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It (esylic acid) is a sulfonic acid with the chemical formula CHCHSOH. The conjugate base is known as ethanesulfonate or, when used in pharmaceutical formulations, as esilate. It is a colorless liquid. | It is a triterpenoid which is a chemical constituent of the Hedera helix plant.
It is the aglycone part of numerous saponins found in Hedera helix (common ivy), the most prevalent of these being hederacoside C and alpha-hederin. It is also one of three primary triterpenoids extracted from the Chenopodium quinoa plant categorized by the EPA as a biopesticide. HeadsUp Plant Protectant is made up of approximately equal ratios of the saponin aglycones oleanolic acid, hederagenin, and phytolaccagenic acid and is intended for use as a seed treatment on tuber (e.g. potato seed pieces), legume, and cereal seeds or as a pre-plant root dip for roots of transplants, at planting, to prevent fungal growth, bacterial growth, and viral plant diseases.
It has been found to have antidepressant-like effects in a rodent models. | 0 |
It is an organic compound with formula CH(COH). This white solid is a commodity chemical, used principally as a precursor to the polyester PET, used to make clothing and plastic bottles. Several million tons are produced annually. The common name is derived from the turpentine-producing tree Pistacia terebinthus and phthalic acid.
It is also used in the production of PBT plastic (polybutylene terephthalate). | It is a dimeric form of tyrosine. Whereas tyrosine itself is a proteinogenic amino acid, dityrosine is non-proteinogenic. Various enzymes, such as CYP56A1 and myeloperoxidase, catalyze the oxidation of tyrosine residues in protein chains to form dityrosine crosslinks in various organisms. It was first isolated from rubber protein of locust wing ligament. Its formation can also be induced by various radical-forming agents.
The 2,2′-biphenol structural motif allows dityrosine to form a complex with borate. Affinity chromatography with a column containing immobilised phenylboronic acid has allowed development of several methods for purification of dityrosine.
The tyrosine–tyrosine crosslink can form by ultraviolet irradiation and other conditions that induce radical formation. Proteins with calcium binding sites consisting of two tyrosine residues, such as calmodulin and troponin C, are especially prone to this reaction as a result of coodination of their phenol groups to a calcium ion. The monomer and dimer have different emission wavelengths, which can complicate fluorescence spectroscopic analysis of tyrosine-containing proteins. Conversely, the specific fluorescence of dityrosine allows simple detection of it. In particular, resilin can easily be visualized in whole organisms.
The presence of dityrosine is a general biomarker for oxidative stress. | 0 |
It is an aroma compound that smells similar to jasmine. In racemic mixtures the odor is floral and citrus while epimerized mixtures exhibit a dense buttery-floral odor with odor recognition thresholds of 15 parts per billion.
The compound is also known as hedione or kharismal. Its boiling point is 110°C at 0.2 mmHg and it has an refractive Index: 1.45800 to 1.46200 (20.00°C). | Methyl 2-(3-oxo-2-pentylcyclopentyl)acetate is a lipid. It is functionally related to a jasmonic acid. | 1 |
It (symbol U or Urd) is a glycosylated pyrimidine analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, a ribofuranose) via a β-N-glycosidic bond. The analog is one of the five standard nucleosides which make up nucleic acids, the others being adenosine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine. The five nucleosides are commonly abbreviated to their symbols, U, A, dT, C, and G, respectively. However, thymidine is more commonly written as dT (d represents deoxy) as it contains a 2'-deoxyribofuranose moiety rather than the ribofuranose ring found in uridine. This is because thymidine is found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and usually not in ribonucleic acid (RNA). Conversely, uridine is found in RNA and not DNA. The remaining three nucleosides may be found in both RNA and DNA. In RNA, they would be represented as A, C and G whereas in DNA they would be represented as dA, dC and dG. | It, sold under the brand name Prolixin among others, is a high-potency typical antipsychotic medication. It is used in the treatment of chronic psychoses such as schizophrenia, and appears to be about equal in effectiveness to low-potency antipsychotics like chlorpromazine. It is given by mouth, injection into a muscle, or just under the skin. There is also a long acting injectable version that may last for up to four weeks. It decanoate, the depot injection form of fluphenazine, should not be used by people with severe depression.
Common side effects include movement problems, sleepiness, depression and increased weight. Serious side effects may include neuroleptic malignant syndrome, low white blood cell levels, and the potentially permanent movement disorder tardive dyskinesia. In older people with psychosis as a result of dementia it may increase the risk of dying. It may also increase prolactin levels which may result in milk production, enlarged breasts in males, impotence, and the absence of menstrual periods. It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy.
It is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class. Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but believed to be related to its ability to block dopamine receptors. In up to 40% of those on long term phenothiazines, liver function tests become mildly abnormal.
It came into use in 1959. The injectable form is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. It was discontinued in Australia in 2017. | 0 |
It is a bicyclic organonitrogen heterocyclic compound comprised of two ortho-fused pyrrolidine rings which share a common nitrogen atom. It is an organonitrogen heterocyclic compound and an organic heterobicyclic compound. | It is a heterocyclic organic compound that forms the central chemical structure of a variety of alkaloids known collectively as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. It is one of five classes of iminosugars. These are often synthesized from a carbohydrate. | 1 |
2-butoxyethanol is a primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171###) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions. It has a role as a protic solvent. It is a primary alcohol and a glycol ether. | It is a 20-oxo steroid that is pregn-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 20. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 20-oxo steroid, a C21-steroid and a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | 0 |
It is an organic compound with the formula (CH)(CO)NH. This white solid is used in a variety of organic syntheses, as well as in some industrial silver plating processes. The compound is classified as a cyclic imide. It may be prepared by thermal decomposition of ammonium succinate. | It is a dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a pyrrolidinone and a dicarboximide. | 1 |
It is a member of the class of dihydroflavonols that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7 and 4'. It has a role as an antimutagen and a metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavanone, a member of dihydroflavonols, a secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone and a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones. | It is an organic thiophosphate, an organophosphate insecticide, an organochlorine insecticide and a member of monochlorobenzenes. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an acaricide and an agrochemical. It is functionally related to a 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol. | 0 |
It (developmental code name RU-18761), is a naturally occurring anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and the 1(2)-dehydrogenated analogue of testosterone. It itself has never been marketed; as a pharmaceutical drug, it is used as boldenone undecylenate, the undecylenate ester. | It is a natural product found in Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma viride with data available. | 0 |
It is a carbohydrazide and a member of pyridines. | It (or monophenylbutazone) is a drug used for joint and muscular pain. It is a 3,5-pyrazolinedione derivative.
The drug binds to plasma albumin and competes with drugs such as coumarin anticoagulants, indomethacin and glucocorticoids. | 0 |
It is an organochlorine compound. | It is an organic thiophosphate, an organothiophosphate insecticide and an organochlorine insecticide. It has a role as an agrochemical and an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor. | 0 |
It is a 1st generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to relieve nasal congestion and in eye drops, usually in combination with naphazoline, to relieve the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. To treat allergic conjunctivitis, antazoline can be combined in a solution with tetryzoline. The drug is a Histamine H1 receptor antagonist: selectively binding to but not activating the receptor, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine and subsequently leading to the temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.
A large study on people 65 years old or older linked the development of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia to the "higher cumulative" use of first-generation antihistamines, due to their anticholinergic properties. | It is a member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. It is only found in individuals that have taken the drug. It has a role as a H1-receptor antagonist, a cholinergic antagonist and a xenobiotic. It is a tertiary amino compound, an aromatic amine and a member of imidazolines. | 1 |
Bromoethene is a monohaloethene and a bromoalkene. | It is a natural product found in Pinus densiflora, Illicium simonsii, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Magnolia officinalis, Illicium simonsii, and other organisms with data available. | It is a lignan isolated from the bark, seed cones, and leaves of trees belonging to the genus Magnolia. It has been identified as one of the chemical compounds in some traditional eastern herbal medicines along with magnolol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, and obovatol. | 1 |
It is a phosphorodiamide that is 1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide substituted by two 2-chloroethyl groups at the amino nitrogen atom. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent, an alkylating agent, an immunosuppressive agent, an antineoplastic agent, an antirheumatic drug, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and a drug allergen. It is a phosphorodiamide, a nitrogen mustard and an organochlorine compound. | Benzyl thiol is a thiol that is toluene in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a sulfanyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a thiol and a member of benzenes. It derives from a hydride of a toluene. | 0 |
It (trade name Tersavid), also known as pivalylbenzhydrazine and pivazide, is an irreversible and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine family. It was formerly used as an antidepressant in the 1960s, but has since been discontinued. | It is an opium alkaloid produced by the Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) plant. It is a bitter, crystalline compound with narcotic effects. It was formerly used as a substitute for morphine. Its name is derived from the Greek (nárkē), meaning numbness, and the postfix -ine referring to an alkaloid. | 0 |
It is a member of amphetamines. | It is a flavanone that was isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and is found in a variety of plants of the Glycyrrhiza genus, including Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice). It is an estrogenic compound which acts as a selective agonist of the ERβ subtype of the estrogen receptor (ER), though it is also reported to act as an ERα partial agonist at sufficient concentrations. It also has a choleretic effect.
It,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, aryl migration) is an enzyme that uses liquiritigenin, O, NADPH and H to produce 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone, HO, and NADP. | 0 |
It is a member of naphthalenes. | It is a benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine having a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group at the 11-position. It has a role as a H1-receptor antagonist and an anti-allergic agent. It is a benzocycloheptapyridine and a tertiary amine. | 0 |
It (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula . It can be viewed as a benzyl group substituted for the methyl group of alanine, or a phenyl group in place of a terminal hydrogen of alanine. This essential amino acid is classified as neutral, and nonpolar because of the inert and hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. The -isomer is used to biochemically form proteins coded for by DNA. It is a precursor for tyrosine, the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), and the biological pigment melanin. It is encoded by the messenger RNA codons UUU and UUC.
It is found naturally in the milk of mammals. It is used in the manufacture of food and drink products and sold as a nutritional supplement as it is a direct precursor to the neuromodulator phenethylamine. As an essential amino acid, phenylalanine is not synthesized de novo in humans and other animals, who must ingest phenylalanine or phenylalanine-containing proteins.
The one-letter symbol F was assigned to phenylalanine for its phonetic similarity. | It is a hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group. It has a role as an EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor and an anti-HIV agent. It is a member of piperidines and a tertiary amino compound. It is functionally related to a duvoglustat. | 0 |
It is a benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position. It has a role as a radioopaque medium, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is an organoiodine compound and a benzenedicarboxamide. | It is a member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors. It has a role as an antiparkinson drug, a dopamine agonist and a serotonergic antagonist. It is an ergot alkaloid and a member of sulfamides. It derives from a hydride of an ergoline. | 0 |
It is an arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine. It has a role as an EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor, an apoptosis inducer and an antineoplastic agent. | It is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ba(NO). It, like most barium salts, is colorless, toxic, and water-soluble. It burns with a green flame and is an oxidizer; the compound is commonly used in pyrotechnics. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Solanum tuberosum, Allium ampeloprasum, and other organisms with data available. | 16-hydroxytabersonine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, a methyl ester and an organic heteropentacyclic compound. It is functionally related to a tabersonine. It is a conjugate base of a 16-hydroxytabersoninium. | 0 |
It (DMAP) is a derivative of pyridine with the chemical formula (CH)NCHN. This white solid is of interest because it is more basic than pyridine, owing to the resonance stabilisation from the NMe substituent.
Because of its basicity, DMAP is a useful nucleophilic catalyst for a variety of reactions such as esterifications with anhydrides, the Baylis-Hillman reaction, hydrosilylations, tritylation, the Steglich rearrangement, Staudinger synthesis of β-lactams and many more. Chiral DMAP analogues are used in kinetic resolution experiments of mainly secondary alcohols and Evans auxiliary type amides. | It A is a spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. It has a role as a coccidiostat, an antifungal agent and an ionophore. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a cyclic hemiketal, a spiroketal and a polyether antibiotic. | 0 |
It is a member of pyrrolidin-2-ones and a N-acylpyrrolidine. | It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, and Phaseolus vulgaris with data available. | 0 |
It is a fluorine molecular entity and a phosphoric acid derivative. | It, sold under the brand name Merrem among others, is an intravenous carbapenem antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Some of these include meningitis, intra-abdominal infection, pneumonia, sepsis, and anthrax.
Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, constipation, headache, rash, and pain at the site of injection. Serious side effects include Clostridioides difficile infection, seizures, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Those who are allergic to other β-lactam antibiotics are more likely to be allergic to meropenem as well. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. It is in the carbapenem family of medications. It usually results in bacterial death through blocking their ability to make a cell wall. It is more resistant to breakdown by β-lactamase producing bacteria.
It was patented in 1983. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies meropenem as critically important for human medicine. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Vepesid among others, is a chemotherapy medication used for the treatments of a number of types of cancer including testicular cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and ovarian cancer. It is also used for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. It is used by mouth or injection into a vein.
Side effects are very common. They can include low blood cell counts, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, and fever. Other severe side effects include allergic reactions and low blood pressure. Use during pregnancy will likely harm the fetus. It is in the topoisomerase inhibitor family of medication. It is believed to work by damaging DNA.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1983. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. | 1-hexanamine is a 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a hexan-1-aminium. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Multaq, is a class III antiarrhythmic medication developed by Sanofi-Aventis. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 2009. Besides being indicated in arrhythmias, it was recommended as an alternative to amiodarone for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in people whose hearts have either returned to normal rhythm or who undergo drug therapy or electric shock treatment i.e. direct current cardioversion (DCCV) to maintain normal rhythm. It is a class III antiarrhythmic drug. The FDA label includes a claim for reducing hospitalization, but not for reducing mortality, as a reduction in mortality was not demonstrated in the clinical development program. A trial of the drug in heart failure was stopped as an interim analysis showed a possible increase in heart failure deaths, in people with moderate to severe congestive heart failure.
The FDA label for dronedarone includes a boxed warning, stating that dronedarone is contraindicated in patients with NYHA Class IV heart failure, NYHA Class II and III heart failure with a recent decompensation requiring hospitalization or referral to a specialized heart failure clinic, or with permanent atrial fibrillation." It is also associated with rare cases of severe liver damage, including liver failure.
It is approved as a generic medication. | It is a member of piperazines. | 0 |
It (4',7-isoflavandiol) is an isoflavandiol estrogen metabolized from daidzein, a type of isoflavone found in soybeans and other plant sources, by bacterial flora in the intestines. While endogenous estrogenic hormones such as estradiol are steroids, equol is a nonsteroidal estrogen. Only about 30–50% of people have intestinal bacteria that make equol. | It (brand name Miradon) is a synthetic anticoagulant and an 1,3-indandione derivative. It prevents the formation of active procoagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the anticoagulant proteins C and S, in the liver by inhibiting the vitamin K–mediated gamma-carboxylation of precursor proteins. | 0 |
It is a phenylpropene, a natural organic compound, and is a constituent of several plant species' essential oils. | It is an olefinic compound. | 1 |
It is a dihydroisocoumarin, a phenolic compound found in carrots and carrot purées. It is responsible for bitterness in carrots. It is a phytoalexin, induced in carrot slices by UV-C, that allows resistance to Botrytis cinerea and other microorganisms. | It is a dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy. It has a role as an anticonvulsant and a drug allergen. It is a dibenzoazepine and a cyclic ketone. It contains a carbamoyl group. | 0 |
4-phenylbutan-2-one is a ketone. | It is a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid that is estra-4,9,11-triene carrying an oxo group at position 3 and a hydroxy group at position 17beta. It is a synthetic anabolic steroid used for muscle growth in livestock. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an endocrine disruptor. It is a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid, a 17beta-hydroxy steroid, a C18-steroid and an anabolic androgenic steroid. | 0 |
It is a 21-hydroxy steroid. | It (, ), also known as methergoline and sold under the brand names Contralac (veterinary) and Liserdol (clinical), is a monoaminergic medication of the ergoline group which is used as a prolactin inhibitor in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia (high prolactin levels) and to suppress lactation. | 0 |
It is a medication used to treat gout and Behçet's disease. For gout, it is less preferred than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or steroids. Other uses for colchicine include the management of pericarditis and familial Mediterranean fever. It is taken by mouth.
It has a narrow therapeutic index, so overdosing is a significant risk. Common side effects of colchicine include gastrointestinal upset, particularly at high doses. Severe side effects may include pancytopenia (low blood cell counts) and rhabdomyolysis, and the medication can be deadly in overdose. Whether colchicine is safe for use during pregnancy is unclear, but its use during breastfeeding appears to be safe. It works by decreasing inflammation via multiple mechanisms.
It, in the form of the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), was used as early as 1500 BC to treat joint swelling. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1961. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 184th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.
It is widely used in plant breeding to induce polyploidy, in which the number of chromosomes in plant cells are doubled. This frequently results in larger, hardier, faster-growing, and in general more desirable plants than the normally diploid parents. | It is a member of barbiturates. | 0 |
It is a p-menthane monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an isopropyl group at position 6. It has a role as a volatile oil component and a plant metabolite. It is a p-menthane monoterpenoid and a cyclic terpene ketone. | It is a serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension It has a role as a prodrug, a vasoconstrictor agent and an antihypertensive agent. It is a L-tyrosine derivative and a member of catechols. | 0 |
It is a member of piperidines. | It, or, more specifically, p-synephrine, is an alkaloid, occurring naturally in some plants and animals, and also in approved drugs products as its m-substituted analog known as neo-synephrine. p-It (or formerly Sympatol and oxedrine [<nowiki/>BAN]) and m-synephrine are known for their longer acting adrenergic effects compared to epinephrine and norepinephrine. This substance is present at very low concentrations in common foodstuffs such as orange juice and other orange (Citrus species) products, both of the "sweet" and "bitter" variety. The preparations used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), also known as Zhi Shi (枳实), are the immature and dried whole oranges from Citrus aurantium (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus). Extracts of the same material or purified synephrine are also marketed in the US, sometimes in combination with caffeine, as a weight-loss-promoting dietary supplement for oral consumption. While the traditional preparations have been in use for millennia as a component of TCM-formulas, synephrine itself is not an approved over the counter drug. As a pharmaceutical, m-synephrine (phenylephrine) is still used as a sympathomimetic (i.e. for its hypertensive and vasoconstrictor properties), mostly by injection for the treatment of emergencies such as shock, and rarely orally for the treatment of bronchial problems associated with asthma and hay-fever.
There is a difference between studies concerning synephrine as a single chemical entity (synephrine can exist in the form of either of two stereoisomers, d- and l-synephrine, which are chemically and pharmacologically distinct), and synephrine which is mixed with other drugs and/or botanical extracts in a "supplement", as well as synephrine which is present as only one chemical component in a naturally-occurring mixture of phytochemicals such as the rind or fruit of a bitter orange. Mixtures containing synephrine as only one of their chemical components (regardless of whether these are of synthetic or natural origin) should not be assumed to produce exactly the same biological effects as synephrine alone.
In physical appearance, synephrine is a colorless, crystalline solid and is water-soluble. Its molecular structure is based on a phenethylamine skeleton and is related to those of many other drugs and to the major neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. | 0 |
It is an isoquinoline alkaloid and a member of isoquinolines. | It is a vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species. It has a role as a mutagen, a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a vinylarene, a volatile organic compound and a member of styrenes. | 0 |
It is a pregnane-based steroidal hormone produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland, and acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to cause the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure. The overall effect of aldosterone is to increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an 11beta-hydroxy steroid, a 21-hydroxy steroid, a 18-oxo steroid, a 20-oxo steroid, a C21-steroid hormone, a steroid aldehyde, a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid, a primary alpha-hydroxy ketone and a mineralocorticoid. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | It is the simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia. It has a role as a plant metabolite. | 0 |
It is an alkylbenzene. | It is a natural product found in Ascochyta medicaginicola, Vicia faba, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a raffinose family oligosaccharide and a trisaccharide. | It is a heterocyclic organic compound that forms the central chemical structure of a variety of alkaloids known collectively as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. It is one of five classes of iminosugars. These are often synthesized from a carbohydrate. | 0 |
It is a pyrimidone that is uracil which is substituted at positions 1, 5 and 6 by ethoxymethyl, isopropyl, and benzyl groups, respectively. A non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, emivirine was an unsuccessful experimental agent for the treatment of HIV. It has a role as a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an antiviral drug. It is functionally related to a uracil. | It is an organic iodide salt. It contains a propidium. | 0 |
Its are chemical compounds which include the fulminate ion (). The fulminate ion is a pseudohalic ion because its charge and reactivity are similar to those of the halogens. Due to the instability of the ion, fulminate salts are friction-sensitive explosives. The best known is mercury(II) fulminate, which has been used as a primary explosive in detonators. Its can be formed from metals, such as silver and mercury, dissolved in nitric acid and reacted with ethanol. The weak single nitrogen-oxygen bond is responsible for their instability. Nitrogen very easily forms a stable triple bond to another nitrogen atom, forming nitrogen gas. | It is a pseudohalide anion. It is a conjugate base of a fulminic acid and an isofulminic acid. | 1 |
It (INN), formerly known as vistonuridine, is an orally active tri-acetylated prodrug of uridine used:
* in the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria (brand name Xuriden );
* to treat people following an overdose of chemotherapy drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or capecitabine regardless of the presence of symptoms, or who exhibit early-onset, severe or life-threatening toxicity affecting the cardiac or central nervous system, and/or early-onset, unusually severe adverse reactions (e.g., gastrointestinal toxicity and/or neutropenia) within 96 hours following the end of fluorouracil or capecitabine administration (brand name Vistogard).
It was developed, manufactured and distributed by Wellstat Therapeutics. It was granted breakthrough therapy designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and approved for use in the United States in 2015. | It is an acetate ester that is uracil in which the three hydroxy hydrogens are replaced by acetate group. A prodrug for uridine, it is used for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria and for management of fluorouracil toxicity. It has a role as a prodrug, a neuroprotective agent and an orphan drug. It is a member of uridines and an acetate ester. | 1 |
It is a phenethylamine alkaloid. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. | It is a dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine. It has a role as a sodium channel blocker, an anticonvulsant and a drug allergen. It is a carboxamide, a dibenzoazepine and a member of ureas. It is functionally related to a carbamazepine. | 0 |
It (also known as TFAC) is a toxic gaseous chemical compound with the chemical formula CClFO. TFAC is the perfluorinated version of acetyl chloride. The compound is a gas, but it is usually shipped as a liquid under high pressure. | It is a 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, a type of phenanthrenoid. It can be isolated from infected Orchis militaris and infected Loroglossum hircinum with Rhizoctonia repens. This molecule has a phytoalexin effect. It reduces the growth of Cattleya aurantiaca seedlings and has an antifungal activity. | 0 |
It is a catecholamine. | It is a two-carbon primary aliphatic amine. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a conjugate base of an ethylaminium. | 0 |
It (TDN) is an aroma compound present in wine, particularly aged Rieslings. Chemically, it is classified as a 13C-norisoprenoid, as it has thirteen carbon atoms, and is derived from an isoprenoid by the loss of methylene groups.
In wines, TDN is generally considered to contribute to a desirable aroma in low concentrations, but an undesirable aroma in higher concentrations. The aroma is commonly described as a petrol note or by the French term goût de pétrole.
TDN is believed to be a degradation product of β-carotene and lutein. TDN can also by synthesized in the laboratory from either of the ionones, α-ionone or β-ionone. | It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Passiflora edulis, and other organisms with data available. | 1 |
It is an organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions. It has a role as a herbicide and a geroprotector. It derives from a hydride of a 4,4'-bipyridine. | It (trivial name; ), or N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (systematic name), also known as methyl viologen, is an organic compound with the chemical formula [(CHN)]Cl. It is classified as a viologen, a family of redox-active heterocycles of similar structure. This salt is one of the most widely used herbicides. It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. It is also toxic (lethal) to human beings and animals due to its redox activity, which produces superoxide anions. It has been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease and is banned in 58 countries.
It may be in the form of salt with chloride or other anions; quantities of the substance are sometimes expressed by cation mass alone (paraquat cation, paraquat ion).
The name is derived from the para positions of the quaternary nitrogens. | 1 |
It is a member of phenothiazines. | It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens with data available. | It is a steroid sulfate. It has a role as an EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor and a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a pregnenolone. It is a conjugate acid of a pregnenolone sulfate(1-). | 1 |
It is a cyclic peptide. | It is an aminopyridine and a member of thiazolidinediones. It has a role as an insulin-sensitizing drug, a ferroptosis inhibitor and an EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor. It is a conjugate acid of a rosiglitazone(1-). | 0 |
It is a sesquiterpene. | It is a member of pyridines. | 0 |
It is a phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group. It has a role as a flavouring agent, an insect attractant, a plant metabolite, a genotoxin and a carcinogenic agent. It is an alkenylbenzene, a monomethoxybenzene and a phenylpropanoid. It is functionally related to a chavicol. | It is the tertiary alcohol arising from addition of water across the C=C double bond of citronellal. It has a role as an allergen and a fragrance. It is functionally related to a citronellal. | 0 |
-norpseudoephedrine, also known as cathine and (+)-norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which acts as a stimulant. Along with cathinone, it is found naturally in Catha edulis (khat), and contributes to its overall effects. It has approximately 7-10% the potency of amphetamine. | It is a diterpene glycoside. | 0 |
It is actylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline, which acts as a neurotransmitter. It has a role as a vasodilator agent, a muscarinic agonist, a hormone, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a neurotransmitter. It is an acetate ester and an acylcholine. | It is a divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from selenic acid. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a selenium oxoanion and a divalent inorganic anion. It is a conjugate base of a hydrogenselenate. | 0 |
It is a carbamate ester and a member of 1-benzofurans. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a carbamate insecticide, an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor, an acaricide, an agrochemical, an avicide and a nematicide. | It is a member of barbiturates. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended because of widespread drug resistance. It acts as a nicotinic antagonist, dopamine agonist, and noncompetitive NMDA antagonist. The antiviral mechanism of action is antagonism of the influenzavirus A M2 proton channel, which prevents endosomal escape (i.e., the release of viral genetic material into the host cytoplasm).
It was first used for the treatment of influenza A. After antiviral properties were initially reported in 1963, amantadine received approval for prophylaxis against the influenza virus A in 1976. In 1973, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved amantadine for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In 2017, the extended release formulation was approved for use in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
It has a mild side-effect profile. Common neurological side effects include drowsiness, light-headedness, dizziness, and confusion. Because of its effects on the central nervous system, it should only be combined cautiously with additional CNS stimulants or anticholinergic drugs. It is contraindicated in persons with end stage kidney disease, given that the drug is cleared by the kidneys. It should also be taken with caution by those with enlarged prostates or glaucoma, because of its anticholinergic effects. | It, or isoandrosterone, also known as 3β-androsterone, 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, or 5α-androstan-3β-ol-17-one, is a steroid hormone with weak androgenic activity. It is a metabolite of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It was first isolated in 1931, by Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt and Kurt Tscherning. They distilled over 17,000 litres of male urine, from which they got 50 milligrams of crystalline androsterone (most likely mixed isomers), which was sufficient to find that the chemical formula was very similar to estrone.
It has been shown to naturally occur in most mammals including pigs.
It is naturally produced by the enzyme 5α-reductase from the adrenal hormone DHEA. It can also be produced from the natural steroids androstanediol via 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase or from androstanedione via 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. | 0 |
It, commonly called 3TC, is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. It is also used to treat chronic hepatitis B when other options are not possible. It is effective against both HIV-1 and HIV-2. It is typically used in combination with other antiretrovirals such as zidovudine, dolutegravir, and abacavir. It may be included as part of post-exposure prevention in those who have been potentially exposed to HIV. It is taken by mouth as a liquid or tablet.
Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, headaches, feeling tired, and cough. Serious side effects include liver disease, lactic acidosis, and worsening hepatitis B among those already infected. It is safe for people over three months of age and can be used during pregnancy. The medication can be taken with or without food. It is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and works by blocking the HIV reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus polymerase.
It was patented in 1995 and approved for use in the United States in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. | It, with the simplified formula , is a magnesium-containing organometallic compound. It is commercially available as a solution in diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF). It is a Grignard reagent. It is often used as a synthetic equivalent for the phenyl "Ph" synthon. | 0 |
It is a carboximidic acid. | It is a butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of ethanol with the carboxy group of butyric acid. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to an ethanol. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Ginkgo biloba with data available. | It is a triterpenoid. It has a role as a metabolite. | 0 |
It is a tertiany amino compound that is 2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens attached to the aniline nitrogen have been replaced by one ethyl and one butyl group. It is used as a pre-emergence herbicide used for the control of grass and other weeds in a range of food and non-food crops. It has a role as a herbicide and an agrochemical. It is a tertiary amino compound, a C-nitro compound, an organofluorine compound and a substituted aniline. | It (British English: diethyl sulphide) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless, malodorous liquid. Although a common thioether, it has few applications. | 0 |
It is a spirostanyl glycoside that consists of the trisaccharide alpha-L-Rha-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Rha-(1->2)]-beta-D-Glc attached to position 3 of 26-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3beta,22-dihydroxyfurost-5-ene via a glycosidic linkage. Found in several plant species including yams, asparagus and funugreek. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a steroid saponin, a trisaccharide derivative, a beta-D-glucoside, a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a cyclic hemiketal. It is functionally related to a diosgenin. It derives from a hydride of a spirostan. | It is a selective carbamate insecticide used to control aphids on vegetable, cereal and orchard crops by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity but does not affect useful predators such as ladybirds that eat them. It was originally developed by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., now Syngenta, at their Jealott's Hill site and first marketed in 1969, four years after its discovery. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis. It has a role as a dermatologic drug, an antineoplastic agent, a photosensitizing agent, a cross-linking reagent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of psoralens and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to a psoralen. | It (loxistatin, E-64d, EST) is a drug which acts as a cysteine protease inhibitor and has anticoagulant effects. It is a synthetic analogue of E-64, a natural product derived from fungi. It was researched for the treatment of muscular dystrophy but was not successful in human clinical trials, though it has continued to be investigated for treatment of spinal cord injury, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
It also shows antiviral effects. Studies have shown it can inhibit cathepsin L, a protein believed to play a role in SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry. In a laboratory study using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirions, aloxistatin was able to reduce viral entry into cells by approximately 92%. | 0 |
It is a synthetic homodetic cyclic peptide comprising N(alpha)-(3-sulfanylpropanoyl)homoarginyl, glycyl, aspartyl, tryptophyl, prolyl and cysteinamide residues connected in sequence and cyclised via a disulfide bond. Derived from a protein found in the venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarus barbouri, eptifibatide is an anti-coagulant that inhibits platelet aggregation by selectively blocking the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, so preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive ligands. It is used in the management of unstable angina and in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty and stenting procedures. It has a role as a platelet aggregation inhibitor and an anticoagulant. It is an organic disulfide, a macrocycle and a homodetic cyclic peptide. | It is a natural product found in Glycine max, Artemia salina, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a pseudodisaccharide, 1D-myo-inosityl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, in which the hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glucose moiety is replaced by an (N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido group. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a reducing agent and a cofactor. It is a 2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucoside, a thiol and a member of mycothiols. It is functionally related to a myo-inositol. | 4-deoxypyridoxine is a pyridine ring substituted with methyl groups at positions 2 and 4, a hydroxyl at position 3, and a hydroxymethyl group at position 5. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a hydroxymethylpyridine, a member of methylpyridines and a monohydroxypyridine. | 0 |
It is the acetate ester of benzyl alcohol. It has a role as a metabolite. It is an acetate ester and a benzyl ester. | It is an onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a cofactor. It is a nitrogen hydride, an onium cation and a monovalent inorganic cation. It is a conjugate acid of an ammonia. | 0 |
It is an oxygen halide. | It is a member of the class of cyclopentapyridines that is 6,7-dihydrocyclopenta[c]pyridine bearing two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 7. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a pheromone. It is a cyclopentapyridine and a pyridine alkaloid. | 0 |
It is a phosphoramide. | 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol is a 3beta-hydroxy steroid. It derives from a hydride of a 5alpha-cholest-7-ene. | 0 |
It is a flavanone-7-O-glycoside, consisting of the flavanone naringenin bonded with the disaccharide rutinose.
It is found in orange juice. | It also called C.I. 16230, Acid Orange 10, or orange gelb is a synthetic azo dye used in histology in many staining formulations. It usually comes as a disodium salt. It has the appearance of orange crystals or powder. | 0 |
It is a labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent, an apoptosis inducer, a fragrance, an antifungal agent and a plant metabolite. | It is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid found in species of the genus Zanthoxylum , notably in Zanthoxylum nitidum. This compound has an anti-malarial activity. | 0 |
It is a member of benzimidazoles, a member of pyridines and a sulfoxide. It has a role as an EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor and an anti-ulcer drug. | It is a natural product found in Osmanthus fragrans, Stocksia brahuica, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It (NTA) is the aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula N(CHCOH). It is a colourless solid. Its conjugate base nitrilotriacetate is used as a chelating agent for Ca, Co, Cu, and Fe. | It is a tricarboxylic acid and a NTA. It has a role as a nephrotoxic agent and a carcinogenic agent. It is a conjugate acid of a nitrilotriacetate(1-). | 1 |
It, sold under the brand name Dydroboon & Duphaston among others, is a progestin medication which is used for a variety of indications, including threatened or recurrent miscarriage during pregnancy, dysfunctional bleeding, infertility due to luteal insufficiency, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, secondary amenorrhea, irregular cycles, premenstrual syndrome, and as a component of menopausal hormone therapy. It is taken by mouth.
Side effects of dydrogesterone include menstrual irregularities, headache, nausea, breast tenderness, and others. It is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. The medication is an atypical progestogen and does not inhibit ovulation. It has weak antimineralocorticoid activity and no other important hormonal activity.
It was developed in the 1950s and introduced for medical use in 1961. It is available widely throughout Europe, including in the United Kingdom, and is also marketed in Australia and elsewhere in the world. The medication was previously available in the United States, but it has been discontinued in this country. | It is a pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase. It has a role as an antimetabolite, an antineoplastic agent and a prodrug. It is an organofluorine compound and a pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside. | 0 |
It is a sesquiterpene. It can be extracted from flower of chamomille (Matricaria chamomilla). It is colorless.
Chamazulene, a blue-violet derivative of azulene, found in a variety of plants including in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is biosynthesized from matricin. | It is a sesquiterpene lactone. | 1 |
It (INN), also known as methofoline (USAN), is an opioid analgesic drug discovered in the 1950s by a team of Swiss researchers at Hoffmann-La Roche.
Methopholine is an isoquinoline derivative which is not structurally related to most other opioids.
However, its structural similarity to the non-opioid alkaloid papaverine is notable.
It has around the same efficacy as an analgesic as codeine, and was evaluated for the treatment of postoperative pain. It tablets were marketed in the United States under the brand name of Versidyne, but the drug was withdrawn from the market in 1965 due to the occurrence of ophthalmic side-effects alongside the discovery that the drug could produce cataracts in dogs.
It has two enantiomers, with the levo (R) enantiomer being the active form, around 3x the potency of codeine, and the (S) enantiomer being inactive.
Analogs where the 4-chloro group has been replaced by other electron withdrawing groups have also been tested, the fluoro derivative being slightly more potent than chloro, and the nitro derivative being most potent of all, with the racemic 4-nitromethopholine being around 20x the potency of codeine.
Later research was carried out by Bristol-Myer in the 1960s and animal studies suggested derivatives with significantly increased analgesic activity of over x50 codeine. | It is a natural product found in Micromeria biflora, Curcuma kwangsiensis, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid is a member of the class of furans carrying two carboxy substituents at positions 2 and 5. It has a role as a human urinary metabolite. It is a member of furans and a dicarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a furan-2,5-dicarboxylate. | It (2-OHE2), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-2,3,17β-triol, is an endogenous steroid, catechol estrogen, and metabolite of estradiol, as well as a positional isomer of estriol. | 0 |
It is a trihydroxyanthraquinone. | 2,4-diaminobutyric acid is a diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups. It is a diamino acid, a gamma-amino acid and a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid. It is functionally related to a butyric acid. | 0 |
3-octanone is a dialkyl ketone that is octane in which the two methylene protons at position 3 have been replaced by an oxo group. It has a role as a human urinary metabolite, an insect attractant, a fungal metabolite, an antifeedant, a plant metabolite, a biomarker and a toxin. It derives from a hydride of an octane. | It is a purine nucleoside in which xanthine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a member of xanthosines and a purines D-ribonucleoside. | 0 |
It is a member of pyrrolidines. | It is a straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger). It has a role as a plant metabolite. | 0 |
It is a 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an antimicrobial food preservative, a neuroprotective agent and an antifungal agent. | It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Solanum tuberosum, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3. It has a role as an erythropoietin inhibitor and a sensitiser. It is a benzenediol, a member of resorcinols and a phenolic donor. | It is a member of acetamides. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of rotenones that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted with geminal methyl groups at position 3, hydroxy group at position 7a and methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10 (the 7aR,13aR stereoisomer). It is isolated from the leaves and twigs of Antheroporum pierrei and exhibits antineoplastic and pesticidal activities. It has a role as a pesticide, an antineoplastic agent and a metabolite. It is an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an aromatic ether, a cyclic ketone and a member of rotenones. | It is an organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug. It has a role as a geroprotector, a H1-receptor antagonist, an anti-allergic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a serotonergic antagonist. It is a N-alkylpiperazine, a member of benzimidazoles and a diarylmethane. | It is a natural, plant-derived organic compound. It is a member of the tigliane family of diterpenes. It was first isolated in 1934 as the hydrolysis product of croton oil, which is derived from the seeds of the purging croton, Croton tiglium. The structure of phorbol was determined in 1967.
Various esters of phorbol have important biological properties, the most notable of which is the capacity to act as tumor promoters through activation of protein kinase C. They mimic diacylglycerols, glycerol derivatives in which two hydroxyl groups have reacted with fatty acids to form esters. The most common and potent phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also called phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), which is used as a biomedical research tool in contexts such as models of carcinogenesis. | 0 |
It is a ring assembly and an oxadiazole. | It (INN, BAN; brand names Angolon, Angoril, Circuline, Irri-Cor, Irrigor, Coremax) is a coronary vasodilator which is used in the treatment of angina pectoris and as a local anesthetic.
Use patents: | 1 |
It is a peptide ergot alkaloid. | It is a fluorinated steroid that is 9-fluoropregna-1,4-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 17 and 21, a methyl group at position 16 and oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a synthetic member of the class of glucocorticoids. It has a role as an adrenergic agent, an antiemetic, an antineoplastic agent, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic, an immunosuppressive agent and an anti-inflammatory drug. It is a fluorinated steroid, a 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid, a glucocorticoid, a 20-oxo steroid, an 11beta-hydroxy steroid, a 17alpha-hydroxy steroid and a 21-hydroxy steroid. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | 0 |
It is an aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidin-2-one having the amino group located at position 4. It has a role as a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyrimidine nucleobase, a pyrimidone and an aminopyrimidine. | It () (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson–Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. | 1 |
It is an alkaloid found in Chinese goldthread (Coptis chinensis), greater celandine, and opium. Famous for the bitter taste that it produces, it is used in Chinese herbal medicine along with the related compound berberine for digestive disorders caused by bacterial infections. | It, sold under the brand name Cymbalta among others, is a medication used to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain and central sensitization. It is taken by mouth.
It is a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Similarly to SSRIs and other SNRIs, the precise mechanism for its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects is not known.
Common side effects include dry mouth, nausea, feeling tired, dizziness, agitation, sexual problems, and increased sweating. Severe side effects include an increased risk of suicide, serotonin syndrome, mania, and liver problems. Antidepressant withdrawal syndrome may occur if stopped. There are concerns that use during the later part of pregnancy can harm the developing fetus.
It was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2004. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 27th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 20million prescriptions. | 0 |
It is a sulfone compound having two S-phenyl substituents. It has been found in plants like Gnidia glauca and Dioscorea bulbifera. It has a role as a plant metabolite. | It is a fungicide. It is used to control almost all fungal diseases of plants except powdery mildews. It is believed to be a human carcinogen, and production for use as a fungicide in the United States stopped in 1987. Its continued use from existing stocks was allowed, but in 1999 the Environmental Protection Agency banned its use on all crops except onions, potatoes, and tomatoes. In 2006 even these exceptions were disallowed, so currently its use on all crops is banned in the United States. Several other countries have followed suit since 2000, and as of 2010, no countries are known to allow the use of captafol on food crops. Currently, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health established a recommended exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m for dermal exposures.
It was disclosed in US patent 3,178,447 (1965). Its synergistic mixture with thiabendazole was described in US patent 4092422 (1978).
International trade in captafol is regulated by the Rotterdam Convention. | 0 |
It is a glycoside. | It is a 1-benzopyran. | 0 |
It is 1,2,5-Thiadiazole substituted at the 3 position by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group and at the 4 position by a morpholin-4-yl group. The (S)-(-) enantiomer, also known as timolol, is a beta-adrenergic antagonist and is used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine. It is a member of thiadiazoles and a member of morpholines. It derives from a hydride of a 1,2,5-thiadiazole. | It is a beta blocker medication used either by mouth or as eye drops. As eye drops it is used to treat increased pressure inside the eye such as in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. By mouth it is used for high blood pressure, chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart, to prevent further complications after a heart attack, and to prevent migraines.
Common side effects with the drops is irritation of the eye. Common side effects by mouth include tiredness, slow heart beat, itchiness, and shortness of breath. Other side effects include masking the symptoms of low blood sugar in those with diabetes. Use is not recommended in those with asthma, uncompensated heart failure, or COPD. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the fetus. It is a non-selective beta blocker.
It was patented in 1968, and came into medical use in 1978. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 163rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions. | 1 |
It is a lignan. | It is a natural product found in Anastatica hierochuntica, Stocksia brahuica, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand names Bricanyl and Marex among others, is a β adrenergic receptor agonist, used as a "reliever" inhaler in the management of asthma symptoms and as a tocolytic (anti-contraction medication) to delay preterm labor for up to 48 hours. This time can then be used to administer steroid injections to the mother which help fetal lung maturity and reduce complications of prematurity. It should not be used to prevent preterm labor or delay labor more than 48–72 hours. In February 2011, the Food and Drug Administration began requiring a black box warning on the drug's label. Pregnant women should not be given injections of the drug terbutaline for the prevention of preterm labor or for long-term (beyond 48–72 hours) management of preterm labor, and should not be given oral terbutaline for any type of prevention or treatment of preterm labor "due to the potential for serious maternal heart problems and death."
It was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1970. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. | It (DOA) is an organic compound with the formula (CHCHCOCH). It is a colorless oily liquid . As well as related diesters derived from 2-ethylhexanol, decanol, isodecanol, etc., it is used as a plasticizer.
DEHA is sometimes incorrectly called dioctyl adipate. The abbreviation DOA has also been used for bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (CAS # 103-23-1). | 0 |
It is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum. It is considered a dissociative hallucinogen.
It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring hallucinogens (such as DMT, psilocybin, and mescaline) because it contains no nitrogen atoms; hence, it is not an alkaloid (and cannot be rendered as a salt), but rather is a terpenoid. It also differs in subjective experience, compared to other hallucinogens, and has been described as dissociative.
It can produce psychoactive experiences in humans with a typical duration of action being several minutes to an hour or so, depending on the method of ingestion.
It is found with several other structurally related salvinorins. Salvinorin is a trans-neoclerodane diterpenoid. It acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist and is the first known compound acting on this receptor that is not an alkaloid. | It is a chemical element; it has symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at standard conditions as a highly toxic, pale yellow diatomic gas. It is extremely reactive, as it reacts with all other elements except for the light inert gases.
Among the elements, fluorine ranks 24th in universal abundance and 13th in terrestrial abundance. Fluorite, the primary mineral source of fluorine which gave the element its name, was first described in 1529; as it was added to metal ores to lower their melting points for smelting, the Latin verb meaning gave the mineral its name. Proposed as an element in 1810, fluorine proved difficult and dangerous to separate from its compounds, and several early experimenters died or sustained injuries from their attempts. Only in 1886 did French chemist Henri Moissan isolate elemental fluorine using low-temperature electrolysis, a process still employed for modern production. Industrial production of fluorine gas for uranium enrichment, its largest application, began during the Manhattan Project in World War II.
Owing to the expense of refining pure fluorine, most commercial applications use fluorine compounds, with about half of mined fluorite used in steelmaking. The rest of the fluorite is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite, which plays a key role in aluminium refining. Molecules containing a carbon–fluorine bond often have very high chemical and thermal stability; their major uses are as refrigerants, electrical insulation and cookware, and PTFE (Teflon). Pharmaceuticals such as atorvastatin and fluoxetine contain C−F bonds. The fluoride ion from dissolved fluoride salts inhibits dental cavities, and so finds use in toothpaste and water fluoridation. Global fluorochemical sales amount to more than US$15 billion a year.
Fluorocarbon gases are generally greenhouse gases with global-warming potentials 100 to 23,500 times that of carbon dioxide, and SF has the highest global warming potential of any known substance. Organofluorine compounds often persist in the environment due to the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond. It has no known metabolic role in mammals; a few plants and marine sponges synthesize organofluorine poisons (most often monofluoroacetates) that help deter predation. | 0 |
It is an organolead compound consisting of four ethyl groups joined to a central lead atom. It derives from a hydride of a plumbane. | It (SeMet) is a naturally occurring amino acid. The -selenomethionine enantiomer is the main form of selenium found in Brazil nuts, cereal grains, soybeans, and grassland legumes, while Se-methylselenocysteine, or its γ-glutamyl derivative, is the major form of selenium found in Astragalus, Allium, and Brassica species. In vivo, selenomethionine is randomly incorporated instead of methionine. It is readily oxidized.
It's antioxidant activity arises from its ability to deplete reactive oxygen species. Selenium and methionine also play separate roles in the formation and recycling of glutathione, a key endogenous antioxidant in many organisms, including humans. | 0 |
It is a dicarboxylic acid that is pyrole bearing aminomethyl, carboxymethyl and 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a member of pyrroles, a dicarboxylic acid and an aralkylamino compound. It is a conjugate acid of a porphobilinogen(1-). | It is an unusual mycotoxin, a feed contaminant that is lethal to fowl, especially ducklings.
It is formed in many cereals by a number of Fusarium species that include Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium fujikuroi and others. It is mainly cardiotoxic and causes ventricular hypertrophy.
It actually causes competitive inhibition of the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of respiratory reaction, which prevents pyruvic acid, product of glycolysis, to convert to acetyl-CoA. Ultrastructural examination of right ventricular wall of 9 month old female mink (Mustela vison) fed acute doses of moniliformin (2.2 and 2.8 mg/kg diet) and sub-acute doses (1.5 to 3.2 mg/kg diet) reveals significant damage to myofiber, mitochondria, Z and M lines and sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as increased extracellular collagen deposition. Minks are considered most sensitive mammals to the toxicity of moniliformin.
Chemically speaking, it is the sodium salt of deoxysquaric acid (the other name of that acid is semisquaric acid). | 0 |
It (DBM) is an organic compound with the formula (CHC(O))CH. DBM is the name for a 1,3-diketone, but the compound exists primarily as one of two equivalent enol tautomers. DBM (actually its enol) is a white solid. Due to their high photostability and UV-absorbing properties, derivatives of DBM such as avobenzone, have found applications as sunscreen products. | It (DHAP, also glycerone phosphate in older texts) is the anion with the formula HOCHC(O)CHOPO. This anion is involved in many metabolic pathways, including the Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis. It is the phosphate ester of dihydroxyacetone. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with data available. | It is a natural product found in Lens culinaris and Homo sapiens with data available. | 0 |
It is an N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 2-hydroxybenzoyl. It has a role as a uremic toxin and a human xenobiotic metabolite. It is a N-acylglycine and a secondary carboxamide. It is functionally related to a glycine. It is a conjugate acid of a salicylurate. | It is a member of carbazoles. | 0 |
It is a member of methoxybenzenes. | It is a member of phenothiazines. | 0 |
It is a glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent, a nutraceutical, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a member of guanidines and a glycine derivative. It is a conjugate acid of a creatinate. It is a tautomer of a creatine zwitterion. | It is an organic compound with the formula . It is one of three isomeric cyclohexanediones. It is a colorless compound that is soluble in a variety of organic solvents. It can be prepared by oxidation of cyclohexanone by selenium dioxide. The enol is about 1 kcal/mol more stable than the diketo form.
Numerous diimine and dioxime ligands have been prepared from this diketone. It also condenses with 1,2-diamines to give diaza heterocycles. | 0 |
It is an organic heterobicyclic compound that is the octahydro derivative of 2H-quinolizine. The parent of the class of quinolizidines. | It is a chloropyridine that is 2-chloropyridine which is substituted by a trichloromethyl group at position 6. It is a nitrification inhibitor that is co-applied with nitrogen fertilizer in agroecosystems. It has a role as a nitrification inhibitor, an antibacterial agent and an agrochemical. | 0 |
Subsets and Splits