected areas and buffer zones where wolves can live in normal packs that won't get shot to pieces. John and Rae Herman run 800 head of Angus cattle in western Montana's Hot Springs area. They grew up in America's golden age for pastoralists, in rolling valleys of bunchgrass and sage with forested mountainsides—with virtually all large native predators wiped off the landscape. "We'd usually be missing three to five calves at roundup," John says. "Now it's closer to 25. This spring our calving grounds down near the house got hit. Seven calves were confirmed wolf kills, so we were reimbursed for them." The trouble is if ranchers don't come across a carcass right away, scavengers may drag off or shred all the evidence. Many say in some areas the actual kills by wolves may average as high as seven for every one that can be proved, but no confirmation, no compensation. And dead and missing animals are only part of the toll. Cattle harassed by wolves over one season can lose 30 to 50 pounds each. On top of that, hormonal effects from stress kick in. "We had 85 pregnant heifers this spring, and 60 aborted," John says. "The worst part," Rae says, "is that 23 of the cows that aborted were in our son's starter herd of 25. He's stuck with a $7,500 bank note and two calves to pay it off with. We'll end up selling some mother cows to offset our losses, so we'll be going backwards." Stock with leg injuries from chases or infections from wounds become unmarketable. And after brushes with wolves, mother cows stay ornery and extra protective of calves. The Hermans aren't the only ranchers to say it is harder to wrangle such cattle in pens; who don't even think about using their dogs; who consider the fact that if you drive those cows onto prime range the next summer, they may not stay because the upland forests are where the wolves hang around. The Blackfoot Challenge ranchers—a cooperative established in 1993 to conserve the rural setting in west-central Montana's Blackfoot River watershed—are trying a range rider program. I'm patrolling with the lone rider himself, Peter Brown, who travels by pickup truck, motorcycle, or foot. He monitors the whereabouts of wolf packs in relation to cattle and reports daily to ranchers so they can move herds to safer grazing spots or keep a closer eye on them. Electric fencing now surrounds calving lots in many risky areas. To visually warn wolves away from other pastures, Brown sometimes turns to the old European technique called fladry, stringing wire with bright flags along its length. As we scan some bottomlands amid October snow flurries, Brown's gaze is drawn by ravens, among his surest guides, to a carcass. In this case the birds are merely scavenging elk guts left by a human hunter. So is a raven-black wolf from the Elevation Mountain pack. Yet four deer are grazing peacefully across a fence line, and scores of cattle are doing the same 200 yards beyond. "A herd's behavior is our early warning system," Brown notes. "What I look for is cattle bunched up or running, or just looking around alertly and calling. I also keep an eye out for unhealthy stock, which can attract predators. I think that just by moving around the area, my presence deters wolves from killing livestock. The wolves are learning and adapting at least as fast as we are. Besides that, we have good populations of natural prey here. I've seen wolves walk right through cattle herds to stalk deer." Ranchers used to leave stock that died of disease, birthing problems, and accidents lying on the range or collected in heaps called bone piles. But "as predators began to recover, the carcasses kept luring them into trouble," explains Seth Wilson, a conservation biologist who coordinates the range rider program. "Now we collect carcasses right away and compost them at a distant site. It's one of the simplest and most effective ways to reduce conflicts with both bears and wolves. It just requires changing old habits." The question is no longer how to get rid of wolves but how to coexist with them. Family rancher David Mannix says, "We have to realize that the general U.S. population wants wolves. That population is also our customers for beef. It's not a good idea to tell your customers they don't know what they're doing. So instead of taking a hard line and fighting to get everything back to where it was 50 years ago, we're trying things like the range rider." "But if ranchers can't make a living," stockman and veterinarian Ron Skinner says, "the alternative these days is usually subdivision for real estate, and there goes an awful lot of the open space and prime wildlife habitat in the West." When the new wolves in Yellowstone first came calling, the area's elk and moose stood their ground as though they were still dealing with coyotes. Bad plan. Today Yellowstone holds half the elk it did 15 years ago. Yet by most measures the population had swelled too high, and their range was deteriorating. Shortly after killing the last Yellowstone wolves in 1926, park officials were culling elk by the thousands. The elk kept rebounding and overgrazing key habitats, creating a perpetually unnatural situation for a park intended to preserve nature. With a near-unlimited meat supply, Yellowstone's new wolves rapidly multiplied. But the count abruptly fell in 2005. It increased again, reaching 171 in 2007, then sank to 124 by the end of 2008, a 27 percent drop this time. Doug Smith, leader of the Yellowstone Wolf Project, recorded the fewest breeding pairs since 2000. "We have a declining wolf population," he says. "Numbers never got as high as we expected based on the availability of prey. This suggests that once wolves reach a certain density, you start to get social regulation of their numbers." Clashes with humans are by no means the only wolf wars under way. Yellowstone's Druid Peak pack established its territory in 1996 and has held it ever since. In all probability they have been the most watched group of wolves in the world: The wide-open country they claim on both sides of Wyoming's Lamar River Valley is bisected by one of the park's main roads. On a late October morning the temperature is reading 4°F. Hoarfrost coats the noses of bison below one of the Druids' favorite rendezvous sites. Scattered elk graze the same slope, and two coyotes are picking over the remains of an elk calf on the river's shore. I spy no wolves, but Laurie Lyman, a former teacher who moved from California to be near Yellowstone's wolves and has watched them almost daily for several years, lowers her binoculars to tell me about the ones she saw yesterday. Two Druids—a female labeled Number 571 and her younger brother, called Triangle Blaze, for his white chest patch—were traveling by the river when three invaders from the new Hurricane Mesa pack appeared. The groups exchanged howls and then ran at each other. Outnumbered, the Druid pair gave way first, but the Hurricanes caught up to 571. Four times they pulled her down onto her back. The final time two held her on either end while the third—and largest—bit into her chest, shaking and tearing with its teeth. "That's when Triangle Blaze jumped in," Lyman recalls. "He came to her rescue, fighting off the Hurricanes. They started chasing him, but not before 571 got in a bite on one's rear. She escaped across the river. When her brother finally rejoined her, he was limping, and she was bleeding from her wounds." During 2008, Yellowstone saw twice as many wolves killed by other wolves as in any previous year. Distemper claimed a record share too, after hitting the population in 1999, 2000, and 2005 as well. Parvovirus, another deadly canine disease, has been detected in the area. And like many packs, the Druids are suffering serious hair loss from an epidemic of mange. Loss of superabundant prey is another issue, Smith says. There are still close to 10,000 elk wintering in Yellowstone and perhaps double that number summering in the park. "But wolves are very selective hunters," Smith says. "What counts for them is the amount of vulnerable prey." Much as experience with wolves can transform cattle into not-so-domestic animals, pack-hunted elk turn into less vulnerable quarry. They become more vigilant and keep on the move more. In the wolfless era, herds practically camped at favorite winter dining spots, foraging on young aspen, willow, and cottonwood until the stems grew clubbed and stunted like bonsai plants. Released from such grazing pressure, saplings now shoot up to form lush young groves. More songbirds find nesting habitat within their leafy shade. Along waterways, vigorous willow and cottonwood growth helps stabilize stream banks. More insects fall from overhanging stems to feed fish and amphibians. Beavers find enough nutritious twigs and branches to support new colonies. Surveying the huge northern range, where most of the park's elk winter, Doug Smith turned up just one beaver colony in 1996—the lowest tally in decades. By 2009, he recorded 12. Along Crystal Creek I find another recent beaver dam storing water, releasing a more constant flow for riparian species downstream through the dry months. Ponds and marshes that form behind the dams create habitat for moose, muskrat, mink, waterfowl, wading birds, and an array of other wildlife. After wolves moved in, cougars that had begun hunting the valleys retreated to the steep, rocky terrain they normally inhabit. The big canines killed nearly half the coyote population. They may have rebounded a bit, but the coyotes now live in groups with shrunk territories or as vagabond "floaters." With less competition from elk for grasses, bison may be doing better than ever. From a single new predatory force on the landscape, a rebalancing effect ripples all the way to microbes in the soil. Biologists define the series of top-down changes as a trophic cascade. In a nod to the behavioral factors at play, others speak of the "ecology of fear." Cristina Eisenberg is a five-foot-two-inch, hundred-pound answer to the question of how dangerous wolves are to people. Over the past four years she has studied wolves, elk, and aspen in Glacier Park, often on its west side among two large wolf packs, one with 20-plus members. They sometimes watch as she and an assistant measure habitat features. Then the wolves pull out her marker stakes. During a blinding snowstorm, they silently took down an elk a stone's throw from Eisenberg. Our afternoon survey leads to a trampled-down rendezvous site. The Dutch pack has dragged in ceramic shards, cans, pots, pieces of iron tools from abandoned homesteads in the park. Canine junk collectors. Who knew? But what Eisenberg wants to show me is an aspen stand. Its upper tier consists of towering trees that arose between 1840 and the 1920s, before wolves were eliminated. The bottom row, 15 feet high, is of saplings that shot up after wolves returned. There are no aspens in between. None got past the elk's mouths. By contrast with Yellowstone, elk numbers haven't changed much here. As far as Eisenberg can tell, the recent aspen growth is almost all due to wolf-inspired changes in elk behavior. The wolves' diet here is mostly white-tailed deer. Northwestern Montana has at least twice as many cougars as wolves and twice as many grizzly bears. Together they kill more adult deer and fawns than wolves do. Coyotes and black bears take a share as well. On top of that, the area has had two tough winters in a row. Deer totals dropped even where few predators prowl. Yet overall deer numbers remain within the historical average. For that matter, both elk and deer are doing well across the West. As game manager Jim Williams puts it, "With wolves back in the picture along with cougars and bears, we'll have places where elk and deer may never be as abundant again as people remember, and we'll have other places where they'll do fine. There are bigger drivers than wolves in these systems." Studies have shown that winter weather and the quality of wintering habitat are really what control deer and elk populations over time. That and human hunting. Craig Jourdonnais is the state game department's wildlife biologist for Montana's Bitterroot Valley, near the Idaho border. Until recently, he says, most gripes about wildlife concerned elk raiding haystacks and deer damaging crops and gardens and being a danger on highways. "Now we have 10 to 12 wolf packs for a minimum of 45 to 60 wolves. We also have 14,000 hunters coming through the Bitterroot check station in a given year." The main complaints he hears these days are about wolves overrunning the place and wiping out elk and deer. "I've been on the job 30 years, and I've never worked with any critter that raised so much emotion." Somehow, Jourdonnais is supposed to make a place for wolves where recreation and livelihood intermingle. He understands that big-game hunting in Ravalli County is worth $11.2 million annually. He also sees game losing critical winter range to subdivisions up and down the valley but knows that the one topic as hot as wolves out West is planning and zoning. Bottom line? Survival rates for young game animals are lower the past couple years. Wolves may be partly responsible, but winter may be too. Overall, Bitterroot deer numbers are still fairly good. Whereas the elk total stood below 3,000 in the 1970s because sportsmen were allowed a generous take of females, it's currently above 6,000. A thousand of those animals have learned to retreat before the hunting season to a private ranch where only limited shooting is allowed. Large mammals are learning and changing their behavior all the time: deer, elk, bears, wolves, and yes, humans too. For our part it seems we need to formulate better answers to the questions posed by the return of wolves—not the wolves in our minds but the real wolves watching from the mountainsides. When we say we want to conserve wildlife communities in America, does that mean including the wolf, or not?	<urn:uuid:5bbcc63f-41d4-431b-95af-f2370e288c34>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2010/03/wolf-wars/chadwick-text	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963519	4,371	3.09375	3
Requirements for Citizenship To exercise the right to vote, hold public office, or serve on juries, a person must be an American citizen. Under the Constitution, all persons born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction are citizens of the United States and of the district in which they reside. Under certain conditions, children born to American citizens while they are traveling or living outside the country are also citizens. Persons born in Puerto Rico, Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands -- all of which are part of the United States but are not states -- are American citizens as well. A person born in a foreign country may become an American citizen through the process of naturalization. Aliens who live in the United States are not compelled to become citizens, nor are they penalized for not doing so. A great many noncitizens live in the United States and enjoy the same freedom of thought, speech and action accorded to natural-born Americans. They may not, of course, vote, and in some states citizenship is a requirement for applicants who wish to obtain licenses to practice law or medicine. To be eligible for naturalization, a person must be at least 18 years of age. He or she must have entered the United States legally and must have been a resident of the country for at least five years, including at least six months in the state in which he or she applies for citizenship. A candidate for citizenship makes application to the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Department of Justice. The agency notifies the applicant where and when to appear for examination. An officer of the agency aids the applicant in filing a petition for naturalization with a court. It is required that two American citizens, known to be truthful, must support the petition and swear that the applicant has fulfilled the residence requirements, is of good moral character, and will support the principles of the Constitution of the United States. Both the applicant and the witnesses are questioned by an examiner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service to make sure the applicant is qualified. The final step is taking the oath of allegiance to the United States. At least 30 days must pass between the filing of the petition and taking the oath. After the oath, a judge signs an order granting naturalized citizenship. A certificate of naturalization is issued and the new citizen is then eligible to vote and take an active part in the government.	<urn:uuid:32b87db0-65a2-4031-a3da-966796635d40>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/government-1991/fundamentals-of-american-government/requirements-for-citizenship.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966227	479	3.34375	3
Martin Luther, the chief catalyst of Protestantism, defies the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by refusing to recant his writings. He had been called to Worms, Germany, to appear before the Diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire and answer charges of heresy. Martin Luther was a professor of biblical interpretation at the University of Wittenberg in Germany. In 1517, he drew up his 95 theses condemning the Catholic Church for its corrupt practice of selling “indulgences,” or forgiveness of sins. Luther followed up the revolutionary work with equally controversial and groundbreaking theological works, and his fiery words set off religious reformers across Europe. In 1521, the pope excommunicated him, and he was called to appear before the emperor at the Diet of Worms to defend his beliefs. Refusing to recant or rescind his positions, Luther was declared an outlaw and a heretic. Powerful German princes protected him, however, and by his death in 1546 his ideas had significantly altered the course of Western thought.	<urn:uuid:b1d5c2d8-706b-4ee0-9f40-d7ae4f4ce41b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/luther-defiant-at-diet-of-worms	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.985172	212	3.921875	4
Born in Kentucky on February 12, 1809, Lincoln grew up in that state and Indiana. He became a lawyer and served as a legislator in Illinois before entering and winning the 1860 presidential election. Shortly after his swearing-in in 1861, the Civil War broke out, dividing the country into the North, or Union, and South, or Confederacy. Citizens of the Union elected Lincoln to a second term in 1864, and the official end of the Civil War closely followed his second inauguration. The work of reuniting the country, referred to as Reconstruction, would begin under Lincoln. However, not everyone was satisfied with the outcome of the Civil War. One man in particular, stage actor John Wilkes Booth, was incensed that the South had lost the war. Booth was born in Maryland on May 10, 1838, making him technically a Northerner by birth. During the Civil War, Maryland held the ambiguous status of “border state. “ Since it never seceded from the Union, Maryland was a Northern state; however, many of the values of its population, including the owning of slaves, were more in line with the Confederacy. Booth was one of the citizens of Maryland who favored the Confederacy and worked as a spy for the South for some time. Originally, Booth planned to kidnap Lincoln and use the President as a bargaining tool to obtain the release of a number of Confederate soldiers taken prisoner during the Civil War. He changed his plans to assassination after Lincoln’s speech on April 11, 1865, during which the President spoke in favor of equal education for blacks and whites and of granting blacks the right to vote. Along with two co-conspirators, George Atzerodt and Lewis Powell, Booth planned to assassinate Lincoln, Vice-President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward on April 14, 1865. The conspirators laid out their plan carefully. Booth was to kill Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre as the President and First Lady attended the play “Our American Cousin.” As a known actor, Booth could gain easy access to the theater, including the areas typically off-limits to the public. Booth planned to kill Union General Ulysses S. Grant as well, but Grant had left Washington, DC and so would be spared. Atzerodt was assigned to kill Johnson and Powell’s duty was to kill Seward. Afterwards, the three were to flee the city and reunite in Maryland. As darkness fell, the killers assumed their positions, readying themselves for a near-simultaneous strike at approximately 10 PM.	<urn:uuid:b7eb62d2-cb73-4bed-b138-a0933f4f2296>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art66481.asp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.983943	530	3.84375	4
For Immediate Release: September 29, 2003 Environmental Groups Ask Fish and Wildlife Service to Tallahassee, FL - The Center For Biological Diversity, represented by Earthjustice, filed suit today to compel the Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS) to designate critical habitat for the St. Andrew beach mouse, as required by the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The rare mouse was listed as endangered in 1998, but the FWS has refused to specify the areas of habitat that are critical to the species’ recovery, or the measures that should be taken to preserve those areas. The St. Andrew beach mouse lives exclusively in dune habitats along the Gulf of Mexico, and it is a critical indicator of the health of the coastal ecosystem. They are shy, nocturnal animals that are rarely seen by humans and do not move into dwellings. Due largely to unregulated coastal development, erosion and vehicular damage to its sand dune habitat, the St. Andrew Beach Mouse now survives in only a small portion of the St. Joseph Peninsula in the Florida Panhandle. The St. Andrews beach mouse population is estimated at as few as 500 individuals; the FWS estimates that the minimum population necessary to sustain the species is several thousand. The refusal to designate critical habitat for the St. Andrew beach mouse is only one of hundreds of such decisions by the FWS, beginning in the late 1980s. Under the ESA critical habitat is the area that is needed for recovery of threatened and endangered species, and it receives special protections against federal actions that might harm it. However, the FWS for many years refused to designate critical habitat for most species, claiming that it was a waste of time and provided no benefits. Several courts have directly rejected this argument as contrary to the terms of the Endangered Species Act, and held that critical habitat must be designated to assist in the recovery of species. “The St. Andrew Beach mouse and other endangered species need the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s help, not excuses that the courts have turned down time and again,” said Sidney Maddock, Environmental Analyst with the Center for Biological Diversity. The Center for Biological Diversity is a non-profit organization that advocates on behalf of endangered species and habitats throughout North America. Earthjustice is a non-profit law firm which assists individuals and organizations in protecting air, water and biodiversity through advocacy in the courts.	<urn:uuid:42a61371-55ee-4f50-b65d-2798af427f7f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/abmouse9-29-03.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.93913	503	2.625	3

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