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By sampling sea life in a heavily fished region off the coast of Namibia, researchers have found that jellyfish have actually overtaken fish in terms of the biomass they contribute to this ocean region. The findings represent a careful quantitative analysis of what's been called a "jellyfish explosion" after intense fishing in the area in the last few decades. The findings are reported by Andrew Brierley, of the University of St. Andrews, and his colleagues in the July 12th issue of the journal Current Biology.
An increasing abundance of jellyfish off Namibia had been noted for some time, but an analysis of this trend's effect on the ecosystem has been hampered by a lack of hard data on jellyfish abundance. The authors note that prior to their work, less formal observations had pointed to a striking change over time--for example, jellyfish are now so numerous in the region that they significantly interfere with fishing operations and industrial water-uptake systems. In addition, large jellyfish species such as Chrysaora hysoscella and Aequorea forskalea have become more commonly reported.
In their new work, the researchers sampled waters all along the Namibian shelf, between the borders of Angola and South Africa, in an area known as the northern Benguela. In the past, this region has offered abundant fish stocks, thanks largely to its being served by cool, nutrient-rich upwellings occuring along the continental shelf. The fish stocks, including sardines and anchovies, have been heavily exploited since the 1970s and have been strongly depleted in the process. Because fish and jellyfish essentially compete for similar nutrient resources, a dramatic decline in fish populations could theoretically contribute to a substantial shift in the abundance of jellyfish.
The researchers' findings indicate that jellyfish now account for significantly more biomass in the northern Benguela waters than do fish. Based on the data they obtained--by using scientific echosounders and trawl nets to sample jellyfish and fish in an area of over 30,000 nautical miles--the researchers estimate the total biomass of jellyfish in the region to be 12.2 million metric tons (mostly contributed by the large A. forskalea species), whereas the biomass of fish accounts for only 3.6 million metric tons.
In their report, the authors point out that jellyfish biomass has risen in numerous locations worldwide, possibly as a consequence of fishing. Climactic changes could also contribute to jellyfish population shifts.
The authors also note that jellyfish have few predators and that jellyfish abundance has significant potential consequences for oceanic ecosystems--such consequences include slowed or attenuated fish-stock recovery and alterations in the nature of carbon cycling.
The researchers include Christopher P. Lynam, Benjamin G. Heywood, and Andrew S. Brierley of the University of St. Andrews in Fife, United Kingdom; Mark J. Gibbons of the University of the Western Cape in Cape Town, South Africa; Bjørn E. Axelsen of the Institute of Marine Research in Bergen, Norway; Conrad A. J. Sparks of Cape Peninsula University of Technology in Cape Town, South Africa; Janet Coetzee of Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism in Roggebaai, South Africa.
Lynam et al.: "Correspondence: Jellyfish overtake fish in a heavily fished ecosystem." Publishing in Current Biology 16, R492-493, July 11, 2006 www.current-biology.com | <urn:uuid:4cddb16c-3be7-4c03-acfa-3b6636cdbdae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-07/cp-jdf070506.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944047 | 718 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What is a migraine?
A migraine (MY-grain) is a headache that is severe and can be disabling. The pain of migraines can feel intense, throbbing, and pounding. The pain can be in your forehead, temple, ear, jaw, or around the eye. Most often, migraines start on one side of your head. The pain can then spread to the other side. Migraine attacks can last for a few hours, a few days, or even weeks. Attacks can happen several times a week or once every few years.
What are symptoms of a migraine?
Migraine headaches usually have these symptoms:
- Severe pain, usually on one side of the head
- Pain that is throbbing or pulsating
- Pain that gets worse during normal activities
- Nausea or vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Sensitivity to light and sound
- Flashing lights in front of eyes
- Other changes in vision
What causes migraines?
Doctors do not know the exact cause of migraines. There is some evidence that migraines are inherited in families. A person can be born with a tendency to get migraines. This person is sensitive to “triggers” that may not affect other people. A trigger is anything that sets off a migraine attack. For example, stress, changes in environment or weather, bright light or sunlight, and certain foods can act as triggers.
Some foods that seem to trigger migraines are:
- Processed meat, such as hot dogs, bacon, and salami
- Aspartame, such as Nutrasweet or Equal
- Yogurt and other dairy products
There are many other trigger foods. Foods that bring on migraine attacks in some people do not affect other people who get migraines. Each person has his or her own triggers.
Is your headache a migraine?
If you often get intense headaches, you should see your doctor. While there is no cure for migraines, symptoms can be controlled. To learn if your headaches are migraines, your doctor will use some of these tests:
Physical exam. Your doctor will check your heart, lungs, blood pressure, eyes, and head to be sure that no other problem is causing your pain. He or she will ask you detailed questions about your headaches. The doctor will want to learn how frequent and how severe your headaches are.
- Blood tests. No blood test can prove that you have migraines. Blood tests can help rule out other causes for your headaches.
- Imaging tests. Some tests take pictures of your brain to rule out serious problems such as tumors. These tests are MRI and CT scans.
What is the treatment for migraines?
The treatment for migraine headaches has improved in recent years. Several kinds of medicine are now available. Your doctor will tell you which type of medicine is best for you.
Some medicines help you live with a migraine attack. These medicines are called interventional (IN-ter-VEN-shun-ul). You take an interventional medicine when a headache is in progress. This type of medicine helps stop the pain, nausea, and other symptoms.
Other medicines help to prevent an attack and are called preventive. You take preventive medicines every day to keep a headache from starting.
For More Information
Ask your doctor about other treatment options. Your doctor can give you more information about the kinds of medicines available.
Here are some other resources for information about headaches and migraines:
National Headache Foundation
Toll-free: 1-888-NHF (643)-5552
American Council for Headache Education (ACHE) | <urn:uuid:82dabb55-92d7-490b-9464-a5528ec957ab> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.upmc.com/patients-visitors/education/miscellaneous/Pages/migraine-headaches.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928084 | 760 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Built in 1801, Northfleet.
Broken up in 1816.
- 1801 Capt. Sir John GORE, Channel.
Lord NELSON hoisted his flag at Deal on 30 July 1801 and sent for MEDUSA to take him over to Boulogne on 2 August to observe the French invasion preparations there.
On the 4th. he ordered the bombs to attack the 24 vessels anchored in a line off Boulogne.
- An attempt at bringing off the enemy's flotilla was made on the night of the 15th.
using four divisions of boats for boarding and a division of howitzer boats. Many of the French vessels were boarded but most were aground and came under heavy musket fire from the shore which hit Frenchmen and Briton alike. One sub division of boats was under Lieut. WILLIAMS, senior of MEDUSA. Lord NELSON's aide-de-camp, Capt. Edward PARKER, joined them in a flat boat with Mr KIRBY, the master, and Midshipman GORE. Lieut. Frederick LANGFORD was in the barge, Mr CATHCART in the cutter and Lieut. Charles PELLEY in the launch.
The flat boat attempted to board a large brig off the Mole Head but the instantaneous discharge of her guns and musketry from about 200 soldiers killed or wounded two thirds of the boarders when they were frustrated by nets stretched around the bulwarks. They would have been taken if Mr CATHCART had not towed them away. MEDUSA suffered the worst casualties, fifty-five in all. Messrs. William GORE and William BRISTOW, midshipmen, 14 seamen and 4 marines were killed and Capt. PARKER; Lieuts. PELLEY and LANGFORD; Mr William KIRBY, Master; Hon. Anthony MAITLAND, 24 seamen and 6 marines were wounded.
- From October 1801 until 12 February 1802, during the peace of Amiens, MEDUSA was employed cruising against smugglers between Start Point and the Isle of Wight. She was then ordered to the Mediterranean where she visited Spanish and French ports and escorted King Ferdinand IV from Palermo to Naples.
Early in 1803 MEDUSA carried the British ambassador, William Drummond, from Naples to Constantinople.
While there he learnt that hostilities would soon resume so he hastened to rejoin Sir Richard BICKERTON off Toulon. When NELSON arrived to take command MEDUSA was sent, with three frigates and four sloops, to cruise off Gibraltar.
- After cruising for three months outside the Gut, MEDUSA off New Mole Head in Gibraltar on 8 December, saw two French felucca-rigged privateers standing out from Tariff to attack a cutter standing in for the westward.
Her cables were slipped and within an hour MEDUSA was able to open fire on one of the privateers as she crossed on the opposite tack. The other, ESPERANCE, of two 12 and two 6-pounders, was captured before MEDUSA tacked and continued firing on the first one until she was rowed among the rocks near Cabrita Point, effectively destroyed. She was the SORCIER of similar armament. Shortly afterwards MEDUSA chased a French privateer schooner so close to Cadiz light-house that her shot went into the town. At the invitation of the Spanish MEDUSA entered the harbour and anchored near three French ships while her officers attended a dinner and a bullfight.
- On 30 September 1804 MEDUSA fell in with INDEFATIGABLE off Cadiz and Capt. GORE was able to inform Capt. MOORE that AMPHION was in the Straits and that TRIUMPH was off Gibraltar.
By the 5th. INDEFATIGABLE, MEDUSA, AMPHION and LIVELY were together off Cape St. Mary when MEDUSA sighted four sail making for Cadiz. Capt. MOORE made the signal for general chase and found them to be four large Spanish frigates. MEDUSA took position on the weather beam of the Spanish Commodore in the FAMA (36) while Capt. MOORE fired a shot and sent a boat to inform him that he had orders to detain the Spanish ships.
When the answer was unsatisfactory a close battle started in which the MERCEDES (36) blew up. Only 45 of the 280 on board were saved from her. The FAMA and the other two, MEDEE and the CLARA, were taken.
- MEDUSA returned to Portsmouth on 8 November with the MATILDA which had been detained while sailing from Cadiz to Vera Cruz with 200,000 worth of mercury. She then went into dock for extensive repairs.
- Capt. GORE was knighted in February 1805 and sailed for Bengal on 15 April to take out Lord Cornwallis who died there on 5 October.
MEDUSA waited at Calcutta for dispatches until 3 November when she sailed for England. The Lizard was reached on 26 January 1806, only 84 days. 82 under sail, to cover some 13,800 miles. Sir John GORE removed to REVENGE.
- 1807 Capt. H. P. BOUVERIE.
During 1807 MEDUSA formed part of the squadron in the River Plate. The army were landed about 7 miles to the east of the town on 16 January and on the 19th. about 800 seamen and royal marines were landed to act with the troops and serve the guns which were taken ashore. Able seaman William GARY of MEDUSA was dangerously wounded at the capture of the town on 3 February.
- In June more marines and seamen were requested by General Whitelocke to assist at Buenos Aires which had been attacked on the 5th. so, on the 18th., MEDUSA, NEREIDE, THISBE, HAUGHTY and six captured gunboats were ordered to proceed up the North Channel to Colonia to collect the seamen.
The boats landed them near Barragon on the 27th.
On 6 July MEDUSA, THISBE and SARACEN, with the gunboats under Lieut. FRASER of MEDUSA, were ordered to stand by to evacuate the troops; General Whitelocke had thrown in his hand at the very moment when victory had seemed within his grasp.
- 1808 Channel fleet.
On 4 April Capt. BOUVERIE captured the privateer lugger ACTIF of Dieppe. She was one of three which had left Cherbourg the previous morning and had boarded a coasting sloop which was retaken by MEDUSA.
Because of the necessity of examining four merchant vessels the other privateers were able to make their escape.
- In December 1808 Capt. William BOWLES was appointed acting captain of MEDUSA before a spell in temporary command of WARSPITE.
- 1810 Capt. BOUVERIE, Channel.
MEDUSA captured the French privateer AVENTURE (14) of Bordeaux at the beginning of the year and on 13 January the 14-gun privateer HIRONDELLE which had left the Loire the day before.
- Capt. BOWLES returned to acting in MEDUSA in May 1810 and served on the north coast of Spain.
Early on 5 July a detachment of seamen and marines from the squadron landed on the beach to the westward of Santona and, with Spanish troops under General Porlier, pushed forward towards the town. Capt. BOWLES acted as second in command under Capt. Frederick AYLMER and assisted at the destruction of various French batteries.
- A court martial was held on 23 April 1811 at Portsmouth to try Mr Isaac WILKINSON, gunner of MEDUSA.
It was said that he landed at the Sally Port, on his return to the ship from the gun-wharf, and took the crew into a public house. While they were drinking together the boat, with a carronade in it, was badly damaged.He was also charged with abusing and striking a young midshipman and returning drunk to the ship. He was dismissed his ship and rendered incapable of serving as a officer again.
- Another court martial was held on 9 August when Mr F. HORNSBY, master's mate.
It was charged that, as a prize master, he had not given the men their full allowance of rum and for being drunk himself. He was also charged with severely beating one of the men with a rope's end. He was sentenced to be severely reprimanded and to serve eight years as a midshipman instead of six before passing for a commission.
- Under the orders of Lord KEITH from February 1812 and in May SURVEILLANTE, RHIN, MEDUSA, ISIS, SPARROW and LYRA were employed off the coast of Spain under Capt. COLLIER.
- At noon on 17 June MEDUSA, HOTSPUR and ROVER joined VENERABLE (Home POPHAM), RHIN and LYRA off Santona and, when the weather moderated the following day they stood inshore to examine the coast. The water was smooth at Elanchove so, in the evening, communication was established with a guerilla chief named Don Gaspar who promised to surround the town and fort of Lequietio, 12 miles to the eastward,by the following night. As it was known that French reinforcements were heading for the place no time was lost in landing marines to back up the guerillas. Since the guns of VENERABLE made no impression on the walls of the fort it was decided to erect a battery on a hill. In spite of breaking seas they managed to get a gun ashore and Capt. BOUVERIE, with 100 seamen covered the 400 guerillas and 36 pairs of draught bullocks which pulled it up. By sunset a breach had been made and guerillas entered the fort.
On 4 August MEDUSA and VENERABLE were in harbour at Santander.
- On 13 April 1813 MEDUSA captured the American letter of marque schooner CAROLINE of 4 guns and 28 men, bound from New Orleans to Bordeaux.
- 1814 Plymouth. | <urn:uuid:56d35efc-3c1e-45e3-ab7c-dafa42c21c47> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ageofnelson.org/MichaelPhillips/info.php?ref=1450 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983011 | 2,141 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Emilie M. Bullowa
As a lawyer and activist, Emilie M. Bullowa devoted her life to justice for the disenfranchised, arguing, “Our democracy doesn’t work if the people who can’t afford … legal aid can’t get justice.” Orphaned by age twenty, Bullowa postponed her law career to raise her ten younger siblings, finally graduating NYU Law School in 1900 and opening a private practice with her brother Ferdinand. Bullowa was elected president of the Women Lawyers Association of New York City in 1916, making it a national organization in 1922. She also chaired various committees for the American Bar Association and from 1921 until her death served as president of the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women. Her early losses sensitized her to those in need—after WWI, she donated a chateau to French War Relief and adopted French war orphans, and during WWII, she donated a mobile kitchen to the British War Relief Society in New York and adopted several British war orphans. In 1941 she donated 2,000 law books to the Legal Aid Society, and left the Society $25,000 in her will.
How to cite this page
Jewish Women's Archive. "Emilie M. Bullowa." (Viewed on July 2, 2016) <http://jwa.org/people/bullowa-emilie>. | <urn:uuid:828a33a1-7272-4758-babc-323e360f2d3b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://jwa.org/people/bullowa-emilie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948458 | 284 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A Revaluation of Valmiki's Rama ^ ^
It is important to begin with the context, compositional stratification and literacy strategies of the Ramayana before we initiate a discussion of the text. Scholars agree that the composition began around the third century or second century BC. About the 2nd or 3rd century (some think that around the first half of 4th century BC,) the text came to acquire the present shape. Possibly around the 6th century BC, several of its episodes inspired regional ballads in different places. Sometime in the 3rd or 2nd century BC, several of these ballads came together to form a partial structure for the different sections (Kandas) of the Ramayana. About the end of the 2nd century BC, either Valmiki or some other great poet gave them a coherent shape. Within a hundred years of this — that is, between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD — the main narrative, spanning all Kandas between the Ayodhya and Lanka, was enriched with descriptions and literary tropes. Later, the first Brahmanya or Bhargava part was added on. As a result, the first half of the Adikanda as well as the Uttarakanda were completed by the 2nd century AD; the next major addition came around the 3rd century AD and the fourth and final addition or interpolation occurred possibly at the beginning of the 4th century.
There are many differences between the original narrative and the later additions; they are evident in language, grammar, tropes, themes as well as in religions and philosophical values. An analysis of these differences gives us an access to the nature and form of the different strata. The epic has two main parts. One is the original Kshatriya narrative which extends from the Ayodhya to the Lanka Kandas and includes the second, the Brahmanya or Bhargava addition;
that is, the first half of the Adi or Balakanda and the Uttarakanda. In the original narrative, Rama is not divine, he is a human being: he
* Former professor of Sanskrit, Jadavpur University, Calcutta
** Translated by Tanika Sarkar
Social Scientist, Vol. 30, Nos. 1 - 2, Jan.-Feb. 2002 | <urn:uuid:38d8e320-cba3-46e7-b5f2-d2e3d7064205> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/socialscientist/text.html?objectid=HN681.S597_344-345_033.gif | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96192 | 476 | 3.203125 | 3 |
of over 700 Names of
Polish men, women and children killed while helping Jews.
for Black Youth
for Their Race
Need for the
One Man Who Tried to Stop the Holocaust
& Children of Courage
Sendler - She hid the children's
names in glass jars
in her garden.
Victims of the Holocaust · Five
Milion Forgotten ·Survivor Stories and Diaries
Tadeusz [Irek] Borowski
was his code name. But most people knew him as Tadeusz Borowski.
the Polish resistance fighters knew him by his pseudonym, "Irek". As 2nd
Lieutenant in the Polish Home Army, (Armia Krajowa), Irek was responsible
for men with names like: "Szczur", "Ludwik", "Jurek", and "Chawcki". He
took his orders from "Waligora", a.k.a. Major Jan Tarnowski, commander
of "Wola" Region in Warsaw.
From the Underground
Terese Pencak Schwartz
either stolen German uniforms or just plain street clothes, these homemade
soldiers were the Polish Underground -- the resistance fighters of Nazi-occupied
Poland. Fathers, grandfathers and young boys fought side by side with
only red and white armbands for identification. They came together to
defend, as best as they could, their beloved homeland. They fought with
Polish pistols and German "shmyzers", automatic sub-machine guns, which
they either stole or bought from the Nazis. They concealed their precious
cache in cemeteries and hospital grounds.
The city sewers became their staging area, their Headquarters and their
passage ways. The younger ones -- teenagers worked as liaisons, running
through the sewers smuggling supplies and passing cryptic messages and
"One night," says Borowski, "we got the order that our
armbands must be switched before dawn from our left arms to our right
arms." The Germans had infiltrated their ranks. "In the morning we were
instructed to shoot anyone wearing an armband on their left arm."
Through the wet stinking sewers they moved like rats in
sewage that was sometimes chest high. "We would have to dismantle our
weapons," says Borowski, "and carry them along with our ammunition over
our heads so they would not get wet."
In one almost comic military operation, Borowski, who speaks
perfect German, dressed himself in a stolen Tirolean mountaineer's outfit
-- complete with a feathered hat. With the help of three of his men, who
followed discreetly in a "borrowed" German automobile, Borowski befriended
three Nazi police officers. The charlatan then coyly maneuvered the German
officers into a quiet cull-de-sac where his three partners were waiting.
By day Borowski worked within the walls of the Warsaw Ghetto as an engineer
at the Tyton Fabryka at Dzeilna 62. Taking advantage of his freedom to
pass through the well-guarded gates without suspicion, Borowski smuggled
weapons, ammunition and forged documents inside for the Jewish Underground.
He also worked with the Jewish Underground secretly preparing selected
Jewish men and boys for combat.
was the cryptic code-name that became the word for the Polish Council
of Assistance to the Jews (Rada Pomocy Zdom) established with the approval
of several Polish organizations on December 4, 1942. Headquartered in
Warsaw, Zegota had branches in several cities and major villages throughout
Poland. Zegota aided the Jews both inside and outside the ghettos by providing
forged documents, food, lodging, medicine and financial support.
Ireneusz Borowski, Sr. was only one of several thousand Polish resistance
his ability to speak four languages fluently and his cunning talent
for the art of war, he became a hero many times over. For his active
participation in the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, and for his part in
smuggling arms into the Ghetto, Borowski was awarded the Cross of
Valour and The Cross of Merit with Sword. In 1948, he received the
highest medal of honor to be bestowed on a Polish soldier, the Virtuti
Militari Class V. Even 40 years later, Borowski flew to Warsaw where
he was, again decorated with medals, including one inscribed, "To
the Heroes of the Warsaw Ghetto 1940 - 1943."
was also humanitarian. There is a Jewish woman alive today in a coastal
town in California because she was rescued by "Irek" when she was five
years old. He placed the young Jewish girl with a Polish Catholic family
who also had a young daughter. Each month he sent money to the family
for her support. The two girls lived and played together as sisters until
the Catholic girl, Basha, was killed during a Soviet air attack in June
1942. Basha's parents gave the Jewish girl their daughter's identity.
This new name and paperwork enabled the new "Basha" to elude the Nazis.
Pursued by the Soviet Political Police, (NKVD), even after
the war, Borowski left Poland in 1950. He emigrated to the United States
with his wife, Helena, who had worked as a double agent in a German submarine
base for the Polish Intelligence. They raised three children while Mr.
Borowski worked as a design engineer for Lockheed.
He was always unabashedly proud of his wartime accomplishments, but his feelings of
pride were clouded by criticism of occupied Poland and the Polish people
during the Holocaust.
risked my life to save lives," said Borowski, in a proper Eastern European
accent. "I'm not looking for glory. I just want people to know the truth
[about] what happened." ©
2007 - 2012 Terese Pencak Schwartz
The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944
By Richard C. Lukas, Norman Davies "This
is one of the best overviews of the German occupation of Poland. This
book explains how it felt to live under the Nazis. The underground press,
underground schools, boycotts, posters, attacks on SS officers, plays
and movies, cafe life: these details paint a priceless picture."
Steven Lee Wiggins
Award-winning book. Extensive documentation. Excellent
source for students. Gives much more understanding of the complicated
issues of this volatile time than available in the media.
in Poland: a Documentory History
Iwo Pogonowski, Richard Pipes | <urn:uuid:96ca9489-82dd-47c6-893d-814175d364d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/irek-e.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95385 | 1,399 | 2.71875 | 3 |
For doctors, diagnosing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) can be complicated by a number of factors:
- There's no lab test or biomarker for CFS.
- Fatigue and other symptoms of CFS are common to many illnesses.
- For some CFS patients, it may not be obvious to doctors that they are ill.
- The illness has a pattern of remission and relapse.
- Symptoms vary from person to person in type, number, and severity.
These factors have contributed to a low diagnosis rate. Of the one to four million Americans who have CFS, less than 20% have been diagnosed.
Exams and Screening Tests for CFS
Because there is no blood test, brain scan, or other lab test to diagnose CFS, the doctor should first rule out other possible causes.
If a patient has had 6 or more consecutive months of severe fatigue that is reported to be unrelieved by sufficient bed rest and that is accompanied by nonspecific symptoms, including flu-like symptoms, generalized pain, and memory problems, the doctor should consider the possibility that the patient may have CFS. Further exams and tests are needed before a diagnosis can be made:
- A detailed medical history will be needed and should include a review of medications that could be causing the fatigue and symptoms
- A thorough physical and mental status examination will also be needed
- A battery of laboratory screening tests will be needed to help identify or rule out other possible causes of the symptoms that could be treated
- The doctor may also order additional tests to follow up on results of the initial screening tests
A CFS diagnosis requires that the patient has been fatigued for 6 months or more and has 4 of the 8 symptoms for CFS for 6 months or more. If, however, the patient has been fatigued for 6 months or more but does not have four of the eight symptoms, the diagnosis may be idiopathic fatigue.
The complete process for diagnosing CFS can be found here.
Additional information for healthcare professionals on use of tests can be found here.
For Patients Who Think They Might Have CFS
It can be difficult to talk to your doctor or other health care professional about the possibility that you may have CFS. A variety of health care professionals, including doctors, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, can diagnose CFS and help develop an individualized treatment plan for you.
CFS can resemble many other illnesses, including mononucleosis, Lyme disease, lupus, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, primary sleep disorders, and major depressive disorder. Medications can also cause side effects that mimic the symptoms of CFS.
Because CFS can resemble many other disorders, it's important not to self-diagnose CFS. It's not uncommon for people to mistakenly assume they have chronic fatigue syndrome when they have another illness that will respond to treatment. If you have CFS symptoms, consult a health care professional to determine if any other conditions are responsible for your symptoms. A CFS diagnosis can be made only after other conditions have been excluded.
It's also important not to delay seeking a diagnosis and medical care. CDC research suggests that early diagnosis and treatment of CFS can increase the likelihood of improvement. | <urn:uuid:1748b3ff-2840-4632-92ec-55b0e048a408> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cdc.gov/cfs/diagnosis/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952787 | 665 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Search the data
This page outlines some of the limitations inherent in the data offered by IPNI and summarises the improvements in data quality which have already been achieved. An understanding of the limitations of the data originating from the different sources is essential for wise use of the combined data set.
Since the hard copy Index Kewensis was compiled and published over a period of more than one hundred years, significant variations in data entry practices can be detected. These variations, together with information of publication dates, editors and compilers of the index from 1893 - 2000 are described in a table. Click here to view. The information is also summarized as follows:
1. Ranks covered. Until 1970 the only ranks listed are genus and species. From 1971 all ranks from family down to infraspecific level are listed. However, only ranks recognized by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are included. There is generally no mention of cultivar names, but some cultivated taxa appear in the early volumes: 'Hort.' - that is hortorum (of gardens), or hortulanorum (of gardeners) - can be a pointer to such taxa. Additionally, genera of hybrid origin, generally horticultural and mainly in Orchidaceae and Cactaceae, are included as long as their publication is in accordance with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
2. The 'Kew Rule' was applied to entries in the original Index and to Supplements 1-III. Under this rule, priority within a genus was reckoned from the date when a specific epithet was first associated with that generic name. Older epithets, previously associated with species placed in other genera, were ignored (Stevens 1991). This practice is not in accordance with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Jackson (1887) described and attempted to justify his use of this rule as follows:
3. Geography. Abbreviated Latin names of countries were used until Supplement XIV. For example: Afr.Lusit.Or = Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique); Geront.trop = Old World Tropics. Some of the terms are somewhat vague and obscure. Eventually we hope to provide a full glossary here. For the moment, however, the most useful reference work is Stearn (1983).
The geographical annotations in the original two volumes were, according to Jackson (1924), provided by Sir Joseph Hooker.
4. Families. The endings and abbreviations of family names have been standardized and appear in full. Thus Orchideae from the original Index Kewensis is now ORCHIDACEAE. Work is underway to assign all names at generic level and below to the families in which they are treated in Brummitt’s Vascular Plant Families and Genera (1992). This has been completed for all the names accepted by Brummitt and is continuing for the remaining generic names. Families covered by Article 18.5 (alternative family names) are assigned their names formed according to Article 18.1, eg. Apiaceae not Umbelliferae, except legumes. Eventually we hope to be able to offer alternative views of the data reflecting whichever published system of classification is preferred by the user. In the interim, however, the user is strongly advised to avoid specifying a family whenever possible. For example, if you wish to retrieve all the records for species of Dalbergia it should be sufficient to enter Dalbergia in the Genus Name field in the search screen. It is not necessary to enter anything in the Family Name field.
5. Periodicals. Until Supplement 16, volume numbers were cited in Roman numerals.
6. The publication date was not given for each record until Supplement IV.
7. In entries of new combinations, the author of the basionym did not appear in parentheses before the author of the new combination until Supplement IX.
8. Differences from the Printed Version. The printed version of Index Kewensis, up to Supplement 16, was converted into machine-readable form by filming the pages and then reading them with an optical character recognition scanner. Some characters could not be read by the machine; these were flagged and corrected later by hand. In addition, misreads affected about one per cent of characters. The optical reader also did not always format some records into the allocated fields correctly. These errors are being corrected as they are found and priority has been given to the family and genus names and the authority names. However, errors certainly remain, particularly in the Publication, Notes and Species fields. Progressive correction of these misreads (they generally centre around the confusion of similar characters such as 'b' and 'h', or 'c' and 'e') is planned and will continue over the next few years.
A further limitation of the optical character reader used at that time was that all accents and special characters had to be omitted. These might eventually be reinstated.
Other changes from the printed index include:
Understanding the Gray Card Index data
Since computerization of the Gray Herbarium Card Index in 1992 efforts have been underway to standardize data in the Index and to bring it in line with internationally agreed standards. At present, approximately 98% of the data have been checked and standardized as follows:
1. Family names - Family names have been added to all the Gray Card records according to Index Nominum Genericorum. Some generic names may have incorrect family assignments because the same genus name may have at one time been applied to two different families, such as Calceolaria to both Violaceae and Scrophulariaceae, but most have been corrected. (100 per cent complete)
2. Genus names - All genus names have been checked against Index Nominum Genericorum and spellings have been standardized. For example, Aplopappus has been corrected to Haplopappus and Heleocharis has been corrected to Eleocharis. (100 percent complete)
3. Specific epithets - The spelling of all specific epithets is being brought into agreement with the ICBN. In doing so the ae in species epithets is being changed to i: for example, hypericaefolia to hypericifolia, absinthiaefolium to absinthiifolium, acaciaefolia to acaciifolia, etc. The original spelling is maintained in a comments field. (ca. 98 percent complete)
4. Author names - Author names are being standardized against Brummitt and Powells Authors of Plant Names (1992). Some names are unambiguous and have been easy to standardize - Linn. has been converted to L., Fern. to Fernald, T. & G. to Torr. & A. Gray, and H. & A. to Hook. & Arn. - but others have required careful checking in the original literature. For example, determining which Gray is the author of a name: is it S. F. Gray, A. Gray, J. R. Gray, or one of 10 other Grays? (94 percent of authors names have been standardized)
5. Ranks - The names of all infraspecific ranks have been abbreviated consistently throughout: variety as var., subspecies as subsp..All ranks ever used in the Gray Card Index have been maintained, regardless of how peculiar or unfamiliar, including subsubvar., lusus, prolus, race, grex, etc. Searches for infraspecific epithets will return all names used below the name of species, regardless of rank. Following the recommendations of the ICBN, Greek designations of infraspecific categories, have been converted to the rank of variety unless specified otherwise in the protologue. (100 percent of the names of ranks have been standardized)
6. Publication titles - Publication titles are abbreviated according to Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum, Suppl. (BPH/S) (1991) and Taxonomic Literature (TL2) (1976-1988) and its Supplements (TL2/S) (1992-2000) except in cases where TL2 gives the same abbreviation for different works. For example titles listed as Prodr. in TL2 are followed in parentheses by the name of the author. Example: Prodr. (DC.), Prodr. (Bauhin) and Prodr. (Swartz). (All but 76 publication titles have been standardized)
7. Volume number - All volume numbers have been converted to Arabic numerals.
8. Collectors - The names of all collectors are being checked against collector records where the collectors name is cited by the initials of the given name(s) and the full last name*. The first name is spelled in full for collectors who would otherwise have the same abbreviation. For example, John J. Smith and James J. Smith are written in full, not as J. J. Smith, to distinguish them. The main, but not exclusive, source of information is the Index Herbariorum, Part 2 - Collectors, published by the International Association of Plant Taxonomists. (99.3 percent of the names of authors have been linked to authority files)
*We urge editors and authors to cite the names of all collectors by the initials of their given names plus their full family name. This will make the data in each record more precise and make searches by collector more accurate.
9. Country names - The names of countries have been standardized using the Times Atlas of the World (7th ed., 1985). In the original Gray Card Index the names of countries were cited in various ways over time. The Dominican Republic, for example, was cited in 22 different ways. Place names such as Nova Granatensis have been converted to their modern country equivalents, Colombia in this case, but the original name is retained in a comment field. (100 percent of country names have been updated and standardized)
10. State/Province names - The names of states and provinces have been standardized using the Times Atlas of the World (7th ed., 1985) or Websters New Geographical Dictionary (1988). (100 percent of state/province names have been standardized)
11. County/equivalent names - The names of counties or their equivalents have been standardized using the Times Atlas of the World (7th ed., 1985) or Websters New Geographical Dictionary (1988). (100 percent of the county/equivalent names have been standardized).
12. Geographic Caution - Geographical information was not added originally, or precisely, for all names in the Gray Card Index. Some cards give only "Eastern Canada to Virginia", "Brazil to Argentina" or "British Columbia to Mexico". Such information is retained in a locality field. Where information on the original card applies to a single country, "Massachusetts to Virginia" or "Sonora to Coahuila" the name of the country has been added to aid in searching. The names of countries, states, province and counties are therefore lacking for some cards. | <urn:uuid:442c1ed6-3e21-4ea9-86e8-f38bc1dc8fe3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ipni.org/understand_the_data.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933113 | 2,277 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Martin Copley AM, 1940-2014 | Leading the fight against feral cats | Mt Gibson: creating the largest feral predator-free area in WA | Biological surveys and moreRead more...
Paruna Sanctuary, in the beautiful Avon Valley east of Perth, forms an important wildlife corridor that links two regionally significant National Parks - Walyunga National Park and Avon Valley National Park – to create a combined protected area of approximately 19,500 ha. Flanked by the regionally significant Avon-Swan River, Paruna features stunning woodlands of Wandoo and Powderbark.
Fencing of the southern boundary of the sanctuary, combined with a regional feral animal control program, has allowed the successful reintroduction of two key mammal species to Paruna sanctuary and the adjacent National Parks – the nationally endangered Black-flanked Rock-wallaby and the Tammar Wallaby.
Paruna also supports a number of other threatened species, including the Chuditch (Western Quoll), as well as iconic small mammals such the Honey Possum.
Paruna Sanctuary is an important site for conservation in the Avon-Wheatbelt Bioregion both in it’s own right and because it forms a wildlife corridor between two national parks.
Paruna is home to a number of significant species including the threatened Chuditch (Western Quoll) and Carnaby’s Black Cockatoo. The Honey Possum lives in Paruna’s diverse heathlands, while the Western Pygmy Possum is another resident small mammal.
Across most of the Avon-Wheatbelt Bioregion, most of the small-medium sized mammals have disappeared as a result of fox and cat predation. AWC and the WA Department of Parks and Wildlife have worked collaboratively across Paruna and adjacent national parks to implement a regional feral animal control program, which has enabled the successful reintroduction of Black-flanked Rock-wallabies and Tammar Wallabies. The Black-flanked Rock-wallaby reintroduction is particularly significant, as it was here in the Avon valley where the species was first recorded in the 1840’s.
AWC is the only conservation organisation to measure in a robust scientific manner the ecological health of a network of sanctuaries. At Paruna, we undertake more than 300 live trap-nights and 11,000 camera trap-nights each year to measure a suite of ecological health indicators including:
Our performance against these indicators provides rigorous scientific data which enables us to track the ecological health of Paruna.
Key field programs at Paruna include:
Paruna sanctuary, located in the Darling Range, sits on the western margin of the ‘Yilgarn Block’, an ancient granite landform that formed over 2.5 billion years ago. Rivers and streams flowing off this ancient plateau have deeply dissected the landscape and created the hills and valleys of the contemporary Darling Range. The scenic Avon Valley, where Paruna is located, was carved out by the Avon River over thousands of years. Paruna sanctuary itself is characterised by extremely steep slopes, numerous streams and creeklines, and areas of exposed granite.
The 2,000 ha sanctuary predominantly follows the southern banks of the Avon River, linking the Avon Valley National Park with the downstream Walyunga National Park. Paruna is open to the public, and features a series of walking trails that allow the community to enjoy this stunning natural environment.
The vegetation of Paruna sanctuary is a complex mosaic of woodland, shrubland and heathland associated with a diverse geology and topography. Jarrah forest occurs predominantly on the smaller areas of lateritic plateau, while Powderbark is found on ridges and Marri woodland on slopes. The majority of the sanctuary consists of steep granitic slopes supporting stunning Wandoo woodland on the deeper soils and diverse heathlands and shrublands on the shallower soils. Along the Avon River, majestic Flooded Gum occurs with Melaleuca Paperbarks.
Around 400 species of plants are likely to occur on Paruna, including a number of priority species. A field herbarium has been established, with over 240 plants collected and identified to date, providing a valuable reference for ecologists.
Sanctuary Manager, Clint McGee, who is based at Paruna, delivers the Land Management programs, assisted by the Karakamia-based team. The Science program is delivered by field ecologists including Bryony Palmer and Chantelle Jackson. Mimi Scully runs the wildlife education and visitor programs.
In addition to permanent staff, there are a number of students, interns and long-term volunteers who assist in delivering the science and land management program at Paruna.
Paruna Wildlife Sanctuary is a 2,000ha sanctuary, forming a pristine wildlife corridor along the Avon River between Walyunga and Avon Valley National parks. Only an hour out of Perth, Paruna offers a number of spectacular walking trails through Jarrah, Wandoo and Powderbark forest combined with heathland and riparian habitat. Paruna is located in the Darling Range on the western margin of the ‘Yilgarn Block’, one of the oldest landforms on earth, formed over 220 million years ago.
Three high quality walk trails are available at Paruna sanctuary between 1st May and 1st of November. Come for a few hours or stay the whole day! Due to the limited number of parking spaces available, we restrict the number of visitors on any given day. Along with our ‘one way’ trails, this means that you will feel as if you are alone in this wilderness as you are not likely to encounter any other people during your visit.
We also offer guided bird and wildflower walks in Spring.
For more information and bookings, please click here. | <urn:uuid:e3bd9599-f7e3-4de8-8149-a7123012abda> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.australianwildlife.org/sanctuaries/paruna-sanctuary.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930974 | 1,203 | 2.71875 | 3 |
SPAN-464 Don Quixote
This course, taught in Spanish, is designed for graduate students and advanced undergraduates. Students will read the complete Spanish text of Don Quijote de la Mancha. We will analyze this early modern Spanish masterpiece from diverse perspectives—literary, cultural, historical, philosophical, and spiritual. We will examine the text not only with regard to content, but also in terms of style, purpose, audience, tone and voice. We will visit the rare books reading room of the library for an exhibition of materials pertinent to the novel in order to gain an appreciation of the influence of Don Quixote over the centuries. In addition to the novel, students will be required to read pertinent criticism.
Choosing themes suggested by the readings, graduate students will write one 20-30-page term paper. Undergraduate students will write three compositions. Class participation is required.
Cervantes, Miguel. Don Quijote de la Mancha, Vols. I and II. Ed. John Jay Allen. Madrid: Cátedra, 2000.
Other academic years
There is information about this course number in other academic years: | <urn:uuid:57fe5fc8-d5fb-48f8-b474-c705f43379d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://courses.georgetown.edu/index.cfm?Action=View&CourseID=SPAN-464 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893439 | 237 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Leaving smoked cigarettes around your living room may not sound like a good idea for interior decoration, but birds don’t share that sensibility.
Some bird species use cigarette butts to line their nests.
A new study in the journal Biology Letters suggests the practice may actually be beneficial to those that live in the nests.
The study was done in Mexico City, and it involved two bird species: house sparrows and house finches.
Ecologist Constantino Macias Garcia and a team of students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico looked at 80 nests on the university campus.
In every nest, birds had used cigarette butts as a building material.
“It is a very prevalent phenomenon,” Macias Garcia said. “They are regularly using them.”
The birds did not use the cigarette butts intact. They extracted the cellulose fibers in the filters and wove the fibers through the twigs and branches.
So why do birds use this seemingly repulsive material — full of nicotine and other chemicals — in their homes?
Macias Garcia wondered if it was serving a protective purpose. After all, nicotine is a well-known insect repellant, and bird nests are often full of harmful parasites, such as mites and lice.
Once the finch and sparrow fledglings had left their nests, Macias Garcia and his team took many of the nests down. They then measured the amount of cellulose fibers, as a proxy for the amount of nicotine in each nest, and counted the number of parasites.
“The more cellulose there was in the nests, the fewer parasites we found in those nests,” Macias Garcia said.
The parasites apparently disliked the nicotine-filled fibers.
The use of cigarette butts could be an urban version of a behavior observed elsewhere in other bird species.
Evolutionary biologist Dale Clayton of the University of Utah says starlings, for example, line their nests with certain aromatic plants that emit “volatile chemicals that appear to kill ectoparasites like lice and mites and also bacteria.”
He says the chemicals in the plants are also thought to boost the immune systems of chicks so they are better able to fight parasites.
The behavior has probably evolved because of obvious advantages to the survival of the species, Clayton says.
But he cautions that the authors of the new study have not shown that cigarette butts ultimately benefit bird species.
“What they need to show now is that the impact on mites does actually increase the reproductive success of the birds,” Clayton said.
After all, cigarettes butts may also be causing harm to the birds.
“Cigarette butts contain about a hundred substances that are added to the cigarettes or that come with the nicotine,” Macias Garcia said.
Many of those substances are toxic, so any positive effect of the nicotine could be outweighed by the negative effects of other chemicals.
That’s something Macias Garcia wants to investigate next. | <urn:uuid:d6488725-b229-49c7-b79a-42b06e36da24> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-12-06/birds-mexico-use-cigarette-butts-keep-parasites-bay?qt-latest_content=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948379 | 632 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Dwarf mistletoes are small parasitic plants in the genus Arceuthobium. They are distinguished from the leafy ‘true’ or ‘holiday’ mistletoes.
Dwarf mistletoes have very little green chlorophyll, so they grow “roots” into the stem of their host tree (pine, fir, hemlock) and extract nutrients and water, slowing growth, reducing host vigor and making them more susceptible to other pests. Climate change is likely to alter the current range and abundance of dwarf mistletoe species.
Witches brooms often form at the base of the mistletoe, which can provide fuel ladders for fires to reach the tree crown, but also provide nesting habitat for birds and small mammals.
Dwarf mistletoe seeds discharge explosively, shooting off at an initial velocity of about 85 feet per second (60 miles per hour), but only for a short distance (15-40 feet). Seeds are sticky and will adhere to most objects they strike, including new host trees growing nearby. Dwarf mistletoes can be reliably managed to desirable disease levels through forest silvicultural practices. For more information, contact Paul Hennon, a Research Plant Pathologist with the Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Find research publications about dwarf mistletoe on Treesearch. | <urn:uuid:a817ae30-3cb8-4986-bdf8-4665a729833c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fs.fed.us/research/invasive-species/plant-pathogens/dwarf-mistletoe.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932338 | 280 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Bible: Rom 4-5
The Illustration of Justification
4:1 What then shall we say that Abraham, our ancestor according to the flesh, 1 has discovered regarding this matter? 2 4:2 For if Abraham was declared righteous 3 by the works of the law, he has something to boast about – but not before God. 4:3 For what does the scripture say? “Abraham believed God, and it was credited 4 to him as righteousness.” 5 4:4 Now to the one who works, his pay is not credited due to grace but due to obligation. 6 4:5 But to the one who does not work, but believes in the one who declares the ungodly righteous, 7 his faith is credited as righteousness.
4:6 So even David himself speaks regarding the blessedness of the man to whom God credits righteousness apart from works:
4:7 “Blessed 8 are those whose lawless deeds are forgiven, and whose sins are covered;
4:9 Is this blessedness 12 then for 13 the circumcision 14 or also for 15 the uncircumcision? For we say, “faith was credited to Abraham as righteousness.” 16 4:10 How then was it credited to him? Was he circumcised at the time, or not? No, he was not circumcised but uncircumcised! 4:11 And he received the sign of circumcision as a seal of the righteousness that he had by faith while he was still uncircumcised, 17 so that he would become 18 the father of all those who believe but have never been circumcised, 19 that they too could have righteousness credited to them. 4:12 And he is also the father of the circumcised, 20 who are not only circumcised, but who also walk in the footsteps of the faith that our father Abraham possessed when he was still uncircumcised. 21
4:13 For the promise 22 to Abraham or to his descendants that he would inherit the world was not fulfilled through the law, but through the righteousness that comes by faith. 4:14 For if they become heirs by the law, faith is empty and the promise is nullified. 23 4:15 For the law brings wrath, because where there is no law there is no transgression 24 either. 4:16 For this reason it is by faith so that it may be by grace, 25 with the result that the promise may be certain to all the descendants – not only to those who are under the law, but also to those who have the faith of Abraham, 26 who is the father of us all 4:17 (as it is written, “I have made you the father of many nations”). 27 He is our father 28 in the presence of God whom he believed – the God who 29 makes the dead alive and summons the things that do not yet exist as though they already do. 30 4:18 Against hope Abraham 31 believed 32 in hope with the result that he became the father of many nations 33 according to the pronouncement, 34 “so will your descendants be.” 35 4:19 Without being weak in faith, he considered 36 his own body as dead 37 (because he was about one hundred years old) and the deadness of Sarah’s womb. 4:20 He 38 did not waver in unbelief about the promise of God but was strengthened in faith, giving glory to God. 4:21 He was 39 fully convinced that what God 40 promised he was also able to do. 4:22 So indeed it was credited to Abraham 41 as righteousness.
4:23 But the statement it was credited to him 42 was not written only for Abraham’s 43 sake, 4:24 but also for our sake, to whom it will be credited, those who believe in the one who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead. 4:25 He 44 was given over 45 because of our transgressions and was raised for the sake of 46 our justification. 47
The Expectation of Justification
5:1 48 Therefore, since we have been declared righteous by faith, we have 49 peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, 5:2 through whom we have also obtained access by faith into this grace in which we stand, and we rejoice 50 in the hope of God’s glory. 5:3 Not 51 only this, but we also rejoice in sufferings, knowing that suffering produces endurance, 5:4 and endurance, character, and character, hope. 5:5 And hope does not disappoint, because the love of God 52 has been poured out 53 in our hearts through the Holy Spirit who was given to us.
5:6 For while we were still helpless, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly. 5:7 (For rarely will anyone die for a righteous person, though for a good person perhaps someone might possibly dare to die.) 54 5:8 But God demonstrates his own love for us, in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us. 5:9 Much more then, because we have now been declared righteous 55 by his blood, 56 we will be saved through him from God’s wrath. 57 5:10 For if while we were enemies we were reconciled to God through the death of his Son, how much more, since we have been reconciled, will we be saved by his life? 5:11 Not 58 only this, but we also rejoice 59 in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have now received this reconciliation.
The Amplification of Justification
5:12 So then, just as sin entered the world through one man and death through sin, and so death spread to all people 60 because 61 all sinned – 5:13 for before the law was given, 62 sin was in the world, but there is no accounting for sin 63 when there is no law. 5:14 Yet death reigned from Adam until Moses even over those who did not sin in the same way that Adam (who is a type 64 of the coming one) transgressed. 65 5:15 But the gracious gift is not like the transgression. 66 For if the many died through the transgression of the one man, 67 how much more did the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man Jesus Christ multiply to the many! 5:16 And the gift is not like the one who sinned. 68 For judgment, resulting from the one transgression, 69 led to condemnation, but 70 the gracious gift from the many failures 71 led to justification. 5:17 For if, by the transgression of the one man, 72 death reigned through the one, how much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one, Jesus Christ!
5:18 Consequently, 73 just as condemnation 74 for all people 75 came 76 through one transgression, 77 so too through the one righteous act 78 came righteousness leading to life 79 for all people. 5:19 For just as through the disobedience of the one man 80 many 81 were made sinners, so also through the obedience of one man 82 many 83 will be made righteous. 5:20 Now the law came in 84 so that the transgression 85 may increase, but where sin increased, grace multiplied all the more, 5:21 so that just as sin reigned in death, so also grace will reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. | <urn:uuid:e944e2ae-9d72-4735-b973-e4f99f60df4a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://net.bible.org/?_escaped_fragment_=bible/Rom%2B4-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980305 | 1,534 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Casting Units in Visio’s ShapeSheet
If you work with different systems of units, you may have a need to convert ShapeSheet values to different units, without changing values. But when you Show Values in the ShapeSheet how can you specify exactly which units to use?
As an american ex-pat living in Munich, I personally run across this quite often. For instance I will be working in a metric drawing that uses millimeters for units, and I need to know a ShapeSheet value in inches.
There are a couple of reasons for this:
- I’m American. I simply understand inches better. (Stop laughing rest-of-world, and thanks a lot, Britannia!)
- Internal units. When you program against Visio, it’s convenient to use Visio internal units for numeric values. Internal units in Visio means inches.
To illustrate internal units, let’s look at a line of VB code:
visShp.CellsU(“Width”).ResultIU = 3.5
This sets the shape’s Width cell to 3.5 inches. Notice that we didn’t have to specify any units. That’s internal units! To set a value in units other than inches requires a more complicated line:
visShp.CellsU(“Width”).Result( Visio.VisUnitCodes.visMillimeters ) = 100
Let’s get back to the ShapeSheet. The simple trick to “cast” a value in the ShapeSheet is to add 0 units to the left of the value or formula.
In the illustration above, the Visio Guy shape displays his width value. He is 1-inch wide. The Guy on the right is also 1-inch wide, but has had his width formula altered:
Shape Transform.Width = 0mm + 1in
The 0mm on the left effectively casts the value to millimeters. The evaluation works from left-to-right, so 1in + 0mm will give you inch-values.
Casting Formulas in the ShapeSheet?
There are a few Visio ShapeSheet functions related to casting and unit-conversion, but deal only with angular quantities.
ANG360( angle_value ) Normalizes angle_value to between 0 and 360 degrees. The units of angle_value are returned, or the result is in radians if no units are specified.
DEG( radian_value ) Converts radian values to degrees.
FORMAT( expression, “formatpicture” ) Formats a value or formula using the format picture. You might have seen format pictures such as “0.00”, “0.##”, etc. that control the number of decimal places and the type of units to display.
FORMATEX( expression, “format”, [srcUnit], [dstUnit], [langID], [calID] ) Converts a unitless number from one unit system to another, and formats it. For our metric Visio Guy, we would have: Width = FORMATEX( 1, “0.00u”, “in”, “mm” ) This means: “take 1 as an inch-value, convert it to mm, and show me the result to two decimal places.”
PI( ) 3.1415926535898
RAD( degree_value ) Converts degree values to radians. | <urn:uuid:967756ca-afcd-4955-a208-caff077146c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.visguy.com/2006/10/03/casting-units-in-visios-shapesheet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.822719 | 754 | 3.484375 | 3 |
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In the early 1990s, Newell and colleagues first identified narrow filamentary structures of tropospheric water vapor that they termed atmospheric rivers. These narrow bands of water vapor account for approximately 90% of the moisture transport from the tropics to the extra-tropics. More recently, atmospheric rivers have been linked to extreme precipitation events in the western United States, the United Kingdom and Europe. Over the past decade many studies based on observations and reanalysis products have provided great insight into the dynamical and thermodynamic processes leading to atmospheric rivers and their connections to extreme precipitation. In this presentation, we will consider how well high-resolution global climate models can simulate atmospheric rivers and their connections to extreme precipitation events. We also consider how modes of natural variability affect the characteristics of these rivers. Given their importance to the global water cycle, we also consider how the statistical characteristics of atmospheric rivers may change as the world continues to warm due to increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Our model analysis employs global simulations from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) run at atmospheric horizontal resolutions of 50 and 25 kilometers.
Seminars are live webcast: http://www.fin.ucar.edu/it/mms/ml-live.htm | <urn:uuid:09701da1-3c7b-480d-ae68-4fda6a82c05a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www2.ucar.edu/for-staff/daily/calendar/2014-04-15/global-simulations-atmospheric-rivers-and-extreme-precipitation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907149 | 263 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Hawk Eye, Burlington, Iowa, on distracted driving:
They're pretty easy to spot. They're either going way too fast or way too slow.
We're referring to drivers who are busy with their mobile devices while attempting to navigate the roadway.
Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood called texting and talking on a cellular phone while driving a "national epidemic."
Particularly vulnerable to problems are teens. First, they don't have the experience behind the wheel to do anything other than drive. Adding a distraction such as texting or talking on a phone is a recipe for trouble. But in a government survey, 58 percent of high school seniors and 43 percent of high school juniors admitted they had texted or emailed while driving within the past month.
Some states, including Iowa, have passed laws that prohibit the texting practice. But that hasn't stopped people from doing it.
Iowa law enforcement officers have written very few citations for texting while driving since the law went into effect last year.
It's a genuine concern, especially for parents turning over the keys to the family car to a young driver. Sixteen percent of teen motor deaths can be attributed to distracted driving. . . .
Messing with a mobile device while trying to navigate slippery roads is just asking for trouble.
Laws prohibiting the practice make sense, though enforcing them is hit and miss.
Common sense, though, is the best teacher.
* Editorials reflect the opinion of the publisher. | <urn:uuid:f7dde21a-6f8e-40d3-b2bc-ecc5d5d17ee5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/562437/Distracted-driving.html?nav=9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967495 | 299 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Eugenio Bertini's mother was Agata Bezzi and his father was Vincenzo Bertini who was a printer. Eugenio was born in Forli which is about 60 km southeast of Bologna and just a little further northeast of Florence. He grew up in a region controlled by Austria but which was striving for its independence. It was natural that in these dramatic times he became, like most of the young men around him, passionately committed to an independent Italian nation and prepared to take up arms to achieve this aim.
He went to the University of Bologna in 1863, supported by a scholarship from Forli, with the intention of studying engineering. The University of Bologna was founded in the 11th century and was at the time Bertini entered it (and of course still is today), one of the most famous and oldest universities in Europe. After a period of decline the university had been reorganized in 1860, only three years before Bertini entered, and had resumed its place among Italy's foremost universities. The city of Bologna and the surrounding area had been controlled by the Austrians from 1849 until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. When Bertini entered the university in 1863 certain aspects seem from our 21st century perspective, to have been surprisingly modern. Its faculty of science had been developed in the 17th century, and since the 18th century women had been admitted both as students and as teachers. While on his engineering studies, Bertini took a mathematics course given by Cremona and this inspired him to study pure mathematics. Cremona was an ardent Italian nationalist who, after fighting against the Austrians to help achieve an independent Italy, had been appointed as a professor at Bologna three years before Bertini entered the university. Before Bertini could complete his degree he took a break from his studies to take part in the third war for Italian independence, an action which his teacher Cremona strongly approved.
The Kingdom of Italy came into existence in 1860 and was officially proclaimed on 17 March 1861, by a parliament assembled in Turin. They wanted Rome as the capital of their Kingdom but it was held by the Pope supported by the French. In June 1866 war broke out between Austria and Prussia and this diverted attention from Rome to Venice which the Austrians still controlled. The Italian government sent troops to attack the Austrians in an attempt to drive them out of Venice but they were defeated on 24 June at Custozza. Garibaldi led an almost independent army against the Austrians in the Tirol and Bertini joined his force which won some success near Trento. Although losing the main battles for Venice, the success in the Tirol together with French political pressure, led to Italy gaining Venetia at the Treaty of Vienna signed on the 3 October 1866. Bertini returned to his studies at Bologna but was advised by Cremona to transfer to the University of Pisa where he obtained a degree in mathematics in 1867 in the school of Betti and Dini.
In October 1867 Cremona was appointed to the Polytechnic Institute of Milan. Bertini followed his teacher there and, during 1868-69, he studied at Milan attending courses by Cremona, Brioschi and Casorati on Abel's integrals. He began his teaching career in 1870 in a secondary school in Milan, then two years later he went to Rome, again as a secondary school teacher. Cremona recommended him to teach descriptive and projective geometry as a lecturer at the University of Rome. In 1875 he was appointed professor of geometry at the University of Pisa, accepting the offer of a chair for which he had been proposed by Betti. From 1880 to 1892 he held a chair at the University of Pavia where he was part of what Cinquini describes in as the golden decade of Pavian mathematics. The two most important colleagues of Bertini who contributed to this 'golden decade' were Felice Casorati and Eugenio Beltrami. In 1892 Bertini returned to Pisa where he worked until he retired at the age of 75.
His work in algebraic geometry extended Cremona's work. He studied geometrical properties invariant under Cremona transformations and used the theory to resolve the singularities of a curve. The paper by Kleiman studies what the authors calls the two fundamental theorems of Bertini. These two fundamental theorems are among the ones most used in algebraic geometry. The first theorem is a statement about singular points of members of a pencil of hypersurfaces in an algebraic variety. The second theorem is about the irreducibility of a general member of a linear system of hypersurfaces.
Carruccio writes in that:-
His treatises are noteworthy for their order and clarity.
We should note that Bertini had a number of outstanding students and their work continued the Italian tradition of outstanding contributions to geometry. We mention L Berzolari, C Rosati, G Scorza, G Fubini, G Albanese and L Campedelli. At Pisa, Enriques was his assistant.
Those who knew Bertini wrote that he kept a youthful enthusiasm for science to the end of his life.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page | <urn:uuid:66d766a9-57d0-4053-acda-cdb10d350950> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bertini.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986893 | 1,116 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A new study offers the first atomic-scale view of an interaction between the HIV capsid - the protein coat that shepherds HIV into the nucleus of human cells - and a host protein known as cyclophilin A. This interaction is key to HIV infection, researchers say.
The naked HIV capsid, left, would be quickly detected and eliminated from the cell, but a host protein, cyclophilin A, in red in the image on the right, binds to the capsid and enables it to transit through the cell undetected.
Credit: Graphic by Juan Perilla
A paper describing the research appears in the journal Nature Communications.
Cyclophilin A is found in most tissues of the human body, where it plays a role in the inflammatory response, immunity and the folding and trafficking of other proteins. When it fails to work properly or is overproduced in cells, cyclophilin A also can contribute to diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, cancer and cardiovascular disease. It also facilitates some viral infections, including HIV.
"We have known for some time that cyclophilin A plays a role in HIV infection," said University of Illinois physics professor Klaus Schulten, who led the new study with postdoctoral researcher Juan R. Perilla and University of Pittsburgh professor Peijun Zhang and postdoctoral researcher Chuang Liu.
The HIV capsid somehow tricks this cellular protein into providing cover for it as it transits through the cell and makes its way to the nucleus, Schulten said. Once there, the capsid interacts with a nuclear pore that offers an entrance to the cell's nucleus. The virus uses the pore as a channel to inject its genetic material into the nucleus and commandeer the cell.
Studies in cell culture have found that the virus rarely makes it to the nucleus without its cyclophilin disguise. Drugs that interfere with cyclophilin also reduce HIV infections in cell culture. Such drugs cannot be used in human HIV patients because they dampen the immune response.
In the new study, the researchers used a massive computer model of the HIV capsid, which they developed in a 2013 study. Building this model meant simulating the interactions of 64 million atoms, a feat that required the use of Blue Waters, a petascale supercomputer at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the U. of I.
For the new study, the team used Blue Waters as well as the Titan supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to simulate the interactions between cyclophilin A and the HIV capsid. The 3-D structure of cyclophilin A was known from previous investigations.
"We knew every atom of the underlying capsid, and then we put the cyclophilin on top of that, of which we also knew every atom," Schulten said.
The simulations revealed that cyclophilin A binds to the capsid in two ways. First, there is the "classic" binding site, one revealed decades earlier in crystallography studies. But in some places, a single cyclophilin A protein also bound the capsid at a second site, forming a bridge between two hexamers. (The HIV capsid is made up of a lattice of protein hexamers and pentamers.) Cyclophilin's bridging behavior occurred only in highly curved regions of the capsid, the researchers found.
Further research with NMR spectroscopy, which can detect unique chemical interactions, corroborated the existence of a second binding site.
By varying the amount of cyclophilin A added to the HIV capsid in their simulations, the researchers also saw that cyclophilin did not completely coat the HIV capsid. At high concentrations, individual cyclophilin molecules attached to the capsid interfered with others, disrupting their ability to bind.
Laboratory experiments also showed that having too little or too much cyclophilin A interfered with the virus's ability to infect cells.
"What we think is happening is, where there is no cyclophilin the capsid is naked, so the cell can recognize it and trigger a process that destroys the virus," Perilla said. "But if the capsid is fully occupied by cyclophilin A, it prevents recognition by the nuclear pore complex. So there is an optimal amount of cyclophilin bound to the capsid such that it allows the HIV infection to go forward."
"The HIV capsid has to show some of its surface to the nuclear pore complex so that it docks there properly and can inject its genetic material into the nucleus," Schulten said. "Now, we understand a little bit better the HIV virus' strategy for evading cellular defenses. That gives insight into battling the system." | <urn:uuid:b27aaf6d-76b3-46a0-a2c7-6b84709e8077> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/307498.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00137-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941081 | 983 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Pain is a fact of life that many thousands of people all over the world live with every single day of their lives. This is simply a miserable way to live.
In Natural Pain Management we will introduce you to the basics of the condition including:
The difference between real pain and pain caused by environmental or physiological factors such as having no money or breaking up with a loved one
The medical definition of pain and how it is related to actual or potential tissue damage
Why one person feels extreme pain when another feels just irritating or mild pain after the same type of injury!
What the experts say about the subjective nature of pain that is a fact that is so ignored by doctors!
How doctors typically are trained to assess and diagnose the extremity and severity of your pain
When does pain stop being part of your body's natural defense system and just a big annoyance
How we can be unconscious or too conscious of painful sensations
How extreme pain might be a throwback to evolution and what we might have experienced during caveman days
What mother's milk and nursing might have to do with how well you tolerate pain as an adult
How to determine what type of pain you have and whether you even need a pain killer
What types of pain are typically treated by opiate pain killers and what other types are typically treated by over-the-counter versions
The role that endorphins in your brain play in controlling pain
You do not have to make a trip to the pharmacy for any pain. Learn how to deal with it naturally. Thank.
Tags: pain management , brain pain management | <urn:uuid:3e0961f3-cabc-4307-a2d2-0bab34fdc346> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.appszoom.com/android_applications/health/natural-pain-management_bedho.html?nav=related | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950442 | 321 | 2.546875 | 3 |
|Exercise Programs: An Important Therapeutic
today's media, exercise has been highly touted as an effective
way to improve one's physical health. While fitness has been
promoted mostly to the young, research has indicated that
the elderly can also reap many benefits from an exercise program.
Many nursing facilities have developed creative health and
fitness programs to improve their residents' physical and
Too often, physical frailty is seen as a fact of life for
nursing home residents, with many unable to do even the simplest
tasks of daily living. Body weakness can also contribute to
accidents in the nursing home, with falls being a prime example.
As researcher William Evans of Penn State University notes,
"Many elderly are institutionalized not because of any
disease or cognitive impairment, but because of muscle weakness.
Their minds might be quite nimble, but their bodies are diminished."
Exercise programs are being used to make these residents'
bodies stronger and more flexible, helping to facilitate their
Exercise is a prime example of preventative care, helping
residents become better equipped to fight disease and infirmity.
Indeed, because of their many health challenges, it is the
elderly who can benefit the most from fitness programs. Even
2000 years ago, the Father of Medicine Hippocrates understood
the necessity for keeping the body active and in shape throughout
one's life. He observed:
All parts of the body which have a function, if used in
moderation, and exercised in labours to which each is accustomed,
become thereby healthy and well-developed, and age slowly;
but if unused and left idle, they become liable to disease,
defective in growth and age quickly. This is especially so
with joints and ligaments if one does not use them.
Today's Elderly: Physically Unfit
Many elderly enter today's nursing homes in dire physical
condition. The National Institute on Aging has recently released
some revealing statistics about those elderly who are beyond
the age of 75: 40 percent cannot walk two blocks, 32 percent
cannot climb ten steps; 22 percent cannot lift ten pounds;
7 percent cannot walk across a small room; and 50 percent
of older people who fracture hips never walk independently
again and many die from complications. These statistics
should ring a resounding alarm throughout the long term care
community that effective fitness programs are desperately
needed by residents to improve their physical health.
Misconceptions about Exercise and the Elderly
With advancing age comes an expectation of increasing frailty
and a dependence upon others for the tasks of daily living.
While it is true that physical debilitation is a natural part
of the aging process, this debilitation can be minimized through
the use of an effective health and fitness program. Common
misconceptions about the elderly and fitness can include the
- Frail older adults are unable to exercise.
- It is unwise and unsafe for the frail elderly to begin
an exercise program.
- Frail elderly gain few benefits from exercise.
- It is too difficult for most nursing homes to set up exercise
programs for the frail elderly.
Many research studies have proven that even frail elderly
can derive many physical and psychological benefits from well-developed
fitness programs. In the future, exercise programs will play
an increasingly prominent role in nursing facilities, helping
curtail the debilitation that is now seen as a common reality
for the elderly.
One of the mostly startling discoveries supporting this view
of wellness came from a study by researchers at Harvard Medical
School, published in the June 23, 1994 edition of The New
England Journal of Medicine. Researchers tested the hypothesis
that physical frailty is partially caused by skeletal-muscle
disuse and should therefore be reduced through exercise interventions.
The study involved 100 nursing home residents, including
persons with arthritis, lung disease, and dementia. One group
of residents, the control group, participated in normal nursing
home activities, while the other group participated in resistance
training three times a week, using exercise machines to strengthen
their thighs and knees.
After a ten-week period, the residents who underwent resistance
training increased their muscle strength by 113 percent, increased
their walking speed by 12 percent, and increased their ability
to climb stairs by 28 percent. Four residents who had needed
walkers to walk around the facility became able to walk with
a cane. As Maria Fiatrone, MD, head researcher for the study,
comments, "In other countries, older people are out there
riding bikes and climbing stairs. But in this country people
are keeling over out of sendentariness. It's inactivity, not
exercise, that's killing us."
OBRA Mandates and Exercise Programs
Following OBRA regulations, facilities are mandated to assess
the functional potential of residents, rather than focus on
their disease conditions. Residents are to be assessed on
an individual basis, and given interventions that maximize
their remaining functional abilities.
This new way of thinking has caused nursing home caregivers
to go beyond the myths and biases of exercise for the elderly.
The restorative emphasis encourages staff to minimize resident
dependence and maximize their functional abilities. Health
and fitness programs are increasingly recognized as vital
ingredients in satisfying the mandates of OBRA, in restoring
functional ability, and in ultimately improving residents'
quality of life.
Physiological and Functional Benefits of Exercise for
Both research studies and the experiences of the elderly
have shown that exercise produces many significant physiological
benefits. Functional decline in the elderly is often the
result of a sedentary lifestyle, rather than the effects of
the normal aging process. According to the Office of Aging,
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, fitness programs
can be effectively used to achieve the following resident
- lessen the degree of disability for seniors
- increase muscular strength and endurance which deteriorates
- improve a resident's joint flexibility and range of motion
by keeping them loose and flexible
- strengthen bone mass which is weakened in the later stage
- improve respiratory ability and efficiency
- relieve some of the painful symptoms of arthritis
- improve circulation and reduce high blood pressure
There are other physical benefits which have been documented
in the research. Exercise has been shown to reduce the incidence
of pressure sores and level of incontinence in residents.
Regular physical activity can also help alleviate some of
the digestive and bowel function problems that are common
among the elderly.
Resistance training has increased strength in residents'
knees and ankles, which can help prevent falls and reduce
facility liability. Exercise helps improve the autonomic nervous
system's ability to tolerate stress. It encourages healthy
appetites in residents, contributing to their nutritional
Moderate exercise training has also been associated with
a 20 percent increase in serum immunoglobulins, which enhances
the immune system. This change is very important to the elderly,
since susceptibility to illnesses greatly increases with age.
A recent study by the University of Connecticut has shown
that exercise can also help those individuals who suffer from
Participating in exercise programs, residents have been able
to more easily complete their activities of daily living,
such as being able to eat a meal or walk to the washroom.
Residents have increased energy, enabling them to become more
active and better enjoy their lives. These benefits illustrate
the necessity of nursing facilities to invest the time and
resources needed to develop a quality health and fitness program.
Psychological Benefits of Exercise for the Elderly
Exercise programs help nursing home residents to maintain
a sense of autonomy over their aging bodies. Instead of feeling
like victims to the aging process, they can take control and
make progressive steps towards improving their physical health.
This increased sense of independence also helps to foster
Cognitive abilities can also be enhanced through fitness.
Improving a resident's circulation increases the amount of
oxygen brought to the brain, enhancing a resident's mental
alertness. As reported in the July 30, 1993 edition of the
Brown University Long Term Care Quality Letter, researchers
discovered that non-strenuous physical exercise can help older
nursing home residents to improve their memory retrieval and
Psychological challenges such as frustration, loneliness,
and hopelessness are important ones to address through programming
interventions. Exercise has been shown to alleviate these
problems by channeling residents' energies into healthy and
productive activity. Participating in a health and fitness
group helps to promote socialization and contributes to a
feeling of togetherness.
One recent study of older adults found that anxiety was reduced
and tension was relieved as a result of exercise. Those elderly
who trained the hardest and had the greatest improvements
in fitness experienced favorable changes in body image, mood,
and attitudes. In increasing the delivery of oxygen to the
brain, exercise has also been effective in combating resident | <urn:uuid:5f6cb27a-94d6-4e0a-bc14-a6a131315eab> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nursinghome.org/fam/fam_012.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944678 | 1,872 | 2.65625 | 3 |
One of the conclusions that came out of the Lusi debate at AAPG was that poor choice of drilling location was at least as big a factor in the disaster than anything that was (or wasn’t done) during the drilling. Now, via the BBC, comes this report from the AGU conference*:
Drillers looking for geothermal energy in Hawaii have inadvertently put a well right into a magma chamber.
Molten rock pushed back up the borehole several metres before solidifying, making it perfectly safe to study.
Erm – seismic survey, anyone? I mean, it’s not that finding molten rock beneath the ground in Hawaii is exactly a shock. Fortunately, rather than a scene from a bad disaster movie, there’s apparently a scientific payoff:
Magma specialist Bruce Marsh says it will allow scientists to observe directly how granites are made.
“This is unprecedented; this is the first time a magma has been found in its natural habitat,” the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, professor told BBC News.
“Before, all we had to deal with were lava flows; but they are the end of a magma’s life. They’re lying there on the surface, they’ve de-gassed. It’s not the natural habitat.
“It’s the difference between looking at dinosaur bones in a museum and seeing a real, living dinosaur roaming out in the field.”
Here’s the abstract of the presentation. I love the description of the discovery as being ‘during routine commercial drilling operations’.
*Don’t mention the conference! Or at least, the fact that I’m not at it. Again. | <urn:uuid:3230551c-ade7-4b3f-a803-d63896f2120f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://all-geo.org/highlyallochthonous/2008/12/dont-these-people-look-where-theyre-drilling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958484 | 366 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Knowbot Information Service
(networking, information science) (KIS) Also known as netaddress. The Knowbot Information Service (KIS) provides a uniform user interface to a variety of remote directory services such as whois, finger, X.500, MCIMail. By submitting a single query to KIS, a user can search a set of remote white pages services and see the results of the search in a uniform format.There are several interfaces to the KIS service including electronic mail and telnet. Another KIS interface imitates the Berkeley whois command. KIS consists of two distinct types of modules which interact with each other (typically across a network) to provide the service. One module is a user agent module that runs on the KIS mail host machine. The second module is a remote server module (possibly on a different machine) that interrogates various database services across the network and provides the results to the user agent module in a uniform fashion. Interactions between the two modules can be via messages between Knowbots or by actual movement of Knowbots. There are electronic mail interfaces for KIS at the hosts cnri.reston.va.us and sol.bucknell.edu. Send a message containing just the word "man" to <[email protected]> or <[email protected]>. Telnet: info.cnri.reston.va.us port 185. | <urn:uuid:9a63e9ee-5df8-4de5-9bc1-64275e5cc53e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://foldoc.org/netaddress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859529 | 287 | 2.625 | 3 |
Foundation of Information Technology
Sample Question Paper (Code : 165)
Class X TERM-I (2010-11)
Time: 3hours M.M.: 80
1. Fill in the blanks:
1.1 Internet is a network of_______________________ .
1.2 Primary key is used to_____________ identify the records in a table.
1.3 In a text type data field, we can put maximum____________ characters.
1.4 The address or location of the document on the world wide web is called its__________ .
1.5 _____________ allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website.
1.6 Web pages on a site are linked together through a system of_________________ .
1.7 ____________ is the smallest part of a table in which one data item can be kept.
1.8 _____________ is a software used to view web pages.
1.9 __________________ is a collection of related information.
1.10 _________________ is a field when used as a primary key , numbers each record
2. State True and False:
2.1 A Database can have only one table.
2.2 Memo data type allows you to store character type values in the table.
2.3 TCP helps in converting the digital signal to analog signal and vice versa.
2.4 A Primary Key value can be NULL.
2.5 Chat Rooms are actual rooms where chat session takes place.
2.6 IP address is given to every computer for its unique identification.
2.7 If a piece of data is stored in two places in the database, then storage space is wasted and changing the data in one place will not cause data inconsistency.
2.8 Downloading of files means transferring files from host computer to the Internet.
2.9 The Datasheet view displays the data in a table in a tabular format.
2.10 Altavista is used for searching for available Internet connection.
Read the following paragraph. Find six network and communication related abbreviations
and give their expanded form along with a single line definition of each of them:
RBI is planning to expand its connectivity with all major banks of India. The plan includes providing TCP connectivity through HTTP for easy access points and seeks help from some ISPs to join hands in this venture. Also, there is a plan to setup IIS and SMTP servers. Some banks will go for ADSL line while others will use Leased line connectivity to access these services. RBI is also taking help of NT professors in this venture.
4. Answer the following Questions: [2X8 = 16]
4.1. Sharvan Joshi is a student of Political Science and is a keen researcher of Political
issues related to various countries and states. He wants to share his research and his
own opinion on these issues on day -to-day basis with everyone one World Wide
Web. He is also interested in collecting views of others to enhance his research and
knowledge related to his area of interest. He belongs to a middle class family and
can’t afford his own website. Also being a non-technical person he can’t create a
dynamic website to deal with day-to-day inputs.
a. Suggest an easy way for Shravan to achieve the same.
b. Also name two popularly used free services that can help Shravan in this regard.
4.2. As life gets busier, it becomes difficult for everyone to keep a track with school &
college friends, old colleagues, old neighbours and favourite teachers. It is important
to keep in touch with all your near and dear ones. At times, people sitting miles away
doing similar kind of activity or solving similar kind of problems can help you to achieve
goals faster by sharing their experiences. Similarly people belonging to different socio-
economic background can change your perspective and can enhance your
understanding of various cultures.
a. Suggest the real time tools that are suitable for the above-mentioned activities.
b. What is the generic name used for such tools?
4.3. Laleema Chakradhar wants a broadband connection for accessing her mails and staying informed about the latest happenings in the field of Biotechnology. Can you suggest two Internet Service Providers of India to be approached for the same?
4.4. Identify domain name(s) and URL(s) from the following list:
4.5. Anila works in a Multinational Company and needs to work online from home also. She therefore requires fast Internet connection. Which type of Internet connection in your view would be best suited for her. Apart from browsing on the internet she will be
requiring uploading/ downloading of files to/from remote sites. Which protocol will help her to perform this activity?
4.6. Differentiate between container and empty elements of HTML.
4.7. Which of the following is not an example of a database?
a. Cross n Knot Game
b. Employee Payroll Management
c. Numeric Calculator
d. Customer Management System
4.8. Identify the errors and write the corrected HTML statements:
a. <BODY BACKGROUND=”Red”>
Do as directed:
5.1 Pronita is a programmer in an institution and is asked to handle the records containing personal information of the teachers teaching in the institution. Suggest five fieldnames, which you think must be present in the table called Teacherlnfo.
5.2 Look at the table called “Item” given below and answer the question.
- Suggest the data types of all the fields
- Which two fields can act as the Primary Key from the above table?
Look at the table structures shown below and do as directed:
6.1 Identify the column (s) out of the given three, which should not be present in each of the
following tables: [1×3 = 3]
||Table 1: Stock
||Date Of Birth
||Table 2: Book
||Table 4: Student
Sanchita is working for a nationalized bank and is in the process of creation a table to store the details of customers of the bank. Find out, which of the following Fields of table Bank can be selected as Primary Key, Candidate Key and Alternate Key.
7 Multiple Choice Questions (Choose most appropriate option)
7.1 IP stands for
a) Internet Protocol
b) Intranet Protocol
c) Internet Provider
d) Internet Package
7.2 Which of these services will not be provided by a typical Internet service provider (ISP)?
a) An email address
c) A connection to the Internet d.) Technical help
7.3 HTML is a
d) None of these
7.4 An IP address is a string of____________ numbers separated by periods
7.5 Which of the following statements about search engine is true ?
a) Search engines discriminate between good and bad sites
b) Search engines have fixed hours when we can use them
c) Search engines are waste of time as they do not provide relevant information
d) Search engine is a program designed to search for information on the web using keywords
7.6 Digital information is converted into analog information by the modem at
a) destination computer
b) source computer
c) both source and destination computer
d) neither source nor destination computer
7.7 Google Chrome is a
a) Web Brower
b) News Website
c) Graphing Package
d) Word Processor
7.8 A domain name ending with org. belongs to
a) An educational institution
b) An organization
c) A site that is highly organized
d) A commercial website
7.9 What can you do with the Internet?
a) Exchange information with friends and colleagues
b) Access pictures, sounds, video clips and other media elements
c) Find diverse perspective on issues from a global audience
d) All of the above
7.10 Which of the following sites would you most probably buy books from?
7.11 Which of these is not a part of URL ?
a) IP address
b) Port Number
c) Domain Name
d) None of these
7.12 Out of the following which one is most appropriate data field in context of employee
table if only one of these is required?
a) Age in years
b) Date of Birth
c) Age in days
d) Age in months
7.13 Which is not true for a database file
a) Each record may contain several fields
b) Fields are organized in columns
c) Data types have to be declared in advance
d) Each field may contain several records
7.14 What datatype should you choose for a zip code field in a table?
d) All of above
7.15 Which of the following fields would not make a suitable primary key
a) A customers account number
b) A date field
c) An AutoNumber field
d) A students admission number
7.16 What is the purpose of the description column in Table Design View?
a) To describe the data that should be entered in each field
b) To define the data type applied to each field within the table
c) To enter lookup data that the field should refer to.
d) None of the above
1 Fill in the blanks:
1.8 Web Browsers
1.10 AutoN umber
2 State True and False:
(1 Mark for correctly mentioning whether each statement is true or false)
The six network related abbreviations are:
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): a protocol developed for the internet to get data from one network device to another
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): a protocol (utilizing TCP) to transfer hypertext requests and information between servers and browsers
- ISP (Internet Service Provider): also sometimes referred to as an Internet access provider (SAP), is an organization that provides access to the Internet through various connectivity mechanisms (dial modem, cable services, etc.)
- IIS (Internet Information Server): IIS is Microsofta€™s proprietary web server software, and is included with their Windows NT-based operating systems. It is free, and is required for the use of ASP code in a website. It also provides FTP functionality, and an easy-to-use management console for administrators.
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
- ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line): is one form of the Digital Subscriber Line technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide.
(1 Mark for each of the six correct expanded forms) + (1 Mark for each of the six correct definitions)
4.1 a. Shravan should develop a blog. 2X8 = 16
(1 Mark for naming the correct tool)
b. Twitter and Google Blogger
Mark each for correctly naming any two free services)
4.2 a. Facebook and Twitter
(1 Mark for correctly naming any two tools)
b. Social Networking
(1 Mark for the correct generic name)
(1 Mark each for correctly naming any two ISPs)
4.4. b and fare domain names
C and d are URLs
(1 Mark for correctly identifying the two domains) + (1 Mark for correctly identifying the two URLs)
4.5. For faster Internet connection, the Broad Band or Cable connections are preferred.
So Anila should go for either the Cable Connection or for ADSL connection.
The FTP will help her in uploading and downloading of files.
(1 Mark for correctly naming anyone connection type) + (1 Mark for correctly naming the protocol)
4.6. Container elements are those which require both opening and closing tag like <HTML>
<BODY> and <FONT> whereas the empty elements are those that do not require a
closing tag like <HR> and <BR>.
(2 Marks for any one correct differentiation point between the two types of elements)
4.7. Numeric Calculator
(2 Marks for the correct identification)
4.8. a. <BODY BGCOLOR
(1 Mark for writing the correct HTML statement)
b. <FONT FACE
(1 Mark for writing the correct HTML statement)
5.1 Table Name: Teacherlnfo 5
TNo TName DOB Address B Salary
(1 Mark each for naming any five valid fieldnames)
|Item Name :
|Item Stock :
|Item DOP :
(1 Mark each for naming the correct data types of each of the five fields)
2.. Itemld and ItemName can act as the primary key. (1 Mark each for naming the two correct fields)
Look at the table structures shown below and do as directed:
6.1 a. Table 1 : Items 1×3 = 3
Ans Date of Birth
b. Table 2 : Library
c. Table 3 : Firmotire
Ans Phone Number
(1 Mark each for correctly naming the column in each of the three tabels
6. 2 Primary Key : AccountNo 3
Candidate Key : AccountNo and PANNumber
Alternate Key: PANNumber (1 Mark each for correctly naming the primary key, candidate key and alternate key)
Multiple Choice Questions (Choose most appropriate option) 16
7.1 a) Internet Protocol
7.2 a) An email address
7.3 c) Language
7.4 b) 4
7.5 d) Search engine is a program designed to search for information on the web
7.6 b) Source Computer
7.7 a) Web Browser
7.8 b) An organizatoin
7.9 d) All of the above
7.10 d) www.amazon.com
7.11 b) IP address
7.12 b) Dateof Birth
7.13 c) Each field may contain several records
7.14 d) All of above
7.15 c) Adatefield
7.16 a) To describe the data that should be entered in each field (1 Mark for choosing the correct option in each of the MCQ)
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- KVS JMO Question Paper | <urn:uuid:453523a1-fad4-4ef4-8b57-d47f875f2ec9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.icbse.com/papers/cbse-class-foundation-information-technology-sample-paper | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.832886 | 3,625 | 3.546875 | 4 |
NYU Doubles Output, Cuts Emissions with CHP Plant
The university’s natural gas-fired cogen plant also decreases greenhouse gas emissions by 23 percent compared to NYU’s previous cogen plant, a 30-year-old oil-fired model.
Co-generation plants, also known as combined heat and power (CHP) , capture the heat produced during electricity generation for heating purposes.
NYU’s new system will produce not only heat and hot water, but also chilled water, supplying 37 buildings on the Washington Square campus. The illustration left shows how the plant works, and can be viewed in more detail on NYU’s website.
The new plant approaches 90 percent energy efficiency while producing 13.4 MW of electricity, twice the previous system’s output. It will provide electricity to 22 NYU buildings, up from seven buildings with the old plant. NYU says the system is expected to save between $5 million and $8 million per year.
“This cogen plant is unique in New York and certainly around the country because of its efficiency,” said John Bradley, assistant VP for sustainability, energy, and technical services. “NYU’s cogen will be well into the 90 percent range of efficiency, where a typical boiler plant is 50-60 percent efficient.”
The plant was installed as part of a $125 million renovation of the public plaza at 251 Mercer Street, which took 28 months to complete. NYU says it is one of the largest private CoGen plants in New York City.
CoGen is a key part of NYU’s Climate Action Plan for reducing its carbon footprint and enhancing sustainability.
New York mayor Michael Bloomberg’s PlaNYC Climate Challenge calls on all of the city’s colleges and universities to voluntarily reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent by 2017.
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- Oberlin, Ohio, Ratepayers to Receive $2.2M in Rebates for Sale of RECs | <urn:uuid:1e5b074e-367c-4610-9c6f-72cc86942dbf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/01/28/nyu-doubles-output-cuts-emissions-with-chp-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92763 | 519 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The origin of water on Earth, or the reason that there is clearly more liquid water
on Earth than ... Water may also have come from volcanism: water vapor in the
atmosphere that originated in volcan...
Philosophers, religious scholars and scientists have lots of ideas on the creation
of the universe and the Earth. Currently, the most prevalent scientific theory, ...
Nov 12, 2015 ... Researchers from the University of Hawaii believe they have discovered the
origin of Earth's water. For many years, scientists were uncertain ...
www.ask.com/youtube?q=Where Did Earth Come from?&v=_LpgBvEPozk
Feb 7, 2014 ... This video sponsored by Tab for a Cause: http://www.tabforacause.org?r=3
Please support MinuteEarth on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And ...
www.ask.com/youtube?q=Where Did Earth Come from?&v=zuMjnP1YbPw
May 12, 2011 ... Do we take the Earth for granted? It gives us life and sustains us in the manner
we're accustomed to, but we don't know the first thing about it: ...
Where does water, a giver and taker of life on planet Earth, come from? When I
was in junior high school, my science teacher taught us about the water ...
May 6, 2015 ... But Earth's signature ingredient was nowhere to be found. Heat from the young
sun vaporized any ice that dared to come near the inner planets ...
Aug 22, 2007 ... Was it a magnificent stroke of luck, or was it inevitable?
Jul 13, 2011 ... Water covers about 70 percent of the Earth's surface, but where did it come from?
Sep 25, 2014 ... Apart from Earth, water is found on the moon, Mars, Mercury, comets, and the icy
moons of the giant planets. But where did it come from? Water ... | <urn:uuid:2d8ebf1b-b152-4907-8ce9-e7a139af251d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ask.com/web?q=Where+Did+Earth+Come+from%3F&o=2603&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882844 | 422 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A brief background:
Washed rind cheeses are bathed in some kind of liquid solution-- normally a saltwater brine-- during their aging process. Hence the term, "washed." The practice originated in the middle ages, in monasteries, where there was plenty of wine, beer, and spirits available from those artisan monks who busied themselves with their making. Washing the outside of a cheese not only protected the interior paste by preventing the rind from cracking, but it also produced, they found, cheese with a meaty, more pungent flavor that was a surprisingly welcome replacement for meat during periods of religious fasting.
Washing in a brine or booze solution cultivates the growth of brevibacterium linens (or b-linens), bacteria unique to washed rinds, thereby resulting in less acidic cheese with a pronounced pungency. The bacteria itself is smelly, which explains, in short, why the cheese becomes so, as well. It's also a pinkish-orangish tone, so all washed rind cheeses have a rind that falls in that color spectrum.
How to pick out a washed rind cheese:
Washed rind cheeses should look moist, but not slick or too sticky. There should be a slightly tacky texture to the rind. Cracking of the rind is probably indication of a very ripe cheese if the interior is oozing from the cracks, in which case it may be perfectly fine (but should be eaten quickly). If there is light brown or pinkish discoloration of the rind or interior paste,or if the rind looks as if it's cracked from being too dry, the cheese is probably just old. The interior should be soft and supple, or with some varieties, oozing and unctuous.
Some of our favorite varieties:
These cheeses are relatively easy to find:
- Taleggio- pasteurized cow, Lombardy, Italy
- Epoisses- pasteurized cow, Burgundy, France
- Ardrahan- pasteurized cow, County Cork, Ireland
- Meadow Creek Dairy, Grayson- raw cow, Galax, Virginia
- Haystack Mountain Dairy, Red Cloud- raw goat, Niwat, Colorado
- Cowgirl Creamery, Red Hawk- Pt. Reyes Station, California
How do you tell a good-bad smell from a bad-bad smell?
Don't be frightened off by the stink of a washed rind. Especially if you don't have much experience with them, know that their bark is always louder than their bite. At best, a washed rind cheese will have a fermented, fruity, pleasantly funky quality, with such richness and creaminess that it may actually come off as sweet. Watch out for ammonia or Windexy smells, which signal that your cheese may be past its prime. Listen to your instincts! If the cheese smells just plain rotten, it probably is.
A note on the rind
Washed rinds may have a bit of crunch or a sandy quality in their rind, which indicates the presence of residual salt crystals left behind from their washings. Whether or not to eat the rind is a matter of personal choice. Sometimes it will enhance your experience of the cheese, and other times it may taste bitter or off. If that bitterness has made its way to the paste, it's definitely gone bad, so just toss it. | <urn:uuid:a73a6291-0460-4dcf-9efa-7b6a829d4782> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thekitchn.com/the-cheesemonger-a-profile-of-73799 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950329 | 712 | 2.6875 | 3 |
When did the Victorian era end? How did the Bloomsbury Group perceive the Victorians? Why do we get subversively nostalgic for Victorian times? What are Victorian values? How are Victorians reimagined by contemporary cinema and fiction? We may look for answers to these and other questions in Simon Joyce’s study, The Victorians in the Rearview Mirror, which provides a thought-provoking discussion about the changing perceptions of the Victorians during the twentieth century.
Simon Joyce is not, of course, the first to reassess various and abundant legacies of the Victorian era in the twentieth century. The recent decade has seen a proliferation of studies that show how Modernism and Postmodernism rewrite the Victorian inheritance, e.g. Matthew Sweet’s Inventing the Victorians: What We Think We Know about Them and Why We’re Wrong (2001), John Kucich and Dianne F. Sadoff’s (eds.) Victorian Afterlife: Postmodern Culture Rewrites the Nineteenth Century (2000) and Jay Clayton’s Charles Dickens in Cyberspace: The Afterlife of the Nineteenth Century (2003). Joyce’s study seems to be a polemical sequel to these books.
In the Acknowledgments the author announces that the book is “less a survey than a sampling of related topics, each of which hopefully contributes to a coherent argument” (ix). The principal topics in this book are the Bloomsbury view of the Victorian era, conservative Modernism, heritage culture, Victorian values in the Thatcher era, the neo-Dickensian novel and postcolonial Victorians. Joyce’s engagingly polemical study tracks the varying perceptions of the Victorian era by both Modernist and Postmodernist culture. It also shows why Victorians still matter to us today, by focusing on various modern and postmodern discourses of Victorian legacies.
In the Introduction the author asserts that “we never really encounter ’the Victorians’ themselves but instead a mediated image like the one we get when we glance into our rearview mirrors while driving”. (4) The rearview mirror metaphor gives a handy clue to the author’s central argument that our received notions of the Victorian era, derived from various retrospections, often oscillate between unfavourable stereotypes propounded by some members of the Bloomsbury Group on the one hand and those popularised by contemporary apologists of Victorian values. The subsequent six chapters and epilogue, containing copious quotes from both primary and secondary sources, inquire into the representations of the Victorian inheritance in various modern and postmodern discourses.
Chapter One “On or About 1901. The Bloomsbury Group Looks Back” deals with the famous Bloomsbury critique of Victorianism. The author analyses the writings of Virginia and Leonard Woolf, Clive Bell and Lytton Strachey to show that the Group did not have a coherent view of the Victorian era, although all the writers in question rejected Victorian constraints. Joyce claims convincingly that the members of the Bloomsbury Group had quite ambivalent attitudes towards the Victorian past.
While the Bloomsbury Group is commonly held to have spear-headed an early-twentieth-century revolt against the Victorians, the relationship of its key figures to the previous century is a complex and often contradictory one.
The prominent members of the Bloomsbury Group seemed to act ambivalently as anti-Victorian rebels with varying levels of dissent from and affiliation to the Victorian inheritance. Joyce quotes from S. P. Rosenbaum’s study, Victorian Blomsbury: The Early History of the Bloomsbury Group that
on the one hand, Bloomsbury “reacted strongly against the Victorian family as a means of social organisation”, and on the other, “Bloomsbury was born and bred Victorian. The rational and visionary significance of the Group’s writing has its origins in Victorian family, school and university experience.”
The Bloomsberries, as they were often called, were both modern and late Victorian in their lifestyles and discourse. In her famous polemical essay, “Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown” (1924), which is an emphatic call for modern fiction, Virginia Woolf remarked that “on or about December 1910 human character changed.” What was pivotal about the year 1910? Woolf made a clear distinction between the “Edwardian” and “Georgian” writers. The “Edwardians”, who represented the old aesthetics included H. G. Wells, Arnold Bennett and John Galsworthy, whereas ”Georgians,” who in Woolf’s view included E. M. Forster, D. H. Lawrence, Lytton Strachey, James Joyce and T. S. Eliot, represented the new aesthetics. Virginia Woolf held in low esteem the social novels by the Edwardians, who were “diminished Victorians”, whereas she praised the Georgians.
It was probably Lytton Strachey’s iconoclastic book, Eminent Victorians (1918), that sparked anti-Victorian attitudes in the 1920s. Strachey published a bestselling biographical account of four Victorian icons: Thomas Arnold, an educator and historian; Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing; General Gordon, a military hero; and Cardinal Manning, head of the Roman Catholic Church in England. Strachey’s biased descriptions of the eminent Victorians exerted a lasting influence on the subsequent perceptions of the Victorian era. However, drawing on U. C. Knoepflmacher’s opinion, Joyce suggests that “the text now reads as a more positive assessment of the past than it first seemed.” (32) Concluding, Joyce asserts:
At the very least, Strachey’s view of the Victorian period as necessarily and definitely self-divided highlights the inadequacy of the larger Bloomsbury oxthodoxy, which preferred to define the past as one-dimensional and the present as marked by complex ambiguities.
Chapter Two, entitled “The Politics of Nostalgia. Conservative Modernism, Victorian Kitsch, and the English Country House”, focuses on what Patrick Wright has called “Deep England”, an idealised view of England. In contrast to progressive modernism, represented by Virginia Woolf, conservative modernism looked to the past and tradition.
While hesitant to argue for a full-fledged Victorian revival, except in such limited areas as fashion and furnishing, it sought to redefine the complex dialectic between heritage and the modern, and in the process began to rethink the characteristics by which we identify the nineteenth century . . . [42-43]
Joyce reads E. M. Forster’s Howards End as an alternative to Bloomsbury progressivism. The novel merges traditional conservative values with modern liberal ethos. Forster preserves the Victorian belief in the individual although he is far from supporting the laissez-faire economy. As Forster identified himself with social liberalism, he was probably closer to interventionist economic policy advocated by John Maynard Keynes, an active member of the Bloomsbury Group. Yet, he revived the old country house as a repository of “true” England. In spite of being Modernists, E. M. Forster and Evelyn Waugh perpetuated some Victorian ideas in their prose and were antagonistic to modernist experimentations. Their fictions, particularly Howards End and Brideshead Revisited articulated an ambivalent fascination with Victorian England.
Chapter Three discusses the heritage cinema which developed nostalgic and romanticised representations of the English national past. Joyce argues that there is “a clear disconnect between the texts of Forster and Waugh as they were published and received in the first half of the twentieth century and the response to their visual adaptations in its closing decades” (77). The film adaptations, imbued with the popular nostalgia of the past, seem to emphasise pastoral historic places, such as Brideshead and Howards End, and bygone material wealth rather than the social content of the novels. However, as Joyce demonstrates,
A small group of period films has resisted the attraction of heritage aesthetics, offering instead a metacritical viewpoint on the relationship between form and content in the heritage genre. These films include, according to the author, Karel Reisz’s The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1981) based on John Fowles’s famous neo-Victorian novel, Francis Ford Coppola’s Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992), and Sandra Goldbacher’s The Governess (1997).
In Chapter Four Simon Joyce moves from literature and film to politics in order to reassess the so-called Victorian values in the modern context of neo-conservatism and the welfare state. According to Raphael Samuel, Margaret Thatcher stumbled on the phrase “Victorian values” almost “by accident” when she first used it in a 1983 television interview. (114) The author refers to Gertrude Himmelfarb, “whose work — most notably The De-Moralization of Society: From Victorian Values to Modern Values (1994) and One Nation Two Cultures (1999) — has helped to translate what remained a largely underdeveloped slogan of Thatcherism into a full- blown reinterpretation of the nineteenth century.” (113) However, as Joyce concludes:
As I have tried to argue, Britain in the nineteenth century was not only necessarily a complex phenomenon, and thus ill-suited to reductive formulae and summary, but also created the theoretical and practical conditions for the besieged modern state. Representing it as only the repository of positive moral values, or as the simple obverse and antidote to a perceived modern immorality, is to oversimplify history and to contradict much of the eyewitness testimony of the Victorians themselves.
Chapter Five is dedicated to what Joyce calls the “neo-Dickensian novel”. The Victorian novel has produced many offsprings in the twentiethth and early twenty-first centuries. They are generally called neo-Victorian novels, and the neo-Dickensian novel might be its prominent subgenre. The neo-Dickensian novel goes far beyond the nostalgia of the past. Dickens is an important source for novelists who reimagine the Victorian era, like John Palliser’s bestseller The Quincunx, but also for novelists who are engaged in an intertextual debate about the state of the nation. It refracts some of the issues raised but not answered by Victorian writers. Dickens exerted a significant influence on writers, such as Salman Rushdie and Zadie Smith.
With Rushdie or Zadie Smith, a recognizable stylistic inheritance from Dickens in terms of characterization, plot, narrative persona, and sheer scale is overlaid onto a postcolonial politics that seeks to foreground the repressed connections between Britain and its imperial possessions, and to rewrite the canonical British novel so as to acknowledge its submerged colonial subtexts. [141-42]
Joyce argues provocatively that “the Dickensian template for fiction is similarly one to which modern novelists have been drawn even as they recognize its shortcomings.” (142)
The book closes with an epilogue on Victorian postcolonial legacies. The author asks whether it is possible to find a residual Victorianism in postcolonial states. The answer to the question is affirmative. Former British colonies have assimilated a great number of the Victorian ideas and artefacts. The author points out that “the United States has emerged from the Cold War as the unchallenged global superpower with a military, commercial, and cultural hegemony that recalls Victorian Britain’s” (167). Many postcolonial states have been unable “to break free from the legacies of Victorian imperialism” (169). Joyce refers to Simon Gikandi, who coined the term ’colonial Victorianism’ “to designate this kind of ’self-willed identification’ with the metropolitan-imperial center, especially as it continually highlights and reinscribes the distance between colonial theories and practices” (171).
Simon Joyce has excitingly disrupted and complicated stereotypical notions of the Victorian era by showing that it was full of complexities and contradictions. In his deeply researched book he proposes a revision and revaluation of Modernist and Postmodernist perceptions of the ambivalent Victorian era. He has demonstrated convincingly that both the Modernist and postmodernist cultural artifacts, including literature and film in particular, are heavily emplotted by the Victorian past. The illuminating “rearmirror view” metaphor used in the title of the book suggests that we often build a distorted knowledge about the Victorian era on account of
a continuing insistence on seeing the Victorians in terms that were established by self-defined modernists in their first moment of recoil. Doing so also commits us to a perpetuation of modernism’s sense of itself as a negation of the past, an attitude that has already helped generate more than a century of denigrations and revivalist reversals. Each of these has tended to recycle the same clichés and characteristics; as if seen only through a rearview mirror of history, the Victorians have thus remained in a fixed relationship to the present, incapable either of being brought closer to us or fading into the distance.
The Victorians in the Rearview Mirror by Simon Joyce makes a significant contribution to the study of the changing perceptions of the Victorian era. It reaffirms that the Victorians are still with us, but the way we perceive them depends to some extent on a set of received preconceptions or adopted ideologies. Although Joyce’s arguments are not always novel (some of them have been advanced in earlier studies), they are well documented, persuasive, and convincing. The book is a refreshing reading for scholars and students of British literary and cultural history who are keen to reassess Modernist and Postmodernist perceptions of Victorian legacies.
Joyce, Simon. The Victorians in the Rearview Mirror. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.
Last modified 29 May 2010 | <urn:uuid:1e89921b-bcf8-444f-a5b8-8f87e073ea31> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://victorianweb.org/books/joycereview.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00125-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940269 | 2,972 | 2.875 | 3 |
Aldehyde is an organic compound. Its structure includes a carbon atom that shares a double bond with an oxygen atom, and a single bond with hydrogen (and a single bond with another atom or group of atoms). This makes it part of the carbonyl group. They often have a good smell to them as they are derived from different types of alcohols. As polymers aldehydes become plastics that are used in cooking, laminate countertops (Formica), or as perfume additives. | <urn:uuid:4d9f64ec-f810-41fd-af69-123754c7ebbc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookrags.com/questions/science/what-are-the-structures-composition-properties-types-and-examples-of-aldehydes--12607/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97632 | 101 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Charles Darwin, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Linus Pauling, Fred Hoyle, and Albert Einstein were all brilliant scientists. Each made groundbreaking contributions to his field—but each also stumbled badly. These five scientists expanded our knowledge of life on earth, the evolution of the earth itself, and the evolution of the universe, despite and because of their errors. As Mario Livio luminously explains in Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein ($26.00) that the scientific process advances through error, and why mistakes are essential to progress.
Mario Livio is an internationally known astrophysicist at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland. He is the author of The Golden Ratio, a highly acclaimed book about mathematics and art for which he received the International Pythagoras Prize and the Peano Prize; The Equation That Couldn’t Be Solved; Is God a Mathematician?; and The Accelerating Universe. He lives in Baltimore, Maryland.
Drawing on the lives of five renowned scientists, Mario Livio shows how even these geniuses made major mistakes and how their errors were an essential part of the process of achieving scientific breakthroughs.
WE ALL MAKE MISTAKES. Nobody's perfect. Not even some of the greatest geniuses in history, as Mario Livio tells us in this marvelous story of scientific error and breakthrough. | <urn:uuid:f0514303-e86f-4349-ad2c-e3c432763a77> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookpassage.com/event/mario-livio-brilliant-blunders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922999 | 283 | 2.90625 | 3 |
It's natural to expect that the water coming out of our taps is safe without worry of gastrointestinal or other infectious disease. Yet every year there are dozens of outbreaks linked to drinking water in the United States alone. In the majority of cases, a failure of proper water treatment is the cause. But there is an increasing theory that the problem may not be caused at the source, but rather in the house by a handful of microbes living in the pipes behind your walls.
While we may all believe that the chemicals used in our water treatment are effective against all germs, there is a different reality. Many waterborne disease-causing bacteria, viruses and parasites are resistant to the low levels of chlorine and other disinfectants used in the treatment process. They live quite happily in the plumbing system of the home and form their own tiny cities -- called biofilms.
When formed, biofilms invite other germs to become part of the community and then, as an added bonus, helps them to hide away from the disinfectants that would normally kill them. Then, due to some type of change in the water flow or other disturbance, pieces of the biofilm will break off, grab the current and find its way into your mouth, into your lungs or onto your skin.
Click "source" to read more. | <urn:uuid:9e45b0d6-99c0-441d-9abc-8b0a49c77686> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.microbeworld.org/component/jlibrary/?view=article&id=11467 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955677 | 266 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Pachycephalosaurus was a dinosaur which lived in the late Cretaceous period in North America. It gave it's name to a group of dinosaurs called the Pachycephalosauridae. It is most famous for its oddly-shaped head, which has a very unique look.
Pachycephalosaurus was a dome-headed dinosaur. Its huge head housed an incredibly thick skull, a tiny brain, and large eyes. Its rounded skull was up to 10 inches thick (25 cm).
Pachycephalosaurus grew to be about 15 feet long (4.6 m) and may have weighed roughly 950 pounds (430 kg). Pachycephalosaurus probably had a good sense of smell. It had bumpy knobs on its snout and along the rear of its skull. This plant-eater had short forelimbs and a stiff tail (which had a distinctive mesh of interwoven tendons surrounding its rear portion).
What did they look like?
The Pachycephalosaurus was 15-16 feet long. It stood on two legs and had two short arms with five fingers each. However, the most notable thing about its appearance was the large dome on top of its head. This skull was almost a foot thick. It was covered with armor and spikes.
What did they eat?
The Pachycephalosaurus was a vegetarian, despite its intimidating appearance. From its teeth, we have been able to get a good idea of the diet it ate. It is believed to have eaten mostly tough plants, but also sometimes fruit and seeds.
When did they live?
Pachycephalosaurus lived from about 70 to 65 million years ago (Cretaceous) in the Mezezoic era. It was among the last of the dinosaurs to evolve. Like all other dinosaurs that lived at the same time as it, it became extinct about 65 million years ago because of an unknown cause.
How did they move?
Pachycephalosaurus walked on two legs, and was not a very fast dinosaur. When it walked or ran, it probably held its back level to the ground. It may have gone on all fours to forage for low-lying plants.
What was their habitat?
The Pachycephalosaurus was the dinosaur equivalent of many large vegetarians today. It is believed that they lived in forests and ate there.
Where were their fossils found?
Pachycephalosaurus was discovered in 1938 by William Winkley on the family ranch outside of Ekalaka, Montana, USA. It was named Pachycephalosaurus in 1943 by Barnum Brown and Erich M. Schlaikjer. Although complete fossils are rare, many thick skull fragments have been found. Pachycephalosaurus and other pachycephalosaur fossils have been found in Alberta, Canada, the western United States, the Isle of Wight, Mongolia and Madagascar. | <urn:uuid:224e25fc-366b-455c-999c-699c6cb7f27e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Pachycephalosaurus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00137-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979525 | 585 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Addresses four broad questions: Who is a citizen of the United States? Who else can come to this country? When and why can noncitizens be forced to leave? Who has the authority to answer these questions? These questions prompt us to examine the history of U.S. immigration, the constitutional-statutory-regulatory framework that governs immigration and citizenship law, and the federal agencies that administer it. Also addresses contemporary challenges to, and assertions of, immigrants? rights.
Meeting Times & Locations:
||4:15 PM - 5:55 PM
First Assignment: Read syllabus and casebook 1-23 (for background), 24-36, 201-212 for Tues 1/17. Posted on TWEN.
Family migration history and second reading (CB 212-224) will be due Thurs 1/19. Please prepare a family immigration history of 1-2 pages and bring it to class. Consult your parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles on the circumstances of their migration and their motivations for doing so. Some of your families may not have very much accessible information on their migration; may have a history that includes thin documentation; or may have remote or broken ties due to involuntary migration, slavery, annexation, Native American roots, or family flux. Simply do the best that you can based on the information reasonably available. If you are a recent immigrant, you may focus on your own immigration story.
As an alternative, please provide an immigration history for a prominent person whom you admire. | <urn:uuid:eef9cfa1-5cc0-493a-bd1a-830aee17a6b3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lawweb.colorado.edu/courses/courseSection.jsp?id=LAWS7615&term=20121 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00171-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918181 | 307 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Season 1, Episode 5 Reading for Meaning
First Aired: September 29, 2002
Author Frank McCourt (“Angela's Ashes”) hosts the series finale, which follows youngsters as they read for meaning, and surveys educational strategies for enhancing comprehension and promoting conceptual knowledge. Also: author William Dean Myers and his son Christopher, who illustrated the elder Myers' book “Harlem,” help youngsters make up stories.
Cast & Details See all »
- Premiered: September 1, 2002
- Rating: TV-G
- Premise: A five-part series about how youngsters learn to read follows development from early awareness of letters through reading for meaning. (more) | <urn:uuid:a694ff38-6e9d-4e62-8fa9-3502ef81d235> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/reading-rockets-launching-young-readers-2002/episode-5-season-1/reading-for-meaning/289872 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933062 | 144 | 2.734375 | 3 |
posted on April 03, 2007 11:00
Will the sun cool us?
The Deniers – Part 7
The science is settled on climate change, say most scientists in the field. They believe that man-made emissions of greenhouse gases are heating the globe to dangerous levels and that, in the coming decades, steadily increasing temperatures will melt the polar ice caps and flood the world's low-lying coastal areas.
Don't tell that to Nigel Weiss, Professor Emeritus at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge, past President of the Royal Astronomical Society, and a scientist as honoured as they come. The science is anything but settled, he observes, except for one virtual certainty: The world is about to enter a cooling period.
Dr. Weiss believes that man-made greenhouse gases have recently had a role in warming the earth, although the extent of that role, he says, cannot yet be known. What is known, however, is that throughout earth's history climate change has been driven by factors other than man: "Variable behaviour of the sun is an obvious explanation," says Dr. Weiss, "and there is increasing evidence that Earth's climate responds to changing patterns of solar magnetic activity."
The sun's most obvious magnetic features are sunspots, formed as magnetic fields rip through the sun's surface. A magnetically active sun boosts the number of sunspots, indicating that vast amounts of energy are being released from deep within.
Typically, sunspots flare up and settle down in cycles of about 11 years. In the last 50 years, we haven't been living in typical times: "If you look back into the sun's past, you find that we live in a period of abnormally high solar activity," Dr. Weiss states.
These hyperactive periods do not last long, "perhaps 50 to 100 years, then you get a crash," says Dr. Weiss. 'It's a boom-bust system, and I would expect a crash soon." In addition to the 11-year cycle, sunspots almost entirely "crash," or die out, every 200 years or so as solar activity diminishes. When the crash occurs, the Earth can cool dramatically. Dr. Weiss knows because these phenomenon, known as "Grand minima," have recurred over the past 10,000 years, if not longer.
"The deeper the crash, the longer it will last," Dr. Weiss explains. In the 17th century, sunspots almost completely disappeared for 70 years. That was the coldest interval of the Little Ice Age, when New York Harbour froze, allowing walkers to journey from Manhattan to Staten Island, and when Viking colonies abandoned Greenland, a once verdant land that became tundra. Also in the Little Ice Age, Finland lost one-third of its population, Iceland half.
The previous cooling period lasted 150 years while a minor crash at the beginning of the 19th century was accompanied by a cooling period that lasted only 30 years. In contrast, when the sun is very active, such as the period we're now in, the Earth can warm dramatically. This was the case during the Medieval Warm Period, when the Vikings first colonized Greenland and when Britain was wine-growing country. No one knows precisely when a crash will occur but some expect it soon, because the sun's polar field is now at its weakest since measurements began in the early 1950s.
Some predict the crash within five years, and many speculate about its effect on global warming. A mild crash could be beneficial, in giving us Earthlings the decades needed to reverse our greenhouse gas producing ways. Others speculate that the recent global warming may be a blessing in disguise, big-time, by moderating the negative consequences of what might otherwise be a deep chill following a deep crash. During the Little Ice Age, scientists estimate, global temperatures on average may have dropped by less than 1 degree Celsius, showing the potential consequences of even an apparently small decline.
Dr. Weiss prefers not to speculate. He sees the coming crash as an opportunity to obtain the knowledge necessary to make informed decisions on climate change, and the extent to which man-made emissions have been a factor.
"Having a crash would certainly allow us to pin down the sun's true level of influence on the Earth's climate," concludes Dr. Weiss. Then we will be able to act on fact, rather than from fear.
CV OF A DENIER:
Nigel Weiss, professor emeritus of mathematical astrophysics in the University of Cambridge, discovered the process of "flux expulsion" by which a conducting fluid undergoing rotating motion acts to expel the magnetic flux from the region of motion, a process now known to occur in the photosphere of the sun and other stars. He is also distinguished for his work on the theory of convection, and for precise numerical experiments on the behaviour of complicated non-linear differential equations. Nigel Weiss is a recipient of a Royal Society Citation, he is a past President of the Royal Astronomical Society, and a past Chairman of Cambridge's School of Physical Sciences. He was educated at Clare College, University of Cambridge. | <urn:uuid:313a37f3-af81-4565-a7b7-171100e18e89> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thedeadhand.com/Journal/tabid/160/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/164/Global-Warming-Deniers-Part-7-Will-the-Sun-cool-us.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959385 | 1,053 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In the realm of potential planetary disasters, asteroids are among the ones to fear — like the meteor that disintegrated over Russia on February 15 — as they can inflict serious damage on Earth.
With the aid of a $5 million grant from NASA, a University of Hawaii team of astronomers is developing Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), a system to identify dangerous asteroids before their final plunge to Earth. The team is on track to build and operate an asteroid detection system that will patrol the visible sky twice a night looking for faint objects moving through space.
ATLAS will operate up to eight small telescopes, each fitted with cameras of up to 100 megapixels, on mounts housed at one or two locations in the Hawaiian Islands. Astronomers expect the system to be fully operational by the end of 2015.
John Tonry compared ATLAS’s sensitivity to detecting a match flame in New York City when viewed from San Francisco.
The team predicts the system will offer a one-week warning for a 50-yard-diameter (45 meters) asteroid or “city killer” and three weeks for a 150-yard-diameter (135m) “county killer.” (As a comparison, the Russian asteroid was only 18 yeards [17m] wide). “That’s enough time to evacuate the area of people, take measures to protect buildings and other infrastructure, and be alert to a tsunami danger generated by ocean impacts,” Tonry said.
The typical asteroid is a “rubble pile” — a large collection of rocks and dust. Most asteroids reside in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, though some, called near-Earth objects, can orbit much closer to Earth. Sometimes the gravitational tugs from the planets in the solar system send one of the asteroids on a collision course with Earth.
Had the meteor that disintegrated in the atmosphere above Chelyabinsk, Russia, on February 15 arrived at Earth at a different time of day, it could have exploded over Moscow, Belfast, Dublin, or any number of other cities with a latitude similar to that of Chelyabinsk.
Had the much larger asteroid 2012 DA14 that coincidentally passed by Earth on the same day been the one that hit Chelyabinsk, the entire city would have been completely destroyed. Scientists estimate that such a “city killer” impacts Earth about once every few hundred years. The most recent such impact occurred about 103 years ago — the Tunguska impact — in Siberia.
ATLAS will complement the Institute for Astronomy’s Pan-STARRS project, a system that searches for large “killer asteroids” years, decades, and even centuries before impact with Earth. Whereas Pan-STARRS takes a month to complete one sweep of the sky in a deep but narrow survey, ATLAS will search the sky in a closer and wider path to help identify the smaller asteroids that hit Earth more frequently.
As well as searching for asteroids, ATLAS will also look for dwarf planets, supernova explosions, and flashes of light that occur when a star is gobbled up by a supermassive black hole in a distant galaxy. | <urn:uuid:195f0571-a71f-4e5e-ad05-5348995ff456> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.astronomy.com/news/2013/02/atlas---the-asteroid-terrestrial-impact-last-alert-system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935042 | 661 | 3.625 | 4 |
Common causes often draw people together, but it’s not always sufficient to keep them together. Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony are often called the “triumvirate” of the women’s suffrage movement. All three were ardent abolitionists, and all three began speaking for women’s suffrage early in the movement. In many ways that’s where the similarities end.
Lucy Stone was born in 1818, the eighth of nine children to Francis and Hannah Matthews Stone. Unlike Stanton, she was not born into a family of means. Francis Stone owned a small farm in Massachusetts where everyone in the family had to contribute to survive. The boys fished and hunted; the girls made cheese and did piecework to help make ends meet. Francis was also a drinking man and one that believed firmly in a “woman’s place.” He was physically and verbally abusive and Hannah often had to beg him for money to get things for the girls. Where Stanton’s father wished she were a boy because he wanted a boy, Lucy’s mother wished she and her sisters were boys because “a woman’s life is so hard.”
Around the age of twelve Lucy took on much of the housework because of her mother’s ill health, yet she still managed to do well in school. In 1837, at the age of 16, she started to teach. Her dream was to go to Oberlin College. Her father paid for the boys to go to boarding school and then college, but he didn’t believe it was necessary for a woman. At this point, Lucy had probably begun to be a trial for her father. She saw her mother’s position as a trap in which she didn’t want to be caught. They were members of their local Congregationalist church which reinforced many of her father’s ideas. In 1838, the officials of the church condemned the use of the pulpit for abolitionist speeches particularly by women. The Grimke sisters from South Carolina and Abby Kelley had begun to speak against slavery to mixed groups of men and women. The church viewed this as a violation of what they saw as the Bible’s prohibition against women teaching men. Lucy decided two things then: that she would study Greek and Hebrew to better understand the Biblical passages and that if she ever had anything to speak about in public that she would do it.
Between 1838 and 1843, she continued to teach and study when she could. Two of her sisters died during this time and she helped with the children, supporting her mother. One thing that she did learn from her family was her hatred for slavery. She kept up with the fight by reading The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison’s anti-slavery newspaper, with particular interest in the divisions in the American Anti-Slavery Society caused by women speaking out. She wrote to her brother that some in the Society wanted to “crush Garrison and the women. While it pretends to endeavor to remove the yoke of bondage on account of color, it is actually summoning all its energies to rivet more and more firmly the chains that have always been fastened upon the neck of woman.” Later when she began to speak publicly for the abolitionist cause, she was criticized for injecting women’s rights issues into her speeches.
In 1843, Lucy had finally saved enough money for her first year at Oberlin. She continued to work and study and was able to graduate in 1847 with honors. (Her father also insisted that she compensate him for the money that she was denying the household by being away at college, which she did.) Although Oberlin was ahead of it’s time in many ways (they admitted both African American students and women), they were still constrained by the society in others. The student body selected Lucy to write a speech for the graduation ceremony. The catch was that she would not be able to deliver the speech because she was a woman and the audience would contain both men and women. After much thought, although she had decided to pursue a career as a public speaker, she chose not to write the speech rather than compromise her principles.
One thing that helped Lucy make her decision to pursue public speaking was her experience in a debate club that she founded while at school. During her time there, she met Antoinette Brown, a young woman who was studying to be a minister. While studying rhetoric, they were not allowed to debate in the class, you guessed it, because they were women and the class contained men. They were expected to watch the men debate and keep silent. So they started their own debate club off campus. Then in October of 1847, Lucy gave her first public speech called The Province of Women and her career began.
In 1848, Lucy was hired by William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Philips as a lecturer and organizer for the Boston Anti-Slavery Society. In 1850, she worked with Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis and others to organize a national convention on women’s rights. At the convention her speech met with wide acclaim. She continued her speaking engagements and organizing activities for the next ten years, until the start of the Civil War when most of the women put their activities on hold to assist in the war effort.
Like Susan B. Anthony, Lucy had decided early in her life that she didn’t want to submit herself to the constraints of marriage. Unlike Anthony, she changed her mind. Henry Blackwell noticed Lucy during one of her speeches. He was immediately smitten and began to woo her, a process which took several years. If anyone could have won Lucy over it was Henry. He was raised in a family which strongly supported both the abolition of slavery and women’s rights. His one brother Samuel Blackwell had married Antoinette Brown, Lucy’s friend, who had become a minister as well as a prominent abolitionist and suffragist in her own right, and Henry’s five sisters had all opted to remain single and pursue careers of their own, the most prominent being Elizabeth Blackwell the first female doctor in the United States. Lucy and Henry were married in 1855. As part of the ceremony they read a “Marriage Protest” where they protested the laws which gave a husband control over a wife’s person and sole control and guardianship of the children. Needless to say the word “obey” was left out of the ceremony. Lucy continued her career as a speaker and continued to use her maiden name. She did take time off the lecture circuit when she gave birth to Alice Stone Blackwell in 1857 and throughout the years of the war.
After the war, the differences between some of the primary leaders within the women’s movement began to emerge. The issues are multi-faceted and I may write a future post on them, but for now, there was a split within the movement in 1869. The argument arose primarily over whether or not to fight for suffrage for black men and women at the same time within one amendment, or to work toward the vote for all men and once that was achieved return to the issue of suffrage for women. The 15th Amendment had passed in Congress in February ensuring that no citizen could be denied the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Stanton was incensed that it didn’t include the word sex and resorted to racist language that alienated many in the group. She refused to support ratification whereas the majority wanted to support ratification and propose an additional amendment for the suffrage of women. The final result was Stanton and Anthony’s withdrawal and formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association. Lucy Stone responded by creating another organization – the American Woman Suffrage Association.
Over the next 20 years Lucy and the AWSA continued to work for women’s suffrage focusing primarily on individual states. In 1870, she founded the Woman’s Journal, a newspaper that she would write for and publish for the rest of her life. At some point she realized that she was not going to see the women’s vote become a reality in her lifetime, but she had raised Alice to have the same values and knew that she would carry on the fight. She also spent time with Carrie Chapman Catt for the same purpose, preparing her to take up the mantle.
In 1890, the NWSA and the AWSA were finally reconciled, and in 1892, Lucy spoke before the House Judiciary Committee with Stanton and Anthony in support of women’s suffrage. Her last speech was in 1893 at the World’s Congress of Representative Women in Chicago where women from over 27 countries spoke to an audience of over 150,000 people in favor of women’s rights. She died later that year.
When Stanton and Anthony began their History of Woman Suffrage, Lucy was still in disagreement with them and chose not to send a biographical sketch for inclusion. For this reason she is not represented to the degree that she probably should be. But in recent years, her tremendous contributions to the advancement of women’s rights have received more attention. She was truly one of the founders of the women’s rights movement in the United States.
History of Woman Suffrage by Elizabeth Cady Stanton et. al. (6 volume work)
Sisters: The Lives of America’s Suffragists by Jean H. Baker
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815 – 1902)
Susan B. Anthony (1820 – 1906) | <urn:uuid:4e802aa5-85e4-46d9-8075-8a5b875ca844> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://saintssistersandsluts.com/lucy-stone-1818-1893-abolitionist-and-suffragist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988903 | 1,983 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Typically, we think of the GAO focusing on territory familiar to auditors, which is what most of the high-risk list does: managing federal property, DOD supply chain management, NASA acquisitions management, modernizing federal disability programs, etc. But it has now added a politically-charged topic to its list: climate change.
First, some background. The GAO High Risk List was first compiled in 1990. Since then, about one-third of the issues have been removed, and new ones added. It has created a web page devoted to tracking these issues. In testimony before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee last week, Comptroller General Gene Dodaro reported that GAO removed two programs and added two new ones to the list.
The media captured the details of the overall list and his testimony, but I’d like to focus on one of the two new ones: “Limiting the Federal Government’s Fiscal Exposure by Better Managing Climate Change Risks.”
How does an issue get onto the GAO High Risk List? GAO has four criteria:
- whether the program or function is of national significance;
- whether it is key to government performance and accountability;
- whether the risk involves public health or safety, service delivery, national security, national defense, economic growth, or privacy or citizens’ rights;
- whether it could result in significant impaired service, program failure, injury or loss of life, or significantly reduced economy, efficiency, or effectiveness.
GAO concludes: “Climate change poses risks to many environmental and economic systems—including agriculture, infrastructure, ecosystems, and human health—and presents a significant financial risk to the federal government.”
Possible policy responses to climate change range from: prevention or reversal (which would require reducing carbon emissions, as envisioned by several global conventions, such as the Kyoto Protocol); adaptation (which would be accepting that climate change will happen, and the goal is to reduce the impact); or no action. GAO selected the middle option. Rather than focusing on the climate effects, it focuses on the fiscal effects it will have on the federal budget.
What is its rationale for doing this? GAO says: “Climate change adaptation—defined as adjustments to natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climate change—is a risk-management strategy to help protect vulnerable sectors and communities that might be affected by changes in the climate.”
Policymakers increasingly view climate change adaptation as a risk management strategy to protect vulnerable sectors and communities that might be affected by changes in the climate, but, as we reported in 2009, the federal government’s emerging adaptation activities were carried out in an ad hoc manner and were not well coordinated across federal agencies, let alone with state and local governments. . .the impacts of climate change can be expected to increase fiscal exposure for the federal government in many areas:
Federal government as property owner. The federal government owns and operates hundreds of thousands of buildings and facilities, such as defense installations, that could be affected by a changing climate. In addition, the federal government manages about 650 million acres––29 percent of the 2.27 billion acres of U.S. land––for a wide variety of purposes, such as recreation, grazing, timber, and fish and wildlife. . . .
Federal insurance programs. Two important federal insurance efforts—the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation—are based on conditions, priorities, and approaches that were established decades ago and do not account for climate change. . . .
Technical assistance to state and local governments. The federal government invests billions of dollars annually in infrastructure projects that state and local governments prioritize and supervise. These projects have large up front capital investments and long lead times that require decisions about how to address climate change to be made well before its potential effects are discernable. . . .
Disaster aid. In the event of a major disaster, federal funding for response and recovery comes from the Disaster Relief Fund managed by FEMA and disaster aid programs of other participating federal agencies. The federal government does not budget for these costs and runs the risk of facing a large fiscal exposure at any time.
GAO’s Conclusion and Recommendation. GAO concludes: “The federal government would be better positioned to respond to the risks posed by climate change if federal efforts were more coordinated and directed toward common goals. . . In May 2011, we found no coherent strategic government-wide approach to climate change funding and that federal officials do not have a shared understanding of strategic government-wide priorities.”
It goes on to recommend “a government-wide strategic approach with strong leadership and the authority to manage climate change risks that encompasses the entire range of related federal activities and addresses all key elements of strategic planning.”
It will be interesting to see how both the executive and legislative branches respond. | <urn:uuid:82fe72b6-b2b7-472c-8d9c-434d6bf0328e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.govexec.com/excellence/promising-practices/2013/02/climate-change-joins-gaos-high-risk-list/61409/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953869 | 1,004 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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John Stuart Mill (20th May 1806 – 8th May 1873), a British philosopher and political economist, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was an advocate of utilitarianism, the ethical theory that was systemised by his godfather, Jeremy Bentham, but adapted to German romanticism. It is usually suggested that Mill is an advocate of negative liberty. However, this has been contested by many academics, notably Dr. David Walker of Newcastle University in England.
John Stuart Mill was born in Pentonville, London, United Kingdom, the eldest son of the British philosopher and historian James Mill. John Stuart was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He was given an extremely rigorous, some would say harsh, upbringing, and was deliberately shielded from association with children his own age other than his siblings. His father, a follower of Bentham and an adherent of associationism, had as his explicit aim to create a genius intellect that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after he and Bentham were dead. [How to reference and link to summary or text]
Mill was a notably precocious child; at the age of three he was taught the Greek alphabet and long lists of Greek words with their English equivalents. By the age of eight he had read Aesop's Fables, Xenophon's Anabasis, and the whole of Herodotus, and was acquainted with Lucian, Diogenes Laërtius, Isocrates and six dialogues of Plato (see his Autobiography). He had also read a great deal of history in English and had been taught arithmetic.
A contemporary record of Mill's studies from eight to thirteen is published in Bain's sketch of his life. It suggests that his autobiography rather understates the amount of work done. At the age of eight he began learning Latin, Euclid, and algebra]], and was appointed schoolmaster to the younger children of the family. His main reading was still history, but he went through all the Latin and Greek authors commonly read in the schools and universities at the time. He was not taught to compose either in Latin or in Greek, and he was never an exact scholar; it was for the subject matter that he was required to read, and by the age of ten he could read Plato and Demosthenes with ease. His father's History of India was published in 1818; immediately thereafter, about the age of twelve, John began a thorough study of the scholastic logic, at the same time reading Aristotle's logical treatises in the original language. In the following year he was introduced to political economy and studied Adam Smith and David Ricardo with his father--ultimately completing their classical economic view of factors of production.
This intensive study however had injurious effects on Mill's mental health, and state of mind. At the age of 21 he suffered a nervous breakdown. As explained in chapter V of his Autobiography, this was caused by the great physical and mental arduousness of his studies which had suppressed any feelings he might have developed normally in childhood. Nevertheless, this depression eventually began to dissipate, as he began to find solace in the poetry of William Wordsworth. His capacity for emotion resurfaced, Mill remarking that the "cloud gradually drew off".
Mill refused to study at Oxford University or Cambridge University, because he refused to take Anglican orders. Instead he followed his father to work for the British East India Company until 1858. Between the years 1865-1868 he served as Lord Rector of the University of St. Andrews, where he gave an inaugural speech on the value of culture.
During the same period, 1865-8, he was an independent Member of Parliament, representing the City and Westminster constituency from 1865 to 1868. During his time as an MP, Mill advocated easing the burdens on Ireland, and became the first person in Parliament to call for women to be given the right to vote. Mill became a strong advocate of women's rights and such political and social reforms as proportional representation, labor unions, and farm cooperatives. In 1869, he argued for the right of women to vote. In Considerations on Representative Government, Mill called for various reforms of Parliament and voting, especially proportional representation, the Single Transferable Vote, and the extension of suffrage. He was godfather to Bertrand Russell.
In 1851, Mill married Harriet Taylor after 21 years of an intimate friendship. Taylor was married when they met, and their relationship was close but chaste during the years before her first husband died. Brilliant in her own right, Taylor was a significant influence on Mill's work and ideas during both friendship and marriage. His relationship with Harriet Taylor reinforced Mill's advocacy of women's rights. He cites her influence in his final revision of On Liberty, which was published shortly after her death, and she appears to be obliquely referenced in The Subjection of Women. Taylor died in 1858 after developing severe lung congestion, only seven years into her marriage to Mill.
He died in Avignon, France in 1873, and is buried alongside his wife.
Theory of libertyEdit
Mill's On Liberty is one of the founding texts of liberalism and one of the most important treatises ever written on the concept of liberty. The book explores the nature and limits of the power that can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual. One argument that Mill develops further than any previous philosopher is the harm principle. The harm principle holds that each individual has the right to act as he/she wants, so long as these actions do not harm others. If the action is self-regarding, that is, if it only directly affects the person undertaking the action, then society has no right to intervene, even if it feels the actor is harming him/herself. Mill excuses those who are "incapable of self-government" from this principle, such as young children or those living in "backward states of society". It is important to emphasise that Mill did not consider giving offence to constitute "harm"; an action could not be restricted because it violated the conventions or morals of a given society.
On Liberty involves an impassioned defence of free speech. Mill argues that free discourse is a necessary condition for intellectual and social progress. We can never be sure, he contends, that a silenced opinion does not contain some element of the truth. He also argues that allowing people to air false opinions is productive for two reasons. First, individuals are more likely to abandon erroneous beliefs if they are engaged in an open exchange of ideas. Second, by forcing other individuals to re-examine and re-affirm their beliefs in the process of debate, these beliefs are kept from declining into mere dogma. It is not enough for Mill that one simply has an unexamined belief that happens to be true; one must understand why the belief in question is the true one.
Mill's states the harm principle in Chapter 1 of On Liberty:
|“||the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others, to do so would be wise, or even right...The only part of the conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.||”|
Though this principle seems clear, there are a number of complications. For example, Mill explicitly states that "harms" may include acts of omission as well as acts of commission. Thus, failing to rescue a drowning child counts as a harmful act, as does failing to pay taxes, or failing to appear as a witness in court. All such harmful omissions may be regulated, according to Mill. By contrast, it does not count as harming someone if — without force or fraud — the affected individual consents to assume the risk: thus one may permissibly offer unsafe employment to others, provided there is no deception involved. (Mill does, however, recognize one limit to consent: society should not permit people to sell themselves into slavery). In these and other cases, it is important to keep in mind that the arguments in On Liberty are grounded on the principle of Utility, and not on appeals to natural rights. The question of what counts as a self-regarding action and what actions, whether of omission or commission, constitute harmful actions subject to regulation, continues to exercise interpreters of Mill.
Mill is also famous for being one of the earliest and strongest supporters of women's liberation. His book The Subjection of Women is one of the earliest written on this subject by a male author. He felt that the oppression of women was one of the few remaining relics from ancient times, a set of prejudices that severely impeded the progress of humanity.
Additionally, Mill demonstrated a deep appreciation for the military, noting, "War is an ugly thing, but not the ugliest of things. The decayed and degraded state of moral and patriotic feeling which thinks that nothing worth war is much worse. The person who has nothing for which he is willing to fight for, nothing which is more important than his own personal safety, is a miserable creature and has no chance of being free unless made and kept so by the exertions of better men than himself." Because of this, his works are a central focus of the ethics and philosophy curriculum at the United States Air Force Academy, focusing on the moral challenges within utilitarianism, in particular.
Mill opposed state education[How to reference and link to summary or text], holding instead that schools should be private, and the parents, not the state, should have the choice. However, the state could pay the expenses of schooling for poor children (compare to education vouchers).
The canonical statement of Mill's Utilitarianism can be found in Utilitarianism. This philosophy has a long tradition, arguably beginning, albeit in different forms, with Aristotle, although Mill's account is primarily influenced by Jeremy Bentham, and Mill's father James Mill. Mill’s famous formulation of Utilitarianism is known as the "greatest happiness principle." It holds that one must always act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. One of Mill's major contributions to Utilitarianism is his argument for the qualitative separation of pleasures. Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures are superior to more physical forms of pleasure. Mill distinguishes between "happiness" and "contentment," claiming that the former is of higher value than the latter, a belief wittily encapsulated in his statement that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.
Mill defines the difference between higher and lower forms of happiness on the principle that those who have experienced both tend to prefer one over the other. This is, perhaps, in direct opposition to Bentham's statement that "Pushpin is as good as an Opera," that if a simple child's game like hopscotch causes more pleasure to more people than a night at the opera house, it is more imperative upon a society to devote more resources to propagating hopscotch than running opera houses. Mill's argument is that the 'simple pleasures' tend to be preferred by people who have no experience with high art, and are therefore not in a proper position to judge. For this reason, in his life Mill supported legislation that would have granted extra voting power to university graduates, on the grounds that they were in a better position to judge what would be best for society. While on the face of it inegalitarian, it should be noted that in this Mill in no way devalued the uneducated as people, and he certainly would have advocated sending the poor but talented to universities; it is the education, and not the intrinsic nature, of the educated that Mill believed qualified them to have more influence in government.
Mill furthermore dealt with one of the prime problems associated with utilitarianism, that of schadenfreude. Detractors of utilitarianism argued, among other objections, that if enough people hated another person sufficiently that simply reducing the happiness of the object of their hatred would cause them pleasure, it would be incumbent upon a utilitarian society to aid them in harming the individual. Mill argued that, in order to have such an attitude of malice, a citizen would have to value his own pleasure over that of another, and so society is in no way obligated to indulge him, and, to the contrary, is fully permitted to suppress his actions.
The qualitative account of happiness Mill advocates thus sheds light on his account presented in On Liberty. As Mill suggests in that text, utility is to be conceived in relation to mankind "as a progressive being," which includes the development and exercise of our rational capacities as we strive to achieve a “higher mode of existence". Thus the rejection of censorship and paternalism is intended to provide the necessary social conditions for the achievement of knowledge and the greatest ability for the greatest number to develop and exercise their deliberative and rational capacities.
Mill's early economic philosophy was one of free markets. However, he accepted interventions in the economy, such as a tax on alcohol, if there were sufficient utilitarian grounds. He also accepted the principle of legislative intervention for the purpose of animal welfare. Mill believed that "equality of taxation" meant "equality of sacrifice" and that progressive taxation penalised those who worked harder and saved more and was therefore "a mild form of robbery".
Mill's Principles of Political Economy, first published in 1848, was one of the most widely read of all books on economics in the period. As Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations had during an earlier period, Mill's Principles dominated economics teaching. (In the case of Oxford University it was the standard text until 1919, probably because the text that replaced it was written by Cambridge's Alfred Marshall). Mill was the last great political economist who championed the market system.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
Later in life, Mill moved to favor more socialist-oriented politics.
Mill's magnum opus was his A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, which went through several revisions and editions. William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (1837) was a chief influence. The reputation of this work is largely due to his analysis of inductive proof, in contrast to Aristotle's syllogisms, which are deductive. Mill describes the five basic principles of induction which have come to be known as Mill's Methods - the method of agreement, the method of difference, the joint or double method of agreement and difference, the method of residues, and that of concomitant variations. The common feature of these methods, the one real method of scientific inquiry, is that of elimination. All the other methods are thus subordinate to the method of difference. It was also Mill's attempt to postulate a theory of knowledge, in the same vein as John Locke.
Major works are in bold type.
- (1843) A System of Logic
- (1844) Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy
- (1848) Principles of Political Economy
- (1859) On Liberty
- (1861) Considerations on Representative Government
- (1863) Utilitarianism
- (1865) Examinations of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy
- (1865) Auguste Comte and Positivism
- (1867) Inaugural Address at St. Andrews - Rectorial Inaugural Address at the University of St. Andrews, concerning the value of culture.
- (1869) The Subjection of Women
- (1873) Autobiography
- (1874) Three Essays on Religion
- ↑ Friedrich Hayek (1941). The Counter-Revolution of Science. Economica 8 (31): 281-320.
- ↑ Capaldi, Nicholas. John Stuart Mill: A Biography. p.33, Cambridge, 2004, ISBN 0-521-62024-4.
- ↑ Ibid. p.321-322
- ↑ Ekelund, Robert B., Jr. and Hébert, Robert F. (1997). A history of economic theory and method, 4th. ISBN 1-57766-381-0.
- ↑ John Stuart Mill uses the term dystopia in a parliamentary speech, possibly the first recorded use of the term. Exploring Dystopia, last accessed on 19th March 2006, see also
- David O. Brink, "Mill's Deliberative Utilitarianism," in Philosophy and Public Affairs 21 (1992), 67-103.
- Sterling Harwood, "Eleven Objections to Utilitarianism," in Louis P. Pojman, ed., Moral Philosophy: A Reader (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co., 1998), and in Sterling Harwood, ed., Business as Ethical and Business as Usual (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996), Chapter 7, and in www.sterlingharwood.com.
- Robinson, Dave & Groves, Judy (2003). Introducing Political Philosophy. Icon Books. ISBN 1-84046-450-X.
- Frederick Rosen, Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill (Routledge Studies in Ethics & Moral Theory), 2003. ISBN: 0415220947
- Samuel Hollander - The Economics of John Stuart Mill (University of Toronto Press, 1985)
- Mill, John Stuart, A System of Logic, University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu, 2002, ISBN 1-4102-0252-6
- John Stuart Mill in the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics on Econlib
- John Stuart Mill in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- John Stuart Mill in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Works by John Stuart Mill at Project Gutenberg
- On Liberty, by John Stuart Mill. Definitive edition, free on Econlib
- Principles of Political Economy, by John Stuart Mill. Definitive edition, free on Econlib
- Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, by John Stuart Mill. Definitive edition, free on Econlib
- Works of John Stuart Mill in The Online Library of Liberty
- John Stuart Mill. Extensive collection of links to writings by and about J.S. Mill.
- Biography, works and quotes of John Stuart Mill
- More easily readable versions of On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Three Essays on Religion
- Autobiography of John Stuart Mill
- "Utilitarianism as Secondary Ethic" An overview of utilitarianism with summary of its critiques.
- MetaLibri Digital Library:
- How far did JS Mill let liberalism down? Did he prefer Socialism to Liberalism? by David McDonagh
- Mill-fest: The Bicentennial Edition by the blog Catallarchy
- "Organic Conservatism, Administrative Realism, and the Imperialist Ethos in the 'Indian Career' of John Stuart Mill, by Vinay Lal (review of "John Stuart Mill and India" by Lynn Zastoupil, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1994.)
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:e9507a8d-d547-4134-866f-2fa5ea49ce8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960941 | 4,145 | 3.046875 | 3 |
WiFi standards explained: what you should know about the new 802.11 ad, ah & af standards
WiFi is a crucial technology found inside our smartphones that we all use every day, but if you’ve ever stared a little longer at a spec sheet or your home network router you will probably have noticed that there are a few different number and letter combinations tagged on the end. These different designations define some quite different properties of the overarching WiFi standard, so here’s an explainer to break down the differences.
A brief history of standards
First up, let’s deal with that weird looking 802 number. This naming system is actually used by a number of networking standards that you will probably be familiar. Ethernet networks begin with 802.3, Bluetooth has an 802.15 prefix, and WiFi is tagged with 802.11. All the different WiFi varieties will begin with this 802.11 number, followed by a letter or two which, from a consumer point of view, is useful for identifying other properties, such as the maximum speed and range of the particular device.
To help ensure compatibility with different pieces of hardware and networks, you’ll often find that products support multiple, if not all of the standards at the same time. You may have seen a listing like Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac on the spec sheet for many smartphones, which covers all of the oldest and most common modern standards.
Much of the renaming has simply come about to help define incremental improvements to the standard, mostly in terms of speed increases. More recently, WiFi has been splitting into some quite different branches, but we’ll get to those in a minute. Here’s a breakdown of how the most commonly used versions compare:
|Max Speed||1.2 Mbit/s||54 Mbit/s||11 Mbit/s||54 Mbit/s||150 Mbit/s||800 Mbit/s|
|MIMO||no||no||no||no||up to 4||up to 8|
|Frequency||2.4 GHz||5.8 GHz||2.4 GHz||2.4 GHz||2.4 & 5 GHz||5 GHz|
Following the initial launch of the WiFi standard, 802.11b became the most commonly adopted in consumer devices, partly due to its lower cost. This was replaced by the much faster 802.11g three years later, which retained backwards compatibility to maintain support with existing hardware, but left the revision with some of the old drawbacks.
While the move from the original standard through to 802.11g was mostly about speed improvements, 802.11n introduced the first optional use of the 5GHz band, a frequency that is much less cluttered. The n revision also introduced the first use of MIMO antennas for higher parallel throughput. Speeds can theoretically reach up to 450 Mbit/s, depending on the number of antenna connections.
The last major revision to the main WiFi standard was 802.11ac, which was designed to dramatically increase the speed of data transfers. This is the first standard on the way to “Gigabit WiFi” where speeds can reach 1 Gbit/s, by far the fastest WiFi version to date. 802.11ac also runs solely on the less cluttered 5 GHz band and this higher frequency and modulation rate allows for a higher speed, at the expense of range compared with 2.4 GHz 802.11n or g.
The future of WiFi
There are new WiFi technologies just hitting the market and more on the way in the next few years too. These mark some quite different approaches to WiFi that could enable some entirely new device classes. One of the most recent to crop up is 802.11ad, which just appeared in the new Le Max Pro smartphone, powered by a Qualcomm chip.
802.11ad takes a very different approach to existing WiFi technology, aiming for a massive boost in speed at the expense of range. This version opts for a very high 60 GHz transmission frequency that enables data speeds to reach around 7 Gbit/s, which is fast enough to potentially use for wireless hard drives. However, this comes with a major trade-off to range, as the frequency cannot penetrate walls and requires a direct line of sight to the router.
802.11ad is suitable for fast data transfers within a single room, but not for a complete home or office network. This does however have promise in living room situations, where users may want to transfer a huge 4K movie file from a device to a TV. However, it is also currently quite an expensive technology to implement.
Of course, there are new revisions on the way for longer forms of WiFi communication too. In fact, the recently announced 802.11ah standard, also known as WiFi HaLow, is designed to reach up to reach 1 kilometer (3,300 ft), providing that certain conditions are met.
To achieve greater coverage, 802.11ah is transmitted at just 900 MHz, a much lower frequency than the existing 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz WiFi technologies. The trade-off is that speeds greatly decrease the longer the distance from the transmitter and devices will only be able to transmit data at speeds between 150 Kbit/s and 18 Mbit/s, making it slower than most existing home networks. However, this is quite well suited to low power devices that only require the transmission of short bursts of data, such as Internet of Things devices.
The final specifications for 802.11ah aren’t expected until March 2016, after which WiFi chip manufacturers can begin designing and producing hardware components for use in future products. The first HaLow certified devices will ship from 2018, according to WiFi Alliance.Read more: New WiFi HaLow standard offers double the range, lower power consumption
One last interesting development in the WiFi space is talk about 802.11af networking. This has also been dubbed White-Fi or Super WiFi and uses television spectrum frequencies between 54 MHz and 790 MHz, potentially making this the longest range WiFi technology yet, with miles of coverage.
This would again be helpful for long distance IoT communication and could also be used in business or industrial applications that require long range communication. Speeds could be acceptable over these distances because of the lack of interference, however these frequencies will be unavailable for WiFi in some regions, limiting the potential consumer applications.
WiFi is faster than ever these days and has clearly undergone a major transformation since its conception almost two decades ago. Importantly, WiFi networking is keeping up with new ideas, such as the Internet of Things and the demand for higher resolution content. However, as a result we may have an even bigger list of spin off of standards to keep an eye on in the future. | <urn:uuid:579b35ee-7fb8-4610-abc0-c14608457730> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.androidauthority.com/wifi-standards-explained-802-11b-g-n-ac-ad-ah-af-666245/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942763 | 1,397 | 3.53125 | 4 |
American Heart Association Discourages HRT to Prevent Heart Disease
Mosca says she has no qualms about prescribing hormone replacement for a healthy woman who is experiencing menopause symptoms such as hot flashes and sleep disturbances because estrogen remains the best treatment for these symptoms. Hormone replacement can also protect against bone-thinning osteoporosis, but Mosca points out that there are other compounds -- such as Fosamax, Evista, or Calcitonin -- that are used to both prevent and treat osteoporosis.
Mosca says that when doctors are counseling healthy women about hormone replacement, that counseling should omit any suggestion that hormone replacement can prevent heart disease. Women who are interested in heart disease prevention should direct their efforts toward lifestyle modification, says Mosca: for example, smoking cessation, weight loss, and regular exercise. Appropriate medications should be considered for women who have high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
For years, one of the cornerstones of preventive medicine was the belief that estrogen protects the heart. In the years before menopause, when women produce estrogen naturally, women are almost immune to heart disease, but after menopause the heart disease risk for women climbs until it equals that for men. Based on this observation as well as animal studies that demonstrated that estrogen had a beneficial effect on blood vessels, medical experts believed that replacing estrogen after menopause could reduce the risk of heart disease in older women.
Throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s this belief was bolstered by the results from large studies, which showed that women who take hormone replacement therapy had fewer heart attacks and strokes than women who didn't take hormones. The belief was so strong that in the AHA's 1995 guidelines on preventing second heart attacks in people with heart disease doctors were told to "consider estrogen for all women with heart disease," says Mosca.
Nonbelievers raised questions about the weakness of these studies citing, for example, data that suggested women who take hormone replacement are less likely to smoke, more likely to be well educated, and more likely to exercise and eat healthy diets. In short, these women have a low risk for heart disease because of their lifestyle. | <urn:uuid:23ab4298-e626-4a1a-bfa5-cef698070658> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/news/20010723/american-heart-association-discourages-hrt-to-prevent-heart-disease?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959046 | 444 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Ancient Tales and Folk-lore of Japan, by Richard Gordon Smith, , at sacred-texts.com
Click to enlarge
45. Kichijiro Finds Poor O Ima Blind
NEARLY three hundred years ago (or, according to my story-teller, in the second year of Kwanei, which would be 1626, the period of Kwanei having begun in 1624 and ended in 1644) there lived at Maidzuru, in the province of Tango, a youth named Kichijiro.
Kichijiro had been born at the village of Tai, where his father had been a native; but on the death of the father he had come with his elder brother, Kichisuke, to Maidzuru. The brother was his only living relation except an uncle, and had taken care of him for four years, educating him from the age of eleven until fifteen; and Kichijiro was very grateful, and determined that now he had reached the age of fifteen he must no longer be a drag on his brother, but must begin to make a way in the world for himself.
After looking about for some weeks, Kichijiro found employment with Shiwoya Hachiyemon, a merchant in Maidzuru. He worked very hard, and soon gained his master's friendship; indeed, Hachiyemon thought very highly of his apprentice; he favoured him in many ways
over older clerks, and finally entrusted him with the key of his safes, which contained documents and much money.
Now, Hachiyemon had a daughter of Kichijiro's age, of great beauty and promise, and she fell desperately in love with Kichijiro, who himself was at first unaware of this. The girl's name was Ima, O Ima San, and she was one of those delightful ruddy, happy-faced girls whom only Japan can produce—a mixture of yellow and red, with hair and eyebrows as black as a raven. Ima paid Kichijiro compliments now and then; but he was a boy who thought little of love. He intended to get on in the world, and marriage was a thing which had not yet entered into his mind.
After Kichijiro had been some six months in the employment of Hachiyemon he stood higher than ever in the master's estimation; but the other clerks did not like him. They were jealous. One was specially so. This was Kanshichi, who hated him not only because he was favoured by the merchant but also because he himself loved O Ima, who had given him many a rebuff when he had attempted to make love to her. So great did this secret hate become, at last Kanshichi vowed that he would be revenged upon Kichijiro, and if necessary upon his master Hachiyemon and his daughter O Ima as well; for he was a wicked and scheming man.
One day an opportunity occurred.
Kichijiro had so far secured confidence that the master had sent him off to Kasumi, in Tajima Province, there to negotiate the purchase of a junk. While he was away Kanshichi broke into the room where the safe was kept, and took therefrom two bags containing money in gold up
to the value of 200 ryo. He effaced all signs of his action, and went quietly back to his work. Two or three days later Kichijiro returned, having successfully accomplished his mission, and, after reporting this to the master, set to his routine work again. On examining the safe, he found that the 200 ryo of gold were missing, and, he having reported this, the office and the household were thrown into a state of excitement.
After some hours of hunting for the money it was found in a koro (incense-burner) which belonged to Kichijiro, and no one was more surprised than he. It was Kanshichi who had found it, naturally, after having put it there himself; he did not accuse Kichijiro of having stolen the money—his plans were more deeply laid. The money having been found there, he knew that Kichijiro himself would have to say something. Of course Kichijiro said he was absolutely innocent, and that when he had left for Kasumi the money was safe—he had seen it just before leaving.
Hachiyemon was sorely distressed. He believed in the innocence of Kichijiro; but how was he to prove it? Seeing that his master did not believe Kichijiro guilty, Kanshichi decided that he must do something which would render it more or less impossible for Hachiyemon to do otherwise than to send his hated rival Kichijiro away. He went to the master and said:
'Sir, I, as your head clerk, must tell you that, though perhaps Kichijiro is innocent, things seem to prove that he is not, for how could the money have got into his koro? If he is not punished, the theft will reflect on all of us clerks, your faithful servants, and I myself should
have to leave your service, for all the others would do so, and you would be unable to carry on your business. Therefore I venture to tell you, sir, that it would be advisable in your own interests to send poor Kichijiro, for whose misfortune I deeply grieve, away.'
Hachiyemon saw the force of this argument, and agreed. He sent for Kichijiro, to whom he said:
'Kichijiro, deeply as I regret it, I am obliged to send you away. I do not believe in your guilt, but I know that if I do not send you away all my clerks will leave me, and I shall be ruined. To show you that I believe in your innocence, I will tell you that my daughter Ima loves you, and that if you are willing, and after you can prove your innocence, nothing would give me greater pleasure than to have you back as my son-in—law. Go now. Try and think how you can prove your innocence. My best wishes go with you.'
Kichijiro was very sad. Now that he had to go, he found that he should more than miss the companionship of the sweet O Ima. With tears in his eyes, he vowed to the father that he would come back, prove his innocence, and marry O Ima; and with O Ima herself he had his first love scene. They vowed that neither should rest until the scheming thief had been discovered, and they were both reunited in such a way that nothing could part them.
Kichijiro went back to his brother Kichisuke at Tai village, to consult as to what it would be best for him to do to re-establish his reputation. After a few weeks, he was employed through his brother's interest and that of his only surviving uncle in Kyoto. There he worked
hard and faithfully for four long years, bringing much credit to his firm, and earning much admiration from his uncle, who made him heir to considerable landed property, and gave him a share in his own business. Kichijiro found himself at the age of twenty quite a rich man.
In the meantime calamity had come on pretty O Ima. After Kichijiro had left Maidzuru, Kanshichi began to pester her with attentions. She would have none of him; she would not even speak to him; and so exasperated did he become at last that he used to waylay her. On one occasion he resorted to violence and tried to carry her away by force. Of this she complained to her father, who promptly dismissed him from his service.
This made villain Kanshichi angrier than ever. As the Japanese proverb says, 'Kawaisa amatte nikusa ga hyakubai,'—which means, 'Excessive love is hatred.' So it was with Kanshichi: his love turned to hatred. He thought of how he could be avenged on Hachiyemon and O Ima. The most simple means, he thought, would be to burn down their house, the business offices, and the stores of merchandise: that must bring ruin. So one night Kanshichi set about doing these things and accomplished them most successfully—with the exception that he himself was caught in the act and sentenced to a heavy punishment. That was the only satisfaction which was got by Hachiyemon, who was all but ruined; he sent away all his clerks and retired from business, for he was too old to begin again.
With just enough to keep life and body together, Hachiyemon and his pretty daughter lived in a little
cheap cottage on the banks of the river, where it was Hachiyemon's only pleasure to fish for carp and jakko. For three years he did this, and then fell ill and died. Poor O Ima was left to herself, as lovely as ever, but mournful. The few friends she had tried to prevail on her to marry somebody—anybody, they said, sooner than live alone,—but to this advice the girl would not listen. 'It is better to live miserably alone,' she said, 'than to marry one for whom you do not care; I can love none but Kichijiro, though I shall not see him again.'
O Ima spoke the truth on that occasion, without knowing it, for, true as it is that it never rains but it pours, O Ima was to have more trouble. An eye sickness came to her, and in less than two months after her father's death the poor girl was blind, with no one to attend to her wants but an old nurse who had stuck to her through all her troubles. Ima had barely sufficient money to pay for rice.
It was just at this time that Kichijiro's success was assured: his uncle had given him a half interest in the business and made a will in which he left him his whole property. Kichijiro decided to go and report himself to his old master at Maidzuru and to claim the hand of O Ima his daughter. Having learned the sad story of downfall and ruin, and also of Ima's blindness, Kichijiro went to the girl's cottage. Poor O Ima came out and flung herself into his arms, weeping bitterly, and crying: 'Kichijiro, my beloved! this is indeed almost the hardest blow of all. The loss of my sight was as nothing before; but now that you have come back, I cannot see you, and how I long to do so you can but little imagine! It is
indeed the saddest blow of all. You cannot now marry me.'
Kichijiro petted her, and said, 'Dearest Ima, you must not be too hasty in your thoughts. I have never ceased thinking of you; indeed, I have grown to love you desperately. I have property now in Kyoto; but should you prefer to do so, we will live here in this cottage. I am ready to do anything you wish. It is my desire to re-establish your father's old business, for the good of your family; but first and before even this we will be married and never part again. We will do that tomorrow. Then we will go together to Kyoto and see my uncle, and ask for his advice. He is always good and kind, and you will like him—he is sure to like you.'
Next day they started on their journey to Kyoto, and Kichijiro saw his brother and his uncle, neither of whom had any objection to Kichijiro's bride on account of her blindness. Indeed, the uncle was so much pleased at his nephew's fidelity that he gave him half of his capital there and then. Kichijiro built a new house and offices in Maidzuru, just where his first master Hachiyemon's place had been. He re-established the business completely, calling his firm the Second Shiwoya Hachiyemon, as is often done in Japan (which adds much to the confusion of Europeans who study Japanese Art, for pupils often take the names of their clever masters, calling themselves the Second, or even the Third or the Fourth).
In the garden of their Maidzuru house was an artificial mountain, and on this Kichijiro had erected a tombstone or memorial dedicated to Hachiyemon, his father-in-law. At the foot of the mountain he erected a memorial to
[paragraph continues] Kanshichi. Thus he rewarded the evil wickedness of Kanshichi by kindness, but showed at the same time that evil-doers cannot expect high places. It is to be hoped that the spirits of the two dead men became reconciled.
They say in Maidzuru that the memorial tombs still stand. | <urn:uuid:49a5257c-0254-4bef-8856-731ea03713ab> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://sacred-texts.com/shi/atfj/atfj41.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992544 | 2,706 | 2.65625 | 3 |
HOT-BLAST TEMPERATURE EQUALIZERS 107 more openings; the total area of these openings may be arrived at by the use of the formula given in an earlier chapter of this work, for furnaces having an orifice in the roof for the escape of the waste gases. If the area of these orifices and the volume of the combustion chamber are correctly proportioned, the combustion pits of the Cowper stove will be completely filled with the burning gases, which will be held in the combustion chamber by reason of the strangulated outlet, until the reaction of combustion is completed. The free space below the dome of the stove will cease to play the part of a combustion chamber, and it will become possible to carry the checkerwork up higher into the dome of the stove. IV. HOT-BLAST TEMPERATURE EQUALIZERS It is not difficult to show that the construction of a rational apparatus for the equalization of hot-blast temperatures is not practicable. Fig. 75 shows the general arrangement of such hot-blast equalizers as have been constructed. Assuming that the temperature of the blast is higher than that of the brickwork in the equalizer, the branch A, in which the hot gases rise, will work irregularly, whereas the branch B, in which the hot gases pass downward, will be heated uni- formly. The branch A will not heat in a satisfactory manner; the branch B will heat in a satisfactory man- ner. Assuming that the temperature of the hot blast drops below the temperature of the brickwork, the branch A will commence to cool uniformly and rapidly, whereas the branch B will cool irregularly and slowly. No one has been able to obtain satisfactory results from the use of hot-blast temperature equalizers, and for this reason they are very rarely used. FIG. 75. | <urn:uuid:d3351169-3f7c-4ffb-bc7e-750ec1cbcdef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.archive.org/stream/TheFlowOfGasesInFurnaces/TXT/00000128.txt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929617 | 374 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Consider a plastic annulus of inner radius 4.40
cm and outer radius 12.00 cm. The charge on the
plastic annulus is uniformly distributed and amounts to a total of
(a) What is the charge density (a surface charge density) of the charged annulus?
(B) For this problem, let the origin of the coordinate system be at the center of the annulus with the y and z directions in the plane of the annulus. Find the x-component of the electric field at the location (17.70 cm, 0, 0) due only to a tiny piece of the annulus of area 0.0270 mm2 which is located at y = 8.200 cm and z = 0.
(C) Find the electric field strength on the axis of the annulus at a distance of 17.70 cm from the center of the annulus.
(d) Find the electric field strength on the axis of the annulus at a distance of 35.40 cm from the center of the annulus.
(E) Imagine replacing the annulus by a point charge of 25.0 uC located at what had been the center of the annulus. What would then be the electric field strength at the same location used in parts (b) and (c)? | <urn:uuid:378a66d1-c1ee-4139-985c-1845fe679787> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/consider-plastic-annulus-inner-radius-440-cm-outer-radius-1200-cm-charge-plastic-annulus-u-q4149469?cp=CHEGGFREESHIP | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916763 | 269 | 3.296875 | 3 |
CREDIT: AP Photo/Pablo Martinez Monsivais
Horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, drilling for oil, exploring for natural gas: None of that is allowed in Mora County, New Mexico.
On April 29, the Mora County Commission made history and passed a first-of-its-kind ordinance banning the exploration and extraction of oil, natural gas, and hydrocarbons from its land. The ordinance, called the “Mora County Community Water Rights Local Self-Government Ordinance,” passed the commission on a 2-1 vote.
“All Mora County residents possess the fundamental right and inalienable right to unpolluted natural water,” the ordinance says. “This right shall also include the right to energy practices that do not cause harm, and which do not threaten to cause harm, to people, communities, or the natural environment.”
But the ordinance may not last. A statewide oil and gas association and three Mora County landowners sued the county and its commissioners in federal court on Monday, claiming the ban on extracting natural resources violates three of their civil and Constitutional rights — including freedom of expression.
The plaintiffs, led by the Independent Petroleum Organization, assert that Mora is using its purported environmental concerns as a veil for the real purpose of the ordinance, which they say is to “eliminate the constitutional rights and privileges of corporations.”
“If defendants’ true goal was to protect surface and groundwater supplies within the County,” the lawsuit says, “the ordinance would address other industries that are known sources of water pollution, such as the agricultural industry.”
New Mexico is rich in fossil fuels. In 2012, more that 27 percent of the state’s general fund revenue came from taxes and royalties on oil, natural gas, and carbon dioxide production, according to the lawsuit. 88,000 citizens of New Mexico are directly employed by the oil and gas industry, the suit says.
Mora itself is a small county with around 5,000 residents, compared with New Mexico’s population of more than 2 million, Census data shows. The county has about 2,000 square miles of land, compared with New Mexico’s total square footage of 121,200.
But the amount of resources now unavailable to the oil and gas industry does not matter as much as the precedent the ordinance sets for other counties, cities, and even states that want to put an end to fossil fuel extraction. Just last week, three Colorado cities (and possibly a fourth) voted to ban fracking in their areas. If the IPO’s lawsuit against Mora succeeds, there will be a strong basis for future challenges to any other similar law or ordinance.
However, if Mora’s ordinance holds up in court, it will become that much harder for the oil and gas industry to challenge future bans on fossil fuel extraction that may crop up in other places.
Specifically, the IPO — joined by landowners Mary L. Vermillion, JAY Land Ltd. Co. and Yates Ranch Property — is arguing that the ban violates their rights under the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment.
The claim under the Fourteenth Amendment says that the ordinance violates the plaintiffs’ fundamental property rights, as the landowner plaintiffs all own mineral leases that contain fossil fuels. If it were not for the ordinance, the plaintiffs would seek to lease their minerals to a corporation for extraction, the lawsuit said. The Fifth Amendment claim says it is an abuse of government authority to infringe on people’s interest in real property.
The claim under the First Amendment is a little more complicated, and suggests that exploring for oil and gas is protected by freedom of expression. The lawsuit says Mora’s ordinance violates the portion of the First Amendment called the overbreadth doctrine, which allows plaintiffs to challenge laws that they believe deter constitutionally protected expression.
“A resolution or ordinance that does not merely regulate expressive activity, but instead expansively prohibits First Amendment activities cannot be justified ‘because no conceivable governmental interest would justify such an absolute prohibition of speech,’” the lawsuit said.
Mora County Commissioner John Olivas told the Santa Fe New Mexican on Tuesday he had not seen the suit, but defended the commission’s decision to enact the ordinance.
“I was in a position to protect our resources in Mora County,” he told the paper. “We’re ready for this fight.”
The full lawsuit can be found here. | <urn:uuid:c7bd757e-47cb-422c-8816-98b2a07601df> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/11/15/2950581/fracking-ban-civil-rights-lawsuit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00071-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950825 | 934 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Published on June 28th, 2011 | by ecolocalizer0
What is Biomimicry? Definition and Examples
Every time you use Velcro, did you realize that you are making use of a product designed directly from nature? Although only coined in the 1990’s, the word describing this design process has been reshaping the way we as a species look at nature. Biomimicry is the process of creating technologies or ways of thinking that imitate the natural world. This term goes hand in hand with the green revolution slowly changing the US culture: As we look closer at the natural world around us, we are discovering again that we have much to learn from it’s processes. Below are a couple cool examples of ways we have benefited from the mimicry of nature.
One of the oldest modern examples of biomimicry, velcro was invented in 1948 by Swiss inventor George De Mestral. Seeing how the spiky burrs of the burdock plant stuck to his dog, and later himself, he realized that they would be great as a removable attachment device. Spending years researching how to make the idea work, and how to manufacture it, velcro hit the shelves in the late 1960’s.
The way velcro works is almost identical to nature’s original invention. Small hooks cover one side of a nylon strip, while small loops cover the other. When the two sides meet, the hooks become entangled in the loops, providing a temporary connection. Burdock burrs, are also covered in small hooks. These tiny hooks get caught in all manner of things from clothes, to dogs, to your hair.
Until recently, conventional wisdom was that the smoother a surface, the easier it is to keep clean. Take for example trying to clean spaghetti sauce off of a flat wall vs. a textured wall. As is often the case, what is straight forward and simple in the human scale world, becomes very different and complex in the microscopic world. Turns out, that exactly the opposite is true on a microscopic scale: the rougher the surface, the easier it is to clean. Take for example the lotus leaf.
When you run water down the surface of a lotus leaf, the water does not wet the surface, but quickly runs off it. This is, interestingly, related to the microtexture of the leaf surface. Tiny hills and bumps covering the surface of the leaf, minimize adhesion and allow water droplets to retain their spherical shape. As the droplets pass across the surface, they are easily able to pick up the loosely attached dust particles. This concept of rough microtexture is now being applied to things from spacesuits to house paints.
Interested in more examples of biomimicry? Have any questions or comments? Leave a message below!
Keep up to date with all the hottest urban planning news by subscribing to our (free) newsletter. | <urn:uuid:ec48d16f-a5f1-4166-a0a3-96a67bfac0d5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ecolocalizer.com/2011/06/28/what-is-biomimicry-definition-and-examples/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950112 | 597 | 3.375 | 3 |
LPI: Learn Linux and get certified. Part 5: The Command Line
Some naysayers would have you believe that the command line is a crusty old relic of the 1970s, a pointless propellerhead playground which real human beings don’t touch. But when it comes to the world of a system administrator, nothing could be further from the truth. The command line, aka shell, is more important than ever – and for good reason:
It’s always there. It exists underneath all the layers of GUI goodness that we see on a typical desktop Linux installation, so even if your window manager is playing up, you can hit Ctrl+Alt+F2 to bring up a prompt and fix it.
It doesn’t require graphics. You can log into a machine remotely (using SSH) from the other side of the planet over a dial-up connection, and you’ll be able to work just like it was your local machine. No sluggish VNC or remote desktop required. Similarly, on many machines, such as servers, you won’t want all the fluff of a GUI installed. The command line is all you need.
It’s direct. It does exactly what you tell it to do. No “click over on that red button kind-of near the top-left, then find the menu that says Foo and check the box beside it” madness. You just type in exactly what you want the computer to do, and it does it. No messing around.
Consequently, all good administrators have a very solid understanding of the command line, and if you’re heading for LPI certification then you’ll need to grasp the concepts and tools discovered here. If you’re new to Linux, it’s also a good way to understand just how powerful and versatile the command line is. We’ve used a few standalone commands in previous instalments of this series, but now we’re going to explore Bash – the default shell in 99.9% of Linux distros – in more depth, so let’s get started!
Section 1: Getting orientated
If you’re running a graphical Linux installation, you can bring up a command line prompt via your desktop menus – it’s typically called Terminal, Shell, XTerm or Konsole. In this case we’re using CentOS 5.5, where the command line is found under Applications > Accessories > Terminal. When it’s launched, we see this:
That’s the prompt, and there are four parts to it: first is the username currently logged in, in this case mike. Then there’s the hostname of the machine we’re using – localhost. The tilde (~) character shows which directory we’re currently working in; it could show bin if we were in /usr/bin for instance. The user’s home directory is typically where a terminal session starts its life, and the tilde is a shorthand way of saying /home/mike here, so that’s why it appears. Finally, we have the dollar sign, which is our prompt for input. This indicates that we’re running as a regular user; if you enter su to switch to the superuser (root) account, and then your password, the dollar sign will change into a hash mark (#) instead. Let’s try entering a command. Many exist as standalone words. For instance, enter:
This outputs the name of the operating system, ‘Linux’. However, uname has more features up its sleeve, and these can be accessed using flags (also known as parameters or switches).
These flags are usually specified with hyphens and letters or words. For instance, try:
This runs the uname program, but passes the -a flag to it which means ‘show all information’ – so you get much more verbose output. For most commands you can see which options are available using the --help flag, eg uname --help.
So, now you know what you’re looking at in the prompt, how to input a command, and how to change its behaviour. That’s the essentials covered – let’s move on to file management.
First up, enter ls – list files. This shows the files and directories in the current directory, and depending on your system, it might use colours to differentiate between items: subdirectories could be blue, for instance.
The ls command for listing files is very flexible and can display items in a variety of ways, such as the detailed list shown here.
The ls command on its own doesn’t show any hidden items – that is, files and directories beginning with full stops. Enter ls -a to see everything. (Hidden files are normally used for configuration files that you don’t want cluttering up your normal view.) For a detailed list, use ls -l. Note that you can combine multiple flags, such as ls -l -a or even quicker, ls -la. This shows much more information about the items, including the owner, size, modification date and more.
Man, I need help!
Want to learn more about the options available to a particular command or program? Most commands have associated documentation in the form of manual (‘man’) pages. These aren’t friendly guides to using the program, but quick references that you can bring up when you need to check for a particular option. You can access these using man followed by the name of the command in question; for instance, man ls. In the viewer, use the cursor keys to scroll up and down, and press Q to quit out. If you want to search for a particular term, hit the forward slash (/) key and then type what you’re looking for – for instance, /size to search for the word ‘size’ in the man page.
So far we’re in our home directory, but you’ll want to move around in your day-to-day life as an administrator. First of all, let’s make a new directory:
We can move into this using the cd (change directory) command:
If you enter ls in here, you’ll see that there’s nothing inside. To go back down into the previous directory, enter cd .. (cd space dot dot). If you’ve used DOS back in the day, you might recognise this – .. always refers to the directory above the current one. However, unlike DOS, you need the space in the command. And it’s also worth noting that, unlike in DOS, all commands and filenames are case-sensitive here. So you can use cd with directories in the current one, but you can also specify complete paths. For instance, you can switch into the /usr/bin directory with:
There’s another handy feature of the cd command, which is this: enter cd on its own and you’ll switch back to your home directory. This saves time when you have a particularly long login name, so you no longer have to type something huge like cd /home/bobthebob1234.
To display the full path of the directory you’re currently in, enter pwd (short for ‘print working directory’). If you’ve just changed directory, eg from /usr/bin to /etc, enter cd - (cd space hyphen) to switch back to where you were before.
The $PATH to freedom
In true Linux fashion, this box has a dependency: the main text of the article. Please read it first so that you understand environment variables! There’s a special variable called $PATH which contains a list of locations from which you can run programs. Enter echo $PATH and you’ll see these directories, separated by colons. For instance, there’s /usr/bin, /usr/sbin and so forth (see LXF143’s LPI tutorial for a description of filesystem locations). When you enter a command, like nano to run the Nano text editor, the shell searches in these locations to find it.
However, it’s important to note that the current directory isn’t part of the $PATH. This is a security measure, to stop trojans (like a malicious ls binary) ending up in your home directory, and being executed each time you type ls. If you need to run something from the current directory, prefix it with dot-slash, eg ./myprog. It might seem annoying, but this has proven to be a great aspect of Linux and Unix system security over the years. You might have installed something in /opt which needs to be added to your $PATH to function correctly. To do this, use the export command as described in the main text, but we don’t want to wipe out the existing $PATH locations so we do it like this:
Now, when you do echo $PATH you’ll see the previous locations along with /opt/newprog added to the end.
Section 2: Delving deeper
strung together into paths, but Bash has a crafty feature: tab completion. Type the first few letters of a file or directory name, hit tab, and Bash will try to complete it. For instance, type cd /usr/lo and then hit tab – it should expand to /usr/local. If you have two or more directories in /usr beginning with lo, Bash will show you which ones are available.
Tab-completion will save you hours of time in your Linux-using life, as will command history. Using the up and down cursor keys, you can navigate through previous commands (these are stored in .bash_history in your home directory). You can use the left and right cursor keys to move through the command and edit it. If you enter history, you’ll see a list of the most recent commands entered.
Let’s look at some more file manipulation commands. To copy a file, use cp:
cp file1.txt file2.txt
You can copy multiple files into a directory with cp file1 file2 file3 dir. The command to move files works in a similar way, and can be used to rename files: mv oldname newname. To remove a file, use rm filename. A note of caution though: rm doesn’t go deep into directories and remove everything inside, including subdirectories. For that you need the recursive switch:
rm -r directory
This removes the directory, all files inside it and all subdirectories inside it too – a very powerful and destructive command! (An alternative to this is the rmdir command.) If you come across a file that you can’t identify, eg its filename isn’t very descriptive or it doesn’t have a sensible extension, you can use the ever-handy file command:
This excellent little tool probes the first few bytes of a file to determine its type (if possible). For instance, if it spots a JPEG header, it’ll tell you that it’s a JPEG file. The system file uses is called ‘magic’, which is a database of bytes to look out for in files which determine their types. Of course, this isn’t always 100% accurate, and you might find a plain text file identified as ‘Microsoft FoxPro Database’ or something crazy like that, if it just so happens to have a certain sequence of bytes inside.
Not sure what type a particular file is? Find out in an instand with the file command, which pokes into the first few bytes to work it out.
In some cases you may want to update the timestamp of a file, or create an empty file, and that’s where the touch command comes in. Similarly, you’ll often want to locate files at the command line, and there are two ways of doing this: locate and find. They sound the same, but there’s a fundamental difference: if you do locate foobar.txt, it will consult a pre-made database of files on the system and tell you where it is at light speed. This database is typically updated every day by a scheduling program called Cron, so it can be out-of-date. For more to-the-second results, use find, for example:
find /home/mike -name hamster
This will perform a thorough search of /home/mike (and all subdirectories) for any items with ‘hamster’ in the name. But what if you want to search the current directory without having to type its full path? Well, remember before we said that .. is the directory above the current one? Well, . is the current directory. So you could rewrite the previous command, providing you’re already in /home/mike, as:
find . -name hamster
The find command can also be used for sizes: find . -size +100k locates all files bigger than 100 kilobytes in the current directory (use M for megabytes and G for gigabytes). Another alternative is to find by type: find . -type f will only show files, whereas -type d shows only directories. You can mix -name, -size and -type options to create very specific searches.
Bash includes comprehensive wildcard functionality for matching multiple filenames without having to specify them. The asterisk character (*), for example, means ‘any combination of letters, numbers or other characters’. So consider this command:
This lists all files that end in .jpg, whether they’re bunnyrabbit.jpg, 4357634.jpg or whatever. This is useful for moving and deleting files: if you have a directory full of images, and you want to get rid of those silly ones ending in .bmp, you can do rm *.bmp. If you want a wildcard for just a single letter, use a question mark:
mv picture?.jpg mypics
This command will move picture1.jpg, pictureA.jpg and so forth into the mypics directory.
Creating and expanding archives
Software, patches and other bundles are typically distributed as compressed files, and there are a variety of formats in use. Fortunately, most Linux distributions include the necessary tools to explode and re-compress them, but unfortunately, they don’t share the same flags. It’s really a historical thing, and a bit annoying at first, but in time you’ll remember. Here’s a quick reference:
- .gz A single compressed file. Expand with gunzip foo.gz. To compress a file, use gzip foo.
- .bz2 Like the above, but with stronger (and slower) compression. Expand with bunzip2. To compress a file, use bzip2. This format used to be heavy going on older machines, but with today’s PCs it’s the preferred choice for distributing large source code archives such as the Linux kernel.
- .tar A tape archive. Few people use tapes today, but it’s a system of bundling multiple files together into a single file (without compression). Expand with tar xfv foo.tar. Join with tar cfv foo.tar file1 file2 dir3 (that creates a new archive called foo.tar with the files and/or directories inside).
- .tar.gz / .tar.bz2 A combination of the previous formats, and the most common way for distributing source code. Files are gathered together into a single lump with tar, and then compressed with gzip or bzip2. To extract: tar xfv filename.tar.gz or tar xfv filename.tar.bz2. To compress: tar cfvz foo.tar.gz file1 file2 (for .tar.gz) or tar cfvj foo.tar.bz2 file1 file2 (for .tar.bz2).
- .cpio A relatively rare format that bundles files together into a single file (without compression). Extract with cpio -id
foo.cpio (that character between file2 and cpio is a pipe – more on that next month). You’ll come across CPIO files if you work with initrd images.
- Another useful utility is dd, which copies data from one source to another. It’s particularly useful for extracting disc images from physical media. For instance, if you pop in a CD or DVD and enter dd if=/dev/cdrom of=myfile.iso, you end up with an ISO image (which you can then redistribute or burn to another disc).
Section 3: Understanding the environment
While typical use of the command line involves typing in commands one-by-one, these commands are subject to the environment in which they operate. There are environment variables which store bits of information such as options and settings, and programs can take the information from these to determine how they operate. Environment variables are usually in capital letters and begin with a dollar sign. For instance, try this:
Here, echo is a command which simply outputs text to the screen, in this case the contents of the $BASH_VERSION environment variable. You’ll see a number such as 3.2.25. Programs can probe this variable for their own purposes, such as to determine whether or not a user is running version 3.0 or better and therefore with certain features available. To see a full list of the environment variables in use, along with their contents, enter env.
You can set up your own environment variables in this way:
export FOO=”bar” echo $FOO
(Note that there’s no dollar sign in the first command.) This new $FOO variable will only last as long as the terminal session is open; when you end it by closing the window, typing exit or hitting Ctrl+D, it will be lost. To fix that, edit the text file .bashrc in your home directory, which contains variable definitions and other settings that are read when a command line session starts. Save your changes, restart the terminal and they will take effect.
Environment variables alter the way that programs are run - get a full list with the env command.
Bash has other variables alongside those for the environment in which programs run; it has its own variables too. Enter the set command and you’ll see a full list of them. If there’s a variable, either for Bash or the environment, that you want to remove, you can do it as follows:
These features, combined with the tab completion, wildcard expansion and history facilities, make the Linux command line extremely efficient to work in and miles apart from the clunky old DOS prompts of yore. As you get more and more familiar with the command line, you’ll be tempted to leave the file manager behind.
Above all, you feel totally in control. Typos aside, there’s no way you can accidentally select the wrong option when working at the command line: you are stating exactly what you want to achieve. This is just half of the story though – next we’ll look at tricks to send the output of one command to another, or to a file for later viewing. Don’t miss it!
Think you’ve internalised the topics and commands we’ve described here? Want to see if you’re ready to use this information in an LPI setting or the real world? See if you can answer these questions, and rotate the mag to see the answers underneath:
- What does the tilde (~) sign in a command prompt mean?
- How would you list all files in the current directory, in detailed mode?
- Which command to find files uses a pre-made database?
- How would you set the environment variable $WM to icewm?
- How would you add /opt/kde/bin to your $PATH?
- How would you make a .tar.bz2 archive of the directory myfiles?
- You want to run a version of Nano from your current directory, not in your $PATH. How?
1 - Home directory. 2 - ls -la. 3 - locate. 4 - export WM=”icewm”. 5 - export PATH=$PATH:/opt/kde/bin. 6 - tar cfvj archive.tar.bz2 myfiles. 7 - ./nano. | <urn:uuid:0a10df4d-a8c6-4656-bae2-c1dc900a0c02> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://tuxradar.com/content/lpi-learn-linux-and-get-certified-part-5-command-line | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00199-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892449 | 4,335 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Super-Earth: Newly discovered planet could potentially support life
Super-Earth: The newfound haul of alien planets includes 16 super-Earths, which are potentially rocky worlds that are more massive than our planet. One in particular has captured astronomers' attention because it orbits at the edge of its star's habitable zone, suggesting conditions could be ripe to support life.
More than 50 new alien planets — including one so-called super-Earth that could potentially support life — have been discovered by an exoplanet-hunting telescope from the European Southern Observatory (ESO).
The newfound haul of alien planets includes 16 super-Earths, which are potentially rocky worlds that are more massive than our planet. One in particular - called HD 85512 b - has captured astronomers' attention because it orbits at the edge of its star's habitable zone, suggesting conditions could be ripe to support life.
The exoplanet findings came from observations from the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher instrument, or HARPS. The HARPS spectrograph is part of ESO's 11.8-foot (3.6-meter) telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile. [Illustration and video of alien planet HD 85512 b]
“The harvest of discoveries from HARPS has exceeded all expectations and includes an exceptionally rich population of super-Earths and Neptune-type planets hosted by stars very similar to our sun," HARPS team leader Michel Mayor of the University of Geneva in Switzerland said in a statement. "And even better — the new results show that the pace of discovery is accelerating."
The potentially habitable super-Earth, officially called HD 85512 b, is estimated to be only 3.6 times more massive than Earth, and its parent star is located about 35 light-years away, making it relatively nearby. HD 85512 b was found to orbit at the edge of its star's habitable zone, which is a narrow region in which the distance is just right that liquid water could exist given the right conditions. [Gallery: The Strangest Alien Planets]
"This is the lowest-mass confirmed planet discovered by the radial velocity method that potentially lies in the habitable zone of its star, and the second low-mass planet discovered by HARPS inside the habitable zone,” said exoplanet habitability expert Lisa Kaltenegger, of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany and Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Boston.
Further analysis of HD 85512 b and the other newfound exoplanets will be able to determine more about the potential existence of water on the surface.
"I think we're in for an incredibly exciting time," Kaltenegger told reporters in a briefing today (Sept. 12). "We're not just going out there to discover new continents — we're actually going out there to discover brand new worlds." [Infographic: Alien Planet HD 85512 b Holds Possibility of Life]
The HARPS spectrograph is designed to detect tiny radial velocity signals induced by planets as small as Earth if they orbit close to their star.
Astronomers used HARPS to observe 376 sunlike stars. By studying the properties of all the alien planets detected by HARPS so far, researchers found that approximately 40 percent of stars similar to the sun is host to at least one planet that is less massive than the gas giant Saturn.
In other words, approximately 40 percent of sunlike stars have at least one low-mass planet orbiting around it. On the other hand, the majority of alien planets with a mass similar to Neptune appear to be in systems with multiple planets, researchers said.
Astronomers have previously discovered 564 confirmed alien planets, with roughly 1,200 additional candidate worlds under investigation based on data from the Kepler space observatory, according to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
You can follow SPACE.com staff writer Denise Chow on Twitter @denisechow. SPACE.com senior writer Clara Moskowitz (@ClaraMoskowitz) contributed to this report. Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook. | <urn:uuid:01882c4c-dc84-4dd5-a9d8-3a9646af1de4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0913/Super-Earth-Newly-discovered-planet-could-potentially-support-life | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935636 | 861 | 3.265625 | 3 |
MARK COLVIN: A new eye in the sky for bushfire fighters has had several dozen test flights on the New South Wales south coast.
The remote controlled flying drone is relatively cheap, small enough to fit in a suitcase, and can be airborne within seconds.
In the test flights it was used to spot smoke plumes and see by how much fires had spread.
Brendan Trembath prepared this report.
(Sound of drone flying)
BRENDAN TREMBATH: A remote controlled fire spotter called Vulcan takes off for a test flight.
Warren Purnell has plotted its course on his laptop.
WARREN PURNELL: It kind of looks like a crab that has six arms, six motors and six propellers on the end of each of the arms.
It has a flight range of approximately a six kilometre radius, if necessary.
BRENDAN TREMBATH: Unmanned aerial vehicles could be used in situations where it's too risky to deploy planes and helicopters.
WARREN PURNELL: We're not about flying through walls of fire by any means, but the equipment we're flying, if necessary, could be deemed to be expendable if the surveillance we need to do warrants it.
BRENDAN TREMBATH: Warren Purnell established Project Vulcan Unmanned Aerial Systems and he's done a series of demonstrations for the New South Wales Rural Fire Service.
WARREN PURNELL: It sort of gives you that bird's eye view that obviously you can attain in a full size helicopter or aircraft, but just having the resource available, pretty much on-call any time massively improves the situational awareness of, say, the divisional commander who's on the fire ground directing firefighters.
BRENDAN TREMBATH: He compares it to a portable fire tower.
WARREN PURNELL: We're able to identify water sources, there's smoke plume analysis which gives them an idea of how intense the fire is as well as say property assets that need protecting, as well as just generally keeping an eye on the ground crews that are fighting the fire just to ensure their safety.
BRENDAN TREMBATH: He hopes other emergency service organisations make use of them too.
WARREN PURNELL: The systems we're developing, whilst specifically at this stage are for bushfire fighting, I believe can be quite easily adapted.
BRENDAN TREMBATH: One of the main issues for proponents of unmanned flights is safety.
Warren Purnell is limited where he can fly and how high.
WARREN PURNELL: I'm governed by the rules of the Civil Aviation Safety Authority, so at this stage, when the UAV's (unmanned aerial vehicle) at the fire ground, we are actually under the control of the divisional commander or the operations officer from the RFS and they actually determine when it is safe to fly because they're in contact with their aviation division.
BRENDAN TREMBATH: The Civil Aviation Safety Authority has warned that people conducting flights over fire affected areas without permission risk fines.
There were two incidents in Lithgow and the Blue Mountains in October.
The authority says flying a remotely piloted aircraft in the same airspace as helicopters and planes fighting fires "creates a real risk of a mid-air collision".
Warren Purnell agrees.
WARREN PURNELL: While the technology has a massive amount of capability, we're finding that the uptake of UAVs is a little slower, mainly because we have to address concerns such as safety and the sharing of the airspace under CASA et cetera.
So look, it will be adopted, I'm fairly certain of that. There's a lot of concepts out there at the moment. Some of them have merit, others not so much. I'm sort of about under-promising and over-delivering.
The public's perception probably needs to change a little, and I think once the professional side of the industry come to the fore, then the public will see what we're really about.
MARK COLVIN: Warren Purnell from Project Vulcan ending that report by Brendan Trembath. | <urn:uuid:6a5933b6-011d-4913-88b0-96847a46f1ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-11/test-flights-for-unmanned-aerial-fire-spotter/5253204?pfm=sm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952227 | 872 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Here in the UK, the cold weather is finally upon us. Cold air over continental Europe will, this week, hold back the giant anti-cyclones out in the Atlantic and result in cold and frosty mornings – at least that’s the forecast. When one lives in Britain, one gets used to the weather being a subject of constant review.
Meanwhile, discussions continue in Copenhagen about the future of our planet, our contributions to global warming and what we plan to do about rising sea-levels, increasingly violent storms, spreading deserts and all the other effects brought on by man’s thirst for energy. At least we seem to have agreed that something must urgently be done and that we will all have to play our part.
With the weather very much in the news, it seemed to me to be an appropriate moment to look back at how our weather used to be, in particular during the Little Ice Age, a period lasting about 300 years from approximately 1550 – 1850. This affected the whole world and was caused by a number of coincident factors. There was a period of reduced solar activity – effectively the sun cooled a little. Then there were a number of large and violent volcanic eruptions, causing tiny particles of ash to be thrown into the upper atmosphere and an increase in emissions of sulphur, both of which caused more of the suns light to be reflected back into space rather than fall on the Earth. The Black Death, a plague which caused significant reductions in human population and consequent re-forestation of some areas of Europe, resulted in a decreased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Even then, man played a part in climate change.
It may seem odd to talk about a period of global cooling when we’re all discussing global warming, but I believe it may be of interest to consider the effect that even small changes in global temperatures can bring about — and it was a small change. During the Little Ice Age, global temperatures fell by less than one degree Celsius. This is a far smaller change than is predicted for global warming where most models predict a global rise of more than two degrees Celcius by 2100, even if we take action. If we continue as we are, it will probably be more like five degrees.
So what happens when the Earth cools by less than one degree?
In 1536, King Henry VIII travelled from Westminster to Greenwich by sleigh along the river Thames. Approximately thirty years later, Queen Elizabeth I donned a pair of skates and “shot at marks”, a form of archery-on-ice on the river. King Charles is known to have eaten from an ox roasted whole on the river at Whitehall. It seems that the frozen Thames provided the equivalent of a photo-opportunity for the monarchy.
In the winter of 1683 to 1684, the Great Frost was recorded. During this period the river Thames froze over solid for two months. London Bridge, which was the lowest point at which the river could be crossed by bridge, was a toll crossing and you had to pay to cross. In the Great Frost, Londoners, ever watchful for a bargain, began crossing the ice rather than paying to cross the bridge. The river soon became a thoroughfare.
An eyewitness recorded: “On the 20th of December 1683, a very violent frost began, which lasted to 6th February, in so great extremity that the pools were frozen 18 inches thick at least, and the Thames was so frozen that a great street from the Temple to Southwalk was built with shops and all manner of things sold.”
Frost Fairs continued through the Little Ice Age, though the effects of the cold were not all beneficial. The diarist John Evelyn recorded: “The fowls, fish and birds, and all our exotic plants and greens [were] universally perishing. Many parks of deer were destroyed, and all sorts of fuel so dear that there were great contributions to keep the poor alive…London, by reason for the excessive coldness of the air hindering the ascent of the smoke, was so filled with the fuliginous steam of the sea-coal…that one could hardly breath.”
The last frost fair was held on February 1st, 1814 and lasted four days. This was at the end of the Little Ice Age, the weather was growing milder and improvements to the flow of the Thames (including the removal of the medieval London Bridge) made the river less likely to freeze. Even then, the river was so frozen that an elephant was led across the ice below Blackfriars Bridge.
Today, in commemoration of the Frost Fairs, there are five slabs of slate with an insciption by the artist Richard Kindersley on the pedestrian underpass of Southwalk Bridge which are carved with scenes from the frost fair and with the following inscription:
Behold the Liquid Thames frozen o’re,
That lately Ships of mighty Burthen bore
The Watermen for want of Rowing Boats
Make use of Booths to get their Pence & Groats
Here you may see beef roasted on the spit
And for your money you may taste a bit
There you may print your name, tho cannot write
Cause num’d with cold: tis done with great delight
And lay it by that ages yet to come
May see what things upon the ice were done
These are just local fragments of what happened when the Earth cooled by less than one degree. There were typhoons, famine, bread-riots and disease. Finland’s population fell by a third and the Norse colonies in Greenland vanished due to starvation. In 1607 there was ice on Lake Superior in June, and in northern Europe in winter, it was possible to sledge from Poland to Sweden, across the Baltic Sea, stopping overnight at temporary inns built upon the ice.
All of this from a change of less than one degree.
From a Copenhagen perspective, within two or three generations our world will be transformed by a change of at least three times the magnitude of the Little Ice Age but in the opposite direction. The world will get much warmer, that is now inevitable.
Just how bad the change will become is up to all of us, but whatever happens, we are going to be witnesses to changes far more significant than those recorded here. | <urn:uuid:5d52075b-69ec-4bb3-b6a5-744b8e614b7a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://shevdon.com/global-cooling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969008 | 1,309 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Molecular feedback loop gives clues to how flowers drop their petals
Feb. 24, 2015
As Valentine’s Day fades into the past, you may be noticing a surfeit of petals accumulate around your vase of flowers. A new study from the University of Missouri sheds new light on the process that governs how and when plants shed their petals, a process known as abscission. The findings are reported in the 17 February online Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“Abscission is the process by which plants shed their organs – petals, flowers, leaves, and fruit,” said O. Rahul Patharkar, a postdoctoral fellow in the Division of Biological Sciences and lead author of the study. “Insight into the process of floral abscission in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana provides a foundation for understanding this fundamental process across organs and in other plant species.”
The earliest steps of abscission involve changes in a special layer of cells, called the abscission zone, at the base of the flower. As a flower matures, cells in this layer begin to separate from one another along the entire length of this zone, creating a clean rift between the base of the flower and the petals. As the rift enlarges, the petals will fall off and be sent tumbling to the ground. Scientists have long wondered how a plant regulates this cell separation process, in particular the molecular mechanism that both triggers and powers the process.
“We know that when a plant is a little ways away from abscising its petals the activation of genes is already beginning. A lot of this gene activity, which we call transcription, is exponentially increased in a relatively short time, which ultimately leads to abscission,” said Patharkar.
One such gene that gets a boost in its activity is called HAESA, which is known to be required for floral abscission to occur. Previous studies have shown that activity of this gene increases by a magnitude of 27-fold from the time the flower bud opens to when it decides to abscise its petals, a period of about 2 days in Arabidopsis. In the new research, the scientists identify two important connections in the mechanisms that explain this rapid increase in HAESA gene expression.
Building on previous work, the scientists found that plants that overexpress a protein, called AGL15, do not activate HAESA and do not abscise their flower petals. The finding suggests that AGL15 is a negative regulator of HAESA, meaning it prevents expression of the HAESA gene by blocking its transcription. However, they also link this protein to a set of molecular switches, known as MAP kinases, that are responsible for transducing the very early signal of abscission from HAESA and, in turn, signaling AGL15 to lift its suppression of HAESA. The signaling from HAESA to the MAP kinases and AGL15 and then back to HAESA creates a positive molecular feedback loop that leads to the rapid increase in HAESA gene expression observed during abscission.
“The positive feedback loop provides the exponential signal amplification we see in HAESA expression during abscission,” said Patharkar. “A turbocharger is a good analogy since that also amplifies an engines power.”
John C. Walker, Curators’ Professor of Biological Sciences and corresponding author of the publication, called the findings a “tour de force” in abscission research. “The study puts together a number of different genes and proteins into a new model that helps explain how plants precisely control floral organ abscission.”
Patharkar said that understanding the process – which likely also applies to the dropping of leaves and fruit – is important for understanding both plant development and responses to environmental queues, such as drought and pest infection. It will also interest the fruit and cut flower industries, which want their products to stay in place until ready to harvest.
The study, “Floral organ abscission is regulated by a positive feedback loop,” was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation.
Written by: Melody Kroll
News by research strength
- Cell Biology
- Genetics & Genomics
- Molecular Biology
- Plant Biology
- Quantitative & Computational Biology | <urn:uuid:1dfa454f-e588-464e-be2d-2b1ebe3ca736> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://biology.missouri.edu/news/molecular-feedback-loop-gives-clues-to-how-flowers-drop-their-petals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943548 | 906 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Plans for a bridge connecting San Francisco and Marin County were more than a decade in the making when, on this day in 1933, construction finally began. For about a century before the bridge's construction, ferries were the primary means of travel across the bay. Though the idea of a bridge was circulating as early as 1872, it wasn't until the 1920s that people thought the idea was feasible, in terms of both bridge technology and costs. The final suspension design was the result of a collaboration among Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow, Charles Alton Ellis, and Leon Moisseiff. The bridge opened with much fanfare in 1937; its 75th anniversary will be marked this May. Above, the early stages of the bridge's construction, taken in 1934.
Below, recent Pictures of the Day: | <urn:uuid:874d5e62-4180-42f8-8db9-d0d25b022033> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/01/picture-of-the-day-the-construction-of-the-golden-gate-bridge/250906/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974665 | 163 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Building the Station
Just like Rome, the Princess Elisabeth Station was not built in a day. Over the course of several seasons, the IPF team surveyed various sites, selected an appropriate building site, and consequently set to building the Princess Elisabeth Station on top of Utsteinen Nunatak.
BELARE 2004: Topographic Survey
Utsteinen Nunatak was eventually selected as the building site for the Princess Elisabeth Station because of the ability it offered to anchor the station on a granite ridge that would naturally prevent snow accumulation, while allowing the station to rely solely on wind and solar energy for electricity. At only 200km from the coast, the location of the site allows for efficient logistics, while offering easy access to a wide variety of research environments.
Next to this topographic survey in Antarctica, the team installed an Automatic Weather Station (AWS) with a satellite link to collect precise meteorological data on the selected area.
BELARE 2005: Logistics Survey
The building materials and all the tools and machinery necessary for the building of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica all had to be shipped to Antarctica, where they still needed to be hauled all the way from the coast to the building site at Utsteinen, 200km inland.
All along the way, the team marked out a safe route with a series of bamboo beacons. Over the course of the various building seasons, the team would follow the same road to and from the coast to transport the supplies that were shipped in.
BELARE 2006: First Shipment
The containers that were shipped to Antarctica held one of the wind turbines that would later become instrumental in providing the Princess Elisabeth Station with its clean energy, helping it on its way to “zero emission”.
One the various wind turbines (there would eventually be nine) was installed along the ridge and thoroughly tested to see if requirements in terms of energy production and resilience were indeed met.
BELARE 2007: Main Construction Phase
After building the anchoring structure of the station atop Utsteinen Ridge and the technical areas, the building team welcomed a series of new members for the assembly of the outer structure of Princess Elisabeth Antarctica. The various parts for the station were first shipped to Antarctica before being hauled to the building site.
By the end of the season, the team had assembled the external structure of the station, making it air and water tight before flying out of Antarctica for the winter.
Building Princess Elisabeth: a short movie
Building the Station: Main Steps
The first part of the Princess Elisabeth Station to be built, the technical areas at the foot of Utsteinen Nunatak, were erected as both garages and a workshop. This space is were every single piece of machinery is checked and repaired before being cleared for further use.
The anchoring was the first, and utmost crucial, part of the station construction. While more than a couple of drill heads broke due to the hardness of the granite, the team managed to build the entire anchoring with great precision in time for the modules to be assembled.
The Princess Elisabeth Station was conceived as a post and beam structure. So, after the anchoring was put in place, the various wooden posts and beams were erected on the metal structure. Next, these beams would welcome the various panels that constitute the outer structure of Princess Elisabeth Antarctica.
Every wall module consists of nine layers of aluminium, wood, woollen felt, insulation layers and kraft paper. This special composition allows for minimal energy loss from the station, while making the building air and water tight.
BELARE 2008: Systems Integration and Inauguration
Along with the solar panels and the electric circuitry, the team installed the water treatment solutions that would allow the station to become the first “zero emission” station ever built.
On February 15th, 2009 and in line with the end of the 4th International Polar Year, the Princess Elisabeth Station was inaugurated on Utsteinen Nunatak in Antarctica. A celebration of the 4th IPY, Princess Elisabeth Antarctica is Belgium's major legacy to the event and a fitting successor to the King Baudouin Base.
BELARE 2009: Satellite Dish and Fuel Platform
In 2009, a fuel platform (storage of fuel for vehicles) and a satellite dish were added to the structure of Princess Elisabeth Antarctica.
Thanks to the construction of a satellite antenna and IPF partner SES Astra, the Princess Elisabeth Station provides broadband internet to the scientists and the team in Antarctica. While making it possible to pilot the station's smart grid from Belgium in the winter months, the internet link also allows the scientists to feed the collected data into the various databases in real time. | <urn:uuid:4f72a79e-f81a-4e17-9e0b-72ead85a9758> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.antarcticstation.org/station/construction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949206 | 982 | 2.640625 | 3 |
NAMTA's purpose is to maintain Montessori traditions, and at the same time, to be on the cutting edge of innovative education. Accordingly, we provide the medium for study, interpretation, and improvement of Montessori education.
Concentration and engagement are the guideposts for our work, yet now more than ever we see children who are distracted, behaviors that are out of control, and an over-reliance on labels and specialized interventions. Montessori educators have the potential to help children find the right activity that will fully capture their attention and aid them in developing their full capacity. We have the tools to help children control their own actions and responses, to concentrate despite distractions, to integrate sensory perceptions, and to engage in positive social behaviors. But we too need help accessing these tools and strategies.
This conference will take a holistic, positive view of children who seek grounding in the physicality of the Montessori environment. We will explore supportive strategies to implement in the classroom as well as the total school environment to help teachers develop an appreciation and understanding of the unique gifts of children who experience the world differently. Keynotes will feature Montessori trainers Annette Haines and Sarah Werner Andrews. Breakouts will include discussions about the design elements of environments that support concentration and creativity, strategies to support individual and social engagement, and how to better help all children find their own path to “normality.” | <urn:uuid:a3877eb7-361c-4c78-8767-8e278f3db44e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.montessori-namta.org/Events/Houston | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945313 | 290 | 2.6875 | 3 |
LPI Linux Certification/Make & Install Programs From Source
Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources. Candidates should be able to make simple customizations to the Makefile, for example changing paths or adding extra include directories, either in the raw Makefile or using the configure tools.
- Key knowledge area(s):
- Unpack a file of sources using typical compression utilities.
- Make simple customizations to Makefile such as changing paths or adding extra include directories.
- Apply parameters to a configure script.
- Know where sources are stored by default.
- Compile a RPM or DPKG software package using sources.
- The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
- RPM and DPKG commands
An archive is a collection of related files stored in one file. The command that allows you to store files and subtree directories in one file is tar.
tar function & options files
Common functions: -c: Create a new tar file. -t: Tell the contents of a tar file. -x: Extract the contents of a tar file.
Common options: -f file: Specify the name of the tar file.
tar cvf mybackup.tar ~ tar cvf usr.tar /usr tar tvf mybackup.tar tar xvf mybackup.tar
It is good practice to use the .tar extension for all files archived with tar.
Compression saves space for storage and file transfer. There are multiple utilities to do compression:
- compress, uncompress # Old Unix compression algorithm
- gzip, gunzip # Most common use
- bzip2, bunzip2 # Best compression algorithm
Once an archive has been created , it can be compressed. Examples:
$ ls -l backup.tar -rw-r--r-- 1 rarrigon users 22773760 nov 10 11:07 backup.tar
$ gzip -v backup.tar backup.tar: 53.8% -- replaced with backup.tar.gz
$ ls -l backup.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 rarrigon users 10507393 nov 10 11:07 backup.tar.gz
gunzip backup.tar.gz $ bzip2 -v backup.tar backup.tar: 2.260:1, 3.540 bits/byte, 55.75% saved, 22773760 in, 10077846 out.
Files archiving and compression
When archiving files and subdirectories it is possible to package and compress them in one command. Examples:
tar cvzf backup.tgz ~ # Backup of home with gzip tar cvjf backup.tbz ~ # Backup of home with bzip2 tar xvzf backup.tgz # Extract and gunzip backup.tgz tar xvjf backup.tbz # Extract and bunzip2 backup.tbz
By default tar uses a relative path but with the -P option it is possible to save files with an absolute path. Files in this mode will always be extracted at the same location.
For compressing and archiving in one line
$ tar cvf - . | gzip > target.tar.gz
For unzipping a compressed archive:
$ gunzip -c file_name.tar.gz |tar xvf -
GNU tool chain
Under Linux all the sources can be built with the standard GNU tool chain. make Utility to maintain group of programs. Use the rules defined in Makefile.
- gcc ANSI C Compiler
- g++ C++ Compiler
Many compressed or archived packages once installed will have information files (README, INSTALL) that should explain how it should be built and installed. The files Makefile.in and configure.in are the basic files that will be used to generate a final Makefile. The configured file in general scans the system and will build a final Makefile.
- Do an archive of the /bin and the /sbin directories. With which compression utilities do you get the smallest file size? Use -v to get in percentage the size file reduction.
- Install the file /usr/src/packages/SOURCES/grub-09.tar.bz2 in /tmp and by reading INSTALL and README build the sources.
- Find the way to uncompress a .deb an a .rpm archive, what is in ?
- In on command line, compress a new file and uncompress this new file somewhere else. | <urn:uuid:7da51fd1-4dcd-49e3-83f1-f164b8509863> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LPI_Linux_Certification/Make_%26_Install_Programs_From_Source | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00068-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.71283 | 981 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Related categories 3
Discussion group on project management using critical chain scheduling, buffer management, and other Theory of Constraints methods.
Guide to Implementing the Theory of Constraints
Describes the application of constraints management thinking and tools in production scheduling, supply chain, project management, and business strategy. Provides articles, guides, tips, and links to other resources.
Offers spreadsheets as an alternative to buying packaged software for finite capacity scheduling techniques incorporating the Theory of Constraints.
TOC For Education, Inc.
A non-profit foundation established for the purpose of disseminating the logic based tools and common sense methodologies of the Theory of Constraints into education systems world-wide.
Other languages 1
Last update:May 8, 2016 at 23:04:49 UTC | <urn:uuid:f7313174-4945-4052-87b0-10e7d61c79d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dmoz.org/Business/Management/Theory_of_Constraints/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.823468 | 163 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Oh, the wonder of a dog’s nose! Yes, they can find drugs and detect cancer, but their speciality might just be finding living things that have gone missing.
Many are familiar with the work done by search and rescue dogs: they look for lost victims after earthquakes and avalanches, Alzheimer patients gone missing and so forth. But there are also search and rescue dogs who aren’t so interested in lost people: These dogs that look for lost pets for a living. Pet Search and Rescue is California-based organization whose canine teams offer help for people who have lost their pets. Dogs’ noses have the capacity to find just a few scent molecules; with training we can teach them to find any targets.
Annalisa Berns from Pet Search and Rescue recently wrote a blog on ClickerTraining.com about the training procedure for their dogs. The protocol for finding the scent of an animal is exactly the same as with any scent detection work: first the dog has to search for the scent, then they need to locate where it is coming from and then somehow indicate the find to their handler. If you and your dog have any clicker training basics this is a fun game to play. All you need to get started are some tasty treats, your working partner dog, a clicker, a target stick/plastic lid and a “target” pet ( a stand in for a lost one) who is comfortable spending time in a crate or a carrier.
The first step is to train the dog to touch a target with their paw or nose. Most clicker-savvy dogs already know how to do this. In many other forms of scent detection the dogs are also taught to nose target the source of scent. The target is placed on the crate of the target animal and gradually the targeting behavior is transferred to the actual crate. Once the partner dog is reliable with touching the cage or crate, the behavior is named, for example “Find Kitty.”
Next more distance is added to the game so that the working dog will actually start searching for the target pet. These exercises are first done in a relatively empty room, where on cue ‘Find Kitty’, the dog will go and paw target the crate. Gradually visually hiding places are introduced; the target pet can be in a closet (leaving door open), under the bed, on a chair, etc. This step is where the working dog learns to use the sense of smell and will start to sniff out the hidden pet. As with any search work this is the most important step, it shouldn’t be too hard for the dog and it is always important to keep the game fun!
The last step is teaching the report behavior, in other words the way the dog alerts the finding. This can be a trained behavior that is chained to the paw /nose targeting step, such as a ‘sit’. What the dog handlers do is, now instead of clicking and treating for the targeting, they wait. Most likely the dog will turn around as if saying ‘hey, whereas my paycheck’. And this moment the dog is cued to ‘sit’. The click and treat will not come for the targeting anymore, it will actually come from the sit, which is the final link in this behavior chain. Gradually the targeting may fade away as it is not needed anymore. This a little different from most other types of scent detection training, where the report behavior ‘sit’ would be directly linked to the targeting without requiring a turn away from the target. With lost pets it makes total sense, though, since many pets like cats or rodents or even other dogs wouldn’t be too impressed with a cold wet nose or a paw coming to poke them when they most likely are already scared! Besides, most likely the lost pet will be out of reach for the working dog.
Any kind of any scent work can be a wonderful way of bonding with your dog and building self-confidence. If you have another pet in the house, training your dog this skill may be more than just fun and games: it could help reunite you with one of your other prized (and possibly furry) possessions.
Featured illustration by Lisa Adams. | <urn:uuid:e72c3b9a-efda-4c86-8b67-f84ab5b9db72> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thedo.gs/2012/09/training/teach-your-dog-to-sniff-out-someone-elses-lost-pet-99022/6707/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954782 | 870 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The human brain has what is known as a dominant side and a non-dominant side. Dominance is determined by where language is processed and for the vast majority of humans we believe the dominant side is the left side or left hemisphere. Interestingly, we are not sure why the left side evolved to be dominant, but perhaps it had something to do with cave men and women using their right hands more often.
As language is processed primarily by most in the left hemisphere it is important to note that words are best processed when spoken into the right ear. The right ear processes information primarily using the left hemisphere while the left ear uses the right hemisphere.
A recent study found that words were more deeply processed when spoken into the person’s right ear. Therefore, if you want me to remember something for you please speak to me on my right side.
A typical and yet interesting reality is that most women enjoy shopping and most men do not. As one interested in human behavior this is a fascinating finding worthy of some curiosity. The explanation of the differences between the two genders regarding shopping might be found in a basic understanding of the human brain.
Shopping for a male brain is defined as going into a store or mall, selecting the item to be purchased, and getting out of the store as fast as possible. This behavior is task-based, something to be confronted and completed. The male brain operates primarily within the dominant hemisphere, a side of the brain that is task based.
Shopping for a female brain is both task based and process based. For example, a female can do the same thing a male does while shopping by getting the item and getting out. However, upon entering the doors of the mall, the female brain hears music in the background, smells cinnamon rolls baking in the distance, and appreciates the wonderful different colors and textures of the products throughout the store. This is the non-dominant side of the female brain functioning, something that is foreign to the male brain within the shopping mall.
It can be fun to watch the female and male brain try to work together as “shopping” behavior occurs together. Have you ever seen an otherwise happy couple get frustrated with each other in the mall? Perhaps a little understanding of the how and why behind the gender differences can help to make the next shopping trip a good one.
We eat for many different reasons some of which are not healthy. Food is necessary for humans to survive though consumption of food in advanced nations is really not based on survival. Early in our development we hunted and remained vigilant most of the day to gather and consume food for survival. Today, food is so available in many different forms that this primal instinct to eat for survival is gone.
Today, food is consumed to satisfy hunger, maintain a routine of three meals a day, and to cope with emotions of guilt, anxiety, sadness, boredom, low self esteem, anger, and loneliness. Emotional eating is probably never healthy and leads to other problems such as obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. These problems in turn lead to increased risk for heart attack, stroke, and even dementia.
The only way to identify why you are eating is to remain conscious of your thoughts and feelings when you desire food. This will help you understand what is driving you to eat. Clearly we need to consume food for energy and function. However, most people over consume and do so on a subconscious basis. This unhealthy regimen can be addressed and transitioned to a healthy regimen of eating behavior only by becoming conscious of one’s thoughts prior to eating
Here are some activities to promote and stabalize emotional balance
Perhaps the most fundamental and critical behavior of your brain is language. The ability to communicate is necessary to our species and survival. Language is predominantly a left-hemisphere and verbal function. However, language also entails prosody or pitch and tone without words, letters, or numbers. Language involves spontaneity, content, tempo, volume, and comprehension. Language is symbolic, spoken, written, perceived and comprehended.
Read more about Language Skills…
Attention is the most basic and necessary function of the brain. The brain can attend to information from five sensory pathways. While a deeper level of processing is not necessary for attention to occur, it is also true that a deeper level of information processing cannot occur without normal attention. The brain stem and frontal lobe are thought to be important for basic attentional processing. The entire Cortex is likely involved to a degree with basic attention.
Read more about Attention & Concentration…
The human brain is very complex and responsible for all behavior, and we are continually learning new information about how it operates. Behavioral and cognitive functions can be organized into five distinct domains to include : Memory, Attention & Concentration, Language Skills, Visual & Spatial and Executive Functions (Logic & Reasoning).
Memory and new learning is a necessary and important function of the human brain. Our ability to live independently and to function normally is a direct result of a normal memory system. Our life story is built by encoding and retaining our daily experiences. Our personal identity is framed by our memory and ability to learn from these memories.
Memory and new learning begins with the Hippocampus, a critical structure in the middle temporal lobes of both hemispheres of the brain. This is the structure that enables learning and transition of new learning into a permanent storage site in the Cortex. The Hippocampus has the ability to generate new brain cells with stimulating environments, can be damaged with chronic stress, and is hit early by Alzheimer’s disease. Damage to the Hippocampus results in memory deficits.
Read more about Memory…
As we learn more about the power of the human brain it is more common to hear about ideas regarding our ability to guide our future, intuition, and premonition. Given that the brain is an electrical, magnetic, and chemical system we should not be too surprised by such ideas.
Research has already demonstrated the brain’s ability to move a cursor on a computer screen merely through thoughts. Other research indicates meditation can slow the progression of HIV and the military is presently working on communication between soldiers on the battle field that is essentially based on telepathy.
We are perhaps more accustomed to ideas such as mental focus, discipline, and attention. These mental qualities are perfected by athletes such as Tiger Woods and Michael Jordan to name a few. It is precisely these attributes that distinguish these professionals as superstars relative to the other great athletes. Can the human brain train to use these forces to guide their future and to derive positive outcomes?
My opinion is that the human brain can do anything so I certainly believe each of us has the ability to visualize and to increase the probability of our future being a good one. I believe we have the ability to imagine or dream and to focus our energies in a positive stream towards that goal. This is most likely quite foreign to most, but begin by developing more and more positive thoughts, visualize positive outcomes, and create energy around you and inside you that is positive. Take an inventory of what occurs in your life after you begin and sustain this mental process. | <urn:uuid:58ae09d0-0a7e-4156-ae3e-75465897d24a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fitbrains.com/blog/2009/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954942 | 1,457 | 3.375 | 3 |
The question of “what kind of client is it?” is a relatively simple one if you ignore the associated questions of “what is it doing?” and “what does ISA provide for that request?”, but we’re not going to do that.
There are three distinct types of ISA clients; SecureNAT, Firewall and Web. Each client type is more a concept than a fact, meaning that it depends on how the LAT host and ISA Server are configured and what the LAT host is trying to do than anything else. Consequently, it’s more accurate to think of them in terms of “client request” than “client”.
It’s entirely possible (and even desirable in some cases) for a LAT host to be configured as a SecureNAT, Firewall and Web client all at the same time. It’s the request and how it’s being made to ISA that determines what kind of client the LAT host is at the time. If you think that’s confusing, read on…
Auto-detection – This is a feature of ISA (WPAD) that allows certain LAT hosts and Internet Explorer (v 5.0 or higher) to configure themselves to operate properly with the ISA server.
DNS - Domain Name Services; the services residing on a computer that are able to answer a name resolution query. How they answer that query depends on many settings for that server.
FQDN – Fully Qualified Domain Name; this is a computer name that indicates its logical association by virtue of the domain structure associated with the name. For instance, www.microsoft.com indicates a host named “www” that lives in the domain “microsoft” under the top-level domain “com”. These names are always separated by dots “.” and are also known as “dotted decimal”.
FWC – Firewall Client; what I use in this article to indicate the FWC software on the LAT host itself
GUID – Globally Unique IDentifier; this is a very large number that is guaranteed to be unique. ISA uses these to identify various aspects of its configuration.
LAT host – This is a computer that operates in the subnet that is defined in the LAT. All traffic to and from this host is NAT-ed through the ISA
NetBIOS name – See “unqualified name”
Record – This is an entry in a DNS zone that represents a single element, such as a host, a mail server or even another zone.
Secondary Protocol – Any protocol used by an application that differs from the one used to make the initial (primary) connection through the ISA is considered a secondary protocol.
TTL – Time-to-live; indicates how long (in seconds) a name record may live in the requester’s name cache before it must be refreshed
Unqualified name – This is a host name without the form. Also known as the NetBIOS, or WINS name.
VIP – Virtual IP; this is a valid IP address that is assigned to either an NLB cluster or a hardware load-sharing device.
WINS – Windows Internet Name Services; this is a name resolution service similar to DNS, except that it deals strictly with NetBIOS (unqualified) names
WPAD – Windows Proxy Auto Detection; a feature of ISA that is supported in Internet Explorer 5.0 and higher. When configured properly, it enables IE to configure itself dynamically.
WSPAD – Windows Sockets Proxy Auto Detection; this is the P2 legacy file that was replaced in ISA with mspclnt.ini. It still works for P2 legacy server publishing.
ISA Operating Modes:
Cache – This is the least capable mode, since only the Web Proxy and optionally, the caching services are installed and running. This is also the only mode in which ISA can operate with a single NIC. Only Web Proxy clients are supported in this mode, since a LAT is needed for ISA to understand SecureNAT and FWCs. This is also the only mode that cannot support the H.323 Gatekeeper service.
Firewall – This is a combination of Firewall and Web Proxy services, without the Web Cache service. All of the main features of ISA are available here and all client types are supported. ISA must have at least two NICs to operate in this mode; one external, one internal (LAT).
Integrated – This is the full-blown, all-out, feature-packed installation; Web Proxy, Firewall and Web Caching are all together having a great big packet-munching party just for your pleasure. The only real difference between this and Firewall mode is the Web Caching service.
SecureNAT – This a LAT host that has a default route through the network to the ISA as its only means of Internet communication. In a simple network (no routers), this client has the ISA primary internal IP as its default gateway. In a complex (routed) network, this gets tricky.
Firewall – This is a LAT host that has the ISA FWC installed and enabled and the application is making Winsock requests through it. If the app doesn’t use the FWC software, it’s not a Firewall
Web – This is simply an application (IE or other web-enabled application) on a LAT host that uses proxy requests to the ISA outbound web listener IP and port to reach the Internet.
||ISA Op Mode
||ISA as DNS |
||App or browser proxy settings = ISA outbound web requests listener IP (or name) and port
||Default Gateway = ISA primary internal IP
||ISA FWC (or Proxy 2 client) installed on LAT host
- Any application running on a LAT host can be a Web Proxy client if:
a. The application (browser, FTP client, etc.) is CERN-compatible, that is, it understands the proper method of making a proxy request
b. It provides a means for you to specify the name or IP address AND the port to use for proxy requests
- ISA auto-detection for Web Proxy clients is limited to Internet Explorer version 5.0 and later and is very sensitive to internal name resolution issues
- ISA auto-detection for FWC’s is very sensitive to configuration issues, especially name resolution settings
- Limited to HTTP, HTTPS and FTP download only
- Can use any simple protocol (no secondary connections) according to the Protocol and Site and Content rules defined in ISA
- Can use all protocols not specifically denied by ISA
This client is the most capable of all, because it has the unique ability to decide on a “per-application” basis how it will act and what information the application has to operate with. Additionally, it is the only client that is able to use secondary protocols. It’s the need for secondary protocols that make the FWC necessary for apps like Instant Messaging, streaming media, FTP, etc. This is also the most difficult client for most folks to get their minds around, since it is so “application-configuration” dependent.
- ISA server operating mode(s) that supports this client – Firewall, Integrated. Note that Cache mode is omitted. This is because Cache mode does not install the Firewall service, which is required for Firewall and SecureNAT clients’ functionality.
- Name Resolution – This gets really interesting, because there isn’t a “right answer” for how Firewall Clients resolve names. They can use the ISA Firewall service DNS functionality or they can act like SecureNAT clients and resolve qualified names themselves. It depends on the settings in the Client Applications section (discussed later). Either way, they always resolve unqualified names without using the ISA server firewall service.
- User Authentication – Firewall Clients, like Web Proxy clients, can authenticate to the ISA server, providing the credentials of the interactively logged-on user, or as specified using CredTool.exe.
- Protocol availability – Firewall Clients can use those protocols that are:
1. allowed in Access Policy, Protocol Rules
2. not site-limited by Site and Content Rules
3. defined as having secondary connections
- Configuration Files – two files combine on the Lat host at \Program Files\Microsoft Firewall Client\internal_setup\ to define the settings for the FWC software and how it responds to Winsock requests from applications and services:
mspclnt.ini; this file contains the bulk of the configuration data and is representative of the contents of wspad.dat
msplat.ini; it contains all entries made in Network Configuration, Local Address Table, and resides separately on the client to maintain compatibility with the Proxy-2 form of the wspcfg.dat file. This file also contains two other subnets:
22.214.171.124-255.255.255.254 this is the standard multicast subnet. Since ISA doesn’t pass multicast traffic, this has to be defined as local.
127.0.0.0-127.255.255.255 this is the standard “localhost” address set. None of the addresses in this range are valid outside the host that’s running TCP/IP, so they should never be seen by ISA.
Both of these files are sent to the ISA server during FWC installation. When the user clicks the Update Now button on the FWC configuration dialog, these steps occur:
1. The FWC makes a call to http:///wspad.dat to obtain the settings that are saved as mspclnt.ini if the “Enable ISA Firewall automatic discovery in Firewall Client” checkbox is selected.
2. The FWC then makes a connection to the ISA at TCP-1745 to obtain the data for msplat.ini and another grab at the data for mspclnt.ini at the same time.
Bear in mind that weak internal name resolution can cause this process to be painfully slow or cause it to fail altogether.
- ISA Server Settings – There are quite a few settings in ISA that apply to the FWC. If you’re interested in settings made at the client itself, then I’ll refer you to this article. What we’re interested in here is how to create settings that allow the FWC to operate properly with ISA and specific applications function properly as a FWC app.
- The first place to go iso Client Cnfiguration, Firewall Client. It’s here that all the settings are made to change how the client app and ISA interact through the FWC software:
If you double-click on Firewall Client, you’ll see the following “properties” dialog:
Here is where you can make or break ISA FWC functionality. Everything you enter here determines the default settings for the FWC when it’s installed on the LAT host, as well as the data passed when the FWC asks for a refresh from ISA.
- DNS name: the NetBIOS name of the ISA server is entered for you by default. Unless you’re implementing a DNS round-robin scheme for internal load balancing or something similar, leave it alone. It’s where the FWC software seeks out its settings, so unless you know for certain that the name entered here doesn’t suit your scenario, leave it alone! You can change this at the client, but the ISA-owned setting is passed in the wspad.dat when the FWC refreshes its settings.
- IP address: You can enter the IP address of the ISA server if you either don’t have any internal name resolution services (WINS, DNS).
- Enable ISA Firewall automatic discovery in Firewall Client – this setting doesn’t control whether or not the FWC is allowed to auto-detect the ISA server, just whether or not it’s configured to do so by default. This setting is also changeable at the client itself.
- Now click on the “Application Settings tab; here is where you make or break your Winsock-compatible applications with ISA Server FWC
What we’re not going to do here is duplicate the efforts of the ISA documentation team. There are some really good explanations in the section labeled Configuring Firewall client settings. What I do intend to do is expand on some of the less-than-clear areas of those explanations and give you some idea how they affect real-world issues. Dig out your help files, boys and girls; we’re gonna use ‘em today.
Open your ISA help and seek out the section titled Firewall client application settings. You’ll notice the reference to the wspcfg.ini file; it and the mspclnt.ini files are essentially the same thing, since they contain the same data. The difference between them is how they’re used.
- mspclnt.ini; the help covers the purpose and uses of this quite well, except that a very useful section is missing; [Common Configuration] (we’ll get to that later when we go over the individual application settings).
- wspcfg.ini; this file is specific to the Proxy 2 form of server publishing, where the proxy client software had to be installed n the published server. It also serves to maintain compatibility with the Proxy 2 client, since it wouldn’t understand hot to ask for or use the mspclnt.ini.. Since ISA normally requires that all server-published services reside on a SecureNAT host, this publishing technique is required if the published server cannot be a SecureNAT client.
Each application defined in the FWC app settings gets its own subheading as [Application_Name]. The name of the application is derived from the name it reports to the OS while it’s running. For instance, Outlook Express identifies itself to the OS as “msimn.exe” and MSN Instant Messenger appears as “msmsgs.exe”. This information is critical if you expect to see any change in FWC behavior with respect to your app based on the following settings. If you have any doubt as to how the app identifies itself, open Task Manager and watch the applications tab as you start your program. Generally, it’ll be the name of the executable as it appears in Windows Explorer.
- Disable; to be clear, this setting disables the FWC for the specified app, not that the specified app is denied TCP/IP functionality. In other words, the FWC doesn’t exist as far as this app is concerned and the app or service has direct communications with Winsock if it desires.
- NameResolution; as stated in the help, this setting defines what the default name resolution behavior is for the FWC client app. This only applies to qualified names (DNS names, or FQDN). Unqualified names (NetBIOS or WINS names) are always resolved by the LAT host TCP/IP stack.
- LocalBind(Tc/Ud)pPorts; this setting defines a list or range of ports that are bound at the LAT host at 0.0.0.0:. This binding can be thought of as “global”, since it effectively binds to any IP owned by the LAT host. Under some circumstances, this can become an implicit RemoteBind operation if a packet is sent immediately after the bind operation.
- RemoteBind(Tc/Ud)pPorts; this setting defines a list or range of ports that the app binds to on the ISA server at 0.0.0.0:. This also binds the same port to the LAT host at 0.0.0.0: and establishes a communications link between them. Kewl, huh?
- ServerBindTcpPorts; this setting is the same as RemoteBind, except that it allows multiple external connections through ISA to the client. This is effectively the same as server-publishing that TCP port to the LAT host as if the LAT host were a SecureNAT client. Note that there is no ServerBindUdpPorts. This is because UDP is “connectionless”; it’s just a data stream. Consequently, there is no gain to defining that port as “ServerBound”.
- ProxyBindIp; this setting is pretty clearly explained. Essentially, it “reserves” an IP/port combination for a particular client. The thing to bear in mind when choosing this option is that it:
- is a universal setting that applies to TCP and UDP ports at the same time.
- precludes another app or service using that IP/port combination.
These are important points because you can’t see that these connections exist in the ISA MMC Monitoring, Sessions window. Trying to publish a server on the same IP/port pair under these circumstances can cause much hair loss.
- KillOldSession; this is pretty clear; only one session is allowed for any given service or app from a single client if this is defined as “1”
- Persistent; the opposite of KillOldSession, this allows a bind to remain active even if the service or app loses communications with the ISA. This allows it to “reclaim” its previous connection if it crashed.
- ForceProxy; this setting forces a particular app to use only one ISA server, even if NLB or other load-balancing technique is being used. Using this setting, you can guarantee that any traffic to/from this service or app will always be seen by a particular ISA server. Obviously, if you only have one ISA, this setting is pretty useless.
- ForceCredentials; this setting allows the service or app to communicate with ISA using the credentials specified for that app or service using the CredTool.exe. This allows you to specify “must authenticate” for all protocols and still have your published server operate normally. Details of CredTool.exe will be detailed later
- NameResolutionForLocalHost; this setting defines how the FWC reports the IP address of the LAT host to the requesting app for a GHBN Winsock call. Many times, a Winsock-compatible application needs to know its own IP address so that it can provide that information to another client, to establish a connection between them. If the app running on a LAT host reports an internal IP to the remote client, then no communication can take place. If the FWC reports the ISA external IP and all other settings support that communication, then the two apps can chat all day long.
- ControlChannel; this setting defines whether the client app uses UDP or TCP to control the session with ISA.
You may have noticed while reading carefully in this section of the ISA help, that [Common Configuration] is stated as one of the places the FWC looks to for information. If you’re even more observant, you’ll also notice that it doesn’t exist in mspclnt.ini by default. When you enter an application name and that application is unknown to ISA, a new section is created in the ISA version of mspclnt.ini as [AppName]. This is also how you would create the [Common Configuration] section; by entering “Common Configuration” in the Application Name as shown below:
You may have noticed that I’ve used the NameResolution=L entry here. Why would he do that, you may ask? ..it’s OK; you can, I don’t mind… What this setting will do is cause the FWC to refer to the LAT host DNS client service for any and all FQDN resolution requests except where specified differently for a particular app or service in the mspclnt.ini file. If you have a solid DNS-based name resolution structure (NetBIOS broadcasts don’t count), then this setting will help you avoid the FWC DNS cache of death as mentioned in part one of these articles. I highly recommend using this setting (hint-hint). It can also mean the difference between an ISA event log full of 14120 errors and a peaceful ISA server (another article, RSN).
Now open your ISA help and seek the section titled Configuring Firewall client settings. This is the section that defines the basic functionality for the FWC and is presented as the first part of mspclnt.ini.
- Master Config; this is pretty clear, so I won’t waste your time
- Server IP Address(es); The two possible entries here; Name and Addr1 are mutually exclusive; only one of them will exist in this section. Here is where you can support firewall load-balancing via DNS round-robin or NLB across an array by using a “global name” or “global IP address” for all servers in the array. Actually setting that up is a subject for another article, though.
- Common; Lots of entries here that have everything to do with how ISA and the FWC LAT host cooperate. Most of these entries can be changed in the ISA MMC, but some require manual editing of the ISA mspclnt.ini file.
- Port – under normal circumstances, there should never be a reason to change this value. Don’t play with it unless you absolutely have to or unless you have more hair than you need.
- Configuration Refresh Time – Also clear in the help. If you make lots of changes over a short period of time, you may want to tweak this setting. You may also wish to experiment with a non-production server so as not to anger the boss and your coworkers.
- Re-check Inaccessible Server Time (Minutes) – also clear in the help; part of the configuration recheck settings.
- Set Browsers To Use Proxy – this is actually a setting derived from the Web Browser section of Client Configuration and does exactly what the help says.
- Configuration URL – also derived from the Web Browser section of Client Configuration
- Local Domains – this is from data entered in the LDT, but can be modified manually. As stated in the help, these names are resolved locally and the servers contacted without using the ISA as a proxy
- WWW-Proxy – also derived from the Web Browser section of Client Configuration
- WebProxyPort – this is derived from the HTTP port setting in the Outbound Web Requests tab of the Server or array properties.
- Set Browsers to use Auto Config – also part of the Web Browser section of Client Configuration
- AutoDetect ISA Servers – this value is based on the FWC Enable ISA Firewall automatic discovery in Firewall Client setting.
- Set Browsers to use Auto Detect – also part of the Web Browser section of Client Configuration, but differs from Auto Config in that this is the WPAD part of ISA
- LAT Host Settings – not many things I can cover here that aren’t already covered in this article. I will take on a short trip through the CredTool.exe application, as promised, though
CredTool.exe; is a totally useful little app that allows you to run a service or app in the context of a particular user, but only for purposes of interacting with ISA via the Firewall Client. This means that any call made to ISA by the FWC on behalf of the application or service does so with the credentials you specify when you run the tool. It’s a nice piece of functionality to have around when you need to lock everything through the ISA to user / group permissions. Here’s how you use it…
Open a command window and “cd” to \program files\microsoft firewall client. From here, you can run “credtool /?” and be rewarded with a listing of the options and what they do for you.
D:\Program Files\Microsoft Firewall Client>credtool /?
CREDTOOL [-r|-w|-d] -n appname [-c User Domain Password]
-r reads the credentials
-w writes, or stores the credentials
-d deletes the credentials
-n appname specifies the name of the application executable
file without the extension
-c user domain password specifies the account credentials
For example, if we want the DNS service to be a firewall client-published app because our network doesn’t allow us to use SecureNAT, we would install the Firewall client on the server and copy the mspclnt.ini to the folder where dns.exe lives (%Systeroot%\system32 by default) as wspcfg.ini.
Then, we would change folders to \program files\microsoft firewall client and run credtool.exe with the following parameters (replace UserName, DomainName and PassWord with appropriate user credentials):
D:\Program Files\Microsoft Firewall Client>credtool -w -n dns -c UserName DomainName PassWord
Write credentials for [dns]
The credentials are then applied to any request made to the ISA only on behalf of this service, allowing all protocols to be user-authentication controlled.
Note: the “DomainName” section must be specified. If you don’t operate a domain (NT4 or W2K AD), then you must specify the machine name where the user account resides. Since ISA must hold all user accounts in non-domain (Workgroup) environment, you should use the ISA server NetBIOS name as the “DomainName”.
To remove or read the credentials assigned to a given app or service, you need only specify the operation (-w or –r) and the app name (-n) without the credentials. For instance:
D:\Program Files\Microsoft Firewall Client>credtool -r -n dns
Read credentials for [dns]
..reveals the UserName and Domain used by the dns service. Notice that the password is hidden to prevent improper use.
That’s all for today. As usual, feel free to contact me. | <urn:uuid:45933839-fe70-436f-a54d-2bc5507b923a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.isaserver.org/articles-tutorials/configuration-general/ISA_Clients__Part_3_The_Firewall_Client.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900321 | 5,566 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Sample Press Release
|Voters will go to the polls on ____________ (date/time) to consider a referendum allowing the public library to form a special legislative district that provides residents with direct oversight of the library budget and board appointments.
If approved, the referendum will create a special library district in which residents will be able to vote annually on the library budget and trustee election. Currently, the library receives an appropriation designated by the town board in its annual budget. The town board also approves trustee appointments.
Since 1999, when the New York State Board of Regents formally adopted a policy encouraging libraries to undergo this process, more than 20 libraries in New York State have received approval from their constituents to convert to a special library district.
Statistics show that libraries that give voters the opportunity to vote directly on its budget and trustees are better funded than those that don’t. Public library districts typically provide more stable funding and are usually better-funded than libraries that are subject to appropriations levels set by its municipality. Well-funded libraries are better able to meet the needs of the community and are direct answerable to voters.
For some libraries, creation of a special district can eliminate instances where some of the population lives outside the library’s chartered service area, and so don’t pay taxes to support the library, but continue to use its services.
If the referendum is approved, voters will have the opportunity to elect trustees and vote on the library budget in May. A public information session will be held on ____________ to answer questions about the proposition and its impact on residents.
In the meantime, contact the library at ________ for more information.
Return to Education vs. Advocacy: A Primer | <urn:uuid:73704857-a2db-4ca8-94cb-3c02cb1d99c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/libdev/libs/pldtools/guide/h-edadvp.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946716 | 351 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This is a medium-sized vulture, 72–85 cm in length and 207–230 cm in wingspan. Females weigh more than males; they usually weigh around 4.7 kg , while males weigh 4 kg or less.
The White-headed Vulture is classified as Vulnerable (VU), considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
The White-headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) is an Old World vulture endemic to Africa. It has a pink beak and a white crest, and the featherless areas on its head are pale. Its has dark brown upper parts and black tail feathers. The feathers on its lower parts and legs are white. It has a wing span of 2 m and spends a lot of time soaring looking for food. It roosts in tall trees near to water at night. More
This White-headed Vulture, trigonoceps occipitalis, is also photographed in the bird park in a very big aviary. It is there together with a lot of other vultures because of illegal trade. The Italian customs-officers had caught a smuggling gang. But they dont know where to go with these birds. They couldnt replace the birds in the wild. So, this bird park has taken a pity up these animals. So thats why they are here. More
White-Headed Vultures (Photograph Courtesy of Africam Copyright More
white-headed vulture gets its name from the downy, white feathers on its head which give it an angular appearance. The bright facial colours contrast sharply with the black body, tail, wings and high ruff around its neck. The belly and thighs are white and its legs are pale pink (2) (4). Like other vultures, the white-headed vulture has a number of adaptations for feeding on the carcasses of large animals, but is also capable of killing small prey. More
The white-headed vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) is about 80 cm (31 inches) long and has a wingspan of about 1.8 metres (6 feet). Black with white secondary wing feathers and belly, it has a high black neck fringe and a massive red beak. This bird has a uniquely triangular head, which is pale yellowish and bare except for a cap of... More
Though the white-headed vulture feeds frequently on carrion, it is known to equally often hunt live prey to supplement its diet. This bird, with its strong talons unusual to members of the vulture family, is capable of tackling prey as large as flamingoes though it will also feed on small animals such as lizards. It is even rumored that this large bird will occasionally take a small antelope. More
The white-headed vulture is an early riser and flies out from its roost earlier in the day than other vultures (4). It is often the first vulture to arrive at a kill made by carnivores during the previous night, and will feed on carrion and bone fragments in peace for a while before other vultures arrive (2), whereupon the white-headed vulture generally retreats (4) (7). More
White-headed Vulture In Barnes KN (ed) The Eskom Red data book of birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg. Barnes KN (ed) 2000.The Eskom Red data book of birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg. Birdlife International 2004 Threatened Birds of the World. CD Birdlife International, Cambridge. Bridgeford P 2001 More vulture deaths in Namibia. Vulture News 44: 22-26. More
There was a White-headed Vulture standing on the outskirts which was another of our key species for the Mara trip. white-headed vulture in the mara White-headed Vulture We had to get back to Nairobi for a friend’s photo exhibition so we set off after four days in the Mara. Just as we got through the gate, we got a phone call saying that cheetahs had killed an impala but it was too late for us to go back. More
White-headed Vultures occur singly or in pairs and are often the first to arrive at a carcass. Like the Lappet-faced Vulture they are able to eat skin, ligament and bones however, unlike the Lappet-faced Vulture they are "clean" feeders (ie they do not get blood on their feathers when they feed). Although they get to a kill first they tend to feed on scraps dropped by, or stolen from, other raptors. They take these to one side, eating them away from the main huddle. More
Distribution of White-headed vulture in southern Africa, based on statistical smoothing of the records from first SA Bird Atlas Project (© Animal Demography unit, University of Cape Town; smoothing by Birgit Erni and Francesca Little). Colours range from dark blue (most common) through to yellow (least common). See here for the latest distribution from the SABAP2. Predators and parasites Nestlings have been recorded as prey of Aquila verreauxii (Verreauxs' eagle). More
The White-headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) is an African species occurring in desert, open plains and grasslands from Senegal and Gambia south all the way to South Africa. The shots here were taken in Kruger National Park, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, in January, 2006 with a Canon EOS 1D Mark II & EF 500mm F/4L IS lens and 1.4X extender. The top two shots show a bird preening at dawn. The third shot shows the same individual in the same tree at noon that same day. More
Animal of the Day
Animal of the day on Facebook | <urn:uuid:15c841cc-4739-4613-8275-1512fe24d2fb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/birds/Falconiformes/Accipitridae/Trigonoceps-occipitalis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949674 | 1,251 | 3.265625 | 3 |
by Fiona Kinniburgh
On June 10th, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released a World Energy Outlook Special Report, “Redrawing the Energy-Climate Map” in which they seek to bring climate change back to the forefront of policy agendas worldwide. The report proposes specific changes within the energy sector necessary to achieve emission levels that would “keep the door open to the 2° Celsius target through to 2020” without harming economic growth.
The report notes in its introduction that the world is “not on track to meet the target agreed by governments to limit the long-term rise in the average global temperature to 2° Celsius,” and therefore urges governments to enact four specific policies for its aptly-named “4-for-2° C Scenario.” The report emphasizes the need for the energy sector to address the risks implicit in climate change, both those posed by physical impacts on energy infrastructure and those that arise as a consequence of more drastic governmental action that will be adopted as emission reductions become imperative.
The four proposed measures are:
- Adopt specific energy efficiency measures (49% of the emissions savings).
- Limit the construction and use of the least-efficient coal-fired power plants (21%).
- Minimize methane emissions from upstream oil and gas production (18%).
- Accelerate the (partial) phase-out of subsidies to fossil-fuel consumption (12%).
The report emphasizes that immediate implementation of the suggested policies are in the best interest of both the policy makers and the energy sector, since delayed action would only increase the cost of investments and make the 2° Celsius target harder to achieve: “$1.5 trillion in low-carbon investments are avoided before 2020, but $5 trillion in additional investments would be required thereafter to get back on track.” This is primarily due to the fact that delaying action would take the world beyond the date at which “existing energy infrastructure locks-in the entire remaining carbon emissions budget to 2035. The result is that much more costly actions are required subsequently to undo the lock-in effect […].”
While the suggested policy measures will provide net benefits to the economy, “the financial implications of stronger climate policies are not uniform across the energy industry and corporate strategy will need to adjust accordingly.” The net economic benefits come from reduced spending on fuel bills that the report claims offset the required additional investment to 2020.
The report takes into account the urgency of the challenge, noting the low likelihood of political adoption of stringent climate policy given the state of the global economy. The measures are specifically designed not to harm national economic growth and to allow for rapid action: “Each of the measures selected can be readily implemented and does not require the use of new technologies with high upfront deployment costs that would require time to apply beyond niche markets (such as electric vehicles), nor major technological breakthroughs, nor radical changes in consumer behavior (except those induced by changing prices or increased availability of capital in certain sectors).”
The full report can be found here. | <urn:uuid:64ab2298-0bca-4fe6-806d-ab7d80ea201f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2013/06/15/international-energy-agency-releases-new-climate-report-with-four-policy-recommendations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937524 | 627 | 2.875 | 3 |
I somehow missed Trig in high school and college. Feeling left out, I set out to teach it to myself. I have the basic understanding of trig so far. But I have two questions that urk myself because I am unable to find the answer. I am using khan academy as my main resource. If you have any other great (free) resources, I'd be sincerely interested. Also, if you have any resources that gives out quote unquote 'homework', I'd be interested in that as well.
1. I understand that sin, cos, tan, and etc. is a ratio of side lengths to angles. But who discovered this where? And why? And how? How do you prove it works? (I hate to just assume that it works.) I hate to assume that soh cah toa works just because some guy on the internet says so. Can you prove to me that sine is equal to opposite over hypotenuse? Same with cosine and tangent? [/edit]
2. I understand the Unit Circle and its creation except for one part. Except for the 0* / 360*, 90*, and 180*, where do the coordinate values come from? Every resource I find has 'tricks' to remember it. No explanation on how to prove the value stated is the true coordinate point. | <urn:uuid:bd772d76-515a-452d-8b94-f2d98cd51ce4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathhelpforum.com/trigonometry/152645-teaching-myself-trig.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94503 | 275 | 3.25 | 3 |
How a mandatory "fact box" -- like a nutrition label for higher education -- would help applicants understand which college is right for them
In 2011, more American students enrolled in college than ever before. Many of them, if not most of them, will not graduate. Community colleges have graduation rates as low as seven percent. And some four-year colleges aren't much better. The University of the District of Columbia graduates only 12 percent of its students within six years, and Chicago State University graduates only 14 percent.
If you didn't know this, don't feel too bad. Neither do most college students - even as they fork over tuition dollars to attend institutions from which they'll never graduate.
News about serious flaws in the quality and productivity of our colleges hasn't made it to the most important group of constituents - college-bound students. A student can still apply to college and invest thousands of dollars of their earnings in tuition - not to mention thousands of state and federal dollars - without ever knowing his or her likelihood of finishing or the amount of debt the student is likely to incur.
This may sound like a problem that's limited to low-selectivity institutions like community colleges or for-profit universities like the University of Phoenix. But the need for better information about the outcomes of educational programs goes all the way up the educational ladder. For example, without accurate and timely information about employment outcomes, students who buy into the law school dream of a $150,000 salary are finding themselves with $150,000 in debt and only temporary employment.
There's a simple way to help students understand the risks inherent in their college choices: better information. Although the federal government and organizations that promote college opportunity already make information available to students, most students don't see it or can't find it because it's hiding in government websites and arcane databases.
The secret to better information disclosure is the same as the secret to real estate: location, location, location.
There's plenty of information available about colleges -- if you know where to look for it. The federal government collects a ton of college data each year, and it makes many relevant pieces available on its College Navigator website. But when students apply to college, they typically rely on only a few sources of information: teachers, guidance counselors, friends and neighbors, and the colleges themselves.
That's why it's important to make basic information about colleges available to students in places where they cannot miss it. The information should appear on college websites, enrollment forms, and financial aid paperwork like the FAFSA.
Like the nutritional facts required on food packaging or the calorie counts popping up on restaurant menus, students need a similar "box of facts." The box should include data that addresses three basic questions:
1) What are my chances of finishing this program?
2) What will it cost me?
3) What kind of returns (income/employment) should I expect from this program?
The data that answers these questions - facts like graduation rate, average net price, employment rate, and average student loan debt - will not dictate a best-fit college, just as the calorie count on a menu does not decide whether pancakes or Eggs Benedict fit best with your satisfaction or dietary goals. But basic college data can give a student a rough idea of whether she will be able to achieve the basic goal of completing an educational program and the costs of doing so, just as a calorie count gives me a very rough idea of how fattening a meal will be.
Colleges have not volunteered to post these college facts on their materials, because they don't think it helps them to inform students of the successes and failures of their graduates. But the federal government has an interest in ensuring that students choose colleges from which they are likely to graduate and secure gainful employment.
The country's economic stability depends on maintaining a workforce that has the skills to compete in a job market that increasingly requires postsecondary credentials. And the value of the billions of federal dollars invested in grants and loans to students depends on how wisely students spend those dollars. Federal legislators should require colleges to take this simple step toward making their outcomes more transparent to prospective students.
Colleges often protest that information disclosures like this do not present an accurate picture of their institutions. But given the opacity of college outcomes and quality at this point, it's hard to see how more information could do anything but improve students' ability to make good decisions about their education. And if colleges want to give even more information to paint a more accurate picture, I certainly would not stand in their way. | <urn:uuid:ed08b1f2-c047-48be-a0d3-1460d92e14d1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/09/do-colleges-need-a-calorie-count/245739/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960722 | 929 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Does competition enhance performance? Or does it simply create more incentive to cheat? That was precisely the question a pair of Spanish researchers set out to explore in an interesting experiment. Fifty-five men and women spent a half-hour working on mazes on a computer. Half the students were paid based on the number of mazes they completed “whereas the half in the ‘highly competitive’ condition were only paid per maze if they were the top performer in their group of six students,” according to the British Psychological Society’s research blog:
“The students in the highly competitive condition narrowed their eyes, rolled up their sleeves, focused their minds and cheated. That’s right, the students playing under the more competitive prize rules didn’t complete any more mazes than students in the control group, they just cheated more.”
The test subjects were able to cheat by switching to easier levels of difficulty or clicking on a button that offered solutions for the mazes (software on the computers monitored what the test subjects were actually doing). Perhaps the most interesting finding: poor performers cheated the most.
‘It turns out that individuals who are less able to fulfill the assigned task do not only have a higher probability to cheat, they also cheat in more different ways,’ the researchers said. ‘It appears that poor performers either feel entitled to cheat in a system that does not give them any legitimate opportunities to succeed, or they engage in “face saving” activity to avoid embarrassment for their poor performance.” | <urn:uuid:23f513ea-5ee2-42e6-8759-9cc2cdbdeb7f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.coreknowledge.org/2010/06/25/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979077 | 318 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Foods and drinks below pH 5.0–5.7 may intitiate dental erosion
GNU 1.2; CC 3.0
The most common cause of tooth erosion is by acidic foods and drinks. In general, foods and drinks with a pH below 5.0–5.7 have been known to trigger dental erosion effects. Numerous clinical and laboratory reports link erosion to excessive consumption of drinks. Those thought to pose a risk are soft drinks and fruit drinks, fruit juices such as orange juice (which contain citric acid) and carbonated drinks such as colas (in which the carbonic acid is not the cause of erosion, but citric and phosphoric acid). Additionally, wine has been shown to erode teeth, with the pH of wine as low as 3.0–3.8. Other possible sources of erosive acids are from exposure to chlorinated swimming pool water, and regurgitation of gastric acids.
Acidic drinks and foods lower the pH level of the mouth so consuming them causes the teeth to demineralise. Drinks low in pH levels that cause dental erosion include fruit juices, sports drinks, and carbonated drinks. Orange and apple juices are common culprits among fruit juices. Carbonated drinks such as colas, lemonades are also very acidic, as are fruit-flavoured drinks and dilutables. Frequency rather than total intake of acidic juices is seen as the greater factor in dental erosion; infants using feeding bottles containing fruit juices (especially when used as a comforter) are therefore at greater risk of acid erosion.
Saliva acts as a buffer, regulating the pH when acidic drinks are ingested. Drinks vary in their resistance to the buffering effect of saliva. Studies show that fruit juices are the most resistant to saliva's buffering effect, followed by, in order: fruit-based carbonated drinks and flavoured mineral waters, non-fruit-based carbonated drinks, sparkling mineral waters; Mineral water being the least resistant. Because of this, fruit juices in particular, may prolong the drop in pH levels.
Throthing or swishing acidic drinks around the mouth increases the risk of acid erosion.
For tooth decay prevention decrease abrasive forces. Use a soft bristled toothbrush and brush gently. No brushing immediately after consuming acidic food and drink as teeth will be softened. Leave at least half an hour of time space. Rinsing with water is better than brushing after consuming acidic foods and drinks. Drink through a straw. Drink milk or using other dairy products.
One particular advantage of using a straw when drinking is the reduction of tooth decay. Many soft drinks have acidic properties, and using a straw reduces the liquid contact with the teeth, particularly the anterior teeth, reducing tooth decay and the risk of cavities.
The de-gassing of carbonated water only slightly reduces its dissolution potential, which suggests that the addition of sugar to water, not the carbonation of water, is the main cause of tooth decay.
See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_erosion
Source: Wikipedia (All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.) | <urn:uuid:e2d30e3a-036e-4aaf-834a-1f97f01f6f2a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.projects.juliantrubin.com/science_fair_project/medicine/tooth_decay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929117 | 662 | 3.546875 | 4 |
- freely available
Mar. Drugs 2012, 10(4), 812-833; doi:10.3390/md10040812
Abstract: Inflammation is a hot topic in medical research, because it plays a key role in inflammatory diseases: rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other forms of arthritis, diabetes, heart diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, allergies, asthma, even cancer and many others. Over the past few decades, it was realized that the process of inflammation is virtually the same in different disorders, and a better understanding of inflammation may lead to better treatments for numerous diseases. Inflammation is the activation of the immune system in response to infection, irritation, or injury, with an influx of white blood cells, redness, heat, swelling, pain, and dysfunction of the organs involved. Although the pathophysiological basis of these conditions is not yet fully understood, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have often been implicated in their pathogenesis. In fact, in inflammatory diseases the antioxidant defense system is compromised, as evidenced by increased markers of oxidative stress, and decreased levels of protective antioxidant enzymes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). An enriched diet containing antioxidants, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, β-carotene and phenolic substances, has been suggested to improve symptoms by reducing disease-related oxidative stress. In this respect, the marine world represents a largely untapped reserve of bioactive ingredients, and considerable potential exists for exploitation of these bioactives as functional food ingredients. Substances such as n-3 oils, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals and peptides provide a myriad of health benefits, including reduction of cardiovascular diseases, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. New marine bioactives are recently gaining attention, since they could be helpful in combating chronic inflammatory degenerative conditions. The aim of this review is to examine the published studies concerning the potential pharmacological properties and application of many marine bioactives against inflammatory diseases.
Inflammation has different names in different parts of the body: rhinitis (inflammation of the nose), asthma (inflammation of the airways), arthritis (inflammation of the joints), dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), and so on. As the initial response that fires up the immune system, inflammation is the crucial first step in fighting infection and healing wounds. However, persistent inflammation and an immune system that is always activated, is known as chronic inflammation, leading to chronic disease. Inflammation also plays a role in heart disease , because the immune system attacks the “bad” cholesterol (LDL) incorporated in arterial walls. Ongoing inflammation eventually damages the arteries: it is so closely associated with heart disease that a test for inflammation called CRP (C-reactive protein) is used to assess cardiovascular risk, predicting the risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and stroke, together with cholesterol levels .
For example, RA, a chronic progressive autoimmune disease, characterized by erosive painful symmetric synovitis with possible multisystem involvement, involves inflammation. In fact, some highly reactive transient chemical species, called reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in its pathogenesis, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, are implicated in the formation of toxic peroxynitrite by increasing the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The ROS trigger a cascade of events through NF-κB activation, which up-regulate gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines that activates immune responses, determining inflammation and cartilage damage .
Inflammation has also been linked to diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the cells that make insulin; type II diabetes is also linked to inflammation, as chronic inflammation induces the release of TNF- α, which makes cells more resistant to insulin .
In addition, even a link between inflammation and cancer exists: protein p100 allows communication between the inflammation and development processes, but in the case of chronic inflammation, the presence of too much p100 over-activates the developmental pathway, resulting in cancer .
Considering the involvement of phlogistics mediators, many inflammatory diseases could potentially be alleviated by dietary modification; diet may represent a potential therapeutic agent.
Many reviews suggested that there is evidence of a protective effect of higher consumption of olive oil, fruits and vegetables, for example in developing RA, since dietary antioxidants effectively suppress the release of inflammatory cytokines by reducing ROS production . The role of food in improving health has been recognized, activating the development of new classes of food, known as functional foods , which could decrease the risk of illness and the incidence or severity of chronic inflammatory disorders [8,9]. Numerous marine bioactives have been recently identified, whose several biological activities could interfere with the pathogenesis of many diseases. It has already been shown that bioactive peptides isolated from fish protein hydrolysates, algal fucans, galactans and alginates possess anticoagulant, anticancer and hypocholesterolemic activities . Fish oils and marine bacteria are known to be excellent sources of omega-3 fatty acids (whose importance in the treatment of arthritis has been extensively investigated [11,12], assessing their analgesic effects in joint pain), while seaweeds and crustaceans contain powerful antioxidants, such as carotenoids and phenolic compounds . In this respect, new marine bioactives, such as COX inhibitors (Pacifenol, Epitaondiol and Stypotriol triacetate), marine steroids (Contignasterol, Xestobergesterol, Clathriol B), molecules interfering with NF-κB (Cycloprodigiosine, Hymenialdisine and Cycloamphilectenes), macrolides, peptides (Cyclomarins, Salinamides and Halipeptins), other metabolites (Scytonemin and Petrocortyne) and many antioxidant agents (phenols and marine carotenoids, such as astaxanthin, fucoxanthin) have been recently discovered and characterized, in order to assess their potential role in contrasting inflammatory diseases.
2. Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Inflammatory Diseases
There is a close relationship between oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation in patients with inflammatory diseases. In most phlogistic conditions, macrophages and leukocytes are activated firstly, so that ROS are generated in excessive amounts, determining OS. Elevated level of ROS, such as superoxide anion, nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, in synovial fluid (generated by activated macrophages, monocytes, and granulocytes, as well as anoxic reperfusion reactions), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and degradation products of lipid peroxidation represent important characterizing factors of disease .
This is also demonstrated by increased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels observed in previously published reports as end products and an indirect indicator of increased ROS generation . Furthermore, during chronic inflammation, even protective mechanisms increase to dangerous levels: higher concentrations of ROS cause substantial lipid peroxidation, leading to toxic tissue damage . In addition, some antioxidant erythrocyte enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in RA patients have been shown to have lower activities than in healthy subjects .
Previous investigations have also established a relationship between systemic markers of inflammation and serum beta-carotene levels, and that phlogistic conditions produce increased ROS and decreased antioxidant levels, which may worsen the symptoms of disorders such as RA, osteoarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus [17,18]; some authors implied a deficient level of vitamin E among causes of their development. Decreased serum concentrations of α-tocopherol, and β-carotene were suggested as possible risk factors . To confirm this, vitamin E supplementation was shown to improve clinical symptoms of RA, probably by reducing the formation of prostaglandins during the phlogistic process . In fact, the combination of standard RA treatment and antioxidants even increases serum GSH-Px activity with subsequent clinical improvement, including in joint pain and morning stiffness .
Based on these reports, improvement in antioxidant status through a greater intake of dietary antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids (including β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin) and phenols, may prevent RA development and help RA management. Circulating antioxidants are scavengers of free radicals (FRs), and may inhibit oxidative damage and lead to the abolition of inflammation [22,23]. They can not only alleviate symptoms by reducing disease-related OS, but can also ameliorate the potential side-effects and reduce the risk of complications of pharmacological therapy (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids) such as gastrointestinal bleeding, bone loss and increased requirement of some nutrients. It was recently postulated that circulating antioxidants also have a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD): C-reactive protein (CRP) and oxidized LDL-cholesterol concentrations, are inversely related to plasmatic concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenols [24,25,26]. Therefore, dietary antioxidants may be protective against the development of inflammatory disease .
3. Biology of Marine Natural Products: A Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Strategy?
Most anti-inflammatory drugs used against inflammatory disorders are cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. They usually exert analgesic effects: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin and indomethacin, relieve pain by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins and decreasing the sensitivity of peripheral nociceptors . The enzyme COX-1 is involved in the analgesic effect ; it produces prostaglandins, which protect the kidney and stomach from tissue and mucosal damage. Conversely, inhibition of COX-1 causes renal damage and gastric irritation, the typical side effects of aspirin-like drugs . The other enzyme, COX-2, requires more time than COX-1 to form prostaglandins and contributes to the inflammation. However, among inflammation-related targets, we should consider not only COX, but also molecules able to interfere with factors involved in the modulation of gene expression, such as NF-κB, which could also act as potential anti-inflammatory agents . In this respect, marine natural bioactives were recently shown to contain antioxidant agents, steroids and several novel molecular entities potentially able to target COX-1, COX-2 and the NF-κB pathway .
3.1. COX Inhibitors
Pacifenol is a terpenoid isolated from seaweeds of the marine alga Laurencia claviformis, collected in Easter Island and belonging to the Rhodomelaceae family, whose structure was characterized by chemistry studies and crystallographic analysis in 1971 .
The probable precursor of pacifenol, prepacifenol, was originally isolated from the Australian red alga Laurencia filiformis, but later, pacifenol was found naturally in Laurencia tasmanica as well . This halogenated sesquiterpene represented the first example in chemical literature of a natural bioactive obtained from algae containing bromine and chlorine atoms covalently bound .
However, these new metabolites, pacifenol and prepacifenol, were found not only in red alga, but also in some marine invertebrates, for example in the digestive system of the mollusk Aplysia californica .
An antimicrobial activity of pacifenol derivatives has previously been reported, after testing against some microrganisms, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus enteriditis.
In addition, pacifenol exerts an inhibitory activity on inflammation by decreasing leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production, but also stopping degranulation response .
In particular, its anti-inflammatory action, exercised through inhibition of the key enzyme phospholipase A2 and the consequent modulation of the cyclooxigenase pathway, and its anti-allergy effect, could be exploited to contrast the phlogistic processes implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and allergic diseases.
This terpenoid was isolated from seaweeds of Stypopodium flabelliforme, collected near Easter Island in the South Pacific Ocean . The genus Stypopodium is a tropical group of brown algae, phaeophyceae, with rich components of polycyclic meroditerpenoids, possessing several biological activities . Epitaondiol diacetate showed pharmacological effects in the rat cardiovascular system; a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect was noticed , but it also revealed marked anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of eicosanoids (LTB4 and TXB2) release and modulation of the cyclooxigenase pathway. This happens through inhibition of the key enzyme phospholipase A2, which plays an important role in the release of arachidonic acid and the formation of lipid mediators . Its anti-inflammatory activity is stronger than that of indomethacine .
Epitaondiol also showed dose-dependent gastroprotective activity in mice gastric lesions, displaying similar action to lansoprazole .
This double effect, both anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective, could be a fascinating treatment strategy without the well known side effects of drugs which are conventionally prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
In addition, epitaondiol exhibited antimicrobial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, especially against E. faecalis , antiviral activity against herpes simplex , and antiproliferative properties: human colorectal adenocarcinoma and neuroblastoma cell line showed higher susceptibility . In particular, 2beta-3alpha-epitaondiol possesses sodium channel blocking activity, a cytotoxic active against human lung cancer cells .
Instead, the similar molecule called isoepitandiol showed a radical scavenging activity even more powerful than ascorbic acid .
Both its powerful anti-inflammatory activity and this strong antioxidant effect deserve further studies, since they may be helpful in targeting the inflammation and oxidative stress that characterize many chronic inflammatory disorders.
3.1.3. Stypotriol Triacetate
This polycyclic meroditerpenoid , the complete configuration of which was recently determined , was also isolated from the seaweed Stypopodium flabelliforme. It is unstable in air, so that it had to be prepared by acetylation of the organic extract to avoid air oxidation in order to study its characterization and biological activities .
Stypotriol displayed antifeedant and anti-inflammatory activity . In particular, it exerts an inhibitory activity on inflammation by interfering with elastase release, by modulating the cyclooxigenase pathway through inhibition of phospholipase A2, and by decreasing the secretion of eicosanoids . This may be useful in inhibiting inflammation and reducing elastase-induced cartilage degradation and articular damage, typical of RA and responsible of pain and loss of joint function.
Similarly to epitaondiol, it showed antibacterial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria , and antiproliferative properties (human colorectal adenocarcinoma and rat basophilic leukemia cell line showed higher susceptibility) and was the most cytotoxic toward cancer cells with a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect, followed by epitaondiol .
3.2. Marine Steroids
Steroids are synthetic drugs widely used for treating asthma, RA, psoriasis and a wide variety of inflammatory conditions. They work by decreasing inflammation and reducing the activity of the immune system; they provide significant relief from articular pain and stiffness, dyspnea, cutaneous manifestation and other phlogosis related symptoms.
Marine organisms, in particular sponges, have recently been recognized as a notable source of uncommon steroids showing potent biological anti-inflammatory activities.
This natural polyoxygenated steroid with a new side chain, isolated from the marine sponge Petrosia contignata in Papua New Guinea, has been the subject of many investigations, including both biological studies and synthetic work .
It belongs to steroid class but it has a particular chemical structure, because of the unusual set of functional groups, the details of which have been already published . Study results have shown its potential value in the treatment of asthma and other inflammatory diseases . In particular, it inhibits the release of histamine from human basophils and lung tissue and attenuates the contractile response to histamine, probably indirectly interacting with cellular signaling systems leading to the inhibition of phospholipase C activity , protecting in this way from bronchoconstriction .
In addition, contignasterol showed an ability to inhibit platelet aggregation in response to their activating factor PAF, which is a local mediator of thrombotic events, and collagen exposure of vessels, suggesting anti-thrombolytic activity. As a consequence, the pharmacological potential of contignasterol could enable it to be used as a cardiovascular and antiallergic drug, in order to treat hemodynamic disorders involving platelets, hypertension or hypotension, thrombosis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, psoriasis, rashes, osteoarthritis and inflammation in general [54,55].
This pentacyclic polyhidroxylated steroid was isolated in 1992 from the Okinawan marine sponge Xestospongia bergquisita .
In particular, Xestobergsterol A dose-dependently inhibited the generation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and phospholipase C (PLC) activity and inhibits Ca2+-mobilization from intracellular Ca2+-stores, which are early events in IgE-dependent mediator release . Xestobergsterol has undergone a number of investigations, including synthetic work on its analogues .
So, like contignasterol, it could be considered a potential anti-asthma agent with a promising pharmacological potential .
Clathriols A and B are novel polyoxygenated steroids isolated from the marine sponge Clathria lissosclera, in New Zealand waters.
They possess the rare and only naturally-occurring 14-beta-stereochemistry, a typical configuration of marine sponges : This makes them structurally and biologically very similar to contignasterol, even if their biological action has turned out to be less powerful than contignasterol and its derivatives in blocking histamine release .
Both are not only light anti-allergy molecules, but also moderate anti-inflammatory compounds. In particular, the anti-inflammatory pharmacology of clathriol B was reported in 2000 ; however, further studies took place during 2003 and more recently [62,63].
Clathriol B inhibits the production of superoxide from human peripheral blood neutrophils , which is known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders: in this respect also clathriols should be studied in more depth, since they may also be helpful in alleviating the inflammation and oxidative stress that characterize several chronic degenerative diseases.
3.3. Molecules Interfering with NF-κB
This molecule belongs to the prodigiosin family, but here, the side chain is cyclized to form a six-membered ring . Cycloprodigiosin is the red pigment produced by various marine bacteria, including Serratia marcenses, Zooshikella rubidus and Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans, with immunosuppressive properties and apoptotic effects on cancer cells, interacting with p65 and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway . In particular, Cycloprodigiosin hydrochloride, produced by Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans, causes cytotoxic effects and apoptotic cell death in various cancerous cell lines, especially with the pro-inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNFα). In fact, it suppresses NF-κB-dependent gene expression, while NF-κB activation is considered to promote survival in cells, inhibiting transcriptional activation . In fact, cycloprodigiosin hydrochloride leads to apoptosis breast , liver and colon cancer cells, acting as a H+/Cl− symporter, inducing cytosolic acidification . In addition, it resulted in being useful against promyelocytic leukemia, inducing cell differentiation or apoptosis through up-regulation of Fas ligand, activation of stress-activated protein kinase and caspase . Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway disturbs the immune system, conferring both immunosuppressant and anti-tumor effects . It is also an immunosuppressant agent because of its action as a selective inhibitor of T cell proliferation, like other members of the prodigiosin family . Cycloprodigiosin also stimulates nitric oxide production during hepatic injury, improving cell status by regulating the expression of NF-κB-dependent genes, such as inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) , Considering that immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids and mesalazine can prevent the activation of NF-kappaB, both the suppression of NF-κB and increased NO production have been suggested as an anti-inflammatory strategy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), so that administration of cycloprodigiosine may limit chronic inflammation . Since NF-κB is known to be a transcription factor regulating inflammatory response genes and implicated in AR, its inhibition could also indicate anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties possessed by cycloprodigiosin .
This is an alkaloid isolated from marine sponges, such as Acanthella aurantica and Stylissa massa and investigated for its properties against NF-κB activation, and its inhibitory effect on IL-8, IL-2 and TNF-α production. Hymenialdisine inhibits several proteins regulating cellular cycle and functions, such as glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, cyclin-dependent kinases, and casein kinase 1, by competing with ATP for binding to these kinases . In this way, it also inhibits phosphorylation of the protein tau (which is hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer’s disease) with promising potential against human neurodegenerative diseases , and NF-κB activity, probably by inhibiting both protein kinase C and I-kB phosphorylation : molecules able to interfere with factors involved in the modulation of gene expression, such as NF-κB, can also be considered as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Its anti-inflammatory properties have also been reported, achieved through its ability to decrease IL-8 and IL-1beta production .
In addition, hymenialdisine was tested on bovine articular cartilage, also evaluating its inhibitory effect on proteoglycan degradation in a dose-dependent manner . A potential inhibitory effect on proteoglycan degradation should be investigated on human cartilage and articular damage, typical of RA.
3.4. Marine Macrolides
These are class of highly oxygenated natural products, whose structure is characterized by a macrocyclic lactone. The first marine macrolides were the aplysiatoxins, reported in 1974 as toxic constituents of the sea hare Stylocheilus longicauda. At present, more than 200 marine macrolides have been discovered, paying attention to their biological active properties, such as immunomodulation, cytotoxic, anticancer, antiviral, and antifungal . Marine macrolides exert antiproliferative cytotoxic activity with various molecular targets , representing a promising potential agent in anticancer research . For example, lobophorins A and B are two bioactives with antibiotic, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, even stronger than indomethacin , and isolated from marine actinomycetes found in the Caribbean brown alga Lobophora variegata; latrunculins A and B are architecturally novel molecules isolated from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica, which also affect cellular growth through disrupting actin polymerization and microfilament organization with antiproliferative effects ; aplyronines, isolated from the sea hare Aplysia kurodai ; dolastatin 19, recently obtained from the sea hare D. auricularia from the Gulf of California, which displayed antiproliferative activity, in particular in breast and colon cancer cells ; scytophycins, extracted from the blue and green algae Scytonema pseudohofmanni , and sphinxolides obtained from the New Caledonian marine sponges Neosiphonia superstes : They are also actin-binding natural products, able to inhibit the proliferation of human cancer cell lines . In conclusion, macrolides have promising potential, both in anticancer and in rheumatologic research therapy, in terms of their cytotoxic, immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Cyclomarins are three cyclic heptapeptides (A, B and C), isolated from the marine bacterium actinomycete, belonging to Streptomyces sp., along the Californian coast.
Marine actinomycetes have been exploited as a source of biologically active secondary metabolites with antibacterial and anticancer properties .
Some molecules have also been reported to be anti-inflammatory, such as cyclomarins and salinamides .
Cyclomarin A, constituted of three common and four unusual aminoacids, showed potent anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities in both in vivo and in vitro assays, managing to inhibit edema and pain similarly to the drug hydrocortisone .
This molecule also displayed an ability to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting its caseinolytic protease, resulting in a promising component of antitubercular drugs .
A moderate anti-inflammatory effect has been reported also in cyclomarin C, whose total synthesis was recently experimented and reported .
For this reason both cyclomarin A and C, and their derivatives, can develop as a potential naturally occurring anti-inflammatory therapies.
These five peptides (A, B, C, D and E) were isolated, like cyclomarin, from marine actinomicetes, belonging to Streptomyces sp., isolated from the surface of the jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana, found in Florida waters .
Salinamide A and B are the two major bicyclic metabolites, with potent topical anti-inflammatory activity and moderate antibiotic activity against gram-positive bacteria, and could be used in the treatment of tissue inflammation and some infections .
Salinamides C, D and E are the minor metabolites, whose structure was established through spectral and chemical techniques: salinamide D has a similar structure but contains a valine residue in place of the isoleucine present in salinamide A; salinamides C and E are represented by monocyclic peptides, which exert a light anti-inflammatory activity , being potentially able to combat inflammatory diseases.
These new four metabolites (A, B, C and D) were isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona, found in the waters of Vanuatu. Halipeptins are made up of a peptidic portion, conventional alanine residues and unusual residues, assembled in a 17-membered macrolactone ring .
Particular attention has been focused on halipeptin A, because of its potent biological activities. Halipeptin A is a cyclic depsipeptide, whose total synthesis has been successfully carried out , together with recent syntheses of halipeptin D and its analogues, in order to take advantage of their biological properties .
It was found to possess a strong anti-inflammatory activity, both in vivo and in vitro, even stronger than the classical anti-inflammatory drugs, naproxene and indomethacin , resulting in an ability to inhibit edema in mice : this powerful antiphlogistic action is similar to conventional drugs but without their typical side effects, and could be the basis of a beneficial strategy against inflammatory disorders.
3.6. Other Metabolites
Petrocortyne A showed cytotoxic activity against solid tumor cells and anti-inflammatory activity inhibiting macrophages, decreasing TNF-alpha production and the expression of migration cell factors involved in phlogistic infiltration . As a consequence, it blocks cellular inflammatory processes and immune cell migration to inflamed tissue; this interferes with the immunopathology of acute or chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as septic shock, or rheumatoid arthritis, or even multiple sclerosis, where the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α is widely involved . In addition, not only anti-inflammatory, but also pro-aggregative effects of petrocortyne A have been investigated in vitro, establishing that this molecule induces weak intracellular pro-aggregative signals [105,106,107].
Petrocortyne D, E, F, G and H, whose structures were determined through chemical and spectral methods, exhibited moderate cytotoxicity and inhibitory activity against the enzyme phospholipase A2 .
It was isolated from Cyanobacteria, is a yellow to brown, lipid-soluble pigment , extracted from the terrestrial alga, Nostoc commune vauch . Scytonemin seems to be an inhibitor of polo-like kinase 1 (an enzyme implicated in G2/M transition during the cell cycle) and of platelet-derived growth factor-induced rheumatoid synovial fibroblast.
In addition, T cells treated with scytonemin were induced to apoptosis, so that it could be developed and used for the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders . Besides this antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity, Scytonemin also showed considerable antioxidant activity, so that it could be an interesting therapeutic agent against degenerative anti-inflammatory diseases.
4. Antioxidant Agents
Current dietary guidelines in chronic diseases prevention, including cancer and CHD, recommend an increased intake of fruit and vegetables, which are rich sources of antioxidants and have a wide range of antiatherogenic properties [113,114,115].
Antioxidants, carotenoids in particular, protect cellular components against oxidative damage, but they have even a role in regulating gene expression and in inducing cell-to-cell communications . Carotenoids are ubiquitously present in nature, existing in plants, algae and microorganisms; they are able to bind heavy metals and toxic substances, such as arsenic, preventing their accumulation in human organisms [117,118]. However, humans and other animals are not able to manufacture carotenoids and require them as part of their diets. There are two classes of carotenoids: carotenes and xanthophylls . Astaxanthin and fucoxanthin are major marine carotenoids, which show strong antioxidant activity, attributed to quenching single oxygen atoms and scavenging free radicals .
This is the main carotenoid pigment, related to the other well-known carotenoids, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein, found in algae (the chlorophyte alga, Haematococcus pluvialis, seems to accumulate the major quantity of astaxanthin in nature) and aquatic animals, present in many popular seafoods (trout, salmon, shrimp, lobster and fish roe) . Astaxanthin contains two additional oxygenated groups on each ring structure compared with other carotenoids, resulting in more powerful antioxidant activities. Its antioxidant property has been demonstrated in several studies: in some cases, it was shown to possess even stronger free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity than vitamin E and β-carotene . It has several essential biological functions: protection against UV light effects, inflammation, aging and age-related diseases, and the promotion of the immune response in the liver, kidney, heart, eyes and joints. It promotes prostate health, protects membranous phospholipids and other lipids from peroxidation , and has also been associated with shifts in inflammation response . Clinical studies have also demonstrated reductions in the cardiovascular risk markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as improved blood status [125,126]. Because of its antioxidant and membrane preservation properties, astaxanthin has a considerable potential in the prevention and treatment of various chronic inflammatory disorders, such as cancers, AR, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, and gastrointestinal liver and neurodegenerative diseases , and could provide benefits not only for the cardiovascular system, but also in other inflammatory disease. Therefore, its daily consumption is a practical and beneficial strategy in human health management .
Fucoxanthin is brown pigment belonging to the class of xanthophylls, with antioxidant properties under anoxic conditions, whereas other carotenoids have practically no quenching abilities, donating electrons as a part of its free-radical quenching function .
During normal metabolism, the body produces heat: Fucoxanthin affects many enzymes involved in fat metabolism determining an increase in the release of energy from fat , thus an increase of thermogenesis.
Fucoxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage and providing other health benefits: improved cardiovascular health, reduction of inflammation, cholesterol and TG levels, improvements in blood pressure levels, and healthy liver function [132,133,134].
Future clinical studies will determine the effectiveness of these marine carotenoids (astaxanthin and fucoxanthin) not only on the vascular structure, but also on cartilage and joint health in at-risk patients or in those with established osteoarthritis.
The sea is a rich source of useful compounds with new chemical structures and pharmacological effects: significant immunomodulation (against allergy), anti-inflammatory (and as a consequence, antitumor and analgesic), antibacterial and antiviral activities . In particular, brown seaweeds contain at the same time many types of bioactives, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polyphenols, fucosterol, and carotenoids. Algal polyphenols possess many biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, anti-hypertensive and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities, as well as anti-diabetic activity, based on the inhibition of α-glucosidase . New marine bioactives, such as COX inhibitors, marine steroids, molecules interfering with NF-κB, macrolides, peptides and many antioxidant agents, could be helpful in treating chronic inflammatory degenerative conditions. Improvement in antioxidant status, through a greater intake of both terrestrial and marine antioxidants, may prevent the development and help the management of inflammatory diseases: circulating antioxidants are scavengers of FRs and may inhibit oxidative damage and lead to the elimination of inflammation. They can not only alleviate symptoms, by reducing disease-related OS, but also tackle the potential side effects of pharmacological therapy, reducing the risk of complications.
The superiority of marine peptides, marine carotenoids, and marine polyphenols, as compared to analogue terrestrial resources, can be explained because of the simultaneous presence in seaweeds of a wider variety of these substances: Their positive actions are synergistic, and so more powerful, as compared with those from terrestrial origins.
Marine bioactives could potentially develop as functional food, since their biological activities appear to influence the pathogenesis and the clinical course of several inflammatory diseases . Consequently, research should move towards further study and the development of marine functional foods in the hope that, in the future, their regular introduction into the human diet could lead to a reduction in the incidence and severity of many disorders . Considering the lengthening of life expectancy, our eating habits will be crucial in promoting human health. Further research should go in this direction in order to show new preventive and potential therapeutic strategies against several inflammatory chronic diseases .
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Find over 200 print-friendly fact sheets about heart disease and related health topics.
During pregnancy, the
placenta is normally attached to the upper wall of the
uterus. A placenta that develops low in the uterus
without overlapping the
cervical opening is referred to as a low-lying
placenta. A low-lying placenta is not a high-risk condition and often resolves
as the pregnancy progresses.
If you have a low-lying placenta early in pregnancy, there is a good
chance that as the lower uterus enlarges, the placenta's relative position will
shift away from the cervix. But when the placenta does overlap the cervix, it
placenta previa, which can bleed heavily during labor.
Fortunately, about 90% of placenta previa cases diagnosed before the 20th week
no longer overlap the cervix by the end of the pregnancy.1
CitationsWilliams DE, Pridjian G (2011). Obstetrics. In RE Rakel, DP Rakel, eds., Textbook of Family Medicine, 8th ed., pp. 359–401. Philadelphia: Saunders.
February 3, 2012
Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & William Gilbert, MD - Maternal and Fetal Medicine
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:1a1675e7-18f1-44f5-9b59-e2fa04b8f932> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.cardiosmart.org/healthwise/tn80/38/tn8038 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895293 | 320 | 2.984375 | 3 |
President Barack Obama's European visit this week marks the second time he will meet with Queen Elizabeth of England. Although the British monarch's constitutional power is not equal to that of the American president's, they meet equally as heads of state, powerful symbols that affect the cultural and political climate of their respective nations.
Despite the revolution by the American colonies in breaking from England over two centuries ago, the meeting of Obama and Elizabeth represents a strong continuity in Anglo-American relations, an alliance all the more strengthened by their personal contact, whether at state occasions or, as was true in a few situations, the development of personal relationships.
While the characters that compose a British Royal Family at any given point in time usually have a familiarity to the British people that can stretch for decades, from birth to marriage to death, by comparison American Presidents and First Ladies change frequently. Having just surpassed on May 13 the nearly 59 years and 96 day reign of George III and perhaps surpassing in 2016 the record length of almost 64 years set by Queen Victoria, Queen Elizabeth is the second-longest reigning monarch. It has led to the remarkable fact that the current monarch, as both a Princess and a Queen has met every American President since Harry Truman and every First Lady since Eleanor Roosevelt.
Although the Adamses, Monroes and Jefferson met England's King George III and Queen Charlotte during their various diplomatic services, it was not until October 3, 1860 that an incumbent U.S. President met a member of the British Royal Family. That occurred when James Buchanan welcomed Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales as a guest at the White House for three nights. The unusual circumstance of the visit to Buchanan and his niece Harriet Lane, who served as his First Lady, was due to their being on especially close terms with Queen Victoria and her family, the President having served as the U.S. Ambassador to the Court of St. James. Although no photographs were taken of Edward and Buchanan, a painting was done to commemorate the Prince's visit to the tomb of George Washington at Mount Vernon.
Nine years later, in October of 1869, during a trans-Atlantic visit that was mostly spent throughout Canada, his younger teenage brother, Prince Arthur, the Duke of Connaught, made a brief White House visit to call on President Grant.
The first incumbent President and First Lady to stay at Buckingham Palace took place on December 29, 1918 when Woodrow Wilson and Edith Wilson were guests there of King George V and Queen Mary. Although World War I and its devastation were fresh in everyone's memory, the holiday season lent something of a festive nature to the visit.
To read the rest of this article and see pictures of FDR, Eleanor Roosevelt, JFK, Jacqueline Kennedy, LBJ, Ronald Reagan, Nancy Reagan, Laura Bush, Hillary Clinton and King George VI, Queen Elizabeth, Princess Diana, Prince Charles, Prince Philip and others, go to http://www.carlanthonyonline.com | <urn:uuid:b2b30a8a-43ae-4e9a-8cab-71269f7902ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carl-sferrazza-anthony/obama-england-_b_866235.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970964 | 599 | 2.84375 | 3 |
About this book
The writer of this book is a man called Moses. God chose him to lead the Israelites out of the country called Egypt. We can read about how God chose Moses in the book of Exodus chapters 2, 3 and 4. Moses knew God and he loved God’s Law. God talked to him like a friend. In Deuteronomy, Moses explains God’s Law many times to the Israelites. He also tells them how much God loves them. Moses wants the Israelites to obey God. If they obey him, they will be happy. But if they do not obey God, many bad things will happen to them.
The Israelites have now arrived at the Jordan river. On the other side of the river is the country called Canaan. God has promised to give this country to the Israelites. But these men and women are the children of those who left Egypt. They were born during the journey of 40 years from Egypt to Canaan. So Moses teaches them what God is like. He tells them again about the love of God. Deuteronomy is a book about remembering.
Plan of the book
Chapters 1-4 Remembering the journey
Chapters 5-26 Moses repeats the Law of God, to love and obey him
Chapters 27-30 Rules for life in Canaan
Chapters 31-34 Moses says ‘Goodbye’
1 These are the words that Moses spoke to the Israelites. They were in the desert on the east side of the Jordan river. This is the Jordan valley from where you can see Suph. It is between the towns called Paran, Tophel, Laban, Hazeroth and Dizahab. 2 (It is a journey of 11 days from Horeb to Kadesh-Barnea, past Mount Seir.) 3 Moses spoke on the first day of the 11th month, in the 40th year. He repeated to the Israelites all the words that the LORD had spoken about them.
These people are the children of the Israelites who left Egypt. They were born in the desert. They have now arrived on the east side of the River Jordan. They need to hear the Law of God before they cross the river. It will teach them how to live in Canaan.
4 This happened after Moses had beaten Sihon, king of the Amorites. Sihon ruled in the town called Heshbon. Moses had also beaten Og, the king of Bashan, at the town called Edrei. Og ruled in the town called Ashtaroth. 5 Moses began to speak on the east side of the Jordan river, in the country called Moab. He explained the Law of God. He said, 6 ‘The LORD our God said to us at Mount Horeb, “You have stayed for a long time at this mountain. 7 Pack up your tents and begin to travel. Go to the hills of the Amorites and to all the countries near to them. Go to the Jordan valley and to the hills and into the valleys. Go towards the south and to the Mediterranean coast. Go to the country called Canaan, to Lebanon and as far as the great river Euphrates. 8 Look! I have given you all this country. Go in and take it. The LORD promised to give this country to your fathers. He promised to give it to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and their children.”
Moses chose leaders.
9 At that time I, Moses, said these words to you. “I
alone cannot lead you and help you with all your troubles. 10 The LORD your God has made you as many people as the stars in the sky. 11 I pray that the LORD, the God of your fathers, will make you a thousand times as many people. And I know that he will cause many good things to happen to you. He has promised to do that. 12 But I alone cannot help you with all your
troubles and quarrels. 13 You must choose some wise men who understand you, from each of your tribes. Then I will give them authority over you.”
14 You answered me, “That is a good idea!”
15 So I chose the leaders of your tribes who were wise and good men. I gave them authority over you and made them leaders. They were leaders of 1000’s, leaders of 100’s, leaders of 50’s and leaders of 10’s. I also chose officers for each tribe. 16 And I said to your leaders at that time, “Listen to the quarrels between Israelites. Decide what is right. Do that when the quarrel is between two Israelites. Do the same thing when the quarrel is between an Israelite and a person from a foreign country. 17
Do not make a difference between important people and poor people. Listen to
both of them in a careful way. Do not be afraid of anyone. God always decides
what is right. If you cannot answer a question, bring it to me. I will listen
to you. Then I will decide what is right.” 18 So, at that time, I told
you everything that you must do.
Moses sent out men to explore.
19 Then the LORD our God told us to start our journey from Mount Horeb. So we went towards the hills of the Amorites. We walked through all that large and frightening desert that you have seen. And so we reached Kadesh-Barnea. 20 Then I said to you, “You have reached the hills of the Amorites. The LORD our God is giving this to us. 21 Look! The LORD your God has given you this country. Go in and make it your country. The LORD God of your fathers has told you to do this. Do not be afraid. Do not run away.”
22 Then all of you came to me. You said, “Let us send
some men in front of us. They can explore the country. Then they can bring back
a report to us. They can tell us the best road to travel. They can tell us
about the towns that we will come to.”
23 I thought that this was a good idea. I chose 12 men, one from each of your tribes. 24 They left and went up into the hills.
They came to the valley of Eshcol and they explored it. 25 They took some of the fruit that they found. They brought it back to us. And they reported, “The LORD our God is giving us a good country.”
The people refuse to obey the LORD.
26 But you did not want to go into the country. You refused to obey the LORD your God. 27 You spoke bad words in your tents. You said, “The LORD hates us. He led us out of Egypt to give us to the Amorites. He wanted to kill us. 28 We do not know where to go. Our friends have made us afraid. They say, ‘These people are taller and stronger than we are. The cities are large. They have walls that reach up to the sky. We even saw some descendants of Anak there.’ ”
The Israelites did not believe that God would fight for them. They were afraid, so they would not obey his words. That happened many times during the journey.
29 Then I said to you, “Do not be so frightened. Do not
be afraid of these people. 30 The LORD your God is going in front of you. He will fight for you, as he fought for you in Egypt. You watched him do it. 31 And he was with you in the desert. He carried you as a father carries his son. You saw how he carried you all the way. He carried you until you reached this place.”
32 But you did not believe in the LORD your God. 33 But he went in front of you, on your journey. He was there in a fire by night and in a cloud by day. He found places for you to put your tents. He showed you the way that you should go.
34 When the LORD heard what you said, he was angry. He made a serious promise. 35 “None of you bad men will see the good
country. I promised to give this country to your fathers. 36 Only Caleb, the son of Jephunneh will see it. I will give to him and to his family the land that he walks on. This is because he obeyed the LORD completely.”
37 The LORD became angry with me also, because of you. He said to me, “And you will not go into this country.”
Moses and his brother Aaron became angry with the people. We can read about this in Numbers 20:7-12. Moses called them rebels because they quarrelled with him. He hit the rock twice with his stick to bring water. But God had said, “Speak to the rock and water will come out of it.” So God said that Moses and Aaron could not go into the country. They had not obeyed him and the Israelites were watching.
38 “But your servant Joshua, the son of Nun, will go into
the country. You must make him strong by good words. He will lead Israel’s
people into the country. It will become their country. 39 Your
children, too, will go into the country. These children do not yet know the
difference between good and bad. You said that they would become slaves. I say
that they will go into the country. I will give it to them and it will become
their country. 40 But as for you, turn round. Begin your journey towards the desert. Travel along the road to the Red Sea.”
41 Then you answered, “We have done wrong things against the LORD. We will go and fight. We will obey the LORD our God.” So every one of you picked up his arms. You thought that you could go easily into the hills.
42 But the LORD said, “Do not go up the hill to fight. I will not be with you. Your enemies will beat you.”
43 So I repeated the LORD’s words to you, but you would not listen. You did not obey the LORD’s words. You were proud and so you marched up into the hills. 44 The Amorite people lived in those hills and they came out against you. They ran after you like a large group of bees. They attacked you and you ran down from Seir, all the way to Hormah.
Bees are insects that fly. They hurt us when they attack our
45 You came back and you wept. But the LORD did not change what he was saying. He would not listen to you. 46 And so you
stayed in Kadesh for many days. You remained there for a long time.
40 years in the desert
1 Then we turned back. We began to walk towards the desert. We went along the road to the Red Sea, as the LORD had said. For many days, we walked round the hills in Seir.
2 Then the LORD said to me, 3 “You have walked
round this hill for a long time. Now turn to the north. 4 These are my words to the Israelites, ‘You will soon go through the country that belongs to the descendants of Esau. They have the same ancestors that you have. And they live in Seir. They will be afraid of you, so be very careful.’
Esau was the brother of Jacob. They were the sons of Isaac and the grandsons of Abraham. The Israelites were the descendants of Jacob. So they must not fight the descendants of Esau. We can read about the birth of Jacob and Esau in Genesis 25:19‑27.
5 ‘Do not make them angry so that they fight against you.
I will not give any of their country to you, not even enough to put your foot
on. I have given the hills in Seir to Esau. 6 You must pay money to his descendants for the food and water that you eat and drink.
7 The LORD your God has helped you in everything that you have done. He has travelled with you through this very large desert. The LORD your God has remained with you for 40 years. He has given you everything that you needed.’ ”
Moses speaks here about the love of God for his people. He speaks many times in this book God’s love. He also teaches the Israelites to love God. If they do this, they will obey God.
8 So we went on. We passed the descendants of Esau, who live in Seir. They have the same ancestors that we have. We left the road through Arabah. This road is from Elath and Ezion-Geber. We travelled through the desert along the road to Moab.
9 Then the LORD said to me, “Do not make the men in Moab angry. Do not make them fight against you. I will not give you any part of their country. I have given Ar city to the descendants of Lot.”
Lot was another relative of Abraham. So the Israelites must not fight against his descendants. We can read about Lot in Genesis 12:4, 5.
10 Some people called the Emites once lived there. There were many of them and they were as strong and tall as the descendants of Anak. 11 Many people called the Emites and the Anakites, ‘Rephaites’. But the
people from Moab called them Emites. 12 Before this time, the people called the Horites lived in Seir, but the descendants of Esau sent them away. They killed the Horites and they lived in their country. The Israelites did the same thing to their enemies, when the LORD gave the country to them.
13 And the LORD said, “Get up now and cross the Zered Valley.” So we crossed the valley.
14 38 years had passed since we left Kadesh-Barnea. All the fighting men of that generation had died. The LORD had said that this would happen.
We can read the words of the LORD in Deuteronomy 1:35. The LORD was angry with the Israelites because they did not believe in him. They did not believe that he would beat all their enemies. They were afraid to obey him and go into Canaan.
15 The LORD himself was against them until they had all died.
16 When the last one of these fighting men had died, the LORD spoke to me. 17 This is what he said: 18 “Today you will pass
by the country called Moab at Ar. 19 You will meet the people from Ammon. Do not make them angry so that they fight against you. I will not give you any of their country. I have given it to the descendants of Lot.”
20 (This country also belonged to the Rephaites, who had lived there. But the descendants of Ammon called them Zamzummites. 21 There were many Zamzummites and they were as tall and strong as the descendants of Anak. The LORD killed them when the descendants of Ammon sent them away. Then the descendants of Ammon lived in their country. 22 The LORD had done the same thing for the descendants of Esau. They lived in Seir. The LORD killed the Horites when the descendants of Esau sent them away. The descendants of Esau still live in their country today. 23 Also, people from the island called Crete came. And they killed the Avvites. The Avvites had lived in villages as far as Gaza. But the people from Crete killed them and they lived in their country.)
24 And God said, “Now go! Cross the River Arnon. Look, I have given the country of Sihon the Amorite to you. He is the king of Heshbon and you must fight against him. You must begin to take his country. 25
Today I will begin to make all the people in the world afraid of you. They will
hear reports about you and they will be very frightened. You will cause them
The Israelites beat Sihon, king of Heshbon.
26 We were in the desert called Kedemoth when I sent a message to Sihon, king of Heshbon. We did not want to fight him. This is what I said to him: 27 “Please let us travel through your country. We will
walk along your widest road. We will not turn to the right or to the left. 28 Please sell us food to eat and water to drink. We will pay you with silver coins. Please let us walk through your country. 29 The descendants of Esau, who live in Seir, let us do this. So did the descendants of Moab who live in Ar. Then we will cross the River Jordan. We will go into the country that the LORD our God is giving to us.” 30 But Sihon, king of Heshbon, refused to let us travel through his country. He was angry with us and he would not listen. The LORD your God caused that to happen. He wanted to give the country of Sihon to you. And he has now done that.
31 The LORD said to me, “Look! I have begun to give Sihon and his country to you. Now you must begin to fight him and to take his country.”
32 Then Sihon and all his army came out to fight against
us at Jahaz. 33 The LORD our God gave him to us and we beat him in the fight. We killed Sihon and his sons and his whole army. 34 At that time
we took all his towns and destroyed them completely. We killed men, women and
children. We left no one alive. 35 But we kept the animals and the good
things from every town for ourselves. 36 The LORD our God gave us every town. He gave us all the towns from Aroer, on the edge of the Arnon Valley, all the way to Gilead. He gave us the town in the middle of the Arnon Valley. No town was too strong for us. 37 But you obeyed the word of the LORD our God. You did not go near the country called Ammon. You did not go near the land by the River Jabbok. Neither did you go near the land round any of the towns in the hills.
The Israelites beat Og, king of Bashan.
1 Then we turned and went up, along the road towards
Bashan. Og, king of Bashan, marched out to fight against us. He brought his
whole army with him to Edrei. 2 But the LORD said to me, “Do not be afraid of him. I have given him to you with his whole army and his country. You must do to Og as you did to Sihon. Sihon was king of the Amorites and he lived in Heshbon.”
3 So the LORD our God also gave Og, king of Bashan, and all his army to us. We killed them and we left no one alive. 4 At that
time, we marched into all of his cities. He had 60 cities and we marched into
all of them. This was all the land called Argob in Bashan, where King Og ruled.
5 Every city had high walls and gates, which the people locked. There
were also very many villages without walls. 6 We destroyed them
completely, as we had done to the cities of Sihon, king of Heshbon. We
destroyed every city and killed all the men, women and children. 7 But
we kept all the animals and the good things from the cities for ourselves.
8 So, at that time, we marched into the countries of these two kings of the Amorites. This country was east of the River Jordan, from the River Arnon to Mount Hermon. 9 (The people from Sidon call Mount Hermon, Sirion. The Amorites call it Senir.) 10 We marched into
all of the towns in the high, flat land and the whole of Gilead. We marched
into all of Bashan, as far as Salecah and Edrei. These are towns in the country
of Og, in Bashan. 11 (Only Og, king of Bashan, from the descendants of the Rephaites was still alive. He had an iron bed. It was more than 4 metres long and 2 metres wide. This bed is still in Rabbah, a town that belongs to the people from Ammon.)
Moses divides the country.
12 When we marched into the country, I gave certain parts to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. I gave them the land north of Aroer by the River Arnon. This included one half of the hills and the towns in Gilead. 13 The other half of Gilead I gave to one half of the tribe of Manasseh. I also gave to them Bashan, the country that Og had ruled. (All the country of Argob in Bashan had been called the country of the Rephaites.) 14 A man called Jair, of the tribe of Manasseh, marched into all the land round Argob. He reached the edges of Geshur and Maacah. Then he gave his own name to that land. To this day, Bashan is called Havvoth-Jair. 15 And I gave Gilead to Machir, from the tribe of Manasseh. 16 But to the tribes of Reuben and Gad, I gave land from Gilead to the middle of the River Arnon. Their land is as far as the River Jabbok, where the country of the people from Ammon begins. 17 The edge of their land on the west was the River Jordan. This is from Arabah and Chinnereth to the Salt Sea, below Mount Pisgah.
18 At that time I said to you, “The LORD your God has given this land to you, for you to live in it. But all your fighting men, with their arms, must cross the River Jordan. You must go over before the other descendants of Israel. 19 But your wives, your children and your animals can stay
in your towns. (I know that you have many animals.) 20 You must travel with the other Israelites until the LORD gives them rest. He has already given rest to you. The other Israelites must march into the country which the LORD your God is giving to them. This is the country across the Jordan. Then you can return to the land that I have given to you.”
The countries of Og and Bashan were not in Canaan. But the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh returned to live there, many years after this.
God tells Moses that he cannot cross the River Jordan.
21 At that time, I commanded Joshua, “You have seen with your own eyes everything that the LORD your God has done to these two kings. The LORD will do the same thing to the countries of all the kings where you are going. 22 Do not be afraid of them. The LORD your God himself will fight for you.”
23 At that time, I asked the LORD, again and again: 24 “LORD my God! I am your servant. You are showing me how great and how strong you are. There is no other god in heaven or on earth as great as you are. No other god can do the great things that you do. 25 Please let me go over
the River Jordan! Please let me see the good country, the hills, the mountains
26 But the LORD was angry with me, because of you. He would not listen to me. He said, “That is enough! Do not speak to me any more about this thing. 27 Go up to the top of Mount Pisgah. Look west and north and south and east. Look at the country with your own eyes, because you will not cross this River Jordan. 28 Now you must tell Joshua what to
do. Give him help. Teach him to be brave. He will lead Israel’s people over the
river. He will be the leader in the fight against their enemies. Together they
will march into the country that you are going to look at.” 29 So we
stayed in the valley near Beth-Peor.
Moses tells the Israelites to remember God’s Rules.
1 Listen, Israel’s people, to the rules and decrees that I am going to teach you. If you obey them, you will live. You will march into the country and then it will belong to you. This is the country that the LORD, the God of your fathers, is giving to you. 2 Do not put anything new into these rules and do not remove anything from them. But obey the rules of the LORD your God that I am giving to you.
3 You saw with your own eyes what the LORD did at Baal-Peor. The LORD your God killed every one of you who obeyed Baal there.
At Shittim in the country called Moab, the men of Israel had sex with the women from Moab. These women taught the Israelites to kill animals for their own gods. The Israelites ate meals with the people from Moab and they obeyed Baal, the god of Peor. God was very angry. He told Moses to kill all the leaders of the Israelites. They had taught the Israelites to do bad things. We can read about this in Numbers 25:1-9.
4 But every one of you who obeyed the rules of the LORD your God is still alive today.
5 Look! I have taught you the decrees and rules as the LORD my God told me to. Now you must obey them when you go into your country.
Every time that Moses says ‘your country’, he is speaking about Canaan. God had promised to give that country to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. We can read about this promise in Genesis 15:18.
6 Obey them carefully. They will show people in other
countries that you understand right and good ways. These people will hear about
all your rules. Then they will say, “These great people really do understand
right and good ways.” 7 But the LORD our God is always near to us when we pray to him. It is not like that for the people in other countries. 8 And people from other countries do not have the good rules that you have in this Law. This is the Law that I am putting in front of you today.
9 But be careful. Always think about what you do. Do not
forget the things that your eyes have seen. Remember these things for as long
as you live. Tell your children and your grandchildren about the things that
God has done. 10 Remember when you stood in front of the LORD your God at Mount Horeb. He said to me, “Bring all the people to me to hear what I say. Then they will learn to think and speak well about me. They will do this as long as they live in their country. And they will teach my words to their children.” 11 You came and stood at the edge of the mountain. You saw
that it was on fire. The sky was full of black clouds and there was no light. 12 Then from the fire, the LORD spoke to you. You heard him speak but you did not see any shape. There was only a voice. 13 He explained to you his 10 special rules and he wrote them on two flat pieces of stone. He commanded you to obey them. 14 At that time, the LORD told me to teach you all his rules. When you cross the River Jordan, you must obey his rules in your new country.
God says that the Israelites must not have false gods
15 You did not see any shape at all when the LORD spoke to you from the fire. So you must be very careful about everything that you do. 16 Do not change to do very bad things. Do not make a false god for
yourselves, because that is wrong. Do not copy the shape of a man or a woman, 17
or the shape of any animal or bird.
18 Do not copy the shape of anything that moves along the
ground. Do not copy the shape of any fish that swims in the water. 19 When you look up at the sky, you see the sun, the moon and the stars. They are all shining in the sky. But do not worship them. They are things that the LORD your God has given to everyone on the earth. 20 But you are different. The LORD took you out of Egypt, which was like a place of fire. He took you out, to be his own people. Now you belong to him because he has chosen you.
21 The LORD was angry with me, because of you. He told me again and again that I would not cross the River Jordan. I cannot go into the good country that the LORD your God is giving to you. 22 I will
die in this country. I will not cross the River Jordan. But you will soon cross
over and God will give to you that good country. 23 Be careful! Do not forget the covenant that the LORD your God made with you. Do not make for yourselves a false god in any shape. The LORD says that you must never do that. 24 That is because the love of the LORD your God is like a burning fire. He cannot let you go away from him. He cannot let you love another god.
25 Even when you have lived in the country for many years, be careful. Do not start to do wrong things. When you have children and grandchildren, do not make a false god in any shape. This would make the LORD your God angry. 26 I want everyone on earth and in heaven to hear what I am saying against you today. If you do not obey me, you will soon die. You will not live long in your country across the River Jordan. The LORD will let people from other countries kill you. 27 He will send you away to live in other countries. Only a few of you will stay alive in the countries where the LORD sends you. 28 There you will obey gods that men have made out
of wood and stone. These gods cannot see or hear. They cannot use their mouths
or their noses. 29 But even then, if you look for the LORD your God, you will find him. You must really want to find him. If you do, you will certainly find him. 30 When trouble happens to you in future days, you
will return to him. When all these bad things have happened to you, you will
obey him again.
31 This is because the LORD your God is kind and good. He will not leave you or kill you. He will not forget the promise that he made to your ancestors This is a serious promise and God will not forget it.
The LORD is God.
32 Ask me now about the things that happened many years
ago. Ask about the days before you were alive. Ask how God made men and women
on the earth. Ask people from every country in the world. Nothing as great as
this has ever happened. People have never heard of anything like this. 33 Only you, the Israelites, have heard the voice of God and have not died. You have heard him speaking to you from the fire. And you have still lived! 34 No other god has tried to take one special nation for himself out of another country. The LORD your God did this for you in Egypt. You saw how he used his powerful authority there. He brought bad troubles and war. He did great and frightening things in Egypt.
35 The LORD has shown you all these things. They show you that he is the only God. There is no other God. 36 God let you hear
his voice. He spoke to you so that he could teach you. Here on earth he let you
see his great fire. He spoke to you from that fire. 37 He brought you out of Egypt because he loved your ancestors. He chose you, their descendants, and he brought you out of Egypt. He did this by himself. He is great and powerful. 38 He sent away the people of other countries who are greater
and stronger than you. He sent them away in front of you. He did this to give
you their country. This country now belongs to you.
39 Remember today and never forget that the LORD is God. He is God in the sky above you and on the earth below it. There is no other God. 40 Obey his decrees and his rules that I am giving you today. If you do that, everything will be well for you and for your children after you. You will continue to live in your country. The LORD your God is giving it to you for all time.’
41 Then Moses chose three special cities to the east of
the River Jordan. 42 These were safe places for any person who killed
another person. But only if he did not want to kill him. If the killer was not
the enemy of the man, the killer could run into one of the cities. There he
would be safe from death. 43 Moses chose Bezer, in the flat desert, for the tribe of Reuben. He chose Ramoth, in Gilead, for the tribe of Gad. And he chose Golan, in Bashan, for the tribe of Manasseh.
Moses teaches the Law to the Israelites.
44 This is the Law that Moses explained to the Israelites. 45 These are the rules, the decrees and the commands. Moses explained them to the Israelites when they left Egypt. 46 At that time they were in the valley, near to Beth-Peor. That is east of the River Jordan. This was the country of Sihon, king of the Amorites. He ruled in Heshbon. Moses and the Israelites beat him when they came out of Egypt. 47 They marched into his country, which then became their own country. They also marched into the country of Og, king of Bashan. These two kings of the Amorites lived east of the River Jordan. 48 This country was from Aroer, on the edge of the River Arnon, to Mount Sion (that is Mount Hermon). 49 This country included all the land east of the River Jordan. To the south, it was to the Dead Sea and to Mount Pisgah.
Chapters 5 6 and 7 - Moses teaches and explains again the 10 special rules
that God gave him.
God’s 10 special rules
1 Moses called all the Israelites together and said, ‘Listen, Israelites, to the rules that I explain to you today. You can hear what I am saying. Learn the rules and obey them. 2 The LORD our God made a special promise to us at Horeb. 3 He did not make this promise
to our fathers. He made it to us, to all of us who are alive here today. 4 The LORD turned his face toward your faces and he spoke to you. He spoke out of the fire on the mountain. 5 (At that time, I stood between the LORD and you. I repeated the LORD’s words to you. You were afraid of the fire, so you did not go up the mountain.) And God said:
6 “I am the LORD your God. I brought you out of Egypt, the country where you were slaves.
7 You will have no other gods except Me.
8 You will not make a false god for yourself. Do not make
the shape of anything that is in the sky above nor on the earth beneath. Do not
make the shape of anything that lives in the water. 9 You must not bend down to them or obey them. I, the LORD your God, love you with a powerful love. I cannot let you love any other god. I punish children because of the bad things that their fathers have done. I do this to the grandchildren and to their children of everyone who hates me. 10 But I show my love to
thousands (1000s) of families who love me. These families will obey me.
11 You must not use the name of the LORD your God in a wrong way. The LORD will not excuse anyone who does this.
12 Always make the Sabbath day a special day, as the LORD your God has told you. 13 Work hard for 6 days and do all the necessary
work. 14 But the 7th day is a day for rest which the LORD your God has given to you. On that day, you must not do any work. Neither will your children work, nor your servants, nor your animals, nor people from other countries who live with you. Your servants must rest in the same way as you rest. 15 You must remember that you were slaves in Egypt. But I, the LORD your God, brought you out by my powerful authority. So the LORD your God has told you to make the Sabbath day a special day.
16 Always be very kind to your father and mother, as the LORD your God has told you. If you do that, you will have a long life. Also, your life will be good and happy in the country that God is giving to you.
17 You must not kill anyone because you are angry with
him. That is murder.
18 You must not have sex with the wife or husband of
19 You must not take another person’s things.
20 You must not say things that are not true about
21 You must not want another man’s wife. You must not
want the house or the field of another person. You must not want his slaves or
his animals or anything that is his.”
22 These are the rules that the LORD spoke in a loud voice to you. You were all there. He spoke from the mountain, from the middle of a great fire. There was a cloud, but there was no light. He spoke only these words. Then he wrote them on two flat stones and he gave them to me.
23 There was no light when you heard the voice of God.
The mountain burned with fire. Then your leaders and your older men came to me.
24 And they said, “The LORD our God has shown us how powerful and how special he is. We have seen how great he is and we have heard his voice from the fire. This is what we have seen today: A man can live, even if God speaks to him. 25 But now, we do not want to die. This great fire will kill
us. We will die if we continue to hear the voice of our God. 26 No
other person has ever heard the voice of God and lived. We heard him speak out
of the fire. And we are still alive! 27 Please go near to the LORD our God. Listen to all that he says. Then tell us what he tells you. We will listen and obey.”
28 The LORD heard what you said to me. He answered, “I have heard what these Israelites said to you. All that they said was good. 29
I really want them to obey me and to love my rules always! If they do that,
everything will always be well for them and for their children. 30 Now tell them to return to their tents. 31 But I want you to stay here with me. I will give you all the rules and decrees that you must teach to the people. I will give this country to them so that they can keep it. But they must obey all these rules when they are living in that country.”
32 So you must be careful to obey the LORD your God. You must not refuse any of his rules.
33 You must live as the LORD your God says. If you do that, you will live for many years in your own country. You will enjoy all your good work.
Love the LORD your God!
1 These are all the rules. The LORD your God told me to teach them to you. You must obey them when you live in your own country across the River Jordan. 2 You and your children and your grandchildren must be afraid to make the LORD your God angry. You must obey all his rules as long as you live. If you do that, you will enjoy a long life. 3 Listen, Israelites! Be careful to obey God’s rules. If you do that, everything will be well for you. Your groups of families will become very large, in a country full of good food and drink. The LORD, the God of your fathers, promised that this will happen.
4 Listen, Israelites! The LORD our God is one LORD. 5 Love the LORD your God with all of your mind and your thoughts. Make him the most important person in your lives. Think about him every day. 6
Remember with love all these rules that I give to you today. 7 Teach
them and explain them every day to your children. Talk about them when you sit
at home. Talk about them when you walk along the road. Repeat them when you lie
down. Repeat them when you get up. 8 Tie them like signs on your hands
and round your heads. 9 Write them over the doors of your houses and on
The parents must teach their children to love God. If they do
that, the children will learn to obey him.
10 The LORD your God is bringing you into the country that he promised to your fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. This country has large, busy cities that you did not build. 11 There are houses there full of good things that you did not put into them. There are wells of water that you did not dig. There are fields of grapes and olives that you did not plant. You can eat as much as you want. 12 But be careful that you do not forget the LORD. He brought you out of Egypt where you were slaves.
13 You must be afraid to make the LORD your God angry. And you must obey him only. Make all your promises by his authority. 14
Do not obey the other gods of the people who live round you. 15 The LORD your God lives among you. It is very important to him that you love only him. You must not love other gods. If you do love them, you will make him very angry with you. And then he will kill you. That will happen if you obey other gods. 16 Do not make the LORD your God angry with you as you did at Massah. 17 Be careful! Obey the rules of the LORD your God. Obey all that he says to you. 18 Do what is right and good. And give pleasure to the LORD. If you do that, all will be well with you. And you will be able to go into the good country. The LORD promised this country to your ancestors. 19 He will
help you to beat all your enemies, as he has said.
20 Some day your son may say to you, “The LORD our God has given you all these rules and decrees. But what do they mean?” 21 Then you must tell him this: “We were slaves of Pharaoh in Egypt. But the LORD is very powerful and he brought us out of Egypt. 22 We watched him do
great and powerful things to Egypt. And he did them to Pharaoh and to the
people who lived in his house. 23 But the LORD brought us out of Egypt. He led us into this country and he gave it to us. He did this because he made a serious promise to our ancestors. 24 The LORD told us that we should obey all these rules. If you do that, we will always do well. And we will continue to live. This is happening to us today. 25 We must be careful to obey all the rules of the LORD our God. When we do this, we become good people. Everything that we do will be right.”
What they should do when God brings them into the country
1 The LORD your God is bringing you into the country that will be your country. He will send away many people from other countries, in front of you. There are seven nations that are larger and stronger than you are. They are the Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites. 2 When the LORD your God has given them to you, you will beat them. Then you must kill them completely. Make no promises to them and do not be kind to them. 3 You must not marry any of these
people. Do not let your daughters marry their sons. Do not take their daughters
to marry your sons. 4 This is because they will turn your sons away from God’s rules. Then your sons will begin to obey other gods. The LORD will be very angry with you and he will quickly kill you. 5 This is what you must do to the people of these countries. Break the stone tables where they offer animals to their gods. Cut down the very tall sticks there that they have used to worship their gods. Burn their false gods in a fire. 6 Do this because you are special people. You belong to the LORD your God. He has chosen you out of everyone who lives on the earth. You are his own people and he loves you very much.
7 The LORD loved you and chose you. This was not because you were the largest nation on the earth. No, you were only a few people, the smallest nation on the earth. 8 But it was because the LORD loved you. And he wanted his promise to your ancestors to become true. So he saved you by his powerful authority and he brought you out of Egypt. Then he made you free from the power of Pharaoh, when you were Pharaoh’s slaves. 9 Remember that the LORD your God is the only God. You can always believe in him. He has made a promise to all those who love him.
If they obey him, he will love them and all their children for
thousands (1000s) of years. 10 But,
he will kill those who hate him;
he will not be slow to punish them.
11 So be careful! Obey all the rules that I am teaching
12 Listen to these rules and obey them. If you do that, the LORD your God will continue to love you. He promised your ancestors that he would do this. 13 He will love you and he will stay with you always. He will give you many children and he will be with your babies. He will make good food grow in your fields. He will give you plenty of food and drink. He will be with all your animals and give you many cows and sheep. He will do this in the country that he is giving to you. He made this promise to your ancestors. 14 God will make you greater than anyone else on the earth.
You will all have children and none of your animals will be without young
animals. 15 The LORD will give you good health. He will not send to you any of the bad illnesses from Egypt that you knew about. He will send these illnesses to people who hate you. 16 You must kill the people in every nation that the LORD your God gives to you. Do not be kind to them and do not obey their gods. They will only make you rebel against your God.
17 Perhaps you will say to each other, “The people in these nations are stronger than we are. We cannot send them away.” 18 But do not be afraid of them. You must remember what the LORD your God did to Pharaoh and to all the people from Egypt. 19 You saw it all with your own eyes. You saw the great troubles, the strange and powerful things that happened there. And you saw the LORD your God bring you out with great authority. He will do this again to all the people that make you afraid. 20 Also, the LORD your God will send cruel insects among these people. Even those people who hide from you will die. 21 Do not let anyone frighten you. The LORD your God is among you. He is a great and powerful God. 22 The LORD your God will send away the people from those nations, one at a time. He will not let you kill them immediately. If he did that, wild animals would soon fill the country round you. 23 But the LORD your God will give all the people in these nations to you. He will confuse them completely and he will kill them. 24 He will give their kings to you and no one will remember
them any more. No one will be able to beat you. You will kill them all. 25 You must burn their false gods in a fire. You must not want to keep the silver and gold on the gods. The LORD your God hates it. So do not take it for yourselves because it will cause trouble for you. 26 Do not bring
anything that God hates into your house. If you do, he will put a mark on you,
to destroy both you and the bad thing. God has said that he will destroy it. So
you must hate it also.
Moses talks about the careful love of God during 40 years.
1 Be careful! Obey every rule that I am giving to you today. If you do that, you will live. And you will have many children. You will be able to go into the country. It will become your country. This is the country that the LORD your God promised to your ancestors. 2 Remember how the LORD your God led you all the way in the desert. He led you for 40 years and he sent many troubles to you. He did that for three reasons. He wanted to make you humble. He wanted to know whether you would obey him. And he wanted to know whether you would believe all his words. 3 He caused you to be hungry and then he fed you with special food called manna. Neither you nor your fathers had eaten this food before. By this, he taught you that a man does not live only on bread. A man also needs every word that God speaks to him. These words will teach him how to live a good life.
In Exodus 16:4, 5 we can read how God sent the manna. This was special bread from God’s home that fell like rain on to the desert for 6 mornings every week. On the 6th morning, the Israelites picked up twice as much. This was because God sent no manna on the Sabbath day.
4 Your clothes did not become too old to wear. Your feet
did not become too painful to walk on during all those 40 years. 5 So you can certainly know that the LORD your God is teaching you. And he is punishing you when you do the wrong things. He is doing that in the same way that a man teaches his son to do the right things.
6 Obey the rules of the LORD your God. Always do the things that will give him pleasure. Think about him all the time. 7 Do this because the LORD your God is bringing you into a good country. It is a country with many streams and pools of water. There is water that runs in the valleys and in the hills. 8 It is a country full of good food that
grows in the fields. A lot of fruit is hanging on the trees. 9 It is a
country where there is enough bread for everyone. You will have everything that
you need. It is a country where the stones are full of iron. You can dig other
metals out of the hills.
10 You can eat all the food that you want. Then remember to thank the LORD your God. He has given you this good country. 11 Be careful that you do not forget the LORD your God. Always remember to obey all his rules and decrees. I am giving them to you today. 12 In a future
time, you will have all the food that you can eat. You will build beautiful
houses to live in. 13 You will have many cows and sheep and a lot of gold and silver. You will have more and more things that are yours. 14 Then be careful! You may begin to think too well about yourselves. Then you will forget the LORD your God. He brought you out of Egypt, where you were slaves. 15 He led you through the large and frightening desert. There was no water to drink. The desert was full of dangerous snakes and insects. He made water rise out of a hard rock for you. 16 He gave manna to you to eat in the desert. That was something that your fathers never saw. He sent difficulties to you. He did that for two reasons. He wanted to make you humble. And he wanted to know whether you would obey him. He did those things because he wants to do good things for you in the end. 17 Perhaps you
will say to yourself, “I have got all these good things by myself because I am
strong!” 18 But you must always remember the LORD your God. It is he who is helping you to get many good things. He wants to do the good things that he promised to your ancestors. And that is what is happening today. 19 Do not ever forget the LORD your God. Do not look at other gods. Do not give things to them and do not worship them. If you do that, God will certainly kill you. That is what I am telling you today. 20 As the LORD killed the people in other nations, because of you, so he will kill you. This will happen if you do not obey the LORD your God.’
Moses remembers the bad things about Israel’s people.
1 Moses said, ‘Listen, Israelites! You will soon cross the River Jordan. You will march into your country. You will send away people in many nations who are stronger than you are. They are more powerful and they have large cities with very high walls. 2 The people there are strong
and tall. They are called Anakites! You know about them. You have heard people
say, “No one can beat the Anakites.” 3 But you can be sure today that the LORD your God goes across in front of you. He is like a burning fire. He will destroy your enemies. He will make them do what he says. And you will send them away and remove them quickly. The LORD has promised that this will happen.
4 After the LORD your God has driven them away in front of you, be careful! Do not say to yourself, “The LORD has brought me into this country because I am doing right things.” No, it is because these people are doing wrong things. That is why the LORD will send them away from you. 5 It is not because you are doing right things. It is not because you always obey God. This is not the reason that God will give their country to you. The LORD your God will send them away from you because they are doing wrong things. So he will do what he promised to your ancestors, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. 6 You must understand this. The LORD your God is not giving you this good country because you are doing right things. No, you really think too well about yourselves. You do not like to obey God. You want to do things that give you pleasure.
The young cow that the people made from gold
7 You must never forget how you made the LORD your God angry in the desert. You have failed to obey the LORD. From the day when you left Egypt, until today, you have not obeyed him. 8 When you were at Mount Horeb you made the LORD angry. He was angry enough to kill you. 9 I climbed the mountain to receive the two flat stones from the LORD. On these stones the LORD had written the promise that he had made with you. I stayed with him for 40 days and nights. During those days, I did not eat or drink anything. 10 Then the LORD gave the two flat stones to me. He had written all his rules on the stones with his own finger. The LORD told you these rules, when he spoke from the fire. This was on the day when you all came together to the mountain.
11 After the 40 days and nights, the LORD gave to me the stones with the promise. 12 Then the LORD said to me, “Go down the mountain immediately! The people that you led out of Egypt have become very bad. They have already refused to obey my rules and they have made a false god for themselves.”
13 And the LORD said to me, “I know that these people do not like to obey me. They want to do things that give them pleasure. 14 Do not try to stop me. I will kill them and no one on the earth will remember them. Then I will make you into a nation that is stronger and larger than they are.”
15 So I turned and I went down the mountain. It was
burning with fire and the two stones with the promise were in my hands. 16 I looked at you. I saw that you had sinned. You had made a false god for yourselves in the shape of a young cow. You had already refused to obey the LORD. 17 So I threw the two flat stones on the ground. They broke in
pieces in front of you.
18 Then again I fell down on my face, in front of the LORD, for 40 days and nights. I did not eat or drink anything. You had sinned. You had refused to obey the LORD. You had made him very angry. 19 I was afraid because the LORD was so angry. He was angry enough with you to kill you. But again the LORD listened to me. 20 The LORD was also angry enough with my brother Aaron, to kill him. But at that time, I prayed for Aaron also.
21 Then I took that sinful thing that you had made. I took that young cow made from gold. I burned it in the fire and I broke it in pieces. Then I broke it into powder and threw the powder into a stream from the mountain.
22 You also made the LORD angry at Taberah, at Massah and at Kibroth-Hattaavah.
23 Then, when the LORD sent you out from Kadesh-Barnea, he said, “March into the country that I have given you.” But you refused to obey the words of the LORD your God. You did not believe in him or obey him. 24 You have refused to obey the LORD ever since I have known you.
25 So I lay on my face in front of the LORD for those 40 days and nights. He had said that he would kill you. 26 So I prayed to the LORD. I said, “LORD our King, do not kill your people! They are really your people, because you saved them by your powerful authority. You are so strong that you brought them out of Egypt. 27 Remember your servants, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Please forgive your people who have not obeyed you. 28 For if you do not forgive them, the people in Egypt will say, ‘The LORD was not strong enough to take them into their country. He had promised to do this. But he took them into the desert to kill them. He did this because he hated them!’ 29 But they are your people and they belong to you. You are so
strong and powerful that you brought them out.”
The new stones
1 At that time, the LORD said to me, “Cut out two new flat stones. Also, make a box from wood and then come up to me, on the mountain. 2 I will write on these stones the words that I wrote on the
first stones. You broke the first stones, but you must put the new stones into
3 So I made an ark from special wood and I cut two new flat stones. Then I went up the mountain. I was carrying the stones. 4 The LORD wrote on the stones the words that he had written before. He wrote the same 10 special rules that he gave you before. He did this on the mountain, when he spoke from the fire. This happened on the day when you came together to the mountain. And the LORD gave the stones to me. 5 Then I came down from the mountain. I put the stones into the special box, the ark that I had made. The LORD told me to do that. And they are still there now.’
6 (The Israelites travelled to Moserah from the wells that belonged to the descendants of Jaakan. Aaron died there and they buried him. Then Eleazar, his son, became priest instead. 7 Then they
travelled on to Gudgodah and Jotbathah, a country where there are many streams
of water. 8 At that time, the LORD chose the tribe of Levi to carry the ark. He chose them to be his special servants. They had to tell the Israelites that God was always near to them. They still do this today. 9 That is why the Levites do not have any land. The LORD told them that they would always be nearer to him than the other Israelites. He would give them work to do for him. And he would give them everything that they needed. So they would not need any land.)
10 ‘I stayed on the mountain for 40 days and nights, as I did the first time. The LORD listened to me again. He did not want to kill you. 11 And the LORD said to me, “Go, and lead the people on their journey. Then they can go into the country and make it their country. They can do this because I made a promise to their fathers that I would give it to them.”
Obey the LORD always.
12 And now, Israelites, this is what the LORD your God asks you to do. You should always be afraid to make him angry. You should live to give pleasure to him. Be happy, as you love him! Be happy, as you work for him! 13 And you should obey his rules and decrees that I am giving to you today. If you do that, you will do well.
14 The whole of the sky, far beyond what you can see, belongs to the LORD your God. The earth and everything that is in it, also belongs to him. 15 But the LORD loved your ancestors so much that he chose you. You are their children. He chose you from the people of all other countries and you belong to him today. 16 So you must obey the LORD and no other gods. Do not still refuse to obey him. 17 For the LORD your God is greater than all other gods. He is stronger than every other authority. He is very great and very powerful. He is fair to everyone. And everything that he does is completely right. 18 He is very kind to women whose husbands
have died. He is very kind to children who have no fathers. They need his help
and he loves them. He loves people who are living in a foreign country. He
gives them the things that they need. 19 You too must love strangers,
because once, you were strangers in Egypt. 20 Always be ready to obey the LORD your God as his servants. Stay near to him and make your promises by his authority. 21 Tell God how great and important he is. He is your
God. He did great and powerful things for you, which you saw with your own
eyes. 22 Only 70 of your ancestors went down to Egypt. Now the LORD your God has made you as many as the stars in the sky!
Jacob (Israel) was living in the country called Canaan, when
God spoke to him. God told Jacob and his family to go to Egypt to live. But he
promised to bring them out again. They would come back to Canaan one day.
We can read about this in Genesis 46:2- 4.
Love and obey the LORD.
1 Love the LORD your God always. Obey all his rules and decrees and everything that he commands you. 2 Remember this today! Your children have not seen all the great things that God has done. He can punish people so that they learn not to do the wrong things. You saw that he can do that. You saw his great and powerful authority. You saw how special and important he is. No one can ever beat him. 3 You saw the things that
God did to Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and to all his people. They were not usual
things, but powerful things. 4 You saw it when God removed the whole
army of Egypt, with all their horses. They were marching quickly to catch you.
But God caused them to drown in the Red Sea. 5 Your children did not see all the things that the LORD did for you in the desert. But he brought you to this place. 6 Your children did not see what he did to Dathan and Abiram. These men were sons of Eliab, from the tribe of Reuben. God caused the earth to open up, in front of everyone. These men fell into the hole with all their families, their tents and their animals. 7 It was you, not
your children. It was you who saw God do all these great things.
The country called Canaan is not like Egypt.
8 Now you must obey all the rules that I give to you
today. If you do that, you will be strong and brave. You will cross the River
Jordan and you will march into the country. Then it will become your country.9 You will live for a long time in this country. The LORD promised your ancestors that he would give it to you. It is a country where there is enough very good food and drink for everyone. 10 This country is not like
Egypt, where you lived before. There, when you planted seeds, you had to give
them water to make them grow. 11 But the country into which you will go
has mountains and valleys. These receive rain that God gives. 12 The LORD your God is always kind to this country. He watches it every day of the year.
13 So you must obey the rules that I am giving to you today. I tell you to love the LORD your God. Work for him and obey him. And you must really want to do that! 14 If you do that, he will send rain
on your country at the right time, in autumn and in spring. Then you can take
home the food and the fruit that will grow in your fields.
15 God will make grass grow in your fields for your cows.
And you will have all the food that you want.
Most plants in the country called Canaan need two seasons of
rain. It rained in the autumn and it rained in the spring. Other countries may
need rain at a different season.
Remember all God’s words.
16 But be careful! Do not let anything cause you to forget the LORD. If something does that, you will begin to think about other gods. Then you will obey them.
17 If you do that, the LORD will be very angry with you. He will not send the rain and nothing will grow from the ground. Then you will soon die in the good country that the LORD is giving to you.
18 Keep my words always in your minds. Write them on
pieces of cotton and then tie them on to your hands. Tie them round your heads
also. Then they will be like signs for you and you will remember them. 19
Teach my words to your children. Talk about them when you sit in your house.
Talk about them when you walk along the road. Talk about them when you go to
your bed. Talk about them when you get up. 20 Write them above the
doors of your house and on your gates. 21 If you do that, you and your descendants will live in the country for a long time. You will continue to live there while there is a sky above the earth.
22 Be careful! Every day, you must obey the rules that I
am giving to you. These are the rules:
Love the LORD your God.
Do everything that he commands you.
Stay close to him.
23 If you do that, the LORD will fight on your behalf. He will send away the people in all these nations as you go into this country. You will send away people from nations that are larger and stronger than you. 24 Every place on which you walk will be yours. All the country from the desert to Lebanon will be yours. And all the country from the River Euphrates to the Mediterranean Sea will be yours. 25 God will not let anyone stop you. The LORD your God has made a promise to you: He will cause everyone to be afraid of you, everywhere that you go.
26 Today I am telling you to choose. God can cause either
good things or bad things to happen to you. 27 Good things will happen if you obey these rules from the LORD your God. 28 And bad things will
happen if you do not obey these rules. Then you will go away from God. You will
obey gods that you do not know. 29 The LORD will bring you into the country that will be yours. Then you must pronounce these things with a loud, serious voice. Pronounce the good things from Mount Gerizim and the bad things from Mount Ebal. 30 You know that these mountains are west of the River Jordan. They are in the country of the Canaanites who live in the Jordan valley. They are not far from the great trees at Moreh, near to Gilgal. 31 Soon you will cross the River Jordan. Soon you will take for yourself the country that the LORD is giving to you. When this happens, you will begin to live there. 32 Then be careful and remember! You must obey all the rules and decrees that I am giving to you today.
God will choose one special place for worship.
1 These are the rules and decrees that you must obey. Be careful! You must obey them in the country that the LORD has given to you. You must obey them all the time that you live there. 2 You must destroy completely all the places where the people in other nations pray to their gods. You will find these places on high mountains. You will find them on hills and under large trees. 3 You must break the tables and the things that they have
made from stones for their gods. You must burn their special tall sticks and
you must cut down their false gods. And you must remove the names of those gods
from these places.
4 Do not pray to the LORD your God as these people pray to their gods. 5 But you must look for the special place that the LORD your God will choose. He will stay there and that place will be his place. You must go to that place 6 to bring your burnt-offerings and other gifts to God. There you must bring one thing from every 10 things that God gives to you. And you must bring the gifts that you lift up to the LORD. So you will bring the things that you have promised and also any extra gifts. Bring the first cows and sheep that are born, too. 7 You and your families will eat and be happy there. You will be with the LORD your God. You will enjoy all your work because the LORD your God will stay near to you.
8 When that time happens, you must live in a different
way. Today, everyone is doing the things that he likes. 9 You have not yet reached the country where you can rest. This is the country that the LORD is giving you. 10 But you will cross the River Jordan and begin to live
in that country. He will give you rest from all your enemies round you. You
will be safe. 11 Then the LORD your God will choose one special place. You must pray to him there. Bring to him everything that I have told you. You must bring your animals to kill and burn as gifts to God. Bring your other gifts to God. You must bring one thing from every 10 things that God gives to you. And you must bring the gifts that you lift up to the LORD. And bring the valuable things that you have promised to the LORD. Bring everything to the place that God will choose. 12 And there you will all be happy, with the LORD your God, you, your children and your servants. Also the Levites from your towns will have no land, but they will still be happy. 13 Be careful! Do not offer your burnt-offerings in any place that you choose. 14 You must only offer your burnt-offerings in the place that the LORD will choose. This will be in the land that belongs to one of your tribes. When you are there, you must obey all my words.
15 But you can kill and eat your animals in any of your towns. You can eat as much meat as you want. The LORD gives it to you. People who are obeying God can eat it. But people who have not yet made themselves ready for God can eat it also. 16 But you must not eat the blood. You
must pour it on the ground like water. 17 Do not eat any of your gifts to the LORD in the places where you live. Do not eat there the gifts of one thing out of every 10 things of your food and drink. Do not eat there the first cows or sheep that are born. Do not eat there the valuable things that you have promised to the LORD or your extra gifts to him. And do not eat there the gifts that you lift up to the LORD. 18 Instead, you must eat these things in front of the LORD your God. This will be in the place that he chooses. You and all your family, your servants and the Levites will be very happy. This is because the LORD is very near to you. You will be very happy about everything that you do. 19 Be careful never to forget the Levites, all the time that you live in your country.
The Levites were the special servants of God. They did not have any land. So the Israelites must give to the Levites some of the food that they had offered to God. The Israelites must always remember to do this. They must give to the Levites whatever the Levites needed.
20 The LORD your God has promised to give you more and more land. When he does this, you may be very hungry. Perhaps you will say, “I would like some meat.” If you think that, you can eat meat. You can eat as much meat as you want. 21 The place that God has chosen may be too far away from you. If it is, you can kill an animal. And you can eat meat at home. The LORD has given your animals to you. I have told you how to kill them. 22
You can eat them in the same way as you eat wild animals. People who are
obeying God can eat them. But people who have not yet made themselves ready for
God can also eat them. 23 But be careful not to eat the blood. The life
of the animal is in the blood. You must not eat the life together with the
meat. 24 You must not eat the blood. You must pour it on the ground
like water. 25 Do not eat it! If you obey this rule, everything will be well for you and your family. You will do what is right and give pleasure to the LORD.
26 Take all the special gifts that you have chosen. Take also the gifts that you have promised. Bring them to the place that the LORD will choose. 27 Take your burnt-offerings. Put them on the special table of the LORD your God, both the meat and the blood. You must pour the blood next to the special table, but you can eat the meat. 28 Be
careful to obey all these rules that I am giving to you. If you do that, you
and your children will always do well. This is good and right, and you will
give God pleasure.
29 When you march into the country, the LORD your God will remove the people from in front of you. You must kill them and live in their place. 30 But when you have killed them, be careful! Do not let
their false gods become important to you. Do not say, “How did these people
pray to their gods? How did they obey them? We will do the same as they did!” 31 You must not do as they do. When they pray, they do many bad things. The LORD your God hates these bad things. They even burn their children in the fire, as gifts to their gods.
32 Be careful to do everything that I command you. Do not put anything else with it. Do not take away anything from it.
Be careful! Watch for false gods and false prophets!
1 There may appear among you a person who dreams about
future events. He may promise that something special will happen. 2 This is because he wants you to stop thinking about the LORD your God. He wants you to obey other gods. You do not know these gods. The thing that the person spoke about may happen. 3 But you must not listen to him. The LORD your God is using this person to check your thoughts. He wants to know whether you really love him. He wants to know how much you love him. 4 You must follow the LORD your God. You must pray to him and to no one else. Obey his rules and do what he commands you. Work for him and give him pleasure. 5 The man who dreams false dreams about future events must die. He has taught you to say “No!” to the LORD your God. The LORD brought you out of Egypt and saved you from the country of slaves. This bad man has tried to make you do wrong things, not right things. But you must live as God has taught you. You must not let this bad thing remain among you.
6 If anyone says secretly to you, “Let us pray to some
other gods”, DO NOT LISTEN! This may be your own brother or one of your
children. It may be your wife whom you love. It may be a friend who is near to
you. 7 (The people round you may pray to these other gods. They may be
near to you or far from you. They are gods that neither you nor your fathers
have known.) 8 Do not do what your family suggests. Do not listen to
your friend when he talks about other gods. Do not be sorry for him or try to
save him. 9 You must kill him! You must be the first person to throw
stones at him. Then all the people must do the same thing. 10 You must throw stones at him until he dies. He tried to stop you from thinking about the LORD your God. It was the LORD who brought you out of Egypt. Egypt was the country where you were slaves. 11 Then all Israel’s people will hear
about this. They will be afraid and no one will do such a bad thing again.
12 You will live in the towns that the LORD your God gives you. Then you may hear bad news. 13 Very bad men from among you
may have led the people in one town in a false way. They may have said, “Let us
go and pray to other gods!” (These are gods that you do not know.)
14 Then you must be very careful to check this news. You
must discover if it is true or false. You must know whether people really have
done this bad thing among you. 15 If the news is true, you must kill
everyone in that town. Kill all the people and the animals. 16 You must bring together all the things that the people of the town have. Put the things in the square place in the middle of the town. Then burn the town and everything in it as a burnt-offering to the LORD your God. Nobody must ever build that town again. 17 You must not keep any of the things for yourselves. Burn them all, as I am telling you. If you do that, the LORD will stop being angry. He will be good and kind to you. He will give you many children, as he promised to your ancestors. 18 This will happen if you obey the LORD your God. You must obey all his rules that I am giving to you today. And you must do right things, that give him pleasure.
Moses tells the Israelites which food to eat.
1 You belong to the LORD your God. You are like his own family. You weep for people who have died. But you must not cut yourselves. And you must not cut the hair from the front of your head.
People from other countries would cut their bodies or their hair when their friends died. This showed that they felt sad. Israelites must not do these things.
2 You are special people because you are the family of the LORD your God. The LORD has chosen you from all the other people on the earth. You are his special people and he loves you.
3 Do not eat anything that God hates. 4 These are
the animals that you can eat: the cow, the sheep, the goat, 5 the deer,
the wild goat, the mountain goat, the antelope and the wild sheep. 6
You can eat any animal with feet that grow in two halves. These animals must
also bring their food back into their mouths and eat it again.
All the animals in verses 4 and 5 have feet that grow in two halves. They also bring their food back into their mouths and eat it again. God said that these were ‘clean’ animals. ‘Clean’ animals means animals that the Israelites could eat.
7 But you must not eat these animals: the camel, the
rabbit and the rock badger. They bring back their food but they do not have
feet in two halves. For this reason they are not good food for you. 8
The pig is not good food either. It has feet in two halves but it does not
bring back its food. You must not eat any of these animals. You must not even
touch their dead bodies.
9 You can eat any fish that has fins and pieces of hard skin on its body. 10 But there are things in the water that do not have fins and pieces of hard skin on their bodies. These are not good food for you. Do not eat them.
11 You can eat any clean bird. 12-18 But these
birds you must not eat: eagles, vultures, crows, owls, hawks, falcons,
buzzards, ostriches, sea-gulls, storks, herons, pelicans, cormorants, hoopoes
These birds all eat dirty pieces of dead animals as their
food. God wanted his people to eat good, clean food. So they must not eat any
of these birds.
19 Some insects crawl and fly too. Insects like that are not good food for you. You must not eat them. 20 But you can eat any clean thing that has wings.
21 You must not eat anything that you find dead already. You can give it to a foreign person in any of your towns. He can eat it. Or you can sell it to him. But you are special people. You are special to the LORD your God.
You must not cook a young goat in the milk from its mother.
Regular gifts to the LORD
22 You must put away in a special place, a 10th part of
all the food that grows in your fields. You must be careful to do this every
year. 23 Then take it to that special place that the LORD your God will choose for himself. Eat this 10th part of the food that you grow in your fields, there. Also, you can eat your young animals that are born first. Eat them in front of the LORD your God. Learn to thank him always for everything. 24
But that special place may be too far from your home. Your regular gifts of
food may be too heavy to carry, if you have grown a lot of food. (And the
special place may be too far away.) 25 If that is true, you can sell your regular gifts for money. Take the money with you to the place that the LORD your God will choose. 26 Then you can use the money to buy whatever you choose: cows, sheep, wine or beer. You can buy anything that you like. And you and your family should eat there in front of the LORD your God and be happy together. 27 Always remember the Levites who live in your towns. Remember them because they have no land.
28 Every third year, store in your towns, a 10th part of
the food that you have grown in your fields. 29 This food is for the Levites, who have no land. It is also for the foreign people and the children who have no fathers. It is also for the women whose husbands have died. They can eat until they have had enough. If you do that, the LORD your God will be with you in all your work.
The year to forget about debts
1 At the end of every 7 years you must forget about every
2 This is how you must do it. Every person who has lent money must forget about this amount of money. He must not demand his money from any Israelite, because another Israelite is like his brother. The LORD himself says that you must forget about all these debts. 3 You can demand your money from a foreign person. But you must forget about every amount of money that you have lent to another Israelite. 4 If you obey the LORD your God, he will give you plenty of everything in your country. Not one Israelite should be poor 5 if you obey him completely. So, be careful
to obey all the rules that I give to you today. 6 For the LORD your God will make you great, as he has promised. You will lend money to the people in many countries, but they will not lend money to you. You will rule many people, but no one will rule you.
7 Perhaps you will meet a poor man among the Israelites, in one of your towns. If you do meet a man like that, do not refuse to help him. Do not refuse to lend him money. 8 Instead, you must be kind to
him and lend him whatever he needs.
9 Be careful not to think this bad thought: “The 7th year will happen soon. That is the year when I must forget about debts!” You must not be cruel to that poor Israelite and give him nothing. He might speak against you to the LORD. If he does, the LORD will be angry with you. He will be angry with you because you have sinned against him. 10 Be very happy to give to that Israelite what he needs. If you do that, the LORD your God will cause everything to be well for you. 11 There will always be poor people in the country. Give to other Israelites and to all poor people, whatever they need. This is my command to you.
Slaves must become free people.
12 Someone may sell you another Israelite, who is a man or a woman. Let him work for you for 6 years. Then in the 7th year, let him go out free. 13 And when you let him go, you must not send him away with
nothing in his hands. 14 Give him gifts of sheep, food and drink. Give good things to him as the LORD has given good things to you. 15 Remember that you too were slaves in Egypt. But the LORD your God bought you. This is why I am giving you this rule today.
16 But perhaps your servant will say to you, “I do not
want to leave you!” He may say this because he loves you and your family. He is
happy with you. 17 If he says that, you must take a metal stick with a
sharp point. Push it through his ear, into the door. This will make him your
servant for his whole life. Do the same thing for your female servant.
18 You must not be sorry to make your servant free. Remember, that he has worked well for you for 6 years. He has been worth twice as much as a servant whom you pay. And the LORD your God will help you in everything that you do.
The first animals that are born
19 You must keep separate every male animal that is the first to be born from any animal among your animals. They are for the LORD your God. Do not make these animals do any work. Do not cut off the hair from the sheep that are the first to be born. 20 Each year, you and your family must eat these special animals in front of the LORD your God. You must do this in the special place that he will choose. 21 But you must not give to the LORD any animal that has something wrong with it. It must not have weak legs or bad eyes. 22 You can eat these animals at home. People that are obeying God can eat them. But people that are not yet ready for God can eat them also. You can eat them as you would eat deer. 23 But you
must not eat the blood. You must pour it on the ground like water.
Three special parties: Passover, Weeks and Tents
1 The month Abib is a special month for you. In this month, you must remember the Passover. Remember that the LORD your God brought you out of Egypt at night in that month. 2 You must go to the special place that the LORD will choose for himself. There you must kill one of your sheep or cows for the Passover party. 3 At this party, do not eat bread that you make with yeast. For 7 days, you must eat bread that you make without yeast, the bread of trouble. This is to make you remember that special night. You ate bread like that when you left Egypt in a hurry that night. You must do it again each year. So you will never forget the night that you left Egypt. 4 No one must keep any yeast in his house for 7 days. You must eat all the meat of your animal on the night that you kill it. You must not leave any of it until the next morning.
5 You must not kill the animal for the Passover in any town that the LORD your God gives you. 6 You must go to the place that he will choose for himself. You must kill the animal for the Passover party there, at sunset. That was the time of day when you left Egypt. 7 Cook the meat and eat it in the special place. The LORD your God will choose the place. Then return to your tents on the next morning. 8 For the next 6 days, you must eat bread that you make without yeast. Then on the 7th day you must all come together to thank the LORD your God. Tell him how great and good he is. You must not do any work on that day.
The party of Weeks
9 Count 7 weeks from the first day that you bring in the
food from your fields. 10 Then enjoy the party of Weeks with the LORD your God. Be happy to bring him extra gifts. Do this because he has been so good to you. 11 You and your family will be happy in front of the LORD your God, in his special place. Be happy together with your servants and with the Levites. Worship God happily with the foreign people and with the women whose husbands have died. And worship God happily with the children whose parents have died. All these people live among you. 12 Remember! You were
slaves in Egypt, so obey these rules carefully.
The party of Tents
13 When you have brought in the food from your fields, enjoy the party of Tents for seven days. 14 Be happy at your party with your family, your servants and the Levites. Worship God happily with the foreign people and with the women whose husbands have died. And worship God happily with the children whose parents have died. All these people live in your towns. 15 Enjoy this party with the LORD your God for 7 days in the place that he has chosen. Do this because he will cause a lot of food to grow in your fields. He will help you in everything that you do. And you will be completely happy.
16 All your men must come to the LORD your God three times in every year. They must come to the place that he has chosen. They must come at the Passover party, the party of Weeks and the party of Tents. Each man must bring with him a gift to the LORD. 17 This gift can be large or small, as the LORD has given you much or little.
18 You must choose judges and officers from each tribes, in every town that the LORD gives you. They must judge the people in a way that is fair. 19 You must do what is right for every person. You must not accept a gift. A gift makes it difficult for a wise man to know what is right. And a gift can make right words seem wrong. 20 Always be good and fair when you judge. If you do that, you will live. And you will really enjoy your country. This is the country that the LORD your God is giving to you.
Do not obey other gods.
21 Do not put any special tall sticks that you make from wood next to the LORD your God’s altar. 22 And do not put up a false god, because the LORD your God hates these things.
People who prayed to false gods used these special tall sticks.
They put them up in the places where they prayed. This is why God hated all
A list of other rules and rules for a king
1 You must bring good gifts to the LORD your God. Do not bring any sheep or cow whose body is not completely right. The LORD hates this.
2 Perhaps a person living in one of your towns may do something bad against the LORD your God. He has not done what he promised to do. 3 He has not obeyed my words, because he has followed other gods.
He has obeyed these gods, or he has prayed to the sun, moon or stars. 4 If you hear about this, you must check the report. If this bad thing has happened in Israel, 5 you must take the bad man or woman to the gate
of the town. Then you must throw stones at that person until he or she dies. 6
But two or three people must agree that he has done the bad thing. You must
never kill anyone because of the words of only one person. 7 These
people must throw the first stones at the bad person. Then everyone else must
throw stones. You must completely remove this very bad thing from among you.
8 It may be difficult for the judges in your towns to decide between good things and bad things. This may happen when one person has attacked another person. It may happen when people cannot agree about a house or some fields. You must bring those people to the place that the LORD your God will choose. 9 You must go to the priests from the tribe of Levi and to the judge that you have chosen. Ask them to decide for you. 10 Then you must obey them, in the place that the LORD will choose. Be careful to obey all their words. 11 You must do the things that they teach you.
You must agree to what they decide. Obey their words completely. 12 You must kill any man who will not obey the judge or the priest. The judge and the priest stand near the LORD your God and do what he says. So you will completely remove bad things from Israel. 13 Then all the people will hear about it and they will be afraid. They will not refuse to listen to the judge or priest again.
14 You are going into the country that the LORD your God has given you. All the countries round you will have kings. Then you will decide that you need a king. 15 Be careful! You must accept the king that the LORD your God chooses. The king must be a man from Israel. Do not choose anyone who is not an Israelite. 16 The king must not get a lot of horses for himself. And he must not send his people back to Egypt to get more horses. The LORD has said to you, “Do not return there!” 17 The king must not marry many wives. They will stop him from thinking about the LORD. He must not store a lot of silver and gold for himself.
The Law of God
18 When he becomes king, he must copy the Law of God on a scroll. This scroll will be a copy of the one that belongs to the priests. They belong to the tribe of Levi. 19 He must keep this scroll near him always and he must read it every day. If you do that, he will learn to love the LORD his God. And he will learn to obey him. He must be careful to read all the words of this Law. He must obey the words and these decrees also. 20 He must not think that he is better than other Israelites. He must not stop thinking about the Law. If he does that, he, his sons and his grandsons will be kings in Israel for many years.
Gifts for priests and Levites
1 The priests, who are Levites, and the whole tribe of Levi will have no land. They will take their food from the gifts of animals that you give to the LORD. This part of your gift will be theirs, because the LORD has promised it to them. 2 They will have no land. This makes them different from other Israelites, who will all have land. But the LORD himself has promised to supply everything for them.
3 When you bring to God a cow or a sheep as a gift, remember the priests! You must give the shoulder, the face and the stomach to them. 4 You must give to them the first food and drink that you bring
from your fields. Give to them also the first hair that you cut from your
sheep. 5 The LORD your God has chosen the Levites. He wants them to stand as his servants, ready to obey his words always.
6 Any Levite can come to the place that the LORD will choose. He can leave the town where he lives. 7 If he really wants to, he can work as a servant to the LORD his God. He can join other Levites who work in the special place for the LORD. 8 He may have received money when he sold some of his valuable things. But he must still receive the same amount of food and other good things as the other Levites.
God hates these bad practices!
9 When you go into the country that the LORD your God is giving you, be careful! You must not do the very bad practices of the people who live there. 10 You must not burn your child in a fire, as a gift to a false god. You must not become a servant of Satan and obey him. His servants do very bad things. 11 They are cruel and they often frighten people.
They also try to speak to dead people. 12 God hates anyone who does these things. It is because of these very bad practices that the LORD will kill the people in the other nations. 13 You must live in a right way, and always obey the LORD your God.
The prophet. Moses speaks about when Jesus Christ will come.
14 The people who live in your country listen to the servants of Satan. But the LORD your God has commanded you not to do this. 15 He will send you a prophet from among your own people, like me. You must listen to him. 16 Do this because you spoke to the LORD your God. You spoke to him when you came together at Mount Horeb. You said, “Please do not let us hear your voice again. Do not let us see this great fire again. If we do, we will die!”
17 Then the LORD said to me, “The people have said a good thing. 18 I will give them a prophet who will be like you. This special man will be an Israelite. I will tell him what to say. Then he will tell the people everything that I command him. 19 I myself will judge anyone who does not listen to my words. That is because the prophet will speak for me. 20 Perhaps a prophet may give you a false message. He may tell you that it comes from me. Then you must kill him. Or a prophet may say that he has a message from another god. You must kill him.”
21 You may say to yourselves, “How can we know when a message has not come from the LORD?” 22 The thing that he speaks about may not happen. If it does not happen, that message was not a true message. The LORD has not spoken. That prophet has given a false message to you. Do not be afraid of him!
The cities where men are safe
1 The LORD your God will kill the people whose country he is giving to you. You will march into their towns and their houses and you will live in them. 2 Then you must choose three cities. Each city must
be in a central place in your country. 3 Make the country into three
separate parts and build roads to each city. So then anyone who kills a person
can run there. And then that person can be safe.
4 This is the rule for anyone who has killed another
person. If it was a mistake, he can run to the city. He will be safe there
because the man was not an enemy. 5 For example, two men may go to the
forest to cut wood. As one man cuts wood, the metal part of his axe flies off.
It hits the other man and kills him. The first man can run to the nearest
special city. He will be safe there. 6 If there was only one city, a
policeman might catch the killer on his way. The policeman might be so angry
that he kills the man. But the man had made a mistake. He killed his friend,
who was not an enemy. 7 So I command you to choose three cities for yourselves.
8 The LORD your God promised your ancestors to give you more land. 9 You must love him and you must obey his rules. If you do
that, he will give the whole country to you. That is what he has promised. If
he does that, you must choose three more cities. 10 You must do this. So then people who are not bad will not die in your country. You must not kill people for murder, when they have made a mistake. Do not do this in the country that the LORD your God is giving you.
11 But perhaps one man may hate another man. He may hide
himself and wait for that man. He may kill him and then he may run to one of
the cities. 12 If he does that, the leaders of his own town must fetch
him back. They must bring him to the policeman and he must die. 13 Do not be sorry for him. You must remove completely from Israel the bad practice of murder. So then people who are not bad will not die in your country. If you do that, everything will be well for you.
God’s rule about marks on the ground
14 There may be a stone at the edge of your neighbour’s land. Someone put this stone there as a mark before you arrived in the country. You must not move it!
God’s rule about reports
15 The report of one man is not enough to check a wrong thing or a sin. Two or three people, who saw the thing happen, must agree about it. They must all have seen the person when he did the wrong thing or the sin.
16 Perhaps a cruel person may say that a man has done
something wrong. 17 Then both the men must stand in front of the LORD. They must stand in front of the priests and the judges who are ruling at that time. 18 Then the judges must be careful to discover what is true. The cruel person may be saying things that are not true against another Israelite. 19 If that is true, you must do this: You must do to him the things that he wanted to do to the other Israelite. You must remove bad things like this from among yourselves. 20 So then all the people will be afraid
when they hear about this. And this very wrong thing will never happen again
among you. 21 Do not be sorry for people who do what is wrong. You must
a life for a life
an eye for an eye
a tooth for a tooth
a hand for a hand
a foot for a foot.
Special rules for war
1 Do not be afraid when you go out to fight against your enemies. You may meet larger armies with more horses and chariots than you have. Do not be afraid! The LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt, will be with you. 2 Just before you begin to fight, the priest must come to the front of the army. 3 He must say, “Israelites, listen to me! Today you are going to fight your enemies. Do not be troubled or afraid. Be brave! Do not run away from your enemies because you are frightened. 4 The LORD your God is going with you. He will fight for you and you will win.”
5 Then the officers will say to the soldiers, “Has anyone
built a new house but has not yet made it ready for God? He must go home. If he
does not, he may die in the fight. And someone else may make his house ready. 6 Has anyone planted a field with grapes but has not yet enjoyed the fruit? He must go home. If he does not, he may die in the fight. And someone else will enjoy the fruit. 7 Has anyone promised to marry a woman? If he has not
married her yet, he must go home. He may die in the fight and then another man
will marry her.” 8 Then the officers must also say, “Is anyone afraid?
Does anyone not feel brave? He must go home. If he does not, he will make other
men afraid too.” 9 When the officers have finished speaking to the
army, they must choose leaders for it.
10 Before you attack a city, you must do this: Offer peace to the people who live there. Tell them what you want them to do. 11
Perhaps they will open the gates and let you come in. If they do that, you must
cause all the people to work hard for you, like slaves. 12 But they may
refuse to listen to you. They may even begin to fight you. If they do that, you
must fight against that city. 13 When the LORD your God gives it to you, you must kill all the men there. 14 But you can take for
yourselves the women, the children, the animals and everything else in the
city. You can use all these things that God gives you from your enemies. 15
You must do this to all the cities that are far from you.
16 You will take cities in the country that God is giving
you. Then you must kill everything that is alive, people and animals. 17 You must kill completely all the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites. The LORD your God has told you to do this.
18 If you do that, they cannot teach you their bad practices. They cannot teach you to pray as they pray to their gods. If you did that, you would be sinning against the LORD your God.
Verses 16-18 God had promised to give the whole country called Canaan to the Israelites. They must kill all other people who were living in that country. Israelites must not mix with them by marriage and they must not pray to their gods.
19 Perhaps you are preparing to take a city. You must not
cut down its fruit-trees, but you can eat the fruit. These trees are not your
enemies; so do not cut them down. 20 But you can cut down the other
trees to use. You can make things from them that will help you to attack the
city. You can do this until the city’s people open its gates to you.
Rules about murder, marriage and sons who refuse to obey
1 You may find the dead body of a man that is lying in a field. Someone has killed him, in the country that the LORD your God is giving to you. 2 You may not know who has killed him. If you do not know, you must do this: Your leaders and judges must measure how far the dead man is from the nearest towns. 3 Then the leaders from the nearest town must
take a young cow that has never pulled a plough. 4 They must lead her
down to a valley that no one has ploughed or planted. There must be a stream
full of water. There they must break her neck.
5 The priests from the tribe of Levi must go there too. The LORD your God has chosen them to do his work. They must also decide what is right and wrong among you. 6 All the leaders of that town must wash
their hands over the cow whose neck they have broken.
Someone has done a bad thing. But nobody knows who has done it. When an Israelite washed his hands in clean water, he was showing something to everyone: He had not done the bad thing. And he had not agreed to it.
7 And they will say, “We did not kill the man. We did not
see anyone kill him. 8 Please accept this animal as a gift, LORD, from your people Israel, that you saved from Egypt. This man has not done anything wrong. But do not think that we have killed him.” You could not kill the person who did the murder. So you have killed the young cow instead. And so God will not remember this bad thing against you. 9 You will show that you have
made yourselves right with God. You have not done this bad thing. And God has
seen that you have done the right thing.
When you marry a woman whom you have taken in war
10 When you go to war against your enemies, the LORD your God will deliver them to you. You will take some of them to keep for yourselves. 11 You may see among them a beautiful woman that you like.
If you do see one, you can make her your wife. 12 You must bring her
into your home. Then she must cut off her hair and cut the hard material at the
end of her fingers. 13 And she must change her clothes. Let her live in
your house and weep for her parents for a whole month. Then you can become her
husband and she can become your wife. 14 You may not like her. You must
let her go where she wants. You must not sell her or make her into a slave. You
must not do that because she has had sex with you, as your wife.
The rule about the son who is born first
15 A man may have two wives but he may love only one of
them. Each wife may give birth to a son. The first son may be the son of the
wife that he does not love. 16 But the man must make this promise:
After his own death, the first son will have twice as many of his good things
as the second son. This is because that son was born first. The man must not
promise twice as much to the son of the wife that he loves. Her son was not
born first. 17 The man must remember the son of the wife that he does
not love. This son was born first and he must have twice as many of his
father’s good things. He has a special place in the family because he was born
The son who refuses to obey his parents
18 Perhaps a man has a bad son who will not obey his
parents. They try to teach him right things. But he refuses to listen to them. 19
If that is true, his parents must take him to the leaders of his town. 20
They must say to the leaders, “This is our son. He wants to do bad things and
he will not obey us. He is a drunk and he wastes our money.” 21 Then all the men in his town must throw stones at him until he is dead. You must remove these bad things from among you. Then all Israel’s people will hear about it and they will be afraid.
22 You may have killed a man who has sinned. If you have hung his dead body on a tree, 23 you must not leave it there during the
night. Be careful to bury it on the same day. This is because God is very angry
with anyone who is hanging on a tree. You must not let bad things destroy your
own good country. This is the country that God is giving to you.
Rules for life
1 You may see the cow or sheep of another Israelite when that animal is running away. If you do see that, you must catch the animal. Do not look away from it. Take it back to him. 2 Perhaps the man does not
live near you. Perhaps you do not know him. If you do not know him, take the
animal to your home. And then keep it safe. When the man comes to look for it,
give it to him. 3 You must do the same thing if you find a donkey or some clothes or anything else. Do not think that you do not have to help.
4 Perhaps you see another Israelite’s animal. It has fallen on the road. Do not think that you do not have to help. You must help the other Israelite to lift it up.
5 A woman must not wear the clothes of a man. A man must not wear the clothes of a woman. For the LORD your God hates people who do this.
6 You may find the home of a bird in a tree or on the
ground. You must not take away the bird, whether she is sitting on eggs or on
young birds. 7 You can take the young birds. But you must let the
mother go free. If you do that, everything will be well with you. And you will
have a long life.
8 When you build a new house, you must make a wall round
the edge of the roof. Even if you have done that, someone may fall from the
roof. But even if that person dies, you will not have done anything wrong.
9 You must not plant two different kinds of seed in your
field. If you do that, nothing will grow well in that field. The fruit will not
10 You must not tie a cow and a donkey together to plough your land.
11 You must not mix different materials together to make
12 You must sow tassels on the four corners of your coat.
Rules for marriage
13 A man may marry a girl. Then he may decide that he
does not like her. 14 So he says wrong things about her and gives her a
bad name. He even says, “I married this girl. Then I discovered that she had
already had sex. She had sex before I married her.” 15 Then the parents
of the girl must bring the blanket. It shows that she had not had sex before.
They must bring it to the leaders of the town. 16 And the father of the
girl will say to the leaders, “I gave my daughter to this man to be his wife.
But now he does not like her. 17 He says wrong things about her. He
says, ‘Your daughter had sex before I married her.’ But here is the blanket.
This shows that she had never had sex before.” Then her parents must hold up
the blanket in front of the leaders of the town. 18 Then the leaders must take the man and punish him. 19 They must make him pay 100 shekels of silver to the girl’s father. This man has given a bad name to a young girl in Israel when she has done nothing wrong. She must continue to be his wife. He must continue to be her husband as long as he lives.
1 kilo (2.2 pounds) of silver is equal to 87 shekels. So, 100 shekels was a lot of money.
20 But perhaps the husband has spoken true words. Perhaps
his wife cannot show that she had not had sex before. 21 If she cannot do that, the leaders must bring her to her father’s house. There, the men of the town must throw stones at her until she dies. She has done a very bad thing in Israel. She has had sex before she was married. She did this while she lived in her father’s house. You must remove this kind of bad thing from among you.
22 You may find a man who is having sex with another man’s wife. If you find them, you must kill both the man and the woman. You must remove this bad thing from Israel.
23 Perhaps a man may meet a girl in a town. She has
already promised to marry another man, but they have sex together. 24 You
must take both of them to the gate of that town. There you must throw stones at
both of them until they die. The girl must die because she did not scream for
help in the town. The man must die because he had sex with the future wife of
25 But perhaps a man may meet a girl in a country place.
He has sex with her because he is too strong for her. But she has already
promised to marry another man. Only the man who has done that must die. 26 Do not hurt the girl. She has not done a sin that should cause you to kill her. This thing is like a man who kills another person. 27 This man
made the girl have sex with him in a country place. She screamed for help, but
there was no one to save her.
28 Perhaps a man may make a girl have sex with him. The
girl has not had sex with anyone before and someone discovers them. She has not
yet promised to marry anyone. 29 If that has happened, the man must pay 50 shekels of silver to the father of the girl. He must also marry the girl because he has had sex with her. He must be her husband as long as he lives.
30 A man must not marry his father’s wife or have sex
with her. This is a bad thing to do against his father.
These people cannot join with the LORD’s people.
1 Perhaps someone has destroyed the sex parts of a man. That man cannot join with the people of the LORD when they come together.
2 No one can join with the people of the LORD unless his parents are married. None of his children or grandchildren can join with the people of the LORD when they come together. Even the 10th generation of his descendants cannot do this.
3 These people cannot join with the people of the LORD when they come together: People from Moab, people from Ammon or their descendants. Even their 10th generation cannot do this. 4 They
refused to give bread and water to you when you left Egypt. And they paid
Balaam the son of Beor to say very bad things about you. He came from Pethor in
Mesopotamia. 5 But the LORD your God did not listen to Balaam. He changed the bad things into good things for you, because he loves you. 6
Do not agree to stop fighting with these people. Do not be friendly with them
as long as you live.
7 Do not hate anyone from Edom, because he has the same ancestor as you. Do not hate anyone from Egypt, because you once lived in his country as a stranger. 8 The third generation of their children can join with the people of the LORD when they come together.
Keep the tents prepared for God.
9 Keep away from everything that God would not like. Do
this even when you are fighting your enemies. 10 While a man is asleep, something may come out of his sex part. If that happens, he must go away beyond the tents. And he must stay there. 11 In the evening, he must wash himself. Then at sunset he can return to the tents.
12 You must choose a special place beyond the tents. Leave the dirt that comes from inside your body in that place. 13
Always carry with you a small spade. Dig a hole and bury in it the dirt from
inside your body. 14 For the LORD your God moves among you in your tents. He keeps you safe and delivers up your enemies to you. So the place where you put your tents must be always ready for God. The LORD will not see anything that is not lovely among you. So he will not turn away from you, because of it.
15 A slave may come to you to be safe. If that happens,
keep him with you. Do not give him back to his master. 16 He can live
among you in any place that he likes. Let him choose his own town. Do not be
cruel to him.
17 No Israelite man or woman must sell his or her body for sex, in the house of a false god. 18 Some people will pay money to a man or a woman for sex. You must not bring this money into the house of the LORD. You must not use this money to buy a gift for the LORD. Even if you have promised a gift to the LORD, you cannot use this money. The LORD hates people who sell their bodies for sex.
19 You can lend money or food or anything else to another Israelite. But do not ask him to give you back more than you lent to him. 20 You can ask anyone from a foreign country to do that. But you must not do this to another Israelite. If you do not do that, the LORD your God will cause all your work to do well, in your country.
21 If you promise a gift to the LORD your God, be careful to bring the gift soon. If you do not bring it, that is a sin. And the LORD will certainly demand it. 22 But if you do not promise to do anything, that will not be a sin. 23 Whatever you say, you must be careful to do. You chose to say the words to the LORD your God. That includes something that you have promised to give to the LORD your God.
24 If you go into your neighbour’s field of fruit, you can eat his fruit. You can eat all the fruit that you want. But you must not put any into your basket. 25 If you go into your neighbour’s field of corn, you can pick the corn with your hands. But you must not cut his growing corn with a knife.
1 Perhaps a man will marry a woman and then discover
something bad in her. He does not like her, so he writes a letter. This letter
finishes the marriage. He gives it to his wife and he sends her out of his
house. 2 Perhaps, after she has left his house, she marries another
3 Perhaps her second husband also discovers that he does
not like her. So he also gives her a letter that finishes the marriage. He
sends her away, or perhaps he dies. 4 But her first husband must not marry her again. That is because she has been the wife of another man. To marry her again would be a sin. The LORD hates to see a thing like this. You must not do wrong and bad things in the country that the LORD your God is giving to you.
5 When a man has just married, do not send him to fight
in a war. Do not give him any special duties. He should stay at home for one
year and make his new wife happy.
6 When you lend money to a man, do not take away his large stones. Do not even take the top one. This is because he needs these stones to make flour from his corn. This is his work.
7 Perhaps you will catch a man who is carrying away another Israelite. He uses him for a slave or even sells him. The man who does this must die. You must remove these wrong things from among you.
8 Perhaps you have the illness that is called leprosy. Be very careful! Do everything that the priests say to you. The priests are Levites. You must obey everything that I have commanded them. 9 Remember what the LORD your God did to Miriam during your journey. This was after you left Egypt.
10 Your neighbour may ask you to lend him something. And he offers you something that is his, as a pledge. Do not go into his house to get it. 11 You must wait outside. Let him bring the pledge out to you. 12 If the man is poor, you must not keep his pledge until the next day. 13 You must give him his coat again before sunset. He can wear it and he can keep himself warm at night. He will ask God to do good things for you. And you will give pleasure to the LORD your God. It is right to do this.
A loan can be either money or things, that a man lends to his neighbour.
A pledge was a thing (perhaps his coat) that the neighbour offered to the man. This thing was like a promise that he would pay back the loan.
14 Always be kind to a poor servant who needs many things. Do this whether he is an Israelite or a foreign person in one of your towns. 15 You must pay him his money every day before sunset because he is poor. He needs to have the money. If you do not pay him, he may ask the LORD for help against you. You will have sinned.
16 You must not kill fathers for the sins that their children do. You must not kill children for the sins that their fathers do. Each person must die for his own sins. 17 Remember to be completely fair to the foreign person and those who are without fathers. Do not take the coat of any woman whose husband has died, as a pledge. 18 Remember that you were slaves in Egypt and the LORD your God made you free. That is why I tell you to do this.
19 When you bring in the food from your field, perhaps you will leave some of the corn in the field. Do not go back for it. Leave it there for the foreign person, the woman whose husband has died and for her children. If you do that, the LORD your God will cause all your work to be good. 20 When you knock down the olives from your trees, knock them down only once. Leave those that remain for foreign people, women whose husbands have died and their children. 21 When you pick your grapes, pick them only once. Leave those that remain for foreign people, women whose husbands have died and their children. 22 Remember! You were slaves in Egypt.
That is why I tell you to do this.
1 When two men cannot agree, they must both go to the judges. Then the judges will decide who is right and who is wrong. 2 The judge may need to punish the bad man. If he does need to punish him, the judge will cause him to lie down. Then someone will hit him several times. He will hit him many times if he has done a very bad thing. He will hit him only a few times if the thing was not too bad. 3 But he must not hit him more than 40 times. So then you will not all feel that another Israelite has become less important.
4 Do not tie up the mouth of a cow while she walks on your corn to prepare it for you.
5 Perhaps two brothers are living together. One of the
brothers may die and leave no son. If that happens, his wife must not marry outside
the family. The second brother must take the wife and he must marry her. He is
doing what is right for his dead brother. 6 The first son that is born to them will be called the same name as the dead brother. So everyone in Israel will remember that name.
7 But a man may not want to marry his dead brother’s
wife. If he does not want to do it, she should go to the leaders at the gate of
the town. She should say, “My dead husband’s brother refuses to do his duty for
me. He does not want people to remember my dead husband. He does not want to
give my husband’s name to our son.” 8 Then the leaders of the town must
call the man to them and they must talk to him. Perhaps he will continue to
say, “I do not want to marry her!”
9 If that happens, his brother’s wife must go to him, in front of the leaders. She must pull off one of his shoes and spit in his face. And she must say, “We do this to a man who will not help to keep the family name of his dead brother.” 10 Then everyone will call the family of the
living brother, “the family of the man who lost his shoe”.
11 Perhaps two men are fighting each other. The wife of
one of them comes to save him. She takes hold of the sex parts of his enemy. 12
If that happens, you must cut off her hand. Do not be sorry for her.
13 Do not have in your bag two different things with
which to measure weight, one heavy and one light. 14 Do not have in
your house two different jars with which to measure, one large and one small.
15 You must have true and honest things with which to measure and to weigh. If you do that you will live for a long time in your country. It is the country that the LORD your God is giving to you. 16 The LORD your God hates anyone who is not always honest.
17 Remember what the descendants of Amalek did to you when you came out of Egypt. 18 They met you when you were tired and
weak. They killed all the people who could not walk fast. They were not afraid
of God. 19 The LORD your God will give you rest from all your enemies in the country. This is the country that he is giving you. On that day you must kill all the descendants of Amalek. Then nobody will remember them. Do not forget to do this!
The first food from your fields and the regular gifts to God
1 You are going into the country that the LORD your God is giving to you. Now when you have arrived, do this. 2 Take a basket. Put into it some of the first food that you have grown in your fields. This is the country that the LORD your God is giving to you. Then go to the special place that he will choose for himself. 3 Say to the man who is a priest at that time, “Today, I say to the LORD your God that I have come into the country. This is the country that the LORD promised to us. He made this promise to our ancestors.” 4 Then the priest will take the basket from you. He will put it down in front of the altar of the LORD your God. 5 Then you must say, in front of the LORD, “My father was a man from Aramea who moved from place to place. He went to Egypt with a few people and lived there. But he became a great nation of many powerful people. 6 But the people
in Egypt were cruel to us. They made us work very hard. 7 Then we prayed to the LORD, the God of our fathers. He heard our voices. He saw that we were sad. He saw that the people in Egypt were cruel to us. 8 So the LORD brought us out of Egypt by his strong hands and powerful arms. He made them afraid, because of the great and powerful things that he did. 9 He
brought us to this place. He gave to us this country that is full of good food
and drink. 10 and now, I bring the first food that has grown in my fields. You, LORD, have given it to me.” Then you must put the basket down in front of the LORD your God. You must thank him there. Tell him how great he is. 11 And so you and the Levites and the foreign people among you will be very happy. You will enjoy all the good things that the LORD has given to you and to your family.
12 Every third year you must give a 10th part of the food that grows in your fields. Give it to the Levites, the strangers, the women whose husbands have died and their children. Then they can eat all the food that they need, in every town. 13 Then you can say to the LORD, “None of the 10th part that is special, remains in my house. I have given it to the Levites, the strangers, the women whose husbands have died and their children. I have obeyed your rules. I have not refused to obey your words. I have not forgotten any of them. 14 I did not eat any of the 10th part of the food while I was sad and crying. I did not move any of it while I was not ready for God. I have not put any of it as a gift, in front of a dead person. I have obeyed the LORD my God. I have done everything that you commanded me. 15 Look down from your home, the special place where you live. Come near to your people, Israel’s people and give us your help. Do good things also to the country that you have given to us. It is a country full of good food and drink. You promised our ancestors that you would give it to us.”
Obey the LORD’s rules.
16 Today, the LORD your God commands you to obey these decrees and rules. Be careful to obey them. Be happy to do this because you love the LORD. 17 Today, you have said that the LORD is your God. You have said that you will give him pleasure. You have said that you will obey his rules. You will do everything that he commands. 18 Today the LORD has accepted you as his own people. He has chosen you and you are special to him. He promised that you would be special. And you must obey all his rules. 19 He says that he will make you greater and more famous than every other nation in the world. You will be a special nation that belongs to the LORD your God. He has promised you this.’ Moses said all those things.
The altar on Mount Ebal
1 Moses and the leaders of Israel said to the people, ‘Obey all these rules that I give to you today. 2 You will cross the River Jordan and go into the country that the LORD your God is giving to you. On that day, you must put some large stones on the ground and you must cover them with white paint. 3 Then write on them all the words of this Law. Do this when you have crossed over the river into the country. This is the country that the LORD your God has promised to you. He is the LORD, the God of your fathers. The country is full of good food and drink. 4 And when you have crossed the river, you must put these stones on Mount Ebal. Do as I command you today. Cover them with white paint. 5 You must build there an altar for the LORD your God. Do not use iron tools to cut the stones. 6 Build this table for the LORD your God with stones from the field. There you must give to him your burnt-offerings on that table. 7 You can also offer friendship-offerings there. Eat them and be happy in front of the LORD your God. 8 And you must write all these rules on the stones that you
have put there. You must write the rules very clearly.’
Pronounce the bad things that will happen, from Mount Ebal.
9 Then Moses and the priests (who are Levites) said to all the Israelites, ‘Be quiet, Israelites. Listen! The LORD your God has chosen you and made you his own people. 10 Obey the LORD your God. Do whatever he commands you. I am giving you his words today.’
11 On the same day, Moses said to the people:
12 ‘After you have crossed the Jordan, these tribes must stand on Mount Gerizim. They will promise good things to the people: Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Joseph and Benjamin. 13 And these tribes must stand on Mount Ebal to pronounce bad things that will happen: Reuben, Gad, Asher, Zebulun, Dan and Naphtali.
14 The Levites will say with a loud voice, to all Israel’s people:
15 “God will cause bad things for the man who makes any false god. The LORD hates such a thing, even if the man prays to it as a secret.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
16 “God will cause bad things for the man who does bad
things to his parents.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
17 “God will cause bad things for the man who moves the stone at the edge of his neighbour’s land.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
18 “A man may lead a person who cannot see, along a wrong
path. This path does not go to the place that he wants. God will cause bad
things for the cruel man who does this.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I
19 “A man may refuse to do right things for the stranger,
the woman whose husband has died, or her children. God will cause bad things
for this man.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
20 “God will cause bad things for the man who has sex
with his father’s wife. It is very wrong for him to make his father’s bed
dirty.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
21 “God will cause bad things for the man who has sex
with any animal.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
22 “God will cause bad things for the man who has sex
with his sister. She may be the daughter of his father or of his mother.” Then
everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
23 “God will cause bad things for the man who has sex
with his wife’s mother.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
24 “Perhaps a man may kill his neighbour. He does this when no one is watching. God will cause bad things for this man.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
25 “Perhaps a man may accept money to kill another
person. This other person has done nothing wrong. God will cause bad things for
the man who accepts the money.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
26 “God will cause bad things for the man who does not
obey all God’s words and rules.” Then everyone must say, “Yes! I agree.”
Good things for people who obey God
1 Today, I am telling you this! You must obey the LORD your God. Be careful to obey all his rules. If you do that, he will make you very important. He will make you more important than any other nation of people in the world.
2 If you obey the LORD your God, all these good things will happen to you. And they will remain with you.
3 The LORD will give you many good things. He will be with you, both in the city and in the fields.
4 The LORD will give you many children, many cows and many sheep. He will make much food grow in your fields.
5 The LORD will give you many baskets of food from your fields. He will be with you as you make your bread. He will make you happy in your work.
6 The LORD will give you good things when you come into your homes. And he will give you good things when you leave them.
7 The LORD will beat your enemies when they attack you. They will come along one path to attack you, but they will run away in all directions.
8 The LORD will make all your work do well. He will fill your buildings with food. The LORD your God will give you many good things in the country that he is giving to you.
9 The LORD will make you his special people for all times, as he has promised. But you must obey his rules and give him pleasure. 10 So everyone in the world will see that the LORD has called you by his own name. And they will be afraid of you. 11 The LORD will give you many children, many animals and much good food. He will do this in the country that he promised to your ancestors.
12 The LORD will send a lot of rain on your country, at the right season. He stores the rain in the clouds. And, at the right season, he will cause it to fall on your land. So then all the food that you plant in your fields will grow well. You will lend to the people in many countries. But you will not need anyone to lend to you. 13 The LORD will make you the leader among the people in many countries. You must not do as they do. Be careful! Always obey the rules of the LORD your God which I give to you today. If you do that, you will always be leaders of the people in other countries. And you will never be their slaves. 14 Do not refuse any of the rules
that I give you today. Do not do wrong things. It is wrong to want other gods.
You must not have other gods or pray to them.
Bad things for those who do not obey
15 But if you do not obey the LORD your God, all these bad things will happen to you. Be careful! Obey all his rules and decrees that I give to you today. If you do not obey, this is what will happen to you:
16 Bad things will happen to you, whether you are in the
city or in the fields.
17 Bad things will happen to the food that is growing in
your fields. Even the bread that you make will not be good.
18 Bad things will happen to your children, the food that
grows in your fields, your young cows and your sheep.
19 Bad things will happen to you when you come into your
homes. And bad things will happen to you when you leave them.
20 If you do not obey the words of the LORD, he will cause bad things, troubles and difficulties for you. These will destroy you because you have done something very wrong. You have completely refused to remember the LORD and you have forgotten him. 21 The LORD will send bad illnesses to you until he has destroyed you in your country. 22 The LORD will cause you to have cruel illness. You will be very hot and have a lot of pain. He will send great heat and no rain. He will send bad things upon the food that is growing in your fields. These will destroy the food. So at last, you will die. 23 The sky above your head will be like hard metal. The
ground under your feet will be like iron. 24 There will be no rain on
your country. There will only be dry sand that is flying about in the air. It
will come down from the sky until it has destroyed you.
25 The LORD will let your enemies beat you. You will attack them from one direction, but you will run from them in many directions. You will become like a very bad sign to all the people in every country. 26
Your dead bodies will be food for all the birds and the animals. No one will
send them away. 27 The LORD will cause you to have hot, painful places on your bodies as he did to the people in Egypt. He will cause you to have many illnesses on your skin. You cannot become well from these illnesses. 28 The LORD will make you so that you cannot see. He will destroy your minds and he will make you confused. 29 You will fall as you walk at midday. You
will be like someone who cannot see. You will not do well in anything. Every
day, people will rob you and be cruel to you. No one will save you.
30 A woman may promise to marry you. But another man will
take her and have sex with her. You will build a house, but you will not live
in it. You will plant a garden, but you will never eat the fruit from it. 31 Someone will kill your cow in front of you, but you will not eat any of the meat. Someone will take away your donkey and will not send it back. Your enemies will take your sheep and no one will save them. 32 The people
from another country will take your children for slaves. You will look for them
every day, but you cannot bring them back to you. 33 Strangers will eat
the food from your fields. People will be cruel to you all the days of your
life. 34 The things that you see will destroy your minds. 35 The LORD will cause you to have painful hot places on your knees and on your legs. No one will be able to make them well again. They will soon cover the whole of your body.
36 The LORD will send you and your king away to a foreign country. Neither you nor your ancestors ever lived there. There you will pray to gods made from stone and wood. 37 The LORD will send you away to many countries. You will be like a very bad sign to all the people there. And they will not be sorry about your troubles and difficulties.
38 You will plant many seeds in your fields, but you will
not bring in much food. Hungry insects will eat it. 39 You will plant gardens for grapes and be careful of them. But you will not drink the wine or bring in the grapes. Animals that are like small snakes will eat them. 40 Olive trees will grow everywhere in your country, but you will have no oil from them. The fruit will drop off the trees.
41 You will have sons and daughters, but you will lose
them. Enemies will take them away from you and keep them. 42 Insects
will eat all your trees and the food from your fields.
43 Foreign people who live in your country will become
stronger and stronger. But you will become weaker and weaker. 44 They
will lend money to you, but you will not lend money to them. And, in the end,
they will rule over you.
45 All these bad things will happen to you. They will be like an enemy that runs after you and catches you. They will destroy you because you did not obey the LORD your God. You did not obey the rules and decrees that he gave to you. 46 The bad things that happen to you will
be a sign to you and your children for always. They will show that God is very
angry with you. 47 The LORD made all your work do well. But you were not happy or ready to work for him. 48 So now you must work for the enemies that the LORD will send against you. You will do this while you are without enough food and water, poor and without clothes. He will put cruel masters over you until he has destroyed you.
49 The LORD will bring against you people from a country that is far away. They will drop down on you like a large bird and you will not understand their language. 50 They will have cruel faces. They will
neither do good things for your old people, nor be kind to your children. 51 They will eat your young animals and the food from your fields, until they have destroyed you. They will not leave any food, wine or oil for you. They will take all your young cows and your sheep until nothing remains. 52 They
will attack all the cities in your country. You will build high walls to keep
yourselves safe. But they will fall.
53 When your enemies attack your cities, you will have no food. You will become very, very hungry. Then you will eat the children that the LORD your God has given to you. 54 Even the best and kindest man among
you will do this. He will be so hungry that he will not be sorry for any of his
family. He will not even be sorry for his own brother. He will not be sorry for
his wife that he loves. And he will not be sorry for his children. 55
He will not give to one of them any of the meat that he is eating. This meat is
the body of his child. He will not give any to his brother, or to his wife, or
to his children that remain alive. He will have nothing to eat except his
children, because your enemies will take away your food. 56 Even the
best and kindest woman, who never has to walk anywhere, will do the same thing.
57 She will become so hungry that she will eat her new baby. She will
even eat the thing that came out of her body after the baby. She will do this
as a secret thing. She will not give any of these things to her husband or to
her other children. These things will happen to you when your enemies attack
58 Be careful! Obey all these rules that I have written in this scroll. Always remember with love, the great and powerful name of the LORD your God. 59 If you do not, the LORD will cause you and your descendants to have very bad illnesses. He will make bad and cruel things happen to you. These things will stay with you always. 60 He will cause you to have
all the illnesses that made you afraid in Egypt. These illnesses will remain
with you. You will not become well again.
61 The LORD will also cause you to have many illnesses and bad troubles that you do not understand. They are not written in this scroll of the Law but they will destroy you.
62 You were once as many as the stars in the sky. But you will become only a few people because you did not obey the LORD your God. 63 Once, the LORD was happy to give you good things and many children. But then he will be happy to destroy you. He will remove you from the country that will soon become your country.
64 Then the LORD will send you away into many other countries. He will send you from one end of the world to the other. There you will pray to other gods. You will pray to gods made from wood and gods made from stone. Neither you nor your fathers have prayed to these gods before. 65 You will not be happy there. You will not find any place to rest. The LORD will cause you to have a troubled mind and nothing to hope for. You will be very sad. 66 You will be afraid all the time, both in the day and at night.
You will always be afraid of death. 67 Every morning you will say, “I
want it to be evening very soon!” And every evening you will say, “I want it to
be morning very soon!” You will be so afraid of everything that you see. 68 I told you that you would never return to Egypt. But the LORD will send you back to Egypt in ships. In Egypt, you will try to sell yourselves to your enemies, as slaves. But no one will buy you.’
God repeats his promise.
1 The LORD told Moses to make this promise to the Israelites in the country called Moab. He must join it with the promise that the LORD made to them at Mount Horeb. 2 Moses caused all the people
to come together. Then he said to them:
‘You have seen what the LORD did to the king of Egypt, to his officers and to his country. 3 You saw with your own eyes all the great
and powerful things that he did. 4 But until now the LORD has not let you understand. Your eyes do not really see and your ears do not really hear. 5 The LORD says, “I led you through this desert for 40 years. Your clothes and shoes are still fresh and good. 6 You did not eat bread or drink any alcohol. I am the LORD your God. I wanted you to know that I am your God.”
7 When we arrived here, Sihon, king of Heshbon, and Og,
king of Bashan, fought against us. But we beat them. 8 We marched into their country and we gave it to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. We also gave some of it to part of the tribe of Manasseh.
9 Be careful to obey the words of this promise. If you do
that, everything will be good for you. Everything that you do will be good.
10 You are all standing today in front of the LORD your God. Your leaders, your important men, your officers and your older men are all here. 11 Your children, your wives and the foreign people are all here.
The foreign people live with you. They cut wood and carry water for you. 12 You are standing here to agree to a promise with the LORD your God. The LORD is making this promise to you today. He is making it special by using serious and powerful words. 13 He tells you again today that you are his own people. He has promised to be your God. He made the same promise to your ancestors, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. 14 I am making this promise,
using serious and powerful words. It is not only for you. 15 You are standing here with us today, in front of the LORD our God. But I make the promise also to those people who are not here today.
16 You know how we lived in Egypt. You remember how we
travelled through other countries on the way here. 17 You saw their gods, which the LORD hates. They made them from wood, stone, silver and gold. 18 Be very careful that no one forgets the LORD our God. Do not let any man, woman or family or tribe pray to the false gods of these countries. This would become like a root of poison among you.
19 Everyone who hears these serious words must obey them.
He must not say to himself, “I will be safe, whatever happens. I will do
whatever I want!” If you say that, very bad things will destroy you and your
fields. This will happen to both good and bad people. 20 The LORD will never forgive such a person. He will be angry and as powerful as a burning fire. The LORD will send on him all the bad things that I have written in this scroll. The LORD will destroy him completely. 21 The LORD will make him a very bad sign to all the Israelites. This scroll of the Law tells about many troubles and bad things. The LORD will cause these things to happen to that man.
22 In future days, your children and your grandchildren will see your troubles. Foreign people also will see your many illnesses and troubles. And they will know that the LORD has done this. 23 The whole country will become a desert of salt and bad dirt. No one will plant seed, because nothing will grow there. Your country will be the same as the cities called Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim. The LORD destroyed these cities when he was very, very angry. 24 All the people in the country will ask, “Why has the LORD destroyed this country? Why is he so very angry?”
25 And the answer will be: “Because these people stopped obeying their promise to the LORD, the God of their fathers. He made a promise to them when he brought them out of Egypt. 26 They went away and prayed
to other gods. They obeyed these strange gods that he had not given to them. 27 So the LORD was angry with the people in this country. The scroll of the Law tells about many troubles and bad things. The LORD caused these things to happen to his people and to their country. 28 The LORD was so angry that he removed them from their country. He would not let them remain there. He made them to go into a foreign country and they are there today.”
29 Some secret things belong only to the LORD our God. He does not tell us about those things. But he has told us about many other things. These things belong to us and to our children for all time, so that we will obey all his rules.’
Good things will happen again when Israel’s people come back to the LORD.
1 ‘I have told you to choose between good things and bad
things. When they happen to you, you will remember my words. When God has
caused you to go out of your country, you will remember my words. When you have
to live among people in other countries, you will remember my words. 2 Then you and your children will come back to the LORD. You will love and obey him completely, in your work and in your thoughts. You must obey all his commands that I am giving to you today. 3 If you do that, the LORD your God will cause good things to happen to you again. He will be sorry for you. He will bring you back from the countries where he sent you away. 4
Perhaps he may have sent you to countries that are very far away. Even from
there, he will cause you to come together and he will bring you back. 5
He will bring you to your fathers’ country and it will be yours. He will do
greater things for you than he did for your fathers. He will make you more in
number than your fathers. 6 The LORD your God will make you and your children like different people. Then you will love him completely and you will live. 7 Then the LORD your God will make all these bad things happen to your enemies. They hate you and do cruel things to you. 8 You will obey the LORD again and you will obey all his rules. These are the rules that I give to you today. 9 If you do that, the LORD your God will cause all your work to do very well. He will give you many children, many animals and enough food in your fields for everyone. The LORD will make good things happen to you. You will give him much pleasure, in the same way as your fathers gave him pleasure. 10 This will happen if you obey all the rules and decrees of the LORD your God. I have written them in this scroll. You must obey the LORD your God completely, in your work and in your thoughts.
God offers life or death.
11 The thing that I am commanding you today is not too difficult for you. 12 It is not in God’s home. So you do not have to
ask, “Who will go up to God’s home and bring it down to us? Then we can
understand his words and obey them.” 13 Nor is it across the sea. So
you do not have to ask, “Who will cross the sea to fetch it? Then we can
understand his words and obey them.” 14 No! God’s word is very near to
you. It is in your mouth and in your mind, so that you can obey it.
15 Look! I offer you today, life and good things, or
death and very bad things. You must choose which you will have. 16 I say this because I am commanding you today to love the LORD your God. Live in a way that will give him pleasure. If you obey all his rules, you will live. And you will have many children. Then the LORD your God will make good things happen to you, in your country. This is the country that you are going into.
17 But you may think about other things and refuse to
listen. If you do that, people will lead you to other gods. You will obey them
and pray to them. 18 If you do that, God will certainly destroy you. I
am saying that to you today. You will not live for many years in your country
that is across the River Jordan.
19 Today, I want the sky and the earth to hear my words.
I am shouting them aloud. For I have offered you, life or death, good things or
bad things. Choose life! If you do that, you and your children will live. 20 Then you will love the LORD your God. You will listen to his voice and you will stay very near to him. You will do this because the LORD is the most important person in your life. He will let you live for many years. You will live in the country that he promised to your fathers, to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.’
Joshua will become the new leader.
1 Then Moses went out and he spoke to all the Israelites. He said: 2 ‘I am now 120 years old and I cannot continue to lead you. The LORD has told me that I will not cross the River Jordan. 3 The LORD your God himself will cross the river in front of you. He will kill the people in these countries in front of you and you will march into their countries. Joshua also will cross the river before you, as the LORD has said. 4 The LORD will do to these people what he did to Sihon and to Og. They were kings of the Amorites, but the LORD killed them. And he destroyed their country. 5 The LORD will deliver them to you. Then you must do to them everything that I have told you. 6 Be strong and be brave! Do not be afraid of them, because the LORD your God goes with you. He will never leave you nor forget you.’
7 Then Moses fetched Joshua. He spoke to him in front of all the people and he said, ‘You must go with these people into their country. So be strong and be brave. The LORD promised their ancestors that he would give the country to them. You must give to each tribe its own part of the country. It will belong to them always. 8 The LORD himself goes in front of you and he will be with you. He will never leave you nor forget you. Do not be afraid that you will fail.’
The leaders of Israel must read the rules to the people.
9 So Moses wrote these rules in a scroll. He gave it to the leaders of Israel and to the priests, the sons of Levi. The Levites carried the Ark of the LORD’s promise. 10 Then Moses said to them, ‘You must read this scroll to all Israel’s people. Read it every 7 years at the party of tents, in the year when you forget about your debts. 11 Everybody will come together to stand in front of the LORD your God. He will choose the place for them. 12 Bring all the men, women and children together. And remember also to bring the foreign people who live in your towns. Then they can listen. They can learn to obey the LORD your God. Then they will be careful to obey all these rules. 13 Their children do not know these rules, so they must hear them. If you do that, they will learn to obey the LORD your God. They must do this for as long as they live in your country, across the Jordan.’
God tells Moses what will happen to the Israelites.
14 The LORD said to Moses, ‘You will soon die. Fetch Joshua and bring him to the tent where I meet with you. I will give my authority to him there.’ So Moses and Joshua went to the tent where God met with them.
15 Then the LORD came down in a large cloud. The cloud stopped at the door of the tent where God met with them. 16 And the LORD said to Moses, ‘You will soon die. After you die, the people will soon stop obeying me. They will pray to the foreign gods of the country to which they are going. They will forget me. They will not keep the promise that we made together. 17 On that day, I will become angry with them. I will go away
from them. I will not stay with them, but I will destroy them. Many troubles
and difficulties will happen to them. Then they will say, “These troubles and
difficulties have happened to us because our God is not with us.” 18
And I will certainly refuse to help them on that day. This is because they have
done a very bad thing. They have obeyed other gods and prayed to them.
19 Now write this song and teach the Israelites to sing it. So they will remember how often they did bad things against me. 20 I will take them into this country, which is full of good food and drink. I promised their ancestors that I would do this. There they will have all the food that they want. They will have good health and live a comfortable life. But then they will forget me and worship other gods. They will refuse to obey me. They will not keep the promise that we made together. 21 Many
troubles and difficulties will happen to them. Then this song will cause them to
remember. They will remember the bad things that they have done. Their children
will not forget it. Even now, I know what they are thinking. I know it, even
before I take them into their country. This is the country that I promised to
them, with serious words.’ 22 So Moses wrote this song on that day. Then he taught it to the Israelites.
23 Then the LORD said to Joshua, the son of Nun, ‘Be strong and be brave! You will lead the Israelites into the country that I have promised to them. And I myself will stay with you. I will not leave you.’
24 So Moses finished writing the whole Law in a scroll. 25 Then he said to the Levites, who carried the Ark of the LORD’s covenant: 26 ‘Take this scroll of the Law. Put it next to the Ark of the LORD your God’s promise. There it will remain, so that you will remember. You will remember the bad things that you have done. 27 I know that you like bad things very much. You do not want to obey God’s rules. You enjoy doing wrong things. You have been like this, against the LORD, during my life. You will do even worse things after I die! 28 Bring to me all the leaders of your tribes and all your officers. I want to speak to them. And I want the sky and the earth to hear my words. I am shouting them aloud. 29 I know that you will become completely bad after my death. You will refuse the good commands that I have given to you. In future days, you will have great troubles. This is because you will do bad things against the LORD. You will make him angry because of the bad things that you have made with your hands.’
30 Then Moses spoke the words of this song, from the
beginning to the end. And all Israel’s people listened to him.
1 ‘Sky and earth, hear my words! Listen to me!
2 When I teach people, it will be like the rain when it
My words will do good things to them, like water does to the
They will be like rain on young plants and on new grass.
3 I will pronounce the name of the LORD.
Oh, tell everyone how great and important our God is!
4 He is The Rock that is strong. It does not move away.
His work is completely good. All the things that he does are
He is a God who keeps his promises. He never does anything that
He does what is fair and good.
5 But you have done wrong things. You cannot continue to
be his people.
You are neither fair nor good. You enjoy doing bad things.
6 This is not the right way to live. The LORD has been very good to you. Do not do these things that make him angry and sad.
You are fools and not people who understand.
He is your Father and he made you. He himself made you from his
7 Remember the days that are past.
Think of all the people who have died. Ask your father and he
will tell you.
Ask the old men. They will explain what happened.
8 The powerful God, who is very important, gave their own place to the people in each country. He decided where the edges of each country should be. And when he was doing that, he was thinking about the number of the descendants of Israel.
9 But the LORD’s people are his own people.
He chose the descendants of Jacob to be his special people.
10 The LORD found them in an empty desert where the wind was blowing.
He was careful about them and he loved them.
He did not let anyone hurt them, because they were so valuable to
11 He was like a large bird. A bird teaches its young
birds to fly.
The large bird flies below them and catches them.
It carries them on its back. They do not fall.
The LORD also was very careful about the Israelites and they were safe.
12 The LORD alone led his people. No foreign god gave the Israelites any help.
13 The LORD made them ride over the high places in the country.
He fed them with fruit that grows in the fields. He gave to them honey out of the rock.
He gave to them oil from a place that was full of stones.
14 Their cows and their sheep gave plenty of milk.
The people ate the best meat that they found in Bashan.
They ate the very best bread and they drank fresh wine.
15 Then the Israelites became lazy. They refused to obey.
They were full of food. But they did not want to obey the God who
They refused to obey God, their Rock.
But he is the God who saved them.
16 They made the LORD angry with their foreign gods.
They made their own gods, which he hated.
17 They obeyed very bad gods and prayed to them.
These are not God. These are new gods, which they had not known.
Even your father was not afraid of them.
18 You refused to obey God, your Rock and your Father.
You forgot the God who caused you to be born.
19 When the LORD saw this, he was angry.
He looked away from his sons and daughters and he said,
20 “I will not continue to be with them. Then I will see
what happens to them in the end.
They are children who do not obey me. They refuse to give me
21 They made me angry with their false gods. These gods
have no value.
So I will make them angry because of those who are not a nation.
I will make them angry, by a nation that does not understand.
22 My anger will be so great that it will seem like a hot fire.
You will meet with it everywhere that you go. You will meet with
it in everything that you do.
Even on the day when you die, you will meet with it.
Even the great things that I have made will know the heat of my anger.
23 I will cause them to have many kinds of trouble. I
will attack them.
24 They will become very thin because they have no food.
They will have many cruel illnesses.
Wild animals will attack them. Snakes will bite them and they
25 War will cause people to die in the streets. War will
kill their children.
Even in their homes, they will be afraid.
Young men and young women will die. Babies and old men will also
26 I would have caused them to go out of their country
completely. So nobody would remember them.
27 But that would give their enemies pleasure. They would
They would say, ‘We have destroyed these people! The LORD has not done it!’ ”
28 Israel’s people do not understand anything. They are all fools.
29 If they were wise, they would understand.
They would know what will happen to them in the end.
30 One man runs after 1000 men!
Two men make 10 000 men run away!
This could only happen if God, their strong Rock, had made them
This could only happen if the LORD refused to help them.
31 Our enemies know that their own gods are weak.
They are not like the God of Israel.
32 Our enemies are bad and cruel, like the people of
Sodom and Gomorrah.
They are like grapes full of poison. They are angry all the time.
33 They make their wine from the poison of snakes.
34 I, the LORD, remember what their enemies have done.
35 I have authority over them. And I will make bad things happen to them because of what they have done. I will punish them.
The time will come when they will fall in front of their enemies.
It will soon be the day for their trouble. My plans will happen
36 The LORD will judge his people. He will be very kind to his servants.
He will save them when he sees them, weak and without help.
37 Then the LORD will say to them, “Think about the strong gods that you believed in.
38 You fed them with the best part of your gifts of food. You gave them good wine to drink. Let them help you now! Let them save you from your troubles!
39 Remember this: I, and I alone, am God. Other gods are
I kill and I give life. I have hurt you, but I can make you well
Nobody can stop what I am doing.
40 I am the God who lives for all time.
I raise my hand to heaven, which is my home. And I promise
41 to make my big knife sharp. I will use it to punish my enemies.
I will judge them. And I will make bad things happen to them again.
I will do this to everybody who hates me.
42 Their blood will drop from my arrows. My big knife will kill everyone who is against me.
This will be the blood of the dead people and of the slaves and
of the enemy’s leaders.”
43 All you people in every country, be happy with God’s
He will punish those who kill his servants. He will punish all his enemies.
But he will pay the price himself for all the bad things that his
people have done.’
44 Moses came with Joshua, the son of Nun, and he spoke all the words of this song. And all the Israelites listened to them. 45
When Moses had finished speaking these words, 46 he said to all the people, ‘Remember every word that I have said to you today. You must repeat them to your children. Tell them that they must obey all the words of this Law. 47 These words are not silly words. They are the most important
things in your life. If you obey them, you will live for many years in the
country across the Jordan. It will be your own country.’
Moses will die on Mount Nebo.
48 On the same day, the LORD said to Moses: 49 ‘Go to the Abarim mountains in the country called Moab and climb Mount Nebo. It is across from the city of Jericho. Look down at the country called Canaan. I am giving this country to Israel’s people. It will be their country. 50 You will die on that mountain and join your ancestors. You will die like Aaron your brother. He died on Mount Hor and joined his ancestors. 51 This is because both of you failed to obey me in front of the Israelites. This happened at the waters of Meribah Kadesh, in the desert of Zin. You did not make my special word important among the Israelites. 52 So you will only see the country from far away. You cannot go into the country that I am giving to the Israelites.’
The last words of Moses to the tribes of Israel
1 Before his death, Moses, the man who knew God so well, spoke these good words to all the Israelites. 2 And he said:
‘The LORD came from Mount Sinai. He shone like the sun over Edom.
He shone on his people from Mount Paran.
Thousands (1000s) of angels came with him, from the south, from the mountains.
In his right hand, there was a burning Law for them.
3 LORD, you love your people. You are careful about all those holy people who belong to you.
We pray to you. We worship you and we obey your words.
4 We obey your rules, which Moses gave to us.
They are the special gift that you gave to all the descendants of Jacob.
5 You became our king when the leaders of the people and all the tribes came together.
6 Cause the tribe of Reuben live for all time. And do not cause them to be only a few men.’
7 And Moses said about the tribe of Judah:
‘LORD, listen to Judah when they ask for help. Bring them back to their own people.
They fight for themselves.
LORD, help them against their enemies.’
8 About the tribe of Levi he said:
‘Your Urim and Thummim belong to your true servants, the Levites.
You checked them at Massah and you argued with them at the waters
9 Levi loved and obeyed you more than his parents, more
than his brothers or his children.
He studied your words and your promise was very special to him.
10 The Levites teach your rules to Israel’s people and your decrees to the sons of Jacob.
They offer powder that has a sweet smell to you, on your altar. And they put burnt-offerings on your altar.
11 LORD, make good things happen to them in everything that they do.
Make all their work give you pleasure.
Destroy all their enemies completely.’
12 About the tribe of Benjamin he said:
‘The LORD loves this tribe. They will rest and be safe, near to him.
The LORD keeps them safe every day. He lives among them.’
13 About the tribe of Joseph he said:
‘LORD, send good things to their country.
Send rain from the sky above,
and water from under the earth.
14 Make good fruit grow in their fields,
the best fruit of each season.
15 Send them good gifts from the mountains and the hills
that are so old.
Make the hills full of good fruit.
16 Fill their country with everything that is good.
Make them very happy with the love of the LORD,
the God who lived in the burning bush.
Send all these good things to the tribe of Joseph,
the man who was special among his brothers.
17 Joseph is as strong as a bull. He has horns like a wild bull.
All the strong men from Ephraim and Manasseh are his horns!
With them, he attacks the people of other countries.
He pushes them to the edges of the world.’
18 About the tribe of Zebulun he said:
‘Be happy, Zebulun, as you go out of your home.
Be happy, Issachar, in your home.
19 They ask foreign people to come to their mountain.
Then these people will offer the right gifts there.
They eat good things from the sea. They find special things in
20 About the tribe of Gad he said:
‘Happy is the man who makes Gad’s land wider!
Gad lives there like a lion. He fights anyone who comes into his country.
21 He took the best part of the country for himself.
Moses gave to Gad’s tribe the part that belongs to a leader.
When Israel’s people came together, the tribe of Gad did good things.
They did what the LORD wanted. They judged in Israel in the way that he commanded.’
22 About the tribe of Dan he said:
‘The tribe of Dan are like young lions. They jump out from Bashan and surprise their enemies.’
23 About the tribe of Naphtali he said:
‘The LORD has been very kind to the tribe of Naphtali.
They are full of the good things that the LORD has given to them.
They will have all the land, as far as to the south of Lake
24 About the tribe of Asher he said:
‘The LORD has given more good things to the tribe of Asher than to all the tribes.
Their brothers will say that they are very important.
They will be rich enough to bathe their feet in oil.
25 They will make the gates of their towns from iron and
They will always be strong.
26 Israelites, there is no god like your God.
He rides across the sky to help you.
He travels to you on the clouds, with great authority.
27 He is the God who has always been alive. He is the
safe place where you can hide.
And his strong arms are always under you, to hold you.
He will send away your enemies in front of you.
He says to you, “Destroy them!”
28 So Israel’s people will live alone safely. Their fountain of water is safe in a country that has corn and fresh wine. There, dew drops from the sky.
29 Israelites, how happy you are! There is no other nation like you.
The LORD himself has saved you from Egypt and from all your enemies.
He is like a strong wall in front of you. He is like a big, sharp
knife against your enemies.
He helps you.
Your enemies will be very afraid of you. And you will destroy the
special places where they pray to their gods.’
The death of Moses
1 Then Moses climbed Mount Nebo. He went from the valley of Moab to the top of Mount Pisgah, across from the River Jordan. There, the LORD showed him the whole country, from Gilead to Dan. 2 He saw all the
places that would belong to Naphtali, Ephraim, Manasseh and Judah. He saw all
the land, as far as the Mediterranean Sea. 3 He saw the south part of
Judah. He saw the valley from Zoar to Jericho. Jericho is the city of tall
trees. 4 Then the LORD said to Moses, ‘This is the country that I promised to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. I told them that I would give it to their descendants. I have let you see it. But you will not cross over into it.’
5 And Moses, the servant of the LORD, died there in Moab. This happened as the LORD had said. 6 And the LORD buried him in a valley in Moab. This is near the town called Beth-Peor. But even today, no one knows the place where God buried him. 7 Moses was 120 years old
when he died. But he could still see well and his body was still strong. 8 Then the Israelites wept for Moses for 30 days, in the valley of Moab. They wept until the time for them to weep and be sad was finished.
9 Then God filled Joshua, the son of Nun, with his own wise Spirit. Moses had already given his place as leader, to Joshua. So the Israelites listened to Joshua and they obeyed the LORD.
10 There has never been another prophet in Israel like Moses. The LORD spoke to him, face to face. 11 The LORD sent him to do strange and powerful things with great authority. He did these things in Egypt, to Pharaoh, to all his officers and to his whole country. 12 No other man has shown such powerful authority or done such great things. And Moses did these things in front of all the Israelites.
- special table for people to burn animals or other
gifts to God.
- one of the groups of people who lived in
- a group of people who lived near Canaan.
- ancestors are people years ago that your
parents came from.
- angels live with God; they work for him and they
bring messages from him.
- what you feel when you are angry.
- a special box that Moses made from wood and covered
with gold. God told Moses to make it.
- a pointed stick that you shoot with a bow.
- a group of people who lived near Canaan.
- a male cow.
- an animal that the priests killed and burned; that is how they gave them to God.
- people who lived in Canaan.
- a kind of car that soldiers use to fight.
Horses pull it.
- an important rule that a person must obey; to tell
people that they must do something.
- a plant or its seeds; People make flour from the
- This meant that the Israelites were special to God as his people. And the LORD was special to them as their God. He gave to them rules about things that they should do. And he also gave to them rules about things that they should not do. If they obeyed those rules, he would cause them to do well. If they did not obey them, the LORD would punish them.
- to move slowly on the legs.
- a rule that an important person makes.
- an animal that is like a small cow but you do not
drink its milk.
- a child, grandchild, their grandchild and so
- a place where not many people live, because it is
- water in the air that becomes water on the ground at
- make into more than one part.
- an animal like a small horse. It carries things
- things on a fish; they use them to swim.
- when someone stops being angry with another
person who has done bad things.
- a gift of food to God to thank him;
a gift of food to show that you love God; you also gave some of the food to
- the time between when a man is born and his
child is born.
- one of the groups of people who lived in
- a small, sweet fruit that people use to make a
drink that has alcohol in it.
- the place where God lives and rules; but
sometimes this word means the sky.
- one of the groups of people who lived in
- one of the groups of people who lived in Canaan.
- all good with nothing bad in it; or something that
is special for God to use.
- a special sugar that insects called bees make.
- a group of people who lived near Canaan.
- a long, hard bone that grows on the head of some
- humble people do not think that they are great.
- God gave to Jacob the name of Israel; Israel is
all the people born from Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and their children; Israel is
the group of people that God chose.
- any person who belonged to Israel.
- one of the groups of people who lived in
- to decide whether something is good or bad, right
or wrong; someone who decides between good and bad, right and wrong.
- the special rules that God gave to Moses for the Israelites.
- a very bad illness of the skin and bones.
- anyone who belongs to the tribe of Levi.
- a wild animal like a very big cat. It can kill a
- a special name for God in the Bible.
- special bread from heaven; it fell like rain.
- a short word for mountain; small mountain.
- a group of people who live together in the same
- a person who lives near to you.
- a tree with small fruits (or the fruits
themselves) that people used to make oil. They burned the oil to give them
light. They used it in other ways too.
- a special party to remember the night that God brought the Israelites out of Egypt.
- a time of rest with no war or fights or quarrels;
when people do not argue.
- one of the groups of people who lived in
- a thing that was like a promise to pay a debt.
- a special servant of God. He gave gifts and he burned animals to God for the people. He always belonged to the tribe of Levi.
- a person who speaks on behalf of God. He can
sometimes tell people about future events; someone who says what God thinks; or
someone who says what God will do. But some prophets spoke messages that were
not really from God.
- proud people think that they are great.
- to hurt someone for the wrong things that they
- a person who refuses to obey; to rebel is to
become a rebel.
- a descendant of your grandparents or of their parents.
- a group of people who lived near Canaan.
- the part of a plant that is under the ground; it
gets food for the plant from the ground.
- 7th day of the week. A day to rest and to do no
- the name of God’s great enemy; he rules over all
- a long piece of paper or skin of an animal.
People wrote on it, like paper.
- 1 kilo is about 90 shekels; 1 pound weight is
about 40 shekels.
- a white metal that shines and is very valuable.
- it means that people have not obeyed God’s
- something that people do against God; we are
sinful when we do not obey God’s rules.
- the part of a person that is alive. We cannot see
- the Spirit of God, who comes to live in the
bodies of people who love God.
- to make water come out of your mouth very quickly.
- small thin pieces of material that someone has
tied together; they usually fix it to the edge of their clothes.
- a home that people make from animal skins; or
sometimes they made it from parts of trees. People can move it easily.
- a group of people that have one language and belong together; a large group of people who are descendants of one man. The first Israelites were the 12 sons of Jacob. The descendants of each son became a tribe.
- Urim and Thummim
- special things by which God answered
- a drink that people make from grapes.
- birds and some insects use wings to fly.
- to know what is good and right, and to do it.
- to give thanks to God; to show God that you love
him very much; to tell God that he is very great and that you love him. But
some people worship false gods.
- people put it with flour and water to make bread.
As it grows, it causes the bread to become bigger.
Cruden’s Complete Concordance
New and Concise Bible Dictionary ~ G. Morrish
J. Vernon McGee ~ Deuteronomy ~ ‘Thru the Bible’ Radio Network.
Bible versions ~ J. N. Darby, New King James, The Living Bible,
The translated Bible text has been through Advanced Checking. | <urn:uuid:354e0d53-3328-4b2a-95f8-8786db6ad6b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.easyenglish.info/english-learners-bible/deuteronomy-taw.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982102 | 40,437 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Michigan vs. Ohio State: A Serious Rivalry!
Betty Ford: Sports and Popular Culture
Skill: Middle School
Time Required: Three to four class periods
Sports rivalries, particularly among schools and colleges, often are exciting ways in which to create a sense of community and belonging among students at the respective schools. Participating in these rivalries is often fun, and builds school spirit. President Ford played football for the University of Michigan, and experienced first-hand, one of the great college rivalries of all time, Michigan vs. Ohio State.
OSU vs. Michigan Great Sports Rivalries Traditions: Michigan vs. Ohio State Rival Reporting of Ohio State vs. Michigan Games How to Detect Bias in the News
This lesson was developed by Averil McClelland, Kent State University, with some inspiration from a lesson plan on Nationalism and the Olympics. | <urn:uuid:913c6590-00b1-47f7-ad3c-f00fa0022eb7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.firstladies.org/curriculum/curriculum.aspx?Curriculum=1747 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95109 | 183 | 2.9375 | 3 |
During the mid-19th Century, local communities throughout the Maritimes were responsible for their poor. However, in the case of the transient poor, strangers without any ties to the area, the law did not hold communities responsible. Provincial governments set aside funds for the reimbursement of the expenses communities incurred in taking care of such strangers. Thus, as you saw in the previous subsection, when Gamby was found in the woods the Overseers of the Poor and those who took care of him filed invoices with the Parish of Chipman. The village then forwarded the bill to Queen’s County, which in turn passed it on to the New Brunswick government. In the fall of 1863, when the costs seemed excessive to all concerned, the taxpayers of Chipman decided they had to get rid of Gamby. Despite the ensuing scandal, no one was accused of any crime whatsoever. You will see that even those who were scandalized by this decision understood and forgave it.
- John O'Leary, George Benison, Samuel White, Warrant to Poor For £30.00, June 31, 1860
- George Gallaghar, Petition of George Gallaghar Praying impression of Court In payment of [charge] upon Overseers of the poor, January 8, 1864
- John O'Leary, George Benison, Samuel White, Overseers of the Poor for the Parish of Chipman Queens County 1861 for money to pay support of a poor foreigner, March 31, 1861
- Overseers of the Poor Chipman, Overseers of the Poor a/c Chipman , January 19, 1864
Newspaper or Magazine Articles | <urn:uuid:6b5fc5ae-e33d-4cde-abda-a8f92c55a3d5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/jerome/theories/coutstropeleves/indexen.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96536 | 335 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Marie A. C. Langham,South Dakota State University
Could you use posters about plant disease for your fourth graders? Or maybe you could use a brochure about careers in plant pathology for advising high school biology and agriculture students? How about an illustrated storybook describing the origin, relevance, and science of plant pathology that is available in English or Spanish? These and many other resources are available at the Plant Health Instructor website in the Education Center Resource Catalog where Dr. Michael A. Sulzinski (Senior Editor for the Resource Catalog) provides links to a variety of information sources related to Plant Pathology. This information is presented in a variety of formats and is available to fulfill many needs in the classroom.
In the Resource Center, you can access links to the posters "Plants Get Sick Too" and “Plant Detectives- Discovering Why Plants Get Sick” (Figures 1 and 2). These are available for downloading. Links are also provided to the storybook, “Plant Pathology: Past to Present” (Figure 3). The storybook describes the origin of plant pathology through the viewpoint of Anton DeBary, the scientist who founded plant pathology. It also discusses what plant pathology is and how plant pathology relates to today’s agriculture. The storybook is available in both English and Spanish (Note side box at end of the article.)
Another valuable resource available through the Education Center Resource Catalog is the recently updated “Careers in Plant Pathology,” a brochure provided by the APS Office of Public Affairs and Education on the types of careers available and the educational path suggested for students. It is also appropriate for providing students with a preliminary introduction to Plant Pathology.
Dr. Sulzinski provides a bibliography of articles, lessons, books, and videotapes that are about Plant Pathology and events where plant pathology has made an impact on our world, such as the Irish Potato Famine. Some examples of items referenced here include:
A Special Issue On Global Movement Of Invasive Plants And Fungi by A. Y. Rossman [Bioscience 51(2):93-153]
Plant Pathologists At The Center Of A Circus: A Devastating Oak Disease Has Reshaped Two Scientists' Careers by B. Shouse [Science 300:418-419 (April 18, 2003)]
Plant Pathology Courses For Agricultural Awareness by G. Schumann and C. D’Arcy (Plant Disease 83:492-501)
Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds by G. Hudler. Princeton University Press; Princeton, NJ.
Microbes and Man by J. Postgate. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, U.K.
Seeds for Tomorrow. Nova Program. Coronet Film and Video. 420 Academy Dr; Northbrook IL 60062.
Dutch Elm Disease and the American Elm. Video by D. M. Eastburn, C.J. D’Arcy, and L. McKee. APS Press; St. Paul, MN.
Dr. Sulzinski also provides a strong listing of websites devoted to specific diseases, pathogens, or crops. These websites provide fast references for information on many topics in plant pathology.
In order to assist busy educators who may have difficulty finding a source for that special supply needed for a class project or experiment, Dr. Sulzinski provides a listing of microbe and laboratory supply sources. These suppliers provide many items that are useful in developing laboratory experiments and providing resources for science fair projects. An example of the resources available is “Phytophthora infestans, the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Kit”, available from Carolina Biological Supply Company (Figure 4). This kit provides advanced high school students an opportunity to determine if samples contain Phytophthora infestans, the cause of late blight of potato, through the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The Education Center Resource Catalog has valuable materials that can easily be incorporated into teaching programs. These resources are appropriate for students and educators on many levels. Check out this catalog, and your students will benefit from this new information resource.
¡Atención Profesores de Español!Would you like to have a cooperative unit with a fellow biology teacher? Try the storybook, “Plant Pathology: Past to Present”. The storybook is available in both Spanish and English. It will provide the opportunity to discuss many scientific terms and other terms, such as infection, disease, plant, and leaves, that are important in speaking languages, but may not appear in typical textbook dialogues. It will also aid in developing an understanding that science is a discipline that reaches across many border and cultures for the benefit of all mankind. Watch for other Spanish publications from APS as they become available for use, including Spanish versions of some of the APS Press publications. | <urn:uuid:c895ed1f-ea3c-4edb-9d7b-3676965f91c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/K-12/NewsViews/Pages/2005_May.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909279 | 1,010 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The Milwaukee Community Journal’s Year-long Health Focus
by Dr. Patricia McManus–Pres., Black Health Coalition of Wisconsin
When you mention “Sickle Cell Disease (SCD),” most black people recognize the name as something that “Black people get” but not much else. It is strange that more African Americans do not want to learn about this disease, especially since it occurs mainly, but not totally, in the African American population.
This is clearly one condition that the community needs to know more about. Even though new- born screening now includes sickle cell anemia, this is still after the factor. There has been little to no push for African Americans to learn their sickle cell status. It is very important to know if you have the trait so that you do not have children with someone who also has the trait. There is a one in four chance of your baby having the disease. So let’s begin to learn more about this disease that can be so devastating to children and families in our community.
What is Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?
Definition: Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic disorder of hemoglobin in red blood cells. People with sickle cell disease commonly experience “crises” due to stoppage of flow in their blood vessel, which can result in injury to any of the body’s tissues or organ systems. This includes stroke in approximately 20% of children with sickle cell disease. The development of vascular obstruction in sickle cell disease is complicated and likely to involve many different abnormalities of the circulating blood vessel wall. Sickling decreases the cells’ flexibility and results in a risk of various complications.
The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. There is currently a poor understanding of how “vaso-occlusive crisis” occur. Because of this, there are very few choices for effective treatment.
SCD affects an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 Americans. The disease occurs in about 1 out of every 500 African American births. Sickle cell trait occurs in about 1 in 12 African Americans.
Life expectancy is shortened, with studies reporting an average life expectancy of 42 in males and 48 in females. It usually presents in childhood, and occurs more commonly in people (or their descendants) from parts of tropical and sub-tropical regions where malaria is or was common.
One-third of all indigenous persons of Sub-Saharan African carry the gene because in areas where malaria is common, there is a survival value in carrying only a single sickle-cell gene (sickle cell trait).
Those individuals with only one of the two genes that cause malaria are more resistant to Sickle Cell. Since the infestation of the malaria plasmodium is halted by the sickling of the cells that it infests.
People with SCD have less access to comprehensive team care than people with other genetic disorders, such as hemophilia and cystic fibrosis. Sickle cell-related death among African American children less than 4 years of age fell by 42% during 1999-2002. This coincided with the introduction of a vaccine that protected against invasive pneumococcal disease in 2000. (CDC)
Issues with care
According to Bonny Johnson, RN, MSc from Minority Nurse, “a lot of nurses and health care professionals in general have preconceived erroneous ideas that sickle cell disease patients are just drug seeker”. She goes on to state that many of these patients are hurting, and it’s often up to nurses to make sure they receive the pain control and disease management care they urgently need.
As the crescent shaped or sickle cells travel through the bloodstream, they tend to get stuck in narrow blood vessels, cutting off the flow of blood and causing excruciating pain.
The only cure for SCD is a bone marrow transplant, but it’s a risky procedure that’s not available to most patients. The alternative is to simply manage the chronic discomfort.
What can families and the communities do?
1. Families must become advocates for their relatives with this disease.
2. They must support those with this disease who are advocating for themselves.
3. Families can help by creating a home environment that eliminates trigger for sickle cell crisis, such as extreme heat, cold or increased stress. Managing stress for African Americans in this environment is very difficult.
4. Family members should be on the bone marrow donor registry. Family members are usually the best match.
5. Everyone should know their sickle cell status. You should also know the status of anyone you might have children with. On the average of 40% of babies who test positive for sickle cell had parents who knew their status. That means most of the parents had no idea of their own status or that of their partner. Both parents must have at least the trait for the baby to be born with the disease.
6. The community needs to advocate for more funding. There are three times more babies born with sickle cell than cystic fibrosis. However, according to the National Institutes of Health, for every baby born with cystic fibrosis, there is $2733 research dollars spent to find a cure. In contrast, for every baby born with sickle cell disease, only $345.58 is spent.
Another disparity or equity, however you want to call it, it is indicative of the situation for African Americans in this county. If we do not think we are good enough to fight for, who will? | <urn:uuid:42816c05-bfb0-4cfa-86ed-b0292d2b9486> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://communityjournal.net/health-wellness-sickle-cell-disease-a-disease-we-can-call-our-own/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966316 | 1,141 | 3.5 | 4 |
Dictatorships throughout history have relied on fear and control to maintain power. The world has resoundingly condemned the atrocities of the Nazi concentration camps, the Soviet Gulag, and many other systems of repression around the globe, but has remained largely silent on one of the most extensive and repressive prison camp system in the world: the Chinese Laogai. Since the early 1950s, China has used the Laogai to crush dissent and root out potential sources of opposition, whether political, economic, or religious in nature, while simultaneously exploiting prisoners as a source of free labor.
The text is taken from the Laogai Research Foundation website
Harry Wu was a political prisoner in China for nineteen years after being labeled as a counter-revolutionary by the government. Originally from Shanghai, he was part of the so-called bourgeoisie class and was a university student in Wuhan before he was unjustly imprisoned, without even a trial.
Largely filmed inside China, this film also included an extensive interview with Harry Wu and much of the footage of the Laogai that he filmed when he went undercover in the 1990s. This exposé details how China forces its 3-5 million prisoners to perform hard labor in unsafe conditions, while exporting the products they make to the international market. The film aroused strong reactions in the international community, once again making the Laogai - the darkest corner of human rights abuse in China - a focus of attention. | <urn:uuid:f210a20c-b12b-4a20-aa47-5cadd8c1c375> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.politicalprisoners.eu/lao-gai-camps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954417 | 295 | 2.515625 | 3 |
One day, according to ancient Greek legend, a poor peasant called Gordius arrived with his wife in a public square of Phrygia in an ox cart. As chance would have it, so the legend continues, an oracle had previously informed the populace that their future king would come into town riding in a wagon. Seeing Gordius, therefore, the people made him king. In gratitude, Gordius dedicated his ox cart to Zeus, tying it up with a highly intricate knot - - the Gordian knot. Another oracle -- or maybe the same one, the legend is not specific, but oracles are plentiful in Greek mythology -- foretold that the person who untied the knot would rule all of Asia.
The problem of untying the Gordian knot resisted all attempted solutions until the year 333 B.C., when Alexander the Great -- not known for his lack of ambition when it came to ruling Asia -- cut through it with a sword. "Cheat!" you might cry. And although you might have been unwise to have pointed it out in Alexander's presence, his method did seem to go against the spirit of the problem. Surely, the challenge was to solve the puzzle solely by manipulating the knot, not by cutting it.
But wait a minute. Alexander was no dummy. As a former student of Aristotle, he would have been no stranger to logical puzzles. After all, the ancient Greek problem of squaring the circle is easy to solve if you do not restrict yourself to the stipulated tools of ruler and compass. Today we know that the circle-squaring problem as posed by the Greeks is indeed unsolvable. Using ruler and compass you cannot construct a square with the same area as a given circle. Perhaps Alexander was able to see that the Gordian knot could not be untied simply by manipulating the rope.
If so, then the knot surely could not have had any free ends. The two ends of the rope must have been spliced together. This, of course, would have made it a knot in the technical sense of modern mathematicians.
Continuing under the assumption that many fine minds had been stumped by the Gordian knot problem, but no one had claimed the puzzle was unsolvable, we may conclude that in principle the knot could be untied, and everyone who looked closely enough could see this fact. In modern topological parlance, the loop of rope must have been in the form of an unknot. Thus, the Gordian knot was most likely constructed by first splicing the two ends of a length of rope to form a loop, and then "tying" the loop up (i.e. wrapping it around itself in some way) to disguise the fact that it was not really knotted. And everyone was stumped until Alexander came along and figured out that on this occasion the sword was mightier than the pen. (Of course, he did have a penchant for coming to that conclusion.)
Now, when modern topologists study knots, they assume the knots are constructed out of perfectly flexible, perfectly stretchable, infinitely thin string. Under those assumptions, if the Gordian knot were really an unkotted loop, then it would have been possible to untie it, i.e., to manipulate it so it was in the form of a simple loop that does not cross itself.
Thus, the only thing that could make it absolutely necessary to resort to a sword to untie it would be that the physical thickness of the actual rope prevented the necessary manipulations being carried out. In principle, this could have been done. The rope could have been thoroughly wetted prior to tying, then dried rapidly in the sun after tying to make it shrink.
This is the explanation proposed recently by physicist Piotr Pieranski of the Poznan University of Technology in Poland and the biologist Andrzej Stasiak of the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. Physicists are interested in knots because the latest theories of matter postulate that everything is made up of tightly coiled (and maybe knotted) loops of space-time, and biologists are interested in knots because the long, string-like molecules of DNA coil themselves up tightly to fit inside the cell.
Pieranski and Stasiak have been studying knots that can be constructed from real, physical material, that has, in particular, a fixed diameter. This restriction makes the subject very different from the knot theory traditionally studied by mathematicians. Pieranski has developed a computer program, called SONO (Shrink-On-No-Overlaps) to simulate the manipulation of such knots.
Using this program, he showed that most ways of trying to construct a Gordian knot will fail. SONO eventually found a way to unravel them. But recently he discovered a knot that worked. SONO -- which had not been programmed to make use of an algorithmic sword -- was unable to unravel it. Maybe, just maybe, he had discovered the actual structure of the Gordian knot! Here it is:
To construct Pieranski's knot, you fold a circular loop of rope and tie two multiple overhand knots in it. You then pass the end loops over the entangled domains. Then you shrink the rope until it is tight. With this structure, there is not enough rope to allow the manipulations necessary to unravel it.
Mathematician Keith Devlin ( [email protected]) is the Executive Director of the Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford University and "The Math Guy" on NPR's Weekend Edition. His latest book is The Math Gene: How Mathematical Thinking Evolved and Why Numbers Are Like Gossip, published by Basic Books.
Further details about Pieranski's Gordian Knot construction will be given in the paper Gordian Unknots, by Pieranski, Stasiak, and Sylwester Przybyl, currently in preparation. | <urn:uuid:782971b0-13bb-4030-b1ee-3978356924c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.maa.org/external_archive/devlin/devlin_9_01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970389 | 1,216 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Trig`o*no*met"ric (?), Trig`o*no*met"ric*al (?),[Cf. F. trigonom'etrique.]
Of or pertaining to trigonometry; performed by the rules of trigonometry.
Trigonometrical curve, a curve one of whose coordinates is a trigonometric function of the other. -- Trigonometrical function. See under Function. -- Trigonometrical lines, lines which are employed in solving the different cases of plane and spherical trigonometry, as sines, tangents, secants, and the like. These lines, or the lengths of them, are trigonometrical functions of the arcs and angles to which they belong. -- Trigonometrical survey. See under Survey.
© Webster 1913. | <urn:uuid:d12bd47c-ee06-4820-adc5-5316598c958b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://everything2.com/title/Trigonometric | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.845107 | 169 | 2.96875 | 3 |
- About Extension
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A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for:
> repelling, or
> mitigating any pest.
Though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests.
Under United States law, a pesticide is also any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.
- General Information/Resources -
- Publications (Link)
View 100+ publications about agriculture...
- Calibrating Backpack Sprayers (Video) (http://media.oregonstate.edu)
Backpack sprayers are relatively easy to use--and to misuse. This video shows basic sprayer components and how to use them appropriately. It also outlines how to calibrate the sprayer, calculate application rates, and mix pesticides.
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Link)
- National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) (Link)
NPIC provides objective, science-based information about pesticides and pesticide-related topics to enable people to make informed decisions about pesticides and their use. NPIC is a cooperative agreement between Oregon State University and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
- Websites of Interest (pdf)
Pesticide Certification/Recertification and Pesticide Licensing
It is best to know the difference between Pesticide CERTIFICATION and Pesticide LICENSING.
CERTIFICATION is the process of demonstrating a person knows how to handle and apply pesticides in a safe and responsible manner. Certification examinations must be taken in specific categories of application to obtain a pesticide license. A passing score of 70% or higher on pesticide exams is required to become certified.Certification is the first step to obtaining a pesticide license.
Certification is valid for up to five (5) years and begins when the required tests are passed and ends on December 31st of the fifth calendar year. If you qualify for certification in the last 45 days of the year (November 17th through December 31st), the certification period is extended through the calendar year and the next five (5) years. For example:
Test Date Certification End Date
January 2, 2013 December 31, 2017
November 16, 2012 December 31, 2016
November 17, 2012 December 31, 2017
Just passing pesticide exams does not mean an individual is licensed!
LICENSING is the process to obtain the actual license that shows that a person has met certification requirements to make specific pesticide applications under that license. To get a license: (1) After passing the exams, fill out the correct form, (2) pay the license fee and any other associated fees; (3) submit both to ODA. All licenses are renewed annually, except for the Private Applicator license, which is renewed every 5 years.
Step by Step Guide for Pesticide Certification/Recertification and Pesticide Licensing
Step #2 - Suggested Study Materials for Each Pesticide Exam
Oregon Pesticide Safety Education Manual: A Guide to the Safe Use and Handling of Pesticides (Preview)
Designed for pesticide applicators, including those preparing to take certification exams and those who already are certified pesticide applicators, operators, dealers, or consultants. This edition features language that is more “reader friendly.” At the same time, readers are introduced to the technical terms that are common in the industry and may appear on Oregon pesticide exams. Topics include pesticide laws, environmental concerns, personal protective equipment, symptoms of poisoning, first aid, integrated pest management, pest identification, pesticide formulations, understanding labels, equipment calibration and calculations, mixing and application, transportation, storage, and disposal, spill management, record keeping and reporting, and liability. Each chapter is followed by study questions. (Answers are in the appendix.) Other appendixes include: pesticides and their effects on humans, handy formulas for conversions and calculations, a glossary, and references. Order Now (Link)
Step #3 - Find a Pesticide Testing Site Near You
ODA Upcoming Accredited Classes (Link)
Search for upcoming recertification classes that count towards maintaining your Oregon pesticide applicator or consultant certification. In ODA listings, classes satisfying the Private Applicator "Core" requirement are identified with the word "Core" in the title.
OSU Extended Campus Online/Pesticide Applicators Courses (Link)
Pesticide Recertification Courses 2015 (pdf)
Step #4 - Take Your Pesticide Exam(s)
View My Pesticide Hours (Link) (your license number will be needed for search)
Access a report of classes you have attended, your requirements for recertification, and determine whether you have met your requirements. Note: Attendance processing can take several weeks, so recent classes attended may not be reflected on this report.
Request Credits for a Course
Sponsors may fill out the following form(s). Do not forget to include a copy of the course agenda. ODA requests that submissions be made at least 30 days prior to the course date.
Recertification Course Credit Request Form and Instructions (pdf)
Extra pages for agenda detail (pdf)
Step #5 - Apply for Your Pesticide License | <urn:uuid:94aeb01e-9381-4864-a27c-de7029e6c27a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://extension.oregonstate.edu/crook/pesticides | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89935 | 1,108 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Beatrice de Gelder couldn't believe her eyes. How could "TN," a patient who had been blinded by two strokes that destroyed his visual cortex, be weaving his way so masterfully through the obstacle course that she and her colleagues had erected? Though unable to see in the literal sense of the word--he had consistently failed all the vision tests that de Gelder had given him--he somehow "saw" the office supplies scattered in front of him and avoided them.
The researchers concluded that TN possessed a rare form of "blindsight" wherein a brain-damaged person with normal eyes can't process visual information but can still subconsciously react to it. They reason that previously suppressed neural pathways located below TN's destroyed cortex may be stepping in to fill its role, albeit on a subconscious level.
Though it may not be possible to fully restore their sight, blindsight patients can recover some of their vision by exercising other regions of the brain involved in motor perception. In a separate study, researchers from the University of Rochester found that stroke patients who "honed" their blindsight through a series of eye exercises over several months were able to recoup some of their former abilities. | <urn:uuid:ce7a5907-2933-4009-9b5d-ad664c1ee361> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://discovermagazine.com/sitefiles/resources/image.aspx?item=%7B9A561D8F-475D-47A9-AA50-1F0ABFDCEFD6%7D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983119 | 239 | 3.109375 | 3 |
|Infant Feeding in Emergencies: A Guide for Mothers (WHO, 1997, 48 p.)|
Even where women have the choice to use pumps, many prefer hand expression. Hand expression imitates a baby's suckling action more naturally. Also sterilization of breast pumps is essential for safety and may be difficult to control in emergencies.
· Wash your hands thoroughly.
· Have a clean cup or container with a wide neck.
· Make yourself comfortable.
The following instructions are just guidelines. You find the way that suits you (Figures 6a, 6b and 6c).
· Hold your breast with your four fingers underneath and your thumb on top behind the nipple. Do not squeeze the nipple.
· Gently feel the little thickenings inside your breast under the areola. These are 'lactiferous sinuses' which is where the milk collects as it comes down.
· Compress your fingers and thumb rhythmically in a way that suits you.
· Move your hand round your breast, expressing milk from the sinuses.
· Do the same with the other breast.
· If you prefer use both hands on each breast.
You may find that your milk does not 'come down' as quickly as when your baby is near you. Think about your baby. If you have a photo look at it or smell some of his clothing. Ask someone to massage your back gently. This is where women can help and support each other. If you can find another mother who has hand expressed already, ask her to teach you.
Two helpful methods to teach another woman are:
· if you are lactating let her watch you do it
· make sure she is comfortable, then stand behind her and guide her own hand on her breast. In this way she has had practice under your guidance. | <urn:uuid:faaf9e4d-f06c-40d3-96d9-9f130c7352e8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=cdl&cl=CL1.39&d=HASHdcf7cb4cfb62198f2294ad.45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945416 | 377 | 2.578125 | 3 |
7 Ways To Prevent and Even Reverse Heart Disease With Nutrition
by Sayer Ji
Considering that heart disease is the #1 cause of death in the developed world, anything that can prevent cardiac mortality, or slow or even reverse the cardiovascular disease process, should be of great interest to the general public.
Sadly, millions of folks are unaware of the extensive body of biomedical literature that exists supporting the use of natural compounds for preventing and even reversing heart disease.
So, with this in mind, let’s look at the biomedical literature itself.
Three Natural Substances that Reduce the Risk of Heart-Related Death
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: There is a robust body of research indicating that the risk of sudden cardiac death is reduced when consuming higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Going all the way back to 2002, the New England Journal of Medicine published a study titled, “Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death,” which found “The n-3 fatty acids found in fish are strongly associated with a reduced risk of sudden death among men without evidence of prior cardiovascular disease.” Another 2002 study, published in the journal Circulation, found that Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces total mortality and sudden death in patients who have already had a heart attack.[i] For additional research, view our dataset on the topic of Omega-3 fatty acids and the reduction of cardiac mortality.
It should be noted that the best-selling cholesterol drug class known as statins may actually reduce the effectiveness of omega-3 fats at protecting the heart. This has been offered as an explanation as to why newer research seems to show that consuming omega-3 fats does not lower the risk of cardiac mortality.
Vitamin D: Levels of this essential compound have been found to be directly associated with the risk of dying from all causes.
Being in the lowest 25% percent of vitamin D levels is associated with a 26% increased rate of all-cause mortality.[ii] It has been proposed that doubling global vitamin D levels could significantly reduce mortality.[iii] Research published in the journal Clinical Endocrinology in 2009 confirmed that lower vitamin D levels are associated with increased all-cause mortality but also that the effect is even more pronounced with cardiovascular mortality.[iv] This finding was confirmed the same year in the Journal of the American Geriatric Society, [v] and again in 2010 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.[vi]
Magnesium: In a world gone mad over taking inorganic calcium supplementation for invented diseases such as T-score defined “osteopenia” or “osteoporosis,” despite their well-known association with increased risk of cardiac mortality, magnesium’s role in protecting against heart disease cannot be overstressed. It is well-known that even the accelerated aging of the heart muscle experienced by those in long space flight is due to magnesium deficiency. In 2010, the Journal of Biomedical Sciences reported that cardiovascular risks are significantly lower in individuals who excrete higher levels of magneiusm, indicating its protective role.[vii] Another study published in the journal Atherosclerosis in 2011 found that low serum magnesium concentrations predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.[viii] Remember that when you are looking to ‘supplement’ your diet with magnesium go green. Chlorophyll is green because it has a magnesium atom at its center. Kale, for example, is far better a source of complex nutrition than magnesium supplements. But, failing the culinary approach, magnesium supplements can be highly effective at attaining a therapeutic and/or cardioprotective dose.
Four Natural Compounds Which May Unclog the Arteries
Pomegranate: this remarkable fruit has been found in a human clinical study to reverse the carotid artery thickness (i.e. blockage) by up to 29% within 1 year. [ix] There are a broad range of mechanisms that have been identified which may be responsible for this effect, including: 1) lowering blood pressure 2) fighting infection (plaque in arteries often contains bacteria and viruses) 3) preventing cholesterol oxidation 4) reducing inflammation.[x]
Arginine: Preclinical and clinical research indicates that this amino acid not only prevents the progression of atherosclerosis but also reverses pathologies associated with the process. (see also: Clogged Arteries and Arginine). One of the mechanisms in which it accomplishes this feat is by increasing the production of nitric oxide which is normally depressed in blood vessels where the inner lining has been damaged (endothelium) resulting in dysfunction.
Garlic: Not only has garlic been found to reduce a multitude of risk factors associated with arteriosclerosis, the thickening and hardening of the arteries, but it also significantly reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke.[xi] In vitro research has confirmed that garlic inhibits arteriosclerotic plaque formation.[xii] Aged garlic extract has also been studied to inhibit the progression of coronary artery calcification in patients receiving statin therapy.[xiii]
And let us not forget, garlic’s benefits are extremely broad. We have identified over 150 diseases that this remarkable culinary and medicinal herb has been confirmed to be of potential value in treating and preventing and which can be viewed here: Garlic Health Benefits.
B-Complex: One of the few vitamin categories that has been confirmed in human studies to not only reduce the progression of plaque buildup in the arteries but actually reverse it is B-complex. A 2009 study published in the journal Stroke found that high dose B-complex vitamin supplementation significantly reduces the progression of early-stage subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy individuals.[xiv] More remarkably, a 2005 study published in the journal Atherosclerosisfound a B-vitamin formula decreased the carotid artery thickness in patients at risk for cerebral ischemia.[xv] Another possible explanation for these positive effects is the role B-vitamins have in reducing the production of homocysteine, an artery and otherwise blood vessel scarring amino acid.[xvi]
For additional research on artery unclogging substances visit our page dedicated to the topic Unclogging Arteries.
Additional Heart Unfriendly Things To Avoid
No discussion of preventing cardiac mortality would be complete without discussing things that need to be removed in order to reduce risk, such as:
Statin Drugs: It is the height of irony that the very category of drugs promoted to millions globally as the standard of care for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cardiac mortality are actually cardiotoxic agents, linked to no less than 300 adverse health effects. Statin drugs have devastating health effects. Explore the research here: Statin Drug Health Effects.
Wheat: while this connection is rarely discussed, even by those who promote grain-free and wheat free diets, wheat has profound cardiotoxic potential, along with over 200 documented adverse health effects: Wheat Toxicity. And why wouldn’t it, when the very countries that eat the most of it have the highest rate of cardiovascular disease and heart-related deaths? For an in-depth explanation read our article: Wheat’s Cardiotoxicity: As Serious As A Heart Attack.
Finally, for additional research on the topic of heart health promoting strategies visit our Health Guide: Heart Health.
[i] Roberto Marchioli, Federica Barzi, Elena Bomba, Carmine Chieffo, Domenico Di Gregorio, Rocco Di Mascio, Maria Grazia Franzosi, Enrico Geraci, Giacomo Levantesi, Aldo Pietro Maggioni, Loredana Mantini, Rosa Maria Marfisi, G Mastrogiuseppe, Nicola Mininni, Gian Luigi Nicolosi, Massimo Santini, Carlo Schweiger, Luigi Tavazzi, Gianni Tognoni, Corrado Tucci, Franco Valagussa,. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione.Circulation. 2002 Apr 23;105(16):1897-903. PMID: 11997274
[ii] Michal L Melamed, Erin D Michos, Wendy Post, Brad Astor. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1629-37. PMID: 18695076
[iii] W B Grant. An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul 6. Epub 2011 Jul 6. PMID: 21731036
[iv] Stefan Pilz, Harald Dobnig, Giel Nijpels, Robert J Heine, Coen D A Stehouwer, Marieke B Snijder, Rob M van Dam, Jacqueline M Dekker. Vitamin D and mortality in older men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Nov;71(5):666-72. Epub 2009 Feb 18. PMID: 19226272
[v] Adit A Ginde, Robert Scragg, Robert S Schwartz, Carlos A Camargo. Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in older U.S. adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Sep;57(9):1595-603. Epub 2009 Jun 22. PMID: 19549021
[vi] Karl Michaëlsson, John A Baron, Greta Snellman, Rolf Gedeborg, Liisa Byberg, Johan Sundström, Lars Berglund, Johan Arnlöv, Per Hellman, Rune Blomhoff, Alicja Wolk, Hans Garmo, Lars Holmberg, Håkan Melhus. Plasma vitamin D and mortality in older men: a community-based prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Oct;92(4):841-8. Epub 2010 Aug 18. PMID: 20720256
[vii] Yukio Yamori, Takashi Taguchi, Hideki Mori, Mari Mori. Low cardiovascular risks in the middle aged males and females excreting greater 24-hour urinary taurine and magnesium in 41 WHO-CARDIAC study populations in the world. J Biomed Sci. 2010;17 Suppl 1:S21. Epub 2010 Aug 24. PMID: 20804596
[viii] Thorsten Reffelmann, Till Ittermann, Marcus Dörr, Henry Völzke, Markus Reinthaler, Astrid Petersmann, Stephan B Felix. Low serum magnesium concentrations predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Atherosclerosis. 2011 Jun 12. Epub 2011 Jun 12. PMID: 21703623
[xii] Günter Siegel, Frank Michel, Michael Ploch, Miguel Rodríguez, Martin Malmsten. [Inhibition of arteriosclerotic plaque development by garlic]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2004 Nov;154(21-22):515-22. PMID: 15638070
[xiii] Matthew J Budoff, Junichiro Takasu, Ferdinand R Flores, Yutaka Niihara, Bin Lu, Benjamin H Lau, Robert T Rosen, Harunobu Amagase. Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study. Prev Med. 2004 Nov;39(5):985-91. PMID: 15475033
[xiv] Howard N Hodis, Wendy J Mack, Laurie Dustin, Peter R Mahrer, Stanley P Azen, Robert Detrano, Jacob Selhub, Petar Alaupovic, Chao-ran Liu, Ci-hua Liu, Juliana Hwang, Alison G Wilcox, Robert H Selzer,. High-dose B vitamin supplementation and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2009 Mar;40(3):730-6. Epub 2008 Dec 31. PMID: 19118243
[xv] Uwe Till, Peter Röhl, Almut Jentsch, Heiko Till, Andreas Müller, Klaus Bellstedt, Dietmar Plonné, Horst S Fink, Rüdiger Vollandt, Ulrich Sliwka, Falko H Herrmann, Henning Petermann, Reiner Riezler. Decrease of carotid intima-media thickness in patients at risk to cerebral ischemia after supplementation with folic acid, Vitamins B6 and B12. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Jul;181(1):131-5. Epub 2005 Feb 16. PMID: 15939064
[xvi] Claudio Maldonado, Chirag V Soni, Nathan D Todnem, Sathnur Pushpakumar, Dorothea Rosenberger, Srikanth Givvimani, Juan Villafane, Suresh C Tyagi. Hyperhomocysteinemia and sudden cardiac death: potential arrhythmogenic mechanisms. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2010 Jan;8(1):64-74. PMID: 19485933
This article first appeared at GreenMedInfo. Please visit to access their vast database of articles and the latest information in natural health. | <urn:uuid:63f4fb0c-04c0-407c-9214-c54eae4ef0c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.naturalblaze.com/2013/04/7-ways-to-prevent-and-even-reverse.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843941 | 2,858 | 2.859375 | 3 |
‘The Global Alliance acknowledges that Indigenous peoples across the planet have already lived in accordance with the principles encapsulated by the Rights of Mother Earth for millennia. Not only they have survived radical changes in environmental conditions, but also they have thrived and created some of the richest and longest living cultures on Earth.
The Global Alliance also believes that it is time to stop teaching and preaching. Instead it is time to begin learning again, emphasizing the importance of Indigenous wisdom in guiding this learning process. Lessons from Indigenous wisdom are to be shared among all cultures if the implementation of the Rights of Nature is to be truly global.
In acknowledging this, the Indigenous Peoples Ancestral Knowledge Working Group provides a platform for an intercultural dialogue, led by Indigenous voices, on the meaning, the implications and the correct implementation of the Rights of Nature. At the same time, the Global Alliance offers support to the various political struggles faced by Indigenous peoples all over the world in defending their ancestral homelands from cultural and environmental destruction.
Tom BK Goldtooth, Indigenous Environmental Network leads the Indigenous Peoples Ancestral Knowledge Working Group.
Want to learn more?
If you would like to learn more about the Indigenous Peoples Ancestral Knowledge Working Group, please complete the simple form below. | <urn:uuid:ef345886-c311-41d3-893a-90214fe1c41d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://therightsofnature.org/ancestral-knowledge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925841 | 254 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Let’s move on to Federalist #22, again by Alexander Hamilton. While I sometimes find Hamilton tedious, as I mentioned earlier, he can also display a ferocious command of logic, political acuity, historical example, and rhetoric. These passages serve as a demonstration of this. Here he discusses how the Constitution addresses majority vs. minority power of the states, as opposed the idea of equality amongst the states, which had been an operating principle of the Articles of Confederation. At that time, the approval of all nine states was required in order to approve a bill, treaty, or other legislation:
The right of equal suffrage among the States is another exceptionable part of the Confederation. Every idea of proportion and every rule of fair representation conspire to condemn a principle, which gives to Rhode Island an equal weight in the scale of power with Massachusetts, or Connecticut, or New York; and to Delaware an equal voice in the national deliberations with Pennsylvania, or Virginia, or North Carolina. Its operation contradicts the fundamental maxim of republican government, which requires that the sense of the majority should prevail. Sophistry may reply, that sovereigns are equal, and that a majority of the votes of the States will be a majority of confederated America. But this kind of logical legerdemain will never counteract the plain suggestions of justice and common-sense. . .
Great rhetoric there, while also demonstrating the frequent insertion of breathy commas–a grammatical oddity throughout the Papers and a reflection, no doubt, of the stylistic conventions of the time.
It may be objected to this, that not seven but nine States, or two thirds of the whole number, must consent to the most important resolutions; and it may be thence inferred that nine States would always comprehend a majority of the Union. But this does not obviate the impropriety of an equal vote between States of the most unequal dimensions and populousness; nor is the inference accurate in point of fact; for we can enumerate nine States which contain less than a majority of the people; and it is constitutionally possible that these nine may give the vote. Besides, there are matters of considerable moment determinable by a bare majority; and there are others, concerning which doubts have been entertained, which, if interpreted in favor of the sufficiency of a vote of seven States, would extend its operation to interests of the first magnitude. In addition to this, it is to be observed that there is a probability of an increase in the number of States, and no provision for a proportional augmentation of the ratio of votes.
But this is not all: what at first sight may seem a remedy, is, in reality, a poison. To give a minority a negative upon the majority (which is always the case where more than a majority is requisite to a decision), is, in its tendency, to subject the sense of the greater number to that of the lesser. . .
Again, great use of rhetoric and logic. He furthermore demonstrates political acuity in acknowledging that the republic would not be static, and was likely to expand. The principle of a majority rule is so commonplace in governance dynamics that we now seem to take it for granted. “Majority rules”: a flippant phrase we throw off while electing which movie to see. Yet at this time, the young states, newly independent, were protective of their rights and demanded equality. As Hamilton notes, though this seems like a just principle, in reality, it provides obstruction to even routine governance processes.
Now these next few passages get interesting, when you read it through the lens of our current perspective. All we see our government doing now is obstruct, delay, and filibuster:
This is one of those refinements which, in practice, has an effect the reverse of what is expected from it in theory. The necessity of unanimity in public bodies, or of something approaching towards it, has been founded upon a supposition that it would contribute to security. But its real operation is to embarrass the administration, to destroy the energy of the government, and to substitute the pleasure, caprice, or artifices of an insignificant, turbulent, or corrupt junto, to the regular deliberations and decisions of a respectable majority. In those emergencies of a nation, in which the goodness or badness, the weakness or strength of its government, is of the greatest importance, there is commonly a necessity for action. The public business must, in some way or other, go forward. If a pertinacious minority can control the opinion of a majority, respecting the best mode of conducting it, the majority, in order that something may be done, must conform to the views of the minority; and thus the sense of the smaller number will overrule that of the greater, and give a tone to the national proceedings. Hence, tedious delays; continual negotiation and intrigue; contemptible compromises of the public good. . .
The mistake has proceeded from not attending with due care to the mischiefs that may be occasioned by obstructing the progress of government at certain critical seasons. When the concurrence of a large number is required by the Constitution to the doing of any national act, we are apt to rest satisfied that all is safe, because nothing improper will be likely TO BE DONE, but we forget how much good may be prevented, and how much ill may be produced, by the power of hindering the doing what may be necessary, and of keeping affairs in the same unfavorable posture in which they may happen to stand at particular periods. . .
What could better describe the overuse of filibuster we witness today, and the consistent impasse that arises now at what should be navigable issues of governance?
Evils of this description ought not to be regarded as imaginary. One of the weak sides of republics, among their numerous advantages, is that they afford too easy an inlet to foreign corruption. . .
No, Alexander, we most definitely now know them not to be imaginary. They have become our political reality. Does this suggest that we need to further reduce the minority party’s “negative upon the majority,” as Hamilton put it?
What’s interesting about that last line above is how we can spin the meaning of “foreign corruption.” Hamilton meant it in the literal sense, but today, we could read it in the sense of any entity operating outside of the government, such as corporations, lobbyist groups, and other special interests, which have an out-sized influence on the operations of our government.
In an article in The New Yorker, there’s a bit more on viewing this as a screed against the filibuster, as well as some interesting caution against viewing The Federalist Papers as “secular scripture.” To quote:
The Federalist Papers—so often quoted to rationalize governmental stasis and congressional gridlock—are almost always treated as secular scripture. They’re not. They’re newspaper op-ed pieces, written in haste to sell a particular set of compromises, some of which their authors had adamantly opposed and accepted only with the greatest reluctance.
This is interesting, and it may explain in part why I’ve found some of Hamilton’s contributions to the papers tedious: he really may be bullshitting when he sounds like he’s bullshitting. The passages above, however, reflect real passion, and this stood out as I read them. | <urn:uuid:311c5cc6-7de3-4835-815e-17149ca74651> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://bubbler.wordpress.com/category/quotes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954772 | 1,526 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Corn, also known as maize, has been intertwined with humans since it was domesticated in ancient times. First cultivated by the Aztecs and Mayans, the crop spread from the Americas through Europe in the 15th century and onto the rest of the world. For almost as long, people have worked with corn to develop new ways to grow it under less-than-perfect situations. But as The Christian Science Monitor reports, scientists have accomplished something that could make the cultivation of corn infinitely easier: researchers have cataloged 95 percent of the corn genome.
The discovery, partially funded by the USDA, will help scientists determine what genes can be used to improve crop efficiency or allow the plant to survive during hard times. The corn genome was found to be around 32,000 genes within 10 chromosomes. (Humans have 20,000 genes within 23 chromosomes.) Dr. Richard K. Wilson is the director of Washington University's Genome Center and leader of the study. As he told Science Daily, "Now [seed companies] will know exactly where those genes are. Having the complete genome in hand will make it easier to breed new varieties of corn that produce higher yields or are more tolerant to extreme heat, drought, or other conditions."
Other experts like Dr. Molly Jan, U.S. deputy undersecretary of agriculture for research, education, and economics, agree that this discovery is “an enormous advance” for the planet, which is now largely dependent on corn. Essentially, understanding the genome will allow for stronger plants and larger crops. Today, 332 metric tons of corn are grown just in the United States. Much of it is eaten, but parts of corn can be found in beauty products and more. Ethanol fuels are also derived from corn.
Jan also points out to The Christian Science Monitor that an increased understanding of corn may lead to greater environmental protections. Corn may be developed to take up less nitrogen from the plants soil. This will lead to a lesser need for fertilizers, and therefore less dangerous runoff into our waterways.
Some experts believe this revelation will also have long-term effects in combating disease. Virginia Walbot is a molecular geneticist at Stanford University, and she spoke of the sequencing to the Washington Post. According to Walbot, "The fact that example after example of these unexpected phenomena are also at work in mammals suggests that scientists interested in things like human diseases would be well-served to pay attention to what's happening in plants, and in corn in particular." The human genome was mapped in 2003 by U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.
For further reading: | <urn:uuid:5109cadf-fb5d-43ba-b43a-123409979650> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/corn-genome-decoded-what-does-this-mean | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959529 | 532 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a W3C standard for talking about URIs in XML. It's also a cornerstone of the Semantic Web. More information is at the W3C's RDF web page.
A promising resource is the RDF Survey, filled with links on RDF. The most comprehensive however, is Dave Beckett's RDF Resource Guide which lists nearly everything.
If you want to get started writing RDF, there's John Cowan*'s Quick Start Guide: RDF Made Easy.
RDF defines an abstract way to describe just about anything. It does this by allowing you to make statements about resources. Resources are identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). The most common form of URI is a URL, like http://logicerror.com/. However, this does not mean that the resource must be accessible through the Internet; it only means that it must have an identifier.
Part of LogicError. Powered by Blogspace, an Aaron Swartz project. Email the webmaster with problems. | <urn:uuid:4334e02d-4244-4901-82e0-d7e4976fb261> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://logicerror.com/rdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925003 | 217 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Federal Advisory Committee Act
Updated: May 19, 2011
Guidance for Federal advisory committee members and Forest Service staff
In 2008 the Forest Service provided initial advice and training to field personnel in anticipation of forming local resource advisory committees. The slide presentation used in the training is available here: Federal Advisory Committee Act training, December 11, 2008
Designated Federal Officers are responsible for informing advisory committee members of applicable Federal ethics laws, rules and guidelines. Federal advisory committees may have three categories of membership: regular government employees (RGEs), special government employees (SGEs) and representative members. Secure Rural Schools Act resource advisory committee members are all appointed to be "representative" of the interests prescribed in the Act. The ethics rules affecting regular government employees and special government employees are different from those for representative members of a committee. The following information has been developed in coordination with the Department of Agriculture Office of Ethics to provide an overview of ethics rules applicable to representative members of federal advisory committees: Federal Advisory Committees and the Ethics Rules, May 19, 2011.
Public Access to Federal Advisory Committee Information
In an April 14, 2011 news release (GSA #10787) the General Services Administration (GSA) announced a new website, www.gsa.gov/efaca, making 10 years of federal advisory committee information easily accessible to the public.
Federal advisory committees are committees, boards, commissions, or similar groups established by statute, the president, or agency officials to formulate advice or recommendations on issues or policies within the scope of an agency’s responsibilities.
The eFACA website makes information from the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) database easier to find, understand, and use. It offers the public visibility into the work that shapes programs and policies of the federal government.
Using pull down menus and the responses to a number of preset queries, the public is able to view information on advisory committee costs, meetings, membership, contact information, and links to the websites of many of the individual federal advisory committees.
As part of its statutory authority under the Federal Advisory Committee Act GSA reviews information on federal advisory committees from executive branch departments and agencies.
In addition to the information provided on the new website, GSA provides data on executive branch federal advisory committees through:
The Shared Management System or FACA Database– The public can view the full GSA data set of advisory committee information from 1995 to the present on www.gsa.gov/facadatabase. GSA is currently working to expand the availability of data on federal advisory committees for years prior to 1995, and plans to post that information to the Shared Management System as it becomes available.
Data.gov– In efforts to expand public access to data on federal advisory committees, GSA made 12 years of data sets available onwww.data.gov (1997 through 2008). Earlier data will be added as made available, as will newer data from fiscal year 2009 and FY 2010.
Library of Congress– The Library of Congress and GSA have collaborated since 2008 to make tens of thousands of historic advisory committee documents available online. This has resulted in the materials uploaded to a Library of Congress website and linked to GSA’s current online and public-facing Shared Management System.
Individual Executive Departments and Agencies– Agencies provide data on their federal advisory committee management and operation through their own federal advisory committee websites. GSA’s new website, www.gsa.gov/efaca, provides links to many of these sites. | <urn:uuid:10c05809-0296-4354-b7a7-642353873a22> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fs.usda.gov/main/pts/specialprojects/facatraining | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935048 | 716 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Identifying Facies in a Transgressive Sequence from the Mid-Atlantic Coast
This activity was selected for the On the Cutting Edge Reviewed Teaching Collection
This activity has received positive reviews in a peer review process involving five review categories. The five categories included in the process are
- Scientific Accuracy
- Alignment of Learning Goals, Activities, and Assessments
- Pedagogic Effectiveness
- Robustness (usability and dependability of all components)
- Completeness of the ActivitySheet web page
For more information about the peer review process itself, please see http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/review.html.
This page first made public: Jun 27, 2006
Skills and concepts that students must have mastered
How the activity is situated in the course
Content/concepts goals for this activity
Discussed in lecture prior to the exercise:
Factors affecting relative sea level
eustatic sea level, sediment supply, tectonic movement
the result: transgression, stillstand, or regression
prograding and retrograding units
General concept of depositional environments and lithofacies
Walther's Law and relation between lateral and vertical facies changes
General process of barrier-island transgression
Concepts incorporated into the exercise:
Primary facies associated with a barrier island and shoreface
characteristic geometries and bedding of facies
vertical and lateral facies relations
Components of a seismic sequence
shoreface ravinement—process and result
Accommodation space and preservation potential
Higher order thinking skills goals for this activity
Interpreting deposition and erosion from a seismic profile
Visualization of a reconstructed map view of a barrier-island depositional system Visualization of 3-D structure of a sedimentary sequence from 2-D profiles
Visualization of 3 dimensions plus time, as the transgression proceeds
Iterative interpretation, and evaluating multiple working hypotheses
Other skills goals for this activity
Working in groups.
My Stratigraphy course is a University Writing Across the Curriculum course, so students will be required to write a brief report with description and interpretation of the seismic sections that they work on.
Description of the activity/assignment
Determining whether students have met the goals
If the product of a task is worth 20 points, 10 pts are given for meeting the minimum (generally following directions and creating a product), 5 more pts assigned for thoroughness and accuracy of interpretation, and a final 5 pts for quality of work.
Points may be deducted for a task that is turned in late or sloppily thrown together, for formatting errors such as no labels, or for an unclear or disorganized written explanation.
The instructor will review the students' work at regular intervals as tasks are completed, and lead a discussion by the class of the results to that point. The later tasks require reasonably correct interpretations for the initial tasks. In cases that a group is substantially off track, the instructor may redirect the line of thinking/interpretation.
Download teaching materials and tips
- Activity Description/Assignment (Microsoft Word 40kB Jun23 06)
- Instructors Notes (Microsoft Word 31kB Jun23 06)
- Trackline map for seismic profile AI-04.01 (Acrobat (PDF) 857kB Jun23 06)
- Seismic and side-scan sonar profiles AI-04.01 (Acrobat (PDF) 1.5MB Jun23 06)
- Interpreted seismic section AI-04.01 (Acrobat (PDF) 296kB Jun23 06)
- Seismic and side-scan sonar profiles AI-04.05 (Acrobat (PDF) 1.8MB Jun23 06)
- Interpreted seismic section AI-04.05 (Acrobat (PDF) 653kB Jun23 06) | <urn:uuid:7ecffd41-c835-4cb0-b2c8-ccb4a9adc6b7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/sedimentary/activities/13886.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.857473 | 803 | 2.765625 | 3 |
It’s not what you think. Meet the Duck Chart.
In the lively conversation about how to integrate variable renewables such as wind and solar into our electric grid’s generation mix, an unlikely player has entered the fray: a duck. It’s not literally a duck, mind you, but rather a mallard-esque graph—now famously known as the “duck chart”—from the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) in a report released late last year causing quite a stir of late.
Superficially—and with a bit of imagination—its curves look like the profile of a duck, with a tail, fattening belly, steep neck, and head. But it’s what the duck chart actually conveys that’s generating the meat of the conversation.
The duck chart shows the net load CAISO’s central thermal power plants would need to supply when you combine hour-by-hour expected customer electricity demand with the offsetting output from variable renewables (especially solar) over the course of a typical spring day. As the forecast goes to 2015 and beyond, the curve shifts as growing shares of renewable generation are added to the grid, with the belly of the duck sinking deeper and the neck rising more steeply.
That deepening belly and subsequent steep rise to the top of the head is what’s getting so much attention. It makes clear that we will soon face some real challenges in managing the grid if we don’t do something. The good news, though, is that we have plenty of choices about what we can do to ensure continued reliable grid operation of the grid.
Understanding the duck
The belly of the duck sinks deeply during the middle of the day and into early afternoon, when solar output is at its peak, minimizing demand for the grid’s central thermal power plants. That creates a potential over-generation problem. Why? Because our grid is built upon the idea of baseload generation, a baseline level of electricity generation that’s always there, supplied by power plants that are built to more or less run 24/7 at full tilt. Utilities then add other, more flexible generation sources on top of that baseload as demand dictates.
But if solar’s output reduces net utility load too much—as it does in the duck chart’s predictions for years 2015 and beyond—then net load could fall below baseload generation, resulting in a potential excess of electricity production during certain hours that must be addressed.
Meanwhile, solar’s output falls off in mid-afternoon, just as California’s electricity demand peaks, with high demand lasting into evening. It’s a double whammy effect. The result is a rapid spike in utility electricity demand (the steep slope of the duck’s neck). Power plants, especially those fueled by coal and nuclear, weren’t built to ramp up or down that quickly. They’re not the equivalent of an easy-to-operate dimmer switch for the lights in your kitchen. They’re more of an “on or off” type of operation, and it’s difficult, expensive, and time consuming to adjust their level of output. Not exactly compatible with what the duck chart says is coming.
It’s important to note that the duck chart depicts a spring day, when milder temperatures result in relatively modest electricity demand, yet when solar production is relatively strong. By design, therefore, the duck chart illustrates the most extreme circumstances that our electricity grid must be able to accommodate.
Even though the systems weren't optimized for variable renewable resources, the systems have had enough embedded flexibility to ramp up and down to accommodate them. Thankfully, then, we’ve been able to successfully integrate renewables into our existing grid system … until now. The duck chart hints at a time—coming in the near future—when that will be more difficult to do unless we embrace new ways of thinking.
Taming the duck
Thankfully, this is a solvable problem, as others like the Clean Coalition have been pointing out. In fact, this is one of those “good problems to have.” California is among the world leaders in clean energy development, and has the opportunity to consider a host of innovative ways to enhance system flexibility to ensure the electricity needs of consumers can continue to be met in an affordable and reliable manner, even in the face of a growing installed base of solar and wind energy projects.
- Import/Export. Power markets are interconnected, with electricity routinely flowing into or out of a particular region to surrounding regions. The duck chart makes a simplifying assumption, only showing the load and the resources within the CAISO region. In reality, California is connected to other regions that have differing characteristics in terms of electricity usage by customers (by nature of differing climates or time zones) or in terms of the types of generation resources in those regions (such as lower concentrations of solar). This significantly alleviates the concerns of potential over-generation depicted by the belly of the duck, as CAISO would be positioned in those times to export power to surrounding regions.
- Energy efficiency and demand response. California already has a legacy of these demand-side efforts. Still, fully valuing them for resource planning purposes is rarely done. These demand-side resources can change the shape of daily demand, moving power usage into different times of the day. For instance, the mid-day solar power can be used to heat water early or pre-cool homes by starting air conditioners with smart controls well before customers return to their homes after work. New service models, like those of OPower and Nest, have been very promising in changing customers’ usage patterns in ways that can mitigate the challenge depicted by the duck chart.
- Storage. Storage holds a great deal of promise, though the amount that has been installed so far has been small. California, in an effort to create a market for storage, has set a new goal for storage of 1.3 GW. Storage can come in all shapes and sizes. It could be pumped hydro, compressed air, large batteries, or electric vehicles. From a technical perspective, we are able to bring on more storage now. The biggest challenge so far has been cost of these resources, though they're expected to decrease over the next decade.
- Natural gas. This has often been the common answer for integrating renewables. There's a long list of reasons people point to natural gas as the solution. We're familiar with building these types of power plants, the fuel costs have been low for the past few years, and they are also very good at ramping up production quickly and can meet the system needs when the sun starts setting. However, natural gas plants also come with their share of problems. They produce greenhouse gas emissions and there's a long history of price volatility. Additionally, California has an established loading order that gives preference to energy efficiency, demand response, renewables, and distributed generation before turning to other resources to meet the state’s electricity requirements. As such, all of these options should be carefully considered and earnestly pursued before turning to natural gas plants as a solution.
Adding all these up, it’s clear that addressing the duck is not a problem about a lack of options. Instead, the challenge is ensuring that all options are given appropriate consideration in the search for solutions. Appropriately assessing all of these options will require work, including the need to establish appropriate pricing signals to encourage adoption of these resources. Additionally, the utility business model will have to evolve on both sides of the meter.
But this is why leaders choose to lead. In the face of challenge, a leader sets an example for others to follow. While California may be one of the first states to face this duck chart challenge, it won’t be the only one. If it can find the right combination of solutions, it can serve as a national blueprint. So, rather than more conversations about the challenge that the duck chart presents, let's focus on selecting the right combination of solutions among the many in front of us.
Duck image courtesy of shutterstock.com, Duck Chart courtesy of CAISO | <urn:uuid:5e94772f-e836-46a7-9c25-b4c73e970e78> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2013_10_29_renewables_bird_problem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942911 | 1,683 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Childhood obesity: A security issue
- Current bills in the House and Senate are pushing to serve more nutritious food in schools. AP Photo
Current House and Senate bills include provisions that can get junk food out of schools, nourish more kids who need healthful meals and motivate them and their parents to adopt healthful eating and exercise habits.
It turns out that increasing access to nutritious food is as important as improving the quality of school meals. Paradoxically, hunger and food insecurity also contribute to obesity.
Many children who experience hunger are also obese because they are more likely to be served low-cost, highly caloric foods. Research shows that subsidizing more nutritious meals helps children from low-income households maintain a healthy weight.
Both the Senate and the House are moving forward to address the administration’s request for $10 billion in additional funds over 10 years to improve child nutrition programs.
The Senate bill calls for $4.5 billion over 10 years, while the House bill provides roughly $8 billion.
We cannot fix this problem with money alone, but the funding would be a big step toward reducing obesity.
Compared with more than $75 billion spent each year on health care costs related to obesity, a significant preventive investment over 10 years seems like a small price to pay to help solve the problem.
The clock is ticking. The current child nutrition law is due to expire at the end of September.
It’s a good sign that the House approved a “Sense of Congress” resolution as part of the Defense Appropriations Bill, supporting full funding of the child nutrition package — in part because it addresses the national security concerns of our retired military leaders.
But Congress cannot afford to put this off. We cannot raise another generation where one in four young adults is too overweight to serve his or her country.
This is not about looking good in a uniform. It is about being healthy and fit enough to do the work of the nation.
Retired Adm. Edmund P. Giambastiani served as vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from August 2005 until his retirement in July 2007. He now serves on the executive advisory council of Mission Readiness, a nonprofit, bipartisan organization of retired senior military leaders. | <urn:uuid:38a0b46c-14d9-4bf5-96ba-c0fb8ec107ed> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0710/39736_Page2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962441 | 457 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The oldest German universities were founded in the late Middle Ages. Now, Germany has more than 100 universities and institutions of higehr education which are administered by individual states (Bundesländer) under guidelines from the federal government.
There are two types of universities, traditional academic universities and Fachhochschulen. Traditional academic universities contain humanities and science faculties, as well as professional schools (law, medicine, dentistry, etc). Fachhochschulen, or Universities of Applied Sciences, offer subjects such as engineering, business administration, architecture and agriculture in a more practical oriented way. About one-third of all students attend Fachhochschulen. The so-called Gesamthochschulen are a combination of elements of the universities and the Fachhochschulen. Most German universities have a state charter, but the number of private, highly specialized universities is increasing.
STUDYING AT A GERMAN UNIVERSITY
German universities used to award the academic degrees of Diplom, Magister atrium and Staatsexamen (State examination). These were usually taken after a four-semester basic study stage and a four to six-semester main study stage. Most students spend considerably longer at university than the official norm: the average is 14 semesters. Due to the Bologna Process, German universities will all have switched to bachelor's and master's programs by 2020.Bachelor's and Master's Degrees
The bachelor's degree is an undergraduate degree. You can choose a single or combined degree, depending on which subject you wish to study. Most bachelor's courses take six semesters (3 years) and lead to the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. The bachelor's degree is a first professional qualification.
The master's degree is a postgraduate degree. After the bachelor's you can continue with a master's course in the same field. You thus have the chance to increase your knowledge or specialize in a field you have already studied.
Alternatively, you can supplement your bachelor's with a master's in a further subject, thus widening your knowledge and skills beyond the degree you have already taken.
Master's courses generally take four semesters and lead to the degree of Master of Arts or Master of Science.
By means of an extensive written doctoral thesis you have the chance to specialize in a research area. The thesis presents new research results and is worthy of publication. It is necessary for a doctoral candidate to find a supervisor who is an expert in their field and willing to accept them as PD student. On completing the thesis, you must present and defend your research results in an oral presentation. Depending on the subject, between two and five years are needed to complete a doctorate. In many faculties it is also possible to take a doctorate in English.
Higher education at public institutions has traditionally been free. However, most German states have begun to introduce tuition fees per semester in addition to marginal student fees for student services.
The German Diplom is awarded in all the engineering and natural sciences, as well as in social sciences. In most Diplom courses students concentrate on a main subject, as well as being offered the chance to specialize in certain areas. In addition, there is a wide range of interdisciplinary courses. Here two or three subjects can be combined. Nowadays, new career fields often arise at the interface between two branches. The different possible combinations aim to take changes on the job market into account, thus improving future career prospects. Interdisciplinary studies are an excellent basis for many different careers.
The academic degree of Magister Atrium was usually awarded in the arts and humanities. At many German universities, students currently enrolled in Magister courses will be able to complete their studies, but new students will not be accepted. Courses leading to the Magister Artium are being converted to bachelor's/master's courses.
Staatsexamen (State Examination)
The Staatsexamen is an examination monitored by the state, which is taken in law, teacher training courses and medicine. The first state examination is usually followed by a period of practical training. After this comes the second state examination. The state examination is not an academic degree, but it is generally accepted as an entrance qualification for a doctorate. The first state examination may be taken by students of all nationalities, but you should clarify in advance wheterh the German state examination is recognized in your home country.
At most universities, the winter semester runs from mid-October to March and the summer semester from mid-April to Mid-July. The period of study is generally counted in semesters rather than years.
Teaching at the universities includes lectures and seminars. Vorlesungen (lectures) will, as a rule, take up the full amount of time designated, and the number of students is not limited. Discussion and questions concerning the lecture take place during the accompanying Übungen, small discussion groups. The Übungen usually feature homework assignments, research and the writing of papers.
The Seminar, dedicated to small-group learning, is headed by a professor. It covers a subject area in more detail and requires that each student contribute, by way of an oral presentation on a specific topic. Students are encouraged to participate intensively in two to four seminars per semester. Proseminare make up the Grundstudium (first few terms of study) until successful completion of the interimediate exam, after which Hauptseminare are taken to finish the course of study. Proseminare may also be taken in the Hauptstudium.
A common practice is the akademische Viertel. Classes are scheduled on the hour, but do not actually begin until 15 minutes past. This is signified by a "c.t." (cum tempore) after the listed time of a meeting. If this practice does not apply to a particular meeting, an "s.t." (sine tempore) will appear after the posted time. Check with other students before assuming that the akademische Viertel is practiced by individual instructors.
Independent, self-directed study is heavily emphasized at German universities. There are usually no definite assignments of a certain number of pages to read in textbooks. German students are expected to do independent primary and secondary reading during the course of their studies. Independent study is a crucial element of the academic freedom of a German institution and is designed to encourage self-motivation and promote interesting discussion, since not everyone has read the same material. While less demanding on a daily basis than study at a U.S. institution, independent study may ultimately be more rigorous in its demands.
Assessment is based on oral and written reports in seminars for which the student receives a Schein, or certificate (a grade can be requested). A certain number of Scheine are required in order to take the intermediate exam. The state exam, for which the student receives a grade, assesses the quality of his or her entire course of study. Grades are given on a five-point scale: 1, very good, to 5, unsatisfactory or failing. However, by introducing the ECTS credit system, the German „Schein“ is becoming less common.
German universities typically do not have central campuses and the classrooms, libraries and administration buildings are usually scattered around town. Students are housed in some university-owned dormitories, in privately owned or church-affiliated student houses, or with private families, while many continue to live with their own families or join fellow students in rented accommodations (Wohngemeinschaft).
School spirit as known in the United States does not exist at German universities, and U.S. students may feel a lack of community and comradeship. Much of this may be due to the fact that German universities do not have sports teams; there are, however, many intramural sports opportunities such as aerobics, basketball, volleyball, soccer and swimming. Look for signs on lobby bulletin boards or ask around for Hochschulsport. International students who are interested in joining a sports team can do so by joining a local club. (Sportverein, or Fussballverein)
While often friendly and helpful to foreign students, professors may be far more formal and less easy to approach than their U.S. counterparts. Advice on courses and almost anything else is available from the ISEP coordinator and the staffs of the Akademisches Auslandsamt ("AA" or Foreign Student Office) and the DaF (German-as-a-Foreign-Language Office).
RECEIVING CREDIT FOR YOUR CLASSES
European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard for comparing the study attainment and performance of students of higher education across the European Union and other collaborating European countries. For successfully completed studies, ECTS credits are awarded. One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS-credits that are equivalent to 1500-1800 hours of study. One ECTS cedit corresponds to 25-30 hours of work.
The new Bachelor and Master’s degree programs increasingly use the ECTS to reard academic credits. However, German universities are still in the transition phase and many have not completely adopted the new system of awarding academic credits. Therefore, the old credit transfer procedures outlined below are still applied at many universities in Germany.
CREDIT TRANSFER FROM GERMAN INSTITUTIONS
German universities do not have centralized or departmental registration, primarily due to the law governing the protection of personal data. In addition to the lack of centralized registration, there is no centralized recording of grades and transcripts are not automatically produced at the end of each semester. To obtain a transcript containing a record of courses taken and grades earned, you need to follow the procedures outlined below and any specific procedures required by your host institution. It is extremely important that you complete all the required steps before you leave your German host university. Transcripts cannot be prepared after you have left the campus. The process includes two essential steps:
1. collect "Scheine" for your coursework
from professors, and
2. secure an ISEP transcript.
Earning a Schein
To receive credit for courses taken at a German institution, you must earn a Schein in each course. At the beginning of the course, the professor will explain what is required to earn a Schein in that particular course. The requirements may be different for each course:
- You may have to submit a paper, or Referat, at the end of the course or at the beginning of the next semester (usually six weeks later). You may also be asked to present your paper in class. Often several students join together to prepare a single Referat, with each student responsible for a particular section. In most cases, the paper accompanying the speech must be at least 10 pages long.
- You may be required to take a final exam. This is often the case with foreign-language courses. The final exam may be oral or written.
- You may be required to prepare a Hausarbeit, or term paper. Although group efforts are sometimes permitted, as with a Referat, a Hausarbeit is usually written by one student. The information presented in a Referat, however, often serves as a foundation for the Hausarbeit. Frequently, the paper is not due immediately at the end of the term. Many German students work on their Hausarbeit during the semester break.
Please keep in mind that students at German universities are expected to do independent reading during the course of their studies. If required to take an oral or written final exam, you may be expected to be more conversant in the topic than is possible from just memorizing lecture notes. Ask the professor for a suggested reading list to complement the course in order to prepare for the exam.
A Schein is not usually awarded in a lecture course, or Vorlesung, but the professor will administer a final exam or allow a student to submit a paper if a request is made. You should therefore explain that, as a U.S. ISEP student, your performance in class must be assessed in order to allow you to receive credit at your home institution.
Obtaining the Schein
Once you have completed the requirements for a course, you must obtain the Schein yourself, directly from the secretariat of the appropriate faculty. When you pick up the Schein, it should already have been signed by the professor. The secretary will validate it with the university seal.
The Schein will contain the following information:
- your name
- course title
- your professor's name
- year and semester
- number of hours per week
- how you earned the Schein (e.g., by term paper, final exam, etc.)
- your grade (may be on a pass/fail basis, or on a German scale, where 1-4 is considered passing)
OBTAINING CREDIT AT YOUR HOME INSTITUTION
Obtain a Transcript
After you have obtained all of your Scheine, complete the transcript form provided by your host institution ISEP coordinator and present this, along with your Scheine, for verification and validation by your host institution coordinator. This form will serve as your official transcript, and will be sent by your host institution coordinator to ISEP Central for forwarding to your home institution. Please keep a copy for yourself along with the original Scheine. Do not carry the original transcript back to your home institution. Note: Some German universities have slightly modified procedures for issuing transcripts. Please refer to section #17 of the Institutional Information Sheet (IIS) of your host institution.
Please note that the ISEP transcript is not intended to replace Scheine. It is designed as a mechanism whereby record of your academic work is reported through official channels back to your home institution. Even with a properly validated transcript, you should produce Scheine for back-up verification at your home institution.
Take Proof of Course Hours
Credit is usually granted at U.S. institutions on the basis of hours that the course met each week. For example, two credits may be granted for a two-hour lecture course. More credit may be awarded for a higher-level course such as a Hauptseminar. You may want to bring the semester course catalogs home with you to use as proof of the number of course hours. You should also save all written work, course outlines and any other written materials to facilitate credit transfer.
If you have any questions about obtaining Scheine, contact your host institution ISEP coordinator, your professor or the faculty secretariat. Questions regarding the actual transfer of credit should be addressed to your home ISEP coordinator. | <urn:uuid:52a94646-637a-4bc4-9baa-4711d598438d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.isep.org/students/Placed/handbook_education.asp?country=22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948541 | 3,026 | 2.921875 | 3 |
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Mike BurdenSenior Information SpecialistCollege of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri Phone: 573-882-5919Email: [email protected]
Published: Thursday, Aug. 18, 2011
MT. VERNON, Mo. – More than 2,000 FFA students will travel to the University of Missouri Southwest Research Center for its annual Agricultural Education Day, Sept. 8. Agriculture experts from dozens of disciplines will present at the Center, one of 20 around the state at which the MU College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources conducts impactful research benefitting Missourians.
Students will take walking tours where they can hear presentations on a variety of agricultural and conservation topics, from marketing fruits and vegetables to establishing a pasture-based dairy. They can watch a sawmill demonstration, and check out a tornado safe room, as well as learn about the many careers in agriculture.
Tony Rickard, MU dairy specialist, will have a fistulated cow for students to see and feel. “For students it’s a wow factor. From the science aspect it’s a tremendous tool that we need before we go into the field,” Rickard said. Research using cows with windows in their flanks allows scientists to observe the digestive process in action, yielding data that informs forage and nutritional strategies for dairy and beef cows.
Rickard said it’s important for students to see the diversity of career opportunities in agriculture as well. With a field of experts who work in agricultural media, viticulture, dairy production, energy savings, agricultural engineering and many other areas, the Field Day offers FFA students myriad options to consider. It also provides an opportunity to achieve all of the missions of the University—discover, disseminate, preserve and apply knowledge.
Tours start at 9 a.m. and conclude at 2:30 p.m. For more information, contact the Southwest Research Center at [email protected] or 417-466-2148, or visit the website: http://aes.missouri.edu/swcenter/.
Located four miles southwest of Mt. Vernon, Southwest Research Center was established in 1959. Today researchers address the main agricultural concerns of the area, including dairy, beef, forage and horticultural crop production. Faculty, staff and students collaborate in ongoing research on pasture-based dairy, beef genetics, nutrition and management systems.
The College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources is at the center of ensuring sustainability for future generations by infusing innovative research, creative collaboration and the most advanced science-based technology with confidence, creative thinking, conscience, and commitment to excellence.
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to 2015 Curators of the University of Missouri, all rights reserved | <urn:uuid:b6c49c39-dada-4f37-9baf-4ec0b62292fa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://extension.missouri.edu/news/DisplayStory.aspx?N=1202 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897092 | 664 | 2.953125 | 3 |
AIRLIE WARD: Tasmania's rock lobster and abalone industries have ranked the problem of the long-spined sea urchin as their highest priority.
Climate change is thought to be responsible for bringing the creatures south to Tasmanian waters in the 1970s. Since then they've wiped out whole sections of kelp forest along the State's east coast.
Smaller numbers have now also been found along the south coast, and fishermen are calling for immediate action to prevent the urchins from destroying more rock lobster and abalone habitat.
It's hoped a new research project will lead to an effective management plan for the pests, as Sally Glaetzer reports.
CRAIG JOHNSON, PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA: These animals are devastating. it's like taking a mature rainforest and then bulldozing it back to bare earth. Now if we had an introduced species having that kind of impact on land, where it was very visible, you can imagine that there would be a very strong response, to try and do something about, to try and understand it better. Well exactly that analogy is what's happening underwater in Tasmania as we speak.
SALLY GLAETZER: The long spined sea urchin has been riding the east Australian current into Tasmanian waters since at least the 1970s.
Climate change is thought to be partly to blame. The creature has decimated abalone and lobster habitats in New South Wales.
CRAIG JOHNSON: They basically take out all of the seaweeds and many of the animals that are associated so you go from a luxuriant, highly diverse seaweed forest to what we call a sea urchin barren, which is just basically bare boulders. So there's massive loss of biodiversity and a massive loss of production.
SALLY GLAETZER: Scientists are warning the same could happen in this state if nothing's done to halt their spread. Already the urchins are forming large barrens like this one near St Helen.
CRAIG JOHNSON: Our estimates are that at least for the east coast of Tasmania, it's very feasible that we would end up in the same circumstance. In other words, 50 per cent of the coastline sea urchin barrens, and of course over that part of the coastline that would effectively cut the fisheries there - the rock lobster and the abalone fisheries by 50 per cent.
DEAN LISSON: We'd certainly rate it as our number one priority at the moment.
RODNEY TRELOGGEN, ROCK LOBSTER FISHERMEN'S ASSOC: It's probably got the potential to be one of the biggest ecological disasters that we're liable to face down here.
SALLY GLAETZER: Together the Tasmanian abalone and rock lobster industries are said to be worth $150 million a year. Both industries are acutely aware of the threat posed by the spiky creatures.
RODNEY TRELOGGEN: We need to start working on this, you know, yesterday so that we can get rid of the things. They're found down in depths of up to 65 metres, so not only is it in the shallower waters, it's right down into the deeper waters, and it is changing the whole ecology of the reef systems.
CRAIG JOHNSON: You can see that the sea urchin comes in a couple of different colours…
SALLY GLAETZER: The national Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC) has just awarded $400 000 to a four year research project aimed at controlling the long-spined sea urchin.
CRAIG JONHSON: There's a sea urchin there, you'll notice that there aren't many sea urchins that are visible here, and because they're all down in the cracks and crevices during the day, and they emerge to feed at night.
SALLY GLAETZER: The project is being led by the University of Tasmania's marine ecology expert, professor Craig Johnson.
The focus will be on testing whether building up numbers of the urchin's main predators will help control the urchin population. That means increasing numbers of very large rock lobsters.
CRAIG JOHNSON: In small scale experiments we've shown that they're very effective at controlling sea urchin populations on a very small scale. We now need to be conducting some experiments to see if that same result will happen when we do this in a very large scale.
SALLY GLAETZER: One tactic is to bring large deep-water lobsters into urchin hot spots in shallower areas. A long term suggestion is to ban fishers from catching lobsters over a certain size.
Professor Johnson stresses that any future changes to rock lobster catch rules would have to be approved by the industry and the State Government.
He also wants to investigate the effectiveness of allowing abalone divers to destroy or remove the sea urchins while they're out diving. That's something the abalone industry also wants.
DEAN LISSON: It certainly would be a very labour intensive way of getting rid of the problem, but I guess if we were to identify certain reefs that we wanted to at least do some initial trial work on, I don't think that we'd have any trouble getting a large number of divers willing to provide their time free of charge to just see what type of positive effect this will have on the reef regenerating. So we'll get plenty of volunteers, I'm confident of that.
CRAIG JOHNSON: And previously these areas here you would have not been able to see the bottom for the cover, the very dense cover of a very rich and luxurious growth of seaweeds.
SALLY GLAETZER: Professor Johnson says the FRDC (Fisheries Research and Development Corporation) has under-funded his project by $500 000, so that aspect of the research will have to be scrapped.
Dean Lisson from the Abalone Council is already lobbying the FRDC for the extra money.
DEAN LISSON: We would like the project to be fully funded and we will be doing everything we can to convince them of that, but failing that, there are some other funding avenues that we will be examining, so we're not giving up, we're very determined that this project be fully funded.
SALLY GLAETZER: He says that may mean seeking more money from the State Government or the industry.
Earlier attempts to harvest the long-spined urchins in Tasmania have fallen over, because the creatures are considered unpalatable and not suited to the Japanese market.
Rodney Treloggen from the Rock Lobster Fishermens' Association still hopes some other use can be found for them.
RODNEY TRELOGGEN: I'd love to be able to find a use for them, I'd love to use them as cray bait or lobster bait or get some use, unfortunately they're not like our resident urchins that there is quite a good little fishery based around because they're not even any good to eat.
SALLY GLAETZER: Professor Craig Johnson and his research team are hoping to be able to report back to the industry with a viable solution in the next four years. | <urn:uuid:6d24bbc1-fcf6-448b-b7b6-6bd80f59bc41> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.abc.net.au/stateline/tas/content/2006/s1940056.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957505 | 1,534 | 3.1875 | 3 |
One of Columbia's oldest historic houses, the Hampton-Preston Mansion was home to many people over the years, most notably the Hampton and Preston families.
The Hampton-Preston Mansion has had many uses over the years, included a private residence, a governor’s mansion, Union Army headquarters, a convent, educational institutions and commercial space.
This house was built in 1818 by Ainsley Hall, a wealthy Columbia merchant, and his wife Sarah. They sold the house in 1823 to Wade Hampton I, who updated the Federal-style home to Greek Revival. The house passed through the Hampton and Preston families, who were forced to sell the estate after the Civil War. It was home to four different colleges before grounds were divided for commercial use. Rehabilitated in the late 1960s, the historic mansion opened in 1970 as the centerpiece of the Midlands Tricentennial Exposition Center.
Mother-daughter duo Mary Cantey Hampton and Caroline Hampton Preston began improving the four-acre grounds around the mansion in the late 1830s. They transformed the landscape into regionally-acclaimed antebellum gardens that contained a remarkable collection of native varieties and plants from around the world. One of Columbia’s most heavily documented historic estates, Historic Columbia seeks to revitalize the 4-acre property in the spirit and design of the antebellum gardens. Plans for a 3-phase, multi-year implementation began with the revitalization of the southern portion of the property, with ground broken in January 2012. Learn more about the restoration of the Hampton-Preston gardens.
Collections & Exhibits
Inside the mansion, period rooms take visitors through the history of the house and Columbia from the 1810s through the 1910s, featuring many of the Hampton and Preston families’ belongings. The award-winning exhibit Home to Many People explores the institution of urban slavery and documents the evolution of the property from 1818 to the present. | <urn:uuid:320738f1-33fc-4547-a1fe-5fa14c6aa267> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.historiccolumbia.org/hampton-preston-mansion-and-gardens | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955066 | 398 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Ralph Fletcher has long mentored writing teachers—now he presents the ultimate mentor-text resource for teaching students to write. In Mentor Author, Mentor Texts, Ralph shares 24 short, high-interest texts and accompanying Writer’s Notes with your students. Arranged from least difficult to most challenging, they are ready for writers at every level. Online, Ralph also provides whiteboard-ready versions of the texts as well as recordings where he reads of 17 of his pieces.
Mentor Author, Mentor Texts Includes:
24 mentor texts written by Ralph, including fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and more
Writer’s Notes that give students a peek into Ralph’s thinking and craft
Online access to whiteboard-ready versions of Ralph’s mentor texts
Online access to recordings of Ralph reading 17 of his pieces
Suggestions from colleagues nationwide for using Ralph’s texts in the classroom.
Let your teaching mentor become your students’ writing mentor…
…with engaging mentor texts written and read by Ralph Fletcher…
“I wrote all 24 pieces in this book. You’ll find an assortment of genres: stories, memoir, poems, essays, and excerpts from novels. The various texts are ordered from easiest (least challenging) to hardest (most challenging). I tried to select short, high-interest pieces. Each one stands on its own with a beginning, middle, and ending. I tried to choose pieces that would bring a sense of closure by the end.”
…writer’s notes that give students an inside peek into craft…
“My Writer’s Notes introduce the text, explain my thinking behind various decisions, and point out a few things I want kids to notice. With certain pieces, especially the last three, I highlight revisions I made along the way. I tried hard not to take the mystery out of good writing. Instead these notes are my way of opening the door and leading the student into the text.”
…and practical, classroom-tested suggestions like this from your colleagues
“One of my students, Suzy, knows that she struggles to provide enough detail in her non-fiction pieces. For her piece about soccer, she told me that she knew she needed to include more details because she didn’t want the reader to be confused. We had already read Ralph’s “Squirming Wizards of Recycling,” so we looked at the Writer’s Notes. Ralph said he had brainstormed questions that readers may have had as they read about worm composting, and he then tried to include the answers to those questions in the piece. Suzy decided that she would write down questions that she thought her reader might still have about soccer and then make sure those questions were answered in her writing. Since both Suzy and I have already developed a relationship with Ralph through his texts, it felt like we were inviting an old friend to join our conference.”
—Kate Norem Morris, Teacher, The Bush School, Seattle, Washington
With Pyrotechnics on the Page, Ralph is poised to teach so many of us once again in a whole new way, and we're going to have a grand 'ole time learning what it is he wants to teach us about playing with language.
Katie Wood Ray, from Foreword
Writers in every field play with words each time they sit down at their desks.
In his newest book, Ralph Fletcher demonstrates how playful craft can energize student writing and breathe new energy into the writing workshop.
Children have a natural affinity for language play Pyrotechnics on the Page demonstrates how writing teachers can tap into it. This book provides a wealth of resources for teachers:
* Information on the roots and developmental importance of language
* A how-to on using the writer's notebook as a playground for
students to explore and experiment with verbal pyrotechnics;
* An in-depth look at the kind of language play commonly used by
writers, including chapters on Puns and Double Meanings, Idioms
and Expressions, Inventing Words, and Harnessing the Supple Power
of Sentences (these chapters end with a “Bringing It to the
Writing Workshop” section that includes explicit classroom
* Twenty-four brand new craft lessons to bring pyrotechnics into the
* An extensive bibliography of relevant mentor texts that make it
easy to model language play for students
Pyrotechnics on the Page is vintage Fletcher: personal, anecdotal, and practical. It represents the latest chapter in Ralph's efforts to widen the circle in the writing classroom, make it a more engaging place for student writers and, in the process, lift the quality of their writing.
Ralph Fletcher; illustrations by Richard Cowdrey
A tiny man named Tor grinds down a dragon's scale and sprinkles
magic dust in the eyes of children to help them sleep. But how does he
get the scale to make his special sand? He must venture into the lair of
a dragon! Ralph Fletcher and Richard Cowdrey team up to tell this
fantastical tale of the legendary Sandman.
Read the review in School Library Journal:
"This fabulous story
explains the origins of the Sandman. Tor is a tiny fellow who finds a
dragon's scale. Taking it home to his workshop, he studies it and then
starts to sharpen it. The dust that gathers makes him fall asleep. Once
awake, it's a small leap for him to imagine how helpful this dust will
be to all who suffer from sleeplessness, especially children. Fletcher's
smoothly written story flows in a thoroughly plausible way and is
beautifully served by Cowdrey's vibrant acrylic paintings. Especially
intriguing are the wonderful details, like Tor's mouse-drawn carriage
made out of buttons. The old-fashioned look is refreshingly
straightforward, and free of adult-oriented nostalgia. All in all, this
is a compelling story with pictures that add drama, charm, and
atmosphere."--Lauralynn Persson, Wilmette Public Library, IL.
How to Write Your
by Ralph Fletcher
*You have to be a famous celebrity.
*You must have an amazing life.
*You can't write your life story until you're old and gray.
*Nobody will read it, so what's the point?
Like my other books for young writers, this one will give tons of practical advice on how you can write your autobiography, memoir, or personal narrative. I include interviews with other well-known authors (Jerry Spinelli, Jack Gantos, Kathi Appelt) who have written this kind of writing.
It's an odd thing with autobiographical writing. You may be the world's best expert on your life, but through this process you'll learn a great deal bout yourself. When you write your life story, you're always an explorer, forever arriving on the shore of yourself. Bon voyage!
The One O'Clock Chop
By Ralph Fletcher
It's the summer of 1973 and fourteen-year-old Matt spends his days on a boat working as a clam digger. His nights are another story--he hangs out with his free-spirited cousin Jazzy who's visiting from Hawaii (and just happens to be beautiful). Matt can't deny that his affection for Jazzy moves beyond a crush, and everyone knows you can't fall in love with your cousin. Just when Matt decides to act on his feelings, Jazzy does something that changes everything between them.
Like the One O'Clock Chop--the strong breeze that blows across the Long Island Sound--Matt's summer proves to be as inevitable as a force of nature. Cost: 16.95
Author at Work
by Ralph Fletcher
64 page paperback
Richard C. Owens Publishers, Inc.
In this book Ralph Fletcher reveals the inside workings and crafting processes that allowed him to write well-known books like Fig Pudding, Flying Solo, and Twilight Comes Twice. The Table of Contents: 1) My Missing Manuscript 2) Deep Roots 3) Early Writing 4) My Writer's Notebook 5) Drafting 6) Revising 7) Fig Pudding 8) Conversation with Ralph Fletcher 8) The Best Award. Get to know Ralph up close and personal. Includes lots of photographs of the author and artifacts from his notebook. This is an essential resource for kids or teachers conducting an author study.
Boy Writers: Reclaiming Their Voices
by Ralph Fletcher
Stenhouse $20.00 paperback
Writing test scores indicate that boys have fallen far behind girls across the grades. In general, boys don't enjoy writing as much as girls. What's wrong? How can we do a better of job of creating boy-friendly classrooms so their voices can be heard?
In Boy Writers: Reclaiming Their Voices Ralph Fletcher draws upon his years of experience as staff developer, children's book author, and father of four boys. He also taps the insights from dozens of writing teachers around the US and abroad. Boy Writers asks teachers to imagine the writing classroom from a boy's perspective, and consider specific steps we might take to create stimulating classrooms for boys.
Topic choice emerges as a crucial issue. The subjects many boys like to write about (war, weapons, outlandish fiction, zany or bathroom humor) often do not get a warm reception from teachers. Ralph argues that we must widen the circle and give boys more choice if we want to engage them as writers. How? We must begin by recognizing boys and the world in which they live. Boy Writers explores important questions such as:
a. What subjects are boy writers passionate about, and what motivates them as writers?
b. Why do boys like to incorporate violence into their stories, and how much should be allowed?
c. Why do we so often misread and misunderstand the humor boys include in their stories?
In addition, the book looks at: how handwriting can hamstring boy writers, and how drawing may help; welcoming boy-friendly writing genres in our classrooms; ways to improve our conferring with boys; and more.
Each chapter begins with a thorough discussion of a topic and ends with a highly practical section titled: What can I do in my classroom? Boy Writers does not advocate promoting the interests of boys at the expense of girls. Rather, it argues that developing sensitivity to the unique facets of boy writers will help teachers better address the needs of all their students.
by Ralph Fletcher
Illustrated by Jennifer Emery
Boyds Mills Press $17.95
We're going to move to Ohio. Those six poisonous words suddenly turn the world of twelve-year-old Fletch upside down. In two weeks he will say goodbye to his friends and leave behind that pretty girl with the dark dark eyes. Longing fills the time before moving day as Fletch yearns to keep life just the way it is. Even defrosting the freezer is hard; a thick white layer of sadness covers everything. Fletch wonders that when he moves he won't be from anywhere. He'll be just a tumbleed blowing across a dusty road. These heartfelt, autobiographical poems are beautifully illustrated by Jennifer Emery and speak to anyone who has experienced a move from a beloved home. | <urn:uuid:4fa68182-55f0-4d34-8f5e-61a7e36b078d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ralphfletcher.com/upcoming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947829 | 2,351 | 2.703125 | 3 |
This year Africa celebrates 50 years of collective action: first through the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and more recently the African Union (AU). This is also a critical juncture in African history: the post-colonial period is over and the African Renaissance is underway; economic growth has been steady for a decade; and the number of wars and coups d’état has declined. However, Africans still face many challenges. This paper examines how the AU can enhance its contribution to sustainable peace. This is part of our Peace Focus series. | <urn:uuid:148d5196-26c7-4259-94b7-e34b1d544dc4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.international-alert.org/resources/publications/promoting-peace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946842 | 111 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Definition of Australian terrier
: any of a breed of small rather short-legged wirehaired terriers of Australian origin usually having a tan and blue or sandy coat
Learn More about australian terrier
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about Australian terrier
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up Australian terrier? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:9855f83b-6aa0-4a6b-8f8e-262553ac645b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Australian%20terrier | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848272 | 89 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Montana has issued over 6,000 permits to hunt the last 625 wolves in their state, which has wolf advocates and conservationists in an uproar. Not only has the state decreased the cost of the permit to $19, the number of wolves allowed to be killed per permit has increased from 1 to 5. Also, the length of time that wolves can be hunted has been extended.
This is a complex issue between ranchers wanting to protect their livestock, hunters concerned about deer and elk populations and conservationists who believe the wolves keep nature in balance with healthier wild herds.
Conservationists lament the fact that wolves were delisted from the Endangered Species Act and are no longer protected. They point out the fact that if just If only 2.1% of hunters issued a permit this year reach their hunting limit of 5 wolves, the wolf will no longer exist in Montana.
Conservationists believe this is not a far-fetched idea since wolves are pack animals. Therefore, a single hunter will likely be able to kill several wolves in a single trip.
Montana wolves were so depleted by hunters in the 1990’s, that Canadian wolves had to be imported to to supplement the wolf population. Now officials are tinkering with the management again.
In spite of the 4% decrease in wolf numbers from 2012 to 2013, state officials have decided to continue to drive down the number even further with these broad measures to ensure wolves can be hunted freely, or at least cheaply: just $19 for a trophy wolf… or as many as that hunter can kill.
For more information about wolves, please watch our episode of the Wolf Files. | <urn:uuid:26d0a930-172f-4493-89d5-22b689ed2717> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thedogfiles.com/2013/09/30/625-montana-wolves-hunted-6000-permits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964829 | 334 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Earlier this month, the Fairfax County Health Department confirmed a dead crow found in Reston tested positive for West Nile virus, signaling it is once again time to break out the DEET and long sleeves.
But it is not just humans that are at risk of the virus. The virus, transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito, can spread to humans, horses, birds and other mammals. However, animals such as dogs and cats seem to escape serious harm from the disease.
"West Nile doesn't seem to affect dogs and cats," said Jorge Arias, Fairfax County environmental health entomologist. "Dogs are frequently infected, but do not show signs of the disease."
THE LEVEL of protection from West Nile virus for animals varies from mosquito repellent for dogs and cats to vaccines for horses.
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Web site, West Nile virus can be found in at least 138 species of wild, exotic and captive varieties of birds including cockatiels, cockatoos and domestic chickens. The Web site adds that most birds, with the exception of crows and jays, will survive the infection.
Arias said that so far there is no evidence West Nile virus can be spread from an infected bird to a human.
Conversely, 40 percent of horses infected with the virus die from the disease. Arias said there were three horse deaths attributed to West Nile virus in Fairfax County last year.
"The year before last it was only birds. Last year it was horses," Arias said of the animal infections. "But horses can be vaccinated, it came out late last year."
So far, no horses have tested positive in Virginia this year, said Michelle Stoll, public relations coordinator for the Virginia Department of Health's Office of Epidemiology.
The CDC Web site cautions that horses that have been vaccinated for eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis are not protected against West Nile virus, which has its own vaccine.
AS FOR DOGS and cats, the virus does not seem to pose as much of a threat as it does for humans and horses. Stoll said that in 1999 there was one report of a feral kitten in New Jersey becoming infected and dying; and that there has been one confirmed death, in 1982 in Africa, of a dog attributed to West Nile virus. Stoll said that in the case of the dog, it had already been sick before contracting the virus.
"If the pet is not sick enough to go to the vet, we may never know about it," Stoll said.
Arias said that typically, dogs are infected with the virus, however, they rarely show signs of the disease.
In addition, other native mammals can also become infected such as bats, chipmunks, squirrels and domestic rabbits.
"There is no evidence of person-to-person or animal-to-person infections," Arias said.
Dr. Mark Johnson, one of the founders of the Pender Veterinary Centre in Fairfax, said medications for dogs and cats such as Advantix repel mosquitoes to some degree. And while using insect repellent containing DEET is recommended for adults and children, it can be toxic to animals.
The best way to protect household pets is to follow the many of the same precautions recommended for humans: avoid going outside during the mosquitoes' peak activity periods of dawn and dusk; eliminate standing water from the yard; and screen animal housing. Consult a local veterinarian before using any sort of insect repellent on a household animal.
For more information concerning West Nile virus, visit the county health department's Web site at http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/service/hd/westnile/. | <urn:uuid:ecfb96be-e3a9-44fb-a4de-04cb8c33f987> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/news/2003/jul/22/pets-susceptible-to-west-nile-virus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957958 | 773 | 2.953125 | 3 |
All in How You Look At It
Most people think their home or office buildings are made of concrete, mortar, nuts and bolts, wood, brick, wire and pipes, metal, gypsum, glass, and roofing material. And that’s a pretty reasonable way
to frame it (no pun intended).
Standards developers frame things a little differently. We know that the structures that hold all that is most dear and valuable to us are made of standards.
I know, not literally — but figuratively it’s as true that a house cannot stand without standards as without brick and mortar. And these standards are made by people who come together despite competitive concerns to ensure that everything from their company’s R&D, production processes and market access, to your own health and safety are secured by consensus standards.
Being in this line of work, it’s actually not far from my mind on a daily basis that the metal, wood, brick and concrete that form my house hold up as well as they do because of standards written by our friends in ASTM International committees such as A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, D07 on Wood, C16 on Manufactured Masonry Units, and C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates. The work they do, and that all standards developers around the world do, not only ensures quality, but helps keep economies rolling by ensuring the transfer of new technology into the marketplace.
And that’s what we’re looking at this month: ASTM International standards for new construction technologies that save contractors and buyers money, beautify the urban landscape and help the environment along the way. From its foundation to its roof, your home or office building is made out of ASTM International standards. Take a minute to find out just how with this issue of Standardization News.
Editor in Chief | <urn:uuid:4b406a19-ef80-4549-a11a-cb0d743bfeb4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/SEPTEMBER_2007/editorial_sep07.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955499 | 387 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Math in Daily Life
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|Students often question how they will use basic mathematical concepts, algebra, and geometry throughout their lives - but the average person uses math at least three times a day. Read how math affects daily decision-making in this series of short articles on: Playing to Win (probability, casinos, and the lottery; Savings and Credit (interest - simple and compounding - and managing a credit card); Population Growth (exponential growth and effective data display in charts and graphs); Home Decorating (figuring area, with a page on Pi); Cooking by Numbers (ratio and proportion, with information on the metric system); math as The Universal Language; and links to related math resources on the Web. Inspired by For All Practical Purposes: Introduction to Contemporary Mathematics, a video series in the Annenberg/CPB Multimedia Collection.|
|Levels:||Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12)|
|Resource Types:||Video, Lesson Plans and Activities, Link Listings, Articles|
|Math Topics:||Exponents/Roots, Measurement, Terms/Units of Measure, Pi, Ratio/Proportion, Euclidean Plane Geometry, Graphing of Data, Probability, Interest Calculation|
|Math Ed Topics:||Public Understanding of Math|
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:4de95f8b-2839-41cb-a353-39bd20ac1412> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathforum.org/library/view/8094.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.835502 | 307 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Mental Health & Well-being in AnimalsEdited by Veterinarian Dr. Franklin D. McMillan - Hardback 416 pages
Pets - Farm Animal Livestock - Zoo Animals - Birds
Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publishing 2005
Summary Contents Review
Ordering details: UK & Europe Canada USA (all ship worldwide)
Overview and Summary of this New Book
The past few decades have seen a virtual explosion of scientific research in the area of cognition, emotions, suffering, and mental states in animals. Studies in the field, laboratory, and clinical veterinary practice have amassed an overwhelming body of evidence demonstrating that mental well-being is of paramount importance in all aspects of animal care. There is no longer any reasonable doubt among research scientists that mental and emotional health is of equal importance as physical and nutritional health.
Recent research shows convincingly that an animal's physical health and immune system function are strongly influenced by its mental state. Effective animal management healthcare requires attention to the emotional well-being of animals as well as their physical. Yet, for its vast importance, mental health in veterinary medicine has to date not, until now, been structured into an organized body of knowledge. Until now, this vital information on the causes, prevention and behavioral and medication treatment of mental illness in pet, zoological, farmed and laboratory animals - critical to the formal establishment of the field of mental health and well-being in animals - has remained scattered in a wide array of scientific journals.
This new book is the first authoritative textbook bringing together up-to-date information on the variety of subjects comprising mental health and wellbeing in animals. A host of distinguished international experts - eminent in the fields of animal emotion research, animal behavior, cognitive science (the science of what an animal "knows") and neuroscience (the science of how the nervous system functions) - have contributed to this book, making it the first to draw together diverse information on the animal mind and combine it with revolutionary advances in cognitive science with the knowledge in veterinary medicine and clinical animal behavior.
This book takes a descriptive, diagnostic and prescriptive approach to mental health, mixing the scientific research with practical information with clinical applications for veterinary health professionals and enlightened animal keepers to use in practical situations. The species covered include cattle, pigs, sheep, dogs, cats, horses, chickens, rats, monkeys, poultry and many other wild, farmed and domesticated mammals. My one critical comment on the book is the very limited extent of the index, which hides the rich diversity of content.
Part 1: Foundations of Animal Mental Health & Well-being
1. On Understanding Animal Mentation- Bernard E. Rollin
2. The Question of Animal Emotions: An Ethological Perspective- Marc Bekoff
3. The Experience of Pleasure in Animals- Michel Cabanac
4. The Science of Suffering- Marian S. Dawkins
5. Affective-Social Neuroscience Approaches - Understanding Animals' Core Emotional Feelings- Dr. Panksepp
Part 2: Emotional distress, Suffering & Mental illness
6. Animal Boredom: Understanding the Tedium of Confined Lives- Francoise Wemelsfelder
7. Stress, Distress, Emotion: Distinctions & Implications for Mental Well-being- Franklin D. McMillan
8. Interrelationships Between Mental and Physical Health: The Mind-Body Connection- Michael W. Fox
9. Mental Illness in Animals - Need for Precision in Terminology & Diagnostic Criteria- Karen L. Overall
10. Treatment of Emotional Distress & Disorders - Non-pharmacology Methods- Drs. Wright, Reid, Rozier
11. Emotional Distress & Disorders Treatment - Pharmacological Methods- Amy Marder & Michelle Posage
12. Emotional Maltreatment in Animals- Franklin D. McMillan
Part 3: Mental Wellness (Wellbeing)
13. The Concept of Quality of Life in Animals- Franklin D. McMillan
14. Giving Power to Animals- Hal Markowitz & Katherine Eckert
15. Psychological Well-being in Animals- Suzanne Hetts, Dan Estep, Amy R. Marder
16. Do Animals Experience True Happiness?- Franklin D. McMillan
17. Animal Happiness - A Philosophical View- Bernard E. Rollin
Part 4: Specific Animal Populations
18. Mental Well-being in Farm Animals: How They Think & Feel- Temple Grandin
19. Mental Health Issues in Laboratory Animals- Andrew N. Rowan & Leslie King
20. Animal Well-Being & Research Outcomes- Hal Markowitz & Gregory B. Timmel
21. Mental Health Issues in Captive Birds- Lynne Seibert
Review of the book
Mental health care isn't just for humans anymore! "Mental Health and Well-being in Animals" is the first textbook to be written on mental health and emotional wellbeing of animals. A pet, farm animal or captive wild animal in a zoo, can have a stressful life too, and this book is about how to detect, prevent and cure mammals and birds that are stressed beyond endurance.
Recent research has now clearly shown that psychological and emotional issues that once were believed to be important only for the happiness of people are relevant to animals too.
Stress management is well-accepted as being linked to immune system function and wellness in humans, this textbook brings together the evidence that this is also true for animal immunity, health and well-being.
As with people, the holistic mind-body connection is important in animal care and management. Emotional suffering, cognitive dysfunction, mental illness, emotional abuse and mental cruelty can be experienced by animals.
International leading authorities in the fields of animal emotion research, animal behavior, cognitive science, neuroscience, and veterinary medicine have come together to create this ground-breaking textbook ushers in a new era of science and commonsense-based animal welfare. This comprehensve manual establishes mental health as a bona fide field of animal healthcare.
The editor, veterinary expert Dr. Franklin D. McMillan, D.V.M., from the faculty of the Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, notes that "Until very recently, mental health issues in animals were important only when they caused pets to do things that their owners would disapprove of-so-called 'misbehavior' - that would then be dealt with by animal training techniques to 'correct' the behavior. Mental health concerns for farm animals, laboratory and research animals, and captive birds weren't even heard of!"
Dr. McMillan adds "We now know we can make the lives and emotional well-being of animals much better than we could in the past, and directing our efforts at what goes on in their heads is the key to maximizing their quality of life."
Throughout the history of medicine and psychology the scientific community as a whole had given no meaningful credibility to concerns about the mental health of animals, often simply dismissing it as naive anthropomorphism.
Dr. Jaak Panksepp, a neuroscientist at Bowling Green State University and the discoverer of laughter in rats, said, "The scientific evidence supporting animal emotions is now overwhelming. After all, every drug used to treat emotional and psychiatric disorders in humans was first developed and found effective in animals. This kind of research would obviously have no value if animals were incapable of experiencing these emotional states."
McMillan stresses that the establishment of a field of mental health in animals does not only mean that pet, farm and zoo animals can now receive appropriate care for emotional distress and mental illnesses, but also that "We now have the knowledge and tools to help animals enjoy lives that are fulfilled rather than just physically healthy."
About the Author:Dr. Franklin D. McMillan is also the author of:
"Unlocking the Animal Mind: How Your Pet's Feelings Hold the Key to His Health and Happiness"
Details: UK & Europe Canada USA.
A Veterinary Opinion:Dr. Shawn Messonnier DVM, author of "The Natural Health Bible for Dogs & Cats" (UK & Europe Canada USA), "8 Weeks to a Healthy Dog" (UK & Europe Canada USA) and "The Allergy Solution for Dogs" (UK & Europe Canada USA) writes:
This book is one of the most interesting I have read in some time. It explores all of the facets of well-being in pets, and as far as I know is the first to acknowledge and discuss mental health in animals..
Many years ago when I first learned animal behavior, we were told not to be "anthropomorphic" i.e. that animals do not have the same "feelings" as humans. Since that time, new research has shown us that animals do in fact experience in their own ways many of the emotions experienced by people. The book is divided into 21 chapters covering a wide array of topics. These include stress, boredom, pleasure, mental illness in animals and its treatment, and the mental well-being of farm animals, laboratory animals, and birds. It's an interesting topic and a book that I would highly recommend!
Dr. Messonnier has a new book coming out soon: "The Natural Vet's Guide to Cancer in Dogs" (UK & Europe USA).
Intended Readers:Veterinarians and veterinary technicians, holistic animal healers, animal acupuncture therapists, alternative and complimentary medicine veterinary practitioners, farmers, pet owners, animal behaviorists, ethologists and pet and zoo animal trainers, veterinary students and agricultural libraries; cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, comparative psychologists and animal welfare activisits and animal rights groups..
|www.lovehealth.org © Copyright 2016 Sunflower Health| | <urn:uuid:9ededdf4-fae8-426e-b8f8-141ad9f8a799> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lovehealth.org/books/animal.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910472 | 1,997 | 2.890625 | 3 |
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