text
stringlengths 199
648k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 14
419
| file_path
stringlengths 139
140
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 50
235k
| score
float64 2.52
5.34
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
diagram of inside human body
Best Results From Wikipedia Yahoo Answers Youtube
Normal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is a concept that depends upon the place in the body at which the measurement is made, and the time of day and level of activity of the person. There is no single number that represents a normal or healthy temperature for all people under all circumstances using any place of measurement.
Different parts of the body have different temperatures. Rectal and vaginal measurements, or measurements taken directly inside the body cavity, are typically slightly higher than oral measurements, and oral measurements are somewhat higher than skin temperature. The commonly accepted average core body temperature (taken internally) is (). The typical oral (under the tongue) measurement is , or . In Russia and former Soviet countries, the commonly quoted value is 36.6|°C|°F, based on an armpit (axillary) reading. Although some people think of these numbers as representing the normal temperature, a wide range of normal temperatures has been found. In adult men and women the normal range for oral temperature is 33.2|–|38.2|C|F, for rectal it is 34.4|–|37.8|C|F, for the Tympanic cavity it is 35.4|–|37.8|C|F and for axillary it is 35.5|–|37.0|C|F.
The time of day and other circumstances also affects the body's temperature. The core body temperature of an individual tends to have the lowest value in the second half of the sleep cycle; the lowest point, called the nadir, is one of the primary markers for circadian rhythms. The body temperature also changes when a person is hungry, sleepy, or cold.
In the early 18th century, Gabriel Fahrenheit originally used human body temperature as a reference point for his temperature scale, defining it to be 100°F. Later redefinition of his scale to use the boiling point of water as a reference point caused the numerical value for normal body temperature to drift.
In 1861, Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich released his summary of the armpit, or axillary, temperatures of twenty five thousand people, and reported the mean to be 37.0|°C|°F, with a range of 36.25|°C|°F to 37.5|°C|°F. He also identified the natural variations in temperature throughout the day and the variations between individuals, as well as differences based on sex and age, which were largely ignored in favor of an oversimplified single number. Wunderlich's thermometers were not calibrated to a standard setting—in 1861, no standard had been agreed upon—and he never explained his methods for compiling and describing the data he had collected, which would have been a monumental task before the availability of basic calculating machines. The one surviving, hand-made thermometer reads significantly higher than modern thermometers.
Temperature control (thermoregulation) is part of a homeostatic mechanism that keeps the organism at optimum operating temperature, as it affects the rate of chemical reactions. In humans the average oral temperature is 36.8|C, though it varies among individuals. However, no person always has exactly the same temperature at every moment of the day. Temperatures cycle regularly up and down through the day, as controlled by the person's circadian rhythm. The lowest temperature occurs about two hours before the person normally wakes up. Additionally, temperatures change according to activities and external factors.
Normal body temperature may differ as much as () between individuals or from day to day.
Body temperature normally fluctuates over the day, with the lowest levels around 4 a.m. and the highest in the late afternoon, between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. (assuming the person sleeps at night and stays awake during the day). Therefore, an oral temperature of () would, strictly speaking, be normal in the afternoon but not in the morning. An individual's body temperature typically changes by about () between its highest and lowest points each day.
Body temperature is sensitive to many hormones, so women have a temperature rhythm that varies with the menstrual cycle, called a circamensal rhythm. A woman's basal body temperature rises sharply after ovulation, as estrogen production decreases and progesterone increases. Fertility awareness programs use this predictable change to identify when a woman is able to become pregnant. During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, both the lowest and the average temperatures are slightly higher than during other parts of the cycle. However, the amount that the temperature rises during each day is slightly lower than typical, so the highest temperature of the day is not very much higher than usual. Hormonal contraceptives both suppress the circamensal rhythm and raise the typical body temperature by about ().
Temperature also varies with the change of seasons during each year. This pattern is called a circannual rhythm. Studies of seasonal variations have produced inconsistent results. People living in different climates may have different seasonal patterns.
Increased physical fitness increases the amount of daily variation in temperature.
With increased age, both average body temperature and the amount of daily variability in the body temperature tend to decrease. Elderly patients may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even a somewhat elevated temperature can indicate a serious underlying causes in geriatrics.
Variations due to measurement methods
Different methods used for measuring temperature produce different results.
Generally, oral, rectal, gut, and core body temperatures, although slightly different, are well-correlated, with oral temperature being the lowest of the four.
Oral temperatures are influenced by drinking, chewing, smoking, and breathing with the mouth open
From Yahoo Answers
Answers:when you dont get enough oxygen your body cant perform aerobic respiration so your body performs anaerobic respiration. It is what causes cramps
Answers:X-Rays and Gamma Rays Corrections: Ultrasounds uses well sound waves, which cannot be heard by humans, to image by measure the reflection and the refraction of the sound wave as it travels through the material. MRIs reconstruct an image by measuring the magnetic field generated by aligning the magnetization of hydrogen atoms. BTW, CT-Scanners are sophisticated X-rays machines and can generate 2-D and 3-D images by a series of scans and a computer to calculate it all.
Answers:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSOVNSEcKIE this has a diagram | <urn:uuid:92bb2d57-2bd3-439a-97a9-b961f1dfa566> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.edurite.com/kbase/diagram-of-inside-human-body | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946586 | 1,380 | 4 | 4 |
Impress your friends. Be the life of any
party. You, too, can use the stars to tell
One of the easiest star groupings to use for
this is the Big Dipper. After dark during
mid-March, look for the Dipper shining
midway up in the northeastern sky.
The Big Dipper, of course, is a familiar
group of seven stars that forms the shape of
a bowl with a curved handle. The two stars
at the end of its bowl are known as the
pointer stars since they aim toward
Polaris―the North Star.
As the Earth turns during the night, the
Dipper's pointer stars constantly change
their orientation relative to the North
Star. In fact, we can imagine the stars at
the end of the Dipper's bowl as the hour
hand of a huge 24-hour clock―handy for
telling time by the stars.
But it's not as simple as just looking at
the Dipper to tell time; you'll need to do
some arithmetic before you can amaze your
friends. Here's all you need to do:
1. Estimate the position of the
stars of the Dipper to an accuracy of about
one-quarter hour. For example, in the
illustration they point to about 1 o'clock.
2. Count the number of months past January
1 to the nearest one-quarter month. If you
try this in mid-March, for example, that
number would be 2.5.
3. Add the values of Step 1 and Step 2.
For our example, the answer would be 3.5.
Then double this result; in this case it
would be 7.0.
the answer of Step 3 from 16.25. For our
example, the answer would be 9.25. (If the
Step 3 value is larger than 16.25, subtract
it from 40.25 instead). If the result is
less than 12, the time is p.m. If greater
than 12, it's a.m. In our example, the
time is nearly quarter past 9 in the
evening. This number is in Standard Time;
don't forget to add one hour for Daylight
Savings Time when that comes about.
Remember this is just a very rough estimate
and, with practice, you'll be able to do
this quickly in your head.
But if all your efforts to tell time by the
stars fail, quizzically touch your forehead
while stealing a glance at your wristwatch.
In the dark, no one will ever know! | <urn:uuid:b6b8fedf-7c8e-4a94-9c9f-c7891e0973e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dennismammana.com/skyinfo/gazingtips/dipper_time.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927016 | 554 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The term Eosinophilia refers to conditions in which abnormally high amounts of Eosinophils are found in either the blood or in body tissues.
Eosinophil is a type of white blood cell.
Eosinophils are produced in the bone marrow and are normally found in the bloodstream and the gut lining. They contain proteins that help the body to fight infection from parasitic organisms, such as worms. But in certain diseases these proteins can damage the body.
Causes for Eosinophilia
The exact causative mechanisms of Eosinophilia remain largely unclear
A wide range of conditions, ranging from asthma and hay fever to parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases,
Certain forms of cancer have been known to trigger an abnormally high amount of Eosinophils.
Very common Causes of Eosinophilia
- Sarcoptes scabiei
Common Causes of Eosinophilia
- Connective tissue disease
- Food allergy
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Skin allergy
- Frequent cold attack
- Throat irritation
- Bone pain or tenderness
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Joint contractures
- Muscle weakness
- Tenderness and swelling of the arms and legs (occasionally including joints)
- Thickened skin with puckered appearance
Homeopathy Treatment for Eosinophilia
Symptomatic Homeopathic medicines stimulate the immune power to act against the disease. So Symptomatic homeopathic medicines acts well in cases of Eosinophilia. Homeo medicine controls the Eosinophils level in body and helps to reduce the symptoms with out producing any side effect
Whom to contact for Eosinophilia Treatment
Dr.Senthil Kumar Treats many cases of Eosinophilia, In his medical professional experience with successful results. Many patients get relief after taking treatment from Dr.Senthil Kumar. Dr.Senthil Kumar visits Chennai at Vivekanantha Homeopathy Clinic, Velachery, Chennai 42. To get appointment please call 9786901830, +91 94430 54168 or mail to [email protected],
For more details & Consultation Feel free to contact us.
Vivekanantha Clinic Consultation Champers
For appointment please Call us or Mail Us
For Homeopathy treatment for Eosinophilia
Please click the link | <urn:uuid:2b381bed-6e79-41ce-9569-946531069c59> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://homeoall.com/eosinophilia-homeopathy-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866837 | 508 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Entiat Experimental Forest
The Entiat Experimental Forest was established in 1957 to study the effects of road building and timber
harvesting on the quantity, quality, and timing of water discharge from small watersheds in the mountains of
north-central Washington. Instrumentation was installed in three similar, adjacent watersheds (4.74 to 5.65 km2
each) to monitor weather and streamflows. Scientists from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station’s
Wenatchee Forestry Sciences laboratory collected baseline data for almost 12 years before a lightning-caused wildfire
burned all three watersheds in 1970. This unplanned “treatment” shifted the research focus from road and
timber harvesting effects on hydrology to wildfire and post-fire recovery effects on hydrology. Over the
following decade, research within the Entiat produced numerous publications related to fire effects on streamflow
characteristics, water temperature, water quality, and sediment production. Additional studies investigated the
efficacy of various post-fire forest rehabilitation treatments. Work continued on the Entiat until 1977 when a change
in research priorities at PNW halted research efforts. Elevation ranges from 610 to 2,164 m, and mean aspect
in the three watersheds ranges from 205 to 237 °.
At the Entiat, winters are cold and moderately wet, and summers are warm and dry. Average annual precipitation
from 1961 to 1971 was about 580 mm, about 70 percent of which was snow. Monthly mean temperatures (at 915
m elevation) range from -4 °C in January to about 18 °C in July and August.
Soils are well-drained Entisols of the Choral and Rampart series. Surface soils have are classified as sandy
loams. Soils were derived primarily from volcanic ash and pumice deposits that overlay the granitic bedrock of
the Chelan Batholith.
Prior to the 1970 fire, forests at low elevations were dominated by ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Stands of
lodgepole pine and whitebark pine were also present. About 15 percent of the Entiat was classified as bare rock.
Long-Term Data Bases
High quality streamflow data measured at 120° V-notch weirs were recorded on Burns, Fox, and McCree Creeks
for the period 1959 to 1971. High sediment flows in 1972 destroyed the weirs on Fox and McCree Creeks,
and the weirs were replaced by Parshall flumes. The weir on Burns Creek continued to function and produce
high-quality flow data through 1977, with only occasional interruptions caused by sediment accumulations.
Stream temperature data were collected hourly at the three weir sites during 1968 to 1971. Additional stream
temperature data were collected on Burns (1972 to 73) and McCree (1974 to 77). Precipitation, air temperature,
and humidity were recorded at the Burns Creek weir site. Some stream chemistry and coarse sediment production
data are also available.
Research, Past and Present
Most research to date has focused on effects of disturbances (especially fire) and vegetation recovery on
watershed hydrology, with additional work on the effects of post-fire harvesting systems and rehabilitation efforts
on soils and vegetation. After 32 years of post-fire vegetation recovery, work on the Entiat is being revived.
In 1999, work began to compile, organize, and archive historical hydrologic and vegetation data.
Plans are in place to resume studies of streamflow generation, water quantity and quality, surface-subsurface
water routing, and fire and road effects in the three watersheds beginning in 2003 in collaboration with
Oregon State University’s Department of Forest Engineering. This work is intended to form the basis for
a nested watershed monitoring and modeling approach for scaling up findings to the larger Entiat watershed and
other watersheds in the mid-Columbia region. The Entiat watershed contains a USDA Natural Resources
Conservation Service, SNOTEL station, and the existing stream-gauging network is being expanded. Personnel
from the National Forest System, Washington State, and Chelan County are actively cooperating in this joint effort.
Additional research is also under consideration, including studies of stream productivity and material and
invertebrate transport and their subsequent effects on downstream fish habitats.
Major Research Accomplishments and Effects On Management
Approximately 20 primary publications were developed from studies at Entiat. These have contributed
significantly to our knowledge of fire effects on waterflow and quality, microclimate, and soil-water relationships, as
well as watershed rehabilitation, post-fire salvage effects, and vegetation recovery.
Collaborators at Entiat include Oregon State University, Washington State University, and the University of Washington.
The reestablishment of stream gauging and collection of climate data will form a basis from which other studies could benefit.
There are no on-site facilities; the Entiat is located about 30 miles north of Wenatchee and 12 miles northwest of Entiat in the
eastern Cascade Mountains of Washington.
Lat. 47° 57' N, long. 120° 28' W
Entiat Experimental Forest
USDA Forest Service
Pacific Northwest Research Station
1133 N Western Avenue
Wenatchee, WA 98801
Tel: (509) 664-1700
1Information has been updated since original publication. | <urn:uuid:38d752e2-8ae5-4ee0-80e6-1a1f0b20bbdb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/exforests/entiat/index.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936148 | 1,121 | 3.5 | 4 |
For example, their definition might include belief in a God or Goddess or combination of Gods and Goddesses who are responsible for the creation of the universe and for its continuing operation. This excludes such non-theistic religions as Buddhism and many forms of religious Satanism which have no such belief.3) For example, David Edward's definition would seem to include cosmology and ecology within his definition of religion -- fields of investigation that most people regard to be a scientific studies and non-religious in nature.
While this definition is true and encompasses the problem with trying to define religion by not defining it we are still left without a definitionThis definition would exclude religions that do not engage in worship. It implies that there are two important components to religion:one's belief and worship in a deity or deitiesone's ethical behavior towards other persons
This definition would not consider some Buddhist sects as religions. Many Unitarian Universalists are excluded by this description. Strictly interpreted, it would also reject polytheistic religions, since it refers to "a" personal God." This is a curious definition because it does not require elements often associated with religion, such as deity, morality, worldview, etc. Also it requires that a person pursue their religion with enthusiasm. Many people identify themselves with a specific religion, but are not intensely engaged with their faith.
A worldview is a set of basic, foundational beliefs concerning deity, humanity and the rest of the universe.) Thus we would consider Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Native American Spirituality, Wicca, and other Neopagan traditions to be religions. We also include Agnosticism, Atheism, Humanism, Ethical Culture etc. as religions, because they also contain a "belief about deity." Their belief is that they do not know whether a deity exists, or they have no knowledge of God, or they sincerely believe that God does not exist.
The ancient polytheistic belief systems viewed gods as being in control of all natural events such as rainfall, harvests and fertility. Generally, polytheistic cultures believed in sacrifices to appease their gods. For instance, the Canaanites sacrificed to the male god, Baal, and his female counterpart, Ashteroth. Baal controlled the rain and the harvest, while Ashteroth controlled fertility and reproduction. The Greeks and Romans developed polytheism to a highly structured pantheon of gods and goddesses.
prevailed in numerous ancient cultures. Pantheistic beliefs are also finding resurgence among various New Age movements.
From this point in history, God began revealing Himself to the world through the nation of Israel. The Jewish Scriptures record the journey of the Israelites from slaves in Egypt to the "promised land" in Canaan under the leadership of Moses. During a period of about 1500 years, God revealed what became the Old Testament of the Bible, relating the history of Israel with the character and laws of God. During the period of the Roman Empire, Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem as the long-awaited Messiah. The ministry of Jesus ended in about 32 AD with His crucifixion and resurrection. After Christ's ascension into heaven, the Christian church grew in His name and the New Testament was written. About 600 years later, Muhammad began preaching in Mecca. Muhammad believed he was the ultimate prophet of God, and his teachings became the precepts of Islam as recorded in the Qur'an.
In general, the different gods and goddesses in Hinduism are different ways of conceiving and approaching the one god beyond name and form. Diferent forms of worship through images symbols and rituals are helpful to different kinds of persons. Some do not need external worship the gaol is to transcend these forms and the world as it is ordinarily perceived and to realize the divine presence everywhere.Śruti – that which is heard (i.e. revelation) and Smriti – that which is remembered (i.e. tradition, not revelation). The Vedas constituting the former category are considered scripture by many followers of Vedic religion. The post-Vedic scriptures form the latter category: the various shastras and the itihaases, or histories in epic verse. A sort of cross-over between the religious epics and Upanishads of the Vedas is the BhagavadGita, considered to be revered scripture by almost all Hindus today. The Vedas form the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism.Each of the four Vedas may be divided into two sections:The Mantra portion, also called the Saṃhitā (संहिता), is a collection of hymns to be used in Vedic sacrifices. The Brāhmaṇas portion (ब्राह्मण) (not to be confused with Brahman, or the brahmin caste), contains specific rules and regulations for the sacrifices as well as prose commentaries explaining the meaning of the mantras and rituals.The Brāhmaṇas, describing rules and purpose of Saṃhitās, are further divided:the Āraṇyakas (आरण्यक), which conclude the Brahmanas, are written along a blurry line between the Upaniṣhads (उपनिषद्), which contain highly philosophical and metaphysical writings about the nature of, and the relationship between, the soul (ātman) and Brahman. The Upanishads are often referred to collectively as Vedanta ("the end of the Vedas"), not only because they appear physically in the concluding pages of each Veda, but also because the mystical truths they express are seen by many as the culmination of all the other Vedic knowledge.While the Upanishads are indeed classed within the fold of the "Vedas", their actual importance to Hindu philosophy has far exceeded that of possibly any other set of Hindu scriptures, and even resulted in the BhagavadGita, which is a self-proclaimed yoga upanishad. Thus, they deserve a look that is independent from the samhitas and brahamans, against whose excessive ritualism the Upanishads famously rebelled. They form Vedanta and are the basis of much of Classical Hindu thought.The Upanishads ("Sittings Near [a Teacher]") are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures primarily discuss philosophy and "cosmic reality"; they also contain transcripts of various debates or discussions. There are 123 books argued to be part of the Upanishads; however, only 13 are accepted by all Hindus as primary. They are commentaries on the Vedas and their branch of Hinduism is called Vedanta. See Upanishads for a much more detailed look at the mystic backbone of Hinduism.The Upanishads are acknowledged by scholars and philosophers from both East and West, from Schrödinger, Thoreau and Emerson to Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi and AurobindoGhosh, to be superlatively beautiful in poetry and rich in philosophy.
In the Puranas, Vishnu is described as having the divine colour of clouds (dark-blue), four-armed, holding a lotus, mace, conch and chakra (wheel). Vishnu is also described in the BhagavadGita as having a 'Universal Form' (Vishvarupa) which is beyond the ordinary limits of human perception.The Trimurti (English: ‘three forms’; Sanskrit: trimūrti) is a concept in Hinduism "in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva the destroyer or transformer." These three deities have been called "the Hindu triad" or the "Great Trinity". Of the three members of the Trimurti, the BhagavataPurana, which espouses the Vaishnavite viewpoint, explains that the greatest benefit can be had from Vishnu.
Shiva is usually worshipped in the abstract form of Shiva linga. In images, he is generally represented as immersed in deep meditation or dancing the Tandava upon Maya, the demon of ignorance in his manifestation of Nataraja, the lord of the dance. Third eye: Shiva is often depicted with a third eye, with which he burned Desire (Kāma) to ashes.[, hair that is shaggy or curlySacredGanga: The Ganga river flows from the matted hair of Shiva. The epithet Gaṅgādhara ("bearer of the river Gaṅgā") refers to this feature. The Ganga (Ganges), one of the major rivers of the country, is said to have made her abode in Shiva's hair.As a family man and householder, he has a wife, Parvati (also known as Umā), and two sons, Ganesha and SkandaThese are represented as the five faces of Shiva and are associated in various texts with the five elements, the five senses, the five organs of perception, and the five organs of action. Doctrinal differences and, possibly, errors in transmission, have resulted in some differences between texts in details of how these five forms are linked with various attributes. The overall meaning of these associations is summarized by Stella Kramrisch:Through these transcendent categories, Śiva, the ultimate reality, becomes the efficient and material cause of all that exists.According to the Pañcabrahma Upanishad:One should know all things of the phenomenal world as of a fivefold character, for the reason that the eternal verity of Śiva is of the character of the fivefold Brahman. (Pañcabrahma Upanishad 31)
Yoga or discipline comprise four paths to enlightenment or discerning the true nature of reality
Defining the word "religion" is fraught with difficulty. Many attempts have been made. Most seem to focus on too narrowly only a few aspects of religion; they tend to exclude those religions that do not fit well. As Kile Jones wrote in his essay on defining religion: "It is apparent that religion can be seen as a theological, philosophical, anthropological, sociological, and psychological phenomenon of human kind. To limit religion to only one of these categories is to miss its multifaceted nature and lose out on the complete definition."
Some exclude beliefs and practices that many people passionately defend as religious. Some definitions equate "religion" with "Christianity," and thus define two out of every three humans in the world as non- religious. Some definitions are so broadly written that they include beliefs and areas of study that most people do not regard as religious. Some define "religion" in terms of "the sacred" and/or "the spiritual," and thus require the creation of two more definitions. Sometimes, definitions of "religion" contain more than one deficiency.
Barnes & Noble (Cambridge) Encyclopedia (1990): "...no single definition will suffice to encompass the varied sets of traditions, practices, and ideas which constitute different religions." Websters New World Dictionary (Third College Edition): "any specific system of belief and worship, often involving a code of ethics and a philosophy."
The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1990): "Human recognition of superhuman controlling power and especially of a personal God entitled to obedience” Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary: "a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith."
William James: "the belief that there is an unseen order, and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves thereto." Alfred North Whitehead: "what the individual does with his own solitariness." Jerry Moyer: "Religion is a system of beliefs by which a people reduce anxiety over natural phenomena through some means of explication.“ Paul Tillich: "Religious is the state of being grasped by an ultimate concern"
Clifford Geertz defined religion as a cultural system: "A religion is a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.” Karl Marx: "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people."
Religion is any specific system of belief about deity, often involving rituals, a code of ethics, a philosophy of life, and a worldview.
The origin of religion can generally be traced to the Ancient Near East and classified in three basic categories: polytheistic, pantheistic and monotheistic. Atheism is really a modern belief that resulted from the "Enlightenment" period of the 18th century.
Polytheism (a belief in many gods) Originated with Hinduism in about 2500 BC. Hindu beliefs were recorded in the Bhagavad Gita, which revealed that many gods were subject to a supreme Brahman god. Polytheism was also the religion of many other ancient cultures, including Assyria, Babylonia, Egypt, Greece and Rome.
Pantheism (a belief that all is God) The belief that the universe itself was divine was typified in the Animism beliefs of the African and American Indian cultures, the later Egyptian religion under the Pharaohs, and Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism in the cultures of the Far East. Pantheism is the principle that god is everything, and everything is god. Therefore, nature is also part of god. We must be in harmony with nature. We must nurture it and be nurtured by it. Humankind is no different than any other animal. We must live in harmony with them, understand them, and learn from them, focusing on the relationship between humankind and the elements of nature.
Monotheism (a belief in one God) Foundation of the Judeo-Christian-Muslim line of religions, which began with a man named Abraham in about 2000 BC.
c. 2000 BC: Time of Abraham, the patriarch of Israel. c. 1200 BC: Time of Moses, the Hebrew leader of the Exodus. c. 1100 - 500 BC: Hindus compile their holy texts, the Vedas. c. 563 - 483 BC: Time of Buddha, founder of Buddhism. c. 551 - 479 BC: Time of Confucius, founder of Confucianism. c. 200 BC: The Hindu book, Bhagavad Gita, is written. c. 2 to 4 BC - 32 AD: Time of Jesus Christ, the Messiah and founder of Christianity. c. 32 AD: The Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. c. 40 - 90 AD: The New Testament is written by the followers of Jesus Christ. c. 570 - 632 AD: Time of Muhammad, who records the Quran as the basis of Islam.
Founder: None Creed/Doctrine: None Sacred Texts: The Vedas (bodies of knowledge), The Brahmanas, The Aranyakas, The Upanishads, The Mahabharata, The Ramayana, The Code of Manu, The Puranas and The Yoga Sutras Summary: God is both within being and object in the universe—and transcends every being and object; the essence of each soul I divine; and the purpose of life is to become aware of that divine essence. The many forms of worship ritual and meditation in Hinduism are intended to lead the soul toward direct experience of God or Self
Polytheistic - one which worships multiple deities: gods and goddesses. Monotheistic religion, because it recognizes only one supreme God: Brahman, that all reality is a unity. Trinitarian because Brahman is simultaneously visualized as a triad: Brahma, the Creator Vishnu, (Krishna) the Preserver and Shiva, the Destroyer Henotheistic religion -- a religion which recognizes a single deity, but which recognizes other gods and goddesses as facets or manifestations or aspects of that supreme God.
Vishnu, (Krishna) the Preserver, who preserves these new creations. Whenever dharma (eternal order, righteousness, religion, law and duty)is threatened, Vishnu travels from heaven to earth in one of ten incarnations.
Shiva, the Destroyer, is at times compassionate,erotic and destructive.
URBAN HINDUS Most urban Hindus follow one of two major divisions within Hinduism: Vaishnavism: which generally regards Vishnu as the ultimate deity Shivaism: which generally regards Shiva as the ultimate deity.
RURAL HINDUS Many rural Hindus worship their own village goddess or an earth goddess. She is believed to rule over fertility and disease -- and thus over life and death. The priesthood is less important in rural Hinduism: non-Brahmins and non-priests often carry out ritual and prayer there.
For Hindus, which specific god or goddess you worship doesn’t matter much, because all are just visible expressions of the one ultimate unseen reality: BRAHMAN
Atman is the inner self, the ‘soul’ that is reincarnated. Atman is the part of god in every living thing. The purpose of life is to unite Atman with Brahman
Hindus believe in the repetitious Transmigration of the Soul. This is the transfer of ones soul after death into another body. This produces a continuing cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth through many lifetimes. This cycle is called samsara.
Karma is the accumulated sum of ones good and bad deeds. Karma determines how you will live your next life. Through pure acts, thoughts and devotion, one can be reborn at a higher level. Bad deeds can cause a person to be reborn as a lower level, or even as an Animal/insect.
The main goal for those who renounce the world is: Moksa or liberation from "samsara," This is uniting Atman with Brahman. Moksa is considered the supreme end of mankind.
Building good karma: The Way of Action Fulfill your responsibilities, be honest and fair, treat others with compassion. Building good karma: The Way of Devotion Intense dedication to worship of a god Offerings are given to assist the poor Other activities include daily devotions, public rituals, and puja, a ceremonial dinner for a god. Building good karma: The Way of Wisdom Meditation is often practiced, with Yoga being the most common. The goal of meditation is to help break- through the Maya and to seek Brahman.
Method of keeping us in control of our body, mind and actions One must master these four types of yoga Jnana yoga – the path of knowledge Bhakti yoga – the path of devotion Karma yoga – the path of action Raja yoga – the path based on control of one’s actions and thoughts Having learnt these, the body can be detached from the soul. Achieve union with the supreme self or God. 30
According to Mahatma Gandhi, love, sacrifice and truthfulness leads to comfort and pleasure in everyday life. Gandhi’s use of nonviolence was a strong weapon in achieving India’s independence Pluralism Hinduism promotes not only tolerance and respect for differences in belief and religion, but also acceptance of those paths as legitimate 31
Hinduism has a deserved reputation of being highly tolerant of other religions. Hindus have a saying: "Ekam Sataha Vipraha Bahudha Vadanti," which may be translated: "The truth is One, but different Sages call it by Different Names"
1. Why does Hinduism have so many Gods? Hindus all believe in one Supreme God who created many Gods, highly advanced spiritual beings, to be His helpers2. Do Hindus believe in reincarnation? Yes, we believe the soul (without body) is immortal and takes birth again and again. (samsara)3. What is Karma? Karma is the universal principal of cause and effect. Both good and bad karma not only decide our fate (sorrow and happiness) in the present life, but also in future life. 33
4. Why do Hindus worship the cow? By honoring this gentle animal, who gives more than she takes, we honor the creatures as well.5. Are Hindus idol worshipers? We worship God through the image so that we can commune with Him and receive His blessings.6. Are Hindus forbidden to eat meat? Hindus teach vegetarianism as a way of life to not hurt living creatures.7. Do Hindus have a Bible? Our “Bible” is called the Veda which means “wisdom” and which reveals the word of God. 34
8. Why do many Hindus wear a dot near the middle of their forehead? It represents a divine sight and shows that one is a Hindu.9. Are the Gods of Hinduism really married? It is true that God is often depicted with a spouse in traditional stories, a symbol of love between husband and wife.10. What about caste and untouchability? Caste is the hereditary division of Indian society based on occupation (priests, warriors, business people, and workers). The lowest caste, untouchables, suffer from discrimination. It is now illegal in India. 35
Women and Men: must cover arms and legs One should remove shoes before entering the main sanctuary You sit wherever you wish on the floor Priests conduct the service Silence is expected from all present during the ceremony, except during chanting. The Bhagavad-Gita is used during many services | <urn:uuid:5fd34310-eaaa-4ceb-8bfb-2e59a0486689> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.slideshare.net/RobinHoltMclaren/world-religion-13017771 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945855 | 4,528 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Observable or inner behavior (thoughts or urges) are self-recorded on a standardized chart, and curricular or behavioral changes are made according to clearly defined decision rules.
A number of features accelerate acquisition, endurance, stability, retention and application of skills:
- First, an individual’s skills are pinpointed precisely. Precision teachers provide clear, direct, and sequential instruction of manageable bits.
- Second, performance is continually and cumulatively measured; the goal is to build endurance until a learner maintains higher frequencies over longer periods of time. Timing intervals range from a matter of seconds to a full day and are based on a learners optimal rate of learning.
- Third, rate of response (number of corrects and errors rather than percentage correct) is displayed on a semi-logarithmic Standard Celeration Chart to provide a visual representation of progress upon which to make immediate decisions. If the learner is not progressing, duration or skill level is adjusted or the skill is re-taught. Therefore, the teacher is held accountable for the learning rather than blaming the student. Students eventually set their own goals and become highly motivated, courageous learners.
- Fourth, once a skill is taught, free-operant conditioning is used, a process where performers respond at their own pace without prompting or interference from their coach. Charting can be taught successfully to first graders and above. According to Owen White, Ph.D. (1986), Precision Teaching "has been used successfully to teach the progress of learners ranging from the severely handicapped to university graduate students, from the very young to the very old" (p. 530).
- Standard Celeration Chart:
- To measure fluency, precision teaching utilizes a semi-logarithmic chart called a Standard Celeration Chart. This chart allows for demonstration of changes in rate of acquisition and allows the teacher to quickly assess a student’s performance accelerating though time . By utilizing this chart, teachers are able to quickly adjust the curriculum to maximize the student's performance and learning.. This chart was developed by Lindsley in the 1950s while at Metropolitan State Hospital and Harvard University. It was not created in its current form until 1967.
- SAFMEDS is a method of training to fluency which stands for Say All Fast a Minute Every Day Shuffled. This training has been shown to increase performance in college settings .
- Lindsley, O. R. (1964). Direct measurement and prosthesis of retarded behavior. Journal of Education, 147, 62-81.
- Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- White, O. R. (1986). Precision teaching—Precision learning. Exceptional Children, 52, 522-534.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|
<ref>tags exist, but no
<references/>tag was found | <urn:uuid:57a34f9f-0d47-48d0-81d0-5d97db5460dd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Precision_teaching | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895253 | 639 | 3.90625 | 4 |
November 12, 2013 > Postal Service reprints a misprint of misprint
Postal Service reprints a misprint of misprint
Submitted By U.S. Postal Service
The Postal Service recently announced that it has printed 100 additional sheets of stamps of the recently issued Inverted Jenny stamp Ñ but with the plane flying right-side up. These very limited edition stamps were circulated with the recent issue of the most famous ÒmisprintedÓ stamp. Customers who have recently purchased the new Inverted Jenny stamp could have a very limited edition of the famous stamp.
The idea for creating the Òmisprinted misprintÓ came to light after the Postmaster General mentioned the stamp to customer groups shortly after it was previewed in January.
ÒOur customers were enthusiastic about printing a new version of the most publicized stamp error in U.S. history as a great way to spur interest in stamp collecting,Ó said Donahoe. ÒSome jokingly commented that we should be careful to avoid repeating the same mistake of nearly a century ago. That was the impetus behind this initiative. What better way to interest a younger generation in stamp collecting?Ó
In 1918, in a rush to celebrate the first airmail flight, the Post Office Department issued the 24-cent Curtiss Jenny stamp. Because the design required two colors, sheets were placed on the printing press twice Ñ first to apply red ink and a second time to apply blue ink. This process was given to human error Ñ as stamp collectors at the time well knew.
A Washington, DC, Post Office clerk Ñ who had never seen an airplane Ñ sold a sheet of 100 stamps mistakenly showing the biplane upside down. For nearly a century, stamp collectors have chased the Inverted Jennys and have accounted for nearly all 100 of them. Unique to this stamp issuance, all sheets were individually wrapped in a sealed envelope to recreate the excitement of finding an Inverted Jenny when opening the envelope and to avoid the possibility of discovering a corrected Jenny prior to purchase.
Individuals purchasing Òcorrected Jenny sheetsÓ will find a congratulatory note inside the wrapping asking them to call a phone number to receive a certificate of acknowledgement signed by the Postmaster General.
ÒWeÕre leveraging the incredible story behind the rare collectible as a creative way to generate interest in stamp collecting while highlighting the role the Post Office Department had in developing the commercial aviation industry,Ó said Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe.
Just days after the Postal Service issued the new $2 version of the most publicized stamp error in U.S., Glenn Watson of Newmarket, Ontario, Canada, purchased the new $2 version with the biplane flying right side up.
ÒIÕve been collecting U.S. and Canadian stamps for more than 50 years,Ó said Watson, who ordered his Inverted Jenny stamp sheet through the Postal Store on eBay. ÒBy far this was a total surprise, and I can now relate to how stamp collector William Robey felt when he purchased the original sheet of 100 inverted Jennys in 1918. Clearly this right-side-up version will be the treasure of my collection. I hope this stamp will encourage younger generations to get involved in this educational hobby.Ó | <urn:uuid:22da0efa-c189-47e9-953d-65fb4f29d9b8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tricityvoice.com/articlefiledisplay.php?issue=2013-11-12&file=Inverted+Jenny+509P+++TCV.txt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951348 | 675 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Hyacinth Macaw Information
This article is about the bird. For the play by Mac Wellman, see The Hyacinth Macaw.
In the Brazilian Pantanal
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Species: A. hyacinthinus
Approximate distribution in red
The Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), or Hyacinthine Macaw, is a parrot native to central and eastern South America. With a length (from the top of its head to the tip of its long pointed tail) of about 100 cm (3.3 ft) it is longer than any other species of parrot. It is the largest macaw and the largest flying parrot species, though the flightless Kakapo of New Zealand can outweigh it at up to 3.5 kg. While generally easily recognized, it can be confused with the far rarer and smaller Lear's Macaw. Habitat loss and trapping wild birds for the pet trade has taken a heavy toll on their population in the wild, and as a result the species is classified as Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List, and it is protected by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
English physician, ornithologist and artist John Latham first described the Hyacinth Macaw in 1790 based on a taxidermic specimen sent to England. It is one of two extant and one probably extinct species of the South American macaw genus Anodorhynchus.
The largest parrot by length in the world, the Hyacinth Macaw is 100 cm (3.3 ft) long from the tip of its tail to the top of its head and weighs 1.2–1.7 kg (2.6–3.7 lb). Each wing is 388–425 mm (15.3–16.7 in) long. The tail is long and pointed. Its feathers are entirely blue, lighter above and darker on its wings. It has a large black curved beak. It has a lappet of bright-yellow bare skin on the left and right of its face adjacent to the base of its lower beak and an eyering of yellow bare skin encircle each eye. Male and female are identical in external appearance, and juveniles resemble adults except they have shorter tails and the yellow on their faces is paler.
Food and feeding
The majority of the hyacinth macaw diet is nuts from native palms, such as acuri and bocaiuva palms. They have a very strong beak for eating the kernels of hard nuts and seeds. Their strong beaks are even able to crack coconuts, the large brazil nut pods and macadamia nuts. The acuri nut is so hard that the parrots cannot feed on it until it has passed through the digestive system of cattle. In addition, they eat fruits and other vegetable matter.
In the Pantanal, Hyacinth Macaws feed almost exclusively on the nuts of Acrocomia aculeata and Attalea phalerata palm trees. This behaviour was recorded by the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates in his 1863 book The Naturalist on the River Amazons, where he wrote that
It flies in pairs, and feeds on the hard nuts of several palms, but especially of the Mucuja (Acrocomia lasiospatha). These nuts, which are so hard as to be difficult to break with a heavy hammer, are crushed to a pulp by the powerful beak of this macaw.
Charles Darwin remarked on Bates's account of the species, calling it a "splendid bird" with its "enormous beak" able to feed on these palm nuts.
A pair and their nest in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Nesting takes place between July and December, nests are constructed in tree cavities or cliff faces depending on the habitat. In the Pantanal region, 90% of nests are constructed in the manduvi tree (Sterculia apetala). Hollows of sufficient size are only found in trees of around 60 years of age or older, and competition is fierce. Existing holes are enlarged and then partially filled with wood chips. The clutch size is one or two eggs, although usually only one fledgling survives as the second egg hatches several days after the first, and the smaller fledgling cannot compete with the first born for food. The incubation period lasts about a month, and the male will tend to his mate whilst she incubates the eggs. The chicks leave the nest, or fledge, at around 110 days of age, and remain dependent on their parents until six months of age. They are mature and begin breeding at seven years of age. Eggs are regularly predated by corvids, possums, coatis and (most prolifically) toucans. Adults have no known natural predators. The young are parasitized by larvae of flies of the genus Philornis.
Distribution and habitat
Hyacinth Macaws in their natural habitat, the Pantanal, Brazil.
The Hyacinth Macaw survives today in three main populations in South America: In the Pantanal region of Brazil, and adjacent eastern Bolivia and northeastern Paraguay, in the Cerrado region of the eastern interior of Brazil (Maranhão, Piauí, Bahia, Tocantins, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais), and in the relatively open areas associated with the Tocantins River, Xingu River, Tapajós River, and the Marajó island in the eastern Amazon Basin of Brazil. It is possible that smaller, fragmented populations occur in other areas. It prefers palm swamps, woodlands, and other semi-open wooded habitats. It usually avoids dense humid forest, and in regions dominated by such habitats, it is generally restricted to the edge or relatively open sections (e.g. along major rivers). In different areas of their range these parrots are found in savannah grasslands, in dry thorn forest known as 'caatinga', and in palm stands, particularly the Moriche Palm (Mauritia flexuosa).
At La Palmyre Zoo, France
At Disney's Animal Kingdom Park, Florida, United States.
The Hyacinth Macaw is an endangered species due to the cage bird trade and habitat loss. In the 1980s, it is estimated that at least 10,000 birds were taken from the wild. Throughout the macaw’s range, habitat is being lost or altered due to the introduction of cattle ranching and mechanised agriculture, and the development of hydroelectric schemes. Annual grass fires set by farmers can destroy nest trees, and regions previously inhabited by this macaw are now unsuitable also due to agriculture and plantations. Locally, it has been hunted for food, and the Kayapo Indians of Gorotire in south-central Brazil use its feathers to make headdresses and other baubles. While overall greatly reduced in numbers, it remains locally common in the Brazilian Pantanal, where many ranch-owners now protect the macaws on their land.
The Hyacinth Macaw is protected by law in Brazil and Bolivia, and commercial export is banned by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). There are a number of long-term studies and conservation initiatives in place; the Hyacinth Macaw Project in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso do Sul, has carried out important research by ringing individual birds and has created a number of artificial nests to compensate for the small percentage of sites available in the region.
The Minnesota Zoo with BioBrasil and the World Wildlife Fund are involved in Hyacinth Macaw conservation.
See also
List of macaws
^ a b BirdLife International (2012). "Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
^ a b c d e Forshaw (2006). plate 70.
^ a b ADW: Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus: Information
^ a b "Species factsheet: Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 2011-07-29.
^ a b c d e f g "Hyacinth Macaw". WWF.[dead link] - via ARKive
^ Bates, H. W. (1864). The naturalist on the River Amazons. London: J. Murray. Pages 79–80. (1st (long) ed. 1863
^ Darwin, Charles (1863). "An Appreciation: The Naturalist on the River Amazons by Henry Walter Bates". Natural History Review, vol iii. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
^ a b c d e "Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus): BirdLife species factsheet". BirdLife International. Retrieved 2003-04. - via ARKive
^ Pizo,Marco Aurelio; Donatti, Camila I. Neiva, Maria R.; Guedes, Mauro Galetti, Marco Aurélio; Donatti, Camila I.; Guedes, Neiva Maria R.; Galetti, Mauro (2008). "Conservation puzzle: Endangered hyacinth macaw depends on its nest predator for reproduction". Biological Conservation 141 (3): 792–96. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.023.
^ a b Brouwer, Meindert (21 April 2004). "The hyacinth macaw makes a comeback". WWF. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
^ Predator of the world's largest macaw key to its survival
^ Allgayer, M. C.; Guedes, N. M. R.; Chiminazzo, C.; Cziulik, M.; Weimer, T. A., MC; Guedes, NM; Chiminazzo, C; Cziulik, M; Weimer, TA (2009). "Clinical Pathology and Parasitologic Evaluation of Free Living Nestlings of the Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus)". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45 (4): 972–81. PMID 19901373.
^ Forshaw (2006). page 95.
^ "Appendices I, II and III". CITES. 2011-04-27. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
^ The CITES Appendices, CITES, retrieved 2011-07-29
^ "BioBrasil and the Minnesota Zoo working to save Hyacinth Macaws". Minnesota Zoo. Retrieved 2007-08-24 | <urn:uuid:e223d2ae-5c34-48cf-8fa5-a38c62c5ad33> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://muhammadmerchant.blogspot.com/2013/05/hyacinth-macaw.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885411 | 2,290 | 4.0625 | 4 |
- For other places with the same name, see Hyderabad (disambiguation).
Hyderabad, the pearl city of India, is the capital of Telangana in Southern India, located on the banks of the Musi River and on the Deccan Plateau. Hyderabad and Secunderabad are "twin cities" near Hussain Sagar Lake (also known as Tank Bund in local parlance) but both cities have grown so much that now they have become one big metropolis. The city and district of Hyderabad are coterminous. Hyderabad district is entirely contained within the Ranga Reddy district of Telangana. Many of the suburbs of Hyderabad were recently merged into the city, now called Greater Hyderabad.
Two important water bodies - the Musi river and the Hussain Sagar Lake - define much of Hyderabad's geography. They also influenced the city's history.
The Musi river flows from the west to the east, a few kilometers south of Hussain Sagar Lake. As you will read in the History section, the city was established on the banks of the Musi. The crowded bylanes of the Old City, as the district is now called, are steeped in history and home to many of the monuments that hark back to its glory days. Secunderabad, to the northwest of Hussain Sagar, is an army base first established by the British and which continues to serve that function today for the Indian Army.
Other than the above two clearly delineated named areas, none of the other major divisions of the city have commonly agreed upon names or boundaries. This guide, however, uses Hussain Sagar to refer to the region immediately surrounding the lake, where the government buildings of the new capital city are located. Jubilee Hills to Punjagutta is the district where the rich of Hyderabad dwell and dine. Cyberabad is the name we have appropriated for Hi tec city and Gachibowli, where most IT companies have their offices, and we have extended the term to encompass the entire western part of Hyderabad from Madhapur to Chandanagar on the grounds that these are the places where employees of these IT companies have their homes. Note, however, that the Cyberabad of this guide is not the same as the police commissionerate of the same name.
North and East Hyderabad are vast suburban, primarily residential areas that may not have much by way of attractions for the traveller.
The Old City lies mostly along the banks of the Musi, Most historical attractions, including the Charminar and the Golconda fort lie in this district. It is also one of the most crowded areas of India, where, in some ways time has stood still since around 1800 while in other ways it has taken a few awkward steps forward. The crowded bylanes of the Old City are great areas to shop for bangles, henna, clothes or pearls.
The district lies to the north-east of the Hussain Sagar. At one point, Secunderabad was a separate city, which is why you often hear the appellation "Twin cities" to refer to the region. Like the typical Indian cantonment town, the roads are better maintained and broader. It has nice parks, open spaces like the parade ground, and some excellent restaurants.
The district around the Lake, particularly to the south of it, developed after Independence to house the government offices of the capital of the new state. The Lake itself and its surroundings have been beautified in the last two decades and you will find some nice amusement parks, promenades and restaurants around it.
|Jubilee Hills to Punjagutta
To the west of the new city are the prosperous suburbs of Punjagutta, Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills. Banjara Hills is where Hyderabad's swish set lives - the industrialists, movie stars and politicians. The neighbourhoods contain some good parks and restaurants.
9 km to the west of the new city is the technology hub of Hi tec city and Gachibowli. Most information technology and business process outsourcing (BPO) firms have their offices here; some like Microsoft, Oracle and Infosys have large campuses. The crowd here is cosmopolitan, the restaurants and bars hipper, and the attractions worth seeing are newer.
This is something of an industrial and suburban zone. Pharmaceutical companies have their factories, and their middle-class employees stay here. Other than the occasional park and the odd restaurant, the only time people from the heart of the city will visit this place is when they are driving to one of the resorts on the outskirts of the city
Home to Osmania University, the eastern part of Hyderabad is a vast suburban area that has little to interest the traveler
If you are visiting Hyderabad on business—as is increasingly the case now—it is easy to miss the 400 year-old Hyderabad. The city that immediately hits the eye is a sprawling metropolis of shopping malls and office buildings with glass facades. The whole of the city seems to be under construction or renovation and the roads are jammed because the metro is under construction.
The magnificent "old city" that was once the seat of the Nizam, the ruler of the largest and the most opulent "princely state", and the twin city of Secunderabad where the British maintained a cantonment to keep the army within striking distance of the Nizam can be seen only if you take the time out to see them.
Hyderabad's many epithets include the City of Pearls, the City of Nawabs, the Biryani City and, because of its high-tech industries, Cyberabad.
In the 10th century, the kings of the Kakatiya dynasty built the fortress of Golkonda about 8 km to the west of what is now Hyderabad’s old city. Over the next few centuries, the fort became a major centre of diamond trade fed by the mines of Kollur, so much so that the word "Golkonda" became synonymous with great wealth. The fort changed hands many times before it came under the control of Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk in 1463. He had quelled rebellion in the Telangana region and was appointed the subedar, or administrator of the region by the Bahmani sultan as a result. By 1518, he had become independent from the sultan, declared himself the Sultan under the name of Quli Qutb Shah and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty. In 1589, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a grandson of Quli Qutb Shah, moved his capital from the Golconda fort to the present day location of Hyderabad due to water shortages at the old location. In 1591, he ordered the construction of the Charminar, reportedly in gratitude to Allah for stopping a plague epidemic before it could do too much damage.
The name "Hyderabad" reportedly had its origins in an affair between Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah and a local Telugu courtesan named Bhagmati. He named the city Bhagyanagar after her, and after she converted to Islam and took on the name of "Hyder Mahal", he named the city Hyderabad. Hyderabad was built on a grid plan with help from Iranian architects. French traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier favourably compared Hyderabad to Orleans.
The Qutb Shahi dynasty lasted till 1687, when the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb defeated the sultanate and took over Hyderabad. He appointed a governor to rule the region and granted him the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk. However, Mughal rule was short-lived and in 1724, the Nizam Asaf Jah I gained independence from a declining Mughal empire. Legend has it that while on a hunting expedition, he met a holy man who offered him some kulchas and asked him to eat as much as he could. Asaf Jah ate only seven, and the holy man prophesied that his dynasty would last for seven generations. Sure enough, the seventh ruler in the dynasty was the last. In honour of the legend, the flag of the Nizams featured a kulcha.
Around 1763, Asif Jah II, defeated by the Marathas and threatened by Tipu Sultan of Mysore, entered into a subsidiary alliance with a British. Hyderabad state became a "princely state", protected by, and under the overlordship of the British. The British maintained their army in nearby Secunderabad to protect the Nizam and to ensure that he did not do any mischief. Hyderabad state was the richest in the country and in the 1930s Time magazine rated the Nizam the richest man in the world. In 1947, with India's independence, the seventh Nizam was reluctant to cede his principality to the newly independent India, preferring Pakistan instead. India sent in its troops and the 200 year old prophesy was fulfilled. On 17 September 1948, it was merged in to India. Hyderabad become the capital of Hyderabad state. In 1956, Telugu-speaking areas were consolidated into the state of Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad became the capital of this new state. The new capital's administrative buildings were located around Hussain Sagar Lake between Secunderabad and the "old city", as the Nizam's city came to be called.
In 1995, Chandrababu Naidu became chief minister of Andhra Pradesh. Among his key policies was a major initiative to turn the city into an IT hub. He cleaned up the streets, laid out IT parks and did much to attract technology companies into the city. Today, as Bangalore’s infrastructure is choked by the city’s rapid growth, Hyderabad's well-laid out streets are proving to be a major attraction for software and IT-enabled companies. The technology enclave of Madhapur has actually been officially named Hi tec city, and "Cyberabad" is commonly used as an alternative name to Hyderabad.
In 2007, the suburbs of Hyderabad were merged with the city to form Greater Hyderabad. In 2009, the longstanding demand to have Telangana created as a separate state came to a boil, with agitations and disturbances shaking up Hyderabad. This dispute was resolved in June 2014, with the state of Telangana created. Hyderabad will be capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for 10 years, after which Hyderabad will remain capital of Telangana.
Culture and attitudes
In many senses, Hyderabad is the meeting ground between North and South India. The city has a culture that is distinct from the rest of Telangana, showing Islamic influences and a courtly presence imparted from its period as the capital of the Nizamate. This is more evident in the old city. The new city resembles many provincial state capitals in India. Secunderabad is more cosmopolitan, as the Cantonment area is located in this part of the city.
Due to a recent influx of young men and women from various parts of the country, Hyderabad's culture and attitudes have taken a turn towards "modernity". However, it is good to keep in mind that the city is still a deeply conservative place and to dress appropriately, especially in the old city.
Like many Indian cities Hyderabad has a tropical climate. The best time to visit the city is from mid-November to mid-February. Temperatures are mild with abundant sunshine during this time and average temperatures range from a low of 15°C (59°F) to a high of 29°C (85°F).
March to June is hot and dry with occasional thunderstorms. Highs can reach 45°C (113°F) or more and lack of air-conditioning can make it feel very uncomfortable. July, August, September and October can be quite warm and humid and low pressure systems from the Bay of Bengal during the monsoon season can cause heavy rain for days.
The city is one of the main places where Urdu developed, and the dialect spoken primarily by the large Muslim population is known as “Deccani Urdu” or Dakhani Urdu” (which both translate to Urdu of the Deccan). Because of the influence of Urdu, a dialect of Hindi is also spoken in the city and your Hindi phrasebook may still be useful.
1 Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (IATA: HYD) is 22 km (14 mi) from the city. The sleek and well-organized airport is one of the best in India. The elevated expressway to the airport takes 20 minutes. There are direct international flights from many countries. International carriers are Air India, British Airways, Emirates, Malaysia Airlines, Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Silk Air, Etihad Airways and Thai Airways. International destinations: Abu Dhabi, Bangkok, Chicago, Dammam, Doha, Dubai, Hong Kong, Jeddah, Kuala Lumpur, London, Muscat, Sharjah, Singapore.
Excellent domestic connectivity is provided by Indian airlines including Air India, Air India Express, Indigo Airlines, Jet Airways, JetLite and SpiceJet.
The airport can be contacted on their (toll free for BSNL/MTNL subscribers) number 1 800 419-2008 for all services and enquiries including arrivals / departure information, facilities, transport availability, etc.
From Hyderabad airport, one option is to take the air-conditioned buses run by the airport (Aero Express) to various designated points in the city such as (1) Begumpet (Paryatak Bhavan) (2) Secunderabad (Keyes High School) (3) Hi-Tec City (Opposite Shilparamam) at a fixed price of ₹ 180, and two designated points in the city (4) Charminar (City College) (5) Mehdipatnam (Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital) at ₹ 120 (travel time runs from 45-100 min depending on time of day and traffic conditions). The buses have a frequency of a bus every 30 min from 03:30-23:00and every hour at midnight, 01:00, 02:00 and 03:00. You can reach the designated points and then take an auto or metered cab from there.
Alternatively, you can hire metered air-conditioned radio cabs starting from ₹ 20 per km (see Get around section). Easy and Meru are approved by the airport @ 15₹/km and are available just after exiting the terminal building. For the rest, you need to call and book with a lead time of 15 minutes to 1 hour. These cabs charge 25% surcharge in the night (i.e., ₹ 18.75 per km). Hyderabad traffic police counter is on the ground floor with prepaid taxis. Beware of taxi soliciting touts at the airport greeting area; they will try to charge exorbitant rates.
Hired cars are also available from a booth just before walking outside of the airport. This gives you the advantage of paying in advance, thereby avoiding any disagreements over price.
Another option for cheap travel from the airport to Hyderabad city is: When you arrive at airport, go to the departure gates, where you can get a car that has just dropped off passengers and would otherwise return empty to the city. Such vehicles will drop you off in city for only ₹ 30. The same is true if you hail a taxi near Mehdipathnam, where the flyover starts.
- Wikivoyage has a guide to Rail travel in India
Indian Railways has service to Hyderabad from all over India.
There are three major railway stations serving the twin cities: 2 Hyderabad Station [HYB] (Decan or Nampally), 3 Secunderabad Station [SC] (Junction), and Kachiguda and a minor station at Begumpet. Most of the trains bound for South India and North India originate from Hyderabad and leave via Secunderabad. Trains to/from New Delhi (toward north via Nagpur, Bhopal, Jhansi, Agra, 1677 km, 26-29 hours ), Visakhapatnam (toward east via Vijayawada, Warangal, 710 km, twelve and half hours), Chennai (toward south via Vijayawada, Warangal, Ongole, Nellore, 790 km, ~14 hours ), Mumbai (toward west via Vikarabad, Solarpur, Pune. 790 km, 13h 45m), Kolkata (To east to Howrah Station via Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam, Bhubaneswar, 1592 km, over thirty hours), Trivandrum (toward south-southwest via Tenali, Ongole, Nellore, Tirupati, Chittoor, Katpadi, Tiruppur, Coimbatore, Palakkad, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Tiruvalla, Kayamkulam, Kollam 1568 km, thirty and half hours), Sirpur Kagaznagar, Bidar, Tirupati (toward south via Vikarabad, Guntakal, Kadapa. 732 km, 16 hours), Narsapur (toward west via Nalgonda, Vishnupuram, Mandavalli, Kaikaluru, Bhimavaram, Veeravasaram, Palakollu, Narasapuram, 461 km, ten and half hours), Kolhapur, Ajmer, Darbhanga, Purna, Aurangabad, Parbhani, Bijapur, Gulbarga.
From these major railway stations you can easily get connected buses or private taxis which will take you to the destination of your choice. You can also ask taxi drivers about getting around Hyderabad as they have adequate experience and guide you appropriate to save your significant amount of time.
Hyderabad is well connected to other major Metros by road. Bangalore is connected by NH7 and is at a distance of 560 km. The road between Bangalore and Hyderabad is excellent, and the distance can be covered in 6 hours. The city is 752 km from Chennai (using highways NH9 and NH5) and 800 km from Mumbai (NH9 till Pune and the expressway to Mumbai.).
Hyderabad is well-connected to all parts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and most parts of South and Western India.
- 4 MGBS Bus Station (Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station or Imliban or Gowliguda Bus-Station), ☎ , toll-free: , (inquiry counter), (ticket reservation office). (24/7 Customer Support)This is said to be the largest bus station in the world with around 84 bus bays side by side.
Buses going to Anantapur (350 km, 5-8 h, ₹ 380-600, 10+ per day), Ahmedabad (21 h, daily), Bangalore (ten-twelve hours, eight plus per day), Chennai (12.5-13.5 h, ten+ per day, from ₹710), Coimbatore (14 h, five+ per day, from ₹1610), Madurai (14-16 h, four per day, ₹1600), Puttaparthy (366 km 10-11 h, two evening buses, ₹600-₹700), Rajahmundry (422 km, 10-12 h, six+ per day, ₹500-₹750), Tirupati (570 km 10-13 h, ₹600-₹950, 15+), Vijayawada (270 km, ₹300-₹400, half hourly, 7-9 h), Vijayawada (five and half to six hours, every half hour, ₹200-₹330), Visakhapatnam (627 km, ₹600-₹1100, 12-14 h, twenty plus per day).
5 JBS (Jubilee Bus Station) is in Secunderabad. APSRTC, runs direct air-conditioned coaches to Mumbai, Bengaluru (Bangalore) and Chennai. A.P tourism runs air-conditioned coaches to, Mumbai, Chennai and Bengaluru. You have to book the tickets in advance. There are many online bus ticketing portals to book bus tickets. Bus Station Office, ☎ +91 40 27802203.
South India is largely well served by organised private bus operators. They run luxury buses like Volvo, Mercedes, Kinglong Cerita buses including multi axled buses. These are air-conditioned, semi sleeper or sleeper services with online ticket booking facilities. Important private travel hubs are KPHB Colony, Lakdi-Ka-Pool, Paradise centre in Secunderabad and Dilsukh nagar. Luxury services run to many cities from these places.
It may be difficult to find direct buses from North India.
- Telangana State Road Transport Corporation is the most luxurious bus transport corporation in India and is run by the Telangana state Government: The bus stations of TSSRTC in Hyderabad and Secunderabad are MGBS and JBS respectively. TSRTC runs all types of buses including air-conditioned, non air-conditioned and Volvo, Garuda-Plus, Garuda-Sleeper, Indra, Super Luxury and express buses to all major cities in South India and all major cities around Hyderabad.
There are many ways to get around in Hyderabad. It has good bus service, passable auto-rickshaw and taxi services and a grossly inadequate local train service.
Multi-Modal Transport System MMTS
Local trains called MMTS are available, albeit for only a few places in Hyderabad. The frequency ranges from 10 minutes to around 2 per hour, save the daytime and Sundays when there are fewer trains. It is a fast way of travel to the few stations it covers, and the cheapest option as well. If you plan to travel through MMTS, check out the schedule [dead link] from the website or mmts train timings. It is advisable for foreigners to take first class. Daily and monthly passes are also available at the MMTS stations.
- 6 Falaknuma MMTS Station (FM, Telugu: ఫలకనుమ రైల్వే స్టేషన్) (Near to Taj Falaknuma Palace, Barkas Cemetery, Jama Masjid Farooq-e-Azam, Simhavahini Mahankali Temple, and Udden Gadda Commercial area, Chandrayan Gutta localities are accessible from here).
- 7 Uppuguda MMTS Station (HPG) (Huppuguda Gurudwara, Chitragupta Devalayam temple, Aliabad suburb, Shalibanda suburb and Darushifa Jama Masjid, Masjid Haji Kamal, Masjid Naya Pul, Iqbal Hotel, Ajwa Hotel and Choice Hotel all last five in Darushifa, Charminar monument and mosque, Laad Bazaar bangles market, Pather Gatti pearls market, Makkah Masjidare accessible from here).
- 8 Yakutpura MMTS Station (YKA) (Masjid E Elahiya, Masjid Hazarim, Hanuman Temple of Madannapet Colony, Madannapet Mandi Vegetable Market, Pisal Banda's Paigah Tombs, Jamia Masjid Arafaat Sunni Mosque, National Hospital and Apple Hospital, Zahra Abdul Rahman Mosque, Masjid-E-Quba are accessible from here). Yerra Gunta Pond with a Hindu crematorium, big Saidabad's mansions of nawabs, Ameen Manzil Royal Palace in Saidabad suburb, Venkateshwara Temple and Kankadurga Temple, Reliance Fresh store and Sunday fish market in Santoshnagar suburb,
- 9 Dabeer Pura MMTS Station (DQR) (Chanchalguda Central Jail, Qabrastan Park, HEH The Nizam's Museum or City Museum , Purani Haveli Palace, Salar Jung Art Museum at Darushifa, Fateh Khan Bazar are accessible from here).
- 10 Malakpet MMTS Station (MXT) (Masjid-e-Qadriya, Jagannath Temple, Sahifa Masjid, BSNL Telephone Exchange, Kothapet Fruit Market, Padmavamshi Textile Market, Victoria Memorial Home, Saroornagar Lake, East Zone Municipal Council, Gaddiannaram Mahalakshmi theatre, Asmangadh Fort /located near NH-9/; Birla Archaeological Museum /near Asmangadh/, Mini Tank Bund / along the banks of Saroornagar Lake/, Indira Priyadarshini Park /on this Mini Tank Bund/, Jain Mandir /on the Maruthinagar-Chaitanyapuri stretch, about 1.5 km from Dilsukhnagar Bus Depot/, Narasimhaswamy Temple /in Chaitanyapuri on high rocks on the banks of the river Musi. The temple is famous as the Konda Gudi in the Chaitanyapuri area/, Chaderghat bridge, APSRTC bus terminal MGBS /Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station is located 0.5 km from Chaderghat/ are accessible from here).
- 11 Kachiguda MMTS Station (KCG) (Narayanguda's YMCA, Osmania University, book shops in Koti, Giriraj lane's electronic shops, Lord Krishna Temple on Giriraj lane, Hanuman Temple, Hyderabad ISKCON Temple, General Post Office, old Taj Mahal hotel, Samasthan Gadwal Handloom Shopping Centre, the Government Building of Andhra Pradesh State Financial Corporation, Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Office Building, Maheshwari Palace Shopping Mall, New Marketing complex on Tilak Road, Mubarak Bazaar in Abids and the President Plaza are accessible from here).
- 12 Vidyanagar MMTS Station (VAR) (Ramaiah's Institute, City Central Library, Thyagaraya Gana Sabha Cultural Auditorium, Lord Venkateshwara Temple, Sri Anjaneya Swamy Temple, Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple all last four in Chikkadpally, Shivam temple on Shivam Road, Ahobil Mutt and Ayyappa Swamy temples both on Shivam Road, Sri Ramana Theatere, Sufi Amber Baba Dargah, Jama Masjid, Irani Hotel, Guruvaurappan Temple, Ali Cafe, Shivam temple, Sheraton Hotel, Indo Bright Seva at Patel Nagar all last nine in Amberpet are accessible from here).
- 13 Jamia Osmania MMTS Station (JOO) (Ramnagar Chowrastha, Community Hall in Ramnagar are accessible from here).
- 14 Arts College MMTS Station (ATC) (Kalyanam Shopping Mall, Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Kakatiya Recreation Club, Ganesha Temple, Sri Sita Rama Temple, Sri Sai Baba Temple, Datta Mandir, Sri Rama Temple, Sivalayam, Anjaneya Swamy Temple, Mataji Temple //Velugu Gutta Hill - Green Hills Colony/, Masjid E Bilal, Mosque in Nacharam and Mosque at Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium all in Habsiguda suburb, Arts college building, Masjid-E-Kousar, Masjid-E-noor-E-Mohammadiya, Sri Subrahmanyaswamy Temple, Mumtaz Hotel all six in Warsiguda, Hanuman temple in Adikmet suburb are accessible from here).
- 15 Sitaphalmandi MMTS Station (STPD) (English and Foreign Languages University, Big Bazaar Shopping mall in Tarnaka suburb are accessible from here).
- 16 Secunderabad (Railway Station) MMTS Station (SC) (Marredpally Cricket Ground in Marredpally, Swapnalok Complex, Minerva Complex shopping malls both in Patny, Sri Venkateshwara Swamy temple, Sai Baba Temple, 7 Temples (Edu gullu), Dattatriya temple, Tadbund Sri Hanuman Temple, Siddhidhatri Dhurgabhavani Temple, Ancient Lord Siva Temple behind Post office, Dattariya Temple, Sri Ganesh Temple, Lord Shri Ayyappa Swami Temple behind Sai Dham and Market Yard Veggie. Market in Bowenpally, RD Convention Center and the Cine Planet multiplex in Kompally, Rainbow Shopping Mall, old British Jail, the Medical college, Lord Thirumalaeshwara Ranganath Swami temple, Historic Gunrock Water Tank all last five in Trimulgherry suburb, Karkhana suburb, Balanagar suburb are accessible from here). Platforms #6 and 7: Used by Hyderabad MMTS and Suburban transits rail traffic.
- 17 James Street MMTS Station (JET) (Paradise Hotel, Chermas retail store, Asrani Hotel, General Bazaar, Ramgopalpet Police Stationand Malani Building all on the M.G.Road, Al-Karim Trade Center, Hotel Balajee Palace, Bombay Hotel all last three in Rani Gunj suburb, Minister Road, Hussain sagar lake are accessible from here).
- 18 Sanjeevaiah Park MMTS Station (SJVP) (On the banks of the Hussain Sagar lake. - Jogi bear Park, Sanjivaiah Park and Jalavihar Park, Eat Street and Water Front restaurants all at the Necklace road, Minister road, Pattigadda suburb are accessible from here).
- 19 Begumpet MMTS Station (BMT) (Nizamia observatory, Saradhi Studios, HUDA Maitrivanam, Huda Swarna Jayanti Complex, Aditya Trade centre, Satyam Cinema Theatre, Ameerpet Gurudwara, Elephant House all in Ameerpet suburb, Greenlands suburb, Hotel Fortune Katriya in Somajiguda suburb, Panjagutta suburb and Brahmanwadi suburb are accessible from here).
- 20 Nature Cure Hospital MMTS Station (NCHS) (Nature Cure Hospital, Hindu temple Balkampet Yellamma temple in Balkampet suburb, Sanjeeva Reddy Nagar suburb are accessible from here).
- 21 Fateh Nagar MMTS Station (FNB) (D-Mart retail store, Sunday market at Sanathnagar-Erragadda main road, Hanuman temple, St. Theresa's Church, Baptist Church and St. Paul's church all at Czech colony, Jafri Masjid, Masjid-e-Quba & Masjid-e-Ibrahimia, all in Sanathnagar suburb, Balanagar suburb, Yellamma Gudi suburb are accessible from here).
- 22 Bharat Nagar MMTS Station (BTNR) (Shoppers Stop, Hyper City, westside, brand Factory, coupons, woman's world, south India Mall, CMR, R.S. Brothers, Chandana Brothers, Chennai shopping mall, Asian Cinema and Cinepolis Multiplexes all in Kukatpally suburb, Moosapeta suburb, Seven Hills Venkateswara Swami temple, Abhayanjaneya Swami temple, Anjaneya Swami temple at Brindavan Colony, Hanuman Temple at Bandari Layout, Srisitaramalayam /1500's/ all these temples in Nizampet suburb are accessible from here).
- 23 Borabanda MMTS Station (BRBD) (Allapur, Gayatrinagar, Tulasinagar, Mothi Nagar, Rajeev Nagar suburbs, Rythu bazaar for vegetables and Gokul Therater in Erragadda area are accessible from here).
- 24 Hi-Tec City MMTS Station (HTCY) (Kukatpally Housing Board colony KPHB suburb, Hyundai Research and Development Center in Izzat Nagar, Novotel or HITEX Hyderabad Convention Centre, Hotel Avasa, Westin Hotel, LemonTree Hotel, Redfox Hotel, Shilparamam Auditorium, Arts and crafts center, State Gallery of Arts, Fortune Towers, Inorbit Mall, News Cafe, Hotel Daspalla all in Madhapur suburb, JNTU, are accessible from here.).
- 25 Hafeezpet MMTS Station (HFZ) (Madhapur, Kondapur, Miyapur, PJR Badminton Indoor Stadium are accessible from here).
- 26 Chanda Nagar MMTS Station (CDNR). Chandanagar, Madinaguda, Sai Baba Temple are accessible from here
- 27 Lingampalli MMTS Station (LPI) (BHEL township, University of Hyderabad, Huda Trade Center are accessible from here). HEADSTATION for Lines: Lingampalli - Hyderabad (daily 23 trains), Lingampalli - Falaknuma (daily 28 trains)
Same way to Begumpet, further
- 28 Necklace Road MMTS Station (NLRD) (Raj Bhavan Road, Somajiguda, Panjagutta, M S Makhta, Katriya Hotel & Towers are accessible from here).
- 29 Khairatabad MMTS Station (KQD). Banjara Hills, Raj Bhavan Road, NTR Gardens, Chintal Basti, Lake View Guest House, Taj Deccan Hotel are accessible from here
- 30 Lakdi-ka-pul MMTS Station (LKPL) (State Assembly, Red Hills quarter, Public gardens, Masab Tank, Nilofer Hospital, Birla Mandir, Chacha Nehru Park, Lumbini Park are accessible from here).
- 31 Hyderabad Deccan MMTS Station (HYB, Nampally, Telugu: నాంపల్లి రైల్వే స్టేషన్), Nampally Station Rd, Red Hills, Lakdikapul (Andhra Pradesh State Museum, Salar Jung Museum, Charminar, Hyderguda, Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium Cricket Ground, Moazzam Jahi Market, Dargah Yousufain temple, Devi Bagh, Criminal Courts are accessible from here). Headstation for Lines: Hyderabad - Falaknuma (daily 3-5 trains), Hyderabad - Lingampalli (daily 23-26 trains),
Hyderabad has good local bus connectivity and is run by TSRTC [dead link], a state-government owned corporation. Most buses start at the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Terminus more commonly known as Imlibun. Apart from normal local buses, you have a choice of Metro Express and Metro Deluxe aka Veera. There have also been Air-conditioned buses all over the city (minimum fare ₹ 22/-). Local buses tend to get extremely overcrowded and traveling on the footboard of a bus is very common.
As of 2011 a fleet of new, more comfortable, buses include blue-liveried Tata Marcopolo buses of the Metro Deluxe class and the City Sheetal buses (Volvo or Tata Marcopolo). They are air-conditioned and have limited stops. They are not crowded and you can get a seat most of the times.
The routes displayed on buses are normally shown in at least two languages, one of which is English. The best way to get to a location by bus would be to get to a bus stop and ask people waiting there. You could also get into a bus going in your direction and ask the conductor for help.
- 32 Dilsukhnagar Bus Depot, Santhoshi Maatha Temple Rd, Krishna Nagar, Dilsukhnagar.
- 33 Koti Bus Depot, Turrebaz Khan Rd, Esamiya Bazaar.
Autorickshaws in Hyderabad should be metered, though it can be difficult for non-locals and locals alike to find an auto-rickshaw driver who ever agrees to a metered fare. (This is especially true when hailing an auto in front of a 5 star hotel and near Hi-Tech area.) However, Traffic police are very helpful and will help engage an Auto with metered fare. Autos can carry a maximum of 3 passengers excluding the driver, but it is common to find them being overloaded to carry up to six passengers. The minimum fare is ₹ 20 which covers the first 1.6 km. Each additional km is another ₹ 11. There are also shared 8 seater Maxi Vans available to and fro from the suburbs to a main location of the city in that direction. Fares are mostly ₹ 2 more than bus fares, but are far more comfortable and fast for short distances up to 5 km. Fix the fare before you step into the auto-rickshaw.
Auto Drivers in Hyderabad are a nightmare and are absolutely uncooperative. Finding a needle in a haystack is easier than finding an auto driver who agrees to go by the metered rate with a common excuse that their meter is not functioning. They always demand a much higher fare even though the fare has been increased from ₹ 12-14. It is advised to keep extra change with you since most of the auto drivers will claim that they don't have change, even if they have. If you have a choice then always opt for a prepaid cab.
Reckless driving and accidents are very common in this city.
Most of the auto drivers want you to check out Govt. Authentic pearls shop in exchange for a lower fare; however, they are okay if you don't buy anything from these shops, just sit there for 10 minutes. They get 25 kg rice if they take 15 customers to these shops. The pearl shops are notorious for persuasive sales tactics and they won't let you out easily. So pay the complete fare to auto drivers instead of being diverted to a pearl shop.
Auto drivers get some percent of the entry fees (around ₹ 10/-) if they take you to the places like Chow Mahal or Salarjung museum for free. If you are around these areas get into some auto instead of walking down and ask them to drop you there.
Metered taxis are available, but they cannot be hailed off the street. One needs to call their centralized call centre and book the service. Service is very good, especially if you are booking for longer distances. It can be next to impossible to be able to get a taxi without prior booking since demand far outstrips the supply. All metered taxis have digital meters that show the distance and fare.
Operators offering metered taxis at ₹ 10 per km (Most of them are now charging ₹ 12 per km for an Indica, ₹ 10 continues in case of Maruti Omni) with a minimum charge is ₹ 80 in most cases. Many taxi services prefer not to book trips that are only a short distance.
- Red Cabs, ☎ . Minimum charges: Per hour, ₹250/- for km, taxis at ₹ 10/- per Km. Detailed tariff on website. All types of cars available.
- Meru Cabs, ☎ . Offers taxis at ₹ 40/- for first two km and ₹ 21/- per km after that. Night tariffs (23:00-05:00) are higher.
- [dead link]Green Cabs, ☎ . Offers taxis at ₹ 10/- per km. Detailed tariff on website.
- Genie Cabs, ☎ . Offers hatchback cars at ₹ 100/- for the first six km and ₹ 16/- per km after that. Night tariffs (23:00-05:00) are higher.
- Hyderabad cabs, ☎ .
- Dot cabs, ☎ . Offers taxis in two variants, each with point-to-point fares and metered fares. Detailed tariff on website. The two variants are a sedan (usually Renault Logan), or a family car (Toyota Innova).
- [dead link]ZipaRide, ☎ .
Hyderabad lacks an expressway system, leading to traffic jams during rush hours. However, an 160 km Ring Road Expressway is currently under construction.
Driving is exciting in Hyderabad not unlike in the rest of India. You find cycles, motor cycles, rickshaws, hand carts, autos, share autos, mini trucks, buses, vestibule buses, double deckers, Volvos jostling along. There are long stretches of roads passing through thickly populated areas that have no median breaks, so vehicles, including motorbikes and cars, simply drive on the wrong side of the road. Several modern flyovers now link the arterial roads.
Rent a car
Several car rental agencies are available at the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport as well in the following locations.
- Avis, Hotel Marriott Hyderabad, Tank Bund Rd (opposite Hussain Sagar Lake), ☎ , e-mail: [email protected]. Open 24 hr.
- [dead link]Budget, Plot Number 902, Road Number 46, Jubilee Hills, ☎ , fax: , e-mail: [email protected]. 24 hr. Budget car rentals are also available at the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport and the Hampshire Plaza Hotel
Hyderabad's interesting districts are fairly spread out, but are enjoyable to explore by foot on their own. The Old City is composed of a maze of disorienting alleyways that expand outward from the Charminar. Getting lost in the markets (where you can buy anything from hand-sequined saris to freshly slaughtered goats) and alleyways in the Old City can make for a thoroughly enjoyable afternoon. The famous Chudi Bazaar (Lad Bazaar) across from the Charminar is a chaotic tumble of goods, people, animals and vehicles are navigated quickly on foot. The Chowmahalla palace and the Mecca Masjid are both easily accessed from the Charminar. Necklace Road, Sultan Bazar (Koti) and Abids are worth taking some time to wander around. Please note that walking can be hazardous in Hyderabad. It is common for roads to be missing pavement, or simply unpaved, and bikes and auto-rickshaws may go to right up to the edge of the road and climb any barrier to get ahead in traffic. Walking alongside and crossing the road can be very dangerous and it is important to stay alert for erratic driving. It is always advisable to use the foot-over bridge if there is one available.
Old City is the historical region of Hyderabad. Most of the historical attractions are situated in the old city.
- 1 Charminar. Mon-Sat 09:00-17:00, closed on Fri 13:00-14:00 for prayers. Literally "Four minarets" (Char means four and Minar means minarets). Quli Qutb Shah built the Charminar in 1591 at the very spot at which he prayed for the end to the plague epidemic. The Charminar, made of pulverized marble, limestone, mortar and granite, has long been the icon of Hyderabad. The towers rise to a height of 48.7 m above the ground. It has 140 steps. Graffiti on the walls have diminished the beauty of the Charminar. There is a mosque with 45 prayer spaces located inside in the upper storeys. The structure stands in the middle of a busy road with vehicular traffic, but a pedestrianization project is under way. Atop the minarets, you get a panoramic view of Hyderabad city; to reach the top of the monument, there are 149 winding steps to the upper floor. At the very bottom of one of the minar, there is a Hindu temple. The traffic is terrible. Plan an early morning trip around 9AM if shopping is not on the to do list. There is a separate entry way for foreigners. If taking trains, you can take an auto (₹ <25) or walk from Yakutpura (~25 minutes). ₹ 5, Children below 11 free (for Indians), ₹ 100 (for foreigners), Video cameras are charged ₹ 25 extra.
- 2 Chowmahalla Palace, Khilwat, 20-4-236, Motigalli, ☎ . Sat-Thur 10:00-17:00, closed on National Holidays. Situated near Charminar, it was the seat of the Asaf Jahi dynasty where the Nizam entertained his official guests and royal visitors. ₹ 25 (for Indians), ₹ 150 (for foreigners), camera permit ₹ 50.
- 3 Falaknuma Palace. Built by Nawab Viqar al-Umra in 1872, Falaknuma is a stunning piece of architecture and the most opulent of the Nizam's palaces. The interior is particularly impressive and features the works of Florentine sculptors and a 100-seater Dining Table. The palace has been converted into a hotel run by the Taj group and is no longer accessible to the general public.
- 4 Golconda Fort. 7AM-8PM. The Golconda Fort was the capital of the Qutb Shahi kingdom. Set aside a minimum of 2 hr to do justice to your visit -- the outer wall measures 10 km. Learning a little about the fort ahead of time is recommended as it is easy to get confused or lost in the massive space. If you accept one of the local guides - who hustle you at the entrance gate - try to pick one who actually knows his stuff (₹ 500 per tour and the guide would also ask you for tips in the end, however it is entirely up to you whether to give tips or not), rather than someone who was actually just passing by, spotted you and will tell you bits he once read in a guidebook. The genuine old Muslim guide who gained his encyclopaedic knowledge of Golconda as an infant from his 118 year old grandmother knows the history of every inch of the place and will show you with expertise the echo/architecture system built into the fort that the ruler used as a communication/spying system. There is also a light and sound show - the story of Golkonda - for an hour, which could be a little boring,(price for foreigners ₹ 50/100 for normal/executive ticket) after sunset lasting ~1h that tells you the story of the fort and is worth seeing. The English show runs Nov-Feb 18:30 daily and Mar-Oct until 19:00 daily. Hindi and Telugu shows are run afterwards in certain days. Afterwards, have a wander through the tiny streets and shops surrounding the fort. The beautiful scruffy old shops and houses will sell you everything from naan bread to bangles, and the fading and gaudy old painted gates and houses are a delight, as are the friendly locals. ₹ 100 all.
- 5 H.E.H The Nizam's Museum, Purani Haveli, Hyderabad-2 (Behind Princess Durru Shehvar Children's Hospital), ☎ . Sa-Th 10AM-5PM. Home to the famous wardrobe of Mahbub Ali Pasha, who is said never to have worn the same thing twice. It is the world's longest wardrobe, built in two levels with a hand-cranked wooden lift (elevator) in place. This occupies the entire length of one wing of the palace. Hard to find, take small road next to Princess Durru Shehwar Hospital, entrance gate. ₹ 50, students & children ₹ 15.
- 6 Hussain Shah Wali Dargah, Madhapur.
- 7 Mecca Masjid (SW of the Char Minar). Mecca Masjid is one of the oldest mosques in the city and easily the biggest. Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah began building it in 1617 under the supervision of Mir Faizullah Baig and Rangiah Choudhary. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb completed the construction in 1694. The mosque is a granite giant with awe-inspiring innards. The main hall of the mosque is 75 feet high, 220 feet wide and 180 feet long, big enough to accommodate ten thousand worshippers at a time. It is believed that Muhammed Quli commissioned bricks to be made with the soil brought from Mecca and inducted them into the construction of the central arch of the mosque, which explains the name of the mosque. Women must mandatorily have dupatta / shawl to get entry into the premises. Women can not wear skin-tight pants or leggings into the mosque, so wear something loose-fitted.
- 8 Moula Ali Dargah. 400 stairs brings you to a place of worship built by the Asif Jahis. The Moula Ali Dargah was built in the memory of Hazrat Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. Legend has it that Yakoob, a eunuch in the court of Ibrahim Quli, went to the hill after he saw Hazrat Ali seated on it. To his surprise, he saw the impression Ali's palm on a stone, which he had dreamt. He had the impression cut out and installed in a shrine. Ibrahim Shah later built a mosque beside the dargah. A Ashurkhana , a Baradari (pavilion) and an Nqqar khana (place for beating drums) were built during the Qutb Shahi period.
- 9 Osmania Arts College (Osmania University Arts College), Osmania University, Amberpet (Bus stop Manikeshwari Nagar). Built during the period of the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan. The imposing facade of the building is a great sight.
- 10 Paigah Tombs, Santoshnagar (Pisal Banda). daytime. These tombs belong to the 'Paigah' nobles (tied by blood and marriage to the Nizams) and are about 200 years old. These unique lime and mortar tombs are beautifully carved and have marble inlay work on them. Relaxing environment with bird singing. seems free.
- 11 Purani Haveli, Dewandevdi, Pathar Gatti (SE of Afzalganj Bridge). Sa-Th 10:30AM-5PM. Originally, the palace of the Nizam's Prime Minister, later it was renovated and became the quarters of the Nizam's son. It is a U-shaped complex with a single-storeyed building in the European style.
- 12 [dead link]Qutb Shahi Tombs (1 km north of Golconda fort, approached via Banjara Darwaza), Seven Tombs Colony, Shaikpet. Sa-Th 9:30AM-5:30PM. The Qutubshahi mosques in Hyderabad are so named because they were built by the Qutubshahi dynasty. Most of them were built by Quli Qutb Shah, the founder. Sadly in May 2010 local newspapers revealed that shoddy 'restoration' work allegedly using unskilled labour with road drills (bought in by one government department that didn't bother to seek professional advice or inform the local archaeological or environment departments) has been damaging these beautiful buildings. ₹ 10, camera ₹ 20.
- 13 Qutub Shahi Tombs Site Museum, Seven Tombs Colony, Shaikpet, Toli Chowki, Hyderabad-8, ☎ . Sa-Th 9AM-4:30PM. ₹ 2.
- Raymond Tomb, Dilsukh Nagar, Asmaan Gadh. Michel Raymond, a French mercenary, was a military commander in the service of the second Nizam and also his close friend. His tomb is located at Saroornagar, and is made of black granite with beautiful skyview of the area
- 14 Salar Jung Museum, Naya Pul, Afzalgunj (Turn left once you reach the south bank of Musi using the Nayapul), ☎ . Sat-Thur 10:00-17:00, ticket office closes at 16:15.. This collection belonged to the Salar Jungs, Prime Minsters of Hyderabad, but has been augmented since. The collection includes articles mostly from medieval and modern times, with a concentration of articles from the Islamic era. The western wing on the second floor is interesting. It contains paintings, furniture and other objects that the Salar Jung got from the West. The collection of Nizam jewellery is displayed only on special occasions. Free guided tours lasting two hours each are available at scheduled times, four times a day. Inquire at the entrance. Cameras, bags and liquids are not allowed, but mobile cameras are winked at. Deposit your contraband at the free lockers available near the ticketing area. ₹ 20 for Indians and ₹ 500 for foreigners.
- 15 Toli Masjid, Karwan. 300 years old. Known for its splendid architecture.
- 16 AP State Museum. Displays a stunning array of artifacts dating back to the 1st century to the 20th century. Ranging from the Lotus Medallion of the 1st century to the Amazing Kalankari work that adorned the bed-spreads of the Nizams to a period room that displays the typical living room of the Nizam time to the Jain sculptures and Statues - this place has it all.
- 17 Archival Museum (A.P. State Archives and Research Institute), Rajya Abhilekha Nlym, Upl Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-7, ☎ . ,
- 18 Birla Mandir, Adarsh Nagar, Naubat Pahad (Two different routes depending on whether you want to drive right to the top or climb the stairs.). 10:00-noon, 14:00-20:00. The industrial house of the Birlas have the tradition of building magnificent marble temples in cities of India, all of which are known as Birla Mandir. This one is one of the best. The temple manifests a blend of South Indian, Rajasthani and Utkala temple architectures. It is made of 2,000 tonnes of Rajasthani white marble. The granite of the presiding deity is about 3.4 m tall and a carved lotus forms an umbrella on the roof. The consorts of Lord Venkateswara, Padmavati and Andal are housed in separate shrines. There is a brass flagpole in the temple premises which rises to a height of 13 m. Located on top of Naubat Pahad (mountain), this clean, sparkling white temple dedicated to Venkateshwara has viewing areas that afford a great view of the city. Sadly, cameras and camera mobiles are banned; your bags are checked at the entrance. Shoes are not allowed, so come early in the morning so the ground will not be too hot. There is a free cloakroom available for both electronics and shoes. Free.
- 19 B.M. Birla Planetarium, Science & Technological Museum, and Modern Art Gallery, Secretariat, AG Office Rd, Adarshnagar, Hyderabad -63 (Very close to Birla Temple, Naubat Pahad - Next to Aranya Bhavan. -AG Office Bus Stop), ☎ . Museum 10:30-20:00, Planetarium English shows 11:30, 16:00, 18:00, More shows in Telugu and one show in Hindi. Fri-Wed.. The show at the planetarium lasts 35 min and is moderately interesting. The technological museum, on the other hand, is poorly maintained. The Dinosaurium at the upper level is interesting. It contains a complete skeleton of a dinosaur Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis discovered in the village of Yemanapalli in 1988. Modern Art museum is now located near the Dinosaurium (ignore the signboard near parking directing to lower level). It's the personal collection of Nirmala Birla; also quite interesting Museum ₹ 40, Planetarium ₹ 40, combined admission ₹ 70, Modern Art Gallery ₹ 40. Parking ₹ 20 for car, ₹ 10 for motorcycle.
- 20 Exhibition (S. N. Vanita Maha Vidyalaya - Exhibition Grounds), Nampally (Vanitha College) (Gandhi Bhavan Bus Stop), ☎ . An exhibition that runs in the months of January & February every year. It showcases various items made across India. It runs every year starting 1 Jan-15 Feb in the Exhibition grounds.
- 21 The High Court of Andhra Pradesh, High Court Rd, Nayapul (Near Govt. City College).
- 22 The Hyderabad Public School, SP Road, Begumpet (Nature Cure Hospital MMTS Station), ☎ . Formerly a Nizam's palace and the Jagirdar's College. This Institution was founded in 1923 and is currently one of the oldest and largest public schools in the country. The campus is a recognised heritage site.
- 23 Kala Bhavan, Ravindra Bharathi complex, Saifabad, Lakdikapul Rd, (Near to State Assembly). An art gallery
- 25 The Natural History Museum, Nehru Zoological park, Zoo Park Main Road, Kishan Bagh, Bahadurpura West (Bus to Stop Zoo, northwest shore of Mir Alam Tank), ☎ . Has some rare and interesting exhibits.
Punjagutta to Gachibowli
- 26 [dead link]Alankrita Art Gallery, No. 72, Residence Inn, Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, ☎ .
- Le Cafe De Art, Rd No.1 Banjara Hills, ☎ .
- 27 Gallery Space, Rd No.12, Road Number 86, MLA Colony, Banjara Hills (Next to Pearl City Church, south of Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), ☎ .
- Kalahita Art Foundation, Lakshmi Towers, Nagarjuna Hills, ☎ .
- Pegasus Art Gallery, Road No.72 Jubilee Hills, ☎ .
- 28 Shilparamam, Hi tec city, Madhapur. 11:00-20:00. Designed as a contrast to the futuristic Cyber tower that lies across the road, the crafts village of Shilparamam ("sculpture village") guards the entrance road to Hi tec city. The intent is to showcase and preserve the old. There is a bazaar where you can buy assorted handicrafts and art work. There is also an entire village where you can find realistic -looking sculptures of villagers carrying out their traditional crafts. You can also find a rock museum which contains natural rock formations that allegedly look life-like. Make sure you carry cash as credit cards are not accepted by most shops. Also next to Shilpa Ramam is Shilpa Sandhya Vedika, a location for eating and shopping. ₹ 25.
- 29 State Gallery Of Art (Chitramayee), Road No. 1, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, CBI Colony, Jubilee Hills (South of Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), ☎ .
- 30 [dead link]Vishwakarma arts gallery, Banjara Hills, Panjagutta, Dwarakapuri colony, Esteem House, Backside of Model House (Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences Bus Stop), ☎ , e-mail: [email protected]. 10:00-21:00.
- Ashtalaksmi temple, dilsukhnagar. Free.
- 31 Balaji Temple (Visa Balaji), Chilkur, RTC Cross Roads (Vidhya Nagar MMTS Station one and half km east). 5AM-8PM. Chilkur is an important pilgrim centre in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (India). The Lord here is Sri Venkateswara Swamy in a standing posture, beside whom is Goddess Sridevi and Goddess Bhudevi. People with wishes, take 11 rounds a round the core of the temple. Once their wish as been fulfilled they return to perform 108 more rounds. You will find people ticking away at the pieces of paper with the numbers to track the count. Free.
- Iskon Temple, Abids. Free.
- Karmanghat hanuman temple, karmanghat. Free.
- Mahankali Temple, Laldarwaza. Site of the main annual Bonalu procession. Free.
- Peddamma Temple, Jubilee Hills. Free.
- Sanghi Temple, Hayat Nagar. Free.
- Ujjaini Mahankali Temple, Secunderabad. Free.
Hyderabad has many historical mosques.
- Badshai Masjid.
- Charminar Masjid.
- Jama Masjid Darushafa.
- Jama Masjid Mushirabad.
- Mecca Masjid (Makkah Masjid). One of the largest Masjids in India. Bricks for the mosque were made from soil brought in from Mecca. The arched facades have been carved from a single piece of granite.
- Toli Masjid.
- St. George's Church, Abid Rd. St. George's Church is one of the oldest churches in the city of Hyderabad, India. It was built in the year 1844 AD. The church was originally an Anglican church but is now under the auspices of the Church of South India.
- St Joseph's Cathedral, Gun Foundry Area. Established in 1820, this is the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Hyderabad.
- 32 Durgam Cheruvu (Secret Lake). This is quite close to Hi-Tec City area and now hosts various parties and events. It used to be a real hidden gem in the busy city but it is still a nice lake to sit around.
- 33 Himayat Sagar.
- 34 Hussain Sagar Lake (Tank Bund), Necklace Rd. 24 hrs. The artificial lake is a historical landmark, built during the reign of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah in 1562 by damming the Musi. This forms the boundary between Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Surrounding the lake are various parks, temples, statues and historical buildings. This is one of the few walkable places in the city. At the centre of the lake stands a famous statue of the Buddha installed in 1992. Boat rides to the Buddha Statue are available from Eat Street and Lumbini Park and fares are. Speed boats do not stop at the Buddha statue. Sights: Pakistan M47 Patton Tank, An 18-metre high statue of Gautama Buddha, Lumbini Park, Birla Mandir Hindu temple, Sanjeevaiah Park public green space, Prasad's IMAX multiplex movie theater, NTR Gardens is a small urban park, Sayedani Maa Tomb at the north end of Tank Bund, Secretariat buildings, Hyderabad Boat Club on the southern side, Secunderabad Sailing Club, Hotel Marriott on the northern side and Raj Bhavan on the western bank low.
- 35 Kapra Lake. Located close to A.S. Rao Nagar is famous for its idol immersion events during the Ganesh Puja festival.
- 36 Osman Sagar, Gandipet.
- 37 Saroornagar. This lake is famous as it has been lined by a solid strong wall on one side recently. A two lane undivided road is laid over this wall. The road is neat and exciting to drive. It has abundant lighting during nighttime and large pedestrian space provided. A problem is 'eutrophication' which is caused due to water hyacinth. A pleasant space for young couples to spend their evening. Smells sometimes, but that is the nature of any waterbody in a metropolis. Another important event that takes place is 'vinayakachaturthy', (a festival for Hindus in which Lord Vinayaka's statues are immersed in water). All roads lead to saroor nagar lake on the day of the Lord Ganesh's nimajjanam.
- 38 Shamirpet (24 km away to the north of Secunderabad). Shamirpet has a beautiful lake and a deer park. The peaceful environs make it a great picnic spot. AP Tourism offers comfortable cottages facilities for accommodation (under private management), while the forest lodge can be booked with the AP Forest Department office at Saifabad.
- Botanical Garden (Madapur)
- Chacha Nehru Park (Masab Tank) for pleasant morning walks with kids
- Chilkur Wildlife Park
- 39 Indira Park (East-side of Hussain Sagar lake). A sprawling 76 acre park located near Tank Bund with a nice, but polluted, little pond and boating.
- 40 Jalagam Vengal Rao Park (JVR Park), Banjara Hills. With lake.
- 41 Jalavihar Family Water Park, Necklace Rd.
- 42 [dead link]Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park (KBR National Park). The Chiraan Palace is located in the park. Also refer to .
- Krishna Kanth Park.
- Lotus Pond, Jubilee Hills.
- 43 Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park. — largest green space in the city of Hyderabad inhabited by black buck, cheetal deer as well as reptiles and many species of birds.
- Necklace Road. The Chaupati of Hyderabad.
- 44 Nehru Zoological Park. Almost natural habitat for a great collection of animals. Drive-in + safari.
- 45 Public Gardens. Known as the Bagh-e-aam (Garden for the commoners), it has well laid out gardens and is surrounded by the imposing State Legislative Assembly building, the Jubilee Hall, the Jawahar Bal Bhavan, the Health Museum and the State Archaeological Museum. This was the old zoo and now is a beautiful place for both children and adults. Free.
- 46 Sanjeeviah Park. Good for bird watching
The wild life parks, botanical garden and zoo have several educational programmes including lectures with live snakes
- Diginet Digital Experience Zone, ☎ . Gamecentre. WiFi hotspot, coffee shop, shopping.
- Dhola ri Dhani, Kompally, Medchal Rd (11 km from Secunderabad at Kompally on Medchal Highway). Ethnic Rajasthani village. A unit of Gupta's Hotel & Motels and is recognised by Andhra Pradesh Government as a theme restaurant and tourist attraction. In the evening, the whole village is lit up with 2,000 lanterns and a village fair is staged.
- Friends of Snakes Society, ☎ . For reptile conservation work and field trips.
- GoGoa Aquarium is an exhibition of rare Sea water animals including Star Fish and Quran Angel and showcase of the Goan Marine/Aquatic life. Entry is ₹ 100 for adults and ₹ 50 for children. This place is on the Vijayawada Highway, 3 km from Ramoji Film City.
- [dead link]Hatsclub Hyderabad Adventure & Trekker’s club (HAT’s), ☎ , e-mail: [email protected]. Active and well organized trekker’s group organizing out of the Hyderabad area. It makes an effort to be as inclusive as possible by offering adventure treks at all levels, from bouldering and trekking to birdwatching and exploring wilderness.
- [dead link]Heritage walk, Char Minar. 07:00-09:00 every Sunday and 2nd Saturday. They are organized by the AP tourism department and led by a knowledgeable guide and Tourist Police. There are two flavors of walks so far, one that ends at Chowmohalla palace, and the other that ends at Badshahi Ashoorkhana. Bonus - breakfast served too. It's probably better to call at [dead link] beforehand and confirm which walk is operating. Ticket price is ₹ 50 per head and can be bought at char minar on the spot.
- High View Swimming Pool, ☎ . Maula Ali.
- 1 Lumbini Park, NTR Marg (West of Hussain Sagar lake). 09:00-21:00. See water cascades, go on guided car rides. Go on a boat ride and see the Buddha statue at the centre of the lake. It also offers nice Laser Shows in the evening which is first in India. ₹ 10, rides extra.
- 2 NTR Gardens, NTR Marg (West of Hussain Sagar lake). 14:00-20:30. Built by Chandrababu Naidu in memory of N. T. Rama Rao, his father in law and ex-Chief Minister, this is an amusement park which houses some nice attractions like a mini-train, a haunted house, a boat ride, etc. There is a cafe where the seating is in the shape of vintage cars. You can either spend money on the rides or generally stroll around and gape at the fountains and the giant insects. For rides, the ₹ 45 combo you can buy at the entrance is a good deal. ₹ 15 for entry, rides extra.
- Ocean Park, ☎ . Gandipet. A water-theme park.
- 3 Ramoji Film City (It's a 1 hour drive east of the city). The world's largest film studio, though most of the shooting takes place outdoors. Many Telugu and Hindi films are produced here. Tourists can tour the studios, and there are two hotels.
- Runway 9, ☎ . , This park offers archery, air rifle target practice, and go-cart racing on a track with tight corners.
- Snow World, Asia's largest Snow Theme Park. Entry ticket ₹ 250, children ₹ 200 if under 4 ft tall. Telephonic reservations.
- Treasure Island, Gandipet.
- ACS Golf Course 4, 214 KPHB Colony, Kukatpally. ☎ +91 40 2315 6433, 2305 0211, 2315 7241
- Army Golf Course Club, ☎ . Risala Bazar, Bolarum, Secunderbad.
- Bolarum Golf Club, ☎ . Risala Bazar, Bolarum.
- EmaarMGF Boulder Hills Golf and Country Club, Manikonda Village, Gachibowli Mr. Sanjay Pan, ☎ +91 99 4943 0300, +91 92 4803 0300 (Golf and Country Club), ([email protected])
- Hyderabad Golf Club, ☎ . Satham Cheruvu, Beside Nadeem Colony, Golconda.
- Ace Tennis Academy, ☎ . Begumpet.
- Park View Enclave Tennis Centre, ☎ . Boinpally Secunderabad.
- [dead link]Bodhi Sampanna, ☎ , e-mail: [email protected]. The centre, whose name means 'an abode endowed with Bodhi', is a centre for the study and practice of Mahayana Buddhism following the lineage and example of Lord Buddha. Bodhi Sampanna was founded in 2009 and is a part of Dharma Megha Foundation The Centre offers courses in various Buddhist meditation techniques and teachings on different aspects of Buddhism. Teachings are offered free to the public and are conducted in English or in Tibetan (with translation in English).
- The Golden Mile of Hyderabad for shopping, consisting of shopping plazas, malls, designer boutiques and upmarket shops - Starting from Lifestyle near the Begumpet Flyover and extending all the way till Road No.1 Banjara Hills.
- Ladida-lingerie store (lingerie, ladies wear, nightwear), #2, R.K.Plaza, Opp.Joyalukkas Jewellers, Greenlands Rd, Panjagutta,, ☎ . 11:00-21:00. Lingerie shop.. ₹ 300-2,500.
- 1 Mozamjahi Market, Nizam Shahi Rd. Fruit market.
- C. Krishniah Chetty & Sons-The Flagship Boutique, Taj Deccan, ☎ . -13:00, on Sun 11:00-20:00.
- Ghanshyamdas Jewellers (opp Abids Police Station). Genuine pearls
- Imitation Jewellery. From Charminar.
- Jagdamba Pearls, Gupta Estate, Basheer Bagh, ☎ . Jagdamba Pearls, is one of the oldest and the largest pearl companies in India.
- Lilac Boutique, Liberty Rd, Himayathnagar (near TTD, opposite Dadu Sweets), ☎ . Designer and made-to-order & customised heavy suits, sarees and fancy blouses.
- Mohal Jewells. On the Golden Mile Somajiguda for Pearls, Silver, Gold. phone=" +91 40 2341 9757"
- Ornaments ∓ jewellery (Punjagutta, Abids and Somajiguda)
- Pearls of Hyderabad, (Abids and Somajiguda Jewellery shops). Choose from 3 varieties, natural pearls, cultured and imitation.
- Bidri Crafts, (Gunfoundry, Abids) ☎ +91 40 2323 2657, +91 40 2323 3663.
- Kalanjali Margadarsi House, 5-10-195, Fathemaidan Raod, Opp: Ploice Control Room, Nampally, Hyderabad. ☎ +91 40 2323 1147, +91 40 2329 7196. (fax:+91 40 2323 3204)
- Lepakshi (Gunfoundry, Abids), ☎ .
- Shilparamam. (Also Known As Night Bazaar), Madhapur. Exhibitions of handicrafts.
- United Designers, Banjara Hills Rd#4. Designs by a new wave of young Hyderabadi fashion designers, they also have natural hand-made soaps for body and hair. Mon- Sat 10:30-20:00, ☎ +91 40 2335 5441, +91 98 85404944.
- [dead link]Vishwakarmarts gallery, ☎ . Esteemhouse opposite to model house in Punjagutta Dwarakarapuri colony.
- Begum Bazaar. Wholesale market.
- Feel Khana Khadim
- General Bazaar. Budget clothes shopping.
- Gulzar House. Retail market for ladies.
- Laad Bazaar, (next to Charminar). Exotic lacquer and glass bangles market.
- Madina Market Bazaar. Wholesale market.
- Monda Market. Vegetable market.
- Sultan Bazaar. Wholesale clothes market.
|This page uses the following price ranges for a typical meal for one, including soft drink:|
|Budget||< ₹ 250|
|Splurge||> ₹ 750|
No visit to Hyderabad would be complete without sampling its unique cuisine - a rich blend of royal Mughlai flavours, Nizams special, and spice-up culinary traditions of South India such as: Hyderabadi biryani, pathar-ka-ghosht, nahari, haleem, double-ka-meetha, khubani-ka-meetha, seviyon-ka-meetha and kheer.
A popular dish of Hyderabad is biryani. It is prepared with a blending of Mughal kitchen and the style of cooking practised by the Nizams. Hyderabadi biryani has a distinct aroma. Garnished with pudina, fried onion & boiled eggs. Mostly it is served with dahi-ki-chutney and mirchi-ka-salan. Biryani has many variants like mutton biryani, chicken biryani, biryani khaam, biryani zard or zafrani or the most exotic of all joban malti biryani in which mutton, partridges and quails were cooked with rice.
- Hyderabadi dum biryani, is where dum refers to the baking process and basmati rice and meat or vegetables are mixed in a pot and heated for a long time. During the Nizam's time, the biryani was made with lamb carefully cooked with rice.
Culinary delicacies of Hyderabad include:
- Double Ka Meetha, is a dessert made from bread, milk and dry fruits.
- Falooda, is a favourite drink of Hyderabad.
- Gosht, which is made from a buck/billy/young goat, and is associated with the Hyderabadi cuisine. Hyderabadis prize the meat of a male goat.
- Hyderabadi Haleem, is another dish which is available only in the month of Ramadaan (Ramzan).
- Irani chai is the tea of Hyderabad, available at any of the ubiquitous "Chai" shops. Although, not all of them have the best hygiene and it is best to go with a local. The crowd at the stalls is composed mainly of blue collared workers and college students so expect a noisy environment with conversational topics that range from movies to politics.
- Kachchi gosht ki biriyani, of Hyderabad, where raw meat is stir fried with spices (masala) for a couple of minutes and then covered with rice and put on dum. Today, Biryani is also made using vegetables, chicken, seafood and beef. The beef Biryani is known as Kalyani Biryani, available at many small eateries in the city. Although any Irani cafe might serve this delectable dish, there are a few places better known for tasteful food than their hygiene.
- Khubani ka meetha, is Hyderabad's preferred dessert sweet. It is made from apricots boiled in sugar syrup till they achieve a thick consistency. It looks similar to, but tastes different from gajar ka halwa (carrot halwa). It is often topped with ice-cream or cream.
- Mirchi ka salan, served with spicy chili sauce, is another dish that serves as a tasty accompaniment to any rice dish.
- Street food, in Hyderabad is better than most other cities in India and it is cheap.
Recently there has been an explosion in the number of restaurants in Hyderabad, fuelled by demand from young professionals with money to spend. Quality and variety of food, however, has not kept pace. There is a disproportionately large number of restaurants that aspire to be called "fine-dining" restaurants, but the food they serve is usually indifferent. In general, keep away from restaurants that call themselves "multi-cuisine" or if you see multiple cuisines on the menu, as the chances are that they are attempting to serve every kind of palate and will not satisfy any.
The older areas of Hyderabad are better places to find good and cheap food. Places close to Hi tec city, such as Madhapur and Kondapur, tend to have expensive and bad food, while in Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills you will find restaurants that are expensive, but which sometimes serve good food. Those misled by the fact that Hyderabad is in South India and expecting South Indian food may be disappointed. While there are excellent South Indian restaurants in some of the older areas like Koti and Abids, the average South Indian food served here is quite bad.
Two of the biggest names in Hyderabad's restaurant business are Ohri's [dead link] and the BJN Group. It will seem as if every second restaurant in the city is run by either one or the other. BJN generally runs upscale restaurants, while Ohri's runs both upscale and mid-range restaurants. It also runs numerous fast food places all over the city, including at Prasad's Imax, Banjara Hills, Somajiguda, EatStreet, Hyderabad Central & Basheer Bagh.
- Alpha (opposite Secunderabad Railway Station), ☎ . Popular for beja fry, available only in the morning and served for breakfast.
- Cafe Bahaar, Opp. Commissioner Office, Old MLA Quarters, Basheerbagh, ☎ . , Biryanis and meat curries, moderately priced.
- Baawarchi, Plot no. 66, RTC Cross Rd's, Chikkadpally Musheerabad (Opposite Sandya Theatre), ☎ . , 11:30-23:00. Biryanis ₹ 150.
- Bowl O'China. This is a chain restaurant started by the same people who run Hyderabad House. Has multiple locations in the city. Average Indian Chinese food. ₹ 200.
- Chutneys, 1: 2: Nagarjuna Circle, Near Punjagutta flyover, ☎ . , , Vegetarian, and quite well-known in Hyderabad. South Indian dishes like dosas, idlis and uttappas. "North Indian" also available, but best avoided. Is extremely crowded on weekend nights, and there is a waiting time of up to 30 min. Does not serve alcohol. ₹ 150.
- Hyderabad House, Multiple locations. This is a chain of restaurants, serving Hyderabadi style food all over the city. There are also outlets that comprise just a takeaway counter. Try the Lukhmi. Vegetarians will have few choices. ₹ 200.
- Kholani's Kitchen, 4-3-548/1, Shop No. 16 & 17, Needs Arcade, Tilak Rd, Abids, ☎ . , 11:00-23:00. Try the excellent malai kebabs (chicken) and apollo fish ₹ 200.
- Minerva Coffee Shop. Bit of a local institution, serving tasty vegetarian South and North Indian snacks and food. has 4 locations: ₹ 150.
- New Astoria Restaurant, 1-8-563/2, Surya Mukhi Complex, RTC X Rd's, ☎ . ,
- Paradise Restaurant, Paradise Circle, M G Rd, Secunderabad. 11:30-23:00. This restaurant is one of the oldest places serving Biryani and of late has lost some of its sheen owing to explosion of business Also serves the best falooda in Hyderabad. It has both a sit-down restaurant and takeaway. They have various branches, but confusingly there imitators with similar names. A new branch has recently opened up at Kothapet which is roughly 3 km from Dilsuknagar
- Raghu pan shop (opposite Aramghar X Roads), ☎ . Popular for Calcutta menakshi and Meetha Pan, available all the time during work hours.
- Rayalseema Ruchulu, 1st Main Rd, Shanti Nagar, In The Lane Behind JNTU, Masab Tank, ☎ . , , 12:00-15:30, then 19:00-23:00. Mildly spiced food from Rayalaseema, rustic decor. Not for vegetarians. ₹ 200.
- Sanman Hotel, Tarnaka flyover (20 minute walk from Sitafalmandi railway station.). Cheap. For take away, ask at the parcel counter. ₹ 30 Masala Dosa. ₹ 35 Vegetarian Biryani..
- Sandarshini. Delicious South Indian dishes. Had over 5 locations
- Shadaab, Madina Building, ☎ . Famous for its Hyderabadi Mutton Biryani and Jabda Gosht available only in the morning, served for breakfast.
- Taj Mahal Restaurant, # 4-1-999 Abids (Part of Taj Mahal Hotel), ☎ . , 11:00-23:00. One of the original "Udupi" style restaurants, this is strictly vegetarian and does not serve alcohol. It is part of the Taj Mahal Hotel, not to be confused with the Taj chain of luxury hotels. The food in the restaurant is tasty and good, and like Udupi restaurants, serves South Indian, North Indian and "Chinese". You are advised to stick to South Indian. The ambiance in the air-con section is old-school. ₹ 200.
- Aangan, 1-8-1/0/B, Yatri Nivas, Sardar Patel Rd, Secunderabad, ☎ . , , 10:30-23:30. Mughlai, Chinese and Hyderabadi dishes. ₹ 300.
- Angeethi, Unit 701-703, 7th floor, Reliance Classic, Rd # 1 Banjara Hills, ☎ . 12:30-15:30, 19:00-23:30. The ambience is of a Dhaba, complete with a pan shop, a well and a quack peddling herbal remedies for "marital problems". Interesting variations on traditional Punjabi dishes, but the dessert selection is meagre. ₹ 500.
- Barbecue Nation, Banjara Hills (opp. City Centre Mall). Unlimited starters on a barbecue grill on your table. Desserts are OK. 575+taxes (Happy Hours before 8PM: ₹525+taxes).
- Bombay Palace, # 6-1-79 & 80 Hampshire Plaza, Lakdi-Ka-Pul, ☎ . 19:30-23:00. Has a decor that reminds you of Mumbai. Menu specialities include ragda patties and other items popularized by Mumbai's streets in addition to Mughlai and Hyderabadi dishes. Live Ghazals every evening. ₹ 300.
- [dead link]Celebrations, Plot No.66A, Rd No.1, Jubilee Hills, ☎ . , A complex of four restaurants and one bar.
- Chinese Pavilion, Road Number 1, Banjara Hills (opposite JVR Park), ☎ . 11:30-15:30, 19:30-23:30. Makes an attempt to move away from Indain Chinese. ₹ 500.
- Chung Hua. 11:30-15:30, 19:00-22:30. Try out the Thai varieties, nice, cosy place. Has 2 locations ₹ 300.
- 4 Seasons, 9-4-77/3/D/4/5/6, Yousuf Tekri, Tolichowki (opposite R.T.A Office), ☎ . Serves multiple cuisines, but raved about for its Arabic and Lebanese food. Lunch and dinner. Credit cards accepted. Around ₹ 800 for two.
- Ginger Court, H No 1-74/1, Guttala, Hitech City, Madhapur, ☎ . , , Close to Hi tech city, Mughlai and Indian Chinese.
- [dead link]Grand Fuze, Road No. 1, Alcazar Plaza, Opposite City Center, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , 11AM-11PM. The Restaurant serves Indo-Chinese fusion cuisine at reasonable prices . Two Can Eat for ₹ 500.
- IndieJoe, 5th Floor, City Center Mall, Road No. 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , 12:30PM-3:30PM, 7:30PM-11:15PM. Serves global cuisine. Only buffet for lunch and only a la carte for dinner. ₹ 500.
- Mainland China, G. S. Plaza, Gr. Floor, S-2-672, Road No. 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , , 12:45-15:30,19:30-23:30. Excellent Chinese place, though it tends more towards Indian Chinese. Try the dim sums and the darsaan for dessert. Good ambience and excellent service. ₹ 700.
- Malgudi, 6-3-1192/2/1-16, 1st Floor, My Home Tycoon, Begumpet (Lifestyle Building), ☎ . , , The name is inspired by the fictional South Indian town created by R K Narayan. It has an ambience that suits the name, with waiters clad in dhotis. sefves food from the four southern states that are rare in other restaurants, like gutti vankai or kodi pulusu. Service is extremely fast. In Hyderabad, it has 3 branches: ₹ 500.
- Ming's Court, Baseraa Inn Hotel, Basheerbagh (opposite Old Gandhi Medical College), ☎ . , , 11:30-15:30, 19:00-23:30. Mostly Indian Chinese. ₹ 500.
- Moksh, Necklace Rd, ☎ . , 11:00-15:30, 19:00-midnight. The ₹ 199 Non-Veg, Lunch-buffet is really tasty. Service, ambience and the lake-side location is awesome. 199.
- MoMo Cafe, 1-3-1024 Lower Tank Bund Rd, ☎ . 24 hr. Mughlai, Chinese and Hyderabadi dishes. ₹ 300-500.
- Nanking, 103 Parklane, S D Rd, Secunderabad (near Hussian Travels), ☎ . , , 11:30-15:30, 18:30-23:00. Hyderabad's oldest Chinese restaurant.
- Olive Garden, 1-98/90/1, Hi-Tech City, Madhapur, ☎ . , 11:30-15:30, 19:00-23:00. Do not be misled by the name and expect Italian. It serves passable Mughlai and Punjabi fare. Close to Hi tech city, so this is an option if you are looking for a quick place to eat.
- Our Place, 8-2-602/E, Charan Pahadi, Rd No. 10 Banjara Hills (look out for a small lane that goes upwards), ☎ . Has received great reviews for its kebabs and tandoori dishes. But avoid the Thai stuff, as it looks like a pale imitation. The ambience is great, the seating is outdoors amidst much greenery. Often, they have live gazal music for dinner. ₹ 350.
- Punjabi by Nature, MJ Towers, Rd No.12, Banjara Hills. (opp. SBI Banjara Hills Branch), ☎ . , 12:00-23:30. Kitschy decor, good food, but overpriced. As the name suggests, serves Punjabi and Mughlai food, but the menu is entirely mainstream. The drink menu has exotic stuff like golgappa with vodka, and gulab jamun with brandy. ₹ 500.
- Serengeti, 8-2-682/3, Rd No. 12, Banjara Hills (Ohri's Banjara), ☎ . 12:00-15:30, 19:00-23:30. Cuisine is from the Northwest Frontier Province while the decor tries to create the ambience of an African safari. The food is good, the wine list is extensive and quite good. ₹ 600.
- Sahib Sindh Sultan, City Centre, 5th Floor, Road no. 1 & 10, Banjara Hills, ☎ . 12:00-15:30,19:00-23:30. Themed on the eponymous 19th century train. Seating is available inside the "carriage" or on the "railway station". Waiters are dressed in turbans and railway announcements are interspersed with the music. The food is good, the pickles interesting and you have a good choice of drinks. Try the licchi ki taheri for dessert. ₹ 350.
- Southern Spice, 8-2-350/3/2, Road Number 3, Plot Number 34, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , , 12:00-15:30, 19:00-23:30. Highly rated for Andhra delicacies like ragi sangati and gongura mamsam ₹ 300.
- Terrace Bay, 501, 5th Floor, Babukhan Mall, Punjagutta, ☎ . , 1:00-23:00. A fairly successful attempt to recreate Mexican cuisine in Hyderabad. To be visited more for the food than for the ambience. ₹ 600.
- Tex Mex, Plot 217, Road No 2, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , 12:00-15:00-7:30-22:30. Indian and World cuisine. ₹ 500.
- Tulips - The Coffee Shop, 1-26, Hotel Green Park, Greenlands Rd, Begumpet, ☎ . , 24 hr. Famous for its midnight biryani and buffet.
- Ullaasa, 7-1, 59/1, Athithi Inn, 5th Floor, Dharam Karam Rd, Ameerpet, ☎ . , 11:30-23:00. Nice ethnic ambience and the rooftop setting is amazing, and the food is excellent. ₹300.
- Utsav, 221 Tivoli, Secunderabad, ☎ . 11:00-15:30, 19:30-23:00. Indian vegetarian cuisine, has received good reviews. ₹ 400.
- Villa No 1-8-46, P.G. Rd, Sindhi Colony, Secunderabad (next to Food world), ☎ .
- Wang's Kitchen. 12:30-15:30, 19:00-23:30. An upmarket Chinese restaurant, has two locations: ₹ 500.
- [dead link]Zafraan Exotica, Road No. 12, Banjara Hills. 11:00-15:30, 19:00-Midnight. A rooftop restaurant with an exotic ambience. Serves Mughlai and Chinese. ₹ 500.
- Arena, Taj Deccan, Rd Number 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . 24 hr. Coffee shop serves Sunday brunch. Sushi Bar.
- Fusion 9, Number 4, First Avenue, Road Number 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , 11:00-16:00, 19:00-23:30. Lounge bar and restaurant, with a wide range of cuisines from different parts of the world.
- Golden Dragon, Taj Krishna, Road Number 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , 12:30-14:45, 19:30-23:45. Opulent Chinese restaurant. ₹ 800.
- Hall Of Fame, Plot Number 1098, Road Number 36, Jubilee Hills, ☎ . , 11:00-23:30. Sports Grill. American, Italian and Mexican food with sport viewing.
- Kebab-e-Bahar, Taj Banjara, Banjara Hills, ☎ . 19:30-23:45. Kebabs from all over, including Hyderabad and Northwest Frontier.
- [dead link]Little Italy Bar and Restaurant, 275, Film Nagar (opp. KBR Park, at Apollo Crossing), ☎ . 12 noon-15:30, 19:00-23:30. Italian style, completely vegetarian. ₹ 700.
- Spice Junxion, Taj Deccan, Road Number 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . 12:00-15:30, 19:00-23:30. South Indian cuisine with a trendy twist. Lunchtime platters with 10 starters, 8 main course items and 4 desserts served in a span of 40 min. Regular menu items are dosa with mutton curry and idly with chicken curry. The condiment trolley has 17 different types of chutneys, pickles, spicy powders, papads and vadiyalu from South India. Desserts; paan ice cream, all-spice chocolates and traditional south Indian sweets are made in-house.
- Waterfront, Beside Eat Street, Necklace Rd, ☎ . , Has a nice view of Hussain Sagar lake, but the food, at its best, is passable. ₹ 700 (cover charge of ₹ 300, ₹ 500 on weekends).
- [dead link]Zafraan Laguna, 5th Floor, Lumbini Jewel Mall, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , Su-Th: 11:00-22:00 Fr-Sa:11:00-22:00. The place to visit for Mediterranean food. ₹ 800.
Bakeries, cafes, sweet shops and fast food
Hyderabad has a large number of outlets that are positioned as bakeries. These are primarily takeaway places, where one can buy sandwiches, burgers and puffs to go (called parcel in local parlance.) Usually, there are a few chairs and tables thrown in as an afterthought.
Many Western chains have set up shop in the posh areas of Hyderabad. Among these are Texas Chicken, McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Hut, Dominos and Subway. Most of these have multiple outlets and all of them have Indianised their fare to varying extents. The Indian pizza chain Pizza Corner also has many outlets. Barista, Cafe Coffee Day and Java Green outlets are good places to have coffee and conversations.
- [dead link]Almond House, Shop No. 3-6-237, Lingapur Building Himayath Nagar, ☎ . Quality Indian sweets.
- The Chocolate Room, Plot no 268, Kavuri hills (near Madhapur Police Station Crossing, Jubilee hills), ☎ . Wonderful drinking chocolates and crepes. Also a good place to hang out and have a conversation, though it does get crowded on weekends during the evening. ₹150.
- Deli 9. 09:30-22:30. Bakery and cafe. Cakes, pastries, quiches and puffs. 2 locations. ₹ 200.
- Karachi Bakery, Mozamjahi Market,Road No.1 Banjara Hills,Near Image Hospitals Madhapur,Beside Paradise Food Court Kothapet..
- King & Cardinal, 3-5-907, Himayathnagar X Roads, Himayathnagar, ☎ . Pizzas and burgers. Also serves Indian Chinese snacks. ₹100.
- My Cafe Latte, Plot No. 1100, Road No. 36 Jubilee Hills, ☎ . Coffee, mocktails and sandwiches, with Hollywood themed decor.
- Ofen, Plot Number 49, Road Number 10, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , 08:00-23:00. Excellent place for breads and related foods - especially for health conscious. Includes breads like whole grain breads, ragi breads and sugar free cakes. ₹ 150.
- Pista House, 20-4-140/1-8, Shalibanda Rd, Charminar, ☎ . 10:00-23:00. Famous bakery in Hyderabad world famous haleem only available during Ramadan, cost around ₹ 150 per person.
- Pulla Reddy Sweets, is an iconic chain of sweet shops. The outlets are found all over Hyderabad and are so popular that it has spawned imitators who copy the distinctive yellow signs and choose some variation of "Reddy" (a common last name in Andhra Pradesh) as the name.
- Safeena Bakers, Charminar, Alijah kotla. 08:00-22/00. Baked biscuits, cakes and burgers. Has 3 outlets:
- Sarvi Bakers and Confectioners, Opposite Care Hospital, Road Number 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , Place for sandwiches, burgers and puffs. ₹ 50.
- Universal Bakers, 3-6-12, Himayatnagar, Himayathnagar Paradise, Himaythnagar & Masab Tank. 08:00-22:00. Baked biscuits, cakes and burgers. Has 3 outlets.
Spencer's can be found in multiple locations. They carry basic food and non-food items. Some others are:
- Big Bazaar, Multiple Locations.
- Heritage Fresh, Multiple Locations.
- METRO Cash & Carry, Kukkatpally and in Uppal.
- Reliance Fresh, Multiple Locations.
- D Mart, Multiple Locations.
- More Supermarket, Multiple Locations.
There is plenty to do at night in Hyderabad, though local regulations have most places serving last drinks by 23:00. On weekdays, drinks in the some of the pubs have best offers, as most clubs are empty until Thursday or Friday nights, when the clubbers emerge. But the sheer number of nightlife spots makes it hard to choose which ones to list. As a general rule they tend to be clustered around Begumpet and Road No.1, Banjara Hills.
Alcohol is available easily from numerous Liquor Shops, known as wine shops in local parlance, spread across the twin cities, in restaurants with bars attached (includes most upscale ones) and in pubs.
Warning: Drunken driving is not tolerated and police enforce the rule strictly. After 23:00 almost all the roads have police patrols and check drunk driving. If caught you may end up paying fines, apart from vehicle being seized and couple of rounds to police station in worst scenarios.
Some of the good pubs and bars are part of hotels, and they have been covered along with their hotel listing under Sleep.
- Bottles and Chimney, 1-10/1, Prakash Nagar, Begumpet (near old airport), ☎ . , 12PM-4PM, 7PM-12AM. Large spacious pub with plenty of room to dance. Plays an eclectic variety in music. ₹ 100-₹ 700.
- Cloud9, ICICI bank near old airport. Have dance floor but not a very good crowd.
- Club8, Life style building Ameer pet, cheap beer, usually have a (1+1) offer available before 19:00.
- Easy Rider, ☎ . Lakeview Palace, Road no 1, Banjara Hills, (opposite Taj Banjara). 11:30-23:00
- Firangi paani, City Center Vth Floor, Road No. 1 & 10 Banjara Hills, ☎ . 12:00-23:30.
- Hard Rock Cafe, 1 Mall Rd. GVK No 1 Banjara Hills. Part of world wide chain. Excellent ambiance, check their website for events.
- H20 Amrutha castle, (near lumbini garden). ₹ 150-300.
- Passport, Ramada Hotel Manohar, (Old) Airport Exit Road Begumpet, ☎ . ,
- Sparks, My home Tycoon, Building 6-3-1192/2/1-16 Begumpet, ☎ . 11:00-23:30. Redone pub, nice hip ambience, reasonable rates.
- 10 Downing Street, #10, Ground Floor, My Home Tycoon Begumpet, ☎ . , 11:00-23:00. Expensive place, nice music, good crowd, but small dance floor. ₹ 300-1,000.
- Torque (The pub), Hotel Green Park, Greenlands Begumpet, ☎ . 18:00-02:30. No cover charge, large screen TVs for sports fans, a separate smoking room, reasonable prices, good food, and nightly dance music mixed by resident and guest DJs Monday-Sunday; Saturday night is ladies night (ladies drink for free 20:00-22:00).
- Atrium Bar, Taj Deccan, Road No.1 Banjara Hills, ☎ . , 11:00-23:30.
- Fashion (FTV), Banjara Hills. Trendy lounge bar.
- Hydrate, # 6-1-79 & 80, Hampshire Plaza, Lakdi-Ka-Pul, ☎ . Elegant bar at Hampshire Plaza.
- Liquids Again, 5th Floor, ABN Amro Bank Complex, Bhaskara Plaza, Road Number 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , 11:00-23:00. Sleek, trendy lounge bar. ₹ 900.
- Seventh Heaven, 6-3-883/5, Seventh Floor, Venkat Plaza, Punjagutta, ☎ . , 11:00-23:30. Nice rooftop bar and restaurant.
- Touch, 1st Floor, Trendset Towers, Road Number 2, Banjara Hills, ☎ . , , 11:30-23:30. Upscale, celebrity hang-out, great place but very expensive. Has a dress code, shoes mandatory. ₹500.
|This guide uses the following price ranges for a standard double room:|
|Budget||Under ₹ 1,500|
|Splurge||Over ₹ 4,500|
Accommodation in Hyderabad is unlikely to bust your budget, especially when compared to cities like Mumbai or Bangalore, and rooms are usually easily available. However, because the city sprawls so much, you need to be careful about the hotel location if you want to avoid a long commute and traffic bottlenecks.
Plentiful budget accommodation is to be found around the Nampally railway station and in Abids, Koti and other new city areas for a few hundred rupees a day, and tourist attractions aren't very far off. However the facilities tend to be basic, the towels aren't necessarily clean and air-conditioning tends to be extra. It might make sense to pay a little more and choose mid-range accommodation. The area around Hussain Sagar Lake, Begumpet, Punjagutta, Somajiguda, Banjara Hills and Lakdi-ka-Pul are close to both tourist attractions of the old city and the business areas of the new city. Hotels in Secunderabad might be slightly far for the tourist, but may still work for the business traveller.
Unfortunately, hotel rooms tend to be expensive and scarce closer to Hi tec city, and commuting from any of the above areas, except perhaps Banjara Hills, is not a good option because of the traffic. Areas around Hi tec city are Madhapur, Kondapur and Gachibowli. For longer term stays, you might want to consider serviced apartments (See below)
- Aahwaanam, NTR Estate, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Abids (Opp. Ramakrishna Cinema Hall), ☎ . , , Check-in: 24 hr, check-out: 24 hr. Basic budget hotel. Most rooms are not air-conditioned. ₹ 600-1,000.
- 1 Best Western Ashoka, 6-1-70, Lakdi-ka-Pul, ☎ . , , , Air-conditioned and non air-conditioned rooms. ₹ 600-1,500.
- Classic Lodge & Boarding, 5-8-112 to 173, 21th Century Commercial Complex, Nampally, (Opp. Board of Intermediate), ☎ , e-mail: , , , [email protected]. Check-in: 24 hr, check-out: 24 hr. Air-conditioned and non air-conditionedDeluxe rooms & 25 bed dormitory with multiple bathrooms, and all basic facilities available. ₹ 300-1,600.
- Dwaraka Heritage, 116, Chenoy Trade Centre, Parklane, Secunderabad, ☎ . , 50 rooms, basic facilities, internet ₹ 600-1,100.
- 2 Hotel Geetanjali, 4-1-938/26/A, New Marketing Complex, Abids, Tilak Rd, ☎ . Check-in: 24 hr, check-out: 24 hr. Air-conditioned and non air-conditioned rooms. Budget hotel, offers room service, clean & economical rooms and free wifi, online reservations, rated environmentally friendly, no restaurants. Close to transportation. ₹ 800-1,500.
- Hotel Haridwar, 4-6-464, Esamiya Bazar, Koti, ☎ . , Check-in: 24hr, check-out: 24 hr. Basic functional hotel with attached vegetarian restaurant. Caters mainly to visitors from North India. ₹ 350-850.
- Minerva, H. No. 3-6-199/1, Himayatnagar, ☎ . Close to the Birla temple and other attractions. Good budget choice in an area where there aren't many budget hotels. ₹ 1,300-1,800.
- Parklane, 115, Park Lane, S D Rd, Secunderabad, ☎ . , , 30 years old and looks its age. Rooms are comfortable, with both air-conditioned and non air-conditioned rooms. Breakfast is complimentary. The hotel caters mainly to senior government officials. Park Lane has a vegetarian restaurant Madhura. ₹ 950-1,800.
- [dead link]Sitara Paradise, No. 6-3-788/34, Opp. Lane of Chandana Bros, Ameerpet, ☎ . , , Small hote in the middle of the Ameerpet shopping district. Don't expect a quiet stay, but the rooms are spacious and elegant. This hotel is geared more towards weddings and celebrations, not for business travellers or tourists. ₹ 1,100-1,500.
- [dead link]Anmol International, Opp. Public Gardens, Chapel Rd, Nampally (Nr Sujatha Public School), ☎ . , , An adequate and comfortable hotel, located close to the Nampally railway station. Large rooms, restaurant and fitness center. ₹ 2,500-3,500.
- Asrani International, Plot Number 179, M G Rd, Secunderabad, ☎ . , , Check-in: 24hr. Has most basic facilities you'd expect from a business hotel. Located in Secunderabad, which is far from Hi-tech city, but close to the main city. Hosts a popular pub called Spanish Fly. ₹ 2,500-3,500.
- Athithi Inn, # 7-1-59/1, Dharam Karam Rd Ameerpet, ☎ . Check-in: 12noon, check-out: 12 noon. Cozy hotel, slightly far from the city centre. Room service and laundry available. Has conference room facilities. Houses 2 restaurants. ₹ 2,000-4,000.
- Baseraa, 1-9-167/168, Sarojini Devi Rd, Secunderabad, ☎ . Check-in: 12:00, check-out: 12:00. If the location fits, this is an excellent choice for a good, reasonably priced hotel. It has been recently renovated, and the rooms are plush without being opulent. Free WiFi and a complimentary breakfast. Dining is available at Mehfill a restaurant with live Ghazal shows every evening. It also has a coffee shop and a cricket themed pub. ₹ 2,500-6,500 (extra for foreigners paying in dollars).
- Best Western Amrutha Castle, #5-9-16, Opp. Secretariat, Saifabad, ☎ . Designed after castles from medieval Bavarian Europe. All-suite accommodations, meeting and event space, onsite restaurants, a fitness centre and swimming pool. Close to important attractions.
- The Central Court, 6-1-71, Lakdi-ka-Pul, ☎ . , , Centrally located and targeted at the business traveller who needs a place to sleep. Provides complimentary internet and most other business facilities. In addition, it has a couple of reasonable restaurants.
- Falcons Nest Imperia Suites, 1299F, Road no 68, Jubilee Hills (Close to Apollo Hospitals, Film Nagar, Annapurna Studios,), ☎ , e-mail: , [email protected]. Check-in: 12:00, check-out: 12:00. A good,, reasonably priced hotel. Has been recently renovated, and the suite rooms are luxury. Free WiFi and a complimentary breakfast.
- Grand Solitaire, 1-240, 41 & 43, Parklane, Secunderabad, ☎ . Clean and functional hotel, suitable for business travellers. ₹ 3,200-4,500.
- Harsha, 39 Public Garden Rd, Nampally, ☎ . , , Check-in: 24hr, check-out: 24hr. Close to the railway station. Basic, but adequate facilities. Vegetarian dining available. As it is close to the main road, it is somewhat noisy. ₹ 1,600-2,500 (higher rates for foreigners, payable in USS.
- [dead link]Hotel Mandakini Jaya International, 3/1 & 3/2 Reddy Hostel Lane, Hanuman Tekdi, Abids, ☎ . Chic hotel located at the market area of Abids and well connected with city and other business centres. Good for both business and leisure traveler and is very close to the airport. From ₹ 1,700.00.
- I K London Residency, 6-3-656, Kapadia Lane, Somajiguda, (in the lane diagonally opposite NIMS), ☎ . , , Check-in: 24 hr, check-out: 24hr. Caters to business travellers and has easy access to Punjagutta, Begumpet and the secretariat areas. Complimentary breakfast, WiFi and most other facilities you'd expect from a business hotel. ₹ 2,500-5,000.
- [dead link]Kamat Lingapur, 1-10-44/2, Chikoti Gardens, Begumpet, ☎ . Check-in: noon, check-out: noon. This used to be close to the airport before they moved the airport. Adequate place to stay for the average traveller who isn't looking for frills. Has a pretty good restaurant Shrirang which offers vegetarian food.Free breakfast, though the menu heavily favors South Indian vegetarian. ₹ 2,500-3,500.
- Karan, 1-2-261/1, S.D. Rd, Secunderabad, ☎ . , Check-in: 24 hr, check-out: 12:00. Good mid-range business hotel in Secunderabad. Wheelchair accessible. ₹ 2,500-3,500.
- Kasani GR, Hi-tec City Madhapur, ☎ . Rather adequate business hotel, the advantage being that it is in Madhapur, close to Hi tec city. ₹ 4,500-7,000.
- [dead link]Leo Continental, Number 2-4-77, M G Rd, Secunderabad, ☎ . , Small rooms, but good facilities otherwise. ₹ 2,500-6,000.
- Minerva Grand. Promoted as a "Boutique Business Hotel". Rooms are elegantly furnished and provide a cozy atmosphere without pampering you too much. It has a business centre, internet in all rooms, and both locations have branches of Blue Fox, a multi-cuisine restaurant. Has 2 locations:
- Minerva Grand Banjara, 8-2-616, Road No 11, Banjara Hills, ☎ . This is a newer property. Has Stir, an all-day coffee shop. ₹ 3,000-6,000.
- Minerva Grand S D Road, Sarojini Devi Rd, Secunderabad, ☎ . This is closer to the city centre. It has a lounge bar Enigma and Fiesta a 24 hr coffee shop. ₹ 4,000-8,000.
- Quality Inn Residency, 5-8-231/2, Public Garden Rd, ☎ . , , Check-in: 24 hr, check-out: 24hr. Business hotel, internet, conference facilities. Venue, a vegetarian restaurant is part of the hotel, as is One Flight Down, a basement pub. The location is more suited for access to the main city rather than Hi tech city. ₹ 3,300-11,000.
- [dead link]Rukmini Riviera, 6-1-1062 (behind Hotel Dwaraka Lakdi-ka-Pul), ☎ . , Check-in: 24hr, check-out: 24 hr. Basic, functional and clean hotel. 2 restaurants, one is vegetarian and the other has a bar. It is located near the city centre, at a reasonable distance from both tourist attractions and office complexes, though it is not suitable if you need access to Hi tech city. 2 banquet halls, geared more towards weddings and other celebrations. ₹ 1,600-2,200.
- [dead link]Sai Prakash, 5-4-434, Station Road, Nampally, ☎ . Close to the airport, strictly adequate. ₹ 1,500.
- Aditya Park, Aditya Trade Center, lane beside Huda Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, ☎ . Close to business areas, but far from tourist attractions or from Hi tech city. Free internet, and have a restaurant Promenade and a bar Harry's. ₹ 4,500-6,000.
- Fortune Select Manohar, Old Airport Exit Road, Begumpet, ☎ . Check-in: 12:00, check-out: 12:00. As the name suggests, this used to be the hotel closest to the old airport. Though it has lost that advantage now that the airport has moved, it hasn't lost the advantage of being located close to the busy commercial area of Begumpet. Free breakfast, and hi-speed internet is available, well-equipped business centre. Has good, but not great dining options. ₹ 10,000-18,000.
- The Golkonda, 10-1-124, Masab Tank Crossroads (opposite Polytechnic), ☎ , toll-free: , , . This is one of the few 4 star hotels in this area. Free breakfast and free internet. Has a fitness centre and a swimming pool. Suitable both for business travellers and tourists. ₹ 5,000-9,000 (extra for foreigners paying in dollars).
- Green Park, Greenlands, Begumpet, ☎ . Check-in: 12:00, check-out: 12:00. Close to the city's business areas. Rooms are well-furnished, free breakfast coffee shop, internet and access to the minibar. Once upon a time is the speciality restaurant. The Mustang Bar and Torque the pub. ₹ 5,000-11,000.
- Hampshire Plaza, 6-1-79 & 80, Diagonally Opposite To Amravathi Theater, Lakdi-ka-Pul, ☎ . Check-in: 12:00, check-out: 12:00. Well worth a stay if the location is right. Well-appointed rooms, with WiFi and all amenities you would expect at the price. ₹ 7,000-11,000.
- Ista Hyderabad, Road No. 2, Nanakramguda, Gachi Bowli, ☎ . Check-in: 12:00, check-out: 12:00. Centrally located in the city’s new business district of Gachi Bowli. 166 rooms, suites, restaurants, meeting facilities and a spa. ₹ 8,000-22,000.
- ITC Kakatiya, 6-3-1187, Begumpet, ☎ . If price is no object, this is the place to stay. Located in the centre of the business district. It has 3 full-service restaurants. Deccan Pavilion is open 24 hr, and serves up a Sun brunch from 12:30-15:00. South Indian restaurant Dakshin and an Irish-themed pub Dublin. ₹ 15,000-30,000.
- Marriott. has 2 properties within walking distance of each other in the Tank Bund area near Hussain Sagar Lake and the Courtyard.
- Courtyard Hyderabad, 1-3-1024 Lower Tank Bund Rd, ☎ . Check-in: 15:00, check-out: 12:00. Opened in December 2009. Business hotel, many rooms have a view of the lake. ₹ 5,000-7,000.
- Marriott Hotel & Convention Centre, opposite Hussain Sagar Lake, Tank Bund Rd, ☎ . Check-in: 3PM, check-out: 12 noon. The more expensive rooms have a view of the Hussain Sagar Lake right across the street. WiFi and wired internet available in all rooms, charged extra. There are 3 restaurants and a bar, including Bidri an Indian restaurant serving Hyderabadi cuisine. ₹ 7,000-16,000.
- Novotel. Novotel has 2 properties in Hyderabad.
- Novotel Accor (near Hitec City Izzatnagar Kondapur), ☎ . Check-in: 15:00, check-out: 12:00. One of few options for those who need to stay close to Hitec city. Facilities for conferences and training seminars. Many dining options, and its bar is known simply as The Bar ₹ 7,000-9,000.
- Novotel Hyderabad Airport, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad, ☎ . Check-in: 15:00, check-out: 12:00. ₹ 5,000-7,000.
- Taj Hotels. Taj, a famous Indian hotel chain has 3 iconic hotels in Hyderabad, all of them on the same street in Banjara Hills.
- Taj Banjara, Road No. 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . Check-in: 15:00, check-out: 12:00. Taj Banjara is located by the side of its own private lake. The lake is not very well-maintained or clean, but the rooms are. Conference facilities and good for business events. Open-air restaurant Kabab-e-bahar serves Indian BBQ. Underdeck, a basement pub. ₹ 5,000-16,000.
- Taj Deccan, Road No. 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . Check-in: 12:00, check-out: 12:00. The least expensive of the 3 Taj hotels. Restaurant Spice Junxion serves fusion South Indian cuisine, with a wide variety of pickles, spiced martinis are a speciality of the restaurant. ₹ 5,000-13,000.
- Taj Krishna, Road No. 1, Banjara Hills, ☎ . Check-in: 15:00, check-out: 12:00. This is the closest that Hyderabad has to a grand old hotel. Taj bought a failing property and turned it into one of the premier hotels in Hyderabad. The hotel interiors are over the top, but rooms are tastefully done, though the hotel's age shows in some places. Golden Dragon Chinese restaurant, Ahala the pub, conference facilities available. ₹ 9,000-15,000.
India Post [dead link], a govt-owned enterprise, has its headquarters at Abids known as GPO. And its second biggest centre is located in Secunderabad.
The dialing code for Hyderabad is 040. When calling from overseas, dial +91 40 XXXX XXXX. If you have a non-working phone number with only 7 digits try to add "2" in front of it. There are public booths scattered around the city.
The rate for Indian 'phones is around 1 paise per second for local/national calls. It is very easy to get a prepaid mobile, which are very cheap to buy and for calls. As per government regulations both a photo ID and a photograph are required for prepaid postpaid connection.
- Aircel - GSM 900, 1800
- Airtel - GSM 900, 1800
- Cell One [dead link]- GSM 900, 1800
- Idea - GSM 900, 1800
- MTS - CDMA
- Reliance Com - CDMA, GSM 900,1800
- Tata Docomo - GSM 900, 1800
- Tata Indicom - CDMA.
- Uninor - GSM 900, 1800
- Vodafone - GSM 900, 1800
Internet cafes are spread around town and most easily found in the city and residential areas. Charges vary between ₹ 5-15/hr. Reliance WebWorld provides Broadband internet centres.
For a longer stays with a laptop, it's better to get a Data plan either from Tata Indicom or Reliance Mobile, which are around ₹ 1,000 a month. If you have a WiFi enabled laptop or other digital device there are many public WiFi networks available in Hyderabad for free access to high-speed internet.
Since 2007, Hyderabad has suffered from multiple terrorist outrages in the form of bombings, the last one in 2013. These blasts have taken place at Mecca Masjid, Lumbini park, places often frequented by travellers; and also at busy marketplaces. Though the chance that you will be in danger is quite low, you should obviously make your own risk assessment. Rather than physical danger, it is more likely that the intrusive security will dampen your enjoyment of your Hyderabad vacation. Every shopping mall, theatre and palace has metal detectors and security guards patting you down.
The old city area was historically known as a communally sensitive zone and a venue for religious riots between Hindus and Muslims. It was common for the police to impose a curfew in that area while the rest of the city went about life without any problems. The old city continues to be at the heart of Hyderabad's crime wave and though many tourist attractions including Charminar are in this area, it is best to avoid late night visits.
Outside of these, Hyderabad is rather safe. Muggings and violent crime are uncommon, most crime involves thefts. Avoid staying out late at night, especially if you are a woman.
The usual tourist-oriented scams in India are not as bad in Hyderabad as in other places. However, foreigners will be hounded for money at tourist sites like the old city. Just ignore the beggars and they will go away.
Recently chain snatchings have become common in the city. One has to be watchful in crowded areas.
- Toll Free Number for Medical☎ 108
- Child Line Facility ☎ 1098
- Police (Toll Free) ☎ 100
- Fire (Toll Free) ☎ 102
- For any other basic information call up Just-Dial ☎ 8888888888(ten 8s)
Many hotels will change money for you at the front desk. However, they may not offer the best rates.
It is best to change money at the city-based money changers than the ones located at the airports. You'll find many money-changing operations located in Saifabad, some with door-step service. It's also possible to call them and agree on a rate before the transaction.
- Janaki Forex, 204, Saidatha Arcade, 3-6-517, Main Road, Himayat Nagar (Beside Maruthi Mithra Agencies), ☎ .
- Secure Forex Private Limited, Nasir Arcade (beside RBI Saifabad), ☎ , , fax: .
- Thomas Cook, Nasir Arcade, Saifabad, ☎ .
- UAE ExchangeCurrency, 1-8-303/33/C, Nagam Towers, ☎ .
The Deccan Chronicle is Hyderabad's oldest newspaper, and indispensable if you need to look up classifieds, for, say, renting a house. The Times of India with its new office in Hyderabad has good local content and is increasingly widely read. Eenadu is the most popular local language (Telugu) newspaper. For events, business listings and movie listings, fullhyderabad.com is popular. Siasat and Munsif are the main Urdu newspapers for the Urdu speaking population.
- Munsif [dead link]
- Namaste Telangana [dead link]
- Apollo Hospital, Jubilee Hills, ☎ .
- Medwin Hospital, Chirag Ali Ln, ☎ .
- Omega Hospital (Oncology - Cancer Speciality Hospital), MLA Colony Main Rd (Road No - 12 in Banjara Hills), ☎ , fax: , e-mail: [email protected]. 24.
- Osmania General Hospital Afzal Gunj ☎ +91 40 2460 0122
- Owaisi Hospital, DMRLX Rd (Kanchanbagh), ☎ . After Santosh Nagar. This Hospital is one of the largest hospitals in Asia.
- Yashoda Hospital, Raj Bhavan Rd, Somajiguda (Also at SP Road, Secunderabad and Malakpet), ☎ .
Modern medicine is widely available at pharmacies located around the city.
- A.P. Medical Hall.
- MOR Medical Hall (Basheer Bagh).
- Medplus, ☎ .
- Mukesh Medical Hall (Opposite NIMS).
- Sonee Medical Hall (Sarojini Hospital Rd, Mehdipatnam).
- The British Library (Secretariat).
- City Central Library, Chikkadpally, Near Tyagaraj Gana Sabha, Hyderabad, Telangana, ☎ . A library with wealth of Books and archives.
- State Central Library (Asafia Library), Afzalgunj, Hyderabad, Telangana. Contains many important archives.
- 34 Iran, Road No 1, Beside Syndicate Bank, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-34, ☎ , fax: , e-mail: [email protected].
- 35 United States, Paigah Palace, 1-8-323, Chiran Fort Ln, Begumpet, Secunderabad, ☎ , e-mail: [email protected].
- Basara — the home of Sri Gnana Saraswati Temple, in Adilabad District
- Bhuvanagiri Fort — around 47 km from city of Hyderabad on the outskirts moving towards Warangal via Uppal, is a huge rock fort on very smooth rock. At the foot of the hill is Bhongir bus stop. It is a marvelous experience to climb the fort and needs great skill and balance at few places. An attractive place for trekkers and rock climbers.
- Guntur — around 282 km southeast of Hyderabad by train.
- Medak Church — around 90 km from Hyderabad.
- Nagarjuna Sagar Dam — 165 km from Hyderabad - one of the earliest hydroelectric projects in India, the dam impounds the Krishna river.
- Ramoji Film City — film studios covering 2,000 acres, a visit can make for a pleasant day trip or weekend visit.
- Sangareddy — around 55 km from Hyderabad
- Sri Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple — 212 KM from Hyderabad can be easily reached by state run buses or private taxi. Srisailam referred to as Tirupparuppatham in the Thevaram hymns, near Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh is a venerated Shivastalam, the second of the 12 Jyotirlinga shrines spread all over India. This is a vast temple with several gopurams, on a hill which is said to be a manifestation of Nandi. This temple has been a site of Vijayanagar patronage, and is currently well visited and well endowed. Several other related Siva temples are located in the vicinity of Sree Sailam. Kannada poetess Akkamahadevi made this spot her hermitage
- Srisailam Hydel Project — around 245 km from Hyderabad. The dam is surrounded by beautiful natural flora.
- Vijayawada — 270 km from Hyderabad, has many important Hindu pilgrimage sites.
- Warangal — 144 km from Hyderabad, is a beautiful city of lakes and temples. Location of Bhadrakali Temple.
- Yadagiri Gutta — around 60 km east of Hyderabad, features the Narsimha Swamy Temple. | <urn:uuid:6d77be98-5e68-455c-8336-7f9507637e08> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hyderabad | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90731 | 28,577 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Any infection that makes it difficult to breathe is no laughing matter. You may be able to prevent most respiratory infections by taking some simple precautions, but some might require more proactive measures. Follow the tips here and you'll be breathing easier for years to come. This article discusses bronchitis, Legionnaires' disease, pneumonia, sinusitis, and tuberculosis. Here's a preview:
- Preventing BronchitisWhen the lining of your bronchial tubes comes into contact with a virus, bacteria, or irritating pollutant, it becomes inflamed. Bronchitis symptoms can include a mild fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, and a cough that brings up yellow or green mucus. Bronchitis often shows up three or four days after you've recovered from a cold or flu.
- Preventing Legionnaires' DiseaseLegionnaires' disease is a form of pneumonia that is resistant to some antibiotics. It was named after an outbreak at a Philadelphia hotel during an American Legion convention in 1976. Symptoms of Legionnaire's disease can include fever, chills, cough, muscle aches, headache, fatigue, chest pain, and sometimes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
- Preventing PneumoniaPneumonia is most often caused by a virus, but it can also be the result of bacteria, mycoplasmas, fungi, and even certain chemicals. During a pneumonia infection, the lung tissue becomes inflamed and the air sacs fill with fluid. A pneumonia vaccine is now available and is effective in 80 percent of healthy adults.
- Preventing SinusitisSinusitis most often flares up when you've had a stuffy nose as a result of a cold or allergies. Your sinuses get infected and then swell and build up additional mucus. In addition to a stuffy nose, sinusitis symptoms can include sinus tenderness, yellow or green nasal and postnasal drainage, headache, cough, fever, and bad breath.
- Preventing TuberculosisTuberculosis is a very serious infection, but only 10 percent of people who are infected with tuberculosis develop active tuberculosis. In active tuberculosis cases, bacteria can attack any organ in your body, causing a long-lasting (sometimes bloody) cough, chest pain, fatigue, fever, weight loss, and drenching night sweats.
This information is solely for informational purposes. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. Neither the Editors of Consumer Guide (R), Publications International, Ltd., the author nor publisher take responsibility for any possible consequences from any treatment, procedure, exercise, dietary modification, action or application of medication which results from reading or following the information contained in this information. The publication of this information does not constitute the practice of medicine, and this information does not replace the advice of your physician or other health care provider. Before undertaking any course of treatment, the reader must seek the advice of their physician or other health care provider. | <urn:uuid:900c2e97-4ea6-4728-a96c-eb5a3f4da978> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/preventive-care/how-to-prevent-respiratory-infections.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914164 | 601 | 3.5 | 4 |
Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5002
This study examined conservation easements and their effectiveness at reducing phosphorus and solids transport to streams. The U.S. Geological Survey cooperated with the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources and worked collaboratively with the Hawk Creek Watershed Project to examine the West Fork Beaver Creek Basin in Renville County, which has the largest number of Reinvest In Minnesota land retirement contracts in the State (as of 2013). Among all conservation easement programs, a total of 24,218 acres of agricultural land were retired throughout Renville County, and 2,718 acres were retired in the West Fork Beaver Creek Basin from 1987 through 2012. Total land retirement increased steadily from 1987 until 2000. In 2000, land retirement increased sharply because of the Minnesota River Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program, then leveled off when the program ended in 2002.
Streamflow data were collected during 1999 through 2011, and total phosphorus and total suspended solids data were collected during 1999 through 2012. During this period, the highest peak streamflow of 1,320 cubic feet per second was in March 2010. Total phosphorus and total suspended solids are constituents that tend to increase with increases in streamflow. Annual flow-weighted mean total-phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.140 to 0.759 milligrams per liter, and annual flow-weighted mean total suspended solids concentrations ranged from 21.3 to 217 milligrams per liter. Annual flow-weighted mean total phosphorus and total suspended solids concentrations decreased steadily during the first 4 years of water-quality sample collection. A downward trend in flow-weighted mean total-phosphorus concentrations was significant from 1999 through 2008; however, flow-weighted total-phosphorus concentrations increased substantially in 2009, and the total phosphorus trend was no longer significant. The high annual flow-weighted mean concentrations for total phosphorus and total suspended solids in 2009 were affected by outlier concentrations documented in March 2009.
Agricultural land-retirement data only were available through 2008; therefore, it was not possible to compare total phosphorus and total suspended solids concentrations to agricultural land-retirement data for 2009–11. A downward trend in annual flow-weighted mean total-phosphorus concentrations was related significantly to annual land retirement for 1999–2008. The relation between annual flow-weighted mean total suspended solids concentration and annual land retirement was not statistically significant for 1999–2008. If land-retirement data had been available for 2009–11, it is possible that the relation between total phosphorus and land retirement would no longer be evident because of the marked increase in flow-weighted concentrations during 2009. Alternatively, the increase in annual flow-weighted mean total-phosphorus concentrations during 2009–11 may be because of other factors, including industrial discharges, increases in drain tile installation, changes in land use including decreases in agricultural land retirement after 2008, increases in erosion, increases in phosphorus applications to fields, or unknown causes. Inclusion of land-retirement effects in agency planning along with other factors adds perspective with regard to the broader picture of interdependent systems and allows agencies to make informed decisions on the benefits of perpetual easements compared to limited duration easements.
First posted February 8, 2014
For additional information, contact:
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF). For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. PDF documents opened from your browser may not display or print as intended. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Christensen, V.G., and Kieta, K.A., 2014, Assessment of conservation easements, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids in West Fork Beaver Creek, Minnesota, 1999–2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5002, 16 p., plus app., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145002.
ISSN 2328-0328 (online)
Conservation Easements, Total Phosphorus, and Total Suspended Solids | <urn:uuid:be1636c1-a050-4e6d-a6f6-2d535b59d00f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929791 | 852 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
September 18-23, and October 21 - November 15, 2002
About 70 percent of all coral reefs in U.S. waters are in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), a remote chain of small islands and atolls that stretches for more than 1,000 nautical miles (nm) northwest of the main Hawaiian Islands. This fall, a team of scientists traveled there to study unexplored seamounts and map pristine coral reefs.
From September 18 to 23, scientists used the Pisces V submersible to dive on one of the region's unexplored Northampton Seamounts. These submarine features, which are over 60 nm long and reach within 180 ft of the ocean's surface, may be home to newly discovered species and a feeding stop for the Hawaiian monk seal. Between October 21 and November 15, scientists mapped submerged banks and seamounts in the NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve. Multibeam sonar systems accomplished the mapping aboard the University of Hawaii's research vessel (R/V) Kilo Moana.
Follow explorers from the University of Hawaii's Undersea Research Laboratory and NOAA's Fisheries Service and Ocean Service as they venture to a part of the world that few have seen.
Background information for this exploration can be found on the left side of the page. Regular updates are included below. Detailed logs and summaries of exploration activities are found on the right.
Updates & Logs
Click images or links below for detailed mission logs.
Sign up for the Ocean Explorer E-mail Update List. | <urn:uuid:6175261e-7f50-4eea-a5a2-1f094ba8f7f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02hawaii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908694 | 321 | 3.65625 | 4 |
In Maryland, sea slowly claims a historic island
With water levels in the Chesapeake Bay rising an inch per decade, Smith Island has lost more than 3,200 of its 11,000 acres over the past 150 years.
Smith Island, Md.
Sometime in the 1780S, John Tyler, a landowner on Smith Island in Maryland's Chesapeake Bay, dug a narrow boundary ditch in the soft ground to mark his property. After more than 220 years, wind and water in the bay have conspired to eat away at the land. Today the "ditch" is a waterway nearly a quarter-mile wide and an example of how nature is slowly consuming the island.
"Over the years it got wider and wider, but we still call it Tyler's Ditch," says local historian Jennings Evans.
Smith Island is actually a collection of small islands that together make up the last inhabited island in the Chesapeake Bay not connected by a bridge to the mainland.
Scientists calculate the water level in the bay is rising by a little more than an inch per decade: The sea is slowly taking over these specks of land, home to the hardy descendants of 17th-century English settlers.
"I know [an inch per decade] doesn't sound like much, but the reason for concern, especially in Maryland, is because the land is very low," says Michael Kearney, a University of Maryland geology professor who has studied the impact of sea-level rise on Chesapeake Bay.
Higher water levels mean stronger waves, increased erosion, rapid loss of marsh, and bigger storm surges. This could have a devastating effect in southern Maryland counties, where the average tide level extends more than a half-mile inland from the bay. That means waves from a big storm could penetrate far inland, Dr. Kearney adds.
Waverly Evans, a lifelong Smith islander, doesn't need a scientific study to tell him what's happening. He has been a witness as the creeping Chesapeake waters swallow what were once island homes.
As he guides his boat through Tyler's Ditch, Mr. Evans raises a weathered hand and points across the water to a marsh-and-grass-covered island.
It was on this now-abandoned parcel that Evans was born in 1926 and lived as a boy. People there tended gardens; their chickens and pigs roamed their yards. The 10 homes made up a small community. But the water's unrelenting attack on the little island forced the families to leave.
"Down through the years, the salt and the marsh ate in, and the erosion and everything, and people started to move to higher ground," Evans says.
'We were eroding something fierce'
In 2001, the Army Corps of Engineers completed a $2 million bulkhead project at the Smith Island town of Tylerton to protect the town and stop erosion. At high tide, water slaps at the metal barrier at a level clearly above the land on the other side.
"We were eroding something fierce, terrible. [The bulkhead] has really prolonged this little town, anyway," Evans says.
Tylerton, together with Ewell and Rhodes Point are the three hamlets where people live on Smith Island. The island has lost more than 3,200 of its 11,000 acres to the sea over the past 150 years. Of the remaining land, about 900 acres is habitable. The population has dwindled from a high of more than 800 in the early 1900s to about 250 today.
Evans may see the past as he cruises by the long-abandoned land of his boyhood home, but scientists who study sea-level rise are more likely to see the future of the Chesapeake Bay.
More than 1,000 square miles of shoreline are less than three feet above sea level, making the region one of the most vulnerable in the United States to future climate-change-induced sea-level rise and increased storm surges from weather events like hurricanes.
Erosion is eating away at the Chesapeake shoreline at the rate of 580 acres per year, and saltwater intrusion has wreaked havoc with wetlands and agricultural land. Bob Fitzgerald, soil conservation board chairman for Somerset County, which includes Smith Island, has seen land once under cultivation slowly convert to marsh and then open water.
"The acceleration over the past 10 to 15 years is unbelievable," Mr. Fitzgerald says. He figures that about 5 percent of the more than 140,000 acres of farmland in Somerset County has been lost to the bay in that time.
Holding back the bay everywhere is impossible. Bulkheads and revetments are a common sight. With miles of water to blow over, winds create powerful waves. In many places, these traditional approaches help to stop the onslaught.
The Maryland Eastern Shore Resource Conservation and Development Council (RC&D) is trying another approach. It's working with landowners to construct "living shorelines" to reverse the loss of land and re-create native habitat.
'Living shorelines' help stop erosion
"Living shorelines are all about creating marsh," says Bhaskaran Subramanian, natural sciences manager for RC&D. "If you create marsh, that is one of the most potent ways of stopping erosion."
Creating a living shoreline involves building a stone barrier, backfilling the area with sand, planting marsh grasses, and then letting nature take over.
Graham Donaldson, a Centreville, Md., resident, contacted RC&D after nearly 40 feet of his backyard washed away. He was beginning to wonder how long it would be until the remaining 60 feet behind his house slipped into the water.
His living shoreline project took nearly a year to complete, but Mr. Donaldson, a former agriculture official with the World Bank, is convinced that he made the right decision. The marsh has flourished. The one-third acre of new habitat has become home to crabs, fish, and birds.
"It's aesthetically pleasing; it's biologically very successful, which for a gardener is a reward; and it's environmentally very effective," Donaldson says. | <urn:uuid:bee466f6-91a2-4bbf-927e-b2a8463d169f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://m.csmonitor.com/2007/1115/p13s01-wogi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966026 | 1,261 | 3.109375 | 3 |
My dear Pranav,
Vinoba was basically a teacher. He has given us a wonderful idea in
his book on education.
He says that in all 14 languages listed in the Constitution of India
there is no word for teaching. In English, there are two separate
words "teach" and "learn". In Indian languages the root word is
learn. For "teaching", derived words are coined on the basis of the
root word "learn".
We can learn. We can help learning. In Indian languages, teaching is not
a separate verb. Teaching expresses the ego of teachers. You cannot
teach anyone, you can only make learning possible. These days, the
word for teacher is facilitator. He makes learning possible.
It is not merely a matter of words or semantics. It is a matter of attitude.
Vinoba further said there is nobody who is unlearned. Every one
learns every day. There are no uneducated persons, there are many
people who are not in a position to read or write. Reading and
writing are facilities or tools for learning. They are not learning
itself. They are very useful, but they are only tools. And in any
event they are not the only tools.
We see so many people who cannot read or write. But they can grow crops. They
can get better crops. They can repair cars, thy can drive cars. They
can cook, they can carry loads, they can clean houses, roads, and so
on. They can look after patients. They can grow trees, plants and
tend gardens. In other words, they can "do" so many useful things.
All these things are useful for all of us. How can you call them
not learned? This is a crucial factor in our social attitudes.
Vinoba narrates an episode in the life of Prophet Mohammed. He was
once in deep meditation. He wanted to see God. God wrote a letter
to him. He was unlettered, and so he said, "I am an unlettered
person." I want to see you. Then God gave him a Darsan. Mohammed
told this story to his people and said, "Look if I had learned
alphabet, I would have been happy with the letter, I would have
missed seeing the God for myself." Vinoba narrated this story in a
meeting for farmers. He said, "You physically cultivate your farms, you
do the tilling to level the land, Sun shines on that land and then
you wait to see God. How many of you have seen God? All of them
raised their hands. There was not a single farmer who doubted
whether he had seen God or not. When it rains, the farmers feel
that God has not only come to meet them but to touch them. He
touches them physically with thousands of drops of water in the
showers of rain. They not only see God, they also feel Him. They
are not in doubt about the existence of God. They are learned
enough to know it. They experience God.
Vinoba expressed his thoughts, beliefs, arguments for the villagers in small
or big meetings. He touched their hearts directly. He moved them.
That was his work. That was his style as a public educator, an
Acharya in the true sense of the term. | <urn:uuid:996c5611-dcc1-4a4f-bcd0-9b254a3e42c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mkgandhi.org/vinoba/pranav_bk/letter30.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978635 | 718 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Fifty kilometres to the west of the Panamericana lies the attractive city of VALDIVIA, one of Chile’s oldest settlements, founded by Pedro de Valdivia as a supply halt on the route to Lima, six days’ sail from the Magellan Strait.
Pedro de Valdivia chose the confluence of the rivers Calle Calle and Cruces as a suitable location for the city because it was defensible and had access to both the sea and the inland plains. Yet in 1599 it had to be abandoned after the Mapuche uprisings, and was almost immediately pounced on by the Dutch. To counter this threat, and that of pirates, the Viceroy in Peru ordered a string of forts to be built. These were strengthened when Britain threatened in 1770, and, by the time of the wars of Chilean independence, Valdivia was a formidable redoubt. Post-independence there was a great influx of German settlers who founded shipyards, breweries and mills, leaving a lasting legacy.
Today Valdivia is a vibrant, cosmopolitan university town, a mixture of the colonial and the contemporary, even though many of its old buildings are gone – lost to earthquakes, fires and floods throughout the last century. On February 9 each year, the city celebrates the founding of Valdivia, and between the second and third Saturday in February all of Valdivia comes out to celebrate “Valdivia Week”: the river lights up with a parade of boats, and a memorable fireworks show. | <urn:uuid:3475fc3d-610a-4782-b9d0-97b1c2d493eb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/south-america/chile/the-lake-district/valdivia-and-around/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967925 | 312 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Id-ul-Fitr is the most important of all the Muslim festivals. It is celebrated at the end of the holy month of Ramzan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, during which all adult Muslims all over the world observe a month-long fast and they have their meal only at night. It is celebrated on the first day of the tenth lunar month of the Islamic calendar.
Fitr is said to be derived from the word Tatar' which means 'breaking' or 'fitrah' meaning alms. It is an occasion of feasting and rejoicing. Family get-togethers and feasts are the major highlights of the celebrations of Id-ul-Fitr.
People exchange greetings 'Id Mubarak'. Traditionally, 'Idi' in the form of presents of money and gifts are given to the youngsters by the elders and are conveyed blessings.
Special delicious dishes like seviyan are prepared in this festival. It is a time to forget all past differences and grievances.
It is believed that it was during the month of Ramzan that the holy book of the Muslims, the Quran came into existence and Prophet Mohammad was chosen by God as his messenger to compile the sacred book.
The last ten days of Ramzan are of great significance for the Muslims because during this period the revelation of the book to the Prophet was completed. | <urn:uuid:65966419-c74d-4248-8f81-bd6b2898e061> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.preservearticles.com/2011122719229/essay-on-eid-ul-fitr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967652 | 277 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Three new species of Mouse Lemur recognised20/02/2007 00:00:00
Three new kinds of mouse lemur have been recognised on Madagascar in the inaccessible forest fragments of north-west Madagascar. They were discovered by scientists from the Institute for Zoology at the University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo) in Hanover, working with Madagascan colleagues.
At first sight the three new lemurs hardly differ outwardly from already known species, however genetic differences show them to be separate species (this is highly ironic as other news this week showed that three species of Mouse lemur that were previously thought to be distinct are actually all genetically identical, read the story here).
The habitats of these are small and separated from each other by broad rivers. This geographical separation makes it possible that these lemurs have evolved separately over thousands of years.
Mouse lemurs, with a body size of between 10-12 centimetres, are the smallest primates in the world, weighing as little as 30 grams. Being so small and nocturnal adds to the difficulty of conducting research in such a remote region.
The three lemurs were actually discovered in 2003, but it has taken until now to get them recognised as new species.
The results of the research are published in the Journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. | <urn:uuid:542646af-0c8b-4d70-ac30-d2a3afe52793> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/mouse-lemurs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967219 | 273 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Following a disaster, having a sufficient supply of clean water is the most important thing you need to survive. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) stresses the importance of storing at least one gallon of water per person per day in your emergency supply.
The 2-Gallon Water Storage Bag provides an ideal way to easily treat and transport water for drinking, cooking, washing, and cleaning needs. Use along with Water Purification Tablets (sold separately) to treat unsafe water for safe consumption.
Its heavy-duty construction and carrying handle makes it easy to transport water to safe location.
This water container also collapses flat and fits in a wide variety of places such as your 72 hour survival kit, glove box, office drawer, kid's backpack and many more places.
Why do you need to store emergency water?
Following a disaster, there may not be any safe drinking water available. When the electricity goes out, water treatment plants may stop working causing tap water to become unsafe for consumption. Emergency responders may not be able to deliver water to your area safely. And, it may not be safe or possible to boil water due to broken gas lines. So, you need to be self-reliant by storing emergency water supplies. | <urn:uuid:a224e9b5-97ff-43d1-9883-1bf0a9ec5d5d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.quakekare.com/water-storage-bag-p-24.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938181 | 250 | 3 | 3 |
Copyright © University of Cambridge. All rights reserved.
Why do this problem?
involves learners in making and proving conjectures using patterned numbers and arithmetic sequences. It is, incidentally, a very interesting way of revising multiplication tables! It is also very useful for getting learners to predict what they think they will find out.
This is a good class investigation in that it can be taken on a long way but patterns can be found at an early stage so those who work more slowly will be doing some discovering.
You could introduce the investigation as suggested or, alternatively, from a standard $10 \times 10$ 'table-square' simply dropping the tens. However, this does remove some of the exploration and discovery.
After the initial introduction learners could work in pairs so that they are able to talk through their ideas with a partner. Plenty of squared and plain paper should be available. Squared paper can be found here.
You could show the group the cycles of repeats which are a very useful way of recording but learners may find another better way! When making them, make sure that the arrows are put in because this matters.
They can be put in like this:
At the end of the lesson the group should come together to discuss their explorations and discoveries. The factors of $10$ and the complements in $10$ (the numbers that add to make $10$) should arise in interesting ways. When pressed, can they give satisfactory explanations?
What do you think you will find out from doing this?
How often does it repeat?
Which digits are there in the line?
Have you looked along the rows and up and down the columns?
Have you looked at any of the diagonals?
Would it help, when you're finding repeats, to extend the rows to $11$ lots of the number, $12$ lots, $13$ lots?
How did you make each row in the first place?
After exploring the many patterns in the investigation given learners could try Diagonal Sums
Some ideas for more extensions can be found on this sheet.
Suggest using a standard $10 \times 10$ 'table-square' to help with the tables. If even this is proving difficult, start by using a $10 \times 10$ 'table-square' [such as this one] that can be written on and crossing out the tens figures. The resulting
unit-numbers can then be transferred to a plain sheet of squared paper. This ready-made sheet might help. | <urn:uuid:cfc3a3f6-0e48-4d70-8181-77eb395fd6a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nrich.maths.org/4905/note?nomenu=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940377 | 521 | 3.4375 | 3 |
To implement our groundbreaking ground zero food waste to landfill programme we work to a clear hierarchy of reduce, reuse and recycle to divert food waste from landfill. We view waste as a valuable resource that can be treated in ways that both generate energy and reduce environmental impacts.
Our landfill diversion hierarchy starts with good stock control to reduce the generation of food waste. We also donate food that is within its 'use by' date to charity.
Our landfill diversion hierarchy then sets out the preferred options for the treatment of the remaining food waste. Our preferred choice is anaerobic digestion, which breaks down the food waste into fertiliser and methane gas, used to generate electricity. Each store or depot evaluates whether there is a suitable anaerobic digestion plant within practical distance. Our second tier of preferred waste treatment methods are In-Vessel Composting (IVC), Fluidised Bed Combustor (FBC) or Pyrolysis. Our third choice is incineration. We use 'backhauling' - using lorries on return journeys - to divert food waste to waste treatment.
We periodically revaluate our food waste processing choices. And as new anaerobic digestors are built we move towards this solution. | <urn:uuid:24bf5e55-ea9a-44e6-af02-9b7669c16578> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/responsibility/case-studies/2009/implementing-zero-food-waste-to-landfill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864286 | 247 | 2.8125 | 3 |
August was named for the Roman emperor, Augustus Caesar (September 23, 63 BC - August 29, 14 BC). Demeter or Ceres is the tutelary goddess of August. The Anglo-Saxon name for this month was Weodmonath, "vegetation month." Aranmanoth, "corn ears month," was the Frankish name. The Asatru call it Harvest. The Irish name this month Lunasa or an Lunasdal, from the Irish Lughnasadh, the festival of Lugh.
The first Full Moon is called the Sturgeon, (Green) Corn, or Barley Moon, names it shares with September. August's moon is also referred to as the Dispute Moon and the Moon When Cherries Turn Black. A few tribes referred to this moon as the Red Moon because it appears reddish through the humid haze of summer. It shares the name Thunder Moon with July.
Leo gives way to Virgo around August 23rd as the sun passes from one constellation to the next. Gladiolas are the flowers for the August-born, and their stones are carnelian, sardonyx, moonstone, topaz, alexandrite, or peridot. The birthstones of Leo are onyx, ruby, and smoky quartz, while Virgo claims the sapphire. Other stones associated with Leo are amber, carnelian, chrysocolla, citrine, fire agate, garnet, pink tourmaline, ruby, and topaz. Virgo is connected to amazonite, amber, carnelian, chrysocolla, and citrine.
Lunar Holy Days
*The second Friday of August is the celebration of the Burryman in the town of Queensferry, Scotland. The Burryman is matted head to toe with burrs with a hat made from 70 roses and one dahlia. He walks around the edge of town slowly, speaking to no one. The respectful townspeople offer donations. Some theories consider him a forgotten fertility god of fishing. Other theories state he may represent a scapegoat figure, carrying off the town's guilt in his burrs.
Lughnasadh, Lughnas, or Lughnasa is held in honor of Lug of the Long Arms, god of light and the declining sun. It may mean "Lugh's Wedding," but is more often considered to have originated in the funeral games held in honor of Lug's foster-mother Tailltiu. Tailte or Tailltiu was a chieftainess of the Fir Bolg. The Tailtenean games were held every year at Talten or Teltown, a mountain in Meath, for fifteen days before, and fifteen days after, the first of August. In addition to the sports played at this event, there were marriage contracts made in the "Marriage Hollow."
This is the first festival marking the transformation of the goddess into her Earth Mother aspect. This is also a harvest celebration of wild foods and the first harvest of the year. During medieval times, a maiden dressed in white would sit atop a hill while villagers placed offerings of blackberries, acorns, and crab apples in her lap. A dance and procession home followed. Under Christian dominance, this holy day became "loaf-mass" or Lammas. Into the 1900s, Scottish farmers ceremonially cut handfuls of grain to twirl around their heads in honor of the harvest god. Sickles were thrown to divine who would marry, grow ill, or die before the next Lammas. The first grain was cut and baked into a loaf to be offered to the goddess in thanksgiving.
The people of Leinster at Carman or Wexford held the Fair of Carman, a provincial aenach, once every three years, beginning on Lughnasad and ending on the sixth. For holding the fair, they were promised various blessings, i.e. plenty and prosperity, corn, milk, and fruit in abundance, and freedom from subjection to any other province.
Carman exhibits to a marked degree the concept of the magical powers of the female as opposed to the physical force employed by the male. Carman and her three sons "came from Athens to Wexford." Women played a conspicuous part in this fair; the women had aireachts of their own to discuss those subjects specially pertaining to women. There was also racing, poetic competition, satires, and history.
The annual fair meeting at Emain - Emain Macha, near Ard Macha or Armagh- was established to honor Queen Macha of the Golden Hair, who had founded the palace there. The three Machas are, Macha wife of Nemed, Macha wife of Crunnchu, and Macha the Red. The third Macha, Mongruadh, "of the Red (or Golden) Hair", reigned as Queen of Ireland. In some places, it was the custom to light a great bonfire an certain hills. A wheel, which was normally a heavy oaken wagon-wheel, was heated until it glowed red, and then it was bowled down the hillside. From its course, auguries were made on the coming season. The wheel symbolized the descent of the sun from its midsummer height. The festival of Lughnasadh was also associated with the myth of the marriage of Lugh to Bloddeuedd on the continent.
This was a day sacred to Odin and Frigg.
The harvest season in Japan begins today with a ritual called Aomori Nebuta. Huge wire and bamboo effigies painted with intense facial expressions are paraded through the streets to drive away sleep. Farmers need to be wide-awake to labor hard at the harvest.
Until the mid 1800s, the healing Loch-mo-Naire was a site of pilgrimage for the lame, sick, impotent, and mentally ill. Gathering at the shore at midnight, the sick would drink some of the water, strip, and walk backwards into the loch. After immersing themselves three times, they would throw offerings of silver coins into the depths.
Lugh Dydd, the Day of Lugh, begins at sundown.
Two days after the end of Tinne, the Tan Hill Festival (related to Lammas) takes place, commemorating personified holy fire, the Celtic Tienne or Tan.
In Egypt, this was the Festival of Nut and Ra, and the chief festival of Thoth.
Women of ancient Athens and Alexandria mourned the death of Adonis, wounded by a boar. Climbing ladders to the roofs of their homes, they would chant : Woe, woe Adonis.
In Egypt, this day was called the Breaking of the Nile or the Opet festival. The original festival lasted 11 days but was later extended to 27 days. The statue of Amun, the state god of Egypt, was taken in a floating procession from Karnak to Luxor. (See July 19th)
The Dog Days of summer, deriving their name from the Dog Star Sirius, visible before sunrise between July 3rd and August 11th, will end soon. The appearance of Sirius coincided with the rise of the Nile, but for the Greeks and Romans, it merely meant a time of heat and disease associated with irritability, ill health, and death. Sounds like summer to me.
This is Tij Day in Nepal, also known as Woman's Holiday or Haritalika. It honors Parvati, the consort of Shiva, and Krishna. A married woman may visit her parents on this day. Women wear green saris.
On August 7th, 1908, the Venus of Willendorf was discoveried. A 25,000 year old statue that some believe represents proof of widespread prehistoric goddess worship, the figurine has since become a true modern icon. The Venus of Willendorf was the first and only statuette of her kind before the French Venus of Lespugue and the Russian Venus of Kostienki joined her two decades later. Whether she represented a goddess or women's elevated place in society remains a mystery. There are many other statuettes of that period representing animals, part-humans and part-animals or asexual human beings. Although excavated at opposite ends of the continent, the French and Russian Venuses are similar in form to their Austrian sister.
The Ghanta Karna in late July or early August is a Nepalese festival celebrating the defeat of a demon guilty of such endless acts of slaughter and depravity that its mouth was filled with blood. In answer to the prayers of the suffering people, one Hindu god turned itself into a taunting frog who teased the demon into chasing it down a well. Villages stoned the trapped monster to death and burned the remains. Children wait at crossroads to collect money from passerby in order to raise funds to create effigies of the demon to be paraded through the town before being burned. A man of the untouchable caste takes on the persona of the demon and demands alms. Refusal to pay brings disease and bad luck. After the celebration, people go home quickly to avoid meeting the vengeful spirit of the dead demon.
Puck's Fair in Killorglin County, Kerry, Ireland lasts two days.
Yashodhara, the wife of Buddha, is honored.
The Pairika correspond to the Indian Apsaras. Worshipped in the pre-Zoroastrian religion, the Pairikas are the prototypes of the Peris, the nymphs or female angels of later Persian tradition, and also of the Parigs or Witches of Manichaeism. The Pairikas, in the shape of worm-stars, are said to fly between the earth and the heavens at this time. This refers to shooting stars which fall every year at about the time when Tistrya (Sirius) is supposed to be most active.
Since 830 AD the Perseid meteor shower has been documented, appearing every year. It takes its name from the constellation Perseus where shooting stars appear and is associated with the Swift-Tuttle Comet.
Swift-Tuttle's orbit has been traced back nearly 2,000 years and is now thought to be the same comet that was observed in 188 AD and possibly even as early as 69 BC. Back in the early 1990s, astronomer Brian Marsden calculated that Swift-Tuttle might actually hit Earth in the year 2026. More observations quickly eliminated all possibility of collision, but he said that the comet and Earth might experience a cosmic near miss (about a million miles) in 3044.
The Lychnapsia or Lignapsia, "Festival of Lights" or "The Lights of Isis," is part of the Osirian mysteries, celebrating Isis' quest for her spouse in the darkness by torchlight. This became a Christian holy day dedicated to St. Clare, considered the first person to practice the total poverty of St. Francis of Assisi. This is also the Day of Sekhmet's repulsion of Set.
Felicitas, a goddess of good luck, was honored in Rome. She is associated with Venus Victrix, Honos and Virtus.
According to the Mayans, the universe began in the year 3114 BC. Our world is scheduled to end on December 23rd, 2012 at which time we will be freed from our earthly bonds to begin a galactic though somewhat cataclysmic voyage.
On the day of the foundation of Diana�s temple in Rome, the slaves had a holiday. This was also considered her birthday. Women whose prayers had been answered made a torchlight procession to the grove of Diana at Aricia. The Goddess's aid was invoked to turn storms which might injure the coming harvest. The largest temple to Diana was in the Aventine, founded by Servius Tullius. The Greeks honored Hecate on this day.
The Camenae are Roman Goddesses identified since Livius Andronicus with the Muses. They seem to be water deities however with a grove and spring outside the Porta Capena. From this spring, the Vestals drew water daily. There was also a little shrine of bronze and dedicated by Numa. Libation was made to them with milk and water.
Isis gained the Horns of Hathor today. This day is also the date of the battle between Horus and Set.
The Church of Wicca was founded in Australia by Lady Tamara Von Forslon in 1989.
A Day of Peace between Horus and Set follows the day of their battle.
The Dog Days of Summer finally end.
Diana�s chief festival was called the Festival of Candles or Torches. Her groves shone with a multitude of torches on this day. This day is still celebrated as a Festival of Candles, but the Church now claims it for the Virgin Mary.
Tailte's Day honors a Celtic goddess of competition. Games of skill and endurance similar to the Greek Olympics were once held annually in Ireland in early to mid-August.
The Roman feast of Diana in her aspect as a huntress was celebrated today. According to one tradition, she mated with Rex Nemorensis, king of the wood, to let the earth bring forth fruit.
This is the first day commemorating Odin's Ordeal on the world tree Yggdrasil, leading to the discovery of the power of the runes. He hung on the tree for nine days and nights pierced by his own spear.
This is the Egyptian holy day of Amenartus. Rituals were held in the Temples of Amen-Ra, and also in the houses of Horus and Osiris.
In China, the spirits of the dead return to earth during the Hungry Ghost Festival. If they are left untended or unfed long, they will steal food and bring evil. Villagers offer food, clothing, incense, models of houses and cars, and special currency. All offerings are burned, and the smoke carries them to heaven.
This is the second day commemorating Odin's Ordeal on the world tree Yggdrasil.
The Rustic Vinalia was a wine festival kept by the Romans on April 23 and today. Offerings were made for the ripening grapes to Venus, who as goddess of gardens was also guardian of vineyards and Olive groves. At this time, a temple was dedicated to Venus and gardens were set apart for her, and the kitchen gardeners went on holiday.
This is the third day commemorating Odin's Ordeal on the world tree Yggdrasil.
This is the 2nd day of the month of Paopi according to the Egyptian calendar. There was a Procession of Horus to Neith.
In Babylon, this was the Day of Inanna.
This is the fourth day commemorating Odin's Ordeal on the world tree Yggdrasil.
Thoth ordered the healing of the eye of Horus on the 3rd day of Paopi.
Birthday of HP Lovecraft, (my favorite) writer and creator of the Cthulu Mythos.
The Romans sacrificed to Hercules, patron of businessmen. Merchants set aside a tenth of their profits for his benefit. Incredible banquets were held in his honor. So much food was left that mountains of leftovers were thrown into the Tiber River.
This is the fifth day commemorating Odin's Ordeal on the world tree Yggdrasil.
Aedesia, a fifth century female philosopher of the Neo-Platonic school, was famous also for her virtue and her beauty. She was honored today.
This is the sixth day commemorating Odin's Ordeal on the world tree Yggdrasil.
The Feast of Montu occurs on the 5th day of Paopi.
Nemesea was a Greek festival honoring the goddess Nemesis, defender of the relics and memory of the dead from insults and injury. The Greeks called this the Day of Moira. It is dedicated to the Genia of personal fate. The threads of Moira draw all things in life together. Her particular symbols are the wheel and the scales. Vertumnalia was a celebration of the Roman god Vertumnus who changed the seasons and transformed flowers to fruits. Vulcan, god of fire and the forge, and Stata Mater, who causes fires to go out were honored with the Vulcanalia. The water nymphs, Ops Opifera, Quirinus, and the Goddess Juturna, a fountain Goddess, were honored in the hope that they would keep fire from damaging the land or homes.
This is the seventh day commemorating Odin's Ordeal on the world tree Yggdrasil.
The rites of Mania were held in honor of Ceres, Mania, and the Manes. This was the first day for opening the Mundus Cereris, �ritual pit of Ceres.� This pit was vaulted and divided into two parts. The lowest part was consecrated to the Underworld deities and also to the Manes, and closed with a stone. This cover, the lapis manalis or �stone of the Manes�, was removed today, on October fifth, and the eighth of November so that offerings could be dropped down. When this barrier was removed, the Manes rose into our world for a time. Mania was Christianized into St. Bartholomew's Day festivities, which continued until 19th century in London.
This is the eighth day commemorating Odin's Ordeal on the world tree Yggdrasil.
On the last day of Odin's Ordeal, he discovered the runes.
The Opeconsiva honors Ops goddess of abundance, and an old Italian goddess of fertility. The day is so called from Ops Consiva 'Lady Bountiful the Planter. As goddess of sowing and reaping she was worshiped under the name of Consivia today by the Vestals. Only one of the pontifices could be present in her temple at Regia at this time. As her abode was in the earth, her worshipers invoked her while seated and touching the ground.
Paryushana Parva is a Hindu holy day. It and Diwali are the two most important holy days for the Jains.
Illmatar or Luonnotar, the Water Mother was the Creatrix of the World according to Finnish legend. Upon her knees the duck laid the six golden eggs and the one iron egg from which the world was made.
The 9th day of Paopi is the Day of Jubilation in the heart of Ra.
Consus, the Roman god of grain stores, was honored as the grain stores were replenished. Sacrifices were made at his altar located beneath the floor of the Circus Maximus, and games were held in his honor in the stadium. Mules and horses were decked with garlands and given a day of rest. This was later tied into St. Anthony's Day.
On the 10th day of Paopi, the birthday of Nut and Procession of Bast is held.
Devaki is an East Indian Mother Goddess honored today.
The Olympics began as celebrations in honor of harvest rituals.
The Yoruba of Nigeria celebrate Gelede. This is a rite to control women past child bearing who are considered witches.
The 12th day of Paopi is the birthday of Hathor. Hathor is a sky goddess who displaced Nut. She was also a goddess of beer and violence. She became merged with the frog goddess Hekt, a birth and resurrection goddess married to Khnumu. Before dawn, the Priestesses would bring Hathor's image out on to the terrace to expose it to the rays of the rising sun. The day ended in song and intoxication, rejoicing and carnival.
According to the Alexandrian calendar, standardized in 30 BC, this was New Year's Eve.
Urda, eldest of the three Norns with charge of the past, was honored today.
Augustus Caesar died today.
This was the first day of the New Year and the first day of the month of Thoth according to the Alexandrian calendar. According to another Egyptian calendar, this is the 13th of Paopi, the Day of Satisfying the Hearts of the Ennead.
The old Roman holiday of Chariseria was a festival of thanksgiving.
In the Nigerian capitol of Lagos, masqueraders called Eyos wander the streets concealed in white robes, carrying long sticks. Each represents an individual family and symbolizes authority. A person crossing the path of an Eyo must remove his hat and shoes as a sign of respect. An offended Eyo will attack with its stick.
On the 14th day of Paopi, Horus receives the White Crown.
Birthday of Raymond Buckland who, with his first wife Rosemary, is credited with bringing Gardnerian Wicca is the USA. | <urn:uuid:00204344-8f0a-42e8-8373-a992bcae8ae1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.angelfire.com/de/poetry/Holy_Days/aug.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970015 | 4,358 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Mobile telecommunications and health report
12 September 2007
A new report has been published today that outlines the progress of a major research programme concerned with the possible health impact of mobile telecommunications.
The Link Mobile Telecommunications & Health Research Programme (MTHR) was established in 2001 in response to scientific evidence produced by the Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones. It was established to resolve uncertainties identified by previous evaluations of the possible health risks associated with the widespread use of mobile-phone technology.
The group recommended that further research be undertaken on brain function, radiation and biological, psychological, sociological and epidemiological areas related to any possible health drawbacks induced by mobile telecommunications. To date, around £8.8 million in research funding has been allocated to the programme by government and industry.
The Programme Management Committee consists of respected experts from industry, government and academia. Committee members Professor Patrick Haggard and Professor Michael Rugg are both from the UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience.
Professor Haggard uses behavioural and physiological methods to study sensory and motor functions of the brain, while Professor Rugg is interested in the cognitive and neurological basis of human memory and the non-invasive investigation of human brain function through the use of electroencephalography and functional neuroimaging.
28 research projects have been funded by the programme so far, including one led by Professor Linda Luxon (UCL Auditory Medicine Unit), an expert in hearing and balance disorders. The study evaluated the effects of mobile telephone usage on inner-ear function, looking particularly at the possibility that low-level radio-frequency signals applied to one side of the head may produce vague symptoms of disorientation, headache and nausea as a result of stimulation of the balance receptors in the inner ear.
Given the proximity of the phone to the inner ear, it was considered important to see if exposure to a mobile phone signal could stimulate these structures and produce changes in hearing or equilibrium. Professor Luxon and colleagues used a number of highly sensitive tests of auditory and vestibular function before, during and after exposure to GSM signals on each side of the face. No significant radio-frequency effects were found in the volunteers. One test associated with balance produced small differences, but this was attributed to the weight of the phone pulling on the side of the head.
The report concludes that none of the research supported by the programme demonstrates that biological or adverse health effects are produced by radiofrequency exposure from mobile phones.
To find out more, use the links at the top of this article.
UCL has a number of departments concerned with hearing and brain function. World-leading research at the UCL Ear Institute aims to understand hearing and causes of deafness, with the primary goal to translate research into treatment. The Audiological Medicine Unit, based at the UCL Institute of Child Health, works in close association with the Neuro-Otology Department at the National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, one of UCL’s associated teaching hospitals.
Mobile phone crime: Secure by design
Mobile phones help low-income populations cope with poverty | <urn:uuid:4a39d4a4-6dba-43a3-8c53-ce231209690f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0709/07091202 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938295 | 625 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This series has been on my mind for a while now. As a former first grade teacher, teaching children to read is one of my greatest passions! But because most children don’t start actually “reading” until around 6 years old (which is upwards of the targeted age range for my blog), I didn’t want parents to feel pressured that their 3-year old needs to start reading (which, by the way, they don’t!). However, the information shared in this series is general information that is beneficial for children of all ages, whether your child is ready to read or not. Don’t implement all of these strategies at once, nor should you expect your child to be able to do everything right away. It is a process and this information is simply for you to implement when you feel your child is ready.
Read to your child
Teaching your child to read is truly a process that begins at infancy. (No, I am most certainly NOT advocating programs that claim to teach your baby to read using flashcards!) What I AM encouraging you to do is to begin reading with your newborn within days of welcoming her home! Not only is this a special bonding time for the two of you, it instills in her a love for books. Enjoyment while reading is one of the single greatest predictors of reading success in school-age children. If children don’t learn from an early age to enjoy reading, it will most likely hinder their ability sometime down the road.
Here are a few suggestions for the types of books to read to your child. But by all means, read whatever your child responds to and enjoys!
- Birth-1 Year: Lullabies, Board Books (with real pictures), Cloth Books (with various textures), Song Books
- 1 Year-3 Years: Rhyming Books, Song Books, Short-Story Board Books
- 3 Years-5 Years: Alphabet Books, Song Books, Picture Books, Rhyming Books
Asking questions while reading to your child is not only great for encouraging your child to interact with the book, but it is also extremely effective in developing his ability to comprehend what he is reading. You see, if our main objective in “reading” is getting our child to “sound out” words, we have missed the boat entirely. Even children who can decode words and “read” with great fluency still might not be able to comprehend what they are reading. If a child can’t comprehend what he is reading, there really is no point to reading at all!
While your child is a baby, ask him questions such as, “Do you see the cat?” while pointing at the picture of the cat. This will not only develop his vocabulary, it will also encourage him to interact with the book that he is reading. As he gets older, ask him to point to things in the book himself and make the noises of the animals he sees.
Once your child is about 2 or 3-years of age, begin asking questions before, during, and after reading the book. Show your child the cover of the book and ask him what he thinks it is going to be about (predicting). While reading, ask him what he thinks is going to happen or why he thinks a character made a particular choice (inferring). If a character is depicting a strong emotion, identify that emotion and ask your child if he has ever felt that way (connecting). At the end of the book, ask if his prediction(s) came true. Afterwards, ask him to tell you what he remembered happening in the book (summarizing).
Modifying each of these techniques during read-alouds to meet the developmental stage of your child is a great way to promote and increase reading comprehension!
Be a good (reading) example
Even if your child is fascinated with books from an early age, her fascination will quickly dwindle if she does not see reading modeled in her home. If you are not an avid reader yourself, make a conscious effort to let your children see you reading for at least a few minutes each day! Read a magazine, a cookbook, a novel, your Bible…it’s up to you! But show your child that reading is something that even adults need to do. If you have a son, share this article with your husband. Sons need to see their fathers read, especially since it is not something that they are naturally prone to doing.
As parents, we can sometimes get wrapped up with what exactly our children should be doing to be successful. But we often forget that children often learn by example. Grab a book and take a load off…for your child’s sake, of course! | <urn:uuid:e7b6c2aa-b89b-439d-9143-18f22963e97f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.notimeforflashcards.com/2011/03/teaching-your-child-to-read.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971587 | 983 | 3.046875 | 3 |
|Table of Contents|
This week on NASA Explores we're testing your knowledge of astronauts and their accomplishments. We provide the astro clues, but you and your students must supply the answers. We also have a special feature on astronaut Peggy Whitson...and some of the information in the article might help you when you play "Astro Clues: Guess Who?" To access the articles and lessons, please visit the NASAexplores web site above.
The Cassini K-4 Literacy Program is now available on-line, focusing on ways to strengthen elementary students' basic skills in reading and writing through scientific content. This month the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft began sending back the first up-close images of Saturn, its mysterious moons, the stunning rings, and its complex magnetic environment.
The materials developed for "Reading, Writing, and Rings," are divided into 2 grade level units. One unit is designed for students in grades 1 and 2 while the other unit focuses on students in grades 3 and 4 unit includes a series of lessons that take students on a path of exploration of Saturn using reading and writing prompts. For more information, go to the above web site.
On "The 'A' Train Express" students will learn how weather affects everyone's daily lives, and will see national and international scientists using satellite technology to help improve weather forecasting and our understanding of aerosols and clouds. They will also be introduced to two NASA satellite Earth Science missions, CALIPSO and CloudSat. By conducting inquiry-based and web activities, students will make connections between NASA research and the mathematics, science, and technology they learn in their classrooms. NASA CONNECT is an annual series of free integrated math, science, and technology programs with three components--television broadcast, educator guide, and Web activity--designed as an integrated instructional package. For more information, visit the above web site.
Austin TX (SPX) July 12, 2004 - McDonald Observatory astronomers Bill Cochran, Michael Endl, and Barbara McArthur have exploited the Hobby-Eberly Telescope's (HET's) capabilities to rapidly find and confirm, with great precision, the giant telescope's first planet outside our solar system.
On July 20, 1969 humans first walked on the Moon and changed history forever. To help honor the occasion, SPACE.com invites you to enjoy that sense of wonder all over again with this collection of text and multimedia files describing the epic adventure of Apollo 11. January 14, 2004, President George W. Bush announced that America was going to return to the moon and expand the "human presence across the solar system ". he Moon-to-Mars vision, bolstered by the success of the Mars Rover and Cassini-Huygens missions, is still in its infancy, but already the Commission appointed by the president to shepherd it through its initial stages has called for massive changes at NASA in order to make the dream a reality. There are also links to the collection of SPACE.com stories celebrating the 2004 anniversary of the lunar landing, and links pointing to some of NASA's finest on-line resources covering the Apollo program.
Questions or Comments should be directed to: [email protected]
Last Modified: Mon Jan 30, 2006
CSR/TSGC Team Web | <urn:uuid:a01eac5e-7ad5-42b2-a606-b28af6c988ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tsgc.utexas.edu/lists/teachers/2004/2004_07_23.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924555 | 674 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The California Climate Action Registry, a program of the Climate Action Reserve, closed in December 2010. It served as a voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) registry to protect and promote early actions to reduce GHG emissions by organizations. California Registry provided leadership on climate change by developing credible, accurate, and consistent GHG reporting standards and building tools for organizations to measure, monitor, third-party verify and reduce their GHG emissions consistently across industry sectors and geographical borders.
California Registry members voluntarily measured, verified, and publicly reported their GHG emissions. Members are leaders in their respective industry sectors and are actively participating in solving the challenge of climate change. Registry members are well prepared to participate in market-based solutions and regulatory requirements. The California Air Resources Board (ARB) stated publicly that it would “work in partnership with the California Climate Action Registry to establish a process that will allow entities taking voluntary early actions to document those actions so that the reductions can be considered for credit against AB 32 obligations once the full program is in place. The Board will later determine the appropriate credit to be given for voluntary early actions and the conditions under which voluntary reductions may be used to comply with mandatory requirements.”
The California Registry is still regarded as a leading international thought center on climate change issues and an intersection where business, government and environmental organizations met to work together to implement practical and effective solutions.
The California Climate Action Registry was formed in 2001 when a group of CEOs, who were investing in energy efficiency projects that reduced their organizations’ GHG emissions, requested the state create a place to accurately report their GHG emissions history. These farsighted CEOs saw eventual regulation of GHG emissions and wanted to protect their early actions to reduce emissions by having a credible and accurate record of their profiles and baselines. Subsequently, the bill SB1771 was introduced to the legislature by Senator Byron Sher and the California Climate Action Registry was formed. Technical changes were made to the statute in SB1771 and eventually it was signed by Governor Gray Davis on October 13, 2001, finalizing the structure for the California Registry.
The California Registry started with 23 Charter Members and had over 300 of the world’s largest and leading corporations, universities, cities & counties, government agencies and environment organizations voluntarily measuring, monitoring, and publicly reporting their GHG emissions using the California Registry’s protocols and working together to solve climate change.
The Climate Action Reserve is the parent organization of the California Registry and also the sister organization to The Climate Registry. The Climate Registry was formed to continue the California Registry’s work of voluntary reporting and to expand it to cover all of North America. The Climate Registry is a nonprofit collaboration among North American states, provinces, territories and Native Sovereign Nations to set consistent and transparent standards for the calculation, verification and public reporting of GHG emissions into a single registry.
As the issue of climate change becomes a main topic on regional and national levels, California Registry members are faced with an exciting opportunity to continue and strengthen their GHG emissions reporting and reduction profile through The Climate Registry. Transitioning to The Climate Registry allows California Registry members the opportunity to showcase their continuing commitment to calculate, verify and publicly report their organization’s emissions inventories according to high-quality standards. The California Registry strongly encourages its members to continue their emissions reporting and environmental leadership on a North American platform by transitioning membership to The Climate Registry.
The California Registry accepted 2009 GHG emissions reports through the end of 2010. The California Registry will continue to advocate on behalf of its members to protect early actions made prior to the passing of AB32, and all emissions reports submitted to the California Registry will continue to be publicly available in perpetuity.
Climate Action Reserve
As California Registry reporting transitioned to The Climate Registry, the California Registry’s parent organization headed in a new direction. Drawing on its expertise in GHG accounting, the Climate Action Reserve developed a national offsets program to ensure integrity, transparency and financial value in the U.S. carbon market. It does this by establishing regulatory-quality standards for the development, quantification and verification of GHG emissions reduction projects in North America; issuing carbon offset credits known as Climate Reserve Tonnes (CRTs) generated from such projects; and tracking the transaction of credits over time in a transparent, publicly-accessible system. Adherence to the Reserve’s high standards ensures that emissions reductions associated with projects are real, permanent, verifiable, enforceable and additional, thereby instilling confidence in the environmental benefit, credibility and efficiency of the U.S. carbon market. | <urn:uuid:40fef90b-0dac-47bc-96fe-da8db5840c7f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.climateregistry.org/about.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953375 | 927 | 2.6875 | 3 |
It’s so easy for us to take the earth beneath our feet for granted. It demands nothing of us. We know it has nowhere else to go. It’s here to stay.
The earth nourishes. Its stability enables seeds to grow. Animals dig in it and make tunnels and dens for shelter. The sand at left was dug out of dunes by foxes at Rainbow Haven Beach.
The colors of the earth are varying shades of brown, oranges and yellows. This element is found in nature in the light sand on the beach, rich dark soil and compost in gardens, shifting desert sands, clay, mud and stones.
An agricultural adage says the tiny animals that live below the surface of a healthy pasture weigh more than the cows grazing above it. In a catalogue selling composting equipment I read that two handfuls of healthy soil contain more living organisms than there are people on the earth. What these beings are and what they can be doing is difficult to even begin to comprehend, but it helps to realize that even though they are many, they work as one.
Bringing a Garden to Life, 1998
Images from our scavenger hunt illustrate earth’s many forms, from the red Australian sand to the wet seashore in England and beautiful fields in British Columbia and Michigan. The image of a cave entrance from Scene Through My Eyes reveals earth’s mysterious qualities of depth and hidden strength.
Earth images in the montage above were taken from submissions to a Midsummer’s Scavenger Hunt. | <urn:uuid:48cd2761-5fc3-4d11-8878-deffed65ae3f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://flandrumhill.wordpress.com/tag/nurturing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938694 | 318 | 3.125 | 3 |
October 24, 2014
U.S. Navy awards $8 million to develop wave, tidal energy technology
The U.S. Navy has committed to get half of its energy from renewable sources by the year 2020. One element of that strategy will be looking to extract energy from tides, currents and waves.
The University of Washington is helping to reach that goal with an $8 million, four-year contract from the Naval Facilities Engineering Command, or NAVFAC, to develop marine renewable energy for use at the Navy’s facilities worldwide.
The goal is to generate energy from the surrounding water at coastal bases, islands or overseas facilities in order to lower costs and increase reliability of the power supply. Forming a partnership with NAVFAC will allow the UW to develop tools for the Navy to predict and tap energy at its various marine locations.
“We are advancing existing technologies and concepts so they will perform well at naval facilities and help reach their energy targets,” said lead investigator Andrew Stewart, an engineer at the UW’s Applied Physics Laboratory. He will present information about the project Oct. 25 in Seattle at the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center‘s annual meeting.
The team has a three-pronged strategy to develop marine energy at naval facilities, which differ from the prime spots now under investigation for commercial marine energy extraction.
During the past three months UW mechanical engineering faculty and graduate students have made 3-D printed prototypes of tidal turbines that they will test in the UW’s water channel and with computer modeling studies.
Next they will take the most promising designs and build larger-scale models, about 3 feet across, to test in moving water in 2016. One aim of the project is to develop fast, low-cost ways to evaluate the energy potential at prospective sites.
“We’ve learned that you can’t rely on modeling,” Stewart said. “You need in-water verification of marine energy resources.”
This project is not focused on one specific design but instead will look at different technologies.
“The idea is to conduct the research that’s needed to fill the gap between where the technology is now and where it needs to be for the Navy to take maximum advantage of the currents, tides and waves, as well as wind,” Stewart said.
The third aspect of the project is developing low-cost monitoring technology to make environmental monitoring at naval facilities more straightforward.
The team will soon begin to modify the Applied Physics Laboratory’s Henderson research vessel to test small-scale marine energy prototypes. The boat, a catamaran barge, was initially built for research on underwater sound. It is well suited for marine energy work because it is stable and allows researchers to lower equipment off the front of the boat, into water undisturbed by the boat’s wake.
“It’s a pretty big opportunity for us to work on the optimization problems associated with getting these to work in lower-energy environments,” said collaborator Brian Polagye, a UW assistant professor of mechanical engineering. He is leading the development of the 3-D prototypes and the environmental monitoring technology.
Jim Thomson, an oceanographer at the Applied Physics Laboratory and associate professor in civil and environmental engineering, is developing wave power devices and low-cost technology to measure the amount of potential wave and tidal energy at various sites.
“Really what we’re trying to do is develop a new sector of the maritime industry,” Stewart said.
Researchers will present the project in Seattle at the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center‘s annual meeting. Reporters can attend the poster session Saturday, Oct. 25 from 4 to 7 p.m. in the Fishery Sciences Building foyer. | <urn:uuid:e210e492-144e-4c5f-9150-48ad9aa42140> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.washington.edu/news/2014/10/24/u-s-navy-awards-8-million-to-develop-wave-tidal-energy-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942491 | 780 | 2.53125 | 3 |
CNS News
June 15, 2011
Twenty-eight months after Congress passed President Obama’s signature economic stimulus law, and nearly one year after he declared the summer of 2010 to be “Recovery Summer,” 1.9 million fewer people are employed.
In February 2009, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that 141.7 million people were employed. By the end of May 2011 – the last month for which data are available – that number had fallen to 139.8 million, a difference of 1.9 million.
While the number of people with jobs has increased slightly from its low point during the recession – 137.9 million in December 2009 – those 1.9 million jobs have been lost despite $800 billion in stimulus spending.
This does not mean that the economy is not creating jobs, but rather that it is not creating jobs fast enough to keep up with a combination of layoffs and people entering the job market for the first time. | <urn:uuid:3f3af81f-0e14-42c2-bb2a-a02ed23b60c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.prisonplanet.com/1-9-million-fewer-americans-have-jobs-today-than-when-obama-signed-stimulus.html/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972595 | 201 | 2.625 | 3 |
Don’t Join The Walking Dead. That is the new message OHS along with their traffic safety partners are conveying to pedestrians across Delaware.
What you need to know
Walking safely is really just about using your brain. When people walk around mindlessly, they get hurt or killed. Out of all the
deaths that occur on Delaware roadways, 1 in 4 is a pedestrian death. And for every pedestrian killed, 12 more are
injured. Did you know….
There were 30 pedestrians killed on Delaware roadways in 2012.
The typical pedestrian victim in 2012 was a male over the age of 25.
80% of the pedestrian injuries and fatalities occurred in New Castle County, and
the majority of those were in the Wilmington area.
Alcohol use is the top contributing factor in our state’s pedestrian deaths.
What you can do
Here are some things you can do to avoid joining the walking dead:
Do not walk under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Cross only at crosswalks or intersections with signals or traffic signs.
Do not step into a crosswalk if it will create a hazard to motorists, even though you have the right of way.
Use sidewalks. If there isn’t a sidewalk, walk facing traffic as far off the edge of the road as possible.
Carry a flashlight or other reflective item when walking at night.
This message is being sent to you from the Office of Highway Safety, who asks you to drive safely at all times. For more
information on this and other traffic safety programs, go to www.ohs.delaware.gov. | <urn:uuid:ead8ff4e-06ac-4ed2-aa03-58573df36786> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.delaware.gov/2013/06/03/traffic-safety-news-dont-join-the-walking-dead/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931884 | 337 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Strengthening Drug Safety
On this page:
- Strengthening the Science
- Improving Communication
- Communications Advisory Committee
- Improving Operations and Management
- Headlines, Hoopla, and Drug Safety
In any given week, half of U.S. adults will use prescription medicines and 10 percent will take at least 5 different ones, according to a 2004 survey conducted by the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University. Over-the-counter drugs are also used frequently in American households.
Under the law, FDA must make sure that these treatments are safe and that for most people the drugs will not cause harm. But almost all drugs can cause harm to some people. FDA deems a drug "safe" when its benefits outweigh its risks for the people the drug is intended to treat and for its intended use.
"What we need to do is make drugs as safe as possible," says FDA Deputy Commissioner and Chief Medical Officer Janet Woodcock, M.D. "And we need to make sure we recognize the harm they can do so that prescribers and patients can make informed decisions about using them and watching for problems."
And that's what FDA is doing.
On Jan. 30, 2007, FDA announced 41 initiatives it is undertaking in its ongoing commitment to drug safety, as well as the safety of medical devices and biologics such as vaccines, blood products, and gene therapies.
Many of the initiatives respond directly to recommendations made by the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine (IOM), the nation's foremost body for independent, science-based advice on issues that affect health. In early 2005, FDA had asked the IOM to examine the U.S. drug safety system in detail and recommend ways to improve it. In September 2006, the IOM released the results of its study and made substantive recommendations in its report, "The Future of Drug Safety: Promoting and Protecting the Health of the Public."
After careful consideration of the IOM recommendations, along with advice from other experts, FDA came up with its drug safety initiatives, organized around three key themes:
- Strengthening the science that supports FDA's medical product safety system
- Improving communication so that health care providers and patients can get the information needed to make informed decisions about treatments
- Improving FDA's operations and management supporting drug safety.
Strengthening the Science
Genetic research is just one example of how FDA is employing science to help improve drug safety.
More than 700,000 people make a trip to U.S. emergency rooms each year because of bad drug reactions, according to a study authored by researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FDA, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. The study was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Oct. 18, 2006.
One of the most common drugs implicated in emergency room visits for unexpected medical problems (adverse events) is warfarin, a blood-thinner used by roughly 2 million Americans annually. The optimal dose of warfarin varies from one patient to another. If the dose is too high, serious bleeding may occur. If the dose is too low, a stroke may result.
In collaboration with the Critical Path Institute and the University of Utah, FDA is working to improve drug safety using pharmacogenomics—looking at how genetic differences in individuals affect the way they respond to drugs. The agency also is assisting researchers at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute with a clinical study to determine how factors such as age, gender, and weight might influence a person's response to warfarin.
The goal of these research projects is to develop a mathematical method, or algorithm, for doctors to use to help personalize dosing of warfarin so that an optimum dose can be given to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.
In addition to labels on drug products, other communication tools FDA uses to give important drug safety information are posted on its Web site and include:
- public health advisories—information and advice on emerging drug safety issues or other important public health information
- patient information sheets—concise summaries, in plain language, with the most important information about a particular drug
- alerts on a patient information sheet—additional information on a drug, such as newly observed serious adverse events and how they might be prevented
- an index to drug-specific information—safety information on all drugs, while highlighting those drugs that are the subject of a public health advisory or an alert.
- podcasts—a series of free Internet broadcasts of public health advisories. By subscribing, consumers can listen to podcasts on their computer or transfer them to a device like an iPod.
All of these methods are included in FDA's final guidance, released in March 2007, on its approach to communicating drug safety information to the public.
Communications Advisory Committee
Just as FDA has created advisory committees made up of outside expert scientists to provide recommendations for medical products, FDA is creating an advisory committee to help improve communicating medical product risks to the public. The committee of outside experts in risk and crisis communication, social scientists, patients, and consumers will review FDA's current public communication tools and help the agency improve risk communications.
Improving Operations and Management
The IOM report recommended that the agency make changes to improve morale and retention of professional staff, strengthen transparency, restore credibility, and create a culture of safety.
Some of the actions FDA is taking to create a culture that will strengthen the drug safety system are:
- engaging external experts in organizational improvement to help identify and carry out changes to improve the organizational culture
- making specific organizational and management changes to increase communications among drug review and drug safety staff, and to involve drug safety staff more directly in the review of new drugs
- improving the use of FDA's advisory committees, including making the selection process of committee members more transparent to the public.
Headlines, Hoopla, and Drug Safety
FDA has had an ongoing commitment to drug safety since 1938, when federal law required drugs to be shown safe before being allowed on the market. Yet, the popular press sometimes attributes recent FDA drug safety initiatives to problems with newer drugs, such as Vioxx.
Vioxx (rofecoxib) was approved in 1999 and withdrawn from the market in 2004 because of an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
"The safety of drugs and other medical products regulated by FDA has always been, and continues to be, a key focus of the agency's programs," says Steven Galson, M.D., Director of FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Our drug safety efforts are not tied to a specific drug or series of events."
Drug safety has been in the headlines for over 60 years, adds Woodcock. "Over time, there has been increased scrutiny of drugs, yet every decade has seen drug withdrawals and controversies over whether FDA's drug approval standards ensure adequate safety."
"Something seems scarier if it's new or unknown," she says. "New drugs that show harmful side effects seem to make the headlines most, but proportionately, the vast amount of harm from drugs is from those that have been on the market a long time." For example, fenfluramine, approved in 1973, was removed from the market in 1997. Fenfluramine, the "fen" half of the popular weight-loss combination known as "fen-phen," was linked with potentially fatal heart valve disease in some people.
Estrogen to relieve menopausal symptoms has been marketed since the 1940s, yet it wasn't until 2002 that cardiovascular risks were recognized in a landmark study, the Women's Health Initiative. On the basis of an evaluation of study data, FDA called for revised labeling and provided new safety advice to post-menopausal women and their health care providers concerning drug products that contained estrogen.
For more information, see Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers.
This article appears on FDA's Consumer Updates page, which features the latest on all FDA-regulated products.
Date Posted: May 31, 2007
Managing Drug Safety Issues[ARCHIVED] | <urn:uuid:12a3a54c-cd2e-4ef4-bb1d-e42e1bd8c8df> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm107769.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947897 | 1,666 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Pakistan in a Nutshellby Amanda Roraback
While Mahatma Ghandi was orchestrating India's independence from Britain, Pakistan's founder, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, was negotiating a separate settlement to accommodate India's Muslim population in the eastern and western corners of the subcontinent. From his efforts the new Islamic nation of P.A.K.I.S.T.A.N (Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Iran, Sindh, Tukharistan, Afghanistan, Balochistan) emerged in 1947.
This 62-page booklet outlines Pakistan's history from the Aryan invasion in 1700 BC (introducing the Vedic religion and Sanskrit language) to Musharraf's ban on extremist Muslim groups (also referenced in a two-page timeline of historical events).
Other chapters include: political biographies; the separation of Bangladesh; background information about the Kashmir crisis; foreign relations; religion; nuclear weapons; political parties and Muslim extremism.
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews > | <urn:uuid:fa839866-0b14-43b9-85b5-85692af14645> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/pakistan-in-a-nutshell-amanda-roraback/1005069417?ean=9780970290892&itm=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.860638 | 220 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: [email protected]. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail.
Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Improvements in Workplace Safety -- United States, 1900-1999
At the beginning of this century, workers in the United States faced remarkably high health and safety risks on the job. Through efforts by individual workers, unions, employers, government agencies, scientists such as Dr. Alice Hamilton (see box, page 462), and others, considerable progress has been made in improving these conditions. Despite these successes, much work remains, with the goal for all workers being a productive and safe working life and a retirement free from long-term consequences of occupational disease and injury. Using the limited data available, this report documents large declines in fatal occupational injuries during the 1900s, highlights the mining industry as an example of improvements in worker safety, and discusses new challenges in occupational safety and health.
Decreases in Fatal Occupational Injuries
Data from multiple sources reflect the large decreases in work-related deaths from the high rates and numbers of deaths among workers during the early 20th century. The earliest systematic survey of workplace fatalities in the United States in this century covered Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, from July 1906 through June 1907 (Figure 1) (1); that year in the one county, 526 workers died in "work accidents"*; 195 of these were steelworkers. In contrast, in 1997, 17 steelworker fatalities occurred nationwide (2). The National Safety Council estimated that in 1912, 18,000-21,000 workers died from work-related injuries (3). In 1913, the Bureau of Labor Statistics documented approximately 23,000 industrial deaths among a workforce of 38 million, equivalent to a rate of 61 deaths per 100,000 workers (4). Under a different reporting system, data from the National Safety Council from 1933 through 1997 indicate that deaths from unintentional work-related injuries declined 90%, from 37 per 100,000 workers to 4 per 100,000 (3). The corresponding annual number of deaths decreased from 14,500 to 5100; during this same period, the workforce more than tripled, from 39 million to approximately 130 million (3).
More recent and probably more complete data from death certificates were compiled from CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance system (5; CDC, unpublished data, 1999). These data indicate that the annual number of deaths declined 28%, from 7405 in 1980 to 5314 in 1995 (the most recent year for which complete NTOF data are available). The average rate of deaths from occupational injuries decreased 43% during the same time, from 7.5 to 4.3 per 100,000 workers. Industries with the highest average rates for fatal occupational injury during 1980-1995 included mining (30.3 deaths per 100,000 workers), agriculture/forestry/fishing (20.1), construction (15.2), and transportation/communications/public utilities (13.4) (Figure 2).** Leading causes of fatal occupational injury during the period include motor vehicle-related injuries, workplace homicides, and machine-related injuries (Figure 3).
Improvements in Mining Safety
On December 6, 1907, a coal mine explosion in Monongah, West Virginia, killed a reported 362 men and boys (unofficial estimates exceeded 500 deaths), marking the largest coal mining disaster in U.S. history. Of the 2534 mining-related fatalities that occurred in bituminous coal mines that year, 911 (36%) resulted from explosions of gas, coal dust, or a combination; 869 deaths occurred in only 11 incidents. The Monongah catastrophe catalyzed public awareness and led to passage of the Organic Act of 1910, which established the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM).
From 1911 through 1997, approximately 103,000 miners died at work (Figure 4). During 1911-1915, an average of 3329 mining-related deaths occurred per year among approximately 1 million miners employed annually, with an average annual fatality rate of 329 per 100,000 miners. During the century, the average annual number of workers (operators and contractors combined) in the mining industry has declined to approximately 356,000, and deaths have dropped approximately 37-fold, from 3329 to 89; injury fatality rates have decreased approximately 13-fold, to 25 per 100,000 during 1996-1997.
Historically, the largest number of miners have been killed by collapsing mine roofs and vertical walls, followed by haulage-related incidents. However, methane gas and coal dust explosions have caused the largest number of deaths from "disasters" (i.e., incidents in which five or more deaths occurred); airborne suspension of dry coal dust and natural liberation of methane (present in all coal beds) create an environment susceptible to explosions. From 1911 through 1920, explosions accounted for approximately 84% of all disaster-related deaths. Workplace interventions (e.g., safer equipment and improved ventilation) during the first half of the century led to a dramatic decline in explosion-related fatalities, from an average of 477 per year in 1906-1910 to less than 3 per year in 1991-1995 (Figure 5). All other causes of death associated with underground coal mines (except machinery) declined similarly from the first to the last 20-year interval of this period.
Factors Contributing to Worker Safety
The decline in occupational fatalities in mining and other industries reflects the progress made in all workplaces since the beginning of the century in identifying and correcting the etiologic factors that contribute to occupational health risks. If today's workforce of approximately 130 million had the same risk as workers in 1933 for dying from injuries, then an additional 40,000 workers would have died in 1997 from preventable events (CDC, unpublished data, 1999). The declines can be attributed to multiple, interrelated factors, including efforts by labor and management to improve worker safety and by academic researchers such as Dr. Alice Hamilton. Other efforts to improve safety were developed by state labor and health authorities and through the research, education, and regulatory activities undertaken by government agencies (e.g., USBM, the Mine Safety and Health Administration [established as the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration in 1973], the Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA] [established in 1970], and NIOSH). Efforts by these groups led to physical changes in the workplace, such as improved ventilation and dust suppression in mines; safer equipment; development and introduction of safer work practices; and improved training of health and safety professionals and of workers. The reduction in workplace deaths has occurred in the context of extensive changes in U.S. economic activity, the U.S. industrial mix, and workforce demographics (6). Societywide progress in injury control also contributes to safer workplaces--for example, use of safety belts and other safety features in motor vehicles (6) and improvements in medical care for trauma victims.
Only in some instances do data permit association of declines in fatalities with specific interventions. Before 1920, using permissible explosives and electrical equipment (which can be operated in an explosive methane-rich environment without igniting the methane), applying a layer of rock dust over the coal dust (which creates an inert mixture and prevents ignition of coal dust), and improved ventilation, such as reversible fans, led to dramatic reductions in fatalities from explosions (Figure 5) (7). New technologies in roof support and improved mine design reduced the number of deaths from roof falls. However, technology also introduced new hazards, such as fatalities associated with machinery. An approximately 50% decrease in coal mining fatality rates occurred from 1966-1970 to 1971-1975 (Figure 4); 1971-1975 is the period immediately following passage of the 1969 Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act, which greatly expanded enforcement powers of federal inspectors and established mandatory health and safety standards for all mines. The act also served as the model for the 1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act. Following the 1977 Federal Mine Safety and Health Act, a 33% decrease in fatalities occurred in metal and nonmetallic minerals mining (1976-1980 compared with 1981-1985) (Figure 4).
Similarly, the impact of more recent targeted efforts to reduce workplace fatalities can be illustrated by data on work-related electrocutions. During the 1980s, there were concerted research and dissemination efforts by NIOSH, changes to the National Electrical Code and occupational safety and health regulations, and public awareness campaigns by power companies and others. During this decade, work-related electrocution rates declined 54%, from 0.7 per 100,000 workers per year in 1980 to 0.3 in 1989; the number of electrocutions decreased from 577 to 329 (6).
Although the decline in injuries in general industry since 1970 seems to have resulted from a variety of factors, some sources point to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970****, which created NIOSH and OSHA (6,8). Since 1971, NIOSH has investigated hazardous work conditions, conducted research to prevent injury, trained health professionals, and developed educational materials and recommendations for worker protection. OSHA's regulatory authority for worksite inspection and development of safety standards has brought about safety regulations, mandatory workplace safety controls, and worker training. During 1980-1996, research findings indicated that training creates safer workplaces through increased worker knowledge of job hazards and safe work practices in a wide array of worksites (9).
Despite the accomplishments described in this report, workers continue to die from preventable injuries sustained on the job. Ongoing efforts to address important workplace hazards include conducting field investigations of fatalities in high-risk occupations and industries, such as the Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program, establishing a research center to facilitate childhood agricultural injury prevention (National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety), and developing educational materials for worker protection, such as Preventing Homicide in the Workplace (10). Despite major gains in workplace safety, mining remains the most dangerous industry, and mining safety research remains a national priority.
The National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA), developed by NIOSH and approximately 500 organizations and persons nationwide, identified traumatic injuries as one of its public health priorities. NORA was developed in recognition of the rapidly changing nature of the workplace and workforce and provides the framework for research to improve worker safety in the 21st century. The NORA Traumatic Injuries Team sponsored the first National Occupational Injury Symposium in 1997 and outlined priority needs (11). These include the need to identify new sources of surveillance data, to improve identification of work-related injuries and illnesses in existing databases, to link data from existing sources for improved information about injuries, and to better assess injury exposures and intervention outcomes. Increased attention to other NORA priority areas, such as intervention effectiveness research, surveillance research methods, and organization of work, should guide continued national efforts to reduce both occupational illnesses and injuries in the next century.
* When a death occurs under "accidental" circumstances, the preferred term within the public health community is "unintentional injury."
** The NTOF surveillance system classifies industries according to the Standard Industry Classification Manual, 1987, which, unlike the definition used by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), includes the oil and gas sectors of mineral extraction in the mining industry.
*** MSHA data are used in this section of the report; these data exclude oil and gas extraction, and data collection for mining according to MSHA includes only deaths that occur on mine property. Deaths likely to occur off mine property, such as during operation of a motor vehicle (the overall leading cause of death during 1980-1994 [Figure 3]), are excluded.
**** Public Law 91-596.
Return to top.
Return to top.
Return to top.
Return to top.
Return to top.
Disclaimer All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to [email protected].
Page converted: 6/10/99
This page last reviewed 5/2/01 | <urn:uuid:2a651111-3383-4d00-886e-7ffc741942d5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4822a1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944005 | 2,617 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Stem cells are thought to hold huge potential for treating a wide range of disease and disability.
Stem cells have huge potential
Scientists around the world are working on techniques to refine stem cell therapy.
The latest technique, nuclear reprogramming, promises to solve some of the trickiest practical and ethical issues.
What are stem cells?
Most adult cells in the body have a particular purpose which cannot be changed.
For instance, a liver cell is developed to perform specific functions, and cannot be transformed to suddenly take on the role of a heart cell.
Stem cells are different. They are still at an early stage of development, and retain the potential to turn into many different types of cell.
Why are they so useful?
When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialised function.
Scientists believe it should be possible to harness this ability to turn stem cells into a super "repair kit" for the body.
Theoretically, it should be possible to use stem cells to generate healthy tissue to replace that either damaged by trauma, or compromised by disease.
Among the conditions which scientists believe may eventually be treated by stem cell therapy are Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns and spinal cord damage.
Stem cells may also provide a useful way to test the effects of experimental drugs.
It is also hoped that studying stem cells will provide vital clues about how the tissues of the body develop, and how disease takes hold.
Are there different types of stem cell?
Yes. Scientists believe the most useful stem cells come from the tissue of embyros.
This is because they are pluripotent - they have the ability to become virtually any type of cell within the body.
Stem cells are also found within adult organs. They have not taken on a final role, and have the potential to become any of the major specialised cell types within that organ.
Their role is to maintain the organ in a healthy state by repairing any damage it suffers.
It is thought their potential to become other types of cell is more limited than that of embryonic stem cells. But there is evidence that they are still relatively "plastic".
Can they be easily grown in the lab?
Large numbers of embryonic stem cells can be relatively easily grown in culture.
However, adult stem cells are rare in mature tissues and science is still working on ways to grow them in the lab in sufficient numbers.
This is an important distinction, as large numbers of cells are needed for stem cell replacement therapies.
Is the use of stem cells controversial?
Very. Campaigners are vehemently opposed to the use of embryonic stem cells.
These cells are typically taken from lab-created embryos that are just four or five days old, and are little more than a microscopic ball of cells.
However, opponents argue that all embryos, whether created in the lab or not, have the potential to go on to become a fully fledged human, and as such it is morally wrong to experiment on them.
They strongly advocate the use of stem cells from adult tissue.
What is nuclear reprogramming?
A new technique, in which cells isolated from skin tissue called fibroblasts are modified by inserting gene-controlling proteins.
This chemical cocktail causes the cells to be "reprogrammed" to take on the plastic quality of embryonic stem cells.
Why is the nuclear reprogramming an advance?
There are two big potential benefits. The current methods derive stem cells from from existing lab lines, but these cells are foreign to the body, and run the risk of rejection if used to repair or replace damaged or diseased tissue.
Nuclear reprogramming can potentially produce a supply of stem cells derived from a patient's own tissue - avoiding the issue of rejection of the cells.
Secondly, the technique does not require the creation of, or destruction of an embryo, and so is not ethically contentious.
Are there safety concerns?
Yes. Some researchers fear that it is possible that stem cell therapy could unwittingly pass viruses and other disease causing agents to people who receive cell transplants.
Some research has also raised the possibility that stem cells may turn cancerous.
Work also still needs to be done to refine the new technique. Similar results were achieved by two teams using a different combination of gene-controlling proteins.
In both cases the success rate in producing new stem cells was also low. | <urn:uuid:48010957-731d-4155-a4b0-d26dba694218> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7104218.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954014 | 931 | 3.59375 | 4 |
According to a new report “Trends in the Earnings of Male and Female Health Care Professionals in the United States, 1987 to 2010” published in the September edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association, female doctors earn, on average, over $56,000 less than their male counterparts each year — and the gender pay gap only appears to be widening in this field.
What are the reasons for this gap? Joan Williams, professor at the UC Hastings College of the Law, says that in any field, pregnancy and motherhood remain the major barriers preventing many women from obtaining pay equity in their fields.
“Studies have shown for over a decade that what is really killing women economically is motherhood,” Williams said. This refers to discrimination against hiring or promoting mothers based on the belief that she will be less committed to her job.
Read the full story from Mint Press News here. | <urn:uuid:bfe949c8-d382-4313-a48c-fa91c74ef144> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.uchastings.edu/news/articles/2013/09/williams-physician-paygap.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96579 | 186 | 2.75 | 3 |
ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
This word has various meanings in the Bible.
In the Old Testament, it denotes:
a particular part of the body of man and animals (Genesis 2:21; 41:2; Ps. 102:5, marginal note.)
the whole body (Ps. 16:9)
all living things having flesh, and particularly humanity as a whole (Genesis 6:12-13)
mutability and weakness (2 Chr. 32:8; compare Isa. 31:3; Ps. 78:39).
As suggesting the idea of softness it is used in the expression “heart of flesh” (Ezek. 11:19). The expression “my flesh and bone” (Judg. 9:2; Isa. 58:7) denotes relationship.
In the New Testament, besides these it is also used to denote the sinful element of human nature as opposed to the “Spirit” (Rom. 6:19; Matt. 16:17). Being “in the flesh” means being unrenewed (Rom. 7:5; 8:8-9), and to live “according to the flesh” is to live and act sinfully (Rom. 8:4-5, 7, 12).
This word also denotes the human nature of Christ (John 1:14, “The Word was made flesh.” Compare also 1 Tim. 3:16; Rom. 1:3).
- fall of man
- Is Jesus Christ really God? Answer (for adults)
- Is Jesus Christ a man, or is he God? Answer (for kids)
- Was Jesus Christ God, manifest in human form? Answer
- Humiliation of Christ
- If Jesus was the Son of God, why did He call Himself the Son of Man? Answer
- If Jesus is God, how could he die? If Jesus died on the cross, then how can he be alive today? Answer
- Could Christ have sinned? Answer | <urn:uuid:cb7d4afa-ef7e-45c2-8a67-507cf45fc98b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/flesh.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887845 | 428 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Dr. Uri Ladabaum, Stanford professor of gastroenterology and lead author of the study, said of the results, “We suspected there was a trend in that direction, but not that magnitude. People can get exercise in other ways, but most people don’t walk or bike to work, and most people are not in jobs that require physical activity.”
The data, however, was collected by self-report, and Ladabaum says, “It is possible people were not recalling correctly what they ate, or not reporting correctly.” He notes the study measures trends and shows possible correlation, but it is unable to prove a definite cause and effect. Additionally, he states his desire to point out a lack of change in caloric intake as not necessarily being indicative of healthy habits to begin with.
Despite the limitations to the study, the new information may still prove relevant to the obesity epidemic which plagues the Unites States. American Journal of Medicine editor Pamela Powers said that she, “…wants sedentary folks to get off the couch and exercise, but my public health background cautions me to go beyond the data tables and look at the lives of Americans today.” She states single mothers are a good example of the hectic lives many lead, and why it can be challenging to find the time and energy to exercise.
As the nation struggles to tackle the growing problem, questions are constantly raised about what is right and wrong when it comes to policy-making concerning obesity. Just how to fight the issue is uncertain. Definitive or not, Ladabaum feels confident that this report can play a helpful role in this process, saying, “Even though it is very difficult to prove directly that public health interventions promoting physical activity will make a difference, I think they will. This study should serve as a reinforcement of the message that we need to think of a multi-component solution.”
(Photo courtesy of Alan Cleaver) | <urn:uuid:437d45bc-9c03-4cca-a1c7-1137e8243361> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pfadvice.com/2014/07/09/americans-obese-lack-of-exercise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962205 | 402 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Return to About Mormons home
I Am a Child of God
Have we not all one father? [Malachi 2: 10]
Help family members realize what it means to be children of God.
FOR THE PARENT
From our earthly parents we have inherited our physical characteristics. We have also inherited qualities of nobility, goodness, and eternal worth from our Heavenly Father. Think of the potential of your children. Think of what it could mean to them to really sense their potential. Do you really believe that you are a child of God? Does that knowledge make a difference in your daily life?
1. Have two items that have obvious similarities and differences, such as a combination of two of the following: a small rock, a small ball, an orange, or an apple.
2. Bring a family picture with the parents and all the children, including grandparents if possible, or several pictures of family members, so that everyone is represented.
3. On a sheet of paper, write "Our Heavenly Father."
4. Have a chalkboard or poster to write on and some chalk or a marker.
5. Have a card or poster for each family member.
6. For younger children, bring a picture of each family member as a baby.
SUGGESTED HYMN AND SONG
"O My Father" [Hymns, no. 292).
"I Am a Child of God" [The Childrens Songbook, p. 2].
Who Are You?
Hold a small rock in your hand, and ask your children:
- What is this?
Hold an orange in your other hand.
- What is this?
Ask your family to name as many ways as they can in which these two objects are different. Then ask them to identify how they are similar.
Hold up the family portrait or the separate pictures of family members, and ask:
- Who are these people? Who is this?
- In what ways are the members of our family different from each other? (Facial characteristics, size, age, talents, and any other ways family members might mention.)
- In what ways are members of our family alike? (Color of hair, eyes, freckles, interests, hopes, desires to learn, or whatever your family members identify. ) Point out that we inherited some of these characteristics from our parents.
- In what way is our family different from other families? (Looks, house we live in, goals, number of family members. )
- In what ways are we like the people in other families? (We enjoy playing, smiling, crying, praying.)
Hold up the paper on which you have written "Our Heavenly Father."
- How are we related to our Heavenly Father? (We are his actual children in the spirit. )
We Belong to Two Families
Place the family portrait(s) beside the piece of paper just discussed. Explain to the family that just as they are members of an earthly family, they are also members of a heavenly family.
Point out that one way we are like each other and like the members of all other families on the earth is that we are all children of God.
Recite the words to the song "I Am a Child of God" [The Childrens Songbook, p. 2]. After each verse ask a child in the family to tell you what words or ideas in the verse they liked best. (See the chart below as an example.) Reviewing the song this way can help your children understand and respond to the words. Listen to their thoughts, and use them later in the lesson.
Child's Favorite Part
|I am a child of God,
And he has sent me here,
Has given me an earthly home
With parents kind and dear.
I am a child of God,
I am a child of God,
Lead me, guide me, walk beside me,
Live with him
Teach me, walk beside me
You might comment, for example, on your own desire to be a kind parent or how one of our needs is to know the truth about God and about blessings that have come by doing his will. Explain to your children that they will always be members of your family and that you will always be their father and mother. Nothing can change that. The same is true of God's family. He will always be our Father. We will always be his children. But to return to him we must live his commandments. That's what the chorus in "I Am a Child of God" means when it states,
"Teach me all that I must do
To live with him someday."
What We Inherit from God
Remind your family that just as we are similar to our earthly parents, we are, as children of God, similar to him. As we can grow up to be like our earthly parents, so we can also grow spiritually to be like our Heavenly Father. (See chapter 2, "Our Heavenly Family," Gospel Principles [PBIC0245], pp. 9-12.
Draw the following chart on a chalkboard or poster, and ask your children for words that describe what our Heavenly Father is like. Some examples are below:
Heavenly Father is
His children can be
Interested in the future.
Your family list may not be exactly like the one illustrated.
Under the heading "His children can be," write the same qualities you list in the left column. Ask for examples of these very qualities that have been observed in family members during the past week.
Our Worth and Our Potential
Explain to your children that because they are God's children, they are worth very much.
- What is it about us which Heavenly Father would love so much? (First of all, he loves us because we are his spirit children; we are his family. Secondly, he loves us because of what we are capable of doing and becoming.)
Remind your children that their worth, like their family membership, is unquestionable.
- What if someone were to tell you that you are not a child of God?
After listening to their answers, reinforce the fact that regardless of what others may say, they are still children of Heavenly Father. Point to the list that you made as you ask the following question:
- What if someone were to tell you that you could not develop these qualities?
After they have answered, read and discuss this statement by Lorenzo Snow: "We are the offspring of God, born with the same faculties and powers as He possesses, capable of enlargement through the experience that we are now passing through in our second estate" (Millennial Star, 3 Dec. 1894, p. 772). Be sure each person knows what the phrase "second estate" means.
Give some practical examples to apply these ideas. For example, when they feel discouraged, encourage your children to look in a mirror and say such things as, "I am a child of God. I can learn and grow. I can be kind to others. I can succeed."
Have each family member make a small card or poster with the following on it to place by his bed:
I am a child of God, and I can become more _______________________.
Explain that each morning before prayer the family member looks at the card and identifies a godly quality he could develop to fill in the missing word, such as loving, forgiving, educated, or accomplished. He should use whatever quality he may feel he needs to develop at the time. Encourage family members to seek the Lord's help in being true to their capacity to become like him. In the evening, they should ponder the chances they had during the day to work on their potential. Challenge each person to examine the experiences he has had each day and share with his Heavenly Father what he, as one of God's children, has learned from them.
ADAPTING FOR YOUNGER CHILDREN
If possible, display a picture of each family member as a baby. Let the children try to find their own pictures and identify the others. Tell them about the circumstances surrounding their birth. You may wish to describe your feelings as a parent as your prepared for their coming to your home. Describe how you felt when you saw, held, and loved them for the first time. Then ask them to imagine how Heavenly Father must feel to see them growing and learning.
Share how a knowledge that you are a child of God has helped you to choose the right. A specific example of a righteous choice they would understand would be helpful. You could recall how you were tempted to be unkind and then remembered that you were a child of God and so did a kind thing instead. Use some example from your recent experience so that the child will see the point clearly.
Sing "I Am a Child of God" with your children. Then tell them what the words mean to you.
At bedtime, during different nights of the week, spend some time with each child to share with him your knowledge of his worth to you and to God. Give examples of how Heavenly Father and you have confidence in his ability to succeed in life.
ADAPTING FOR TEENAGERS AND ADULTS
Use the family picture, discussing similarities between family members and their earthly parents. Proceed from there to discuss the concept that all persons are children of God.
- Do people sometimes teach or imply that we are something less than children of God?
Give examples and the implications of such beliefs on how one feels about oneself.
- What difference would it make in how a person acted if he really believed he were a child of God?
Analyze the words of "I Am a Child of God," and let your children tell what it means to them as young adults. Then make the chart on the chalkboard or poster about what Heavenly Father is and how we can become like him as suggested in the section "What We Inherit from God."
As you discuss the idea of worth and potential, have your family members analyze Doctrine and Covenants 18:10 and Moses 1:39 together so that they will get a feeling of how important we are to our Heavenly Father as his children.
Making the personal poster for each family member to take to his room for consideration in daily prayer could be the most important part of this lesson for teenagers and adults. Explore in depth the development that could come from such an activity.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE HOME EVENINGS
Heavenly Father Loves Us without Reservations
Explain that God is the perfect parent. He loves each of us unconditionally. No matter what we do, he loves us. He can bless us when we obey his commandments, and he must deny us blessings when we do not. But he always loves us and wants us to grow to our full potential (see Moses 1:39).
Discuss with your family what that unconditional love means to them. Have the family read the parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15:11-32).
Discuss the joy our Heavenly Father feels when we repent and try to return to him. Assure them that as they repent and go to their Heavenly Father in prayer, he will put his love into their hearts (see Moroni 7:48) and they will know that he loves them.
Each Person Is Heavenly Father's Child
Seat the family in a circle. Place a bottle on its side in the center, and spin the bottle. When it stops, have all the others in the circle tell one thing that describes the person at whom the bottle points. (For example: "He is a boy." "His name is Terry." "He is ten years old." "He laughs a lot. ") If no one else mentions it, add, "He is a child of Heavenly Father." Repeat this until everyone in the circle has been described.
Point out that even though each person's description may be different, he is a true child of God.
Then discuss whether Heavenly Father likes one person better than another for any reason, such as his disposition, age, or hair color. Read and discuss Acts 10:34-35. Explain that every person is important to Heavenly Father because every person is his child.
Children Love and Respect Their Parents
Explain that we are always God's spirit children and that he loves us. Explain that we can also become his children in a special way. Read Moses 6:65-7:1. Then tell them that God will not stop being our Father, but we can turn away from being his children.
- How? (By not respecting him and obeying his commandments. )
Discuss with your family how obedience makes us children of our Father in Heaven in a special sense.
Read Abraham 3:25, and discuss what it means.
(See Daily Living home page; Family Home Evening home page; Family Home Evening Lessons home page)
Copyright © 1983 by THE CHURCH of JESUS CHRIST of Latter-day Saints
All About Mormons | <urn:uuid:b5cb6e3c-40c9-4ad2-afa8-b2116f5ee5ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/daily/fhe/child_of_god.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973685 | 2,687 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The best ways to teach are often both the simplest and the most creative. For example, the Kawasaki Disease Foundation of India (KDFI) has created the “KD Info Cube,” a puzzle cube with basic information about Kawasaki Disease, a rare, non-contagious childhood disease that causes inflammation of blood vessels throughout the body. Dr Saji Philip, pediatric cardiologist and secretary general of the foundation, hopes this will provide important health information on this potentially fatal disease.
Do you know of, or use, a non-tech teaching tool for promoting health literacy on a given topic? How successful has it proven to be? Tell us about it! | <urn:uuid:904bde44-3caf-4518-b016-201d1e13f27e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://library.med.utah.edu/blog/eccles/2012/02/06/using-a-puzzle-to-teach-about-kawasakis-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927114 | 138 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Colon polyps are small growths on the inside of the colon. They develop from normal cells that have started to divide and grow at an increased rate.
Notice the raised appearance of this polyp. It's growing more quickly than the surrounding colon.
Polyps can be classified by what type of cells they develop from, or by their appearance.
This is a picture of a "pedunculated" polyp. This polyp has a stalk beneath it. It is a large polyp which was causing the person to have bright red blood with bowel movements.
This is a picture of a flat or "sessile" polyp. These polyps can be difficult to spot if the colon is not properly cleaned.
Depending on what cells a polyp has develped from, some polyps will grow rather quickly and carry a greater risk of developing colon cancer. Any polyps removed from the colon need to be examined under a microscope to determine if they carry this increased risk. Your physician should meet with you after your colonoscopy to discuss these results.
These are some examples of polyps classified according to their cellular type:
1. Hyperplastic polyps - Low risk of developing into a colon cancer.
2. Tubular adenomas - Slightly increased risk of colon cancer.
3. Tubular-villous adenomas - More of an increased risk of colon cancer.
4. Villous adenomas - High risk of developing into colon cancer.
5. Serrated adenomas - Highest risk of developing into colon cancer.
Pictures of various polyps
This is a flat polyp which is raised up slightly. It does not have a stalk like a "pedunculated" polyp. We would call this a "semi-sessile" polyp. After examining this polyp under a microscope, it was decided that it was a "villous adenoma". It carries a high risk of developing into colon cancer.
These are two small polyps. They represent "sessile", or flat, polyps which can be difficult to spot (especially if the colon has not been cleansed well). These polyps were found to be "serrated adenomas" with a high risk of developing into colon cancer.
This polyp is also a "semi-sessile" polyp which was difficult to spot due to the fact that it was growing behind a fold. It was found to be a "tubular adenoma" with a lower risk of developing into colon cancer.
As you can see from the above pictures it can be difficult to determine the risk a polyp carries of developing into colon cancer from appearance alone. Only your physician can determine when you may need a repeat colonoscopy based on the type, appearance, and number of polyps found. | <urn:uuid:d9858a31-eeaf-47c6-acad-e466b0667215> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.colorectalsite.com/Polyps.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962425 | 586 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Selection of the Target
Some of the most frequent queries concerning the atomic bombs are those dealing with the selection of the targets and the decision as to when the bombs would be used.
The approximate date for the first use of the bomb was set in the fall of 1942 after the Army had taken over the direction of and responsibility for the atomic bomb project. At that time, under the scientific assumptions which turned out to be correct, the summer of 1945 was named as the most likely date when sufficient production would have been achieved to make it possible actually to construct and utilize an atomic bomb. It was essential before this time to develop the technique of constructing and detonating the bomb and to make an almost infinite number of scientific and engineering developments and tests. Between the fall of 1942 and June 1945, the estimated probabilities of success had risen from about 60% to above 90%; however, not until July 16, 1945, when the first full-scale test took place in New Mexico, was it conclusively proven that the theories, calculations, and engineering were correct and that the bomb would be successful.
The test in New Mexico was held 6 days after sufficient material had become available for the first bomb. The Hiroshima bomb was ready awaiting suitable weather on July 31st, and the Nagasaki bomb was used as soon after the Hiroshima bomb as it was practicable to operate the second mission.
The work on the actual selection of targets for the atomic bomb was begun in the spring of 1945. This was done in close cooperation with the Commanding General, Army Air Forces, and his Headquarters. A number of experts in various fields assisted in the study. These included mathematicians, theoretical physicists, experts on the blast effects of bombs, weather consultants, and various other specialists. Some of the important considerations were:
- The range of the aircraft which would carry the bomb.
- The desirability of visual bombing in order to insure the most effective use of the bomb.
- Probable weather conditions in the target areas.
- Importance of having one primary and two secondary targets for each mission, so that if weather conditions prohibited bombing the target there would be at least two alternates.
- Selection of targets to produce the greatest military effect on the Japanese people and thereby most effectively shorten the war.
- The morale effect upon the enemy.
These led in turn to the following:
- Since the atomic bomb was expected to produce its greatest amount of damage by primary blast effect, and next greatest by fires, the targets should contain a large percentage of closely-built frame buildings and other construction that would be most susceptible to damage by blast and fire.
- The maximum blast effect of the bomb was calculated to extend over an area of approximately 1 mile in radius; therefore the selected targets should contain a densely built-up area of at least this size.
- The selected targets should have a high military strategic value.
- The first target should be relatively untouched by previous bombing, in order that the effect of a single atomic bomb could be determined.
The weather records showed that for five years there had never been two successive good visual bombing days over Tokyo, indicating what might be expected over other targets in the home islands. The worst month of the year for visual bombing was believed to be June, after which the weather should improve slightly during July and August and then become worse again during September. Since good bombing conditions would occur rarely, the most intense plans and preparations were necessary in order to secure accurate weather forecasts and to arrange for full utilization of whatever good weather might occur. It was also very desirable to start the raids before September. | <urn:uuid:cf12f293-3e66-44e8-b16f-374d0b150dae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/MED/med_chp5.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974546 | 742 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Rubella is a benign childhood illness affecting children and young adults. The disease is spread by droplet
infection. Going through one illness gives a lifelong immunity. It spreads less readily than for example the
The disease in children is trivial. It starts off with a slight fever, swelling of lymph nodes in the
cervical region, nasal catarrh. The second day a rash may develop which starts behind the ears then spreads
over the whole body. The illness is over in just a few days. There rarely are complications. A slight arthritis
or benign meningitis may occur. In adults the occurrence of arthritis is more common. The complication of
this disease might occur when the future mother contracts it during the first three month of pregnancy. Then
it can cause congenital malformation: cataract, hearing disorders, mental disabilities, heart disorder, or even
lead to an abortion.
Before the introduction of the vaccination 90% of the adult population was protected by their lifelong
The vaccine is made of live-attenuated virus cultivated on human cells. The vaccine does not give a just as
efficient or life-long immunity as the disease itself does. From experience in America with this vaccine,
dating back to 1970, we learn that, just as with measles, there is initially a decline of the occurrence of the
disease followed by an increase of rubella in adults and the newly born. Consequently, just as we see with
measles, there can be an increase of the disease under the vaccinated population, due to a small circulation
of the natural virus. One single vaccination administered at puberty or adulthood would be sufficient.
Because this vaccine is administered only in the combination MMR-vaccine at around 13 months, children are
Rubella is not treated by regular medicine nor by homeopathy.
The side-effects of the vaccine are mainly pains in the joints. The joint problems can develop in to a chronic
rheumatic disease. When administered to women during the first three month of pregnancy, the vaccine can
cause malformation to the embryo. Naturally this must be avoided at all times.
The vaccine also can cause abnormalities to the embryo when given too shortly before a pregnancy.
In my practice I saw a child with autism which was observed directly after birth. The mother had been
vaccinated for rubella just before pregnancy. Another mother gave birth to an autistic child. During
pregnancy she had contracted the measles from her young son. Although she had enough antibodies not to
become ill, she did generate more antibodies during this “infection”. It is a known that the MMR vaccine can
cause autism, ADHD and other behavioural disorders. This is officially denied.
What is wise?
It is important that young women are protected against Rubella. In order prevent a small group of pregnant
contracting this disease group-immunity is important. This means that an environment must be created in
which the virus does not circulate resulting in a low incidence of infection. The vaccination against rubella,
also for boys, is thus a “social” vaccination. The illness often goes unnoticed. Young women who are not
vaccinated are advised to have their blood tested on antibodies against rubella and if necessary have the
MMR vaccination accompanied by homeopathy and vitamin C (Tinus Smits). After vaccination pregnancy
must be avoided for at least three months.
For further information please read: Diseases and vaccines detail, issued by the Dutch Association of Critical shots, June 2001
- Dr. Franois Choffat, Le droit de choisir; Jouvence Editions, ISBN 2-88353-222-2
- Groupe sur les mdical the rflexion vaccines, vaccination, pour un choix personalize. Lausanne, November 2000 | <urn:uuid:46bf95ce-ce88-4a33-8078-45710c26988a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.post-vaccination-syndrome.com/3912/rubella.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937448 | 789 | 3.25 | 3 |
CHAPTER 5. GENERAL POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNOR, SECRETARY OF STATE AND ATTORNEY GENERAL; BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS; MISCELLANEOUS AGENCIES, COMMISSIONS, OFFICES, PROGRAMS, ETC.
WVC CHAPTER 5-14
ARTICLE 14. WEST VIRGINIA COMMISSION FOR THE DEAF AND
§5-14-1. Legislative findings.
The Legislature hereby finds and declares that:
(a) There is a need for West Virginia to adequately identify
the hearing-impaired population and provide efficient and effective
services to such population;
(b) Hearing-impaired people need to be more involved in the
decisions and programs that affect their lives by soliciting and
seriously considering their collective opinion on appropriate
(c) Cooperation among state and local agencies must be
facilitated in an effort to ensure that adequate and appropriate
services are available and provided;
(d) In order to further the aforementioned goals it is
necessary to determine what services exist and what services can be
developed in order to match services to individual needs;
(e) A rubella epidemic from one thousand nine hundred
sixty-three to one thousand nine hundred sixty-five caused a number
of infants in West Virginia to be born hearing-impaired. These
individuals are approaching the ages where they will no longer be
eligible for educational services, thus requiring services as young
adults. The Legislature, therefore, declares that there is an
unprecedented and imperative need to plan and prepare for the
multiplicity of services required in order to ensure a life-long
continuum of services to this particular population;
(f) There must be more emphasis on the use of interpreters for deaf and hard-of-hearing people and on the quality control of such
(g) There must be more emphasis on the use of
telecommunication devices for the deaf (tdds) and means to provide
them for hearing-impaired people;
(h) Through the implementation of the provisions of this
article, the deaf and hard-of-hearing population of West Virginia
will be aided in their efforts to live independent and productive
WVC 5 - 14 - 2
As used in this article:
(a) "Deaf" means severe to profound impairment of the sense of
hearing whereby the understanding of speech is unattainable through
the ear alone with or without amplification, and visual
communication is used as the primary mode of communication.
(b) "Hard of hearing" means significant impairment to the
sense of hearing, but not to the extent that the person must rely
primarily on visual communication.
(c) "Hearing-impaired" means persons who are either deaf or
hard of hearing.
WVC 5 - 14 - 3
§5-14-3. Continuation of commission; membership.
(a) The West Virginia Commission for the Deaf and Hard of
Hearing is continued within the Department of Health and Human
Resources consisting of seventeen persons, eight of whom shall
serve ex officio. The remaining members are appointed by the
Governor by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The
commission shall meet no less than four times annually. All
meetings and activities held by the commission shall be attended by
at least two qualified interpreters who shall be hired at the
commission's expense or provided free of charge by agencies,
organizations or individuals willing to volunteer qualified
(b) The members are: The Secretary of the Department of
Health and Human Resources, or his or her designee; the
Commissioner of the Division of Labor, or his or her designee; the
Commissioner of the Bureau for Public Health, or his or her
designee; the State Superintendent of Schools, or his or her
designee; the Director of the Division of Rehabilitation Services,
or his or her designee; the Commissioner of the Division of Human
Services, or his or her designee; the Chairman of the Advisory
Council for the Education of Exceptional Children, or his or her
designee; and the Superintendent of the West Virginia School for
the Deaf and Blind, or his or her designee, all of whom serve ex
officio with full voting privileges.
(c) The Governor shall appoint nine persons, at least five of whom are deaf or hard of hearing, one of whom is the parent of a
deaf child, one of whom is a certified teacher of the
hearing-impaired, one audiologist and one otolaryngologist. Of the
five deaf people, at least three shall be selected from a list of
five people recommended by the Board of the West Virginia
Association of the Deaf.
WVC 5 - 14 - 4
§5-14-4. Terms of office; quorum.
Members of the commission who do not serve ex officio shall be
appointed for the following terms: Three members shall be
appointed for a term of three years; three for a term of two years;
and three for a term of one year. When a vacancy occurs, an
appointment shall be made for the unexpired term. The members
shall annually elect a chairman. A majority of the members
constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business.
WVC 5 - 14 - 5
§5-14-5. Powers and duties of the commission; information
clearinghouse; coordination of interpreters; outreach
programs; seminars and training sessions.
(a) The commission shall maintain a clearinghouse of
information, the purpose of which is to aid hearing-impaired
persons and others in obtaining appropriate services or information
about such services, including, but not limited to, education,
communication (including interpreters), group home facilities,
independent living skills, recreational facilities, employment,
vocational training, health and mental health services, substance
abuse and other services necessary to assure their ability to
function in society. The commission shall consult existing public
and private agencies and organizations in compiling and maintaining
(b) The commission shall establish, maintain and coordinate a
statewide service to provide courts, state and local legislative
bodies and others with a list of qualified and certified
interpreters for the deaf and a list of qualified and certified
teachers of American sign language.
(c) The Secretary of the Department of Health and Human
Resources shall promulgate rules pursuant to article three, chapter
twenty-nine-a of this code for the state quality assurance
evaluation, including the establishment of required qualifications
and ethical standards for interpreters, the approval of
interpreters, the monitoring and investigation of interpreters and the suspension and revocation of approvals. The commission may
conduct interpreter evaluations and collect and expend funds with
(d) The commission shall develop an outreach program to
familiarize the public with the rights and needs of
hearing-impaired people and of available services.
(e) The commission shall investigate the condition of the
hearing-impaired in this state with particular attention to those
who are aged, homeless, needy, victims of rubella and victims of
abuse or neglect. It shall determine the means the state possesses
for establishing group homes for its hearing-impaired citizens and
the need for additional facilities. The commission shall also
determine the advisability and necessity of providing services to
the multihandicapped hearing-impaired.
WVC 5 - 14 - 6
§5-14-6. Seminars and training sessions.
The commission may establish one or more training sessions or
workshops for the teaching of interpretive skills, in-service
training and counseling for the deaf and hard of hearing. Seminars
and training sessions may be conducted and are encouraged to work
with the existing facilities and organizations established to
accomplish the same goals.
§5-14-7. Assistance of other agencies.
To effectuate the purposes of this article, the commission may
request from any department, board, bureau, commission or other
agency of the state, and the same are authorized to provide such
assistance, services and data as will enable the commission to
properly carry out its powers and duties hereunder.
§5-14-8. Executive director; staff.
There shall be within the commission an executive director who
shall be appointed by the commission and whose compensation shall
be fixed by the commission within the budgetary appropriation
thereof. The executive director shall be in the exempt class of
civil service and may not be a member of the commission. The
executive director may attend all meetings of the commission, as
well as its committees, but has no vote on decisions or actions of
the commission or its committees. The executive director shall
carry out the decisions and actions of the commission, hire all
staff, administer all affairs of the commission in accordance with
its policies and discharge such other duties as the commission
shall from time to time determine. The commission may employ such
other officers, employees and clerical assistants as it considers
necessary and may fix their compensation within the amounts made
available by appropriation. To the extent possible, the executive
director shall be hearing-impaired and shall be proficient in
communicating with hearing-impaired individuals using varying
§5-14-9. Reports and recommendations.
The commission shall make an annual report to the governor and
the Legislature which shall include its recommendations and
§5-14-10. Grants and gifts; contracts.
The commission, with the approval of the governor, may agree
to accept and contract as agent of the state any gift, grant,
devise or bequest, including federal grants, for any of the
purposes of this article. Any moneys so received may be expended
by the commission to effectuate any purpose of this article,
subject to the same limitations as to approval of expenditures and
audit as are prescribed for state moneys appropriated for the
purposes of this article.
The commission may enter into contracts with any person, firm,
corporation, municipality or governmental agency to effectuate the
purposes of this article.
§5-14-11. Reimbursement for expenses.
The members of the commission, other than its ex officio
members, are entitled to reimbursement for their actual and
necessary expenses incurred in the performance of official duties.
WVC 5 - 14 - 12
Acts, 2010 Reg. Sess., Ch. 32.
Note: WV Code updated with legislation passed through the 2015 Regular Session
The WV Code Online is an unofficial copy of the annotated WV Code, provided as a convenience. It has NOT been edited for publication, and is not in any way official or authoritative. | <urn:uuid:68d85069-1df6-4666-b48d-ea53a47cedf5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.legis.state.wv.us/wvcode/ChapterEntire.cfm?chap=05&art=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913419 | 2,302 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the western world. In addition to being a CNS stimulant, it has a variety of peripheral effects relating to muscle contraction, diuresis, gastric secretion, and lipolysis.
The average US citizen consumes 206 mg of caffeine daily (the equivalent of about two cups of coffee), and 10% of the adult population ingests more than 1000 mg of caffeine daily. Despite this, there are many significant gaps in our understanding of the effects caffeine has on various systems.
This article will explore the application caffeine has for the athlete, as well as a myriad of other effects of caffeine.
Some items may be hygroscopic and may clump during shipment. This does not effect the efficacy of the product, but just the texture.
Each powder is put into a HDPE container, Heat Sealed, and labeled with dosing based off 1/4 tsp. | <urn:uuid:05dc6927-acc4-4b05-bf58-edd006d80487> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.allstarhealth.com/f/1fast400-caffeine_anhydrous.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946999 | 190 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Once the most endemic country for Guinea worm disease in the world, Nigeria declares victory in its 20-year war.
In Ezza Nkwubor village in southeastern Nigeria, 58-year-old Grace Otubo sits on a wooden bench and touches her right heel, recalling where a Guinea worm painfully emerged in November 2008.
She didn't know it at the time, but her Guinea worm would be the last one from Nigeria.
Twenty years ago, Otubo would have been just one of more than 650,000 victims of Guinea worm disease in her country. Just one of many, many people facing the searing pain of one or more long, spaghetti-like worms emerging from blisters after they had incubated in the body for a year.
But today, her worm has made her a minor celebrity. The fact that Otubo can be specifically identified as the final victim of the disease in her country shows the relentless tracking required to eliminate Guinea worm disease. Thousands of volunteers have worked in Nigeria since 1988, documenting every case of the disease and providing the tools and education necessary to defeat it.
To keep herself from contracting Guinea worm disease again, Otubo could not take a medicine or receive a vaccine. Instead, she and her fellow community members had to change their drinking habits. Because the disease is transmitted through water, Otubo had to be convinced by health workers to only drink water filtered through a simple cloth, provided free of charge. The message is a tough sell, because the Guinea worm larvae in the water are microscopic, and a full year passes between ingestion of contaminated water and a worm actually emerging from the body. Community members must act on faith.
"We are staring history in the face as the public health system of Nigeria is about to make a bold statement of eradicating Guinea worm disease in Nigeria after many years; over two decades of hard fought battle against Guinea worm have now succeeded in defeating it."
-Nigeria former Head of State General Dr. Yakubu Gowon
The Nigeria Ministry of Health has brought the country to this watershed moment with leading assistance from The Carter Center and support from other partners. "I congratulate Nigeria on this amazing accomplishment," said former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. "It would not have been possible without the tenacity of thousands of Nigerians for more than 20 years."
Nigeria joins 15 other countries that have rid themselves of Guinea worm disease since 1986. Niger, Nigeria's northÂern neighbor, also eliminated the disease in 2008, and thus reported zero cases for the first time in 2009. It is estimated that in 2009, fewer than 3,500 cases of the disease remain in four African countries.
While Nigeria continues surveillance for Guinea worm disease over the next three years so that it can be officially certified by the World Health Organization as free of the disease, experts are focusing on how to repeat Nigeria's success in the last strongholds of the disease in southern Sudan, northern Ghana, and eastern Mali. Meanwhile, Ethiopia is fighting just a few remaining cases.
Diseases on the Brink: Guinea Worm
©The Carter Center
View Nigeria Countdown: 650,000 Cases in 1986 to Zero Cases in 2009 (PDF)
Photo credit: T. Paulson
Grace Otubo collects water near her village in southeastern Nigeria. Otubo was the last victim of Guinea worm disease in her country. | <urn:uuid:aa2289fa-387c-4213-8ac7-74c874a2dcff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cartercenter.org/news/features/h/guinea_worm/nigeria-last-gw.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965976 | 693 | 3.125 | 3 |
Stroke: a single sweep of the pen; may be a single "movement" (that is, with no change of direction) or may be a "broken" stroke.
Otiose stroke: a superfluous stroke, not to be interpreted as part of a letter, a punctuation mark, or as an indication of an abbreviation.
A. Vertical strokes:
Minim: the shortest and simplest stroke: the vertical (upright) stroke used to form the letters "i," "m," "n," and "u." The word "minim" itself would be written in Gothic script with 10 minims.
Ascenders, descenders: strokes ascending or descending from the "body" of the letter. It can be useful to think of majuscules as fitting between two imaginary lines, minuscules as fitting between four lines (two lines defining the top and bottom of the body, two more distant lines defining the extent of ascenders and descenders).
Stem: the minim with ascender or descender which supports the rest of the letter.
B. Horizontal strokes:
Bar: the horizontal stroke of an "A" or "H."
Arms (hastas): the horizontal strokes of an "E," "F," or "L"; these extend from, but do not cross, the stem.
Head (top) strokes: the horizontal stroke of the "T."
C. Curved strokes:
for the most part, these are named after the letter formed from them: a "c-stroke," an "s-stroke," etc. (or one can speak of "circles," "arc," "ovals," "ellipses," etc.).
Bow (lobe): a circle appended to a stem (as in "p," "b," "q," or "d").
Limb: the curved stroke of an "h."
Cusp: where two curved lines meet.
D. Other aspects:
Shading: the presence of differing thicknesses of stroke.
Slant: the degree of variation from the true vertical.
Serif: a decorative, finishing flourish on a stroke. Scripts (and typefaces) can be classified as "serif" or "sans serif" according to the presence or absence of serifs.
Ligature: a line joining two characters (a bar crossing a pair of els, for instance).
Digraph: a character created by joining two others representing a single sound (for instance, Æ, the aesh).
Biting: when two adjoining and contrary curves (a "b" followed by an "o," for instance) overlap or share a stroke. Biting is a characteristic of Gothic and Humanistic scripts.
The following is a consise and useful clarification of some of the basic terminology in the study of handwriting. It comes from M. B. Parkes, "A Note on Palaeographical Terms," English Cursive Book Hands, 1250-1500, Oxford Palaeographical Handbooks (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. xxvi.
"A script is the model which the scribe has in his mind's eye when he writes, whereas a hand is what he actually puts down on the page. The duct of a hand is the distinctive manner in which strokes are traced upon the writing surface: it represents the combination of such factors as the angle at which the pen was held in relation to the way in which it was cut, the degree of pressure applied to it, and the direction in which it was moved. A stroke is a single trace made by the pen on the page; if the stroke has no sudden change of direction, it is made in a single movement. A broken stroke is made in more than one movement, the direction of the pen being changed suddenly without its being lifted from the page. A minim stroke is the shortest and simplest stroke: that used to form the letters i, m, n, u. An otiose stroke is a superfluous stroke, one which does not form part of a letter, and which does not indicate an abbreviation. Biting occurs when two adjacent contrary curved strokes coalesce, as when b is closely followed by o. The terms used when describing letter forms are best elucidated by examples: the letter b comprises a stem or mainstroke which rises above the general level of the other letters (ascender) and a lobe made with a curved stroke to the right of the stem; the letter p a descender and a lobe; the letter h an ascender and a limb; the letter t a shaft and a headstroke. The body of a letter form is that part which does not include an ascender or descender."
[ Course Notes: Introduction ] | [ I. Towards a definition of "manuscript studies" ] | [ I.ii. The four branches of bibliographical study ] | [ I.iii. Topics in the social history of texts ] | I.iii.a The "Rescue" of Medieval Manuscripts from Grocers and Fishmongers | [ II. Diplomatics ] | [ III. Codicology ] | [ III.ii. Decoration and Illumination ] | [ IV. Paleography ] | [ IV.ii. Historical Notes ] | [ IV.iii. Writing Implements ] | [ IV.iv. Letter Formation ] | [ IV.v. Special Characters in English Manuscripts ] | [ IV.vi. Scribal Abbreviations ] | [ IV.vii. Punctuation ] | [ IV.viii. Paleographical sample: William Herebert, OFM (early fourteenth-century England) ] | [ Herebert sample, with transcription ] | [ Herebert sample: enlargement of full page reproduced at high resolution ] | [ V. Textual analysis (James E. Thorpe) ] | [ V.ii. Scribal error ] | [ V.iii. Kinds of edition ] | [ V.iv. Examples of over emendation on insufficient grounds ] | [ VI. Linguistic competence (an example): An Outline History of the English Language ] | [ VII. Libraries and archives: ] | [ VII.ii. British Library Manuscript Collections ] | [ VII.iii. Bodleian Library Manuscript Collections ] | <urn:uuid:2f63be89-70be-419f-a652-417986ea40d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/pal-ltrs.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928734 | 1,318 | 3.84375 | 4 |
How to Convert GPT to MBR or Convert MBR to GPT Disk?
About MBR and GPT Disk
MBR - Master Boot Record: it is a guide sector in the very front of drive. It was named in 1983 when partition the hard disk or flash disk of IBM compatible personal computer. At that time, PC DOS 2.0 was able to support hard disk. MBR describes the information of logical, including file system and organization type. Besides, MBR also contains the executable code produced when computer loads operating system in the second stage of start or the boot record connecting every partition (VBR). Such MBR is usually called boot routine.
Note: MBR cannot exist in a media which cannot be partitioned, such as soft disk.
GPT - GUID (Globally Unique Identifie) Partition Table: it is a new standard of disk partition table originates from EFI (Extensive Firmware Interface). Compared with MBR, it provides a more flexible disk partition principle.
What are the limitations of MBR disk?
MBR disks only support up to 2TB partition size and support only four primary partitions. If partition size surpasses 2TB, the start cannot be read and displayed. If more partitions are needed, you have to build a secondary structure known as extended partition, and then you can create logical partitions. MBR partitioning rules are complex and poorly specified. Therefore, MBR partition style is gradually replaced by GPT in such a large-disk generation.
What are the advantages of GPT disk?
It can make use of a very large size to break the 2TB limit of MBR disks.
GPT disks allow an almost unlimited number of partitions. Though Windows implementation restricts the number to 128, it is completely sufficient for using.
Each GPT partition has a unique identification GUID and a partition content type. And you can have more primary partitions.
There nearly isn’t any limitation to the size of partition. The sector is numbered by a 64-bit integer. A partition with such number of sectors, can it be small?
Partition on GPT disk has self-contained backup which is stored on the end of the disk while the original one is saved on the start. When one of the two is destroyed, you can restore it with the other.
Every partition on GPT disk can has a name which is different from partition label.
Why Do You Need to Convert MBR/GPT Disk?
As mentioned above, MBR disks only support up to 2TB partition size, so if you have a disk which is MBR formatted and larger than 2TB, you could only use 2TB disk size among it, but the rest of it could not be used. Converting MBR disk to GPT disk is considerable necessary to make full use of the disk space.
On the other hand, since Windows 95/98/ME, Windows NT4, Windows 2000, Windows 2003 32-bit, or Windows XP 32-bit version does not support GPT partitions. A GPT disk will display as GPT protective partition in these systems, thus you could not access the data until you convert it back to MBR disk. In such situation, you have nothing to do but to convert your GPT disk to MBR one. But note if you want to convert any larger than 2TB GPT disk back to MBR disk, you'd better ensure that the data does not account for space more than 2TB. Otherwise, the overloaded data will get lost. However, if you really want to convert your GPT drive, on which there are more than 2TB data, into MBR disk, you can transfer the extra data to other place before you start to convert.
Before you do
The following tutorial applies to converting data and system disk between MBR and GPT styles. However, if you want to convert system disk between MBR and GPT styles, please change boot mode between UEFI (United Extensive Firmware Interface) and Legacy after conversion is completed for GPT disk can only be booted by UEFI.
How to do the conversion between GPT and MBR disks?
Download AOMEI Partition Assistant first, you can use the software: AOMEI Partition Assistant Professional Edition or Server Edition to realize this conversion.
Step1: Launch AOMEI Partition Assistant. Select the data disk you want to convert and right click it. And then select "Convert to GPT Disk" (or Convert to MBR Disk) in the drop-down menu.
For system boot disk conversion between MBR and GPT styles, to guarantee system bootable, you need to enter BIOS and change the boot mode after the conversion is completed.
For conversion between MBR and GPT disks on Laptop, please make sure the power supply is sufficient.
To ensure the data is consistent, do not abnormally terminate the program during the conversion process. | <urn:uuid:6576b5e9-a4af-4dd1-923e-dadf49d40c75> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.disk-partition.com/help/convert-gpt-mbr-disk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00016-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903782 | 1,024 | 3.09375 | 3 |
OPP 07-001 December 2006
Personnel, Stations, and Camps
- The total number of people entering and leaving Antarctica and the ships over the course of the summer will be about 3,000. The U.S. Antarctic Program peak population at any given moment will be about 1,600 on land and 300 on the ships.
- Approximately 70 percent of U.S. Antarctic Program science personnel and greater than 90 percent of operations personnel transit New Zealand and McMurdo
- About one-fourth of science personnel and less than 10 percent of operations personnel transit South America to Antarctic Peninsula locations
- Year-round research stations
- Palmer (65°S 64°W), Anvers Island, west coast of Antarctic Peninsula—marine biology and other disciplines, population 10 to 44
- McMurdo (78°S 168°E), Ross Island, southwest corner of Ross Sea—all research disciplines, operational hub, logistics center, population 235 to about 1,200
- Amundsen-Scott South Pole (90° S), continental interior at geographic South Pole—astronomy and astrophysics, meteorology and climate studies, population 100 to 240
- Summer research camps
- Siple Dome (Siple Coast, West Antarctica). Geophysics1 including a GPS array; automatic weather stationss2 .
- Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide Camp (West Antarctica). Glaciology, including ice-core sampling, radar surveys, and installation of a magnetometer; automatic weather stations; GPS monitoring of bedrock motion.3
- Taylor Dome (West Antarctica). Initial base camp for the ITASE Traverse. During the traverse to the Beardmore Glacier Basin, they will collect ice cores and perform radar and GPS surveys every 100 kilometers.
- Small field camps at Beardmore Glacier (Transantarctic Mountains), Fosdick Mountains, and Patriot Hills
- Numerous camps in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, on sea ice, and on Ross Island.
| The automatic weather station project, University of Wisconsin, is described at http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws.html|
|http://www.waisdivide.unh.edu/ (WAIS Divide Ice Core Project, University of New Hampshire)| | <urn:uuid:99a222d8-0ce1-4d75-b7cd-d5b01f38f2c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/antarct/treaty/opp07001/bigprint0607/bigprint0607_5.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.825414 | 469 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Belize is proud to have the longest barrier reef in the northern hemisphere. But in 2010, the tiny country faced a huge problem – the potential loss of the reef's UNESCO World Heritage Site status.
Already under threat from coastal development, pollution and climate change, the reef's species were being depleted by bottom-dragging fish trawlers. Local fishermen operating from small boats complained they were being prevented form making a living by what many critics call the maritime equivalent of strip mining or clear-cut logging.
With miles-long nets that scrape the ocean bottom, a trawling fleet can strip the ocean bare, making no distinction between food fish and any other species of plant and animal.
A report revealed that 60 per cent of the reef, which is vital habitat for fish, was in poor to critical condition - and only eight per cent was in good condition.
This highly destructive form of fishing also jeopardised a major source of revenue from tourism - the country’s number one foreign exchange earner. More than 200,000 tourists visit the Caribbean country each year, mainly to dive or fish.
In December 2010, Belize became one of the world’s first nations to ban trawling in its waters.
Forgoing the revenues from fees and taxes provided by trawling fleets, political and business leaders decided that long-term economic prospects were better served by protecting the barrier reef and other coastal waters by making sure that fish stocks remained healthy.
The ban had the support of local fishermen, who now practice a low-impact form of fish harvesting to supply markets.
Resort owners also hailed the move, recognising that the ban would protect local jobs. Since the ban was enforced an environmental organisation, Oceana, has helped to purchase two idled trawlers docked in Belize, which will be re-purposed.
For this segment of earthrise, Sharita Hutton travels to Belize to meet some of the people involved in campaigning for the ban, which, it is hoped, will encourage other countries to take bolder steps towards protecting their marine environments.
earthrise airs each week at the following times GMT: Friday: 1930; Saturday: 1430; Sunday: 0430; Monday: 0830.
Click here for more on earthrise.
Source: Al Jazeera | <urn:uuid:81988574-c45c-4fd0-ace2-5586feba100c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2012/07/201276144639100497.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959978 | 475 | 3.484375 | 3 |
NOTE :: Various file formats are used on this page that may require download. If larger than 1mb, it will take longer to download. For instructions or more information, please visit our download page.
THE SCHOOLING EXPERIENCE OF NORTH CAROLINA’S AMERICAN INDIAN STUDENTS
Recent evidence provided by the State Advisory Council on Indian Education (SACIE) in their 2014 annual report demonstrates that American Indian students have considerably lower proficiency rates in all tested subjects and at all levels than White students. The report also finds that although the dropout rate of American Indian students has declined, the 2012-2013 American Indian student dropout rate is the highest among all ethnicity subgroups. Given these findings, SACE has called for a study that provides further investigation into the schooling experience of American Indian students.
The Southeast Comprehensive Center (SECC), Education Policy Initiative at Carolina (EPIC) at UNC Chapel Hill, Regional Educational Laboratory (REL) – Southeast, and the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) are partnering to conduct this multi-faceted inquiry and analysis.
Guiding the research are three primary questions.
- What does the extant literature say about the educational experiences of American Indian students? What are some of the challenges and opportunities for American Indian student success? Which of these factors are relevant for American Indian students in North Carolina?
- What are the educational experiences of North Carolina’s American Indian students in grades6-12 in terms of outcomes and access to highly qualified teachers and school resources? How do these experiences compare with students of other ethnicities? Do these experiences vary by Region and/or tribe?
- To what extent are differences in student characteristics, class characteristics, and access to highly qualified teachers and school resources associated with differences in student outcomes between American Indian students and students of other ethnicities?
The study began in June 2014 with an Information Request from SECC to state departments of education that have state agency contacts for Indian Education and/or that indicate a population of more than 4,000 Native American students (U.S. Department of Education, 2008, 2014). States were asked to identify support and strategies for enriching achievement of Native American students. Click below to view results.
SECC Information Request
For more information, contact [email protected] | <urn:uuid:de8c6e72-4379-42e2-bb20-daa7dd6b0b20> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/americanindianed/research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939959 | 473 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The platform will incorporate information about children’s health with current data on weather conditions, air quality, pollen count and other factors that could trigger asthma attacks.
A team of UCLA and USC researchers has been awarded $6 million by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering to develop technology that will enable users’ smartphones and smart watches to identify them of their unique triggers for asthma attacks.
The four-year grant is part of a national $144 million initiative called Pediatric Research using Integrated Sensor Monitoring Systems, or PRISMS, which aims to blend big data with mobile technology to develop tools that shed light on the environment’s role in children’s health. The UCLA–USC award was the largest of the nine projects funded by the program.
“Asthma is the most common chronic condition in children, and it weighs heavily on the nation in terms of public health, medical costs and quality of life,” said Alex Bui, a professor of radiological sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the study’s principal investigator. “Our goal is to predict where and when a child is at risk for an asthma attack so we can prevent one from happening.”
UCLA, a national leader in mobile health, biomedical informatics and big data research, will create a platform that funnels data to the user’s smart device from sensors that will be worn by the children and placed in various locations at their homes and schools. The device will securely transmit the information to a cloud-based system where it will be integrated with each individual patient’s electronic health record and real-time reports on weather conditions, air quality, pollen count and other factors that could trigger asthma attacks.
“One of the biggest challenges will be making the smart device user-friendly for young children,” Bui said. “Kids like intuitive interfaces with bright colors, simple language, big text and quirky noises. We’re having fun exploring how to build those facets into our design.”
The platform also will incorporate a calendar that tracks asthma attacks and, based on that information, can alert users when conditions might be right for another attack.
“Let’s say that a past attack took place during a trip to the beach,” Bui said. “Before a future beach visit, the smart device will remind the child or their caregiver to pack their inhaler and take their medication to ward off a future episode.”
New apps (which will be created by other research teams funded by the PRISMS initiative) will allow doctors and researchers to download and compare patients’ data, and the technology will incorporate security measures to protect patients’ confidential information. USC researchers will field-test the sensors and systems, and will provide guidance on the system’s design. They also will contribute expertise on environmental factors and pediatric health.
Initial beta-testing will take place during 2016; during 2017 Bui’s team will test the technology with children being treated at UCLA for asthma. Researchers will evaluate how the sensors work as the children go about their daily routines at home, in school and at play.
According to the Centers for Disease Control, 6.8 million U.S. children currently live with asthma. | <urn:uuid:d7ad6c27-c624-4e23-a1d1-60e0dc555d64> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/6-million-grant-will-help-uclausc-team-develop-kid-friendly-technology-to-predict-asthma-attacks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945171 | 681 | 2.984375 | 3 |
von Neumann machine
- A model for a computing machine that uses a single storage structure
to hold both the set of instructions on how to perform the computation
and the data required or generated by the computation. John von
Neumann helped to create the model as an example of a general-purpose
computing machine. By treating the instructions in the same way as the
data, the machine could easily change the instructions. In other words
the machine was reprogrammable.
- A self-replicating machine. In principle, if a machine (for example
an industrial robot) could be given enough capability, raw material,
and instructions then that robot could make an exact physical copy of
itself. The copy would need to be programmed in order to do anything.
If both robots were reprogrammable, then the original robot could be
instructed to copy its program to the new robot. Both robots would now
have the capability of building copies of themselves. Since such a machine
is capable of reproduction, it could arguably qualify as a simple form
of life. An early fictional treatment was the short story "Autofac"
by Philip K. Dick, published in 1955, which precedes von Neumann's original
paper about self-reproducing machines (von Neumann, J., 1966, The Theory
of Self-reproducing Automata, A. Burks, ed., Univ. of Illinois Press,
von Neumann probe
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND CYBERNETICS | <urn:uuid:f4c90ad9-5d66-43e2-9b91-16874fdd9afd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/von_Neumann_machine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894456 | 316 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Developmental milestones record - 12 months
Toggle: English / Spanish
The typical 12-month-old child will demonstrate certain physical and mental skills. These skills are called developmental milestones.
Normal childhood growth milestones - 12 months; Growth milestones for children - 12 months; Childhood growth milestones - 12 months
All children develop a little differently. If you are concerned about your child's development, talk to your child's health care provider.
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR SKILLS
A 12-month-old child is expected to:
- Be 3 times their birth weight
- Grow to a height of 50% over birth length
- Have a head circumference equal to that of their chest
- Have 1 to 8 teeth
- Stand without holding on to anything
- Walk alone or when holding 1 hand
- Sit down without help
- Bang 2 blocks together
- Turn through the pages of a book by flipping many pages at a time
- Pick up a small object using the tip of their thumb and index finger
- Sleep 8 to 10 hours a night and take 1 to 2 naps during the day
SENSORY AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
The typical 12-month-old:
- Begins pretend play (such as pretending to drink from a cup)
- Follows a fast moving object
- Responds to their name
- Can say momma, papa, and at least 1 or 2 other words
- Understands simple commands
- Tries to imitate animal sounds
- Connects names with objects
- Understands that objects continue to exist, even when they can't be seen
- Participates in getting dressed (raises arms)
- Plays simple back and forth games (ball game)
- Points to objects with the index finger
- Waves bye
- May develop attachment to a toy or object
- Experiences separation anxiety and may cling to parents
- May make brief journeys away from parents to explore in familiar settings
You can help your 12-month-old develop skills through play:
- Provide picture books.
- Provide different stimuli, such as going to the mall or zoo.
- Play ball.
- Build vocabulary by reading and naming people and objects in the environment.
- Teach hot and cold through play.
- Provide large toys that can be pushed to encourage walking.
- Sing songs.
- Have a play date with a child of a similar age.
- Avoid television and other screen time until age 2.
- Try using a transitional object to help with separation anxiety.
Feigelman S. The first year. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 8.
- Last reviewed on 11/20/2014
- Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:fba3ce14-a5ff-40a9-b8d3-586cdf04bd29> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/developmental-milestones-record-12-months | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886279 | 759 | 3.71875 | 4 |
- GETTING STARTED WITH LOAD TRACKER
- Structural Design Software
- Beam Calculation Software – Purchasing
- Structure Design and Beam Calculation Software Trial
- Analyzing Beams With More Than Three Spans
- Beam Adequacy Icons
- Converting Point Loads to Uniform Loads
- Exporting a Job to StruCalc
- Print Preview Overview
- Selecting A New Material
Posts Tagged building columns
Wide flange steel columns are used in structural design to add strength and stability to a structure that will support heavy loads. Wide flange steel column are most often used in commercial construction, such as the construction of high rise buildings. A structural engineer has many different types of columns and materials to choose from when designing a high rise building.
Columns Used in the Construction of High Rise Buildings
When designing high rise buildings, structural engineers may utilize several different types of columns to support the structure. When designing a structure, the structural engineer must consider the design of stud walls, laterally loaded columns, and built up columns. He or she must also consider the effects of loading, sheer, and moment on the selected columns of the structure.
Columns may be constructed of steel, wood, concrete, or manmade building materials such as composites, solid sawn lumber, and glulams. The structural engineer considers the limitations and benefits of using each type of column and selects a material that meets the design specifications and budget limitations.
Wide flange steel columns help disperse the weight load of a structure back into the outer walls of the structure, making the building more stable even when fully loaded with furniture, equipment, and people.
Structural engineering involves designing stable structures through the use of various known physical properties and theories. Mathematical equations help the structural engineer design sound structures such as high rise buildings, homes, and bridges.
Structural engineers often utilize structural design software programs to help them sort through the many options available when designing a building. Structural engineering design software helps structural engineers adhere to local, federal, and international building codes while designing a structurally sound building within the client’s specifications and budget.
Structural engineers use wide flange steel columns is designing structures in many different areas of construction. Wide flange steel columns are a cost effective way for structural engineers to design stable, high rise structures. Specific design elements can drastically affect the stability and visual appeal of a structure.
Wide flange steel columns are an important part of the structural engineer’s tool kit when designing high rise buildings. Structural engineers can use structural design software programs to assist them in selecting the proper building materials and design elements to achieve spectacular results. | <urn:uuid:4cc1f851-4fae-4904-b535-34bf0ae26683> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.strucalc.com/tag/building-columns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889754 | 550 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Agrarian Distress and the Rise of Populism
"A great democracy will be neither great nor aIn spite of their remarkable progress, 19th-century American farmers experienced recurring periods of hardship. Several basic factors were involved -- soil exhaustion, the vagaries of nature, a decline in self-sufficiency, and the lack of adequate legislative protection and aid. Perhaps most important, however, was over-production.
democracy if it is not progressive."
-- Former President Theodore Roosevelt, circa 1910
Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per hectare, the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century, as the railroads and the gradual displacement of the Plains Indians opened up new areas for western settlement. A similar expansion of agricultural lands in countries such as Canada, Argentina and Australia compounded these problems in the international market, where much of U.S. agricultural production was now sold.
The farther west the settlers went, the more dependent they became on the railroads to move their goods to market. At the same time, farmers paid high costs for manufactured goods as a result of the protective tariffs that Congress, backed by Eastern industrial interests, had long supported. Over time, the Midwestern and Western farmer fell ever more deeply in debt to the banks that held their mortgages.
In the South, the fall of the Confederacy brought major changes in agricultural practices. The most significant of these was sharecropping, where tenant farmers "shared" up to half of their crop with the landowners in exchange for seed and essential supplies. An estimated 80 percent of the South's black farmers and 40 percent of its white ones lived under this debilitating system following the Civil War.
Most sharecroppers were locked in a cycle of debt, from which the only hope of escape was increased planting. This led to the over-production of cotton and tobacco, and thus to declining prices and the further exhaustion of the soil.
The first organized effort to address general agricultural problems was the Granger movement. Launched in 1867 by employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families encountered. Women's participation was actively encouraged. Spurred by the Panic of 1873, the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and one-and-a-half million members.
Although most of them ultimately failed, the Granges set up their own marketing systems, stores, processing plants, factories and cooperatives. The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s. A few states passed "Granger laws," limiting railroad and warehouse fees.
By 1880 the movement began to decline, replaced by the Farmers' Alliances. By 1890 the Alliance movements had members from New York to California totaling about 1.5 million. A parallel African-American organization, the Colored Farmers National Alliance, numbered over a million members.
From the beginning, the Farmers' Alliances were political organizations with elaborate economic programs. According to one early platform, its purpose was to "unite the farmers of America for their protection against class legislation and the encroachments of concentrated capital." Their program also called for the regulation -- if not the outright nationalization -- of the railroads; currency inflation to provide debt relief; the lowering of the tariff; and the establishment of government-owned storehouses and low-interest lending facilities.
During the late 1880s a series of droughts devastated the western Great Plains. Western Kansas lost half its population during a four-year span. To make matters worse, the McKinley Tariff of 1890 was one of the highest the country had ever seen.
By 1890 the level of agrarian distress was at an all-time high. Working with sympathetic Democrats in the South or small third parties in the West, the Farmer's Alliance made a push for political power. From these elements, a third political party, known as the Populist Party, emerged. Never before in American politics had there been anything like the Populist fervor that swept the prairies and cotton lands. The elections of 1890 brought the new party into power in a dozen Southern and Western states, and sent a score of Populist senators and representatives to Congress.
Its first convention was in 1892, when delegates from farm, labor and reform organizations met in Omaha, Nebraska, determined at last to make their mark on a U.S. political system they viewed as hopelessly corrupted by the monied interests of the industrial and commercial trusts. Their platform stated:
We are met, in the midst of a nation brought to the verge of moral, political and material ruin. Corruption dominates the ballot-box, the legislatures, the Congress, and touches even the ermine of the bench [courts].... From the same prolific womb of governmental injustice we breed the two great classes -- tramps and millionaires.
The pragmatic portion of their platform focused on issues of land, transportation and finance, including the unlimited coinage of silver.
The Populists showed impressive strength in the West and South in the 1892 elections, and their candidate for president polled more than a million votes. Yet it was the currency question, pitting advocates of silver, against those who favored gold, which soon overshadowed all other issues. Agrarian spokesmen in the West and South -- supported by labor groups in the Eastern industrial centers -- demanded a return to the unlimited coinage of silver. Convinced that their troubles stemmed from a shortage of money in circulation, they argued that increasing the volume of money would indirectly raise prices for farm products and drive up industrial wages, thus allowing debts to be paid with inflated currency. Conservative groups and the financial classes, on the other hand, believed that such a policy would be disastrous, and insisted that inflation, once begun, could not be stopped. Only the gold standard, they said, offered stability.
The financial panic of 1893 heightened the tension of this debate. Bank failures abounded in the South and Midwest; unemployment soared and crop prices fell badly. The crisis, and President Grover Cleveland's inability to solve it, nearly broke the Democratic Party. Democrats who were silver supporters went over to the Populists as the presidential elections of 1896 neared.
The Democratic convention that year was witness to one of the most famous speeches in U.S. political history. Pleading with the convention not to "crucify mankind on a cross of gold," William Jennings Bryan, the young Nebraskan champion of silver, won the Democrats' presidential nomination.
The Populists also endorsed Bryan. The moment was to prove their high-water mark. Despite carrying the South and all of the West except California and Oregon, Bryan lost the more populated, industrial North and East -- and the election -- to the Republican's William McKinley.
The following year the country's finances began to improve, in part due to the discovery of gold in Alaska and the Yukon. In 1898 the Spanish-American War drew the nation's attention further from Populist issues. If the movement was dead, however, its ideas were not. Many of them passed into law within the next two decades. | <urn:uuid:da75b8fe-d91a-4b3e-9fe8-7fd4691b4a6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/history-1994/discontent-and-reform/agrarian-distress-and-the-rise-of-populism.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964518 | 1,462 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Infant Toddler Development Training
Module 2, Lesson 3
Read Listening to Others in Meetings by Christopher Avery, Ph.D. As you read this article, take note of the
- characteristics of a good listener, and
- strategies for improving your listening skills.
he following quotations were taken from the International Listening Association's website. As you will see, people have long recognized the value of listening. Consider the meaning of the quotations.
- Which quotation or quotations do you like best?
- Why do you suppose that listening is such a challenging task for most people?
- Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence.
- The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and be understood. The best way to understand people is to listen to them.
- A wise man listening to a fool will learn more than a fool listening to a wise man.
- I like to listen. I have learned a great deal from listening carefully. Most people never listen.
- I make progress by having people around me who are smarter than I am and listening to them. And I assume that everyone is smarter about something than I am.
Henry J. Kaiser
- I feel like a terribly slow learner in acknowledging that only in recent years have I come to learn that listening is a primary way by which I can become a significant person in my own eyes and in the eyes of others. And I must continually relearn it.
- If in all our practices of life we could learn to listen...if we could grasp what the other persons are saying as they themselves understand what they are saying, the major hostilities of life would disappear for the simplest reason that misunderstanding would disappear.
previous | next | <urn:uuid:c8fe2f04-025a-4323-90b6-a9bf84b3ebbb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.floridahealth.gov/AlternateSites/CMS-Kids/providers/early_steps/training/itds/module2/lesson3_7.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961907 | 365 | 3.015625 | 3 |
NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification) is a Windows specification for how communication protocol programs (such as TCP/IP) and network device driver should communicate with each other. NDIS specifies interfaces for:
By submitting your email address, you agree to receive emails regarding relevant topic offers from TechTarget and its partners. You can withdraw your consent at any time. Contact TechTarget at 275 Grove Street, Newton, MA.
- The program that sends and receives data by constructing or extracting it from the formatted units called frame (and sometimes packet or datagram). This program, usually called a protocol stack, is layering and generally corresponds to layers 3 and 4 (the Network Addressing and Transport layers) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. Examples are TCP/IP and Internetwork Packet Exchange.
- The program, usually called a device driver, that interacts directly with the network interface card (NIC) or other adapter hardware, which sends or receives the data on the communications line in the form of electronic signals. The driver program and the NIC interact at the Media Access Control (MAC address) sublayer of layer-2 level of OSI, which is called Data-Link Control. (Putting the signal on the line is the layer-1 or the Physical layer of OSI.) Examples of MAC drivers are those for Ethernet, Fiber Distributed-Data Interface, and token ring.
- A program called the Protocol Manager that assists the protocol stack program and the MAC driver program by telling each of them the computer location of the other when the operating system is started or, in some cases, when a new device is added to the computer. This is called bind. A system file called PROTOCOL.INI identifies which protocol stacks use which MAC drivers and where each is located. A protocol stack can be bound to more than one MAC driver where a computer is connected to multiple networks. And a single MAC driver can be bound to more than one protocol stack in a computer.
NDIS was developed by Microsoft and 3Com. Using NDIS, Windows software developers can develop protocol stacks that work with the MAC driver for any hardware manufacturer's communications adapter. By the same token, any adapter maker can write a MAC driver software that can communicate with any protocol stack program.
The latest version of NDIS, NDIS 5.0, specifies the interface for Windows 98 and Windows NT 5.0. A new kind of device model called the miniport driver model is specified that facilitates plug-and-play device features.
Continue Reading About NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification)
- An NDIS Primer provides an introduction. (However, the link to the Specification at 3Com no longer works.)
- Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) and the Role of Digital Technology includes a brief overview of NDIS. | <urn:uuid:dd79f078-3f59-4cf5-a79a-0669a805acf4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/NDIS-Network-Driver-Interface-Specification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920136 | 583 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In the two previous posts we presented the simulation of the spatial structure of the light emitted in early galaxies. We asked Rick Wagner of SDSC to discuss with Venkartram Vishwanath of Argonne the challenges of creating visualizations of very large numerical scale.
The simulation of Rick produces for example 256 GB of data for a small set of the field and up to many TB of data for the entire one. Traditionally they write the snapshots to disk and analyze them later. According to Rick this approach is not sustainable in the future since larger and larger sets of data will be produced.
Venkartram agrees that one challenge of next generation simulations is that I/O will not keep up with the growth rate of computing capability. In his group at Argonne they are now working on efficient infrastructure and software to reduce the amount of data being written to storage to perform analysis, as well as in-situ visualization while the simulation is progress. This will facilitate the transformation of the data into insight.
Venkartram is developing methods that will allow a non-intrusive integration of the simulation with the visualization. Not a single line of the code has to be modified. The data is buffered, staged and written out, maintaining the integrity of the data formats that are produced. This method can also be used to increase the speed data is written to disk. | <urn:uuid:b259811c-e53c-4977-ab3d-682a76a8284e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hpc-ch.org/discussion-between-sdsc-and-argonne-about-challenges-of-visualizing-large-data-sets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955214 | 279 | 2.84375 | 3 |
(PhysOrg.com) -- Scientists at the University of Liverpool have developed a new method to detect proteins associated with longevity, which helps further our understanding into why some animals live longer than others.
The team looked at the genome of more than 30 mammalian species to identify proteins that evolve in connection with the longevity of a species. They found that a protein, important in responding to DNA damage, evolves and mutates in a non-random way in species that are longer-lived, suggesting that it is changing for a specific purpose. They found a similar pattern in proteins associated with metabolism, cholesterol and pathways involved in the recycling of proteins.
Findings show that if certain proteins are being selected by evolution to change in long-lived mammals like humans and elephants, then it is possible that these species have optimised pathways that repair molecular damage, compared to shorter-lived animals, such as mice.
The study, led by Dr. Joao Pedro Magalhaes and postgraduate student, Yang Li, is the first to show evolutionary patterns in biological repair systems in long-lived animals and could, in the future, be used to help develop anti-ageing interventions by identifying proteins in long-lived species that better respond to, for example, DNA damage. Proteins associated with the degradation of damaged proteins, a process that has been connected to ageing, were also linked with the evolution of longevity in mammals.
Dr. Magalhaes, from the Universitys Institute of Integrative Biology, said: The genetic basis for longevity differences between species remains a major puzzle of biology. A mouse lives less than five years and yet humans can live to over 100 for example. If we can identify the proteins that allow some species to live longer than others we could use this knowledge to improve human health and slow the ageing process.
We developed a method to detect proteins whose molecular evolution correlates with longevity of a species. The proteins we detected changed in a particular pattern, suggesting that evolution of these proteins was not by accident, but rather by design to cope with the biological processes impacted by ageing, such as DNA damage. The results suggest that long-lived animals were able to optimise bodily repair which will help them fend off the ageing process.
The research is published in the American Aging Associations journal, AGE.
Explore further: Scientists develop resource to study animal aging | <urn:uuid:8b5078c5-b34f-43dd-8b0e-cc7cc1b942c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://phys.org/news/2012-03-animals-longer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956517 | 479 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The American Geophysical Union issued a statement today (February 24, 2015) about dust lifted each year from the world’s largest desert, the Sahara, which lies across the northern third of Africa. This dust can be seen in satellite images, sweeping out to sea, making a 3,000-mile journey to South America. The Amazon rainforest is a dense green mass of humid jungle that covers northeast South America. The Sahara dust, a tan cloud in the air, stretches between these continents, and ties together the desert and the jungle. Scientists have been studying this process, and, as it turns out, Saharan dust feeds the Amazon rainforest just enough to replace lost nutrients there.
Scientists have not only used a satellite to measure the volume of dust that makes this trans-Atlantic journey. They have also calculated how much phosphorus – remnant in Saharan sands from part of the desert’s past as a lake bed – gets carried across the ocean from one of the planet’s most desolate places to one of its most fertile. A new paper accepted for publication in the journal Geophysical Research Letters provides the first satellite-based estimate of this phosphorus transport over multiple years.
Hongbin Yu, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Maryland who works at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, led the new study. Yu and colleagues have previously reported the first multi-year satellite estimate of overall dust transport from the Sahara to the Amazon. According to their statement:
This trans-continental journey of dust is important because of what is in the dust, Yu said. Specifically the dust picked up from the Bodélé Depression in Chad, an ancient lake bed where rock minerals composed of dead microorganisms are loaded with phosphorus. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant proteins and growth, which the Amazon rainforest depends on in order to flourish.
Nutrients – the same ones found in commercial fertilizers – are in short supply in Amazonian soils. Instead they are locked up in the plants themselves. Fallen, decomposing leaves and organic matter provide the majority of nutrients, which are rapidly absorbed by plants and trees after entering the soil. But some nutrients, including phosphorus, are washed away by rainfall into streams and rivers, draining from the Amazon basin like a slowly leaking bathtub.
The phosphorus that reaches Amazon soils from Saharan dust, an estimated 22,000 tons (24,250 U.S. tons) per year, is about the same amount as that lost from rain and flooding, Yu said.
The NASA video below has more, but before you watch it, let’s just take a moment to wonder at our perfect Earth.
Bottom line: A new study by Hongbin Yu of University of Maryland and Goddard Space Flight Center shows that phosphorus carried in Saharan dust to the Amazon rainforest each year turns out to be just enough to replace that lost from the rainforest due to rain and flooding.
Deborah Byrd created the EarthSky radio series in 1991 and EarthSky.org in 1994. Today, she serves as Editor-in-Chief of this website. She has won a galaxy of awards from the broadcasting and science communities, including having an asteroid named 3505 Byrd in her honor. A science communicator and educator since 1976, Byrd believes in science as a force for good in the world and a vital tool for the 21st century. "Being an EarthSky editor is like hosting a big global party for cool nature-lovers," she says. | <urn:uuid:ee711d0e-832c-4d23-8bd0-726bb6068837> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://earthsky.org/earth/saharan-dust-feeds-amazon-rainforest-perfectly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944034 | 709 | 4 | 4 |
This enhanced image from the far-ultraviolet detector on NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer shows a ghostly shell of ionized gas around Z Camelopardalis, a binary, or double-star system featuring a collapsed, dead star known as a white dwarf, and a companion star.
The image was processed to enhance the diffuse emissions from the shell. Z Cam is the bright object near the center of the image. Parts of the shell are seen as a lobe-like, light-blue feature below and to the right of Z Cam, and as two large, light blue, perpendicular lines on the left.
The massive shell around Z Cam provides evidence of material ejected during and swept up by a powerful nova eruption, called a classical nova, which likely occurred a few thousand years ago.
In exploding binary systems, one of the two stars steals material from the other until it builds up to a certain level; at that point, the system erupts in a giant inferno. In the case of Z Cam, the white dwarf is pilfering material from its sedate companion.
There are two classes of exploding binary star systems, or cataclysmic variables: recurrent dwarf novae, which erupt in small, "hiccup-like" blasts episodically, and classical novae, which undergo huge explosions thousands of times more powerful than dwarf novae.
Z Cam was the one of the first known recurrent dwarf novae. Yet the shell of ionized gas around Z Cam detected by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer can only be explained as the remnant of a full-blown classical nova explosion. The discovery of the shell provides the first evidence that some binary systems undergo both types of explosions. Previously, a link between the two types of novae had been predicted, but there was no evidence to support the theory.
The Galaxy Evolution Explorer first began imaging Z Cam in 2003; this image was taken on Jan. 25, 2004. The type of emission found around Z Cam is most easily visible at far-ultraviolet wavelengths.
Most of the background galaxies and stars have been eliminated by the image processing, although a few linger as white spots near the top. The light-blue streaky clump in the bottom right corner is created by ultraviolet light reflected by dust. It is uncertain if Z Cam is the source of the dust-scattered light. | <urn:uuid:e6a4400f-a8dd-4115-906e-1d3827d2aa38> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09219 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94705 | 479 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The March, 1902 flood was the greatest known on the Duck River at Shelbyville. It reached an elevation of 737.4 above sea level at the dam, where flood stage is 719 feet. A description in the April 3, 1902, Shelbyville Gazette stated that "In the course of time Shelbyville and Bedford County have suffered from heavy freshnets, but within the memory of our oldest inhabitants none of them equaled in magnitude or extent of damage done the one we had last week."
"It began to rain here heavily on Thursday night and on Friday we had a downpour all day long. It did not fall in drops but in great sheets. As a consequence, Duck River rose rapidly all day and soon after dark on Friday it was far beyond its banks on either side, and its backwater soon covered all the residence section known as the ''Big Spring" part of town. It entered residence after residence, and homes never before reached by water were soon submerged, many of them up to the second story. Taken suddenly and by surprise, as it were, many families were rescued by boats. Some houses were washed entirely away and others were twisted on their foundations. The high water extended east of the Murfreesboro Pike and entered residences considered hitherto beyond all high water marks. Hence many residences fronting on the pike and streets west of it were much damaged, and families put to great inconvenience. To mention each house would require more space than we can spare, but we are assured that there are as many as 116 of them. But all of them were in the limit of the town. The pencil factory with all of its machinery and a large amount of pencil timber, was swept away. The fine steel bridge across Duck River at this place was swept away on Friday night. Many of the streets were covered with water deep enough to float the largest steamboat, and especially was this so with the streets leading to and from the western part of town. The trains ran only to Wartrace; there were no malls, no telegraph communications, and the only communication was an imperfect one by telephone.
"The Shelbyville Cotton Mills, on the river one mile below town, were heavily damaged and several of the residences occupied by the operatives of the factory were swept away and the people lost heavily ln the way of goods, clothing and furniture.
"The crest of the flood occurred at 4:00 a.m. on March 29. The damages were estimated at a loss of $150,000 in Shelbyville and $200,000 in the county. All but one of the steel bridges erected by the county were washed away." | <urn:uuid:bb52e20b-dc31-4bb1-bd90-fdca22ad2c85> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ohx/?n=1902flood | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988958 | 535 | 2.96875 | 3 |
English to English
1. witty language used to convey insults or scorn
he used sarcasm to upset his opponent|irony is wasted on the stupid|Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody's face but their own
2. A composition, generally poetical, holding up vice or folly to reprobation; a keen or severe exposure of what in public or private morals deserves rebuke; an invective poem; as, the Satires of Juvenal.
Indonesian to Indonesian
3. 1 Sas gaya bahasa yg dipakai dl kesusastraan untuk menyatakan sindiran thd suatu keadaan atau seseorang; 2 sindiran atau ejekan | <urn:uuid:82acf427-d8a3-494d-825c-c1d6ce6debd5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.artikata.com/arti-159812-satire.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.65565 | 167 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Water Flow Gauge
Measuring the consumption of a resource that has units by volume can be more tricky than it sounds. Use of resources such as water, gas, and even electricity is typically measured by gauges that determine either instantaneous flow rate or cumulative volume over time. Both techniques have problems: measuring flow rate at frequent intervals allows you to do time-based reporting and generate a graph of how the flow rate varied over time, but to determine the total consumption by volume across a specific time period you then have to integrate the data and there is the danger of under-reporting usage if your sample rate is slow and usage rapidly fluctuates or spikes. Measuring cumulative volume makes it easy to determine total consumption across a period and is accurate in terms of total usage but to generate a flow rate graph you then need to calculate the difference between each sample, and if your recording interval isn't brief enough any short-term spikes in usage will be averaged out across the recording interval and may not show clearly on the graph.
Flow gauges typically output a series of pulses proportional to the instantaneous flow rate which means that to interpret them it's necessary to implement a simple frequency counter. This is actually the same way many car speedometers work: a wheel sensor outputs a pulse for each rotation of a wheel which means the pulse frequency varies proportionally to the vehicle speed. The speedo then displays a scaled version of the current pulse frequency to show instantaneous speed while the odometer displays a scaled cumulative pulse count to show distance traveled - both pieces of information are based on the same underlying data but they are recorded and displayed in different ways.
The example program calculates and displays current flow rate, and also maintains two cumulative counters of the volume that has flowed through the sensor. Two pushbuttons allow you to reset the counters independently so you can leave one counter running as a long-term accumulator and reset the other one occasionally prior to measure short-term events, such as the water consumed by filling a bath, running an irrigation system, or running a washing machine.
Water Flow Gauge Schematic
View as JPG: water-flow-gauge-schematic.jpg
View as PDF: water-flow-gauge-schematic.pdf
View as SCH: water-flow-gauge-schematic.sch
Flow gauge data sheet (ZD1200, 1.5 - 25l / min) jaycar.com.au/products_uploaded/ZD1200.pdf
Flow gauge data sheet (ZD1202, 0.8 - 8l / min) jaycar.com.au/products_uploaded/ZD1202.pdf
No corrections reported yet for this project. If you find one please let us know.
Have you built this project or something inspired by it? Please let us know and we'll put a picture of it here!
Steve Gough of Little River Research & Design has used the flow gauge project in a high-tech river system simulator. | <urn:uuid:0f39b0e8-3899-4648-ad87-2f75f57998d6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.practicalarduino.com/projects/water-flow-gauge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931496 | 617 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Social engineering is the art of manipulating people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. While similar to a confidence trick or simple fraud, the term typically applies to trickery for information gathering or computer system access and in most cases the attacker never comes face-to-face with the victim.
I have been trying to do do a phishing attack on my own but my modem is a SMARTRG modem.,model:SR 100g and i can't seem to input the right settings. Anyone know how to config it so it works on a WAN and not just LAN ? Settings are different in this router and I'm new to this so can someone help me out please.
- New User
- Posts: 25
- Joined: Sun Feb 24, 2013 6:52 pm
- Blog: View Blog (0)
Return to Social Engineering
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 0 guests | <urn:uuid:9dac8a53-6b08-44df-8f5f-2440bb0c95d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hackthissite.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=116&p=75419 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909384 | 186 | 2.5625 | 3 |
reCAPTCHA is a free CAPTCHA service that helps to digitize books, newspapers and old time radio shows. Check out our paper in Science about it (or read more below).
A CAPTCHA is a program that can tell whether its user is a human or a computer. You’ve probably seen them — colorful images with distorted text at the bottom of Web registration forms. CAPTCHAs are used by many websites to prevent abuse from “bots,” or automated programs usually written to generate spam. No computer program can read distorted text as well as humans can, so bots cannot navigate sites protected by CAPTCHAs.
About 200 million CAPTCHAs are solved by humans around the world every day. In each case, roughly ten seconds of human time are being spent. Individually, that’s not a lot of time, but in aggregate these little puzzles consume more than 150,000 hours of work each day. What if we could make positive use of this human effort? reCAPTCHA does exactly that by channeling the effort spent solving CAPTCHAs online into “reading” books.
To archive human knowledge and to make information more accessible to the world, multiple projects are currently digitizing physical books that were written before the computer age. The book pages are being photographically scanned, and then transformed into text using “Optical Character Recognition” (OCR). The transformation into text is useful because scanning a book produces images, which are difficult to store on small devices, expensive to download, and cannot be searched. The problem is that OCR is not perfect.
reCAPTCHA has the highest security standards. Many other implementations of CAPTCHAs use undistorted text, or text with only minor distortions. These implementations are vulnerable to simple automated attacks. Others, such as MAPTCHA, consist of asking text-based arithmetic questions like “what is 1+1”. These can be trivially broken by an attacker.
To protect your site, reCAPTCHA uses two layers of security when generating images. It starts with images that can’t be read by computers, and then distorts them even more:
reCAPTCHA is a Web service. That means that all the images are generated and graded by our servers. In addition to the convenience that this provides (you don’t have to run costly image generation scripts on your own servers), this also provides an extra level of protection: our CAPTCHAs can be automatically updated whenever a security vulnerability is found. For example, if somebody writes a program that can read our distorted images, we can add more distortions in very little time, and without Web masters having to change anything on their side. This is significantly more secure (and convenient) than having to re-install a CAPTCHA every time a vulnerability is found.
IP Address Detection
Our service also includes IP address filtering and detection. If we determine that a given IP address is successfully solving too many CAPTCHAs in a certain period of time, the address is immediately flagged for review. In addition, by providing CAPTCHA services to many customers we obtain a global view of spamming attacks, allowing us to react quickly to security threats.
Anybody who complains more than average will have a great deal of negative thoughts in their heads. Often, they voice these negative thoughts, and are seen as moaners and complainers. Here’s how to stop yourself being seen in such a negative light.
Thinking negatively can be addictive – just as addictive as nicotine, caffeine or junk food. Once you start, it’s difficult to stop, but not impossible.
Here are two methods you can use to stop yourself from complaining so much:
If there’s anything in your life which makes you complain or moan, take charge and stop it from happening.
Control your negative thoughts so you don’t feel the need to voice them.
It takes hard work to stop being negative – you’ll need to work hard, and be patient if you’re to improve.
Try the following to help you stop complaining and thinking negatively.
Make up your mind that you’re going to change for the better and that you will reduce the amount of negative thinking that you do. Negative thinking does nothing for you except make you and those around you feel bad.
You may still feel negative from time to time, but learn to recognize the feelings you have when a negative thought appears, and stop yourself before you let it go any further. If you don’t stop yourself as soon as you feel it, then your old habits may kick in, and you’ll end up complaining again.
Find a solution. Every problem has a solution. If you look around you and think that your living room looks bad, instead of complaining about how bad your living room is, find some ways to make your living room look better. Once you’ve solved your problem, you’ve got nothing left to feel negative about.
Now I know this is easier said than done, but once you start to focus on solutions and not problems, your mind will switch to a whole new way of thinking, and you’ll develop a much more positive attitude.
Accept responsibility for your life.
This is difficult, as nobody wants to believe that the bad things that happen to them are their own fault – it must be somebody else’s fault – right? However, you can turn your thinking around and look on it as a challenge – you created it, so you can solve it. If you just go on blaming other people, you’ll never solve your own problems.
Getting rid of negativity, like all addictive behaviors, can take a great deal of work, but by learning to control your feelings, you’ll find your life will improve immensely.
Recently I attended Reiki workshop organised by Reiki healing foundation. . I did my First and Second Level Reiki class in May and 3rd level in August. I also learned Dowsing and crystal ball gazing. I want to share my experience
In May 2012 I have attended 2 days workshop which covered Reiki first and level workshop.
In that great workshop I learned following
Self Reiki healing
Reiki healing to others which include distance healing, Reiki healing to living and non living
Aura Cleaning and Aura feeling
Mind Power which include Telepathy, intuition etc
After that workshop I attended workshop on dowsing where I learned various technique of Dowsing.
In August I attended workshop for Reiki 3rd level. In 3rd level I leaned more powerful healing technique of healing, kinesiology, psychic surgery and meditation.
I started giving Reiki to person around me and found a great response of healing. As I forgot while cleaning process I may suffer some issue. While 21 days self heeling session I found that I have problem of pilonidal cyst. That’s give me a very painful experience. All night I am not able to sleep, sit and walk. Smell of that abscess was very bad.
Lots of friend suggests me to go to doctor take pain killer and antibiotics but I have not given up, I keep giving Reiki to myself and meditate. Doing meditation is so difficult, as I am not able to concentrate due to pain.
By using natural remedies and help of other Reiki channels I cured my pilonidal cyst within 10 days.
After that I have heeled lots of successful case, all who believed in Reiki got healed properly.
I have given a short experience. I will suggest all readers to learn Reiki and change your life and others life around you. From June 2012 not a single medicine I bought for me of any of my family members.
My life is totally transformed due to meditation and Reiki.
It was in 1996 that Steve Jobs was reinstated as the CEO of Apple which was on the brink of bankruptcy. The rest as they say is history. The man not only saved the company from bankruptcy but ensured that it is counted amongst the top 10 best companies around the world. What’s even fascinating to note in the saga of Steve Jobs is that brand Steve Jobs was stronger than brand Apple.
In fact, after his sad demise recently, many were seen talking in hushed tones about the fate of Apple now. Would the company be able to sustain itself or would it again crash in the absence of its captain. That’s the power of personal branding. Whether you are the CEO of a company or an employee in a large organization, if you have a powerful personal brand, it adds immense value to the business you are in.
In the globalized world of today, where almost everything is on the internet, personal branding is both an easy as well as difficult task. It easy because you have plenty of avenues to project yourself as an expert in your field; it is difficult because you can easily be found out there and even slightest of mistakes can ruin the brand called You. Talking of avenues online, here are some important mediums which can make or break your personal brand in this fiercely competitive world.
Importance of Facebook Branding
FaceBook is the new internet, quite literally. With 800 million users and growing, almost everybody with an internet connection is one FaceBook today. Recently, FaceBook has also launched the subscribe feature which lets users subscribe to interesting pages and people without being friends. That means if you are the CEO of a company or at the helm of things, people will definitely check out your page on FaceBook.
It is the leader of an organization which determines the value of brand in the eyes of the customers. Thus, you need to make sure that your FaceBook page projects a positive personal image.
Even if you are not the leader of an organization, your FaceBook page matters a lot. Recent study has suggested that social media is influencing the way HR personnel are hiring the world over. Here are some complete no-no’s when it comes to FaceBook as a medium for your personal branding:
Keep the pics from that wild night out last night out personal. Make sure only your closest friends get to see such pics. You can always tweak the settings in your FaceBook account.
Make meaningful updates. In order to come across as a serious individual, don’t just update your status for the heck of it. Keep it interesting and if possible, related to your skills and expertise. For example, if you are a copywriter, you can always post new slogans that you coin every now and then. If you are a techie, posting links to interesting bits of news in the world of technology is a good idea.
Let the world know about important happenings. It is important to use FaceBook about important happenings in your professional life. It could be success in a project or simply thinking about new ideas to grow your business.
Importance of personal website
While FaceBook is about connecting with the world out there, a personal website is about blowing your own trumpet. A personal website not only ensures that people have a chance to know the real you, it also means better visibility on search engines. Unless you are a Steve Jobs whose life has been an open book, you do need good visibility to create a buzz around your personal brand. A personal website can help you do that.
Importance of Twitter
If you thought people only follow celebs on Twitter, you are wrong. Ever since twitter came on the horizon, the task of discovering new things has become that much easier for people. Twitter users follow all kinds of interesting people- bloggers, experts in various fields and even the sarcastically humorous ones out there. Twitter is the perfect example of what viral marketing is. If you have interesting enough content to share, you can quickly become popular on Twitter Sphere. And if you commit an embarrassing mistake, you can still become popular on Twitter, albeit the wrong way. Need I say more about the importance of Twitter for personal branding?
Twitter also holds fantastic importance for top business honchos out there. People love to know about brands they are part of. Twitter gives CEOs the opportunity to engage their consumers directly and ensure good branding for their organization. A perfect example of the above is the CEO of Mahindra and Mahindra Anand Mahindra. He makes it a point to answer his followers’ questions and keep them updated about the latest happenings. It definitely has had a positive impact on the branding of Mahindra and Mahindra.
Importance of LinkedIn
LinkedIn is social media for the professional world. Whether you are a freelancer, an executive or a top honcho, trust your business associates, partners and colleagues to glance at your LinkedIn profile at some point or the other. To use LinkedIn as an effective tool for personal branding, make sure you have spent enough time to make a professional looking profile on the site.
Highlight your strengths and make sure your LinkedIn profile is search engine optimized too. And avoid a very common mistake people commit with their LinkedIn profiles- linking it with their Twitter account and tweeting all kinds of stuff.
If you have linked your LinkedIn profile with twitter, make sure you tweet only important stuff which projects a positive image for yourself. If you use Twitter for personal interactions, linking your Twitter account with your LinkedIn profile is never a good idea. It can corrode your personal brand quicker than you think.
Importance of YouTube
Videos are one of the best mediums for viral marketing. The recent online rage Kolavei Di vindicates that point. If you really want your personal brand to go viral, there is no better platform than You Tube. People love to follow YouTube channels that are informative or those with interesting content. As an individual, you can tap the potential of You Tube to give your personal brand the extra mileage.
Importance of Personalized e-mails
Almost everyone either has a Yahoo account or a Gmail account these days. Branding, whether personal or otherwise, is about standing out from the rest out there. If you want to come across as a dedicated individual who has the required professionalism, a personalized e-mail address can leave that impact. Getting a personalized e-mail address is easy with Google Apps and it is available for free. A personalized e-mail address ensures you have a unique e-mail address and thus, a high recall value.
Pankaj Pandey’s expertise as an online marketing consultant and his prowess in custom website development has helped him reach the pinnacle of success, helping various web based businesses achieve success along the way.
New Delhi, Dec 6: Telecom minister Kapil sibal asked The social websites like Google and Facebook, to ensure that uploading of derogatory material is stopped. This was the outcome as a controversy raged over monitoring offensive content on internet platforms.
Maintaining that the government does not want to interfere with the press, he said if the social networking sites are not willing to cooperate with the government on stopping incendiary material “then it is the duty of the government to think of steps that we need.” “This government does not believe in sensation and does not believe either directly or indirectly interefering in the freedom of the press. We have demonstrated that time and again,” he said.
Sibal cited an example of a religious place that turned out to be a pornographic site, and told them such content played with religious sentiments, the sources said.
A number of retweets and comments on Twitter came pouring in on the demand made by him saying “Kapil Sibal is an Idiot”.
Kafila.org has started a campaign asking people to write ‘Kapil Sibal’ is an idiot’ on their Facebook status message, to use the hashtag #IdiotKapilSibal on Twitter and write a blog post with titles censorship, Internet censorship in India, Kapil Sibal and It is so common to hear people going on and on and on about how somebody famous and/or powerful is a complete idiot for doing something. They don’t understand how someone can be so totally bone-headed.
If you find yourself ever thinking like this (and I think this happens to all of us once in a while), stop and consider this question:
If that guy is such an idiot, and you can clearly see his faults, how come you are poor and unknown and that person is rich and famous?
Take, for example, the case of Kapil Sibal asking Google, Facebook, and co. to actively screen and filter all content before it is uploaded on their sites. Yes, on the face of it, it does seem rather an idiotic thing to say. However, my dear reader, I am willing to bet that Kapil Sibal is much smarter than you and me combined. He is a lawyer, he was the Solicitor-General of India, he had cleared the IAS exam (which is ridiculously difficult), and he has beaten Kyuki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thiin an election. So the best you and I can say is that we don’t really understand why Kapil Sibal is making such statements. There could be any number of reasons that you’ll never know. Maybe this is a move designed to win over rural voters. Maybe this is just a public stunt to soften up Google, Facebook for a backroom deal later on at terms very favorable to the Congress party. Maybe this is a way to make sure that Google, Facebook are very co-operative and pliable when police (or other government bodies) approach them with requests for private data.
I am amazed how fast this technology is moving. lots of technology and product there most of people thought its impossible.
Lets explore some of recent innovations and fact.
1 – Gmail Motion : A new way to communicate
The mouse and keyboard were invented before the Internet even existed. Since then, countless technological advancements have allowed for much more efficient human computer interaction. Why then do we continue to use outdated technology? Introducing Gmail Motion — now you can control Gmail with your body.
Google’s quality team is looking for talented, motivated, opinionated technologists to help us predict what users are looking for. If you’re eager to improve the search experience for millions of people and have a proven track record of excellence, this is a project for you!
3 – A better web through faster fingers: Get ready to Chromercise!
Want to increase your hands’ STRENGTH and DEXTERITY while browsing the web FASTER and fitting into sleeker, SEXIER gloves?Chromercise is the finger fitness program you’ve been drumming the table for. BUILD muscle tone and flexibility! ELIMINATE unsightlyupper-finger flab! Surf the Net like a speed-typing master! Put the world in your hands—GET CHROMERCISED!
“Finally, somebody got it right…Chromercise elevates the emerging field of finger aerobics to extreme new heights…drawing equally from hard science and hard-rockin’ jams, it’s more than a daily workout—it’s a wrist-to-tip lifestyle transformation rooted as much in its adherents’ hearts and souls as their muscles and tendons. Are you Chromercised? Shouldn’t we all be, really?” — Digits Magazine, Page 27
4- LinkedIn – Connect with People you May know
I find a must have connection at people you may know. Please try yourself.
Looking for more innovations. please submit if you found any. I will update this post with more April fool Innovation. So keep Checking and commenting
I am a Web Consultent with more than 10 years of experience of working in leading Design and Software Teams. I have a proven and successful track record in website design, including concept development, SEO/SEM, designing, and coding. I have experience in UI architecture using latest web development technologies. Currently working on full stack TDD UI development using Angular, Mongo, Express, Node and MySQL. strong command on open source technology like Magento, Wordpress etc. | <urn:uuid:83509b0d-f9f6-4c5f-9cb3-3aa3437b3600> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pankajpandey.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954852 | 4,180 | 3.828125 | 4 |
I was writing an article on the beginnings of the crossword earlier today and looked at the contents of the world's first-ever crossword, published in the New York World in 1913 (you can see it here, where you can click on a link at the bottom of the page to see the answers). Most of the words in it appear regularly in today's crosswords, but there are four that don't: nard, neif, sere and tane.
Nard is an aromatic plant, as the clue says, and is a word that has been in use in English since almost the beginnings of the language. Sere means a talon, but the OED describes this word as obsolete. Neif and tane are dialect words and are not in the OED under that form, although the words do appear on the relevant pages. Neif means a fist, as the crossword correctly says, but the OED has it as a variation of nieve, which it describes as chiefly Scottish, Irish or northern English. Tane is under the 'tone' headword where 'tone' is a pronoun, described as Scottish or northern English. It is usually prefaced by 'the' and the OED says that 'the tane' is still in common use in some dialects today to mean 'the one'. These words must have proved quite difficult for New York solvers to crack when they did the puzzle!
I don't know the terms 'the tane', 't'ane' or 't'one' but I do know 't'other' with which these expressions are often paired. T'other, which can also be spelt tother without the apostrophe, is reasonably common, especially in Yorkshire and the north-east of England. It's in the sixth paragraph of this obituary from today's Northern Echo, which covers North Yorkshire, Darlington, Middlesbrough and Durham. It also appears in the first line of this recent article from an American site. T'other and tother appear in shorter dictionaries. Chambers and the Oxford Dictionary of English label the words 'humorous or dialect' while Collins has 'archaic or dialect'. | <urn:uuid:2d3d3765-0e45-4fbf-a8b2-e03f4cae99d1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://virtuallinguist.typepad.com/the_virtual_linguist/2010/10/words-in-the-first-ever-crossword.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969464 | 448 | 2.578125 | 3 |
We're often fed news about superfoods and superherbs -- and
it's tempting to want to believe everything we're told. Some
superfood claims are backed by scientific studies, while other
enticing claims turn certain foods into fads, though the foods
have few proven benefits. We looked at the studies of 10 pantry
picks and give you the real goods about their disease-fighting
Rhubarb is frequently regarded as a fruit (based on how we
eat it), but botanically it is a vegetable belonging to the
same family as sorrel and buckwheat. Championed for its phytochemical
lindleyin, this nutritional all-star makes the cut for its
potential role in relieving hot flashes in perimenopausal
women. How the plant cools hot flashes is not exactly clear.
Researchers have identified an extract in the root that may
have estrogen-like properties. Need another reason to eat
rhubarb? The plant is rich in potassium, vitamin C and dietary
Dietary uses: Canadian-grown rhubarb is available
from February to July in most grocery stores but is most flavourful
in the spring. Rhubarb is commonly eaten cooked in jams or
spreads; baked in pies, cakes and muffins; and used
in sorbet, ice cream and punch. Further studies are needed
to determine the safety of medicinal amounts of the extract
-- in concentrated pill form it may cause stomach cramps and
mineral and electrolyte imbalances. Rhubarb root should not
be consumed by children, or women who are pregnant or lactating.
2. Pumpkin seeds
This versatile seed, also known as pepitas, has long been
treasured by American aboriginal peoples for its dietary and
medicinal properties. Now these seeds are receiving the superfood
attention they deserve. Of all the nuts and seeds typically
consumed as snacks, pumpkin seeds are among the leaders of
phytosterols -- a naturally occurring compound with an established
reputation for cholesterol-lowering properties. Phytosterols
are also being studied for their potential role in prostate
health. Each 1/4 cup (50 millilitre) serving of the seed provides
a healthy dose of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and is a
good source of minerals, including phosphorus, magnesium,
zinc and iron, making it one of the most nutritious and flavourful
Dietary uses: Pumpkin seeds are available year-round
from grocery stores but are freshest in the fall when pumpkins
are in season. They make a good snack, either on their own
or mixed with walnuts, almonds, peanuts and dried fruit. High
in fibre, they lend crunch and nutty flavour to salads,
vegetables, pasta dishes, sauces and casseroles. But watch
your portion size; one cup (250 milliltres) packs 750 calories.
3. Goji berries
Hailed as the newest superfood, goji, a Himalayan berry, has
inspired a surge of interest for its use in treating diabetes,
hypertension, malaria, fever, cancer and other ailments. Gram
for gram, goji berries pack more vitamin C than some oranges
and more beta-carotene than carrots. Unfortunately, though,
there isn't enough evidence yet to confirm the health claims,
since we only have testimonials and animal studies to go by.
And goji berries and goji juice are costly.
Dietary uses: Goji berries are similar in taste to
raisins but more tart. They can be eaten raw or cooked and
are a tasty addition to tea, soup and hot cereal.
Valued in ancient times as currency and once considered more
precious than gold, cinnamon -- one of the world's oldest
known spices -- has made the pilgrimage from spice rack to
science lab. Preliminary studies are investigating its role
in lowering blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes, most
likely due to the insulin-like effects of its polyphenols
(natural substances found in plants). It's still too early
to know if cinnamon can help curb blood sugars, but with studies
suggesting its effects can be seen with a daily dose of just
half a teaspoon (two millilitres), it's worth keeping this
spice in mind when reaching into the spice cabinet.
Dietary uses: Cinnamon (the inner bark of the tropical
cinnamon tree) comes in the form of sticks and powder. Sprinkle
it on toast, add it to oatmeal or use it on desserts. Make
cinnamon tea by pouring one to two cups (250 to 500 millilitres)
of boiling water over one- to 1-1/2-inch sticks; steep for
10 minutes. Caution: Ingesting four tablespoons (60 mL) of
cinnamon oil has been linked to serious side-effects.
Regarded as a sacred food by the Incas, quinoa (pronounced
keen-wah) provides a wide range of vitamins and minerals.
This supergrain seed contains more protein than most cereal
grains (22 grams per one cup/250 millilitres uncooked quinoa)
and is considered a complete protein because it contains all
eight of the essential amino acids we need for tissue development.
Quinoa is higher in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium,
iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, and lower in sodium compared
with wheat, barley and corn. This gluten-free grain also receives
an honourable mention for being low in saturated fat (one
gram of fat per one cup/250 millilitres uncooked quinoa).
Dietary uses: Quinoa can be substituted for most hot
cereals and is a good replacement for rice. Cook it like porridge,
include it in casseroles or stews, or add it (steamed, toasted
or baked) to soups, salads or desserts. You can also use ground
quinoa in breads, cookies, puddings, muffins and pasta. It's
available in most grocery and health food stores.
Traditionally, psyllium is renowned as a laxative, since it
absorbs water and swells as it moves through the digestive
tract. But this all-star soluble fibre has many health benefits:
lowering LDL, or "bad," cholesterol, helping control diabetes
(it reduces the post-meal rise in blood sugar) and aiding
in controlling appetite and weight (it makes you feel full
longer). Since psyllium is a concentrated source of soluble
fibre (with eight times more soluble fibre than oat bran),
it's easy to eat enough of it during the day to enjoy its
potential health benefits.
Dietary uses: Just 1/3 cup (75 millilitres) of Bran
Buds with Psyllium, available at most grocery stores, provides
12 grams of fibre (almost half of our daily fibre needs).
Caution: Incorporate psyllium and other high-fibre foods into
your diet slowly to avoid abdominal pain and bloating, and
drink plenty of water to avoid constipation.
This vegetable deserves an award thanks to its active ingredient:
fructo-oligosaccharides, a prebiotic that some researchers
have chosen as the hottest in food and nutrition research.
Prebiotics take centre stage for their potential to promote
gut health by encouraging the growth and function of "good
bacteria" that live in our digestive tract.
Emerging research is also revealing an important supporting
role for flavonoids, antioxidants that are abundant in shallots.
Preliminary research is investigating flavonoids for their
preventive role in cancer and heart disease, but further research
is still needed to support these potential benefits.
Dietary uses: Shallots are more subtle in flavour
than their cousins, the onion and garlic, and they do not
cause bad breath. Eat them raw or cooked till tender. Add
shallots to soups, stews, spreads and stir-fries.
8. Milk thistle
Best known as a liver tonic, the power ingredient in milk
thistle is silymarin, which may have protective effects on
the liver, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Differences in research design -- variations in the type and
extent of liver disease, and dose and duration of milk-thistle
therapy -- make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions
on the effectiveness of this herb.
Dietary uses: Milk thistle is available at drugstores
and health food stores; take as directed.
Curcumin -- the active ingredient of the Indian curry spice
turmeric -- may ease aches and inflammation. In Ayurveda (the
traditional medicine of India), this herb has been used for
thousands of years to treat arthritis and other ailments.
Some research suggests that turmeric may help relieve some
symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis; however, the evidence to
date, while encouraging, is still far from conclusive.
Dietary uses: Turmeric is sometimes substituted for
saffron. Use in Indian curries or dishes such as chicken tangine
and chicken tandoori.
10. Borage oil
Borage oil, which is produced from the borage seed, has made
the nutritional spotlight for its high content of gamma-linolenic
acid -- an omega-6 essential fatty acid with anti-inflammatory
properties. Evidence suggests that specialty formulas that
contain borage oil may reduce inflammation of the lung in
critically ill, hospitalized patients with respiratory distress.
Dietary uses: Borage oil is a component of Oxepa --
a specialty formula used in the critical-care unit to reduce
lung inflammation. In concentrated (oil) form, borage can
cause liver toxicity; pregnant women and nursing mothers should
avoid using borage oil. The medicinal plant can be eaten raw
or cooked. Use fresh borage leaves to add flavour to cream
cheese and vinaigrettes. | <urn:uuid:84b90d5b-f5d2-4f24-8514-9f7b36338de9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://preventdisease.com/news/articles/100307_superfoods.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911694 | 2,159 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In 1953, within two years of working together, they cracked that code,which turned out to be written in DNA's graceful spiraling structure. (Less than a half-century later, the Human Genome Project - an international effort that Watson himself shaped as its early chairman in the mid-1980s - last week announced that it had completed a massive reading of the genetic code as it applies to human beings.)
"It's a marvelous story about timing and circumstance, chance and ability coming together," said Gregory Petsko, a biologist at Brandeis University whose work involves discovering the structures of other biological molecules.
Watson and Crick have been honored over and over for their discovery, most notably with the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Tomorrow, Philadelphia's highest award will be added to their collection.
Mayor Street will present a Liberty Medal to Watson at 10 a.m. tomorrow in front of Independence Hall. Watson has asked that the $100,000 prize be divided between the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., and Clare College in Cambridge, England, where he studied. Crick, who has not left Southern California in years, will deliver brief remarks on audiotape.
Before Watson and Crick looked into it, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was thought of as just formless gunk within a cell. They revealed it to be a collection of long, threadlike strands of a double helix - a twisted ladder carrying the four-letter genetic alphabet on its rungs.
The finding changed the world in dozens of ways. It clinched Darwin's theory of evolution by showing the relationship between all living things, revolutionized forensics, showed for the first time how cancer worked, started an industry known as biotechnology, and banished old notions of race by showing that all humans sprang from a recent common origin in Africa.
"It set the tone for the research in the rest of biology from that time until last week, when they announced the end of the Human Genome Project," said Norton Zinder, a Rockefeller University biologist who chaired the international gene-mapping effort and knew Watson and Crick at the time of their original finding.
"These were two guys who didn't really know what to do with themselves - they really didn't work too hard," Zinder said.
The American Watson, by his own written account, had gone to England on a fellowship to do other kinds of biology, and the Briton Crick was supposed to study proteins, not DNA, to secure his doctorate. Unlike the stereotypical scientists slaving away till dawn in basement laboratories, both Watson and Crick enjoyed endless dinner parties and otherwise lived a rich social life in Cambridge, according to Watson's 1968 memoir, The Double Helix.
But they never stopped thinking and talking about DNA. It was Watson's belief in DNA that took him to Cavendish Laboratory in 1951. There he met Crick, who, to his delight, shared his belief that DNA held the genetic code, and that it could be cracked.
They bonded almost immediately. The two men developed a sort of "intellectual crush on each other," historian Horace Freeland Judson writes in his book about the discovery, The Eighth Day of Creation.
At that time, genes were just a hazy concept. People talked of them as objects that passed traits from parents to offspring, but no one knew where they were located, what they were made of, or how they performed this feat.
It was clear that genes somehow translated their code into the construction of living tissue - telling a fertilized egg how to turn into a full-fledged organism. To do this, genes had to be very good at making copies of themselves so they could be passed from parent to offspring, and copied throughout the cells of the body.
Early 20th-century biologists realized the genes must be carried by some microscopic entities inside individual cells, and they correctly zeroed in on structures called chromosomes. Chemical analysis showed these chromosomes were made of protein and two other substances - RNA and DNA. Most people thought the protein was the important part, not the DNA.
But then a group of scientists at Rockefeller University in New York performed an early version of genetic engineering, moving DNA from one bacteria to another. The researchers used two kinds of bacteria, a smooth-looking one and a wrinkly one. When they swapped DNA, they found they could make smooth bacteria reproduce as wrinkly and the wrinkly ones, smooth.
Still, only a handful of scientists made the leap to the importance of DNA or thought it was possible to understand how it worked. The main exception was Linus Pauling, considered the world's greatest chemist and a man whom the young Watson and Crick admired, imitated and feared.
Watson was sure that Pauling, 6,000 miles away at the California Institute of Technology, was hot on the DNA trail.
The only way to beat Pauling, the pair realized, was to use his own method for understanding chemical structures. Pauling had pioneered the use of physical models, resembling Tinker Toys, that he built by figuring out the exact bonding tendencies of the various atoms involved in a large molecule. (Nowadays, such modeling would be done by computer.)
But Watson and Crick had one advantage over Pauling. Crick, with his physics background, had become interested in an analytical technique called X-ray crystallography, in which scientists passed X-rays through materials, creating patterns that reveal keys to the materials' crystalline structure. A few people were beginning to use X-rays to study complicated biological substances.
X-ray crystallography wasn't something a scientist could just pick up, however. It took years of training to learn to do it right. Recognizing this, Crick struck up a collaboration with a laboratory in nearby London, where two other scientists, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, were beginning to use the technique on DNA.
Combining X-ray crystallography and modeling, Watson and Crick still found the structure a puzzle. The easy thing was figuring out that DNA had a repetitive part, which they called the backbone, and a more irregular part - four chemicals called bases that might be carriers of a four-character code.
The hard thing was determining how they went together. The scientists thought the structure probably coiled into a "helix," as other large biological molecules tend to do. But they constructed their model of DNA as a triple helix, with the uniform backbone in the middle and the coding bases - dubbed A,C,T, and G - on the outsides.
They recognized that this structure wasn't quite right, but not so Pauling, who got his version of an erroneous triple helix published in the scientific journal Nature.
Meanwhile, Franklin, one of the X-ray crystallography experts with whom Watson and Crick had been working, had perfected her technique. One of her pictures showed that the backbone had to be on the outside, with the coding bases in the middle.
That, combined with clues from chemists about the bonding properties of the bases, quickly led them to the correct structure - the double helix in which each base pairs up with a counterpart: C (Cytosine) with G (Guanine), and A (Adenine) with T (Thymine).
Once others saw it (and Nature published it), acceptance by the worldwide scientific community was almost immediate. The structure was simple, elegant, and had the ability to do all the things that the previously mystical "genes" seemed to do.
"It looked so good . . . it was too pretty not to be true," Zinder said. "Things after that seemed sort of obvious."
Watson went on to teach at Harvard University before heading the molecular biology program at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island. He directed the Human Genome Project between 1989 and 1992.
Crick continued to piece together the genetic puzzle, helping to show how DNA's cousin, RNA, was used to transfer information to proteins, the building blocks of life. He moved to the Salk Institute in 1977, and in recent years has concentrated on another mysterious arena - the workings of the brain and the poorly understood phenomenon we call consciousness.
Faye Flam's e-mail address is [email protected]
The medal: The Philadelphia Liberty Medal honors "an individual or organization from anywhere in the world that has demonstrated leadership and vision in the pursuit of liberty of conscience or freedom from oppression, ignorance or deprivation." It comes with a $100,000 prize.
Selection: Recipients are chosen by an international commission made up of leaders in government, world affairs, education, culture and business. The medal is administered by Greater Philadelphia First, comprising the chief executives of some of the region's largest companies.
Past winners: Lech Walesa (1989), former President Jimmy Carter (1990), Oscar Arias/Doctors Without Borders (1991), Thurgood Marshall (1992), F.W. de Klerk/Nelson Mandela (1993), Vaclav Havel (1994), Sadako Ogata (1995), King Hussein I/Shimon Peres (1996), CNN International (1997), George J. Mitchell (1998), Kim Dae Jung (1999).
If You Go: Mayor Street will present the medal to James D. Watson (Francis H.C. Crick will send taped remarks) tomorrow at 10 a.m. in front of Independence Hall, Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth Streets. The ceremony will go on rain or shine.
Broadcast: The event will be broadcast live by WPVI-TV (Channel 6) from 10 till around 11:15 a.m. | <urn:uuid:17430b25-db5c-4910-9bf3-ba92605cdc7b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://articles.philly.com/2000-07-03/living/25608997_1_watson-and-crick-genetic-code-james-d-watson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969558 | 2,000 | 2.890625 | 3 |
India’s Most Dangerous Meal: The Poisoned-Lunch Disaster
On July 16, kids gathered for lunch in an Indian school. In a ghastly tragedy, over 90 of them were killed.
On July 16, kids gathered for lunch in an Indian school. In a ghastly tragedy, over 20 of them were killed.
It's one of those peculiar coincidences. On two separate days exactly nine years apart, lunch—we refer to it as the "midday meal" when it's given to kids in school—proved to be fatal to those kids, dozens of times over.
The first, in 2004. While the midday meal was being cooked, a fire broke out in the kitchen attached to a school in Kumbakonam in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. The fire spread rapidly to several classrooms. Its progress was aided no end by this terrifying (but only in retrospect) fact: the classrooms had thatched roofs. The resulting inferno killed more than 90 children.
The second, in 2013. (Two days ago as I write this). The midday meal was cooked and served to the kids at a school near Chapra, in the northern state of Bihar. After they finished eating, dozens began complaining of severe pain in their stomachs. At last count, 23 were dead—including the lady who cooked the meal and her kids—and many more were being treated at various hospitals. Turns out there were remnants of an insecticide on the food; in fact, it looks like it may have actually been cooked in a container used to store insecticide.
What is it about July 16 and midday meals, you may wonder. Answer: nothing, of course. The date is no more than a sad coincidence.
But there are other things worth noting.
In villages across India, schools set aside space to use as a kitchen. I've often seen small semi-permanent structures where food is cooked on a wood-fueled fire. If you look inside, you'll find walls black with soot, smoke to make you cough, and a few women getting lunch ready. Usually, it's just rice and dal. Maybe a vegetable. Maybe chappatis instead of rice. This is typical.
This one utterly basic school-provided meal is an important feature of schools that cater, generally, to poorer children. As you can probably guess, this meal provided to kids at midday is less a nod to nourishment than it is a mechanism to bring these kids to school and keep them there. For millions of Indian parents, a child away at school is still a luxury not easily afforded. So lunch becomes a big reason to send their kids to school. That's one less meal they have to worry about every day.
Is this a commentary of sorts on India? Sure. Still, it remains a calculation both parents and governments make.
And it is probably a typically Indian failing that in putting together that meal, few precautions are taken, few standards observed. Thatched roofs, a fire hazard? Who cares? Pass the veggies, dammit, and get the stove/oven/whatever going! Wash the veggies because they may not be clean, because they may even have traces of poison on them? What a thought! Let's just get this meal cooked, all right? Don't tell me what this vessel was used for, either!
And it is probably one more typically Indian failing that we overlook such laxity. Until the consequences blow up in our faces. Until kids die.
Months after the Kumbakonam tragedy, a far greater one slammed into the Tamil Nadu coast: the tsunami of December 2004. In several trips up and down that coast in the days and months afterward, I found many schools without roofs, their children attending classes out in the open. Yes, the tsunami had destroyed roofs. But many more had been removed by the school authorities themselves. Following the Kumbakonam deaths, the Tamil Nadu government banned thatched roofs, and the schools were now building concrete ones.
Similarly, I expect that this new tragedy in Chapra will result in new regulations about how the midday meal is to be prepared. No doubt the regulations will be followed diligently … for a while. Maybe even a week. Because we Indians know: as these things go, it will soon be business as usual in those kitchens. No time or use for regulations.
We want to keep kids in school, see. That's one of those ordained Good Things That Nations Do. Thus the midday meal. Nice in theory. Not so well-worked out in practice. Sometimes, even dangerous.
And yet, and yet … despite my cynicism, something I saw happening in those same schools after the tsunami does leave me with some twinges of hope.
Along with installing new roofs, one post-tsunami effort I ran across was also building new, better-ventilated kitchens. Fuel for the fires there would come from ...
I'm talking about what's called biogas, produced by treating the septic tanks attached to toilets.
The backstory, circa 2004: Most such schools do not have toilets. When they have to go, boys and girls alike walk out to the nearby fields. When puberty arrives, the girls won't go out to the fields anymore. Therefore, they don't come to school anymore. Simple.
So if you provide toilets, that's a way to keep kids—girls—in school. And the biogas from there is fuel for cooking lunch: another way to keep kids in school.
A thoughtful, innovative response to the fire and the tsunami? No doubt. Can we find just as innovative a way to enforce something as simple as washing vegetables thoroughly—every time? Perhaps so.
After all, I never expected to learn how roofs, toilets, insecticides, kitchens, biogas and puberty are sometimes connected. Maybe there's a route, somewhere in there, towards an end to calamities on July 16. And every day. | <urn:uuid:ce779a40-3d8f-4322-8ef7-3896234ddfc3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/18/india-s-most-dangerous-meal-the-poisoned-lunch-disaster.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977201 | 1,231 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
The Warren Court left an unprecedented legacy of judicial activism in the area of civil rights law as well as in the area of civil liberties—specifically, the rights of the accused as addressed in Amendments 4 through 8. In the period from 1961 to 1969, the Warren Court examined almost every aspect of the criminal justice system in the United States, using the 14th Amendment to extend constitutional protections to all courts in every State. This process became known as the “nationalization” of the Bill of Rights. During those years, cases concerning the right to legal counsel, confessions, searches, and the treatment of juvenile criminals all appeared on the Court's docket.
The Warren Court's revolution in the criminal justice system began with the case of Mapp v. Ohio, the first of several significant cases in which it re-evaluated the role of the 14th Amendment as it applied to State judicial systems.
On May 23, 1957, police officers in a Cleveland, Ohio suburb received information that a suspect in a bombing case, as well as some illegal betting equipment, might be found in the home of Dollree Mapp. Three officers went to the home and asked for permission to enter, but Mapp refused to admit them without a search warrant. Two officers left, and one remained. Three hours later, the two returned with several other officers. Brandishing a piece of paper, they broke in the door. Mapp asked to see the “warrant” and took it from an officer, putting it in her dress. The officers struggled with Mapp and took the piece of paper away from her. They handcuffed her for being “belligerent.”
Police found neither the bombing suspect nor the betting equipment during their search, but they did discover some pornographic material in a suitcase by Mapp's bed. Mapp said that she had loaned the suitcase to a boarder at one time and that the contents were not her property. She was arrested, prosecuted, found guilty, and sentenced for possession of pornographic material. No search warrant was introduced as evidence at her trial.
The question before the Court involved 4th Amendment protection against “unreasonable searches and seizures” and the “nationalization” of the Bill of Rights under the 14th Amendment. Was the search of Mapp's home legal and the evidence admissible under State law and criminal procedure? If the State criminal procedure code did not exclude the evidence as having been illegally gained, did Ohio law fail to provide Mapp her 4th Amendment protection against “unreasonable searches and seizures”? Weeks v. United States, 1914, established the exclusionary rule barring the admission of illegally obtained evidence in federal courts. Should that rule be extended, making evidence gained by an illegal search inadmissible in State courts as well?
For Mapp: The police, who possessed no warrant to search Mapp's property, had acted improperly by doing so. Any incriminating evidence found during the search should, therefore, be thrown out of court and her conviction overturned. If the 4th Amendment did not limit the prerogatives of police on the local and State level, local law enforcement would have a mandate to search wherever, whenever, and whomever they pleased. The exclusionary rule that applied in federal courts should also be applied to State court proceedings.
For the State of Ohio: Even if the search was made without proper authority, the State was not prevented from using the evidence seized because “the Fourteenth Amendment does not forbid the admission of evidence obtained by an unreasonable search and seizure.” In other words, Ohio argued, the 14th Amendment does not guarantee 4th Amendment protections in the State courts. Furthermore, under the 10th Amendment, the States retain their right to operate a separate court system. The Bill of Rights only restricts and limits the actions of the National Government.
In a 6-3 decision, the Court overturned the conviction, and five justices found that the States were bound to exclude evidence seized in violation of the 4th Amendment. In the majority opinion, Justice Tom Clark declared: “We hold that all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution [is] inadmissible in a state court…. Were it otherwise…the assurance against unreasonable…searches and seizures would be [meaningless].”
Clark explained that “Only last year [Elkins v. United States, 1960] the Court…recognized that the purpose of the exclusionary rule 'is to deter—to compel respect for the constitutional guarantee in the only effectively available way—by removing the incentive to disregard it.'” The Court thus ensured that “in either sphere [State or federal]…no man is to be convicted on unconstitutional evidence.” The 4th Amendment sets the standards for searches and seizures by law enforcement officials in the United States, the Court noted, and the 14th Amendment requires judges to uphold those standards in every State.
Evidence gained by an illegal search became inadmissible in State courts as a result of the decision. The 50-year development of the exclusionary rule for illegal evidence, begun in the Weeks case, 1914, and continued in Elkins, 1960, culminated with the decision reached in Mapp, 1961.
The “Mapp Rule” has since been modified by decisions of the Burger Court, including Nix v. Williams, 1984 (inevitable discovery rule), and U.S. v. Leon, 1984 (“good faith” exception), so the exclusionary rule is no longer as absolute as when first handed down in Mapp. Critics of the Warren Court charged that it “had gone too far in interfering with police work.”
Source: ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Used by permission.
Information Please®, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:614bdbc6-689b-4e99-94aa-6471229a1b39> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.infoplease.com/us/supreme-court/cases/ar19.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97145 | 1,219 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Sorry, the book that you are looking for is not available right now.
We did a search for other books with a similar title, and found some results for you that may be helpful.
With the aid of WATTLE, you will be able to identify any species of acacia in Australia. This powerful electronic key enables species to be quickly and accurately named, irrespective of whether specimens are in flower or fruit. WATTLE is also a comprehensive information package, with descriptions and illustrations of the nearly 1200 species, subspecies and variants of acacia in Australia. WATTLE's browser interface enables quick access to the rich stores of information or to the identification component, the latest Web-integrated Lucid Player. Every species has a botanical description, a distribution map and diagnostic drawings, one of which is annotated to highlight the most critical features of the plant. Supplementary drawings are derived from well-known sources such as Mueller's Iconography of Australian Acacias, Simmons' Acacias of Australia, and Whibley & Symon's Acacias of South Australia.
Format: Audio CD
Published: 1st July 2001
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Country of Publication: AU | <urn:uuid:995e3778-f7a6-4595-960e-38a3d398f4e8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.booktopia.com.au/audio-books/wattle-bruce-maslin/prod9780643066069.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.877823 | 242 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Let’s start at the beginning. What is an accelerometer? You can read about it in more detail here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer, but effectively it’s a little doohickey that allows a device (in our case the Windows Phone) to detect the magnitude and direction of acceleration.
Windows Phone 7 (WP7) will have an accelerometer in it. The framework namespace that covers the accelerometer is Microsoft.Devices.Sensors. The class we care about here is the Accelerometer class. It has an important event called ReadingChanged. This event fires once you have started the accelerometer and one of the accelerometer values has changed. There are 3 important values, X, Y, and Z. Each represents the force of acceleration on that axis.
When I first started playing with the accelerometer I didn’t quite understand what the values for X, Y, and Z meant. When a device is sitting face up on a desk, X and Y will both be zero (or close to it). Z will be 1. Keep in mind that these values can be greater than zero for when greater than normal forces are put on them. Shaking for example.
As you can probably figure out, based on these values you can tell when a user tilts to the left, right, top, bottom, up or down.
Unfortunately there’s no easy way to test accelerometer code using the WP7 emulator. The one I like the most is using a Wiimote’s accelerometer. This was Bill Reis‘s idea.
For more goto Introduction to the Windows Phone 7 Accelerometer
View Model and the Silverlight DataGrid
The Silverlight DataGrid is a powerful control that allows inline editing, paging, sorting, and drag and drop re-ordering of columns. It can be challenging to understand when using normal code behind techniques, but sometimes downright baffling when using View Model / MVVM style programming.
In the following examples, we will not directly reference the DataGrid in the View Model. The code we will create can be consumed by any collection control such as a ListBox.
It’s Not The DataGrid You Want to Manipulate – It’s the Collection Bound To The DataGrid
For more -> Using The Silverlight DataGrid with View Model / MVVM – CodeProject
In conclusion – View Model – Less Code, Really!
Hopefully you can see that View Model is not hard at all. It really is not complicated once you see how it is done. Expression Blend was designed to work in "View Model Style", so you should have an easier time using Expression Blend when you use this simple pattern.
While it may seem easier to implement a DataGrid using code behind, you will usually find that you will need to create a lot of code to locate and modify values and properties in the DataGrid.
Controls such as the DataGrid are designed to Bind to collections. View Model is designed to implement binding. It’s the Binding that saves you code. Once a Binding is created, it will perform functionality automatically. you do not have to explicitly write code for each piece of functionality. Most importantly, you will Bind to, and gather parameters, directly from the DataGrid element that you are ultimately concerned with, rather than hooking into an event and then hunting for the real value you are looking for.
Furthermore, you will realize that a lot of programmatic functionality, is best implemented, on the underlying data source not the DataGrid it’s self.
Also note, this example uses standard web services, you can easily use WCF or WCF RIA Services. The View and the View Model would still be exactly the same.
For calling methods asynchronously, since .NET 1.0 the async pattern can be used. .NET 2.0 added the event-based async pattern (also known as async component pattern) that makes async calls easier with Windows applications. Before .NET 4 no standard mechanism has been available to cancel asynchronous method calls. That’s new with .NET 4.0.
In this blog series you can read about these async patterns as well as the new unified model for cancellation.
Part 1 of this series introduced the async patterns and introduced cancellation with the BackgroundWorker class as it existed since .NET 2. In part 2 of this series Christian will show how the new .NET 4 cancellation framework can be used.
Previously to .NET 4, cancellation with async method calls was implemented in different ways if it was supported at all. For example, the BackgroundWorker implements cooperative cancellation by invoking the CancelAsync method, the long-running method needs to verify if it should be canceled by checking the CancellationPending property and needs to cancel by setting the Cancel property of the DoWorkEventArgs. More about this in the previous blog entry.
.NET 4 now supports cooperative cancellation of async methods in a standard way. The heart of this new framework is the CancellationToken struct. The CancellationToken is created by a CancellationTokenSource. This token can then be passed to any activity that should be cancelled. In case of a cancellation, the async call can verify cancellation by checking the IsCancellationRequested property of the CancellationToken. This unified model is now available with several classes offering asynchronous requests.
This video demonstrates the power of templating using a ListBox and its various templates, including the ItemsPanel, ListBoxItem, Data Template, and more. This is a great episode to watch if you ever wanted to know how to template controls, or even if you just want to know what all those templates are for and how to use them in Blend.
Adam Kinney demonstrates how to take advantage of behaviors in Expression Blend 4. He creates several demonstrations using the new DataStore and conditional behavior features in concert with several new behaviors including ChangePropertyAction, ControlStoryBoardAction, SetDataStoreValueAction, and the custom Mouse3DBehavior.
Via Using Behaviors in Blend 4 (Silverlight TV 30) | Silverlight TV | Channel 9
In this video, Adam Kinney explains what the PathListBox is and why it is so compelling. Then, he demonstrates several ways of using it in creative examples.
Source code for Adam’s PathListBox demos
Adam’s blog post on PathListBox
Learn the fundamentals of Silverlight and Expression Studio. Start with basic techniques and build your skills to create more advanced applications. Design Scenarios is comprised of four levels that increase in difficulty with three training modules per level. Each module deconstructs a Silverlight application to teach you must-know features and techniques
All great applications start with a foundation in design. The Design Principles track gets back to basics with key design concepts that will help you create slick and functional web applications. Each of the four level groupings contains three modules, each focused on design fundamentals. | <urn:uuid:dbb1df99-15ff-4304-bd4d-abf7d49f2d0e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://vincenthomedev.wordpress.com/2010/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886332 | 1,446 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Battle of Punished Woman Fork
Last Indian Battle in Kansas1878
For the Northern Cheyenne living on the Cheyenne-Arapaho reservation in Indian Territory (Oklahoma), 1878 was a year of misery and despair. Their meager rations had been cut to three-quarters; malaria and dysentery were rampant.
Chiefs Little Wolf and Dull Knife knew they needed to lead their people home to the Yellowstone River region of Montana. The agents at Red Cloud, Nebraska promised, when they forced the Indians to relocate to Oklahoma, that they could return to their homeland if they didn’t like it farther south.
It was apparent, with the tribe dying of disease and starvation, that it was time to make the arduous 1,500 mile trek north. Their route would take them through the well-known canyons of Punished Woman Creek.
Although reservation officials said the Indians had to stay another year, the chiefs knew one more year meant the demise of their people. With little choice left, they set out at night, escaping from the soldiers bent on making them stay.
Hiding from the troops during the day, they reached Punished Woman Creek, where for two days they resupplied their food and made battle plans to stave off the approaching soldiers. The Punished Woman Creek canyons were one of the last good hiding places to fend off a military attack till they reached the Pine Ridge.
The women used waist axes and butcher knives to build breastworks overlooking the canyon, where the approaching soldiers would be lured in by signs of the encampment and easily surrounded.
There were two hundred and seventy-eight Northern Cheyenne. Approximately one hundred were warriors and the rest women, children, and the elderly. Indian oral history says that Yellow Swallow, the young son of Monsetah and George Custer, was part of the group. However, historians point out that Custer had contracted syphillis causing impotence. This contributed to him and Libby Custer remaining childless.
The soldiers, led by Lt. Col. William Lewis, approached the apparently deserted campground, but a premature shot rang out from the hidden Indians. A fierce battle ensued where Lewis was wounded.
The soldiers took over the main battle site and the women, children and elderly were forced to flee from their secluded, hidden cave. The Indians continued northward on foot. They eluded the soldiers, but heard gunfire as their horses were killed.
The next day Lt. Col. Lewis lay dying in a military ambulance en route to Ft. Wallace and became the last Kansas military casualty. Sources vary greatly to how many other people on both sides died or were wounded that day.
The Battle of Punished Woman Creek was the last Indian battle to take place in Kansas.
Dull Knife ended up surrendering at Ft. Robinson, Nebraska and Little Wolf eventually led his party onto Montana.
This historic site, just south of Lake Scott State Park, is owned by the Scott County Historical Society and no park permit is required to visit it.
An important book on the Northern Cheyenne’s trek and the story of their plight and flight is Cheyenne Autumn by Mari Sandoz, 1953.
Cheyenne Autumn was made into a movie in 1964. It starred Richard Widmark and was director John Ford’s last film.
There is a small arrowhead shaped Battle Canyon sign on the east side of Highway 95. Battle Canyon is just another name for the site. In case of wet weather, it is probably not advisable to travel the dirt roads.
From Scott City go north on US 83 to Highway 95, turn left and follow the highway 1.2 miles, turn left onto a dirt road, then go .3 miles to the kiosk on your right.
From the Keystone Gallery go south on US 83 to Highway 95, turn right onto 95 and follow the highway 5.4 miles to the dirt road, turn right, then travel .3 miles to the informational kiosk on your right.
You do not enter Lake Scott State Park to go to the battle site. From the park entrance main gate the dirt road is 2 miles south.
The gate leads to the Battle of Punished Woman Fork site in the pasture and up the hill. There is a stone obelisk marker on top erected by the Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) containing information about this battle.
©2006 Keystone Gallery / Photos ©Barbara Shelton unless otherwise noted | <urn:uuid:4cc8bcf6-5bd5-4375-95df-94b9e2b64f38> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.keystonegallery.com/area/history/battle_of_punished.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963005 | 923 | 3.390625 | 3 |
19:05 9/29/2011(JST) ,there was an earthquake near Fukushima plants.
Now there are some aftershocks still.
- 1) Though it was a major earthquake,it was scale 5+ only around Fukushima nuc plants.
2) According to Japan Meteorological Agency,the epicenter was “very shallow”.They can’t even specify how deep it was.
3) Though Fukushima city is in the same prefecture,it was only scale 1 there.
4) A lot of the people heard loud brontide,which is rare for normal earthquake.
Unconfirmed info (info from Twitter)
- 1) The epicenter is right under Fukushima plants.
2) From the live streaming video,sometimes you see flash from the buildings.
3) From the live streaming video,steam is coming up from around reactor 4.
- 1) Radiation level is increasing.
- In Futabayama area, 21.48 uSv/h @9/21 → 24.65 uSv/h @9/29 19:01
2) Unusual amount of helicopters and airplanes are flying around in Fukushima. (hovering near Ishimori,Kamiya,etc..)
From viewing all those reports, this earthquake seems to be something usual.
Considering the fact that melted fuel rods are sinking about 17m deep in the ground, it is possible to think the last earthquake was a hydrovolcanic explosion caused by nuclear fuel touching the underground water vein.
teatree_ft 古田 真人
破局だよ RT あまり考えたくないけど、メルトアウトした燃料と地下水が接触して地下で再臨界だと考えるのが妥当かなと？ふくいち近辺で震度５強だけど隣県で震度４が存在しなかったんです。どう考えても不思議ですよね。
“It’s catastrophic. I don’t even want to imagine,but it might have been some kind of explosion of meltouted fuel rods touching underground vein.
It was scale 5+ just around the plants but no scale 4 class of earthquake detected in other prefectures.”
Tomorrow,Japanese government is lifting the mandatory evacuating area. | <urn:uuid:099c9d63-fa61-4da3-aa51-fb32937c5615> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://fukushima-diary.com/2011/09/breaking-news-explosion-underground/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.861847 | 573 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Video 1: Building a Community of Writers
Watch the 30-minute video "Building a Community of Writers." If you prefer to watch the video in segments, you can stop at the times suggested below or use the Video Guide (PDF) a detailed outline of the video to help you determine places to stop for discussion.
Answer the questions that follow each segment, jotting down your answers in your notebook or using them as discussion starters.
Providing Opportunities for Conversation
In the first segment, fifth-grade teacher Nicole Outsen and third-grade teachers Latosha Rowley and Jeanne Boiarsky recognize the importance of classroom environments where students feel comfortable talking about themselves and their work.
- What community-building strategies and practices do you observe during Nicole's and Latosha's morning meetings? How do these strategies and practices help the students grow as writers?
- Think about the two conferences from Jeanne's classroom. What evidence do you see that she has created an atmosphere of safety and respect?
- How do you encourage your less talkative students to participate in classroom conversations?
Providing Time and Structure for Writing
In this segment, several classroom examples illustrate how effective writing instruction requires a carefully orchestrated structure of rituals and routines as well as time to explore possibilities, reflect on lessons learned, and share and celebrate writing.
- During the class reflection time, what do Lindsay Dibert's questions, responses, and body language convey to her students?
- Mark Hansen says that students often are working out writing dilemmas even when they appear off-task. What teaching strategies or structures would help you balance freedom and control in your writing classroom?
- Share some ways in which you and your students celebrate and honor writing and writers. | <urn:uuid:f6f6677e-0686-4301-8115-984f8c2897be> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.learner.org/workshops/writing35/session1/sec2p2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933624 | 357 | 3.40625 | 3 |
By Don Curren
Canadians’ thirst for beer is no secret.
But it’s when you start crunching the numbers that you realize how deep that affection goes–and how significant beer is to the country’s economy.
The Conference Board of Canada did that recently, in a study funded by Beer Canada, an industry group. The study found that Canadians bought 2.3 billion liters of beer at stores in 2012, the equivalent of a whopping 235 bottles of beer per person over the age of 15.
That makes beer more popular here than spirits or wine. It also means beer accounts for 8.1% of all household spending on food and beverages, the Conference Board study says.
Breweries created almost 3.2 billion Canadian dollars ($3.06 billion) of wealth in 2012, more than radio and television broadcasting, dairy product manufacturing, and pipeline transportation of natural gas, the study found. But beer’s economic impact extends far beyond the breweries.
“The beer economy in Canada is much larger than the brewers themselves. Beer is sold in bars, restaurants, concert halls, and sports stadiums across the country, in addition to stores and liquor boards,” the Conference Board said.
The study pointed out that beer must also be transported and wholesaled to reach each market. “As a result, the beer economy—-from farms where barley is grown to the retailers or bars where beer is sold—-is a prominent contributor to the Canadian economy,” it said, pegging the bottom-line contribution of the entire beer industry to Canada’s economy at C$13.8 billion.
The “beer economy” supports 163,200 jobs across the country, or 1 out of every 100 jobs in Canada, the study added.
Not all of the money spent on beer in Canada stays at home. The study says that in 2012, sales of imported beer accounted for 15.5% of all beer sales.
The Yukon had the highest per capita consumption of the suds in 2012, although that reflects the presence of tourists sand seasonal workers, the Conference Board noted.
Residents of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec and the Prairie provinces consumed more beer than the Canadian average, while British Columbians consumed the least. | <urn:uuid:9683df7a-3073-4d40-8cca-9addf4a9db14> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.wsj.com/canadarealtime/2013/11/06/suds-make-a-big-contribution-to-canadas-economy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939065 | 467 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Rowland Institute at Harvard
100 Edwin H. Land Blvd.
Cambridge, MA 02142
Website: Bacterial Motility and Behavior
Flagellated bacteria possess a remarkable motility system based on a reversible rotary motor linked by a flexible coupling (the proximal hook) to a thin helical propeller (the flagellar filament). The motor derives its energy from protons driven into the cell by chemical gradients or electrical fields. The direction of the motor rotation depends in part on signals generated by sensory systems, of which the best studied analyzes chemical stimuli. Our research group is trying to learn how the motor works, the nature of the signal that controls the motor's direction of rotation, and how this signal is processed by the chemical sensory system. These questions are being approached by a variety of molecular-genetic and physical techniques. The goal is an understanding of chemiosmotic coupling and sensory transduction at the molecular level. | <urn:uuid:5d5b2d83-2129-4221-be75-38ca48f7fc77> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www2.rowland.harvard.edu/book/export/html/15656 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879117 | 195 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
Earbuds are headphones, typically made out of a hard plastic material, that fit inside the ear, just outside of the ear canal. These aren’t the same thing as ear canal headphones, which have a rubber tip and seal within a listener’s ear canal.
Several portable music devices, like mp3s and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), come with earbuds when the device is purchased. Earbuds are a less expensive alternative to ear canal headphones or other listening devices. Consumers tend to purchase earbuds for their convenience, as they are easier to carry around than other headphones because of their small size.
This style of headphone also tends to be more inexpensive than other kinds, like ear canal headphones,circumaural headphones that fit outside the ears, or the supra-aural headphones that have pads that are placed on top of the ears, rather than around or inside them. Circumaural headphones are typically used in recording studios and supra-aural headphones can still be purchased at some stores, though these kinds of devices have given way to headphones that fit within the ear.
Because of the design of earbuds, there can be a few drawbacks to owning them as opposed to owning another style of headphone. First, the rigid design of earbuds can sometimes make it difficult for them to fit comfortably inside a listener’s ear. If they’re too large or too small, they can either slip out of the ear or won’t fit inside it at all. Another problem reported by consumers is that because earbuds don’t seal the ear canal, the sound quality is muddled through other ambient noises.
Essentially, most earbuds work the same as other headphones and the set-up is relatively simple. Wires move up from the electronic device that is putting out sound, such as an mp3 player. These wires connect to a voice coil. The coil is attached to a cone, which is flexible and plastic. A magnet is attached to the back of the earbuds. When sound passes up through the wires and to the magnet, the voice coil becomes electromagnetic and moves up and down with the sound. The cone then pushes the sound out through the earbud and into the listener’s ear.
When listening to earbuds or any other type of headphones, physicians recommend to keep the volume at a reasonable level, as research had proven that prolonged exposure to high noise levels can lead to permanent hearing loss. Prolonged listening to loud noises, including music, puts unnecessary stress on the hairs in the cochlea. This causes permanent damage to the hairs and can eventually lead to hearing loss.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:61e4a038-048c-41bb-b06f-e4bb69c5bbaa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-earbuds.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960654 | 612 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Rail transit has long had a presence in American cities. The first commuter trains served the suburbs of Boston in 1838. The first successful electric streetcar opened in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1886. Chicago opened the first electric-powered elevated train in 1895, while New York opened the first electric heavy-rail subway line in 1904.1 Electric-powered commuter trains date to 1906.
During the mid-20th century, private transit companies served the vast majority of American cities. These companies operated profitable, if declining, businesses in the face of increasing auto ownership. A big handicap was that transit companies were considered public utilities and were highly regulated, having to seek government permission for every route change, fare increase, or other service change. For private transit firms, buses were becoming a less expensive, more flexible, and safer transit mode than streetcars or other types of rail transit.
The beginning of the end for private transit came in 1964 with the Urban Mass Transit Act. The act promised federal capital grants to any public agencies that took over private transit companies. Within a decade, the private transit industry was virtually wiped out, replaced almost completely by tax-subsidized public agencies.
Today, city governments that are frustrated with automobiles and congestion are turning to the 19th century technology of rail transit for relief. But pumping subsidies into rail transit is based on a nostalgic view of the past and is not economically sound. It also won't solve America's congestion woes.
The Department of Transportation's Federal Transit Administration has an annual budget of more than $10 billion, nearly all of which is spent on subsidies to state and local governments.2 In addition, the economic stimulus bill of 2009 added a further $8 billion in subsidies over a period of years.3 Through these subsidies and related regulations, federal policymakers play a major role in shaping urban transportation choices.
Transit funding is costly to taxpayers, and it is not a proper function of the federal government. It encourages state and local governments to pursue high-cost and less-efficient transportation solutions—in particular, rail transit. Outside of a few hyper-dense cities in the world, rail transit is a luxury for the few paid for by everyone. Commuter trains and subways may be necessary to keep Manhattan going, but that doesn't mean that everyone else in the nation should subsidize them. Outside of New York City, rail transit makes little economic sense.
The federal government should end its transit subsidies, and American cities should focus on more economically sound and consumer-driven approaches to easing congestion. Policymakers at all levels should work to revive private transit options for cities, and they should allow consumers to pursue their transportation choices in a neutral and competitive market environment.
History of Urban Transit
Early urban transit ventures were privately financed. However, because many of these ventures used public rights-of-way, companies often had to obtain franchises from city councils. But other than rights-of-way, transit companies received no subsidies or other public support through the end of the 19th century.
The first popular public transit was the omnibus, a horse-drawn wagon with seats for passengers. New York City saw its first omnibus in 1827. Then came the horse-drawn railcar in the 1830s, which would be used in more than 500 American cities. In the same decade, the first steam-powered commuter trains started carrying suburban workers into Boston. The first elevated transit line was built in New York in 1871.
Electric streetcars arrived on the scene in the late 1880s. They were so much more efficient than previous forms of travel and would be adopted by more than 850 American cities and towns. Other innovations included interurban rail lines, electric-powered elevated rail lines, and heavy-rail subway lines, installed in New York City in 1904.
Until this point, urban transit was privately financed and unsubsidized. All this innovation to improve convenience and reduce costs came from private entrepreneurs. But soon after the turn of the century, governments began to intrude. Government-owned streetcar lines were opened in Bismarck, North Dakota, and Monroe, Louisiana. And New York City took over the previously private Staten Island Ferry.
Private transit companies faced several financial difficulties. Many streetcar lines were built by real-estate developers to attract people to their housing projects. A developer would subdivide land on the city fringe, build a streetcar line from the development to downtown, and sell lots and homes. The profits on the real-estate development paid for the capital cost of the streetcar line. Transit fares covered only the operating cost. That worked fine for a few decades; but when the time came to replace the streetcars, rails, and other equipment, the companies often lacked the capital.
One way to raise funds was to increase fares. But governments regulated the fares, and proposals to raise fares were regularly rejected by public utility commissions. This left many transit companies with aging streetcar fleets in precarious financial positions.
Progressive-era politicians saw public takeover of transit companies as a solution. San Francisco was the first major city to operate its own streetcars starting in 1912. New York City started operating and acquiring subway lines in 1932. In 1938, Chicago obtained the first federal grants to support construction of a publicly owned rail line.
In cities where transit remained private, electric power companies often worked to consolidate streetcar lines under one owner. That gave rise to concerns about monopoly power. In 1935 Congress ordered power companies to divest their transit operations. Since transit was already struggling due to the rise of the automobile and the Depression, this act put many companies on the brink of bankruptcy.
One solution was to convert streetcars to buses, which did not require as much infrastructure support. Of the more than 700 American cities served by streetcars in 1910, at least 230 either went out of business or converted to buses by the end of 1929. Another 300 converted during the 1930s and 100 more in the 1940s.4
Fifty American cities still had streetcars in 1949. By 1967, only Boston, Cleveland, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and San Francisco still had streetcars; and New York and Chicago were the only other cities that still had other forms of rail transit. The conversions from rail to buses were made for efficiency reasons, not monopolistic reasons, as often claimed.5
By the early 1960s, all of the rail transit systems except one had been taken over by public agencies, but the vast majority of bus systems were still private. That changed quickly when Congress promised to make capital grants available to public agencies—but not private companies—that operated or acquired transit systems. Within a decade, all but a handful of transit systems were taken over by tax-subsidized public agencies.
Congress did not pass the Urban Mass Transit Act of 1964 in order to provide mobility to low-income families who could not afford cars. Rather, Congress was reacting to proposals by various railroads to discontinue interstate commuter trains serving Boston, Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia.6 At the time, these four urban areas plus San Francisco had the only commuter trains in America. Urban leaders argued that the commuter trains were essential to maintain jobs in downtown areas.
The Urban Mass Transit Act was designed to provide federal support for interstate commuter trains. But politics quickly broadened that mission to providing federal support to mass transit in every state and metropolitan area. Over the decades, about $160 billion has been spent on federal rail subsidies, and the result has been a monument to the folly of federal intervention into a properly local and private activity.
Six Problems with Rail Transit
The most important thing to understand about rail transit is that it is very, very expensive. The Government Accountability Office has shown, for example, that buses can provide service as fast and frequently as light rail at a lower operating cost and for about two percent of the capital cost.7 Outside of a few very dense places such as Manhattan, Tokyo, and Hong Kong, there is nothing trains can do that buses cannot do faster, better, more flexibly, and for a lot less money.
The typical light-rail project being planned or built today costs $20 million per track mile, although one being planned in Seattle is expected to cost more than $100 million per mile.8 Heavy rail typically costs at least twice as much as light rail: An extension of the Washington Metrorail system is expected to cost $225 million per mile for example.9 Commuter-rail typically costs $5 to $10 million per mile.
Freeways typically cost much less than rail. The Fort Bend Tollway Authority recently completed a four-lane freeway on the outskirts of Houston, complete with interchanges and over- and underpasses, for $2.4 million per lane mile.10 The Colorado Department of Transportation recently widened Interstate 25 through the heart of Denver, which required numerous overpasses, at a cost of $19 million per lane mile.11 Counting urban and suburban areas together, the average cost is less than $10 million per lane mile.
Rail advocates claim that rail lines can move as many people as several freeway lanes, however capacity counts for much less than actual use. In 2007, the average track mile of light and commuter rail carried less than 15 percent as many passenger miles as the average freeway lane mile in urban areas with rail transit. Outside of New York, the average heavy rail mile carried only 70 percent as many passenger miles as the average urban freeway lane mile.12
In comparing rail and highway productivities, rail supporters often use a double standard: comparing full railcars with the average occupancy of commuter automobiles. In fact, like automobiles, the average transit vehicle carries far fewer people than its capacity. Most rail cars and buses carried less than one-sixth of their capacity in 2007.13 Even sport utility vehicles do better than that.
2. Cost Overruns
Rail transit projects are notorious for cost overruns. In a 2002 study, Danish planning professor Bent Flyvbjerg found that, after adjusting for inflation, the average North American rail project cost more than 40 percent more than the original approved cost, while highway projects were 8 percent over-budget, on average.14 Two studies of more recent rail projects found that their costs were also 40 percent over-budget, on average.15
Here are some recent examples of over-budget rail projects:
- In 1998, Phoenix proposed to build a 13-mile light-rail line for $390 million, or $30 million per mile.16 Completed in 2008, the final cost of the 19.6-mile line was $1.41 billion, or $72 million per mile.17
- In 2000, Charlotte, North Carolina, estimated that a light-rail line would cost $331 million.18 The final cost turned out to be $427 million.19
- In 2004, the first 12-mile leg of the Dulles rail project in Virginia was projected to cost $1.5 billion.20 Today the projected cost has increased to almost $3.0 billion.21
- In 2004, Denver's Regional Transit District persuaded voters to support a $4.7 billion rail transit system. The latest estimate is that this system will cost 68 percent more at $7.9 billion.22
While cost projections are not an exact science, Flyvbjerg believes that persistent underestimates of rail construction costs result from "strategic misrepresentation, that is, lying."23 Planners deliberately lowball estimates in order to gain project approval. Once the project is approved, they develop more realistic estimates, add expensive bells and whistles, and respond to political pressures to lengthen the originally proposed project.
Many of the original estimates for transit projects are made by consulting firms, who also expect to receive later contracts for engineering and construction. As such, these firms have an incentive to develop projections that will gain approval, both by underestimating the costs and overestimating the benefits.
In one example of strategic misrepresentation, Parsons Brinkerhoff (now known as PB) compared a proposal to bring rail transit to Madison, Wisconsin, with improvements to bus service. To its dismay, the company found that bus improvements alone attracted more riders than bus improvements combined with rail transit. Later, PB admitted that it crippled the bus alternative, making it appear that rail transit was needed to boost transit ridership.24 When the government agency that hired PB presented the results to the public, it never mentioned the bus alternative at all, making it appear that rail transit was the only way to attract people to transit.25
Despite the record of cost overruns, transit agencies often claim that they finish their project "on budget." For example, after adjusting for inflation, Denver's Southwest light-rail line cost 28 percent more than its original estimate.26 The city's Southeast light-rail line went 59 percent over its original estimate.27 Yet Denver's Regional Transit District insisted that both projects were "on budget," based on the deceptive notion that project costs matched the final budgeted amounts—not the earlier and lower estimates.28
Transit agencies generally go heavily into debt to fund rail projects by issuing long-term bonds. But the costs don't end when the bonds are paid off: rail lines must be completely replaced, rebuilt, or rehabilitated about every 30 years. Except for the right-of-way, everything—cars, tracks, roadbed, stations, electrical facilities—must be replaced or upgraded.
The first Washington, D.C., Metrorail line opened in 1976. In 2002, just 26 years later, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority estimated that it needed $12.2 billion—roughly the cost of constructing the original system—to rehabilitate the system.29 It has not found any of this money, so the system suffers frequent breakdowns and service delays.30
Rail transit systems in Chicago, San Francisco, Boston, and New York also face fiscal crises. The Chicago Transit Authority is "on the verge of collapse" as it needs $16 billion to rehabilitate its tracks and trains.31 Similarly, the San Francisco BART system faces a $5.8 billion shortfall to replace worn-out equipment.32 Boston borrowed $5 billion to restore its rail lines and now more than a quarter of its operating budget goes to repay this debt, which is "crushing" the system.33
New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority "is in deep doo-doo" because it doesn't have the money to rehabilitate its system.34 It is already spending about $2 billion per year repaying debts incurred for past rehabilitation efforts.35 It says it needs $30 billion for rehabilitation over the next 10 years, of which it has only $13 billion.36 As a result, it may need to cut subway, commuter rail, and bus service.37
Rehabiliating light-rail lines is also expensive. The first modern light-rail lines, including those in Buffalo, Portland, Sacramento, and San Diego, will reach their 30th birthdays in the next decade, and their rehabilitation will cost similar amounts. Few, if any, of these agencies know how they are going to finance this cost.
Such rehabilitation costs do not increase the capacities of transit systems and thus should be considered maintenance costs. But the Federal Transit Administration allows transit agencies to count rehabilitation as a capital cost. The significance is that when rail advocates claim, as they often do, that rail lines cost less to operate and maintain than buses, they are ignoring these long-term maintenance costs.
Many of the same agencies that cannot afford to maintain their existing systems are nonetheless embarking on expensive expansions. New York's MTA is spending $16.8 billion building an eight-mile Second Avenue Subway. Washington's Metro is spending $5.2 billion building a rail extension to Dulles airport. San Francisco's BART is preparing to spend more than $6 billion building a line to San Jose. Chicago is extending several of its commuter-rail lines.
This complete disconnect between planning and budgetary reality has become typical of rail-transit agencies. Rail transit fares do not come close to paying the operating costs, much less the costs of line rehabilitation or new rail construction. If transit agencies cannot afford to maintain their existing lines, it makes no sense for them to build new ones.
To justify spending billions of taxpayer dollars on rail, advocates often claim that middle-class automobile owners won't ride a bus. In fact, transit ridership is more sensitive to frequency and speed than to whether the vehicles run on rubber tires or steel wheels. "When quantifiable service characteristics such as travel time and cost are equal," say researchers, "there is no evident preference for rail travel over bus."38
The real problem is what happens to overall transit system ridership when agencies face soaring costs and must choose between keeping the trains or buses running. Having built rail, many agencies feel compelled to cut more efficient bus service, which in turn causes overall transit ridership to stagnate or drop.
In the late 1970s, Atlanta began building a heavy-rail system. By 1985 it had 25 route miles and ridership had grown to 155 million trips per year. Since then, the Atlanta urban area population has doubled, rail miles have also doubled, yet ridership continues to hover around 155 million. In 2007, it reached 158 million. While rail ridership has grown, that growth has been at the expense of bus ridership.39
In the early 1980s, Los Angeles maintained low bus fares, and between 1982 and 1985 ridership grew by more than a third. Then it decided to build rail transit, which suffered huge cost overruns. In response, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority raised bus fares and cut back on service, leading to a 17 percent drop in bus ridership by 1995. The NAACP sued, arguing that the agency was cutting service to minority neighborhoods in order to finance rail lines to white middle-class neighborhoods. The court ordered the MTA to restore bus service, forcing it to curtail its rail plans.40 Today, bus ridership has rebounded and far exceeds its 1985, prerail level, while rail ridership stagnates.
When St. Louis opened its first light-rail line in 1993, it was hailed as a great success because system ridership, which had shrunk by nearly 40 percent in the previous decade, started growing again. But when St. Louis opened a second line in 2001, doubling the length of the rail system, rail ridership remained flat and bus ridership declined. By 2007, total system ridership was no greater than it had been in 1998.
As of 2003 about half of the urban areas with rail transit had ridership declines compared to the mid-1980s. The remaining areas enjoyed increases in ridership, but at rates slower than increases in driving and, in most cases, slower than the population growth.41
Many areas with bus-only transit systems did far better. From 1983 to 2003, ridership on bus transit systems in Austin, Charlotte, Houston, Las Vegas, Louisville, and Raleigh-Durham all grew faster than auto driving. The 2000 census revealed that the number of commuters taking transit to work in urban areas with rail transit declined overall, while the number in bus-only urban areas increased.42
5. Land Use
Buses are flexible and can easily be rerouted when travel patterns change. Rail lines take years to build and are much harder to rerout. While bus systems can respond to rider demand, rail systems must generate their own demand. This leads transit agencies to promote intrusive land-use regulations that mandate or subsidize high-density developments close to rail stations, so-called transit-oriented development.
Instead of customizing transit systems to serve American cities as they exist today, transit agencies want to rebuild the cities to suit the kind of transit service the agencies want to provide. There are many problems with this aspiration, not least of which is the fact that transit carries less than 5 percent of travel in all American urban areas except New York, and it seems absurd to design cities around such little-used transportation systems.
Another problem is that land-use policies have, at best, marginal effects on people's transportation choices. Transportation technologies do influence land uses: cities built before 1890, when most people walked for most of their travel, were much denser than cities built between 1890 and 1930, when streetcars were popular; those cities, in turn, were denser than cities built after World War II, when autos were dominant. But this process is not reversible: building cities to pre-auto or pre-streetcar designs will not lead people to significantly reduce their driving.
According to Robert Cervero, an enthusiast of transit-oriented development, such developments do increase transit ridership, but this is "due to residential self-selection—i.e., a life-style preference for transit-oriented living."43 In other words, people who prefer transit over driving choose to live in such areas, but that doesn't mean that the urban design has influenced their travel habits.
Also, the market for transit-oriented development is very limited: surveys suggest more than four out of five Americans would prefer a home with a yard to living near shops, transit, or jobs.44 Once that demand is met, cities like Portland and Denver have had to resort to huge subsidies to entice developers to build more high-density developments, and the evidence indicates that the people who live in those developments drive just as much as people elsewhere.
Rail transit is often described as "high-capacity transit." Yet its capacity really isn't that high. Heavy-rail lines, such as subways, are the highest capacity form of transit. If people jam in tightly, the "crush capacity" of a heavy-rail car is about 180 people. An eight-car heavy-rail train can therefore carry about 1,440 people. If rail systems can manage to move one train every minute—and only a few American rail lines can support such traffic—the line can move 86,400 people per hour. This is where rail advocates are able to claim that a rail line can move as many people as several freeway lanes. The capacities of other forms of rail transit are much lower.
However, few places really need such high-capacity transit. People look at the freeway during rush hour and think, "If only we had a rail line, all those people could ride." But the reality is that all the people in those cars have different origins and destinations. They may all be in this freeway corridor now, but a rail line will only serve a tiny number of them because most do not both live and work near a rail station.
What cities really need is flexible-capacity transit: transit capable of moving large numbers of people where needed while also economically moving small numbers where demand is lower. Rail transit, with its very high fixed costs, cannot qualify. Rail-transit agencies try to provide flexible capacities by having buses feed into rail stations, but transit agencies lose riders every time they ask people to change vehicles.
Buses can provide flexible-capacity transit. They can run on city streets in the suburbs where demand is low, move to high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) or high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes where demand is higher, and if demand warrants, use exclusive bus lanes. While the capacity of exclusive bus lanes may not be quite as high as heavy rail, buses, unlike the trains, can easily start from different origins and diverge to different destinations, allowing more people to make their transit journeys without transfers.
This means that light rail and commuter rail really make no sense anywhere. Cities that need low-, moderate-, or high-capacity transit can meet those needs with buses. Only areas that need ultra-high-capacity transit might need to consider heavy rail, and outside of New York City no place in the United States truly needs such high capacities.
Six Myths of Rail Transit
Rail transit is not cost-efficient and it generally fails to attract significantly more riders than improvements in bus service. Yet rail advocates have many other arguments for why cities should build rail transit systems. Here are six popular, but erroneous, reasons that are often given for building rail lines—six myths of rail transit.
1. Economic Development
Rail advocates say that rail transit stimulates economic development. They often point to a streetcar line built in downtown Portland, Oregon, that supposedly stimulated $1.5 billion worth of new development. In fact, much of that development was subsidized with hundreds of millions of dollars of tax-increment financing and other developer subsidies. It is not likely that the streetcar alone would have generated the developments without the subsidies.
Does any rail transit stimulate new development? In the mid-1990s, the Federal Transit Administration asked this question of Robert Cervero, who is a strong proponent of transit-oriented developments, and Samuel Seskin, who works for Parsons Brinkerhoff, the consulting firm that has had a hand in almost every major rail transit project since the first New York City subway was built. Despite their bias in favor of rail transit, the authors found that "urban rail transit investments rarely ‘create' new growth." At best, it may "redistribute growth that would have taken place without the investment."45
In other words, rail transit is at best a zero-sum game benefiting some property owners at the expense of others. The property owners who mainly benefit are those who own land downtown because most rail systems are hub-and-spoke systems that focus on downtown. That explains some of the political calculus behind rail: downtown property owners benefit a lot, so they lobby for rail. Other property owners each lose a little, so they have little incentive to lobby against it.
Many planners and city officials take for granted that anything that improves downtown is a good thing. But why is it so important to improve downtowns? Downtowns "are relics of a time past," says Joel Garreau in his book, Edge City.46 The conventional image of a city as a place with a high-density downtown surrounded by lower-density housing "is only one way to think of a city," adds Garreau. "In fact, it is only the nineteenth-century version."47 Before 1820, people did not build downtowns because they didn't have industries that concentrated jobs and they lacked the technology to build taller, denser structures. After 1920, the automobile, electrical power, and telephones made downtowns unnecessary.
2. People Won't Ride Buses
Rail advocates claim that buses won't entice middle-class auto drivers out of their cars but that rail can. In reality, improvements in bus service can attract as many new transit riders as rail construction—and at a far lower cost.
A recent survey found that the median income of Washington, D.C., Metrorail riders was 47 percent higher than Metrobus riders, and that 98 percent of rail riders owned an automobile compared with only 80 percent of bus riders.48 For those who want to get middle-class commuters out of their cars, this is a Pyrrhic victory, considering that the fossil-fuel-generated electricity used to power the Metrorail system emits more carbon dioxide (CO2) per passenger mile than the average SUV. Meanwhile bus riders face repeated service cuts so that the transit agency can keep the trains running.49
In the late 1990s, the San Francisco Bay Area Metropolitan Transportation Commission—which spends two-thirds of the region's transportation funds on transit systems that carry only four percent of the region's passenger travel—was considering where to invest.50 One possible project was an extension of BART trains to San Jose, a line so expensive that taxpayers would spend nearly $100 per trip. Another project was improved bus service in Richmond, a city with a heavy population of low-income minorities. Bus improvements, planners estimated, would cost just 75 cents per trip.51 The commission decided to support the rail line and not the bus improvements. In the commission's judgment, spending $100 to attract one high-tech worker onto a train was more important than spending the $100 to attract 133 low-income workers onto buses.
A factor behind such decisions is that middle-class workers are more likely to vote than lower-income workers. Getting those voters to support the idea of transit as a daily necessity—rather than something used only by those who can't afford cars—is part of the rail agenda. Thus, the real goal is not to get a large number of people out of their cars. Instead, the goal seems to be to get enough people out of their cars to create some middle-class transit dependency to generate support for increased transit funding.
3. Rails Avoid Congestion
Rail advocates say that an advantage of rail cars is that they aren't slowed by congestion, as are cars and buses. But that begs the question why a small number of people deserve a heavily subsidized transit system allowing them to avoid congestion, while everyone else who is paying the subsidies has to sit in traffic.
More importantly, the premise that we need rail because buses can't avoid congestion is incorrect. Most major urban freeway systems have high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes or high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes. HOT lane tolls are adjusted to ensure that the lanes don't become congested. An urban area with a complete network of HOV or HOT lanes as a part of every freeway could allow buses to avoid congestion throughout the region.
Such HOV or HOT lanes cost less than rail lines, and the congestion relief they provide benefits everyone. Bus riders benefit because buses traveling at freeway speeds go faster than light rail (which averages about 20 miles per hour) or heavy-rail trains (which generally average no more than 40 miles per hour). The car drivers using HOV or HOT lanes benefit because they also avoid congestion. People who don't use the lanes also benefit: HOT lanes built parallel to a freeway in southern California draw a third of the traffic off the freeway.
In general, rail transit costs more to build and operate and does less to relieve congestion than new HOV or HOT lanes with bus rapid transit. With a well-designed highway system, buses can not only avoid congestion as well as trains, they can do so at a far lower cost and be put into service almost immediately instead of after a decade of planning and construction.
4. Political Equity
Rail advocates sometimes say, "Let's build one line and see how it works." But then the construction of one line often creates momentum for additional lines. One reason is that every urban community wants a share of federal rail dollars, no matter how poorly rail might actually serve their community. The federal grant-in-aid system creates major distortions in urban transportation choices—cities are steered into less efficient transit choices.
Consider the transportation improvements in a corridor between downtown Denver and Denver International Airport in the 1990s.52 A consultant study showed that rail transit cost more to build and operate and less to relieve congestion than new freeway or HOV lanes. Nonetheless, planners picked rail transit.
Suburbs in the Denver area agreed to support the Regional Transit District's multibillion-dollar rail plan if all the rail lines were built at once. Suburban officials realized that the plan would probably suffer major cost overruns (as proved to be the case) and that whatever line was last on the schedule would probably never be built. In response to the cost overruns, the transit agency proposed to build just four of the six planned lines—a proposal that was naturally rejected by officials from the suburbs whose lines would be left out.53
Rail advocates have applied the equity argument to neighborhoods as well as cities. San Francisco wants to spend $1.4 billion on a 1.7-mile transit tunnel as a part of a project to extend light rail to the Bayshore neighborhood.54 According to the Federal Transit Administration, Bayshore transit ridership is already very high, but a main reason for building this line is "to achieve a goal of equity with other communities currently served by rail."55 By the Federal Transit Administration's reasoning, if one neighborhood is served by an unaffordable transit line, equity demands that every other neighborhood get equally unaffordable service.
5. It Works in Europe
American tourists visit Europe and ride the London subway, the Paris metro, or trams in Italy, and come home wishing the United States had more such transit systems. However, the United States isn't Europe: our population densities are lower, and our incomes are higher, so fewer people are likely to ride transit even in dense areas.
Also note that rail transit in Europe isn't necessarily efficient. As of 2007, at least 150 European urban areas had some form of rail transit, compared with 30 in the United States.56 Europe spends several times more money subsidizing those rail lines as the United States spends on transit.57
The European rail lines may be convenient for tourists, but the average European rarely uses them. In 2004, the average American traveled 87 miles on rail transit; the average European just 101 miles. This difference hardly commends Europe as an example of successful rail transit. Moreover, the share of European travel on rail transit declined from 1.4 percent in 1980 to 1.1 percent in 2000. Meanwhile, the share of European travel using automobiles increased from 76.4 to 78.3 percent.59
6. Protecting the Environment
Many people take it for granted that rail transit is good for the environment. The reality is that rail transit uses about as much energy and emits about as much pollution, per passenger mile, as automobiles. To the extent that rail transit might save any energy at all, the financial cost of getting a few people to ride trains and drive less is huge.
People who sincerely want to save energy and reduce pollution should focus on making automobiles more environmentally friendly, not on trying to get people to ride rail transit. Charles Lave called this the "Law of Large Proportions," meaning "the biggest components matter most."60 In other words, Americans travel 60 times as many passenger miles in urban areas by automobile as by transit, so a small investment in reducing the environmental effects of autos will go much further than a large investment in transit.
Private Transit Solutions
The first step toward reform is to remove federal subsidies and related regulations from the transit equation. Federal intervention creates all kinds of perverse incentives for state and local governments. These include the following:
- Cities are encouraged to build very inefficient rail lines because more than half of all federal funds are dedicated to rail transit.
- Transit agencies are encouraged to find the most expensive transit solutions because rail construction funds are an open bucket—first-come, first-served.
- Innovative transit solutions are bypassed and high costs are guaranteed because of the requirement that transit agencies obtain the approval of their unions to be eligible for federal grants.
- Local transit agencies have strong incentives to claim success with their projects no matter how badly they fail because of the requirement that agencies must refund federal grants if projects are cancelled.
- Federal rules impose a transit planning process that is biased in favor of higher-cost transit projects, and the process allows agencies to systematically low-ball cost estimates and overstate potential ridership.
- Federal subsidies have been mainly directed to capital costs of local transit, not operating costs. That has led to a host of distortions, such as agencies favoring rail over buses and favoring larger buses when smaller ones would do the job.
- Many federal regulations distort the flow of funding to the most efficient solutions, such as rules that tie the distribution of transportation funds to air quality planning.
These factors and others have promoted less efficient transportation solutions than would have likely been employed without federal intervention. I have discussed these problems elsewhere at length.61
With the federal government out of the picture, state and local governments would need to rethink their own urban transit financing. One problem is that the average American transit agency gets only a third of its operating funds and none of its capital funds from fares. This means that transit officials are less interested in increasing transit ridership than they are in persuading politicians and taxpayers to give them more money. Increased ridership is actually a burden on transit systems: even though transit vehicles are, on average, only one-sixth full, they tend to be fullest during rush hour, when new riders are most likely to use transit.
Today's government rail transit systems make no financial or transportation sense. They only work because few people use them and everyone else subsidizes them. Because rail transit costs at least four times as much, per passenger mile, as driving, if everyone rode today's rail systems instead of automobiles, cities would go bankrupt trying to keep the systems running.
Yet urban transit does not have to be expensive, and it does not even have to be subsidized. The United States has several completely unsubsidized transit systems that work very well. One is the Atlantic City Jitney Association, whose members own identical 13-passenger buses. Each bus is operated by its owner on routes scheduled by the association. Rides are $1.50 each and cover all major attractions in the city. Unlike most publicly owned transit systems, the jitneys operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and receive absolutely no subsidies from any government agency.62 Such jitney service is illegal in most other American cities because it would compete against the government's monopoly transit agency.
Another unsubsidized transit system is the públicos, or public cars, of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Públicos are independently owned and operated buses that typically seat 17 passengers. At least six different companies operate públicos and they provide both urban and intercity service. Fares vary depending on the length of the ride, but in 2007 they averaged less than a dollar. Although públicos compete against a public bus system and a recently built heavy-rail line (whose cost rose from a projected $1.0 billion to $2.2 billion), the públicos carry more riders each year than the public buses and trains combined.63
A third unsubsidized transit system is the NY Waterway ferries, which connect multiple points in New Jersey and Manhattan. Founded in 1986 by Arthur Imperatore, NY Waterway offers a service that none of the many government transit agencies in the metropolitan area thought to provide.64 Passengers arriving in New York City can take NY Waterway buses to and from various points in Manhattan at no extra charge. Although the company accepted a federal subsidy in 2001 to temporarily replace subway service between New Jersey and the World Trade Center after 9/11, it is otherwise funded entirely out of fares.65 The company carried 4.8 million passengers in 2007, collecting $33 million in revenues against $21 million in operating expenses.66
Public transit agencies encourage people to believe that if their large subsidies disappeared, people without cars would lack any mobility. In fact, private forms of transit would quickly spring up to take the place of government transit. Such private transit would, in many ways, be superior to the government transit. It would be more likely to offer door-to-door service, operate during more hours of the day, and provide more limited or nonstop services to popular destinations.
American taxpayers can no longer afford costly and inefficient government transit systems, particularly rail transit systems. Federal subsidies ought to be eliminated and local governments should open up transit to private and entrepreneurial solutions to relieving traffic congestion.
1 2007 Public Transportation Fact Book (Washington: American Public Transportation Association, 2007), p. 6.
2 Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2011, Analytical Perspectives, Table 33-1.
3 The stimulus bill was the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
4 "List of Streetcar Systems in the United States," Wikipedia, tinyurl.com/7za8zb. Accessed February 17, 2010.
5 See Randal O'Toole, Gridlock (Washington: Cato Institute, 2009), p. 137.
6 George M. Smerk, The Federal Role in Urban Mass Transportation (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, 1991), pp. 60–61.
7 Ruben N. Lubowski, et al., Major Uses of Land in the United States, 2002 (Washington: Department of Agriculture, 2006), p. 5.
8 Annual Report on Funding Recommendations: New Starts, Small Starts, Alternative Transportation in Parks and Public Lands (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2008), Appendix A.
8 "Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project—Extension to Wiehle Avenue" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2007), p. 1, tinyurl.com/7b7n6z. And see Amy Gardner, "Metro to Dulles Gets Formal Federal Backing," Washington Post, March 11, 2009.
10 "Fort Bend Parkway Toll Road," Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority, 2008, tinyurl.com/5t9znq.
11 "Metro Denver's Multi-Modal T-REX Takes Last Step," Metro Denver EDC, 2006, tinyurl.com/3syrll.
12 Passenger miles per track mile calculated from data in 2007 National Transit Database (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2008). Passenger miles per freeway lane mile calculated from data in U.S. Department of Transportation, Highway Statistics 2007, Table HM-72. Freeway passenger miles assumed to be 1.6 times freeway vehicle miles.
13 Calculated from data in 2007 National Transit Database (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2008).
14 Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette Skamris Holm, and Søren Buhl, "Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects: Error or Lie?" Journal of the American Planning Association 68, no. 3 (2002): 285.
15 Nasiru A. Dantata, Ali Touran, and Donald C. Schneck, Trends in U.S. Rail Transit Project Cost Overrun, Presented to the Transportation Research Board, 2006 Annual Meeting, Table 2. And see The Predicted and Actual Impacts of New Starts Projects—2007 (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2008), p. 11.
16 "Central Phoenix/East Valley Light Rail" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 1998), tinyurl.com/837vda.
17 "Central Phoenix/East Valley Light Rail" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2004), p. 1, tinyurl.com/9vsa2o.
18 "South Corridor LRT" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2000), tinyurl.com/7rcxwq.
19 "South Corridor LRT" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2005), tinyurl.com/8x6dwd.
20 "Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project—Extension to Wiehle Avenue" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2004), p. 1, tinyurl.com/798bx5.
21 "Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project—Extension to Wiehle Avenue" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2007), p. 1, tinyurl.com/7b7n6z.
22 "Summary of Changes to FasTracks Program: Attachment 1" (Denver, CO: Regional Transportation District, 2008), p. 2, tinyurl.com/4kodgc.
23 Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette Skamris Holm, and Søren Buhl, "Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects: Error or Lie?" Journal of the American Planning Association 68, no. 3 (2002).
24 Parsons Brinckerhoff, Transportation Alternatives Analysis for the Dane County/Greater Madison Metropolitan Area (Madison, WI: Transport 2020, 2002), pp. 7-6, 10-2, and 10-22.
25 Transport 2020, Transport 2020 Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC) Summary Report (Madison, WI: Transport 2020, 2002), p. 21; Project Fact Book (Denver, CO: Regional Transit District, 2006), p. 14.
26 Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc., Managing Capital Costs of Major Federally Funded Public Transportation Projects (Washington: Transportation Research Board, 2005), p. 55.
27 Final Report: Southeast Corridor Major Investment Study (Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Transportation, 1997), p. 4-24.
28 "A Message from RTD General Manager, Cal Marsella" (Denver, CO: Regional Transit District, 2005).
29 "America's Transit System Stands at the Precipice of a Fiscal and Service Crisis" (Washington: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 2004), p. 1.
30 Lyndsey Layton and Jo Becker, "Efforts to Repair Aging System Compound Metro's Problems," Washington Post, June 5, 2005. And see Lena H. Sun and Joe Holley, "Aging Equipment Blamed in Metro Incidents," Washington Post, August 28, 2007.
31 "Chicago Rail System on Verge of Collapse," Engineering News Record, November 21, 2007.
32 Denis Cuff, "BART Gets Rusty: Aging System Lacks Billions for Infrastructure," Contra Costa Times, September 28, 2007.
33 Mac Daniel, "Group Seeks Debt Relief for the T," Boston Globe, January 9, 2007.
34 Em Whitney, "Transportation Advocates Agree: The M.T.A. Is in Deep Doo-Doo," New York Observer, June 27, 2008.
35 MTA 2007 Adopted Budget (New York: Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2007), p. II-2.
36 Eliot Brown, "Paterson Launches Panel to Find M.T.A. Much-Needed Money," New York Observer, June 10, 2008.
37 "Deficits May Force Cuts in NYC Subway, Bus, Rail," WABC News, September 23, 2008.
38 Moshe Ben-Akiva and Takayuki Morikawa, "Comparing Ridership Attraction of Rail and Bus," Transport Policy Journal 9, no. 2 (2002).
39 All ridership numbers are from the National Transit Database (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, various years).
41 Randal O'Toole, "Rail Disasters 2005" (Bandon, OR: American Dream Coalition, 2005), p. 6.
42 Randal O'Toole, "Great Rail Disasters" (Golden, CO: Independence Institute, 2004), p. 7.
43 Robert Cervero, "Transit Oriented Development's Ridership Bonus: A Product of Self-Selection and Public Policies," University of California Transportation Center, Berkeley, 2006, p. 1.
44 National Family Opinion, "Consumers Survey Conducted by NAR and NAHB," National Association of Realtors, 2002, p. 6.
45 Robert Cervero and Samuel Seskin, An Evaluation of the Relationship between Transit and Urban Form (Washington: Transportation Research Board, 1995), p. 3.
46 Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), p. 59.
47 Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), p. 25.
48 Kytja Weir, "Survey: Metrorail Users More Affluent, Better Educated," Washington Examiner, May 17, 2009.
49 Kytja Weir, "Area Bus Riders Face Service Cuts," Washington Examiner, March 31, 2009.
50 Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Final Transportation 2030 Plan (Oakland, CA: MTC, 2005), p. 35.
51 Bob Egelko, "Inequity in Funding Discriminates against AC Transit Riders, Plaintiffs Claim in Suit," San Francisco Chronicle, April 20, 2005, p. B-1.
52 Kimley-Horn & Associates, East Corridor Major Investment Study Final Report (Denver, CO: DRCOG, 1997), pp. 37–39.
53 "FasTracks Annual Program Evaluation Summary: 2008" (Denver, CO: Regional Transporation District, 2008), p. 3.
54 "Central Subway" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2006), p. 1.
55 "Bayshore Corridor" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 1996).
56 Randal O'Toole, Gridlock (Washington: Cato Institute, 2010), p. 77.
57 Randal O'Toole, Gridlock (Washington: Cato Institute, 2010), p. 77.
58 Randal O'Toole, Gridlock (Washington: Cato Institute, 2010), p. 77.
59 Key Facts and Figures about the European Union (Brussels: EU, 2004), p. 52.
60 Randal O'Toole, Gridlock (Washington: Cato Institute, 2010), p. 78.
61 Randal O'Toole, "A Desire Named Streetcar," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 559, January 5, 2006.
62 "We Keep Atlantic City Moving," Atlantic City Jitney Association, jitneys.net.
63 2007 National Transit Database (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2008).
64 N. R. Kleinfield, "Trucker Turned Builder: Arthur E. Imperatore; Creating Shangri-La on the Hudson," New York Times, January 4, 1987.
65 Sascha Brodsky, "Many Routes to Ferry King's Success," Downtown Express, July 17, 2002.
66 "NY Waterway Profile" (Washington: Federal Transit Administration, 2008), tinyurl.com/cp8hco. | <urn:uuid:aad8b6b1-3f35-4d0c-a2e2-a7efba1234d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/transportation/urban-transit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950883 | 10,212 | 3.4375 | 3 |
|scientific name Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)|
common name Spruce Beetle
Weak, overmature or downed trees with a DBH more than 20 cm.; during outbreaks any spruce tree.
Adults flight period is from late May through July.
The frons of this species has coarse punctures and close granules. Its male genitalia, galleries and host allow it to be distinguished from its closest ally, D. murrayanae.
This species can overwinter in any life stage. Adult hibernation has been given credit for allowing this species to become acclimatized to colder weather. Activity will begin in the spring as the local weather begins to warm. Life cycles can range from 1 to 4 years depending on local climate, a two year lifecycle is most common. Galleries are excavated in the phloem parallel to the grain of the wood. These galleries average between 13 to 23 cm, this species does more engraving than most Dendroctonus species. After the attack mating will occur and oviposition will begin within a week. Approximately 115 eggs will be laid per gallery, egg niches are excavated with longer niches containing more eggs. The eggs are partitioned from the main gallery by frass. Incubation may last up to 4 weeks at higher elevations. The newly hatched larvae will feed in groups and then overwinter. The larvae complete development the following spring and will then pupate for 10 to 15 days. New adults will then emerge and begin to excavate new galleries.
This species is considered a major forest pest throughout its range.
This species feeds on a wide range of Picea spp. throughout its range.
This beetle is found across Canada. It is also found in the US in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New Yprk, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and West Yirginia. It has been introduced in Ireland.
Greg Pohl (2009-09-30)
something wrong with the locality given for the photographed specimen. Also note that this specimen is unusually dark - not a typical rufipennis which is usually more reddish. Might be worth checking the ID on this one.
Greg Goff (2010-03-25)
Not shown on the distrbution map is a epidemic population in & around the Cedar Breaks National Moument & Dixie National Forets in southwestern Utah.
Comments are published according to our submission guidelines. The EH Strickland Entomological Museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed. | <urn:uuid:34049189-7e23-4fd5-a8ec-82f8d98c78e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://entomology.museums.ualberta.ca/searching_species_details.php?s=4716 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916229 | 552 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Gold Rush Still Haunts San Francisco Bay
More than 150 years ago, California's Sierra Nevada foothills echoed with the jubilant cry, "There's gold in them thar hills!" Today, those words have morphed into a more subdued but equally urgent warning: there's mercury in the San Francisco Bay, and it isn't going anywhere soon.
The lingering problem dates back to the Gold Rush, when miners used mercury by the wagon load to extract gold flecks from sediment. This toxic legacy is still finding its way into tributaries that feed the San Francisco Bay. How long it remains in the Bay once it arrives has been difficult to pin down, but an innovative new study indicates that it takes as long as 50 years for the Bay's mercury concentrations to respond to changes in input.
"The good news is the San Francisco Bay is getting cleaner; the bad news is it will take a long time to flush mercury out of the system," says Tom McKone, a staff scientist in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Environmental Energy Technologies Division (EETD) and an Adjunct Professor at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health. He collaborated with former Berkeley Lab scientist Matthew MacLeod and Donald Mackay of Canada's Trent University on the study, which appears in a recent issue of the journal Environmental Science & Technology.
"Our work also demonstrates that we have to live with the messes we make for a long time. It's been 150 years since the Gold Rush, and we're still paying for it," says Mckone.
For the past several years, McKone and his colleagues have developed ways to model the ebb and flow of harmful chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides across large regions of North America. They track a chemical's movement and accumulation by taking into account the chemical's ability to reach equilibrium with a region's soil, water, air, and vegetation. These chemical mass-balance models allow the scientists to determine the extent to which a harmful chemical is absorbed into the environment, and how much is free to ride the winds and currents to other regions.
The team's San Francisco Bay research began as part of a UC Berkeley Superfund Basic Research Program project to develop methods for reconstructing historical exposures to metals in estuaries. They turned their attention to mercury after meeting with scientists from the San Francisco Estuary Institute, which, along with several regulatory agencies, is working to understand and resolve this longstanding problem.
Mercury, however, is especially challenging to model because it readily converts among three different species, each of which reacts with the environment in a different way. There's elemental mercury, which is the volatile liquid metal used by the 49'ers, who called it liquid silver. There's salt-like divalent mercury. And there's organic or methyl mercury, which is a potent neurotoxin that is known to be detrimental to developing fetuses and young children. It is passed from prey to predator along the food chain, which is why the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment issues fish consumption advisories for the San Francisco Bay.
"You can pick any part of the environment—water, air, and soil—and find all three mercury species in some kind of chemical balance," says McKone.
Modeling these permutations in the San Francisco Bay area is especially difficult because the region represents the largest estuary on the West Coast, encompassing roughly 1,600 square miles of central California and draining almost one-half the land area of California. Complicating matters, the bay is composed of a north and south estuary, with a huge flux of water moving through each system. Every year, an estimated 2,450 million kilograms of sediment enter the Bay, some of which is deposited in the bay and some of which exits the Golden Gate.
To track the behavior of this constantly changing toxin in a large and dynamic body of water, the team started with a mass balance model that accounts for how the three mercury species react with the region's air, soil, vegetation, water, and sediment. Based on previous research, they also assumed that mercury exits the San Francisco Bay via the Golden Gate at a rate that is slower than its conversion rate among the three different species. This allowed them to assume a constant ratio among the three species in each type of environmental medium (air, soil, etc.).
They applied this model to the entire Bay Area, extending as far east as the Carquinez Strait, where the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers empty into the bay. The resulting mass-balance calculations revealed that continental and global background levels of mercury are largely responsible for the Bay Area's airborne mercury concentrations. But they found a much more localized source of mercury in the waters of the San Francisco Bay: contaminated sediments from long-ago mining activities. In addition, they determined that it takes decades for the bay's mercury concentrations to respond to changes.
"If we alter the amount of mercury that enters the bay, it doesn't reach a new equilibrium until about 50 years later," says McKone. "We are learning that it takes a long time to clean up the bay. Unfortunately, the upstream input of mercury is very large and will remain large for a long time."
That's because California is littered with thousands of defunct mercury mines that date back to between 1850 and 1900 when miners used mercury-lined sluices to capture tiny grains of gold from sediment. Over the years, tailings from the mercury mines that supplied this process leached into the watershed and eventually into the San Francisco Bay. These mines have been largely cleaned up and no longer pose a threat to the environment, but the mercury they released is still cycling through the sediment carried by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers.
"Gold mining was really hard on California's environment, and the harm remains apparent even now," says McKone. "But we are using the mistakes of the past to learn more about the life cycles of persistent chemicals in the bay, and to learn how to protect the bay for the future."
For more information, contact:
- Thomas McKone
- (510) 486-6163; Fax (510)486-6658 | <urn:uuid:83b367ab-cf45-4c2d-a297-1565631e089d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eetd.lbl.gov/newsletter/nl23/eetd-nl23-5-gold.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952346 | 1,260 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Ryan Gage [email protected]
CHICAGO - In recognition of National Infant immunization Week, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) today launched a campaign to raise awareness of the importance of childhood vaccination. The campaign reminds parents to follow the recommended immunization schedule to protect their infants and children through direct advertising and the distribution of informational material to online community portals.
Each year, numerous vaccine-preventable illnesses are reported in Illinois. Certain diseases, such as measles, are making a comeback as some parents choose to either delay or decline vaccinations for their children.
"It is critically important for parents to make sure their children receive all recommended doses of vaccines on time. Most vaccines should be administered in the first two years of life," said Dr. Julie Morita, Medical Director for the CDPH Immunization Program. "Immunizations provide protection on not only the individual level, but on the community level as well."
CDPH's Immunization Program works to prevent the spread of illness by vaccinating adults and children for protection against a wide variety of diseases. These diseases can be especially serious for infants and young children. Coverage levels for most vaccines are at or near all-time highs. However, in 2012, Chicago coverage levels for preschool aged children (19-35 month olds) dipped below 90% for measles (87%) and whooping cough (79%) vaccines. This suggests that 13-21% of young children in Chicago may not be fully protected against these serious diseases.
Vaccine-preventable diseases still circulate in the United States and around the world. One example of the seriousness of vaccine-preventable diseases is an increase in measles cases or outbreaks that were reported in 2013. Data from 2013 showed a higher than normal number of measles cases nationally and in individual states, including an outbreak of 58 cases in New York City that was the largest reported outbreak of measles in the U.S. since 1996. There is an ongoing need for parents to be vigilant with vaccination schedules to ensure these outbreaks are contained as much as possible or eliminated altogether.
Vaccines are among the most successful and cost-effective public health tools available for preventing disease and death. They not only help protect vaccinated individuals, but also help protect entire communities by preventing and reducing the spread of infectious diseases. Diseases that vaccines protect against include chickenpox, diphtheria, measles, mumps, pertussis, polio, rubella, tetanus, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, rotavirus, haemophilus influenza type b, pneumococcus and influenza. For the 2014 infant immunizations schedule, visit: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child.html
To get your child vaccinated, talk to your healthcare provider. If you do not have a healthcare provider, call 311 or go to cityofchicago.org/health to find a Fast-Track Immunization Clinic.
The Chicago Department of Public Health is a member of the Northern Illinois Public Health Consortium (NIPHC), a 501 (c)(4) organization of public health departments. Members include the Village of Skokie, and the Counties of Cook, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kendall, Lake, McHenry, Will and Winnebago. These organizations are promoting in unison the importance of immunizations in observance of National Infant Immunizations Week. | <urn:uuid:a9c3eba0-157b-4e32-ada6-85aec764661a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/cdph/provdrs/clinic/news/2014/apr/cdph-launches-campaign-to-encourage-parents-to--protect-their-ch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938882 | 712 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Article I of the U.S. Constitution places the legislative function in the hands of two bodies, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House is intended to be more closely tied to the popular will, with members serving only two years before facing another election.
In the division of labor between the House and Senate, the Senate is given authority in the area of foreign relations but the House is the only one able to initiate revenue bills. Impeachment is a duty of the House, while the Senate conducts trials that result from impeachment by the House.
The House and Senate both hold sessions in the United States Capitol Building in Washington DC.
- - - Books You May Like Include: ----
The House: The History of the House of Representatives by Robert V. Remini.
The first-ever narrative nonfiction history of the House of Representatives, by the National Book Award-winning historian Robert Remini, one of the pr... | <urn:uuid:086188cb-e4ca-4c8e-98f2-0058b23decbd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h4084.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939526 | 191 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The effect of the spatial scale of tree harvesting on woody seedling establishment and tree dynamic at Ongoye Forest Reserve.
Louw, Sharon Lilla.
MetadataShow full item record
Subsistence harvesting pressure in most African countries focuses on the small and mostly unreproductive trees found in the understorey stratum and can have potentially insidious ecological effects. Harvest intensities at Ongoye Forest Reserve (OFR) vary significantly across the forest (range = 87 - 567 stumps ha-1), with harvesting focussed exclusively on poles from tree species that grow only in the understorey. Growing evidence indicates that seedling establishment from the pool of species available beneath a closed canopy is greatly influenced by the differential ability of species to take advantage of the short burst of resources in newly-created understorey gaps. Seedling dynamics in these gaps may determine forest tree diversity and dynamics and consequently harvest gaps have the potential to significantly affect natural forest dynamics. This study examined seedling establishment beneath intact understorey and within artificially created understorey gaps of different sizes (single stem gaps, two stem gaps, four stem gaps, eight stem gaps and control ‘gap’, where no stems were removed) that simulated different spatial scales of harvesting intensity of understorey trees. This experiment examined the proposition that successful seedling establishment and natural succession is strongly dependent on the scale of harvesting. Seedling abundance, species richness, irradiance (photosynthetically active radiation and the red to far-red ratio), soil nutrient composition and herbaceous layer cover was measured in each gap size in 2005 before harvesting, and again in 2007. The mean seedling abundance was not significantly different among gap treatments, although there was a trend towards more seedlings in 2005 than 2007. Seedling abundance in all gaps was greater than at control sites beneath the intact understorey. There was a continuous increase in seedling richness in 2007. An average species richness of 4.3 was recorded in the control sites, beneath a shaded understorey. Here, seedling richness increased by 18.24% with the removal of a single understorey tree (Gap 1). Species richness increased with increasing experimental gap size increased so that the greatest mean species richness (6.2 species) was recorded where eight neighbouring trees were removed (Gap 8). Light transmission reaching the seedling stratum was greater in larger gaps and there was a trend towards more seedlings and greater species richness in the higher light environments of such gaps. Soil nutrient levels did not influence seedling abundance and species richness in gaps. The herbaceous layer suppressed seedling establishment. In the largest gaps (115.4m2) created by harvesting, seedling composition was more deterministic than in small gaps where seedling establishment and density was random, accordingly there were more species in larger gaps from a more defined species assemblage. Current harvesting levels of pole-sized understorey trees, where only small gaps are created in the understorey, are unlikely to alter forest dynamics and species composition at OFR. This study demonstrates that harvesting eight adjacent trees crosses the harvest intensity threshold between sustainable natural tree dynamics and a potential successional shift to an alternative state. Clearly, for natural dynamics to be maintained harvesting intensities will have to be regulated.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
User attitudes to conservation and management options for the Ongoye Forest Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Phadima, Lehlohonolo J. (2005)Indigenous forest resources are valuable to communities situated around them as they provide many different resources for their livelihoods. South Africa has only 0.5% of indigenous forest cover and most forests are ...
Ecotourism for sustainable development : economic valuation of recreational potentials of protected areas in the Congo Basin. Tieguhong, Julius Chupezi. (2008)This study was designed to capture the complexity of man-to-forest relationships in the endangered, world-renowned tropical rain forests of the Congo Basin in Africa. Their biological complexity and integrity have been ...
Protected area management and environmental decision-making : the case of Dlinza Forest Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal. Malaza, Khethiwe. (2004)Colonial conservation emerged as colonial conservationists perceived the threat of deforestation, climatic change and famine. The sense that there were limits to nature's capacity to meet human demands, led to colonial ... | <urn:uuid:d56848de-69d0-40db-868d-08111194234d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10413/631 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940619 | 919 | 2.890625 | 3 |
THE CIRCUMCISION REFERENCE LIBRARY
In many hospitals, circumcision has become a routine part of the care provided for male infants. This author contends that it is time for the medical establishment to rethink both the reasons for and the consequences of this procedure.
In recent years, the debate on circumcision has been conducted on a relatively low plane, with proponents arguing that circumcision may prevent some unusual or rare conditions. Opponents of circumcision argue that it has no medical benefits. This article seeks to simplify the subject and raise it to a higher plane—focusing on the positive value of the intact foreskin.
Before birth, the glans penis is covered with skin. This skin is not loosely attached; indeed, it is as tightly attached to the glans as is the skin on the hand, for example.1
At approximately 17 weeks' gestation, cells in the area of separation between the future foreskin and the glans initiate the process of creating the preputial space (ie, the space between the glans penis and the intact foreskin). They begin to form microscopic balls comprising multiple layers of cells. As these whorls of cells enlarge, cells at the center are cut off from nutrients; they die and create a space. These minute spaces coalesce, eventually becoming the preputial space.1 This process is completed by age 3 in 90% of boys, but it may take as long as 17 years for some boys to have a fully retractable foreskin.
At birth, the separation of the foreskin from the glans has just begun. The newborn's penis is, of course, not yet fully developed. Not only does circumcision interfere with its development, but it re quires that the surgeon tear the skin from the sensitive glans to permit removal. Perhaps as a way to avoid confronting this reality, physicians refer to this as "breaking adhesions."
If physicians would simply leave the newborn's penis intact, as Dr Spock came to recommend,2 the foreskin would be left to fulfil its several functions. In infancy, the foreskin protects the glans from irritation and from fecal material. The function of the foreskin in adulthood may at first seem more obscure. The shaft and usually the glans of an uncircumcised man's penis are covered by skin. Retracting the foreskin reveals the glans and makes the skin on the shaft somewhat loose. Of what use is this redundant skin? During erection, the penile shaft elongates, becoming about 50% longer. The foreskin covers this lengthened shaft and is thus specifically designed to accommodate an organ that is capable of a marked increase in diameter and length.
In addition, the foreskin is one of the most sensitive parts of the penis and can enhance the quality of sexual intercourse. Anatomical studies demonstrate that the foreskin has a greater concentration of complex nerve endings than the glans.3 If there is any possibility that the foreskin can contribute significantly to sexual enjoyment, is that not a cogent reason for rethinking our motives for this ritual procedure?
The Case Against Circumcision:
History shows that the arguments in favor of circumcision are questionable. At the beginning of this century, one of the reasons given for circumcision was to decrease masturbation, which was thought to lead to insanity and other "morbid" conditions. We now know that circumcision does not prevent masturbation, nor does masturbation lead to insanity.
More recently, circumcision was promoted as a means of preventing cervical cancer in the man's sexual partners; this notion has been proved incorrect.4
The current excuses are that failure to remove the foreskin may contribute to urinary tract infections and penile cancer, but neither of these contentions has been proved. Performing 100 mutilative surgeries to possibly prevent one treatable urinary tract infection is not valid preventive medicine-it is just another excuse. Penile cancer occurs in older men at a rate of approximately 1 per 100,000. [CIRP note: This is an annualized rate based on the lifetime risk of contracting penile cancer.] The idea of performing 100,000 mutilating procedures on newborns to possibly prevent cancer in one elderly man is absurd. Applying this type of reasoning to women would seem to lead to the conclusion that breast cancer should be prevented by removing the breasts at puberty.
One thousand years ago, the Jewish sage Maimonides said that the effect of circumcision was "to limit sexual intercourse, and to weaken the organ of generation as far as possible, and thus cause man to be moderate...for there is no doubt that circumcision weakens the power of sexual excitement, and sometimes lessens the natural enjoyment; the organ necessarily becomes weak when ... deprived of its covering from the beginning. Our sages say distinctly: it is hard for a woman, with whom an uncircumcised [man] had sexual intercourse, to separate from him.5
Infants are routinely circumcised without anesthesia. In the past few years, scientific papers have demonstrated that infants' responses to pain are similar to those of adults, indicating that babies do indeed experience pain.6 This is supported by the fact that the quality of an infant's cry is appallingly different at circumcision.
Who has the right to order or perform such surgery on a newborn infant? I contend that no one does, not even a physician or the parent, especially as there is no proven medical reason to do so, and the procedure may even be harmful. It can always be performed in adulthood for men who desire it, with fully informed consent.
I believe that physicians who continue to perform routine circumcision are not only harming infants but are also harming the integrity of the medical profession. It is hard to accept that these physicians, most of whom have been circumcised themselves are using their medical licenses to mutilate others. This is tragedy perpetuating itself.
Return to CIRP library | <urn:uuid:6ebc2f9b-187c-4110-b3df-4c511442cfb5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cirp.org/library/general/denniston/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957004 | 1,185 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Making of America's Debt Crisis and the Long Recovery
A clear, authoritative guide to the crisis of 2008, its continuing repercussions, and the needed reforms ahead.
The U.S. economy lost the first decade of the twenty-first century to an ill-conceived boom and subsequent bust. It is in danger of losing another decade to the stagnation of an incomplete recovery. How did this happen? Read this lucid explanation of the origins and long-term effects of the recent financial crisis, drawn in historical and comparative perspective by two leading political economists.
By 2008 the United States had become the biggest international borrower in world history, with more than two-thirds of its $6 trillion federal debt in foreign hands. The proportion of foreign loans to the size of the economy put the United States in league with Mexico, Indonesia, and other third-world debtor nations. The massive inflow of foreign funds financed the booms in housing prices and consumer spending that fueled the economy until the collapse of late 2008. This was the most serious international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Menzie Chinn and Jeffry Frieden explain the political and economic roots of this crisis as well as its long-term effects. They explore the political strategies behind the Bush administration’s policy of funding massive deficits with foreign borrowing. They show that the crisis was foreseen by many and was avoidable through appropriate policy measures. They examine the continuing impact of our huge debt on the continuing slow recovery from the recession. Lost Decades will long be regarded as the standard account of the crisis and its aftermath.
- October 2012
- 5.5 × 8.3 in
/ 304 pages
- Sales Territory: Worldwide
Endorsements & Reviews
Also by Jeffry A. Frieden
Fifth Edition / Paperback
Sixth Edition / Paperback | <urn:uuid:5cadcedc-dbe0-4ef6-887f-70e86ec41f08> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://books.wwnorton.com/books/Lost-Decades/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934725 | 377 | 2.9375 | 3 |
- bag (n.)
- c. 1200, bagge, from Old Norse baggi or a similar Scandinavian source; not found in other Germanic languages, perhaps ultimately of Celtic origin. Disparaging slang for "woman" dates from 1924 (though various specialized senses of this are much older). Meaning "person's area of interest or expertise" is 1964, from African-American vernacular, from jazz sense of "category," probably via notion of putting something in a bag.
To be left holding the bag (and presumably nothing else), "cheated, swindled" is attested by 1793. Many figurative senses, such as the verb meaning "to kill game" (1814) and its colloquial extension to "catch, seize, steal" (1818) are from the notion of the game bag (late 15c.) into which the product of the hunt was placed. To let the cat out of the bag "reveal the secret" is from 1760.
- bag (v.)
- mid-15c., "to swell out like a bag;" also "to put money in a bag," from bag (n.). Earliest verbal sense was "to be pregnant" (c. 1400). Of clothes, "to hang loosely," 1824. For sense "catch, seize, steal," see bag (n.). Related: Bagged; bagging. | <urn:uuid:b31d69ce-7f22-4e47-a700-5247b8044de6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=bag&allowed_in_frame=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944296 | 289 | 2.984375 | 3 |
03 Jul 2013: Report
New Initiatives to Clean Up
The Global Aquarium Trade
An estimated 30 million fish and other creatures are caught annually to supply the home aquarium market, taking a toll on some reef ecosystems. Now conservationists are working to improve the industry by ending destructive practices and encouraging aquaculture.
To bring a kaleidoscopic glimpse of tropical marine life into their living rooms, aquarium hobbyists depend on a steady supply of live fish and invertebrates from the world’s imperiled coral reefs. Bagged and boxed, the animals are flown in from biodiversity hotspots like Indonesia and the Philippines in the so-called Coral Triangle. But poor handling and long supply chains have raised concerns that too many creatures die in transit or soon after arrival. Some marine populations have taken a hit, and destructive collection practices — including the use of cyanide
— have damaged precious reef habitat.
In Hawaii the issue has ignited into full controversy, though scientists say the trade there is better managed than in many other regions. For several years, activists have sought to get aquarium collection banned through lawsuits, legislation, and public pressure. In May, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, best known for its confrontational anti-whaling crusades, launched a new campaign
to end the trade in Hawaii — and eventually elsewhere — for good.
That effort comes on the heels of several failed attempts to introduce sustainable practices by more mainstream conservation groups, scientists, and industry representatives. Meanwhile, other new efforts are raising hope in some quarters that the trade might be able both to satisfy first-world hobbyists and support sustainable livelihoods for people in developing nations. These initiatives include raising fish and coral in
New efforts raise hopes the trade might satisfy hobbyists and support sustainable livelihoods in developing nations.
aquaculture facilities specifically for the aquarium trade, as well as a promising new method for detecting fish caught after cyanide has been used to stun them.
“[In] Indonesia and the Philippines there are serious concerns about reef damage and fish mortality from the trade,” Brian Tissot, a marine ecologist at Washington State University, said in an email. A 2010 paper in the journal Marine Policy
, on which Tissot was the lead author, called on the U.S. to take the lead in reforming the aquarium trade and its bigger siblings — the jewelry, home décor, and curio trades in dried corals, shells, seahorses, and the like.
“It’s very scary, and of course the impacts on those ecosystems are largely unknown,” he says of the magnitude of marine life that those trades are removing from reefs. “That’s what we worry about.”
Critters destined for aquariums are plucked from their home reefs in at least 40 countries throughout the tropics, with the Philippines and Indonesia supplying about 85 percent of the world’s aquarium fish. Poor fishermen typically sell their catch for pennies per fish into a complicated chain of dealers and middlemen. More than half the fish and other marine creatures land in the U.S.
, the world’s number one importer, trailed by Europe and Japan.
A consumer trend favoring tanks that emulate reef ecosystems — shrimp, corals, anemones, etc. — has increased the diversity of the catch. Around 2,000 fish species, 150 stony coral species, and more than 500 other invertebrate species now enter the trade, totaling perhaps 30 million reef fish and other animals annually, according to Andrew Rhyne, a marine scientist at Roger Williams University in Rhode Island and the New England Aquarium in Boston, who with colleagues has been scrutinizing trade records in unprecedented detail.
The radiant yellow tang is highly valued by aquarium hobbyists.
Retail prices vary widely. A common fish like the green chromis will set you back just a few bucks, but collectors have reportedly offered as much as $30,000 for rare individuals like peppermint angelfish. Globally, the trade may be worth up to $330 million per year, according to a report
from the United Nations Environment Program.
Some scientists and conservationists worry that the industry is further taxing coral reef ecosystems already gravely threatened by rising water temperatures, ocean acidification, and pollution. They say the aquarium trade has taken its heaviest toll in the Coral Triangle, which encompasses a large area of the Pacific Ocean, including the waters of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. A chief issue in this region is the collateral damage to reefs, fish, and other marine life when fishermen break coral to get at their quarry, or, worse, squirt sodium cyanide and other poisons to stun fish.
In a 2012 analysis
of a year of U.S. declarations forms and invoices from aquarium trade importers, Rhyne’s team found that most species entering the U.S. are abundant over wide areas, and therefore unlikely to be seriously harmed by the trade. However, although few studies have been done, a number of documented cases exist where the trade depleted or virtually eliminated some species in certain areas, experts say.
One such example is the blue tang, the 12th-most popular imported fish, which is overfished in Indonesia, Rhyne says. Retail prices are already high — even topping $100 for large blue tang — and the fish’s starring role in Disney’s forthcoming animated film, “Finding Dory,” will surely spike demand, just as “Finding Nemo” did for clownfish. “Fishers will have to
Collectors have reportedly offered as much as $30,000 for rare individuals like peppermint angelfish.
travel much further distances, further increasing handling stress, which in turn increases mortality, which increases collection pressure,” Rhyne wrote by email.
In addition to the ecological concerns, there are ethical ones. Robert Wintner, Sea Shepherd’s new vice president, and the Humane Society of the United States, among others, argue that the trade and hobby are cruel and too often deadly, and that a tiny tank is no place for a wild animal.
The toll on reef life in Hawaii, where Sea Shepherd’s pugnacious campaign is focused, is hotly disputed. Wintner — a longtime activist on the issue there under the nom de guerre of Snorkel Bob — says the problems are visible. He rattles off “horror stories” perpetrated by the industry that include the devastation of hermit crab, yellow tang, and featherduster worm populations, as well as smashing up coral to extract the latter.
“These guys are taking obscene amounts of fish,” Wintner says. “They are ‘Hoovering’ the reefs.” He dismisses many of his critics as complicit in the industry and describes most attempts to reform the business as greenwash.
Yet industry members and some scientists, including Tissot, who has studied the Hawaiian trade for years, say the Sea Shepherd campaign’s claims
grossly exaggerate the impact in Hawaii. They say the business is much better studied and managed there than in the Coral Triangle, and shorter supply chains and gentler handling mean captured fish have far better survival odds.
Previous high-profile attempts at reforming the trade have collapsed. The Marine Aquarium Council
launched a decade-long effort to train collectors and others in the supply chain to adhere to tough voluntary standards, but that initiative largely fell apart by 2009 because its sustainability claims were not verifiable, according to one analysis. And a bill drafted by several environmental groups to set sustainability standards for coral-reef wildlife entering the U.S. has foundered after the death of its champion, Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii, last December.
The criticism has prompted both bristling and soul-searching among hobbyists and business people. “From an environmental perspective there could be specific species or specific areas that are pressured, but from a global perspective it’s nil,” says Chris Buerner, president of Los
Some wholesalers are taking measures to improve the traceability of fish to avoid buying from unreliable suppliers.
Angeles-based Quality Marine, a leading aquarium animal wholesaler. Buerner, who served on the board of the Marine Aquarium Council, notes that the volume of fish taken from the sea for aquariums is minuscule compared to what’s taken for food. Nonetheless, he says it’s a good thing if all the scrutiny pushes the industry toward lower-impact practices, adding, “There are things the trade really should work hard to improve.”
Some public aquariums, retailers, and wholesalers like Quality Marine are taking measures to improve their practices, such as formalizing sustainability standards for purchased fish and improving animals’ traceability to avoid buying from unreliable suppliers, Buerner says. And a new industry-friendly eco-labeling system now under development, called SMART, would require adherence to catch quotas.
A recent breakthrough in developing a test for cyanide exposure in fish
is being widely hailed. Fishing with the poison is illegal in most countries, but remains prevalent in about 15 nations that supply the aquarium business, as well as the much bigger trade in live reef fish for Asian food markets, according to a 2012 report by Defenders of Wildlife
. Such a test would allow the industry to reject cyanide-caught fish, and U.S. law prohibiting the import of illegally collected wildlife could be applied, which could help finally eliminate the poison from the aquarium trade, experts say.
Aquaculture could also take pressure off wild fish, which comprise up to 95 percent of marine fish sold. A young SeaWorld initiative called Rising Tide Conservation
aims to “write the cookbook” for breeding various marine fish species that have proven difficult to cultivate in captivity, says Judy St. Leger, the group’s director.
MORE FROM YALE e360
A Leading Marine Biologist
Works to Create a ‘Wired Ocean’
Stanford University scientist Barbara Block
heads a program that has placed satellite tags on thousands of sharks, bluefin tuna, and other marine predators to better understand their life cycles. Now, using data available on mobile devices, she hopes to enlist public support for protecting these threatened creatures.READ MORE
Coral aquaculture is even farther along. For example, just a few years ago, Indonesians were hacking tons of coral from their reefs for export. In 2011, Rhyne says he flew to Bali to help advise the nation’s young coral mariculture program, and was impressed to discover an advanced system already in place. More species were under cultivation when he returned last summer. One of the biggest producers was a shell and coral exporter who had harvested wild corals for decades but now has a prosperous coral farm with numerous employees in the unlikeliest of places, just offshore from a cement factory and a ferry terminal. The area’s coral industry is rapidly moving from a wild fishery to aquaculture, Rhyne says.
Ironically, while the U.S. government urged Indonesians toward aquaculture, a government proposal to list 66 coral species under the Endangered Species Act would likely destroy the fledgling business, Rhyne says.
Even so, Rhyne and others see in coral aquaculture an inkling of how the aquarium hobby could help reef-dependent humans and animals alike. If you take away a fish collector’s livelihood, he’ll likely turn to another unsustainable fishing practice to feed his family. But done right, the aquarium trade could give people living in poverty both an income and a reason to preserve their reefs. It won’t be easy, though, Rhyne acknowledges.
“If your goal is to conserve coral reef ecosystems then you have to... look at the people involved in these trade chains,” says Rhyne. “If you don’t do that then you can never touch the conservation.”
Correction, July 8, 2013: An earlier version of this article reported that dynamite was used to collect fish for the aquarium trade. Experts say dynamite is used in the live reef fish trade for restaurants, but not for aquarium fish — a point also made in a United Nations Environment Program report.
POSTED ON 03 Jul 2013 IN
Biodiversity Business & Innovation Business & Innovation Energy Oceans Policy & Politics Science & Technology Asia North America North America | <urn:uuid:dc513695-f5a7-4817-b611-ce631c22db93> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://e360.yale.edu/feature/new_initiatives_to_clean_up_the_global_aquarium_trade_/2660/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943092 | 2,588 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Brief SummaryRead full entry
BiologyThe African grey parrot feeds on a variety of fruits, seeds and nuts, particularly those of the oil-palm, Elaeis guineensis. It is also known to do damage to maize crops (3) (8). The species can travel considerable distances in search of fruiting trees (3), and may also make seasonal movements out of the driest parts of its range during the dry season (2). The African grey parrot often roosts in large groups, and forms large, noisy flocks, the birds calling to each other with a variety of squawks, whistles, shrieks and screams, both at rest and in flight (7). In addition to its ability to mimic human speech, this parrot has also been found to mimic other bird and mammal calls in the wild (12). Nests are generally a simple cavity, high in a tree (3). Usually, two to three eggs are laid, and hatch after an incubation of between 21 and 30 days, the young leaving the nest around 80 days later (3). Captive individuals may live up to 50 years (13). In recent years, research on a captive African grey parrot known as 'Alex' has highlighted the impressive intelligence of this species. As well as learning the names of over 50 objects, Alex was able to use English words to identify colours, shapes and quantities up to six, as well as to demonstrate an understanding of concepts such as bigger / smaller, same / different, and absence, and to use words and phrases to make simple requests. Such studies suggest that the intelligence of African grey parrots is comparable to that of marine mammals, apes and even young children (14). | <urn:uuid:aa013389-e137-4b50-89f7-5399d770f323> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eol.org/pages/1177912/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964049 | 351 | 3.296875 | 3 |
IWAHIG PENAL COLONY: This facility was established during the American occupation. It was however, during the Spanish regime that Puerto Princesa was designated as a place where offenders sentenced to banishment were exiled. A specific area of Puerto Princesa was selected as the site for a correctional facility. The American military carved out a prison facility in the rain forest of Puerto Princesa. The institution had for its first Superintendent Lt. George Wolfe, a member of the U.S. expeditionary force, who later became the first prisons director.
Governor Luke Wright authorized the establishment of a penal colony in the province of Palawan on November 16, 1904. This penal settlement, which originally comprised an area of 22 acres, originally served as a depository for prisoners who could not be accommodated at the Bilibid Prison in Manila. In 1906, however, the Department of Commerce and Police (which later became the Department of Public Instruction) moved to turn the institution into the center of a penal colony supervised in accordance with trends at the time. Through the department’s efforts, the Philippine Commission of the United States government passed Act No. 1723 in 1907 classifying the settlement as a penal institution.
The settlement was at first beset by attempted escapes. But under the supervision of Col. John R. White of the Philippine Constabulary, whowould become superintendent of Iwahig in 1906, the colony became a successful settlement. A merit system was devised for the prisoners and vocational activities were offered. These included farming, fishing, forestry, carpentry, and hospitalparamedical work. Prisoners could choose the vocational activities they wanted.
In 1955, Administrative Order No. 20 was promulgated by the President and implemented by the Secretary of Justice and the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources. This order allowed the distribution of colony lands for cultivation by deserving colonists. The order also contained a list of qualifications for colonists who wished to apply for a lot to cultivate, the conditions for the settler’s stay in his land, loan requirements and marketing of the settlers’ produce. Lots granted did not exceed six hectares.
On August 16, 1959, a committee was created by President Carlos P. Garcia to study the state of national prisons. Accordingly, prisoners in Iwahig were divided into two groups: the settlers and colonists. The settlers are those engaged in farming for their own benefit; they are the ones whose applications for land to cultivate have been approved. The government furnishes the land and initial requirements for tools, dwellings and beast of burden. They are required to reimburse expenditures incurred for their maintenance and that of their families out of the products of their farms. Upon their release from the colony, they receive whatever amount of money they have credited in their favor, after deducting the obligations they have.
Iwahig is subdivided into four zones or districts: Central sub-colony with an area of 14,700 hectares; Sta. Lucia with 9,685 hectares; Montible with 8,000 hectares and Inagawan with 13,000 hectares.
Recent developments and presidential proclamations have dramatically reduced the size of the prison reservation of Iwahig. | <urn:uuid:0e6519f1-40be-442d-be34-66de854456c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bucor.gov.ph/facilities/ippf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97625 | 652 | 3.125 | 3 |
Following a healthy diet plan is one of the primary therapeutic lifestyle changes I recommend for optimal health and well-being. A healthy diet plan is a powerful tool for preventing and treating serious degenerative diseases—particularly heart disease, diabetes and obesity. But what is a healthy diet plan?
Foods You Should Eat
Research and treating patients at the Whitaker Wellness Institute have proven that including certain foods in your diet every day can have a tremendous positive effect on your health and well-being.
In a nutshell, a healthy diet plan contains the following:
- Lots of legumes and vegetables and a little fruit
- Healthy carbohydrates
- Adequate servings of protein
- Modest amounts of healthy fats
- Plenty of water
Foods You Should Avoid
It goes without saying, but to follow a healthy diet plan, you also need to avoid specific foods. There are many foods—especially when eaten in excess—that can increase your risk of serious degenerative diseases and other health problems.
I know from personal experience that changing your eating habits isn’t easy. But if you commit to incorporating a healthy diet plan into your daily life, you’ll be well on your way to optimal health and well-being.
More Dr. Whitaker Advice on Optimal Health | <urn:uuid:04f08bd9-3ad3-4e2f-8e1b-c3d8f879574e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.drwhitaker.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/article.detail/ID/7249b6a4-09cc-4d71-b7eb-03d90006d28a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932195 | 262 | 2.84375 | 3 |
HMS Upholder started her trials in September of 1940 and, upon completion of her requisite crew training, she left for her first assignment on December 10th and posted to the 10th Submarine Flotilla based at Malta. The Mediterranean Sea was a complex operating area for submarines, deep in some areas while other shallow in others. The waters proved shallow enough for an attacking submarine to accidentally hit the bottom when diving. Vessels on or in the clear Mediterranean waters were also relatively easy to spot from the air. Other problems experienced by the 10th Submarine Flotilla including naval mines, small sub-chasers in the coastal waters and land-based enemy spotting aircraft. Fresh water rivers also emptied into the Mediterranean. River water generally proved to be less buoyant and would not support submarines, leading to passing subs plunging 100 feet or more without warning.
Times were dangerous as the 10th Submarine Flotilla lost three submarines on patrol. However HMS Upholder, under the command of Lt. Commander Malcolm Wanklyn, was showing promise when, on her first patrol, she sunk an 8,000 ton enemy supply ship. Early in 1941, the German Luftwaffe bombed Malta daily in an attempt to try and break the British hold of the island. Many British aircraft had been destroyed except for a few Wellingtons and Swordfish and these were capable of attacking enemy shipping. British anti-aircraft gun defenses on the island were the negligible threat to the German Luftwaffe.
By September of 1941, two more boats had been sunk by the Germans. HMS Upholder was starting her 14th patrol with three other U-class boats in an effort to locate and sink enemy troop ships sailing for Tunisia. The four submarines took up positions across the ships route near Sirte. Three Italian transports had a screen of six destroyers and approached Upholder's position. She alone attacked the nine heavily-armed enemy ships. Wanklyn penetrated the destroyer screen and fired three torpedoes over a distance of five thousand yards.
Wanklyn scored three hits out of the three torpedoes launched against the transports. Two torpedoes hit the SS Neptunia and one hit the SS Oceania. The Neptunia was heavily damaged and Oceania's propellers were completely blown off. The third transport, the SS Vulcania supported by one of the destroyers, departed the area. SS Neptunia eventually sank while the accompanying destroyers collected survivors and, upon finishing the task, steamed to the aid of SS Oceania who, at this point, lay dead in the water. Upholder surfaced and fired two torpedoes across one mile at the destroyers protecting SS Oceania, hitting and sinking one destroyer inthe process. The SS Oceania later sank. On April 6th, HMS Upholder left on her 25th and final patrol before she was scheduled to return to England. However, she never returned and the exact cause of her sinking went largely unknown. She was listed as missing on April 14th, 1942, believed to have been the victim of an Italian submarine hunter.
HMS Upholder (P37) had the most successful record of any British submarine in World War 2. During her 24 patrols against enemy shipping in the Mediterranean Sea, she made 36 torpedo attacks resulting in the sinking of 21 total ships for over 90,000 tons claimed: 15 German and Italian transports and supply ships, 3 German U-boat submarines, 2 Destroyers, and 1 armed trawler.
Lieutenant Commander Wanklyn received the prized Victoria Cross for his service.
Text ©2003-2016 www.MilitaryFactory.com. All Rights Reserved. No Reproduction Permitted - the Content of this Page is NOT for reuse in any form. Email corrections/comments to MilitaryFactory at Gmail dot com. Material presented throughout this website is for historical and entertainment value and should not to be construed as usable for hardware restoration, maintenance or general operation. Please consult original manufacturers for such information. | <urn:uuid:4e916be4-fb63-423e-b6b7-de37192ad3a1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=HMS-Upholder-P37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968496 | 819 | 3.296875 | 3 |
ICES Working Group on the value of Coastal Habitats for Exploited Species (WGVHES) seeks to determine the relative value of coastal nursery habitats (e.g. seagrass beds, salt marshes, kelp beds, and rocky bottoms), feeding grounds, and spawning areas for the suite of species of interest to ICES, and in collaboration with the Working Group on Marine Habitat Mapping, by (i) documenting and evaluating the available information whereby the quantity and quality of coastal habitats can be linked directly to the population dynamics of exploited species; (ii) establishing quantitative methods for determining how coastal habitats influence population abundance and fishery yield; and (iii) producing case studies quantifying habitat value in population models for selected fish and invertebrate species.
Integrating habitat value quantitatively in mathematical, statistical or empirical models is an activity carried out by WGVHES in order to establish the foundation for ecosystem-based fishery management.
WGVHES's goals are important because many exploited marine and estuarine populations have experienced significant reductions in spawning-stock biomass and recruitment. Concurrently, fishery production of these species is lower than historical levels such that their commercial value has similarly declined. Moreover, essential habitats such as nursery and foraging grounds have been degraded in many areas in such a way that these critical habitats are no longer adequate to fulfill nursery, feeding, or reproductive functions, yet their quantitative value at the population and ecosystem levels remains largely unknown. Consequently, the findings of this working group are expected to help improve predictions of fishery yield, age-class strength, and long-term population status for species of commercial and recreational value and to define key habitats for conservation and restoration efforts. | <urn:uuid:b4eb5659-da70-4985-a426-3ae3da74242b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ices.dk/community/groups/Pages/WGVHES.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906359 | 351 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Halley VI Antarctic research station, which opens this week, was built with the harsh conditions in mind. The most southerly research station operated by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) will be home to more than 50 scientists.
Hugh Broughton Architects' competition-winning design for the self-sufficient base includes hydraulically elevated ski-based modules. These respond to annually rising snow levels and the need to relocate the base if the site were to separate off as an iceberg.
Rather than struggling as a fixed structure, the base can use these legs on skis to lift above the ground and also be towed to a new location if required, Engadget reports.
The Halley VI features eight connected modules, made up of labs and living spaces, with a central module that provides an open plan social area at the heart of the station. This larger, red module features a climbing wall, a salad garden, specially-designed shades and lamps with daylight bulbs that simulate sunrise.
This article originally published at PSFK here | <urn:uuid:3615cc03-7d39-4ccb-80a0-e1823eb2450d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mashable.com/2013/02/05/halley-vi-antarctica/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942904 | 212 | 3.03125 | 3 |
New & Updated
Demonstrations 101 - 120 of 8084
Sum of Volumes of Several Platonic and Archimedean Solids
Matrix Solutions to Airy's Eigenvalue Problem
Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of the Airy Equation Using Spectral Methods
Parts of a Bassoon
Collinear Classical Helium Atom
Minimally Squared Rectangles
Route, Speed, and Acceleration of Your Mouse
Dividing Circles, Rectangles, and Triangles into Equal Pieces
Usual and Unusual Pendulums
Hidden Correlation in Regression
Arrhenius versus Eyring-Polanyi Model
Rolling Ball inside a Cylinder
KAM Tori Reforming
Rolling Cycloidal Curves
Simulating the Branching Process
Dynamics of Two Coupled Continuously Stirred Tank Reactors
A Subset of Phi Space
Computing Eigenvalues Using the QR Algorithm
Ladybug Counting Game
The #1 tool for creating Demonstrations
and anything technical.
Explore anything with the first
computational knowledge engine.
The web's most extensive
Course Assistant Apps »
An app for every course—
right in the palm of your hand.
Wolfram Blog »
Read our views on math,
science, and technology.
Computable Document Format »
The format that makes Demonstrations
(and any information) easy to share and
STEM Initiative »
Programs & resources for
educators, schools & students.
Join the initiative for modernizing
Step-by-Step Solutions »
Walk through homework problems one step at a time, with hints to help along the way.
Wolfram Problem Generator »
Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built-in step-by-step solutions. Practice online or make a printable study sheet.
Wolfram Language »
Knowledge-based programming for everyone.
Note: Your message & contact information may be shared with the author of any specific Demonstration for which you give feedback.
© 2016 Wolfram Demonstrations Project & Contributors |
Note: To run this Demonstration you need Mathematica 7+ or the free Mathematica Player 7EX
Download or upgrade to
Mathematica Player 7EX
I already have | <urn:uuid:e1d73afb-1152-4953-a6f9-ec9df250b919> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/new.html?query=published:[20060401%20TO%2020130425]&start=101&limit=20&sortmethod=recent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.655503 | 482 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Community pharmacies could play a vital role in tackling major public health concerns such as obesity and smoking because the vast majority of people in England live within easy walking distance, say researchers.
The Durham University study, published in BMJ Open, is the first to show that most people can get to a community pharmacy easily with the greatest access in deprived areas.
The findings show that the often-quoted inverse care law, where good medical care is most available to those who need it least, does not apply to pharmacies.
The researchers are now calling on the Government to enable community pharmacies to provide more services to help tackle major public health concerns such as obesity, smoking and alcohol.
Overall, 89 per cent of the population was found to have access to a community pharmacy within a 20 minute walk. A 20 minute walk from each pharmacy was represented using a straight-line distance from the central point of each pharmacy's postcode. Access in areas of highest deprivation was even greater with almost 100 per cent of households living within walking distance.
The study supports the recent initiative by NHS England, Call to Action, which aims to give community pharmacies a stronger role and inform strategic policy making in terms of commissioning community pharmacy services.
Lead author, Dr Adam Todd from Durham University's School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, said: "The role of the community pharmacist has changed significantly in recent years and there is now more focus on delivering public health services, such as promoting healthy lifestyles and modification of health-related behaviours.
"However, these results show that pharmacies are well-placed in the community to deliver public health services. This is particularly important for the poorest areas where more people die from conditions such as smoking, alcohol misuse and obesity compared to people from more affluent areas.
"With easy access without patients needing to make an appointment, the results suggest there is potential for community pharmacies to deliver public health interventions to areas which need it most."
Dr David Branford, English Pharmacy Board Chair, said: "Community pharmacists provide frontline healthcare in deprived communities. The causes of health inequalities are complex and pharmacists are well-placed to understand and deliver tailored solutions which will work well in the communities they serve.
"The less formal approach and sheer convenience provided by a high street presence means they are a beacon of wellbeing and advice to many who would simply never engage with other healthcare settings.
"This study confirms their accessibility and the huge potential they have for delivery of quality healthcare to those who need it most."
The research team used postcodes for all community pharmacies in England and coordinates of each postcode for the population. These were then matched to a deprivation index as well as to the type of area e.g. urban, town and fringe, hamlet or isolated dwelling.
Explore further: First evaluation of electronic prescription service
'The Positive Pharmacy Care Law: An area-level analysis of the relationship between community pharmacy distribution, urbanity and social deprivation in England', Adam Todd, Alison Copeland, Andy Husband, Adetayo Kasim, Clare Bambra, Durham University, published in BMJ Open, 13 August 2014. | <urn:uuid:6d833ee1-cd67-47bb-9162-4ea6f34ef57f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-08-pharmacies-bigger-tackling-poor-health.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955801 | 639 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Relation Between Pregnancy And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Recent research demonstrates that erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increases during pregnancy. Also, both gestational age and haemoglobin concentration significantly influence ESR.
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is one of the measurements of the acute phase response. It is helpful in detecting the presence of inflammation and its response to treatment. It is influenced by anaemia, which may be present in inflammatory diseases, and by the proteins of the acute phase response.
AdvertisementThe research, published in the November issue of British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, was conducted to determine the range of ESR values obtained in healthy pregnant women, and to examine the effect of gestational age and haemoglobin concentration on ESR.
More than a thousand healthy pregnant women attending for routine outpatient antenatal visits at Queen Charlotte's Hospital in London were examined for the study.
It was found that gestational age and haemoglobin concentration both significantly influenced erythrocyte sedimentation rate. For non-anaemic women the 95% reference range of ESR rose from 18-48 mm/h in the first half of pregnancy to 30-70 mm/h in the second half of pregnancy. For anaemic women the corresponding reference ranges were 21-62 mm/h and 40-95 mm/h, respectively.
The authors conclude that for the correct interpretation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate values obtained during pregnancy gestational age and haemoglobin concentration must be taken into account.
These results support the commonly held belief that erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases during pregnancy. The authors suggest that these values will help define the limits of the range of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in healthy pregnant women.
PLeptin and inflammatory cytokines in women with pre-eclampsia Inhibition of morphine tolerance by spinal melanocortin receptor blockade M | <urn:uuid:9c272652-c5a1-4c80-bdc2-ac96da495cd3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medindia.net/news/view_news_main.asp?x=5582 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924479 | 408 | 2.609375 | 3 |
RoboLobsters to the rescue!
A few weeks ago I was invited to participate in a panel discussing social media for scientists at the University of Rhode Island. It was a fab day, led by the always-engaging Bora Zivkovich, and while the discussion was lively and interesting, my real jaw-hitting-the-floor moment came when my fellow panelist Dan Blustein introduced himself. I shall paraphrase:
“Hi I’m Dan Blustein, a grad student at Northeastern University, and I make robot lobsters.”
And it’s not just for fun. The robotic lobsters and lampreys that Dan and his colleagues work on are an incredible feat of bioengineering. Since I didn’t have much chance to talk to Dan after the panel, I got in touch with him after the fact and asked him a few questions about his work.
KP: The lobster and lamprey robots you’re making rely on biomimetic control. As I understand it, these systems rely on analogue rather than digital signals to transmit information much as an animal neuron would. Is that correct?
DB: The neurons that make up the electronic nervous systems that control our robots are not real neurons, they’re just simulated neurons. We’ve made nervous systems with two different types of neurons, one is analogue, the other is digital. The analogue neurons are made up of a series of circuits that calculate equations (we use the Hindmarsh-Rose model). The equations basically describe the dynamics of the ions that flow in and out of a neuron to produce action potentials and other neural signals. These are quite faithful to the biological neuron and they operate in real-time but for large networks of neurons, they take up a lot of space and can produce a lot of heat. We’re working on a VLSI (very-large-scale-integration) implementation to shrink these circuits down to fit large networks in small robot hulls. We also use another neuron simulation called the discrete-time map-based neuron model. The simulation doesn’t mimic everything that happens inside a neuron but it does mimic the types of action potential outputs that biological neurons produce. This is coded digitally and allows us to run large networks that we can quickly modify. We could run the first type of neuron simulation in code but computing the equations is a fairly intensive process so we run into delays on the robots.
One thing that is unique about our robots is how they move. Rather than motors or pneumatics, we use a muscle analog called nitinol that comes in wire form. This material is called a shape memory alloy and when you heat it up it contracts as muscle does. We use this contraction to move joints in our robots. To heat it up we drive pulses of current through the wire, which are driven by the neurons in our electronic nervous systems. The resistance of the wire causes it to heat up which makes it contract. When the pulses stop, the wire relaxes and stops moving the joint. This is how we biomimetically move our robots!
KP: The technology allows the robot to be autonomous. What has been the biggest challenge in the lab in terms of coordinating environmental sensing and behavioral output?
DB: The robot autonomy we have developed is based on neural networks that describe how an animal reacts to known sensory information in the environment. We run into challenges when the animal/robot is faced with novel environmental conditions. But we try to use this challenge to our advantage as we develop the electronic nervous systems. Let me try to explain. You can get a lobster to walk forward by moving it’s visual world from front to back across its eye (think lobster on a treadmill with moving walls). The bending of a lobster’s antennae will also stimulate forward walking and the lobster will walk upstream into water current. Normally if the lobster’s antennae bend one way, the visual world will move in a specific way and these stimuli are paired under normal conditions. However, in the lab we can subject lobsters and lobster robots to confusing sensory information so these two sensory cues are mismatched. For example, we can move the visual world as if the lobster is walking backwards but keep the water flow coming head on at the lobster as if it were walking forward. We can look at how the lobster reacts to get a sense of how these two sensory systems interact. By comparing that response to our robot we can see if our electronic nervous system is on track or if it needs to be adjusted.
KP: The major application of these robots appears to underwater exploration, both close to shore (RoboLobster) and in the open ocean (RoboLamprey). Are there other applications that you see in their future?
DB: The RoboLobster and RoboLamprey were originally funded for underwater mine detection and were designed to operate in tandem looking for mines on the ocean floor and floating in the water column. We could also see these robots being used for a range of other underwater tasks, including underwater search and surveys, environmental tracking, and the inspection of bridge pylons and dams.
KP: The circuits that you use to build biomimetic robots are modular in nature. Does this mean you can tailor the robots to fulfill specific missions or objectives?
DB: The idea is to build cheap, expendable robots that are easily customizable for a range of missions. If you need an infrared camera for checking leaks in a pipe, we can attach one. If you want your underwater robot to throw an ocean dance party, we’ll attach some flashing lights and a disco ball.
KP: The primary focuses at the Marine Science Center are naturally underwater exploits, but are there terrestrial (or even extraterrestrial) applications for biomimetic robots?
DB: Technically speaking one can make biomimetic robots for any type of environment in which life is found. Although we don’t have any extraterrestrials yet to mimic for outer space environments, that could change someday. We’re part of a team working on a project to build a robotic bee, a task that presents a range of challenges we don’t deal with underwater.
KP: On a more personal note, what would you like to see these robots accomplish in the near future?
DB: Scientifically I’d like to get to the point where the behavior of our robots is indistinguishable from their animal counterparts. That would mean we’re really getting at how nervous systems work. But really, I’d just like to see a robot animal zoo. It would be a great educational tool and besides, who hasn’t wanted to ride a robot camel at some point?
KP: Riding a RoboCamel would indeed be a dream come true…
If you would like to learn more about the RoboLobster and RoboLamprey project, head over to the lab website, and if you’d like to read more about what Dan does on a day-to-day basis check out his blog and follow him on Twitter @bloostein. | <urn:uuid:f36c6085-1fb8-424f-90d3-a55fe2c16373> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.katiephd.com/robolobsters-to-the-rescue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949144 | 1,476 | 2.828125 | 3 |
ASUS Extreme Radeon X1800 XT TOP/2DHTV@ 2006/01/09
Both GPUs were based on entirely new architectures. In the case of NV30, NVIDIA was ushering in the era of DX9 graphics, while R520 was ATI’s first graphics part to utilize shader model 3.0. It could also be said that engineers at both firms were shooting for the same basic design philosophy, choosing higher clock speeds rather than integrating more shading units into their respective designs. In the case of NV30, NVIDIA was shooting for the lofty clock speed of 500MHz (most GPUs at the time were stuck around 300MHz), while NV30 was built around a 4-pixel pipeline architecture.
When ATI was developing R520, they envisioned a core clock speed of 700MHz or more, this figure is considerably faster than any high-end graphics product produced to date, while the chip was based on a 16-pixel pipeline architecture. Like NVIDIA, ATI sacrificed shaders in order to hit blazing clock speeds. | <urn:uuid:3e991d95-b678-4bc4-9202-1dc7c5dfa6a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.madshrimps.be/news/item/20303/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971565 | 208 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Researchers at Brown Medical School studied over 20,000 adolescents to look for clues as to which teens would experiment with smoking, and which would progress to occasional and then regular smokers. The results of the fascinating study were published in a special August 2002 issue of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
Having two or more friends that smoke, and not feeling connected at school were each dramatic risk factors. School connectedness was measured by asking about teens’ feelings about the appearance of the school, their friends, and the teachers.
As parents, we can’t choose our children’s friends nor can we make them feel connected at school, but we can go a long way toward making it easy for them to spend time with peers that bring out the best in them. And we can go a long way toward supporting activities that can build connections at school. These are both important leverage points for keeping our kids healthy through the teen years. | <urn:uuid:5b4d9805-f722-4a88-8cd6-bc6d488a0deb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.drgreene.com/who-will-smoke/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978628 | 190 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.